Spatial Planning Strategy report for Glasgow East End

Necropolis Cemetery

Strathclyde University

City Centre

Tennets & Wellpark Brewery

High Street

Dennistoun

Aldi

Merchant City

Collegelands

Bellgrove

Trongate Cross

Morrison’s Barrow lands Park

Gallow gate

St. Andrews in the Square

Barras Market

Gallowgate

EASTERN FRINGE

Forge Retail Park

Saltmarket Calton Bridgeton Health Centre

People’s palace Gorbals Club

Templeton Centre Gorbals

Glasgow Greens Bridgeton

Image 01: Aerial view of the study site and surroundings. Source: Apple Maps

URBAN 5046

S PAT I A L P L A N N I N G S T R AT E G I E S 2606037M

Glasgow Club Crownpoint

CONTENTS

CONTENTS HIGH STREET SECTION 1:

THE ROLE OF SPATIAL PLANNING IN SHAPING CITIES

03

SECTION 2:

MULTI-SCALAR PLANNING

04

2.1

Eastern Fringe and the wider Glasgow city-region

2.2

Policy Context

SECTION 3:

SITE ANALYSIS

3.1

Character Areas

3.2

Socio-economic context

3.3

Historical context

3.4

Physical Context

3.5

Community Perceptions

3.4

SWOT Analysis

SECTION 4:

ENVISIONING AND MEASURING CHANGE

4.1

Vision Statement

4.2

Objectives

4.2

The Roadmap – Planning in time & Space

SECTION 5:

MAKING AN IMPACT

5.1

HIGHLINE

5.2

PUBLIC REALM

SECTION 6:

PLANNING THEMES

6.1

GREEN SPACES - GOOD PRACTICE & INNOVATION

6.2

TRANSPORT - GOOD PRACTICE & INNOVATION

6.3

INTEGRATION OF THEMES

SECTION 7:

REFERENCES AND RESOURCES

ABERCROMBIE STREET

DUKE STREET

11

COLLEGE LANDS

MORRIS ON’S

21

BARRAS MARKET CENTRE

GALLOW GATE

CALTON RESIDENTIA L AREA

24

29

LONDON ROAD 34 Figure 01: Site Edges and Character Areas. Source: Author’s own

2

S E C T I O N 0 1 - S PAT I A L P L A N N I N G

SECTION 01

SPATIAL PLANNING How does spatial planning seek to shape cities?

Although most medieval cities developed organically, public sector works in the

fringe of Glasgow (Kintrea & Madgin, 2019).

late 1800s such as transport works (Road and rail) and waterworks (drainage

Interpretivist theory emerged as a critique of the radical positivist approach by

and canals) and housing required planning interventions. Planning was

Jane Jacobs and others during 1960s, who criticised the planners for the ‘sack

perceived as a tool to regulate, repair or even reverse the adverse effects of

of cities’(Jacobs. 1961) (Fergusson,1973). It emphasised that, in reality,

rapid urbanisation across the urban realm – increasing population, haphazard

people’s experience of everyday spaces and sociocultural processes shape

development, unhygienic living conditions, and socio-economic disparity (Hall,

cities. Thus, the need for a participatory planning process with multiple

2002). By the end of the 20th century, planning for guiding development

discourses known as the ‘communicative rationality’ emerged where the

became an integral part of the UK & USA bureaucratic systems, often referred

planner’s role changed from a technocrat to that of a process-designer, activist

under the blanket terms of land-use planning, zoning or spatial planning

and mediator (Tewdwr-Jones and Allmendinger, 1998). With the devolution of

(Healey, 2007).

the government, labour reforms and the introduction of neighbourhood

Ebenezer Howard’s ‘ Garden City ’ (1903), Le Corbusier’s ‘Radiant City’ (1933)

planning, spatial planning took a collaborative turn but was still rooted in

and, ‘Grid-iron City’ (1950) are few examples of utopian concepts that grew

empirical methodology and heavily influenced by politics (Healey, 2006).

out of the need to bring order to the chaos within cities. These new settlements

Fainstein (2014) questioned the ‘fairness’ of the participatory planning

were based on the concept of ‘Positivism’; that spaces designed with a scientific

processes and emphasised equality, democracy and diversity.

fact-based approach were capable of defining new ways of life for the

In the present context, spatial planning goes beyond the designation of land

communities (Davoudi, 2011). These planning interventions were mostly state-

and property uses as in the case of traditional land-use planning. It is a

led and relied heavily on the experts who often prioritised economic interests,

technique of envisioning strategies and policies for shaping or reshaping built

overlooked the interpersonal relationships that communities are built upon and

and natural environment through timed and quantifiable goal-setting (Rydin,

failed to match the fast-paced developments of that period (Nadin, 2011).

2003). It focuses on delivering societal benefits across overlapping sectors

Thus, a new set of urban issues emerged, such as redlining, gentrification, urban

(economy, environment, culture, heritage, transport) on a multiscale level (local,

sprawl, automobile cities and large-scale demolition of heritage buildings

regional and national) and through multiple agencies (public, private or non-

(Fainstein, 1991) (Beauregard, 2013). For example, large-scale demolition of

profit organisations) (CEMAT, 1983) (RTP1, 2014). Planning rooted in

the 18th-century tenements and the creation of new satellite towns of

evidence-based analysis seeks to make ‘places’ that are valued and integrated

Cumbernauld and East Kilbride led to outward migration of the working

community engagement practices ensure that these places have an

population which broke the strong community fabric that once existed in eastern

‘identity’(Adams and Tiesdell, 2012).

4

S E C T I O N 0 2 – M U LT I - S C A L A R P L A N N I N G

SECTION 2.1

MULTI-SCALAR PLANNING EASTERN FRINGE - GLASGOW - SCOTLAND Situated on the River Clyde in Northwest Scotland, Glasgow is the most populated city of Scotland, with an estimated population of 633,120 in 2019 (National Records of Scotland, 2021). Referred to as the ‘Powerhouse of the Scottish economy’, it is a vibrant hub for business (Top Ten Global City for FDI Strategy 2018/19), culture (UNESCO City of Music since 2008), events (Host city for COP26, 2021), and sports (European Capital Of Sport, 2023). 29.7 million day trips were taken to the greater Glasgow and Clyde Valley region in 2019 (GBDVS, 2019) owing to its excellent transport connectivity with other major cities in the UK and globally as described in Figures 01-05. Glasgow is also one of the preferred destinations for study in the UK, with 20,340 international students enrolled in the five major universities in the city in 2019 (HESA, 2020).

EDINBURGH

1h 1m

53m

MANCHESTER

3h 28m

4h 7m

LONDON

6h 45m

4h 35m

Table 01: Average Road and Rail travel times from Glasgow to major UK cities. Source: Google Maps

INVERNESS

Figure 04: Location Context- Greater Glasgow and Clyde Valley. Source: Glasgow CDP, 2017

ABERDEEN

DUNDEE

EDINBURGH GLASGOW

Figure 02: Average air travel time from Glasgow to other major global trade cities. Source: Google Maps

STIRLING

Figure 03: Location context- Glasgow and other important cities/towns of Scotland. Source: Google Maps

Figure 05: Location Context- Glasgow city wards and the site. Source: Glasgow CDP, 2017

6

SECTION 2.2

MULTI-SCALAR PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT Planning policies, frameworks and supporting guides issued by the National, Regional and local bodies direct the development for the Eastern fringe with a varying degree of influence. Nation-wide strategies to achieve sustainable

economic development goals over the next 20-30 years and address critical land use planning issues laid out in Scottish Planning Policy, 2014 (SPP), are described in the National Planning Framework 3, 2014 (NPF3) as indicated in Table 02. Overarching themes from these are further elaborated in the context of the greater Glasgow region in the Clyde Plan, 2017 (Strategic Development Framework) and specifically for Glasgow city in the Glasgow City Development Plan (CDP), 2017 that sets out specific targets and timelines.

Other significant local policies are: • Glasgow City Centre Strategy and action plan, 2014-2019

• Calton Barras Action Plan (CBAP), 2012 • Calton Area Development Framework (CADF), 2012 • High Street Area Strategy (HSAS), 2019-2023 • Glasgow’s Housing Strategy 2017 – 2022

A summary of these objectives and strategies that are applicable for the Eastern fringe are:

• CDP 01- Place making principle focuses on development strategies for great places that support vibrant, empowered communities, and

Table 02: Scottish Government’s National planning framework . Source: NPF3, 2014

attract and retain a skilled workforce.

7

SECTION 2.2

MULTI-SCALAR PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT

Figure 06: CDP 02 – SUSTAINABLE SPATIAL STRATEGY. Source: CDP,2017

Figure 07: CDP 04 – NETWORK OF CENTRES. Source: CDP,2017

8

SECTION 2.2

MULTI-SCALAR PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT • CDP 02- Sustainable spatial strategy states that city centres should prioritise

regeneration. Critical locations in the city centre with well-connected public transport system should be densified.

• CDP 03- Economic development demarcates the Collegelands area as Strategic Economic Investment Location (SEIL) for which the council will promote such uses that draw businesses to the area. The two major infrastructure projects for the eastern fringe under the ‘Glasgow City Region

Deal’, 2014 – an investment package deal between the Scottish and UK Governments are: 1. Collegelands Calton Barras (CCB) project: An investment of £27m has been allocated by for the for site rehabilitation, improved access, and public realm enhancements through the following projects: i.

Improving Public Transport: High Street Station

ii.

Improving local infrastructure and Connectivity: Meat Market Road Infrastructure

iii.

Collegelands and Meat Market Site: Meat Market- Site Remediation

iv.

Second phase of the Barras Public Realm improvements

v.

The Barras Vacant and Underused Floorspace grant scheme (2014).

2. Avenues Plus Project: John Knox Street (from High Street / Castle Street to Duke Street) is one of the five routes identified under the Avenues Plus project to receive £21.3million funding from Sustrans to improve networks between the city centre and surrounding neighbourhoods.

Image 02-07: Relevant local planning strategies and plans. Source: Glasgow City Council

9

SECTION 2.2

MULTI-SCALAR PLANNING POLICY CONTEXT • CDP 04 & Supplementary Guidance 4 (SG4) emphasises the need for increasing economic activity, occupancy levels and footfall in the Local

Town Centres (Figure 07: Barras Market) for enabling efficient functioning as nodes for retail, transport and public services. It also suggests that at least 70% of the shops on the high street fall in Class 1 retail category.

• The high street and St. Andrew’s square are identified as conservation areas

under CDP 09 – Historic environment, alongside various listed buildings as shown in Figure 08.

• A need to maintain a plentiful supply of building land in affordable areas near workplaces to meet housing demand while still promoting economic development is observed (SPP, NPF3). Affordable and private sector land supply with residential potential (total 16 sites) is identified in the CDP 10 Meeting Housing Needs (Figure 09)

• CDP 11 – Sustainable Transport focuses on creating a safe, well-designed, connected and accessible environment that links open spaces and active travel networks in town centres to tap the mental and physical benefits of cycling and walking. References should be made to the principles set out in Cycling Action Plan for Scotland (CAPS), the National Walking Strategy, and Designing Streets, for example, converting high streets, shopping areas and residential areas to 20mph zones. In areas where a weak infrastructure framework limits the viability of new housing and other development, constructing new transport links such as the extension of Glasgow Subway or a new High-speed Railway connection can be the solution.

(Figure 10)

Figure 08: CDP 09 – HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT. Source: CDP,2017

10

SECTION 2.2

SITE ANALYSIS POLICY CONTEXT

Figure 09: CDP 10 – MEETING HOUSING NEEDS. Source: CDP,2017

Figure 10: CDP 11 – SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT STRATEGY. Source: CDP,2017

11

S E C T I O N 0 3 – S I T E A N A LY S I S

02 SECTION SECTION 3.1

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE – CHARACTER AREAS The ‘Eastern Fringe’ of Glasgow consists of four main character areas based on the local perceptions - The High Street, Barras Market centre, Calton residential area and Gallowgate, each of which hold special significance for the city of Glasgow.

GLASGOW WOMEN’S LIBRARY

WEST BREWERY

The old city of ‘Glaschu’ originated from the expansion of the small settlements along the present day ‘High street’. This road connected the river Clyde and the cathedral built on the site of the chapel where St. Mungo first arrived in 556 c.e. and established a religious community. The high street is flanked on either side by several exemplary historically listed buildings dating from the 15th to 18th

STUDENT HOUSING

century, currently designated as a part of the Merchant city Conservation

HIGH STREET

Character Area. The University of Glasgow was established and in operation on the high street from 1451 to 1891 before shifting to the Gilmorehill campus. Areas to the east of high street continue to house a large student population from the University of Strathclyde. The Barras Market established in 1900s in the area has a unique local identity- a ‘bazaar’ like setup with a mix of shops selling curios, art,

furnishings and furniture; cafes serving local favourites; Barrowlands concert venue

TRONGATE

BARROWLAN DS

and several pubs and breweries. The Calton residential area towards the east has a mix of low-rise housing between Bain Street and Claythorn Park Road and a blend of modern flats/tenements interspersed with green spaces and vacant sites, with connections to the M8 and eastern suburbs. Once a prosperous burgh with a rich heritage and a central location, the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation

HIGH STREET STATION

BARRAS MARKET

(SIMD 2020) currently places Calton and Gallowgate areas under the 20% of

most deprived areas in Scotland suffering from poor connectivity, ruptured urban fabric, and declining economic activity.

Images 08-15: Character Areas. Source: Google Photo Contributions

12

SECTION 3.2

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE – SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS The socio-economic conditions vary substantially across the seven SIMD data zones of the eastern fringe, as described in Table 03, with an exception of Health, Employment and Education domain for which a general trend of low rankings is observed in Table 03. In a survey conducted in agreement with the Calton Area Partnership (2016) on the Community Planning Partnership Twitter feed, Bridgeton participants identified Improving Health and Wellbeing as the top local priority, followed by Activities for the Elderly. Calton neighbourhood

has been notoriously famous for poor health index since the 1900s due to extreme poverty, alcohol and substance abuse, crime and poor diet (Godley, 2011). Further report published by the Glasgow Centre for Population Health (GCPH, 2016) stated that the ‘life expectancy for men in the deprived suburb of Calton in Glasgow, Scotland, is 28 years less than for men living 13 km away in affluent Lenzie.’

Figure 11: Data-zones. Source: SIMD,2021

Data zone

Data zone name

S01010038 S01010039 S01010040 S01010041 S01010042 S01010254 S01010257 S01010258 S01010263

Calton and Gallowgate - 02 Calton and Gallowgate - 03 Calton and Gallowgate - 04 Calton and Gallowgate - 05 Bridgeton - 01 Gallowgate North and Bellgrove - 01 Gallowgate North and Bellgrove - 04 Gallowgate North and Bellgrove - 05 City Centre East - 05

SIMD 2020v2 rank 548 3530 3306 1693 2315 1503 2267 6150 4482

SIMD SIMD 2020 SIMD 2020 SIMD 2020 SIMD 2020 SIMD 2020 Working 2020v2 SIMD 2020 2017 employme education health access housing age income crime rank Population nt rank rank rank rank rank population rank 535 676 1701 385 4199 175 93 940 675 4498 4441 3145 4852 1961 480 36 1113 1036 3736 4082 3412 3280 4412 252 279 930 785 2028 1880 2726 2085 1789 281 249 788 687 1977 2712 2131 2627 6220 1466 224 1455 1194 1311 1962 1280 1003 6168 2605 421 1078 745 3565 3537 1066 2205 1795 1275 5 1732 1633 6964 6966 6398 6976 1404 5135 6 1826 1770 5432 5827 3966 5868 2031 464 17 713 651

Table 03: Data-zone statistics. Source: SIMD,2021

13

EASTERN FRINGE – SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS

SECTION 3.2

SITE ANALYSIS

Figures for the Calton-Bridgeton Neighbourhood are indicative of the population boost in the recent years owing mostly to an increase in the working-age population. There is also a substantially greater proportion of children in the population, indicating that the neighbourhood is growing in terms of family size. However, a higher share of the population in the neighbourhood is single and working age. 14.67% of households in the area have people with serious disabilities limiting their day to day activity. The ethnic population of this area is larger as compared to the city. Thus, it is important to design the east end for empowerment and social inclusion. It is also observed that even though less percentage of household own a car as

compared to the city average, there are more than necessary parking spaces.

14

EASTERN FRINGE – SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS

SECTION 3.2

SITE ANALYSIS

15

SECTION 3.3

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE – HISTORICAL ANALYSIS Glasgow Cross, formed by the intersection of Trongate, Saltmarket, Gallowgate and High Street, defined the central area of the medieval mercantile town of Glasgow since 1176. The city grew further to accommodate Merchant city to the west and to the east, the College and terraced townhouses were built in St Andrew’s Square. The merger of the Scottish and English crowns in 1603 gave Glasgow's economy its first significant boost, allowing for a vital global trade in tobacco, sugar and various hardware products and later cotton. This aided the growth of the town's manufacturing base while also allowing Glasgow merchants to invest in other ventures in the 1800s. With the desilting of the river Clyde, the rise of shipbuilding industries transformed Glasgow into a trade port point for the

city's heavy industries. By 1861, workers migrated to the city, and by 1901, the

MEDEIVAL THE ORIGIN OF GLASGOW

1860s WEAVING AND TEXTILES

Figure 12 : Figure-ground maps.

Source: Digimaps Historical Roam

Figure 13 : Figure-ground maps.

Source: Digimaps Historical Roam

1900s INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION

1950s REDEVELOPEMENT

Figure 14 : Figure-ground maps.

Source: Digimaps Historical Roam

Figure 15 : Figure-ground maps.

Source: Digimaps Historical Roam

city’s population had already doubled. Poor quality tenements were rapidly built to accommodate the exploding immigrant worker population, which later became hotspots for poor living conditions (Grieve, 1986). Overcrowding, squalor and alcohol abuse resulted in the declining health of the residents of the eastern fringe. The arrival of the railway in the 1860s had a significant impact on the area's urban fabric. Many routes through the area were cut off by removing the

College of Glasgow and redeveloping the land as a significant railway freight yard, which formed a substantial physical barrier between Duke Street and Gallowgate. Calton area witnessed sectarian gang violence, which was further deepened by the rivalry between the Celtic and Rangers Football Club

(Gallagher, 1987) (Deuchar and Holligan, 2010). Continued deprivation, poverty, and high crime rates have negatively impacted this area's development value, resulting in multiple derelict and unused sites. derelict and unused sites.

16

SECTION 3.4

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE – PHYSICAL CONDITIONS The Eastern fringe has parcels of concentrated single land-use but a mixed urban grain and morphology as described below• The area between London Road and Gallowgate road is a predominantly lowdensity residential area that is more automobile friendly than pedestrian-friendly The three different housing typologies as shown in Figure 17 are: 1. 3-4 storeyed modern apartments with front and backyards, 2. 19th-century tenements with backyards, 3. and 2-3 storeyed detached houses with enclosed courtyards.

• Contrastingly, Collegelands area to the north of Gallowgate has several high-rise student accommodation buildings (6-8 floors) interspersed between mixed-use

buildings, industrial sheds/ warehouses and a significant number of derelict and vacant sites.

• A low-rise mixed-use conurbation of small stores, repair shops, grocery stores, cafes, pubs and a concert venue is found between Glasgow Cross and the Barras market.

• The High street is lined with densely inhabited 3-5 storeyed tenements with retail shops on the ground floor, conservation area, public buildings, contemporary

student accommodations, and University of Strathclyde buildings. Still, it lacks

Residential

Mixed use

Green Open Spaces

Town Centre

Industrial/ Warehouse

Railway lines/ bridge

Figure 16: Land-use Map for the site. Source: Author’s Own

continuous active frontages due to vacant sites, empty shopfronts, high boundary walls, and diagonally crossing overhead railway lines.

• A part of the eastern fringe is a designated conservation area. Several A-listed

buildings, squares, open spaces such as the Mercantile building, Templeton Carpet factory, Glasgow Cross, Tolbooth steeple, Former Central Police Headquarters and St. Andrews courtyard add to the unique heritage value of the area.

1

2

3

Figure 17: Hosing typologies. Source: Author’s Own

17

SECTION 3.4

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE – PHYSICAL CONDITIONS The north-south roads are characterised by a natural incline towards the river Clyde with the Necropolis being the highest point and Glasgow greens at the lowest. The gradient for the east-south roads is comparatively less steep.

Cycling by design for Scotland (2010) notes that a cycling/ walking route with a lower longitudinal gradient under 3% is preferred by everyday users. Slopes greater than 5%, such as between Aldi and George street, are challenging to navigate and may be required to be designed as ramps. Several locations

indicated in the Flood risk assessment map in Figure 18 are subject to water accumulation and possible flooding resulting in a poor street environment. Thus, there is a requirement for infrastructural improvements in the area.

Figure 18: Flooding risk map. Source: SEPA,2021

Chart 01: Elevation chart for Gallowgate route. Source: Mapmyride.com

Chart 02: Elevation chart for high street between saltmarket and necropolis. Source: Mapmyride.com

18

SECTION 3.5

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE – COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS As a statutory requirement, multiple community consultations have taken place in the East End for various programmes and policies since 2001. Some of the outcomes of these consultations are shown below:

“Trongate is where it all stops”

“Gang fights with big knives” “Would be nice to have gateway feature similar to Barras gateways"

"nowhere to walk, really bad"

“intimidating at night”

Figure 19: Community Street Audit Report for Calton, 2013

Figure 20: People make Glasgow, 2019

Figure 21: Community Consultation for HSAS, 2018

19

SECTION 3.6

SITE ANALYSIS EASTERN FRINGE - S.W.O.T ANALYSIS

STRENGHTS •

• • • •

Excellent location, direct connectivity to University of Strathclyde campus and the ‘Style mile’ – UK’s second largest shopping destination.

Existing Rail Transport InfrastructureHigh street Train station\ and Belgrove train station.

Strong local identity - ‘People make East end’.

Heritage assets - several listed buildings, heritage trails, origin of ‘Glasgow’.

Abundant open green spaces.

WEAKNESSES • • •

• • •

• • •

•

Large number of vacant sites available for development.

Distinct identity and historic character are ‘unique selling-points’ that add to the development value.

Current policies, programmes and frameworks support sustainable development for transformation of this area – funding from City Deal, Avenues project.

Strong presence of economic drivers - higher education and related sectors.

• • • •

• • •

OPPORTUNITIES

Large area in Scotland’s 20% most deprived zone.

Heavy Traffic flow on the high street, poor street environment for pedestrians and cyclists.

Fragmented urban and green fabric - Railway and High Street act as visual barriers, missing road linkages and disconnected green spaces.

Sectarian tensions and anti-social behaviour.

Large number of vacant and derelict sites.

Lack of high-quality housing stock.

Difficult sub-surface conditions and derelict underground tunnels.

Brownfield site.

Historic environment character may face threat from new construction.

Sectarianism amongst stakeholders may influence outcomes of community engagement processesdifficult to reach a consensus.

Green spaces can become breeding grounds for antisocial behaviour.

Global Recession due to the pandemic Shift to online modes of work/shop.

THREATS 20

SECTION 04 - ENVISIONING AND MEASURING CHANGE

SECTION 4.1

STITCHING THE FRINGE “ Reactivating the Eastern Fringe by stitching active travel networks into a repaired urban fabric that enables communities to celebrate the quirky spirit of Glaswegian art and heritage.”

THEME

OBJECTIVE

TARGETS/ BENCHMARKS

TIMELINE

2025

2030

2035

2040

Deliver sustainable housing – 30% affordable housing HOUSING

Repopulate the area to reinstate historic density

Repair and upgrade existing housing stock Help to buy housing schemes for first-time buyers

PUBLIC REALM

Enhance the road/street environment to promote pedestrian movement

Avenues project + Lane strategy extension to demarcated lanes Enhanced High Street Realm for accessibility Wayfinding and Interpretation Strategy

Revamped High street station TRANSPORT

Integrated ACTIVE travel network

Subway route extension connecting eastern suburbs Traffic-calming for the Urban Main Streets High quality cycling infrastructure

HERITAGE, ARTS & CULTURE

Promote and enhance the contemporary and historic art environment.

Pop-up art events in collaboration with BAaD Contemporary art, heritage and pub trails Reuse of heritage buildings

Community gardens GREEN SPACES

NETWORK

Strengthen the Green network - connect major parks and green spaces.

Mend broken linkages

Pocket parks Greenway between Necropolis and Glasgow greens & University of Strathclyde and High street station

Connect the University of Strathclyde to High street station and Belgrove station with Highline- an overbridge featuring a linear park, cycle track and art spaces

22

STITCHING THE FRINGE

SECTION 4.2

ENVISIONING AND MEASURING CHANGE “ Reactivating the Eastern Fringe by stitching active travel networks into a repaired urban fabric that enables communities to celebrate the quirky spirit of Glaswegian art and heritage.”

Proposed Glasgow Cross Station Existing Train Stations Existing Landmark Existing public space Mixed-use Housing Proposed Green Public Art space

Proposed multi-storey Car park Proposed Highline Proposed active travel network Proposed Local ‘shared’ streets Main streets - streetscape High Street Traffic calming junctions

Proposed Heritage Trail

Figure 22: Spatial Strategy for Eastern Fringe. Source: Author’s own

23

S E C T I O N 0 5 - M A K I N G A N I M PAC T

SECTION 5.1

MAKING AN IMPACT EASTERN FRINGE The lack of connectivity in commute and spaces has been the primary cause of decreasing economic activity in the eastern fringe of Glasgow. The following two interventions are proposed to achieve the vision of a ‘stitched’ eastern Morrison’s Nursey THE HIGHLINE Proposed Multi- level This project centres on the vacant and derelict sites and unused interstitial car park Proposed spaces along the railway line between the High street station and the ART space

edge:

Belgrove station that exhibit immense potential for upgrade. Several private rental housing sites are identified on either side of the railway line (GCC Housing Land Audit, 2019). Glasgow City Council has approved plans for

Alexander School Proposed Highline

252 affordable housing units at the Meat market site, and the construction of 54 apartment units at Upper Bell Street is in full swing. Further, the University of Strathclyde plans to expand on the east side (University of Strathclyde Outcome Agreement, 2020). A need for connected, safe and accessible open public spaces will arise from the residential densification and subsequent population boost.

Therefore, an elevated greenway covering the railway track is proposed High street between the Bellgrove station and the High street station, continuing over the

station Aldi

High street to the University of Strathclyde’s Technology and Innovation Centre. This linear park will feature 1.2kms of continuous cycle path, enhanced walkways, sheltered stops, outdoor gyms, memorials, activity and play zones, University of open-air art and history museum, reintegrating the city centre, and the eastern

Strathclyde

fringe and strengthening the internal connection within the Gallowgate and Collegelands area.

Figure 23: Highline Plan. Source: Author’s own

25

SECTION 5.1

MAKING AN IMPACT EASTERN FRINGE Image 16: Joe Louis Greenway, Detroit

THE HIGHLINE 1. A preferred path - Well-designed cycling and walking paths with full accessibility, appropriate lighting, CCTV monitoring and sheltered stops at regular intervals will be constructed to encourage the commuters to use this path for daily trips to urban nodes such as Aldi, Morrison’s, Nursery,

1

Alexander’s School, University of Strathclyde, High Street Station, Merchant Image 17: Community Garden, RHS Wisley

City and High Street.

2. A green path - Community garden spaces will be allotted to the residents to grow food and managed by the community councils/ churches. Overall landscape scheme will include Native species and seasonal zones.

3. A path for all - Action zones targeting various age groups will be designed

2

along the walkway featuring outdoor gyms, skatepark, toddler play zones, multi-sport courts, board game benches etc., to promote outdoor exercising

Image 18: Outdoor Gym Equipments

and social inclusion.

4. A walk in time - Public art/Mural/Memorials acknowledging the tragic past of the Irish Immigrants, Calton martyrs, and plantation slaves will be strategically placed along the walkway demarcating the timeline of historical

3

events. Commissions will be awarded to the local artists/ residents/ art students through competitions to instigate collaborative enthusiasm. This trail

Image 19: Irish Famine Memorial

can also be integrated with the existing East end heritage trail with improved wayfinding.

Temporary schemes such as pop-ups, summer events, weekend markets, and marathons can be introduced to initiate wider community involvement and attract people from all over the city.

4 26

SECTION 5.2

MAKING AN IMPACT EASTERN FRINGE IMPROVING THE PUBLIC REALM Long-term effects of deprivation are noticeable in the east end even at a glance.

There are several listed buildings that are in the state of disrepair, streets that require regular maintenance and open spaces that are littered with trash. With the funding from City deal, many improvements have already been made to the street character but the area still lacks a comprehensive intervention for upgrading the public realm.

• Streetscape –High Street, London Street, Duke street and Gallowgate Road are the major urban streets of the east end which will benefit if the on-going avenues project is extended onwards. These streets will encourage active

transport - commute on foot or cycle or both for daily activities and will include the following features as visualised in Figure 25: 1. Upgraded Cycle Infrastructure – dedicated cycle lanes, parking 2. Pavement resurfacing and widening 3. Traffic Calming measures such as shared surfaces 4. Practical street furniture 5. Unique lighting scheme

Figure 24: Extension of Avenues Project. Source: Glasgow Avenues Project Proposed extension routes

Proposed crossings

6. Dropped kerbs and tactile edges for accessibility 7. Sustainable drainage systems •

Identity-A wayfinding, branding and marketing strategy will be devised through continued community engagement processes for suitable design and

placement of markers and signages, including a braille version and high visibility to build and encash the identity of the area. This will include extension of the medieval Glasgow trail to include the Highline trail, open days and interpretation facilities by the locals.

Figure 25: Proposed crossing. Source: Glasgow Avenues Project

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EASTERN FRINGE

SECTION 05

MAKING AN IMPACT

STAKEHOLDERS

'...The success of a particular public space is not solely in the hands of the architect, urban designer or town planner; it relies also on people adopting, using and managing the space – people make places, more than places make people...‘’ – Worpole & Knox, 2007.

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SECTION 06 – PLANNING THEMES

SECTION 6.1

PLANNING THEMES GREEN SPACES The importance of green infrastructure has been emphasised since the 1900s by Ebenezer Howard and have become more evident with the recent pandemic (Howard,1902) (Pamukcu-Albers et al., 2021). The accessibility of good quality green spaces has been linked to a higher survival rate in old people (Takano et al., 2002), improved mental wellbeing and health (Tzoulas, 2007). When designed correctly, green spaces also add vibrancy, enhance social interaction, and be the ‘focal point’ for the economic development of the area (Mahdjoubi & Spencer, 2015). Ecologically, these green spaces act as habitats for urban wildlife and are single-handedly responsible for reducing the effects of greenhouse emissions and noise pollution (Heidt and Neef, 2008). New York’s

High Line is one of the best examples of such an intervention that has excelled ecologically and become one of the top attractions drawing millions in investment.

Image 20: The Highline design proposal, New York. Source: wttwo.com

Constructed on top of a historic elevated railway meandering through the heavily populated Chelsea and meatpacking district districts, this public promenade features unique green spaces, performance spaces, food booths, and a range of recreational activities to enjoy and get a fresh perspective of the city. The High Line has recently been dubbed “inspiration for how communities may transition

industrial infrastructure into green infrastructure.“ (The High Line, 2018).

The proposal seeks to cover the union railway line that runs between Belgrove and High street stations in Glasgow and transform it into a Highline similarly. It would improve the poor conditions of health and wellbeing in the neighbourhood, act as a magnet and provide an opportunity to maximise the use of interstitial spaces while providing an active link to the city centre and the other eastern suburbs of Dennistoun.

Image 21: The Highline, New York, 2016. Source: wttwo.com

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SECTION 6.2

PLANNING THEMES TRANSPORT Transport defines how we get around the neighbourhood and the city and influences our access to opportunities and services (Nielsen et al., 2013). Despite being well serviced by buses and trains, the eastern end exhibits the same trends and issues as the wider Glasgow city- the non-integration of transport services, outdated infrastructure, and lack of accessibility. It is crucial to strengthen the transport system of the east end to achieve the vision of a ‘connected’ neighbourhood.

Taking a cue from the European cities such as Copenhagen, Amsterdam and Antwerp, where up to a quarter of short-distance travel happen on cycles, the two focus projects of the Highline and the Public realm upgrade seek to

facilitate ‘Active travel’ over motorised transport. A cycle route is proposed for Duke street under the ‘Avenues Plus project’, while London Road already has a dedicated cycle route. A continuous cycling network running along the other main Streets but segregated either by a green strip or kerbs will create a safe and enjoyable cycling experience for everyday commuters of the east end.

Where space is limited along Local Streets, bike lanes will be merged into the carriageway. However, to prevent encroachment and speeding, a speed

restriction of 20mph will be imposed as per design guidance from Cycle by Design (2010).

The strategy is to bring about a behavioural change for cycling through rebranding the area’s identity with marketing campaigns, integrated trails and bike-sharing schemes. Evidence suggests that the percentage of trips taken by bicycle more than doubled in cities such as Berlin through such movements, including the construction of dedicated bicycle infrastructure. (Pucher et al., 2010)

Image 22: Danish Cycling Statistics, 2016. Source: https://cyclingsolutions.info/embassy/danish-cycling-statistics/

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INTEGRATION OF GREEN SPACES+ TRANSPORT+ HEALTH AND WELL-BEING + SOCIAL INCLUSION

SECTION 6.3

PLANNING THEMES

Statistical analysis from section 3 reveals that the Calton neighbourhood ranks really low in the Health and well-being domain. The Highline project as a pivotal green

space will be instrumental in improving these statistics by tapping the health benefits associated with outdoor activity zones, play areas and walking and cycling paths for all age groups but specifically targeting the large proportion of the working-age population of the east end. (Boarnet et al., 2008). The various benefits of active travel promoted through upgraded infrastructure, as shown in Figure 24, will also be instrumental in achieving the visions and objectives across overarching themes of:

• Education- Enhanced cognitive learning for children using green spaces (Dadvand et al., 2015), • Health & Wellbeing- Children who walk to school daily are more active during the week than those who drive, mainly if the distance is greater than 0.5 miles. (van Sluijs et al., 2009). Evidence suggests that commuting for 30 minutes or more round trip on foot or by bicycle has a considerable favourable impact on mental health,

particularly for males. (De Nazelle et al., 2011) • Social inclusion- Shared transportation solutions have the potential to improve social inclusion by removing some of the obstacles to automobile ownership and bicycle use, such as upfront fees, maintenance, and storage. (Clark and Curl, 2015)

Image 23: Benefits of Trails. Source: https://www.carolinathreadtrail.org/trail-benefits/

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SECTION 6.3 Image 24: Integrating Themes. Source: Scottish Government. Cleaner air for Scotland: the road to a healthier future. Edinburgh: Scottish Government

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S E C T I O N 0 7 – R E S O U RC E S & R E F E R E N C E S

POLICY - GLASGOW CITY COUNCIL (G.C.C.).

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26th Climate change Conference of the Parties, COP26. Retrieved from https://ukcop26.org/the-conference/

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Calton Area Development Framework (CADF), 2012. Retrieved from https://www.glasgowconsult.co.uk/UploadedFiles/Calton%20Area%20Devt%20Fr amework%20Final%20Draft%20August%202012.pdf

•

A City of Portraits. Retrieved from http://www.yourplacemap.org/ •

Calton Barras Action Plan (C.B.A.P.). 27, September 2012. Retrieved from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/18304/Calton-Barras-Action-Plan-CBAP

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Collegelands Calton Barras. Retrieved from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/20033/Collegelands-Calton-Barras

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C.D.P. 2019 Action Programme Map. Retrieved from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=5c474c7f6a394943 b4dd7a402bdca4a6

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Glasgow City Centre Strategy and action plan, 2014-2019. Retrieved from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/article/18277/City-Centre-Strategy

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Glasgow City Development Plan (C.D.P.), adopted March 2017. Retrieved from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=16186

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Housing Land Audit March 2019. Retrieved from https://glasgowgis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=1e84b91 d0c3f483fb9f2e86554f97deb

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Strategic Development Plan (SDP) Clydeplan, approved July 2017. Retrieved from https://www.clydeplan-sdpa.gov.uk/strategic-development-plan/currentplan/current-strategic-development-plan-july-2017

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Supplementary Guidance (S.G.) associated with the C.D.P. Retrieved from https://www.glasgow.gov.uk/sg

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•

SECTION 6.1

RESOURCES

EAST- BOLD, CREATIVE, HISTORIC. Retrieved from https://peoplemakeglasgow.com/neighbourhoods/east

European Capitals of Sport. Retrieved from http://aceseurope.eu/europeancapitals-of-sport-2/

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fDi’s European Cities and Regions of the Future 2018/19 – Winners. Retrieved from https://www.fdiintelligence.com/article/70906

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Glasgow- Scotland- UNESCO City of Music since 2008. Retrieved from https://citiesofmusic.net/city/glasgow/

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Higher Education Statistics Agency (H.E.S.A.). 2020. Retrieved from https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-from

•

National Records of Scotland (N.R.S.). Glasgow City-Council Area Profile. Retrieved from https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/council-area-datasheets/glasgow-city-council-profile.html

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Scottish Government. 2020. SIMD (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation). Retrieved from https://simd.scot/#/simd2020/BTTTFTT/14/-4.2257/55.8600/

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Thriving City. Retrieved from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/52118bb7ae2f454cbfc12cbb555449a3

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•

•

•

National Planning Framework 3. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-planning-framework-3/

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Transport Scotland-2010 (Revision 2, July 2020). Cycling By Design Scotland. Retrieved from https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/cycling-by-design/

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University of Strathclyde - Outcome Agreement Annex AY 2019/20 . Available at http://www.sfc.ac.uk/web/FILES/outcome-agreements1920/University_of_Strathclyde_Outcome_Agreement_2019-20.pdf

•

VisitScotland-Glasgow & Clyde Valley Factsheet, 2019. Available at: https://www.visitscotland.org/binaries/content/assets/dot-org/pdf/research-papers2/regional-factsheets/greater-glasgow-and-clyde-valley-factsheet-2019.pdf

Scottish Planning Policy. Retrieved from https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottishplanning-policy/

Town Centre Toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.scotlandstowns.org/town_centre_toolkit

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