Soakable Society (Honorable Mention : DRIA 2017)

SOAKABLE SOCIETY ENSURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC RESILIENCE THROUGH URBAN SOLUTIONS

BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DHAKA, BANGLADESH. TEAM B

Team Members PANKAJ NATH JOY, TANZIM RACHANA, SHEHRAN PARVEZ SEYAN, SANGITA BHATTACHARJEE, MAHUA CHAKMA, SARAH SHEHNAZ BIPASHA

Faculty Members DR. MD. SHAHIDUL AMEEN, DR. FARIDA NILUFAR, MD. RUHUL AMIN, DR. NAYMA KHAN

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Contents

1. Abstract................................................................................................................................. .................................................. 03 2. Description............................................................................................................................ ................................................ 04 3. Site Analysis................................................................................................................................. ......................................... 06 4. Design Strategies.............................................................................................................................. ................................. 11 5. Feasibility Study...................................................................................................................................... ............................ 24 6. References............................................................................................................................ .................................................. 25

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ABSTRACT From the dawn of its emergence, Semarang has been continuously challenged by various natural disasters throughout the decades. The intensities and modes of calamities have changed with time, but the stress remains the same. However, the inhabitants of this area have still now managed to survive despite having provided all possible difficulties by nature. This thriving attitude of the inhabitants is what we feel the greatest strength of this project. With the advancement of technology, better and innovative infrastructural solutions can be provided to stop the disasters every now and then, but until and unless the society is ready to accept and adopt it, every effort will eventually fail.

We often use the terms soakable green in cases of achieving resilience, and that’s where our basic concept generates: let’s not just provide soakable green, let’s build a Soakable Society. A society that can withstand whatever natural disaster it is challenged with and is ready to soak up the shock and stresses.

When a disaster strikes, people are affected in two major ways: Mental and Physical. After a life threatening calamity the victims are mentally distressed with insecurity, uncertainty and feelings as such. Only a bonded community can rebuild the lost hope in a victim, to fight back and live for the better future.

When it comes to physical stress, resilience is not only about withstanding the prevailing disaster, but also regaining the damage with minimum hassle. And economic assurance is a must in doing so.

So we find that until a place is socio-economically resilient enough, the solutions provided for preventing disasters won’t sustain. In our proposal, we have explored how architecture can contribute not just to ensuring a stable house, but also to nurture a self-sufficient and secured family. We have generated and triggered those scopes for attaining social and economic resiliency, through urban and architectural decisions. The society itself will in the process eventually address the factors causing the disasters and their approaches towards a resilient community will ensure the better living condition of the concerned inhabitants.

DESCRIPTION

Accordingly as the researcher Hewitt has said, a hazard becomes a disaster depending upon the vulnerability of the victims. So it is the victims or in this case the inhabitants who are our target groups for resiliency. As already mentioned, when it comes to physical stress, resilience is not only about withstanding the prevailing disaster, but also regaining the damage with minimum hassle. And economic assurance is a must in doing so.

Our proposal consists of an integrated urban design interwined with the scopes for socioeconomic upgradation. The interventions include minimum retrofitting at the micro level of houses and roads, gradually proceeding to a broad scale urban solution for long 3

term resilience. These architectural interventions will in the long run contribute to the standardization of livelihoods and the sustainability of the achieved resilience. The target was to enable the inhabitants to cope with the existing as well as upcoming disasters on their own without being dependent on external source for help.

The new housing solutions as well as modifications in existing houses so as to withstand the shock of disasters are proposed in such a way that it will generate layers of activity and interaction spaces among the community. Firstly, the house to house connection is preserved which will remain uninterrupted even during flood. This will restore confidence and trust in the neighborhood. People will no longer feel like the only one who is suffering. Together they will be able to soak up the initial shock and try to come up with solutions. Secondly, each neighborhood chunk opens to a social shade, a larger interactive space which will act as a platform for the neighborhood, be it a cultural function or a question of economic generation. Finally these interdependent neighborhoods will commonly meet in the community spaces provided as necessary.

These large scale community spaces will serve the entire village in their regular needs as well as in times of disaster.

The new houses are proposed on stilts so that maximum soakable land can be preserved. Our point is to soak up the disaster, not to prevent or oppose it. So the architectural solutions are provided keeping in mind the provision of uninterrupted daily environment even in times of disasters, especially flood. The buildings which are not yet to be broken down, minimum retrofitting solutions are proposed to cope up with the acute situation. The tendency was to provide maximum adaptive quality to the village without destroying the existing fabric.

The purpose of these spaces are not only social interaction but also active income generation within them. We have categorized the possible sources of income generation among the dwellers into some broader sectors and their subdivisions. Firstly, if we start from the existing situation, there are already a smoke fish community and a worker community in the Kampung. While the cultural heritage of smoke fish can conserved and promoted to build am economic identity for the community, the worker group can also actively support the production and marketing of smoke fish. Thus the entire village can together work as a thematic culinary village. The production and cooking of the smoke fish can be handled by the ethnic precedents, whereas the other portion of the village can contribute to all the necessities related to it like net making, weaving, production of automobiles, craters, transportation, etc. Thus the self-sufficient economy in the kampung can reduce the dependency of the inhabitants upon the factories and therefore eradicate the uncertainties that comes along with it.

The home based economic activities can be performed in the connected plinth level of the neighborhood, which remains uninterrupted during the flood. The training needed for ensuring the quality of these works as well as the monthly collection of the products can be operated from the social shade. This will eventually encourage the dwellers to maintain the common open space rather than trying to take over it and built another house there. The shop based economies can be conducted in the mixed use houses as proposed according to the site reference. The central community space between the fish market zone and the rest of the kampung will act as a bridge between the two communities- which is a must in strengthening the overall social situation. This smoke 4

fish culture will be parallely supported by the conservation of the heritage site as proposed, which will bring in tourists and researchers, yet another source of income generation. The three sectors will co-operatively built an economically resilient kampung.

The revenue collected from these income sources will then be used for the protection of the houses, building better settlements, providing necessary infrastructures for withstanding disasters and uplifting the living standards of the kampung. The kampung Kali Bahru will the act as a model resilient village efficient enough to soak up the upcoming hazards and progress forward.

Site analysis Semarang Located on the low northern coastal plain of Java Island, Semarang’s administrative boundary covers an area of 373,70 square kilometres1. The city is the capital of Central Java Province and the fifth largest city in Indonesia. Semarang and 5 other neighboring 5

regions form what is called the Kedungsepur Urban National Strategic Area, placing Semarang in a strategic position.

Kelurahan Bandarharjo District The competition site is located in the Kelurahan Bandarharjo on the northern part of Semarang. Kelurahan Bandarharjo is one of the nine kelurahans in the Kecamatan4 Semarang Utara. The total population of Kelurahan Bandarharjo is 20,605 and its total area is 342.60 hectares (2015).

COMPETITION SITE: KAMPUNG KALI BAHRU

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The competition site itself is located on the south west part of Bandarharjo and it is defined by very clear boundaries.

To the north the area it is limited by Jalan RE. Martadinata, the primary arterial road connecting the western and eastern parts of Semarang that also connects to the airport.

The west boundary is formed by Jalan Lodan Raya and Kali Semarang, the Semarang River, and the east boundary by Jalan Yos Sudarso and the Kalibaru, the New Canal.

Reclaimed Neighborhood and Topography "In the 6th century, the coastline of Semarang was in Bergota area, not too far from Simpang Lima area (the current city center). The sedimentation is coming from upper Semarang to the coastal area, shifting the coastline further to the Java Sea. Until 2007, the coastline has extended as far as Âą6,5km. The current climate change affects coastal abrasion and reduces ground height on the new dry land as a result from sedimentation.

Coastal abrasion causes the coastline to shift inland as far as 2.6 km (Wicaksono in Climate Week, 2015)."(100RC, 2016) Although Kelurahan Bandarharjo sits on the lowland area and it can be considered almost as flat, the site is characterized by a micro topography. In this sense, the central part of the competition site is slightly above the level of the areas close to the canals.

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Economy and activities in the neighborhood The port area of Tanjung Mas Semarang is located next to the site, North of Jalan RE. Martadinata. As an area neighboring the Port, the competition site has always been closely connected to the harbor in terms of activities and work dependence. Proof of it are the existing warehouses located north of the site. About a third of the population living in the area are dependent on some kind of manufacturing or industrial activity for their livelihood. Located alongside Jalan Yos Sudarso and Kalibaru we also find“Goedang Toedjoe�, that currently works as a warehouse .

The land where the building sits and the vacant space beside it is property of PT. Pelindo III (Indonesian Port Corporation III), a state owned enterprise that operates and manages 43 ports in Central Java (including Tanjung Mas Semarang), East Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Central Kalimantan, and South Kalimantan. This area and the warehouse used to be part of the canal port.

In addition to these activities, small local shops with local activities can be found scattered around the neighborhood. It is notable that in the northwest part of the neighborhood, beside the Semarang River, a large amount of houses and families have developed a smoke fish cluster. These families cook and smoke fish at home and sell it in the market.

Heritage 8

The “Goedang Toedjoe” warehouse (1911) is the most important heritage element in the area, and it has been designated as a listed historical building. This building was formerly owned the Oei Tiong Ham. Oei Tiong Ham (1866-1924) was a Semarang-born ChineseIndonesian businessman who founded Kian Gwan Kongsi, a multinational trading company. Oei Tiong Ham himself became one of the wealthiest persons in Southeast Asia. In 1961 Oei Tiong Ham’s assets were nationalized by the Indonesian government and the warehouse fell into disrepair.

Environmental problems in the area: Droughts, Subsidence, Flooding The combination of demographic and environmental characteristics makes the SMA and the competition area a particularly important site for examining local vulnerabilities and adaptability to climate change.

• Droughts and lack of water infrastructure One of the main environmental issues affecting the city of Semarang are droughts, and Kampung Kali Bahru is also under this risk. This issue, coupled with the lack of water supply infrastructure in the neighborhood has led to the proliferation of wells and the over-exploitation of the ground waters. As a result, the space left by sweet water is being replaced by sea water (sea water incursion), with the consequent salinization of the ground waters and the decrease of their quality.

• Subsidence As a consequence of this excessive use of the freatic levels and intensive development, the effects of subsidence are affecting the lower area where Kampung Kali Bahru is located with the soil sinking between 5 to 8 cm a year.

• Flooding Land subsidence increases the impact of floods. There are two types of flood that occur in Semarang, i.e. the tidal flood which is caused by, among others, the increase of seawater level and land subsidence (causing seawater to flood the coastal area), and flash flood (a sudden flood due to high precipitation that increases the river’s water discharge). There are 21 rivers located in Semarang, creating a high risk of flash flood.

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Flash flood is also caused by poor drainage infrastructure, environmental degradation in the upstream area, sedimentation in the downstream area and high precipitation.

Seawater level increase is estimated at around 15.5 cm in 2030 and 77.5 cm in 2110.

However, land subsidence has a greater impact to the community. It reached 13 cm annually in 2015 and this means that tidal flood would affect around 300,000 people who inhabit the coastal area of Semarang, including the neighbors in Kampung Kali Bahru.

Unfortunately, the residents in coastal communities who mainly work as factory workers and fishermen cannot do much, and they basically try to adapt their houses to be higher than ground surface, while some others simply see the flood as a part of normal life considering it happens so often. (100RC, 2016) Communal waste management also contributes to flood disasters. Flash flood and tidal flood are related to the community’s poor attitude towards the environment, such as littering. In Semarang, the municipal government’s waste management service only managed to collect 34% of the total waste in 2013, and left behind the remaining 66%.

This shows the poor management of the city waste, considering 50% of the total population was not covered by the service especially in the slum kampung areas, where the low income and vulnerable people live.

Design strategies

The entire design process for achieving a soakable society is categorized into two broad sections- Urban resiliency and Socio-economic resiliency. Soakable society is proposed to be a conglomeration of the cyclic efforts in each of the sectors.

Urban resiliency Broader urban decisions are proposed in order to ensure a level of protection from the ongoing hazards in the long run. The major sectors considered here are   

Rethinking of Landuse Mobility and Accessibility Ecological infrastructure 10

Proposed Masterplan

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Rethinking Landuse: The existing landuse shows a very scattered distribution of houses, with no space for recreation and community activities. In the existing settlement many houses are found to be already in an unlivable state, due to land subsidence and flooding. This type of houses are proposed to be cleared, and in the combined land of two to three houses each, a shared landuse with new module of house is proposed. This will also make window for some pocket green spaces which will act as the soakable retention spaces during heavy rain or flood.

At the starting of the project, few houses can be built with the assistance of the government and NGO’s which will set an example to the inhabitants of the better option.

Eventually when they will be able economically (as described afterwards) they can follow the previous examples and contribute themselves to upgrade their own houses.

Besides, a new housing settlement is proposed in the site where the land is comparatively more vulnerable and most of the houses and destroyed by land subsidence. This new housing area will provide a model for housing cluster to be followed in the future, when rebuilding the existing houseswill be feasible.

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House module: As for the house module, the connected plinth is retrofitted to the existing houses. And new housing modules are designed so as to withstand the socks of disasters like Flood, Storm, Earthquake, Land subsidence, etc. A pre-fabricated structure is proposed which can be easily assemble o site. The steel framed structure with cross bracing can be effective in cases of storm ad flood. Foundation is proposed with tyre and gravel, which will reduce the weight of the total structure and the hassle of concrete construction can be avoided, assuring maximum soakable earth without the damage caused by construction. The filler material is proposed to be either bamboo or coconut brick as per user’s preference and affordability. The choice of coconut brick is because it is light weight, the pressure upon land and thereby subsidence can be reduced, and due to its fibrous nature, minimum damage will be cause in cases of earthquake. The roof forms are also chosen keeping in mind the stress of storms upon a house module.

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Mobility and Accessibility: In case of assuring resiliency for a site, a well-connected road and transport network is very essential. Considering the current situation, two public bus loops with a bus station and connecting bus stops are proposed. This will provide a direct public transport facility connecting Kampung Kali Bahru to the nearest 14

railway station “St. Besar Semarang Poncol�and Kota Lama, a nearby flourished city. This will not only ensure the smooth communication of the village to central Semarang, but also will improve the administrative status of the Kampung, eventually attracting tourists and researchers to give attention to the site.

In micro level the roads are redefined and segregated for better connectivity. With respect to hierarchy, the roads within the site are categorized into Arterial, Major Collector, Minor Collector and neighborhood roads. This segregation will also help maintain the variation of privacy required in different layers of roads. For example the homely flavor of the neighborhood roads and the busy cacophony of the arterial roads are not desirable to be overlapped.

Proposed Road Network

Proposed Drainage Network

Ecological infrastructure: As the site is oriented very close to the sea coast, broad scale protection of mangrove layer is a must. Regeneration of mangrove is therefore proposed along the sea coast on both sides of the port. This will reduce the intensity of flood and storm to a major level. Besides, mangrove actively contributes to restoring land to the shore, thereby curing land subsidence.

The low lying areas within the site (which are prone to inundation) are suitably proposed to be water retention zones, which will parallely act as urban community spaces. These zones are the termination of the scattered pocket green spaces proposed within the housing chunks. Thus the entire green network will develop a layer of social spaces ensuring utmost soakability of the land.

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The existing box culvert in the northern side of the site is proposed to be reopened as a canal making complete circuit of water connection enwrapping the village. The internal drains and bioswales will combinedly drain out the flood water to these canals. Besides, for the gray water drainage lines, backflush valves are proposed to be installed, so that during flood, the dirty water does not overflow and pollute the environment.

Socio-economic resiliency: Let’s imagine a situation where a village is provided with all the high-tech utilities to fight a disaster. But neither can he afford them, nor does he have a close connection with his neighbors who will stand by his side in hard times. Eventually all the measures will go in vain. This is where the inevitable necessity of socio-economic resiliency comes. The basic target is to make a society culturally bonded and economically solvent enough to face any unwanted challenge.

As already stated, the entire village is proposed to be a thematic culinary village. The scopes for social interaction and economic platform are provided in two levels: Neighborhood and Community.

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Neighborhood: The neighborhood roads are the roads just in front of the houses. These roads hold a very intimate sense of space and are used by the villagers for various daily activities.

Unfortunately during flood, these roads become a source of hazard, imprisoning an inhabitant to his house. Intervention is proposed in the construction of this road as shown in the figure following, so that they can hold the flood water for the time being, until it drains out entirely. The plinths of the existing houses are retrofitted to make a connected passage way during flood. This plinth will perform as the primary space for production of home based goods for sale, and maintain a well-communicated neighborhood as well. This series of connected plinths meet up at the pocket green space of the specific chunk, alongside the collector roads, which is said to be a social shade. This shade will provide the neighbors with a common space to share and interact, perform cultural activities.

INTERVENTION IN EXISTING HOUSE MODULE

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During Dry Season

During Flood

Simultaneously, the home based goods can be gathered here for collection and retail, local level trainers can offer vocation teachings to the housewives here. Thus the social shade, apart from providing soakable green and retention zone, will also become the heart of social and economic activity of each neighborhood chunk.

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Social Shade

Community: Each self-sufficient neighborhood chunk will combinedly create a self-empowered community. In kampung Kali Bahru, two vital communities are noticeable. Among them one is the residents of the central village, most of whom are factory workers. The other community is of high cultural importance- the fish market community or the workers of smoke fish zone. This fish market zone will be the vital force of the culinary village. But unfortunately the condition of the smoke houses and the surrounding environment is in highly vulnerable condition both economically and environmentally. Our design proposals include the collaboration of the fish market and the villager’s community so that they can support and correspond with each other’s activity. The fish market zone is redesigned providing self-sufficient smoke fish hub. These hubs will include residential and working zones separated by a common interaction space. The entire hub is circulated on stilts so that their daily activities remain uninterrupted even during flood.

The entire zone consist of other amenities for tourism encouragement like information centers, guided walkways and smoke fish restaurants. This will further contribute to enhancing economic resiliency.

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Proposed Smoke fish Zone

An elaborate urban space is provided in between these two communities including a mosque, a market and recreational spaces. This will act as the heart of the culinary village where all sorts of cultural and economic sharing will occur. The two communities will get the opportunity to be closer to each other and together form a efficient society.

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A portion of the revenue collected from these self-generated income sources will be used for the welfare of the village. Staring from repairing a broken house, to financing the large scale mangrove reforestation, the villagers will lead towards an interdependent resilient village.

Heritage: In promoting the thematic culinary village in order to achieve socioeconomic resiliency, the heritage zone can play a vital role. This will be the center of attraction for tourists, who will contribute to a great deal in rising the economy of the village. The heritage wall of Geodon Tdgoe is conserved providing a museum (preserving the trading history of this place), a heritage market and a bird sanctuary in the zone. This will in the process create a public platform for the fish market culture to flourish nationally and globally.

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View of heritage market

Urban facilities:

At the south end of the site, at the junction of two primary roads, the space is used to provide a training center and a bus stand. This training center will provide the villagers with necessary workshops and teachings to engage them in achieving the resilient culinary village. Besides, the entire village is facilitated with school and healthcare zones at definite intervals. These will eventually act as shelter centers in case of acute disasters.

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Energy generation: Our site Bandarharjo has been reported to have a crisis of electricity. To address this problem, a new technology named “Water rotor� has been proposed to be installed in the water body surrounding the site. This device can produce electricity even in very low current of water. This can reduce the crisis of electricity in the village to a great extent.

Besides, to waste management pit is proposed as shown in the following diagram, where organic waste are proposed to be deposited and converted into biogas through a plant.

This will meet the intention of energy generation as well as provide an option for the unmanaged waste.

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Thus the various zones of the kampung, through co-operation and bonding will approach towards a resilient livelihood, and soak up the probable shocks and stresses.

Feasibility Study With growing populations, climate change concerns and a more encompassing understanding of the various potential sources of disaster, modern disaster risk management can no longer rely solely on traditional and technical defense schemes defense schemes – rather it needs to be able to use a portfolio of measures and approaches to minimize the impact of floods on communities.

The feasibility of our design proposal lies in its dependence mainly upon the inhabitants i.e. if the entire system is implemented, the victims can themselves reach a level of livelihood standard, where they will not be dependent upon any external source, rather take the necessary measure by themselves.

Besides, with the new scopes of economic generation unveiled, the Kampung is proposed to have their own deposit of revenue from the income of culinary village, a major portion of which will be used for adaptation of resilient solutions.

Most guidelines on urban resilience mention the benefits of using resilient building materials as a way to limit damage and speed up the recovery process.

The benefits associated with investment in building greater resilience for critical buildings are essentially the avoidance of damage by reducing the impact of a disaster on the property and economic activities that depend on these buildings. The economic value of the damage is estimated by rebuilding/replacement costs.

In our proposed house modules, choice of materials are delicately done keeping in mind the availability and durability of each. Besides, due to the pre-fabricated structure proposed, rebuilding of any module by the villagers will not be a burden.

The retrofitting proposed in the existing house modules will cost about 209$ app. (for the plinth of around 3’x15’ dimension). This will prevent the houses for immediate damage of flood water entering the houses.

Where as in the “status quo” situation will only keep damaging the floors and the cost for repairing the entire floor of a house module will sum up to around 25,000$.

Thus the building cost for new proposals will eventually be overshadowed by the benefits of the intervention. Same situation occurs in other interventions as well, where the ultimate output refers to a greater achievement in terms of resilience. The initial investment will in the long run lead to a feasible approach to ensuring a resilient society.

Reference 25

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Available online: http://www.blh.semarangkota.go.id/main/page/42/kelurahan-ramah-lingkungan (accessed on 11 January 2016).

20. Semarang Old Town - UNESCO World Heritage Centre_files 21. Near Zero Energy House (nZEH) Design Variables for Housing Development in Indonesia 26

YUSUF LATIEF, MOHAMMED ALI BERAWI, LENI SUPRIADI, JADE PETROCEANY, AYU HERZANITA and ARIO BINTANG KOESALAMWARDI Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia 22. The Application of Building Systems in Coastal Settlements Dewi Septanti1, Emilia van Egmond2, Jouke M.Post3, Happy Santosa Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e), The Netherlands 4Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Indonesia 23. The self-help housing in Indonesia: The only option for the poor?

Devisari Tunas*, Andrea Peresthu TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism, kerklaan 254, 2282CT Rijswijk, The Netherlands 24. What Affordable Housing Should Afford: Housing for Resilient Cities, Lawrence J. Vale Shomon Shamsuddin, Annemarie Gray, Kassie Bertumen Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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