Oxfam Canada’s Feminist Scorecard 2024

FEMINIST SCORECARD

FEMINIST ACTION IN A WORLD OF CRISES

Feminist Scorecard 2024

FEMINIST ACTION IN A WORLD OF CRISES

April 2024

© Oxfam Canada 2024

Oxfam is a global movement of people working to end injustice and poverty. Our mission is to build lasting solutions to poverty and injustice while improving the lives and promoting the rights of women and girls.

This year’s scorecard was written by Ian Thomson, Colleen Dockerty, Diana Sarosi, Nirvana Mujtaba and Rebecca Boyce, with support from Erin Kiley, Fatuma Shideh, Jessica Hum, Kimia Ghomeshi, Lauren Ravon and Rotbah Nitia.

TERRITORIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our office is located on the unceded, unsurrendered territory of the Anishinabe Algonquin First Nation. We recognize the longstanding relationship the Algonquin have with this territory that has been nurtured since time immemorial.

We also pay respect to all First Nations, Métis, and Inuit on the lands that we now know as Canada. We acknowledge the historical and ongoing oppression and colonization of the people and the loss of culture and land.

We recognize the valuable past, present, and future contributions of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit as customary keepers and defenders of this territory. We honour their culture, knowledge, leadership, and courage. As settlers, we recognize this first step in a long journey toward decolonization and move towards reconciliation.

We thank members of Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg First Nation for their support in reviewing this text (September 2023).

Oxfam Canada

39 McArthur Avenue, Ottawa, ON K1L 8L7

1-800-466-9326

www.oxfam.ca

oxfamcanada

Introduction to Feminist Scorecard 2024

Oxfam Canada’s Feminist Scorecard tracks the Canadian government’s progress towards advancing a feminist agenda in government policies and actions. Since coming to power in 2015 and declaring its feminist ambitions, the Trudeau government has made gender equality and feminist approaches a whole-of-government priority, albeit with admittedly less fanfare and resourcing in recent years.

The past year has been challenging and heartbreaking for many women’s rights and gender justice advocates, both in Canada and around the world. Economic inequality is hitting the marginalized the hardest. Conflicts and insecurity from the Middle East and Africa to South Asia and the Caribbean are pushing millions of people to the brink of famine and despair. In this context, gender injustice is persisting, with the latest indicators showing the overall reduction in gender inequality globally was negligible in 2023.1

This year’s scorecard shows how the government continues to make substantial progress in many priority areas, such as building a national $10-a-day child care system, working with provinces to strengthen services to address gender-based violence and advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights. Important new federal programs for dental care and pharmacare are being rolled out, which will benefit millions of low-income people and make contraceptives accessible to all. However, other areas of the government’s feminist agenda appear to have stalled. Low-income households in Canada are struggling to survive with spiking rent and grocery bills. Indigenous women’s organizations report little progress being made on closing the social and economic gaps faced by First Nations, Métis and

Inuit women, gender diverse and Two-Spirit people. The 2023 federal budget scaled back international assistance by ending pandemic response funding. The government’s highly uneven responses to the different international crises – for instance, less diplomatic focus on Sudan and Haiti compared to unrelenting and very public support for Ukraine and Israel, as well as the apparent double-standard in the way refuge is provided to people fleeing each conflict—calls into question how the government values the lives of people in different parts of the world.

In the year ahead, Oxfam Canada hopes the government will redouble its efforts to bring major feminist initiatives across the finish line. The economic gaps faced by low-income women and gender diverse people can be closed by overhauling employment equity legislation, making pay equity a reality, realizing new support for women with disabilities, regularizing immigration status for all and strengthening care systems. Meaningful action is needed to uphold the rights of First Nations, Métis and Inuit women, Two-Spirit and gender diverse people and end the epidemic of violence they face. As gender equality is more contested and faces setbacks internationally, Canada needs to adopt an explicitly feminist foreign policy, increase its international assistance envelope, combat climate change and support the feminist movements at home and abroad that are lifting women out of poverty, defending their rights, and standing up to powerful anti-rights and antigender actors.

A Note on Methodology

No single change can transform the lives of women and gender diverse people living in poverty and struggling to realize their rights. The barriers women and gender diverse people face and the opportunities they are denied stem from complex and long-entrenched systems of oppression and discrimination. A holistic approach that addresses a myriad of interconnected factors is therefore required to make real progress towards gender equality.

Oxfam Canada’s Feminist Scorecard 2024 presents a feminist assessment of the Canadian government’s action in a world of crises from March 2023 to March 2024.

Twelve policy areas are assessed:

• Care economy: investing in the care sector

• Climate justice: tackling the climate crisis

• Conflict and crisis: responding to humanitarian crises and building lasting peace

• Gender-based violence: ending gender-based violence

• Global development: demonstrating global leadership on women’s rights and gender equality

• Indigenous women: upholding the rights of Indigenous women

• Migrant and refugee rights: protecting migrant and refugee rights

• Poverty: reducing poverty for the most marginalized women

• Representation and leadership: investing in women’s leadership and gender-based analysis

• Sexual and reproductive health and rights: upholding sexual and reproductive rights for women and 2SLGBTQI+ people

• Tax: building a progressive tax system

• Women’s work and labour rights: promoting labour rights and equal work for women

Each of the policy areas includes an analysis of where the government got it right and where it missed the mark and provides recommendations for the way forward. The Feminist Scorecard 2023 focuses on policy initiatives made by the Canadian government between March 2023 and March 2024 only. The scorecard does not offer a comprehensive analysis of every government policy decision that impacts women and gender equality, nor does it reflect the state of women’s rights in Canada or globally. Rather, it presents a feminist assessment of the government’s action or inaction in these 12 policy areas. It is, in the simplest of terms, a snapshot of the volume and quality of federal government action during this specific time period.

Policy areas are rated using a traffic light system — red, yellow, green — indicating very little, some or significant progress.

Oxfam Canada expresses our deep thanks to feminist, women’s rights and gender justice partners in Canada who shared their expertise and knowledge to inform and validate the analysis in this scorecard.

GREEN = SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS YELLOW = SOME PROGRESS RED = LITTLE PROGRESS

FEMINIST SCORECARD

CARE ECONOMY

During a time of multiple unprecedented crises, what action has the government taken to advance women’s rights and gender equality?

The government continues to build out a national child care system, making it more affordable for families. Significantly more investment in infrastructure and workforce will be needed to meet the needs. Underpaid personal support workers will receive a pay boost thanks for federal support but promised fixes to long-term care homes have not materialized.

POVERTY

While low-income Canadians struggle with the cost of living, federal action on dental coverage, a onetime “grocery rebate” and a national school food program will help in relieving some of the economic pressure. Building more affordable housing and implementing the new disability benefit will be key in further supporting those living in poverty.

REPRESENTATION AND LEADERSHIP

New federal funding for feminist and gender justice organizations in Canada will strengthen the women’s rights movement. The government is standing up to anti-gender and anti-rights movements in Canada and internationally. Better and more consistent gender-based analysis is needed across government for policies and programs to meet the needs of Canadians in all their diversity.

SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS

Advancing sexual and reproductive health and rights remains a major priority for the government. Access to contraception was a centerpiece of the new Pharmacare Act. Investing hundreds of millions of dollars in SRH programming in Canada and internationally is improving access for women and gender diverse people. The government should scale up its federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan.

WOMEN’S WORK AND LABOUR RIGHTS

Canada’s labour landscape saw significant shifts in the past year with impactful strikes and rising worker advocacy amid the soaring cost of living. New anti-scab legislation was a positive step. Further action is needed to modernize employment equity legislation, combat workplace violence and enact mandatory human rights and environmental due diligence legislation for Canadian companies operating abroad.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Progress on introducing an emissions cap on the country’s oil and gas sector and legislation on just transition were offset by the government’s continued financial support to the fossil fuel industry. Billions of dollars in tax breaks for carbon capture technology will benefit big polluters in male-dominated industries, at the expense of feminist climate solutions.

CONFLICT AND CRISIS

Canada’s inconsistent and uneven responses to humanitarian crisis and conflict abroad were alarming. Calls for a ceasefire in Gaza by milions of Canadians fell on deaf ears for months, while arms exports to Israel continued and may have been used in violation of international humanitarian law. The government should stop the apparent double standards and instead advance its humanitarian goals and its women, peace and security agenda.

GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

The government signed bilateral agreements with provinces and territories to roll out the National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence, with major funding now available to provincial and local organizations. Federal action on the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People National Action Plan continues to be stalled and difficult to track.

TAX

Tax reforms over the past year focused on combatting financial secrecy, bringing in a digital services tax on multinational tech companies and modernizing the alternative minimum tax paid by wealthy individuals. However, the government failed to bring in a wealth tax or windfall profits taxes to tackle wealth inequality head on.

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT

Canada’s strong track record of supporting gender equality internationally took a hit this year as the government reduced its international assistance envelope, despite huge global funding shortfalls for gender equality. The government needs to adequately resource its Feminist International Assistance Policy and improve delivery of foreign aid in line with the Auditor General’s recommendations.

INDIGENOUS WOMEN

Indigenous women’s organizations decried the lack of progress over the past year. Little progress was made on implementing calls to action on truth and reconciliation, tackling the over-incarceration of Indigenous women, ending drinking water advisories on reserve or ending gender-based violence. Federal support to search a Winnipegarea landfill for the missing bodies of two First Nations women, however, was applauded by families and supporters.

MIGRANT AND REFUGEE RIGHTS

Accessing protection in Canada has become increasingly difficult due to challenges in the immigration system. Although the resettlement process for LGBTQ refugees has been streamlined, other commitments fall short of ensuring equitable refugee response and addressing policy gaps, including the Safe Third Country Agreement and Temporary Foreign Worker Programs. The government should repeal the STCA, regularize status of migrant workers and advance gender inclusive asylum policies.

Investing in the care sector

SCORE: SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS

Paid and unpaid care work is disproportionately performed by women in most households, communities and societies, including in Canada. Gender inequalities around who performs care work leads to time poverty and limited opportunities for many women. With a growing and aging population, Canada’s ever-increasing care needs risk pushing our society and economy to the breaking point if not addressed urgently.

Since 2021, the federal government has made landmark investments in building a pan-Canadian child care system. However, the broader crisis in the care sector – including gaps in domestic work, elder care and care for people with disabilities, among others – remains largely unaddressed. With the economic value of unpaid care work making up between 25 and 37% of Canada’s GDP according the Statistics Canada, the government cannot expect to achieve its feminist ambitions until care work is reduced, distributed more equitably and truly valued.2

Where the government got it right

• Enshrining into law the government’s commitment to build a pan-Canadian system of early learning and child care with the adoption of Bill C-35 in March 2024.3 The law affirms a federal commitment to long-term funding for early learning and child care and the establishment of a National Advisory Council to guide the development of the system. This legislation is also the culmination of more than 50 years of tireless advocacy by feminists and child care advocates to realize a vision that was laid out originally in the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.4

• Committing $1.7bn over five years to support hourly wage increases for personal support workers and related professions, as federal, provincial and territorial governments work together to determine how best to support recruitment and retention.5

• Allocating $1bn to the federal child care expansion loan program and $60m in grants to support the construction of new low-fee public and not-for-profit licensed child care spaces in March 2024. This builds on $625m committed to the Early Learning and Child Care Infrastructure Fund in Budget 2023 to fund the cost of the physical infrastructure needed to create more spaces at public and not-for-profit child care providers. According to the government, the Fund will support child care spaces for underserved communities, including high-cost and lowincome urban neighbourhoods, communities in rural and remote regions and communities that face barriers to access, such as racialized groups, Indigenous peoples, official language minority communities and newcomers.6

• Achieving the government’s target of reducing child care fees by 50% in all provinces and territories. Five jurisdictions (including Quebec, which has exceeded this for more than 30 years) have already achieved the 2025-2026 target of $10-a-day child care.7

Where the government missed the mark

• Not yet introducing a Safe Long-Term Care Act in Parliament, despite promising to do so during the 2021 federal election.8 In January 2023, minimum standards for long-term care were launched. However, many advocates were

disappointed that the new standards would not be mandatory and raised concerns about the absence of sustainable funding, and joint enforcement and accountability mechanisms with provincial and territorial partners.9

What’s Needed Now

• Establish a national care economy commission with $30m in funding over three years, tasked with designing and implementing a holistic strategy that recognizes care as a human right, combats regressive gender norms surrounding care work and builds a robust system to provide child, disability, health and elder care.

• Add $7bn over three years, starting in 2024-25, to the federal transfers to the provinces and territories under the Canada-wide Early Learning and Child Care Agreements to support full implementation of competitive and equitable wage grids, along with improved benefits and working conditions, for early childhood educators and other staff in each jurisdiction. The government should partner with child care workers and organizations to develop a workforce strategy for child care workers that ensures adequate compensation and dignified working conditions.

• Expand non-profit and publicly owned early learning and child care with an additional $10bn to the existing Infrastructure Fund to build the physical facilities required to create 250,000 new quality and inclusive spaces by March 31, 2026.

“

We know that for many parents, finding child care spaces can be stressful and often results in long waitlists. That is why space creation is a key pillar of our child care plan. The Early Learning and Child Care Infrastructure Fund will support child care providers so they can keep offering highquality, affordable, flexible and inclusive early learning and child care across the country. We also know that our child care system would not be possible without the incredible early childhood workforce, and we will continue to work with provinces and territories to provide the supports and programs they need to succeed.”

KARINA GOULD, MINISTER OF FAMILIES, CHILDREN AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (202310

$517-860BN

Estimated economic value of unpaid care work in Canada annually

Reducing Poverty for the Most Marginalized Women

SCORE: SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS

Poverty and economic inequality are severely gendered, with women and girls making up the majority of people living in poverty in Canada. Lone-parent households, most of which are led by women, are among the most likely to be precariously housed, with 21% experiencing core housing need. Thirty percent of women in Canada live with a disability, and they are twice as likely to live in poverty than the rest of the population.65 The poverty rate in racialized communities is 11% – almost double the rate for non-racialized communities (6%).66

As the cost-of-living crisis has pushed many households to the brink over the past year, those already living in poverty are being forced to make impossible decisions to survive. Rent and housing costs are skyrocketing, with lack of affordable housing leading to increased homelessness. Gender diverse, Two-Spirit, trans and non-binary people in Canada face unique barriers to housing due to intersecting forms of exclusion and oppression.67 Government support programs are starting to tackle economic inequality and bring about transformative actions to end poverty.

Where the government got it right

• Introducing dental coverage for low- and middleincome children and seniors through the new Canadian Dental Care Plan. An estimated one in three Canadians currently does not have dental care coverage. The 2023 federal budget committed $13bn over five years, starting in 2023-24, and $4.4bn ongoing to Health Canada to implement the Canadian Dental Care Plan.68 The new Plan is being phased in with coverage starting for children under the age of 12 and seniors over the age of 70. Eventually coverage

will extend to all Canadians with family incomes under $90,000 per year who do not have coverage through provincial or employer-based plans. The government is also providing support to extend dental care services in rural and remote communities ($250m) and collect data on oral health and access to dental care ($23.1m).

• Committing $1b over five years for a new national school food program to provide nutritious food to children who do not benefit from existing community-based or provincial school food programs.69 This closes an important food insecurity gap in Canada, which had been the only G7 country without a national school food program.

• Passing the Canada Disability Benefit Act in June 2023, designed to provide supplemental economic support to people living with disabilities. The 2023 federal budget included $10m for the country’s disability organizations to strengthen capacity and community-based work and $21m for government engagement and consultations with disability organizations, provinces and territories on implementation of the new Act.

• Providing an additional $4bn over seven years, starting in 2024-25, to implement a co-developed Urban, Rural and Northern Indigenous Housing Strategy in Budget 2023.

• Providing additional support to Black-led and Black-serving community organizations for their work, with $25m in 2024-25 and an additional $25.4 over five years to implement Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy.70

• Providing a one-time boost to the GST/HST tax credit, dubbed the “grocery rebate” in the 2023 federal budget. Eligibility is based on family net income, the number of dependent children

and was only paid to those who filed a 2021 tax return. An estimated 11 million low- and middleincome Canadians were expected to qualify for the one-time payment, ranging from $234 to $628.71

Where the government missed the mark

• Failing to rein in the cost of groceries and other essentials for low-income people, despite big grocery store chains raking in record profits due to spiking food prices. Despite calling on grocery CEOs to testify before Parliament in September 2023, the government largely gave them a free pass, imposing no windfall profit taxes or other regulatory changes to increase competition in this highly profitable sector.

• Not creating any new targeted programs to deal with the gendered dimensions of the housing crisis. In Budget 2023, the government did not unveil any new targeted program to tackle the housing needs of low-income women, girls and gender diverse people.

What’s needed now

• Stabilize food prices through stronger oversight of the grocery sector by the federal Competition Bureau and introducing windfall profits taxes on the industry’s record profits.

• Bring a stronger gender lens to the National Housing Strategy and prioritize the unique housing needs of low-income women and gender diverse people in federal investments and programs.72

• Craft regulations under the new Canada Disability Benefits Act that reduce poverty for people with disabilities by ensuring benefits supplement existing supports rather than cause them to be clawed back.73

• Remove barriers to eligibility and access to public supports and programs, particularly for people with precarious migration status.

“

Large grocers have not, to date, been sufficiently transparent about the causes of food inflation and they have failed, for the most part, to provide regular updates on initiatives aimed at stabilizing food prices in the country.”

FRANCOIS-PHILIPPE CHAMPAGNE, MINISTER OF INNOVATION, SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY (2024)

78.5%

Percentage of renters living in poverty who pay more than 30% of their income in housing costs.

Investing in women’s leadership and gender-based analysis

SCORE: SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS

2023 saw the continued rise of a disturbing antigender and anti-rights movement, both in Canada and globally. The federal government is promoting and defending women’s representation and leadership in this challenging context. Misogynistic and transphobic narratives are gaining a foothold in several Canadian provinces and in multilateral policy spaces where the Canadian government works to advance feminist priorities. Hate crimes are on the rise against the 2SLGBTQI+, Jewish, Muslim and Black communities in Canada. All of these hateful trends present clear barriers to women’s leadership, particularly for women and gender diverse people who face other intersecting forms of oppression due to race, sexual orientation, Indigenous status or disability, among others.

Where the government got it right

• Committing $160m over three years to feminist and gender equity organizations, with a focus on supporting Indigenous women, women with disabilities, members of the 2SLGBTQI+ community, and newcomer, Black, racialized and migrant women.74 This was particularly important as pandemic support programs for women’s rights organizations and other gender-equity groups were being phased out.

• Condemning vehemently the anti-gender and anti-trans movement. Prime Minister Trudeau spoke out against hate rallies that were organized across Canada on September 29, 2023. In addition, several federal cabinet ministers called out the provincial premiers of New Brunswick, Saskatchewan and Alberta when these governments announced laws or other measures that would infringe upon the rights of trans and gender diverse children.

• Supporting Black employees in the federal public service with $45.9m over three years, starting in 2023-24, for targeted career development opportunities and creating a safe work environment. This builds on earlier amendments to the Public Service Employment Act in 2021 to remove bias and barriers in the staffing process.75

• Achieving gender balance in the Canadian Senate, including the appointment of prominent feminists like Paulette Senior in 2023, which will leave a lasting legacy. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has appointed 41 women to the upper chamber over the past nine years, more than any other prime minister in Canadian history. 76

Where the government missed the mark

• Continuing its patchy implementation of genderbased analysis plus (GBA Plus). According to analysis by the Auditor-General, “gaps persist in departments’ and agencies’ capacity to perform GBA Plus, including the availability and use of disaggregated data to analyze gender and diversity issues, inform the design and implementation of programs and achieve outcomes that benefit all Canadians. We also found weaknesses in monitoring and reporting on the implementation and impacts of GBA Plus across government. This makes it difficult to assess whether actions taken are achieving better gender equality, diversity and inclusion outcomes.”77

• Ranking 63rd globally in women’s representation in national legislative bodies.78 While the Senate achieved gender parity for the first time in 2020 thanks to appointments by Prime Minister Trudeau, women make up only 30.5% of Members of Parliament in the House of Commons. The

government has not pursued any electoral reforms that would substantially increase diversity in Parliament.

• Not opposing the selection of Saudi Arabia to chair the UN Commission on the Status of Women, which risks setting back progress on women’s rights and gender equality at the multilateral level.

What’s Needed Now:

• Create an independent long-term Sustainability Fund for women’s and gender justice organizations in Canada, developed in consultation and collaboration with national feminist organizations. Such a fund would provide stable, predictable core funding to women’s and gender justice organizations in their work to advance equality and achieve the realization of human rights across Canadian society.

• Improve monitoring and public reporting on the status of GBA Plus implementation across the federal government, including plans to advance GBA Plus implementation, as committed in response to the Auditor-General’s report. The government should continue to improve the availability of disaggregated data for analysis of intersectional identity factors.

• Counter the state-supported anti-rights and anti-gender movements that are rolling back progress on gender equality at the United Nations and in other multilateral policy spaces.

• Engage women’s rights and other equity-seeking organizations in the Parliamentary review of the government’s proposed Online Harms Act, Bill C-63, to ensure marginalized voices are not suppressed in an effort to protect people from harm and hate.

“ With a disturbing recent rise in anti-transgender hate here in Canada, we reiterate today that trans women are women and we will always stand up to hate whenever and wherever it occurs.”

JUSTIN TRUDEAU, PRIME MINISTER OF CANADA (2023)79

40%

40% of federal

departments have no GBA Plus policy, according to the latest Auditor-General’s report.80

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

Promoting and protecting sexual and reproductive health and rights and 2SLGBTQI+ rights

SCORE: SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS

Sexual and reproductive health is a charterprotected right for Canadians, but access to services and accurate information is still an issue for communities on the margins. Globally, young people and 2SLGBTQI+ people struggle with rising hate and global backlash against comprehensive sexuality education, contraception and safe abortion care. The government has made Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) a priority of its international assistance, with 8.3% of Canada’s international assistance spending directed to SRHR, the second highest proportion of any donor government.11 However, commitments and spending by the entire donor community need to increase by 83% to deliver on all the unmet needs for contraception, maternal and newborn care, abortion services and treatment for sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries.12

The new Canada Pharmacare Act is a clear win for bodily autonomy: deciding if and when to become pregnant will now be possible for everyone. This commitment needs to be complimented with scaled-up action on access to accurate comprehensive sexuality education and abortion care, equitably applied across Canada.

Where the government got it right

• Introducing the Canada Pharmacare Act, which means that access to medicines – including contraception and emergency contraception –will no longer be out of reach.

• Renewing the Health Canada Sexual and Reproductive Health Fund ($36m over three years starting in 2024-2025) to continue to support community-based organizations to improve access to SRH information and services, especially for vulnerable populations.13

• Fulfilling commitments for SRHR funding through the 10-year commitment to global health and rights with $700m annually dedicated to a comprehensive approach to SRHR. Neglected, underfunded areas of adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, including comprehensive sexuality education, contraceptive care, safe abortion care, and advocacy for SRHR, are the focus.14

• Committing $100m over five years to advance rights and equality for 2SLGBTQI+ people in Canada and having a plan to increase the funding in its international assistance program to $10m annually through the federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan.15

Where the government missed the mark

• Launching a federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan that is insufficient in scale, scope and sustainability of funding, lacks civil society engagement and has an overly vague international section. Funding is temporary and project-specific, and the Action Plan does not include a whole-of-government approach. It lacks an accountability framework to track progress on advancing 2SLGBTQI+ rights.

• Running behind on meeting its 2019 commitment of allocating $30m over five years for 2SLGBTQI+ international assistance funding.16

Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights

• Not doing enough to revoke the charitable status of anti-choice groups, like pregnancy crisis centres, who provide misleading misinformation and disinformation on sexual and reproductive health and rights.17

• Bypassing feminist and women’s rights organizations in favour of funding multilateral organizations to deliver the 10-year commitment to global health and rights. Funding in 2023 did not meet the scale and need in regards to the neglected areas of comprehensive sexuality education, contraceptive care, safe abortion care and advocacy for SRHR.18

What’s Needed Now

• Strengthen enforcement of the Canada Health Act and hold provinces and territories to account for their obligation to ensure SRH care, including abortion, is accessible.

• Expand the Pharmacare Act to provide free coverage for prescription medicines including antiretrovirals, HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), STI treatment, infertility treatment, and genderaffirming care.

• Initiate measures to encourage provincial rollouts of health transfers to make the Health Canada Sexual and Reproductive Health Fund permanent, increasing access for those who need it most.

• Scale up funding for programs in the neglected areas of SRHR to meet the targets outlined Canada’s 10-year commitment to global health and rights, and increase funding to support women’s rights and other civil society organizations.

• Develop a framework or plan for how Canada will advance 2SLGBTQI+ rights around the globe, including at least $20m a year in international assistance for 2SLGBTQI+ rights programming.

“

The Government of Canada believes that everyone, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity, should have access to sexual and reproductive health services and resources that are safe and stigma-free.”

MARK HOLLAND, MINISTER OF HEALTH (2023)19

$157M

Roughly half of pregnancies in Canada are unintended. The annual cost of investing in universal contraception coverage is estimated to be $157m, and the savings are projected to be $320m in direct medical costs generated by unintended pregnancy.20

Studies have shown that providing universal contraception coverage could see that entire amount saved in as little as six to twelve months.

Women’s Work and Labour Rights

Promoting Labour Rights and Equal Work for Women

SCORE: SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS

The labour landscape in Canada witnessed significant shifts in 2023, marked by impactful strikes and rising worker assertiveness. From the Metro grocery store strike in Toronto to the British Columbia port work stoppage and the Public Service Alliance of Canada strike, workers sought to bridge the gap between wages and the high cost of living. Factors such as the pandemic and soaring costs of living are fostering increased worker activism, contributing to the longest average strike length since 2017.89,90

Workers everywhere are struggling with high inflation, and the resulting housing crisis, increased rent and food prices. Meanwhile, women and gender diverse people are forced to navigate a labour market marked by exploitation, discrimination and gender barriers at every turn. Women working full-time in Canada earn 17% less than their male counterparts.91 This disparity is even more pronounced for marginalized groups, including racialized women, Indigenous women, women with disabilities and 2SLGBTQI+ people.

Where the government got it right

• Increasing the federal minimum wage in 2023, from $15.55 to $16.65 per hour, to keep pace with rising inflation. However, considering the living wage in Canada is estimated to be much higher, ranging from $15.69 per hour in Manitoba to $38.80 per hour in Alberta,92 this increase is still not enough to cover basic expenses for many workers.

• Introducing anti-scab legislation, Bill C-58,93 which fulfills a longstanding demand of the Canadian labour movement. The bill would prohibit employers in federally regulated industries from bringing in replacement workers

to perform the work of unionized workers during a legal strike or lockout.

• Making the Employment Equity Act Task Force report public, along with the government’s commitment to recognizing two new designated groups under the Act — Black people and 2SLGBTQI+ people — and aligning language on Indigenous peoples, racialized people and people with disabilities with more recent legislation.94 While these steps are appreciated, additional measures are needed to address wage gaps and enhance the role of bargaining agents. The government has committed to comprehensively implement the report’s recommendations.95

• Enhancing Canada’s Employment Insurance (EI) framework to address the needs of adoptive parents and seasonal workers. The 2023 Fall Economic Statement introduced a 15-week shareable EI adoption benefit and added a fourweek extension of EI regular benefits for eligible seasonal workers in 13 regions.96 These steps acknowledge the unique challenges faced by adoptive parents, giving them adequate time during the adoption process, and mitigate income gaps for seasonal workers caused by regional unemployment anomalies.

Where the government missed the mark

• Failing to table comprehensive legislation addressing the human rights abuses and environmental impacts of Canadian companies operating abroad.97 Bill S-211, passed in 2023, does not require companies to stop using child or forced labour or to conduct human rights due diligence. Only a limited number of companies are required to report on the steps taken to prevent and reduce the risk of forced or child labour in their supply chains.98

Women’s Work and Labour Rights

What’s Needed Now

• Implement International Labour Organization Convention 190 to address workplace violence and harassment.99 The government should align efforts to eliminate workplace violence and harassment with the National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence.

• Improve accessibility to EI benefits for parttime and gig economy workers who lack access currently, despite the recent enhancements for adoptive parents and seasonal workers.

• Address the gender wage gap by tackling the structural disadvantages and barriers that impact women and gender diverse people in the labour market. The government should provide the federal pay equity commissioner with sufficient resources to monitor and enforce the implementation of the Pay Equity Act, particularly as employers are required to publish their firstever pay equity reports in 2024.

• Enact mandatory human rights and environmental due diligence legislation for Canadian companies operating abroad. Robust legislation would ensure Canadian companies conduct human rights due diligence, are held accountable for any failure to prevent human rights or environmental abuses in their operations and international supply chains and provide impacted communities with access to Canadian courts for remedy and to prevent harm.

• Implement fully the Employment Equity Act Task Force’s recommendations to harmonize the act with Canada’s international human rights obligations and labour standard commitments to foster more inclusive and equitable workplace for all.100,101

“ The protection of vulnerable workers is a fundamental reason for the International Labour Organization. The equality of every man, of every woman and of every person is not a negotiating point. The rights of 2SLGBTQI+ people have been hard fought. We will not stand by and have them brushed over, put back in the closet, or taken away.”

SEAMUS O’REGAN JR., MINISTER OF LABOUR (2023)102

THREE OUT OF FOUR

Three out of four women in Canada have experienced workplace harassment and violence, or workplace sexual harassment in the past two years (2022).103

Tackling the climate crisis

SCORE: SOME PROGRESS

Canada’s wildfire summer of 2023 was unprecedented, with emergencies, evacuation orders and air-quality health hazards striking every region of the country. Experts warn that climate change is bringing longer, more intense wildfire seasons and increased risks of droughts and flooding.21 Low-income countries, which bear little responsibility for causing the climate crisis, face similar climate disasters but with far fewer resources to prepare or recover.

Women and gender diverse people are hit harder as they tend to carry more care responsibilities in their households and are more likely to be living in poverty. Over the past year, the federal government has continued its patchy record of progress and backsliding on climate action. For instance, Canada applies a gender equity lens to its international climate finance commitments, while at the same time, extending major tax incentives to big polluters. Canada’s climate policy needs a consistent approach to climate justice and energy transition.

Where the government got it right

• Launching the long-awaited regulatory framework for an emissions cap on the oil and gas sector, Canada’s fastest growing source of carbon pollution.22 While scientists and environmental groups have expressed concerns that the regulations will not be operational until 2026 and still include significant loopholes, the framework was welcomed as an important first step in decarbonizing the energy sector.23

• Introducing the Canadian Sustainable Jobs Act, Bill C-50, to support workers and communities through the social and economic transitions needed to respond to the climate crisis. The bill could be strengthened by applying a stronger intersectional feminist lens and ensuring workers in female-dominated sectors – such as health, education, care work and retail – that will be affected by the energy transition are also supported through this law and the associated action plan.

• Making an initial pledge of $16m to the newly created loss and damage fund under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.24 While a very small contribution, the gesture signals that Canada is among donor countries ready to resource the new fund to assist low-income countries devastated by climate disasters.

Where the government missed the mark

• Approving significant federal tax expenditures on carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) technology, in violation of the “polluter pays” principle. Investment tax credits for CCUS announced by the finance minister, Chrystia Freeland, could cost $5.7bn over the next five years, according to the Parliamentary Budget Officer.25 Oil and gas majors are posting record profits from spiking global energy prices and should pay for pollution abatement technology with their own money.

• Creating carve-outs for home heating oil in the federal carbon pricing regime, which weakens the integrity of the pricing system and hurts predictability. This particular carve-out didn’t address any clear issues of equity or economic justice for marginalized groups, which further begs the question of why the government approved it.

Climate Change

• Delaying implementation of key measures of its enhanced Emissions Reduction Plan, which prompted the federal environment commissioner to find that “the federal government is not on track to meet the 2030 target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40% below the 2005 level by 2030.”26

• Relying too heavily on the World Bank and other international financial institutions to disburse Canada’s international climate financing, at the expense of women’s rights organizations and other grassroots marginalized groups who struggle to secure resources for their climate solutions. The majority of Canada’s climate finance is also disbursed in the form of loans, not grants.

What’s Needed Now

• Accelerate implementation of Canada’s emission reduction plan to achieve our targets under the Paris Agreement.

• Direct more of Canada’s international climate financing through accessible channels that will provide resources to civil society organizations and governments ready to implement locally-led climate solutions. More finance should be provided in the form of grants to avoid further indebting low-income countries.

• Support an ambitious goal on international climate finance globally at the upcoming UN climate summit, COP29, in Azerbaijan. Canada should advocate for financing goals that close the adaptation funding gap and respond to the demands and needs of low-income countries.

• Expedite the passage of the Canadian Sustainable Jobs Act and mandate stronger intersectional gender analysis through regulations under the Act.

• Eliminate all federal support to the fossil fuel industry, including tax expenditures like the CCUS tax credit and direct financial support from Export Development Canada and other federal agencies.

“

Canada continues to stand by developing countries as they confront the effects of climate change. We know that our efforts will only be maximized when we work together with partners to make a real difference in the lives and livelihoods of communities most at risk.”

82%

Percentage of Canada’s current international climate finance that has been allocated to multilateral development banks and institutions, instead of governments and civil society partners.28

AHMED HUSSEN, MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, (2023)27

Conflict and Crisis

Responding to humanitarian crises and building lasting peace

SCORE: SOME PROGRESS

Conflict, climate emergencies, and political and economic instability pushed nearly 300 million people out of their homes in 2023.29 Too often, women are expected to act as social and economic “shock absorbers” in times of crisis, particularly when international aid doesn’t come.30 Women’s care work increases substantially in times of crisis, as public services are disrupted, more people are sick and injured, and needs for emotional and psychological support rise31 For the first time in recent memory, funding shortfalls have forced the global humanitarian community to do less with less; UN-backed appeals are $7b less than last year and need to focus on core life-saving activities, helping fewer people.32,33,34 Canada’s political and financial support for women’s rights organisations on the front lines of crisis and conflict are critical at this time.

Where the government got it right

• Helping address the global food security crisis and responding to urgent hunger and nutrition needs with more than $545m in emergency food and nutrition assistance in 2022-23.35

• Including a humanitarian exemption with the passage of Bill C-41 as a critical first step to ensuring humanitarian assistance can be provided in places like Afghanistan where terrorist groups operate.36

• Providing a modest $165m in life-saving support for people in Sudan when civil war broke out in April 2023 and drove 5.7 million people to flee and 19 million children out of school.

• Launching the third National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security, a whole-ofgovernment strategy to promote women’s leadership in conflict and crisis, and to ensure

Canada’s feminist values are upheld in conflict prevention, diplomacy and peace building in foreign policy and at home. The government also provided support to Ukraine’s WPS national action plan37 and renewed the mandate of Canada’s Ambassador for WPS.

• Committing $4m to support global programs to prevent technology-facilitated gender-based violence, like the Bodyright initiative.38 This should be scaled up over time, as it represents only 0.45% of spending on cybersecurity.

Where the government missed the mark

• Responding so inconsistently to international conflicts and crises, driven apparently by domestic political interests. For example, its powerful response to the suffering inflicted by the war in Ukraine and steadfast support of Israel contrasts starkly with its neglect of other crises around the world, like Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Myanmar where Canada’s responses do not match the scale or urgency of the crises.39

• Dragging its feet for months on supporting calls for a ceasefire in Gaza.40 Prime Minister Trudeau only shifted his position after weeks of devastation and violence in Gaza and the killing of tens of thousands of Palestinians.41

• Taking too long to halt arms transfers to Israel despite calls to do so and weakening a Parliamentary motion in March 2024 to exclude nearly $30m in permits granted to Israel between October and December last year.42 More than $1b in Canadian military parts are estimated to be exported to the US annually, which are integrated into US military equipment, such as F-35 aircraft, which are, in turn, supplied to the Israeli Defense Force. Sales to Saudi Arabia, which accounted for

Conflict and Crisis

half of Canada’s $2.1b in arms exports, are fueling the conflict in Yemen and the region.43

• Applying an apparent double standard on immigration programs for people fleeing crises. Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada took eight months to create the humanitarian family reunification pathway for Sudan and three months for Palestinians in Gaza, compared to less than one month for Ukrainian nationals. A mere 1,000 Palestinian people will be reunited with their families under the program,44 in contrast to more than 900,000 temporary emergency visas issued to Ukrainian nationals since March 202245

What’s Needed Now

• Increase humanitarian assistance in contexts like the Horn of Africa, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti and Myanmar.

• Deliver flexible and adapted humanitarian visa pathways evenly to people fleeing conflict regardless of region, race, ethnicity, gender or other factors.

• Expedite the implementation of the humanitarian exemptions under Bill C-41, to allow international assistance into Afghanistan.

• Push for a peaceful resolution of the IsraelPalestine conflict so that humanitarian assistance can be safely delivered. Canada and its partners should stand for human rights and the respect of international humanitarian law in pushing for an end to hostilities.

• Cancel all arms export permits to Israel and Saudi Arabia, and put in place measures to prevent military parts and weapons manufactured in Canada from reaching Israel through the United States.

• Increase cybersecurity spending on technology to prevent gender-based violence.

“

Parties to any conflict must protect civilians and respect international law. They are obligated to allow and facilitate the rapid and unimpeded access of essential humanitarian relief for civilians. Humanitarian access must urgently be increased and sustained in Gaza.”

MÉLANIE JOLY,

MINISTER

OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS (2024)46

NEARLY $30M

Canada’s arms sales to Israel since the start of the conflict in Gaza, which exceeds any other year in the last 30 years.47

Gender-based Violence

Ending gender-based violence

SCORE: SOME PROGRESS

Countries around the world increasingly recognize the social impacts of gender-based violence (GBV) and are committing to preventing it through legal reforms, gender equitable policies and challenging discriminatory attitudes.48 However, progress is slow and the underfunding of programs to prevent GBV by donor governments is part of the problem.49 Canada is currently one of the world’s top funder in official development assistance for the prevention of GBV despite allocating only $85m annually.50 Yet one in three women globally still experience violence, and in Canada, a woman dies every other day by femicide.51 Indigenous, Black and racialized women, girls and 2SLGBTQI+ people are the disproportionate targets of all forms of GBV, including technology-facilitated GBV which is on the rise.52 Social challenges like the rise in sexual violence, wide access to firearms, the housing crisis and other stressors are overwhelming women’s shelters. Action for GBV prevention is critical and needs to be accelerated.

Where the government got it right

• Signing bilateral agreements for the National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence (NAP to End GBV) with all provinces and territories to disburse $539.3m over five years.53

• Announcing at Women Deliver in 2023 an additional $51m+ dedicated to initiatives to prevent GBV globally under the SheSOARS initiative, as part of the 10-Year Commitment to Global Health and Rights. This is in addition to the $95m dedicated in 2020-2021.54

• Tabling legislation to counter online harms to prevent and respond to misinformation and disinformation that incites violence or hatred, technology-facilitated GBV and the nonconsensual distribution of images.55

• Passing Bill C-21, the new handgun legislation, which is an important achievement to strengthen gun control laws and address gun ownership as a risk factor for femicide.56

• Supporting the adoption of Bill S-12, An Act to amend the Criminal Code, the Sex Offender Information Registration Act and the International Transfer of Offenders Act, so that the law continues to offer the protections of a publication ban for victims/survivors who want them, without silencing those who wish to speak out.57

Where the government missed the mark

• Failing to implement the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA+ People National Action Plan. Only two of the 231 calls to justice have been completed, and more than half haven’t even been started.58

• Allocating the majority of Canada’s international GBV prevention funds in 2023 to multilateral organizations instead of to feminist organizations.59

• Not dedicating a specific budget line to ending GBV or sexualized violence in Budget 2023.

• Leaving gaps in the NAP to End GBV in terms of transparency in the decision-making process, oversight, accountability, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The NAP to End GBV has had inconsistent engagement with advocates throughout the negotiation of provincial and territorial bilateral agreements and relies on a patchwork of supports due to jurisdictional gaps.60

• Not consistently funding core services, such as sexual assault centers and shelters, through the NAP to End GBV. Sexual violence services are overstretched and struggling to meet the growing demand and need for their specialized services.61

Gender-based Violence

What’s Needed Now

• Prioritize support for women’s rights organisations and feminist movements that are at the forefront of violence prevention efforts in allocating GBV-focused international assistance.

• Allocate a minimum of $600m per year over the next four years in the implementation of the NAP to End GBV to meaningfully address accountability and monitoring at scale.

• Commit adequate and steady funding to sustain women’s domestic violence and emergency shelters, and increase investment in communitybased prevention work, anti-violence training and early interventions.

• Implement recommendations from the Mass Casualty Commission report, including establishing a gender-based violence commissioner with adequate stable funding and effective powers, including the responsibility to make an annual report to Parliament.62

• Renew the Women and Children Shelter and Transitional Housing Initiative, announced in Budget 2021 and housed at Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, as an ongoing initiative of the National Housing Strategy.

“

Gender-based violence, including intimate partner violence, is unacceptable and has no place in our country. The Government of Canada is committed to ending the GBV epidemic in all its forms, and is working to address any gaps in the Criminal Code to ensure a robust justice system response.”

ARIF VIRANI, MINISTER OF JUSTICE (2023)63

84%

There were 803 victims of firearm-related intimate partner violence in 2021, accounting for 10% of all victims of firearm-related violent crime. More than four in five (84%) victims of firearm-related intimate partner violence were women and girls.64

Tax

Building a progressive tax system

SCORE: SOME PROGRESS

Building a more gender equitable world includes transforming our fiscal system. Fair taxation is at the heart of reducing inequalities, as it provides governments with the resource base to invest in social protection and other social policies and programs. Tax rules continue to favour the superwealthy, the majority of whom are men.

Since coming into office more than eight years ago, the Trudeau government has repeatedly committed to taxing extreme wealth and making sure the wealthy and the most profitable corporations pay their fair share. However, finance ministers have repeatedly caved to pressure from the super-rich or well-connected business interests at the expense of everyone else. Urgently needed tax reforms are consistently watered down, delayed or not implemented at all. Without a more ambitious, transformative approach to building a fairer tax system, the government’s feminist agenda will struggle against economic forces that fuel inequality.

Where the government got it right

• Reforming the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) regime, which is intended to ensure that the highest-income Canadians cannot disproportionately lower their tax bill through advantages in the tax system. Budget 2023 proposed legislative amendments to raise the AMT rate from 15% to 20.5% and further limit the excessive use of tax preferences. These amendments should generate an estimated $3 billion in revenues over five years, beginning in the 2024 taxation year. However, there are concerns that wealthy Canadians could recover their tax payments through a seven-year carryforward rule that applies to the AMT rules, unlike regular income tax payments.81

• Introducing a Digital Services Tax on digital multinationals selling their products and services in Canada. Finance Minister Freeland promised to introduce the tax by January 1, 2024, but the 2023 budget implementation bill is facing delays in Parliament.

• Adopting Bill C-42 in November 2023, which legislates the creation of a publicly accessible registry in Canada that will list the ultimate beneficial owners of companies. The new registry will significantly improve tax compliance and enforcement for all levels of government, cracking down on the tax dodging and money laundering that cost the public billions every year.82

• Committing the Canadian Revenue Agency to pilot a new automatic filing service in 2024 that will help vulnerable Canadians who currently do not file their taxes to receive the government benefits to which they are entitled.83 This is welcome as the government has been slow to institute automatic filing since it was originally promised in the 2020 Speech from the Throne.

Where the government missed the mark

• Introducing a slew of corporate tax credits in the 2023 federal budget that the government’s own gender-based analysis found to be regressive. Of particular concern is the carbon, capture, use and storage tax credit, which is estimated to cost $1.1bn annually and will primarily be collected by the fossil fuel sector.84

• Failing to implement a windfall profit tax on large corporations generating record profits. This runs counter to recommendations by the Parliamentary agri-food committee that studied spiking grocery bills,85 and the Green Party’s Motion M-92 on taxing big oil and gas companies.86

What’s Needed Now

• Introduce a permanent wealth tax on the richest Canadians immediately. This tax should be at least at 2% for wealth over $5m, 3% for wealth over $50m and 5% for wealth over $1bn. The government should also introduce additional equality-boosting measures such as an inheritance tax.

• Ensure Canadian corporations pay their fair share. Raise the federal corporate tax rate to 20% from 15%. Implement a windfall profit tax for companies in all sectors generating oversized profits.

• Deliver on the promise to provide more resources for CRA to combat aggressive tax planning and tax avoidance by Canada’s wealthy elites and corporations.

• Commit to a public review of all federal tax loopholes for individuals and corporations, including the capital gains loophole. Modernize the general anti-avoidance rule regime to avoid corporate tax dodging via tax havens.

“ We’re making sure the very wealthy and our biggest corporations pay their fair share of taxes, so we can afford to keep taxes low for middle class families—and invest in our health care system and social safety net.”

CHRYSTIA FREELAND, DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AND MINISTER OF FINANCE (2023)87

21%

21% of expenditures in the 2023 federal budget benefited men more than women, mostly due to corporate tax incentives for male-dominated industries. Only 12% of budget measures were more beneficial for women last year.88

Demonstrating global leadership on women’s rights and gender equality

SCORE: LITTLE PROGRESS

Women, children and people with disabilities make up the majority of the 1.1 billion people living in poverty.104 While the latest global gender gap report from UN Women shows an additional $360b per year is needed to achieve gender equality,105 Canada reduced its overall development aid by around 15% in 2023. Polling this year showed that eight in ten Canadians expect Canada to do its fair share to reduce global poverty and improve women and girl’s health everywhere, despite a growing concern over more domestic issues.106

As last year marked the midpoint for the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, Canada’s feminist leadership and funding under the Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP) can play a crucial role in advancing gender equality and women’s empowerment. However, more robust policy positions and investment are needed to counter the global anti-gender and anti-rights movement and the worsening conditions for women, girls and gender diverse people living in extreme poverty.

Where the government got it right

• Supporting feminist programming globally, including $100m in stand-alone care programming, the renewal of the Women’s Voice and Leadership program and more intersectional feminist investments like the $1.1m LGBTI Pathways Project with ILGA World and $450,000 to Égides.107

• Developing indicators in the FIAP to track direct funding and supports to women’s rights organizations

• Accepting the Auditor General recommendations related to the improvement of Global Affairs Canada’s information management and monitoring and evaluation practices around international assistance in support of gender equality.108

• Launching the Global Affairs Canada Grants and Contributions Transformation Initiative, a system to overhaul and improve how Canada’s international development programming is managed and delivered.109

• Surpassing its own targets with more than 80% of bilateral aid at Global Affairs Canada integrating gender equality.110

Where the government missed the mark

• Failing to maintain year-over-year increases to its International Assistance Envelope in 2023 with the phase out of COVID assistance.111 International assistance funding dropped by around $1.3bn, a 15% cut in the 2023 Budget.

• Losing its position as global leader in disbursements to women’s rights organisations, as this funding declined in 2023. Canada now ranks fifth in terms of percentage of bilateral allocable aid going to women’s rights organizations. Meanwhile, it ranks second globally for channeling its assistance through International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and multilateral organizations.112

• Not meeting the FIAP goal of 15% of international assistance in targeted gender programming for women and girls. 113

• Failing to release a long-awaited a clear and coherent feminist foreign policy, beyond what is contained in the FIAP and the National Action Plan for Women, Peace and Security.

• Militarizing assistance, which undercuts development efforts. Canada’s assistance to Ukraine topped $816m in 2023, compared to only $96m in development assistance since 2022. Similarly, security investments in the Indo-Pacific strategy top $720m compared to $132m for development assistance.

What’s Needed Now

• Increase the envelope for international development assistance in Budget 2024.114 The government should allocate an additional $150m in 2024-25 and $275m per year for an additional four years towards programming that builds on Canada’s leadership in supporting women’s rights and feminist movements.

• Commit that any assistance to Ukraine is additional to the existing international development assistance envelope and will not impede an increase of assistance to the rest of the world.

• Adopt a comprehensive feminist foreign policy to anchor Canada’s feminist approach beyond the FIAP and institutionalize feminist approaches.

• Implement the recommendations from the Auditor General’s report on FIAP implementation.

• Ensure the Grants and Contribution Transformation initiative addresses the challenges raised by civil society around Global Affairs Canada’s approach to risk, accountability and reporting; moves beyond project funding to other partnership approaches that are more flexible; increases the budget allocated for initiatives that channel resources to local organizations; and bridges the divide between development and humanitarian funding streams.

“ We’ll continue to partner, share best practices, learn from others and really continue to support not just the work, but the capacity of women leaders and feminist groups,”

AHMED HUSSEN, MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (2023)115

ONE IN EVERY TEN

Today, one in every ten women is living in extreme poverty. If current trends continue, more than 340 million women and girls will still live in extreme poverty by 2030, and close to one in four will experience moderate or severe food insecurity.116

Indigenous Women

Upholding the rights of Indigenous women

SCORE: LITTLE PROGRESS

The federal government repeatedly affirms no other relationship is more important than that between Canada and Indigenous peoples, yet the injustices and human rights violations faced every day by First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples represent a serious and systemic failure. The over-incarceration of First Nations, Métis and Inuit women – who now make up over 50% of the female prison population – is a national travesty. Indigenous women, girls and TwoSpirit people continue to face a disproportionate risk of gender-based violence compared to others in Canada. When Indigenous women, girls and Two-Spirit women are murdered or go missing, many governments and police forces fail to marshal the resources to solve these crimes or search for them. Women bear the brunt of long-term drinking water advisories, as they are forced to do more unpaid care work the longer Canada fails to deliver safe drinking water in their communities. For a second year in a row in this scorecard, the federal government has shown little progress in upholding the rights of Indigenous women.

Where the government got it right

• Defending First Nations, Inuit and Métis jurisdiction over child and family services under the Indigenous Child Welfare Act, Bill C-92, which came into force in 2020.140 Although several provincial governments challenged the law, the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed those claims in a February 2024 ruling that affirmed the rights of Indigenous peoples over child welfare.141

• Moving ahead with the development of a “Red Dress Alert” system to notify the public when Indigenous women, girls and Two-Spirit people go missing. Budget 2023 allocated $2.5m over five years to support this initiative and other priorities identified at the federal-provincial-territorialIndigenous table on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.142,143

• Providing $20m in federal support to search the Prairie Green Landfill north of Winnipeg for two Long Plain First Nation women, Morgan Harris and Marcedes Myran, whose remains are believed to be laying there. This adds to another $20m being provided by the Manitoba government.144

• Providing $126m over three years to address health gaps facing First Nations, Métis and Inuit women and gender diverse people who face systemic racism in Canada’s health care system. This includes distinctions-based funding to Indigenous partners to lead projects on providing culturally relevant health services.145

• Committing $4bn to the Urban, Rural and Northern Indigenous Housing Strategy in the 2023 Fall Economic Statement, which will be implemented in partnership with First Nations, Métis and Inuit governments and organizations.146 The housing crisis has reached new depths in these communities and requires urgent action to improve living conditions and house the homeless and those facing precarious housing.

Where the government missed the mark

• Receiving a failing grade on its implementation of the Calls for Justice of the National Inquiry on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, according to the latest report card from the Native Women’s Association of Canada.147

• Shamefully failing to fulfill the Calls to Action of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 2023. In the eight years since the release of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission report, only 13 of 94 Calls to Action have been fully implemented. At the current pace, it will take another 58 years until the Calls to Action are completed.148

• Cutting $4.1b from the budgets of CrownIndigenous Relations and Indigenous Services Canada, starting in 2025-26, which some Indigenous leaders fear will only exacerbate the

Indigenous Women

severe inequalities facing Indigenous peoples in relation to social, health and economic outcomes.149

• Making no significant progress on the overincarceration of Indigenous women in federal prisons, according to the federal correctional investigator.150 An investigation into Indigenous issues in federal corrections highlights the government’s lack of investment in communityrun healing lodges and failure to meaningfully integrate Elders in federal corrections institutions as systemic problems that plague the system.

• Failing to deliver clean and safe drinking water to on-reserve First Nations communities, even three years after the government’s originally promised deadline. As of January 2024, there are 28 long-term drinking water advisories affecting 26 communities, most of which are located in Ontario. Six drinking water advisories were lifted in 2023, while another three were added.151

• Failing to include the Native Women’s Association of Canada among the national Indigenous organizations listed in Bill C-29, the bill to create a national council to monitor and report on the federal government’s progress on reconciliation, when it was originally tabled. The Senate amended the bill in November 2023 to add the Native Women’s Association of Canada as one of the national Indigenous organizations that can elect a board member to the new council.152

What’s Needed Now

• Bring focus and urgency back to its implementation of the TRC Calls to Action, in particular on the Legacy Calls to Action (142) that provide steps to redress the ongoing structural harms that Indigenous peoples face in the sectors of child welfare, education, health, culture and language, and justice. The government should also accelerate the implementation of its United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act, which has seen limited application thus far.

• Improve accountability and transparency on how federal funding and actions are advancing the Calls for Justice on Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Tracking federal funding against the outcomes of the Calls for

Justice is virtually impossible without more transparency and accountability.

• Ramp up investments to fix drinking water systems on First Nations reserves and bring an end to long-term water advisories.

• Tackle the over-incarceration of Indigenous women in Canada by reforming the justice system and correctional system. The government should address the deficiencies found by the MMIWG National Inquiry, the federal correctional investigator and several recent Parliamentary committee reports; and implement their many recommendations.

“ The ongoing violence against Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQI+ people must stop, and that will require addressing the root causes of violence and concerted attention from us all. All of us —the federal government, Indigenous partners, provinces and territories need to work better together—with the voices of families, survivors, Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQI+ people at the centre of our efforts.”

MARC MILLER, MINISTER OF CROWN-INDIGENOUS RELATIONS AND NORTHERN AFFAIRS (2023)153

ZERO

The number of Calls to Action from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that were completed by the federal government in 2023.

Protecting migrant and refugee rights

SCORE: LITTLE PROGRESS

A staggering 281 million people are estimated to be international migrants, of whom 110 million are forcibly displaced and 36.4 million are refugees.117 Approximately half of the world’s international migrants are women and girls, who often face xenophobia, discrimination, poor living and working conditions, and inadequate access to health services.118

Accessing protection in Canada has become increasingly complex due to delays, backlogs and barriers in its immigration system. Despite Canada’s stated commitment to helping displaced people, its immigration policies and programs leave many in tough situations upon arrival, making it hard to find work or achieve financial stability and exposing them to precarious work arrangement and human rights violations. As we see a rise in xenophobic rhetoric in Canada, the government needs to be a strong advocate for migrants and refugees and counter arguments scapegoating foreigners for the affordability crisis with facts.

Where the government got it right

• Streamlining the resettlement process for at-risk LGBTQ refugees by establishing a direct referral pathway through the Government-Assisted Refugees program. As the global persecution of LGBTQ people rises, Canada’s initiative provides an important example for other nations to follow.119.120

Where the government missed the mark

• Planning to decrease resettlement targets for government-assisted refugees, falling from over 23,000 in 2023 to just over 15,000 in 2025 and 2026. At the Global Refugee Forum in December

2023, the minister for immigration, refugees and citizenship, Marc Miller, pledged that Canada would continue to offer protection to the world’s most vulnerable people, including women in precarious situations, ethnic and religious minorities, members of LGBTQ communities, Rohingya refugees and human rights defenders. However, the Canadian Council for Refugees notes the decreasing targets for resettling government-assisted refugees are deeply concerning in the face of a growing global crisis of development.121,122

• Deporting migrants at an unprecedented rate and surpassing deportation levels of the previous decade, despite pledging to allow more undocumented people to stay. In 2022 and 2023, over 23,000 undocumented migrants were deported, costing more than $111m. This contradicts the government’s commitment to creating a path to permanent resident status for undocumented people through broad and comprehensive regularization. Canada has been overseeing an average of 39 deportations a day, costing at least $50m annually since 2021.123,124,125,126

• Failing to ensure consistency and equity in humanitarian responses in the application of Canada’s temporary resident pathway for Palestinian refugees fleeing the military escalation in Gaza. While the government’s new measures to create a temporary resident pathway for 1,000 Palestinians is a welcome step, disparities persist in the form of onerous requirements, inconsistent fees and caps compared to similar measures for refugees from Sudan and Ukraine. Canada must offer equitable support, including financial assistance, settlement aid and positive public messaging. A comprehensive, anti-racist, non-discriminatory and transparent policy framework is imperative for fair immigration response, regardless of where in the world people are fleeing from.127

Migrant and Refugee Rights

• Expanding the Safe Third Country Agreement that allows officials to turn away people asking for asylum at the Canada-US border. Advocates worry about its devastating impacts on tens of thousands of people who are seeking protection. The agreement is forcing people back to the US, where they will be at risk of arbitrary detention and a potential return to persecution in their home countries, particularly for those who are more vulnerable to gender-based violence. While it is disappointing that the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously rejected arguments that the Safe Third Country Agreement violates the rights to life, liberty and security, it is promising that the Court referred the part of the challenge based on gender-based persecution back to the Federal Court for a determination. While the government’s commitment to resettle 11,000 people from the Western Hemisphere is welcome, that number is small compared to the number of people who will be barred from seeking refugee protection in Canada due to the Safe Third Country Agreement.128,129,130,131,132

• Failing to address the significant challenges in Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Programs.133 Workers face poor accommodation and working conditions, which affect worker well-being.134 The use of employer-specific work permits make migrant workers vulnerable to contemporary forms of slavery, hindering workers’ ability to report abuses without fear of deportation. In 2023, the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Slavery termed Canada’s program a “breeding ground” for exploitation and slavery.135

What’s Needed Now

• Rescind the Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) to ensure the safety and protection of those seeking asylum in Canada.

• Ensure safe access for asylum seekers by bringing an intersectional, gender inclusive lens to asylum policies, practices and diplomatic engagements. The government should adopt a comprehensive, anti-racist and transparent policy framework that can help ensure equitable immigration measures in response to humanitarian emergencies.

• Expand the government’s commitment to resettle 15,000 migrants annually from the Americas to respond to the regional forced displacement crisis and better align with existing targets in the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection.

• Regularize the status of migrant workers, dismantle closed work permits and develop a clear pathway to permanent residency for all migrants. Robust monitoring frameworks are essential to prevent abuses, combat modern slavery, protect migrant workers’ rights and end the discriminatory practices that can lead to exploitation.136,137

“ With over 114 million people displaced globally, we have a responsibility to step up and take action to address the global migration crisis. […] Canada will continue to do our part by making meaningful, life-saving pledges that give more opportunity and hope to refugees and displaced people around the world.”

MARC MILLER, MINISTER OF IMMIGRATION, REFUGEES AND CITIZENSHIP (2023)138

$46 MILLION

Annual cost of deportations by Canada Border Services, averaging $4,750 per person, while settling each permanent resident, on average, costs only $3,900.139

acknowledgements

Oxfam Canada acknowledges the support and input of the following individuals in the production of the scorecard:

Kelly Bowden, Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights

Gauri Sreenivasan, Canadian Council for Refugees

Katrina Miller, Canadians for Tax Fairness

Deniqua Leila Edwards, JD, Canadian Labour Congress

Vicky Smallman, Canadian Labour Congress

Anuradha Dugal, Canadian Women’s Foundation

Alex Cool-Fergus, Climate Action Network – Canada

Doug Kerr, Dignity Network Canada

Valérie Auger-Voyer, Ending Violence Association of Canada

Beth Woroniuk, Equality Fund

Kat Owens, Leaf

Native Women’s Association of Canada

Healey Thompson, Stephen Lewis Foundation

Tamsin Fitzgerald, Women of the Métis Nation

Robyn Hoogendam, Women’s Shelters Canada

Jolin Joseph, YWCA

endNotes

1 World Economic Forum. (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www3.weforum. org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2023.pdf

2 S. Besportov and A. Sinclair. (2022). Estimating the Economic Value of Unpaid Household Work in Canada, 2015 to 2019 Retrieved 4 March 2023, from https://www150.statcan.gc. ca/n1/pub/13-605-x/2022001/article/00001-eng.htm

3 Parliament of Canada. Bill C-35: An Act respecting early learning and child care in Canada. Retrieved on 4 March 2024, from https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-35

4 Child Care Now. (2024, 1 March). Historic Victory for Families: Canada’s first early learning and child care legislation adopted by House of Commons. Retrieved 4 March, 2024, from https://childcarenow.ca/2024/03/01/historic-victory-for-families-bill-c-35/

5 Prime Minister’s Office. (2023, 7 February). Working Together to Improve Health Care for Canadians. Retrieved 4 March, 2024, from https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/02/07/working-together-improve-health-care-canadians

6 Prime Minister’s Office. (2023, 28 June). Delivering on our Promise of High-Quality, Inclusive, and Affordable Child Care for Families. Retrieved 4 March, 2024, from https://www.pm. gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/06/28/delivering-promise-high-quality-inclusive-and-affordable-child

7 D. Macdonald and M. Friendly. (2023). Measuring Matters: Assessing Canada’s progress toward $10-a-day child care for all. Retrieved on 4 March 2024, from: https://policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/ National%20Office/2023/10/measuring-matters-FINAL-October%2027%202023.pdf

8 Liberal Party of Canada. (2021). Liberals Move Forward to Deliver Better Care for Seniors. Retrieved 4 March 2024, from https://liberal.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/292/2021/08/ LTC-ENG.pdf

9 K. Howlett. (2023, January 31). New National Long-Term Care Standards Unveiled, but Ottawa Not Planning to Make Them Mandatory. The Globe and Mail.

10 Prime Minister’s Office. (2023, 28 June). Delivering on our Promise of High-Quality, Inclusive, and Affordable Child Care for Families. Retrieved 4 March, 2024, from https://www.pm. gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/06/28/delivering-promise-high-quality-inclusive-and-affordable-child

11 European Parliamentary Forum for Sexual and Reproductive Rights. SRHR Donor Funding Atlas 2023. Retrieved from https://www.epfweb.org/sites/default/files/2023-12/ SRHR_A3_EN_2023_vertical_DEC13.pdf

12 Guttmacher institute. (2020). Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/ investing-sexual-and-reproductive-health-low-and-middle-income-countries

13 Health Canada. (2023, 15 November). Government of Canada improves Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/ health-canada/news/2023/11/government-of-canada-improves-access-to-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services.html

14 Canada’s International Assistance Priorities. (2023). Canada’s 10-year commitment to Global Health and Rights.Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.international.gc.ca/ world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/ priorities-priorites/commitment-health-rights-engagementsante-droits.aspx?lang=eng

15 Women and Gender Equality Canada (WAGE). (2023). Progress on the Federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/ free-to-be-me/federal-2slgbtqi-plus-action-plan/ ongoing-commitment-action.html

16 Global Affairs Canada. (2019, 7 February). Canada Announces New Funds in Support of LGBTQ2 Rights. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/ news/2019/02/canada-announces-new-funds-in-supportof-lgbtq2-rights.html

17 Abortion Rights Coalition Canada (2023).

18 Future Planning Initiative. (2023). Scaling Up Ambition: Future Planning Initiative Response to the government of Canada’s Annual Report on its 10-Year Commitment to Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Spending. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.actioncanadashr.org/sites/default/ files/2023-04/Scaling%20Up%20Ambition.pdf

19 Government of Canada. (2023, 15 November). “Government of Canada Improves Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services.” Retrieved 19 March 2024, from https://www. canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2023/11/government-of-canada-improves-access-to-sexual-and-reproductive-health-services.html

20 Ibid.

21 Wehner, M.F., J.R. Arnold, et al. (2017). “Droughts, floods, and wildfires.” In: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA. Retrieved 19 March 2024, from https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/8/

22 Government of Canada. Oil and Gas Emissions Cap. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/ weather/climatechange/climate-plan/oil-gas-emissionscap.html

23 Climate Action Network-Canada. (2023, 7 December). Environmental Groups and Civil Society Welcome Canada’s Oil and Gas Emissions Cap Framework, Urge Swift Action and Stronger Targets. Retrieved 26 February 2024, from https:// climateactionnetwork.ca/environmental-groups-and-civilsociety-welcome-canadas-oil-and-gas-emissions-capframework-urge-swift-action-and-stronger-targets/

24 Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2023, 1 December). As a First Move at COP28, Canada Announces Support for Developing Countries to Address Loss and Damage Due to Climate Change. Retrieved 26 February 2024, from https:// www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/ news/2023/12/as-a-first-move-at-cop28-canada-announces-support-for-developing-countries-to-addressloss-and-damage-due-to-climate-change.html

25 R. Kpekou Tossou, N. Nahornick, and T. Scholz. (2024). Investment Tax Credit for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage. Retrieved 26 February 2024, from: https://www. pbo-dpb.ca/en/publications/LEG-2324-022-S--investment-tax-credit-carbon-capture-utilization-storage--credit-impot-investissement-captage-utilisation-stockage-carbone

26 Office of the Auditor General of Canada. (2023). Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act—2030 Emissions Reduction Plan: Federal government not on track to meet 2030 emission reduction target under new act. Retrieved on 26 February 2024, from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/ internet/English/parl_cesd_202311_06_e_44369.html

27 Environment and Climate Change Canada. (2023, 1 December). As a First Move at COP28, Canada Announces Support for Developing Countries to Address Loss and Damage Due to Climate Change. Retrieved 26 February 2024, from https:// www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/ news/2023/12/as-a-first-move-at-cop28-canada-announces-support-for-developing-countries-to-addressloss-and-damage-due-to-climate-change.html

28 B. Tomlinson. (2024). Summary of Canada’s Climate Finance Data. Retrieved 28 February 2024, from https://aidwatchcanada.ca/canadian-climate-finance/

29 OCHA. Global Humanitarian Overview 2024. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/ global-humanitarian-overview-2024-enarfres

30 Oxfam Dec. 2023. No climate justice without gender justice: Investing in care-responsive climate solutions

31 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2023, 24 April). World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/ world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges

32 OCHA. Global Humanitarian Overview 2024. Retrieved from https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/ global-humanitarian-overview-2024-enarfres (Note: $46.4bn required in 2024 compared to $51bn in 2023)

33 Oxfam Canada (2023). No climate justice without gender justice: Investing in care-responsive climate solutions

34 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (2023, 24 April). World military expenditure reaches new record high as European spending surges. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/ world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-european-spending-surges

35 Prime Minister of Canada. (2022. 23 June). Prime Minister announces Canadian support to address global food security crisis. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.pm.gc.ca/ en/news/news-releases/2022/06/23/prime-minister-trudeau-announces-canadian-support-address-global-food

36 Humanitarian Coalition. (2023, 20 June). Aid for Afghanistan Coalition Statement: The passage of Bill C-41, an act to amend the criminal code and to make consequential amendments to other acts. Retrieved 13 March, 2024, from https://www.humanitariancoalition.ca/aid-for-afghanistancoalition-statement-the-passage-of-bill-c-41-an-act-toamend-the-criminal-code

37 Government of Canada. Canada-Ukraine relations. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/ ukraine/relations.aspx?lang=eng

38 Government of Canada. Advancing gender equality in the digital age: Programs work to address technology-facilitated violence. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/ world-monde/stories-histoires/2023/2023-03-02-technology-facilitated-gbv-facilitee-technologie.aspx?lang=eng

39 Norwegian Refugee Council. (2022). The World’s Most Neglected Displacement Crises 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.nrc.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/ neglected-2022/the-worlds-most-neglected-displacement-crises-2022.pdf

40 Prime Minister of Canada. (2023, 12 December). Joint Statement by the Prime Ministers of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www. pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2023/12/12/joint-statement-prime-ministers-australia-canada-and-new-zealand

41 OCHA. Occupied Palestinian Territory. Retrieved from https:// www.ochaopt.org/ (Note: Death toll count continues to rise and accurate numbers are difficult to obtain.)

42 Ploughshares, March 28 2024, Canadian arms ban on Israel: Step in the right direction but no silver bullet

43 Ploughshares (2023). Canada’s arms exports in 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.ploughshares. ca/publications/canadas-arms-exports-in-2022

44 Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada. (2023, 28 December). Canada to launch humanitarian pathway for people affected by the conflict in Sudan. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2023/12/canada-to-launch-humanitarian-pathway-for-people-affected-by-the-conflict-in-sudan.html

45 CBC news, Jan 2024. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians expected to come to Canada in the next few months https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ukranians-canada-visas-1.7088030

46 Government of Canada. (2024, 26 January). Statement by Minister Joly on the International Court of Justice’s decision on South Africa’s request for provisional measures in its case against Israel. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www. canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2024/01/statement-byminister-joly-on-the-international-court-of-justices-decision-on-south-africas-request-for-provisional-measuresin-its-case-against-is.html

47 Project Ploughshares. (2024, 21 March). “Canada closer to compliance with export control obligations after decision on arms transfers to Israel, but must go further.” Retrieved 27 March 2024, from https://assets-global.website-files. com/63e066081ef50cb16a3f4157/65fc6ffa0fe4b1995e7c36da_PPStatement_March21.24.pdf

48 OECD. (2023). Results of the fifth edition of the Social Institutions and Gender Index. SIGI 2023 Global Report: Gender Equality in Times of Crisis. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/4607b7c7-en/1/3/2/ index.html?itemId=/content/publication/4607b7c7-en&_ csp_=a6be4df33c99961512705b97977ea566&itemIGO=oecd&itemContentType=book

49 The Equality Institute. (2023). What Counts?: The state of funding for the prevention of gender-based violence against women and girls. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https:// preventgbv.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/EQI_The-Accelerator_What-Counts_Report_Nov-2023-1.pdf

50 The Equality Institute. (2023). Factsheet: Fund GBV Prevention to Accelerate Progress on Generation Equality. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://preventgbv.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/06/GBV-Funding-Fact-Sheet.pdf

51 Canadian Femicide Observatory for Justice and Accountability. 2023 victims. Retrieved from https://femicideincanada. ca/aboutus/remembering/2023-victims/

52 Women’s Shelters Canada. Tech Safety Canada Project. Retrieved from https://endvaw.ca/technology-safety-canada-project/

53 Women and Gender Equality Canada. Bilateral agreements to end gender-based violence. Retrieved from https:// women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/gender-based-violence/intergovernmental-collaboration/bilateral-agreements.html

54 Global Affairs Canada. (2023, 20 July). Canada announces funding for projects to advance sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), and gender equality internationally. Retrieved 12 March 2024 from https://www.canada.ca/en/ global-affairs/news/2023/07/canada-announces-funding-for-projects-to-advance-sexual-and-reproductive-healt h-and-rights-srhr-and-gender-equality-internationally.html

55 Government of Canada. Proposed bill to address online harms. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/ canadian-heritage/services/online-harms.html

56 National Association of Women and the Law. (2023). Bill C-21: An Act to amend certain Acts and to make certain consequential amendments (firearms): Brief. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://sencanada.ca/Content/Sen/Committee/441/ SECD/briefs/2023-10-10_SECD_C21_Brief_NAWL_e.pdf

57 House of Commons. (2023). e-4192: Petition to the Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.ourcommons. ca/petitions/en/Petition/Details?Petition=e-4192

58 Native Women’s Association of Canada. (n.d.) Federal MMIWG2S Action Plan: Annual Scorecard 2022-2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://nwac.ca/assets-documents/ FEDERAL_ANNUAL_SCORECARD_ACTIONPLAN_2022-23_2023-06-01-030405_kxwx.pdf

59 Global Affairs Canada. (2023, 20 July). Canada announces funding for projects to advance sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), and gender equality internationally. Retrieved 12 March 2024 from https://www.canada.ca/en/ global-affairs/news/2023/07/canada-announces-funding-for-projects-to-advance-sexual-and-reproductive-healt h-and-rights-srhr-and-gender-equality-internationally.html

60 Women’s Shelters Canada. (2023). Reflections on the First Year of the National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://endvaw.ca/ archives/news/first-year-nap/

61 Ending Violence Association of Canada (2023). National Survey of Sexual Violence Organizations and Services in Canada: Research Findings. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://endingviolencecanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Full_Survey_Report_EN.pdf

62 Women’s Shelters Canada. (2023). Reflections on the First Year of the National Action Plan to End Gender-Based Violence. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://endvaw.ca/ archives/news/first-year-nap/

63 Minister of Justice. (2023). Correspondence with the Chief Coroner. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23919401-ckw-justice_attorney-general-response

64 Public Safety Canada. (2023, 15 December). Legislation to reduce gun violence receives Royal Assent. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-safety-canada/news/2023/12/legislation-to-reduce-gun-violence-receives-royal-assent.html

65 Statistics Canada. (2023, May). Poverty and low-income statistics by disability status. Retrieved from: https:// www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1110009001

66 Canadian Poverty Institute. (2024). The Risk and Depth of Poverty in Canada: A statistical profile. Retrieved 21 March 2024, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/595d068b5016e12979fb11af/t/65ef205e6bec1f24404dbc6b/1710170207411/Depth+of+Poverty+In+Canada.pdf

67 A. Nelson, J. Malenfant and K. Schwan. (2023). Housing Need & Homelessness Amongst Gender-Diverse People in Canada: A preliminary portrait. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://womenshomelessness.ca/wp-content/uploads/ Research-Brief-on-Housing-Need-Homelessness-amongstGender-Diverse-Persons.pdf

68 Government of Canada. (2023). Budget 2023: A Made-In-Canada Plan. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from: https://www. budget.canada.ca/2023/report-rapport/chap6-en.html#a4

69 Prime Minister’s Office. (2024, 1, April). A National School Food Program to set kids up for success. Retrieved 4 April 2024, from https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2024/04/01/national-school-food-program-set-kidssuccess

70 Ibid.

71 Government of Canada. Grocery Rebate. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/ child-family-benefits/goods-services-tax-harmonizedsales-tax-gst-hst-credit/grocery-rebate.html

72 K. Schwan and N. Ali. (2021). A Rights-Based, GBA+ Analysis of the National Housing Strategy. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://womenshomelessness.ca/wp-content/ uploads/EN-Rights-Based-GBA-Analysis-of-NHS-28Sept-2021.pdf

73 M.-D. Tabbara, (2024). How should the new Canada Disability Benefit interact with existing disability supports? Retrieved 21 March 2024, from https://maytree.com/wp-content/ uploads/How-should-the-new-Canada-Disability-Benefit-interact-with-existing-disability-supports.pdf

74 Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund. The Impact of capacity-building funding. Retrieved from https://www.leaf. ca/InvestInGenderEquity/#newmode-embed-54748-54817

75 Government of Canada. (2023). Budget 2023: A Made-In-Canada Plan. Retrieved 4 March 2024, from https://www.budget. canada.ca/2023/pdf/budget-gdql-egdqv-2023-en.pdf

76 Parliament of Canada. Senators appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister. Retrieved from https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/senatorsPrimeMinisters

77 Office of the Auditor-General. (2022). Report 3: Follow-up on Gender-Based Analysis Plus. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/parl_oag_202205_03_e.pdf

78 IPU Parline. Monthly Ranking of Women in national parliaments. Retrieved from https://data.ipu.org/women-ranking?month=10&year=2023

79 Prime Minister of Canada. (2023, 8 March). Statement by the Prime Minister on International Women’s Day. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/ statements/2023/03/08/statement-prime-minister-international-womens-day

80 Office of the Auditor-General. (2022). Report 3: Follow-up on Gender-Based Analysis Plus. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/docs/parl_oag_202205_03_e.pdf

81 D. Johnson. (2023, 29 March). Increased taxes on wealthy Canadians likely recoverable: Tax expert. BNN Bloomberg.

82 End Snow-Washing Coalition. (2023, 2 November). Canada passes landmark legislation to fight corruption, money laundering, tax evasion, and terrorist financing. Retrieved 29 February 2024, from https://endsnowwashing.ca/

83 Government of Canada. (2023). Budget 2023: A Made-In-Canada Plan. Retrieved 29 February 2024, from https://www. budget.canada.ca/2023/pdf/budget-2023-en.pdf

84 D.T. Cochrane and K. Miller. (2023). Taxes and the Path to a Green Economy. Retrieved 29 February 2024, from https:// www.taxfairness.ca/sites/default/files/2023-10/taxesand-the-path-to-a-green-economy_1.pdf

85 House of Commons. (2023). Grocery Affordability: Examining Rising Food Costs in Canada. Retrieved 29 February 2024, from https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/441/AGRI/ Reports/RP12503602/agrirp10/agrirp10-e.pdf

86 Green Party of Canada. (2023, 26 October). Morrice’s motion could generate billions for climate solutions and hold Canada’s largest polluters accountable. Retrieved 29 February 2024, from https://www.greenparty.ca/en/ media-release/2023-10-26/morrice%E2%80%99s-motion-could-generate-billions-climate-solutions-and-holdcanada

878 Government of Canada. (2023). Budget 2023: Remarks by the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2023/03/budget-2023-remarks-bythe-deputy-prime-minister-and-minister-of-finance.html

88 Government of Canada. (2023). Statement and Impacts Report on Gender, Equality, Diversity and Quality of Life. Budget 2023 Retrieved 19 March 2024, from https://www.budget.canada. ca/2023/pdf/gdql-egdqv-2023-en.pdf

89 R. Saba. (2023, December 6). Workers raise the bar: 2023 was a year of wage gains marked by high-profile strikes. CTV News

90 G. Bruce. (2023, December 28). Many workers hit the picket line in 2023. These five charts help contextualize a year of strikes. CBC News

91 OECD. Gender wage gap. Retrieved 16 January 2024 from https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm

92 Living wage Canada. Rates. Retrieved 16 January 2024 from https://www.livingwage.ca/rates

93 Bill C-58: An Act to amend the Canada Labour Code and the Canada Industrial Relations Board Regulations, 2012. 1st Reading, November 9, 2023, 44th Parliament, 1st session, 2021-2023 (online). Ottawa: Bill C-58. Employment and Social Development Canada, 2023. Retrieved from https://www.parl. ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/bill/C-58/first-reading

94 Employment and Social Development Canada. (2023, 11 December). Minister O’Regan receives Task Force report on Employment Equity Act modernization. Retrieved 16 January 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/news/2023/12/minister-oregan-receives-task-force-report-on-employment-equity-act-modernization.html

95 Public Service Alliance of Canada. (2022, 10 November). Employment Equity Act review: Real change is long overdue Retrieved 16 January 2024 from https://psacunion.ca/ employment-equity-act-review-real-change-long

96 Department of Finance. (2023). 2023 Fall Economic Statement Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.budget.canada. ca/fes-eea/2023/report-rapport/FES-EEA-2023-en.pdf

97 Prime Minister of Canada. (2021). Minister of Labour Mandate Letter. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.pm.gc.ca/ en/mandate-letters/2021/12/16/minister-labour-mandate-letter

98 Canadian Network on Corporate Accountability. (n.d.) Model Legislation for Mandatory Human Rights and Environmental Due Diligence. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https:// cnca-rcrce.ca/model-legislation-due-diligence/

99 Employment and Social Development Canada. (2023, 30 January). Minister O’Regan ratifies C190, the first ever global treaty on ending violence and harassment in the world of work. Retrieved 11 December 2023, from https://www. canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/ news/2023/01/minister-oregan-ratifies-c190-the-first-ever-global-treaty-on-ending-violence-and-harassment-inthe-world-of-work.html

100 Canadian Labour Congress. (2023, 25 November). Violence and harassment should never be “just part of the job.” Retrieved 10 December 2023, from https://canadianlabour. ca/violence-and-harassment-should-never-be-just-partof-the-job/

101 Amnesty International. (2023, 15 December). Years of advocacy by rights holders and task force’s review leads to important changes to employment equity act. Retrieved January 16 2024, from https://amnesty.ca/human-rightsnews/years-of-advocacy-by-rights-holders-and-task-forces-review-leads-to-important-changes-to-employment-equity-act/

102 Employment and Social Development Canada. (2023, 14 June). Minister O’Regan discusses 2SLGBTQI+ rights and workplace violence and harassment at International Labour Conference Retrieved 16 December 2023, from https://www.canada.ca/ en/employment-social-development/news/2023/06/ minister-oregan-discusses-2slgbtqi-rights-and-workplace-violence-and-harassment-at-international-labour-conference.html

103 Canadian Labour Congress and Western Centre for Reasearch & Education on Violence Against Women & Children. (2022). Harassment and Violence in Canadian Workplaces: It’s [Not] Part of the Job. Retrieved 1 March 2024, from https:// documents.clcctc.ca/human-rights/Respect-at-Work-Report-2022-03-28-EN.pdf

104 United Nations Development Programme. (2023). 2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi#/indicies/MPI

105 UN Women. (2023). Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/ publications/2023/09/progress-on-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-gender-snapshot-2023

106 CanWaCH and Abacus Data. (2023). Canadian perspectives on ODA & Canada on the world stage. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://canwach.ca/learning/canadian-perspectives-oda-2023/

107 Women and Gender Equality Canada. Progress on the Federal 2SLGBTQI+ Action Plan. Retrieved from https://women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/free-to-be-me/federal-2slgbtqiplus-action-plan/ongoing-commitment-action.html

108 Government of Canada. (2023, 27 March). Statement from Minister Sajjan on Auditor General of Canada report on International Assistance in Support of Gender Equality. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/ news/2023/03/statement-from-minister-sajjan-on-auditor-general-of-canadareport-on-international-assistance-in-support-of-gender-equality.html

109 Global Affairs Canada. Grants and Contributions Transformation Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc. ca/world-monde/funding-financement/grants-contributions-subventions-contributions.aspx?lang=eng

110 Equality Fund. (2023). Follow the Money: A quantitative review of Canada’s international assistance investments in gendere equality. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://equalityfund. ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EF_Follow-the-Money_ Report_EN_2023-09-30.pdf

111 Cooperation Canada and AidWatch Canada. (2023). 2023 Canadian Aid Trends. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https:// cooperation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-Canadian-Aid-Trends-EN-Full-2.pdf

112 Equality Fund. (2023). Follow the Money: A quantitative review of Canada’s international assistance investments in gender equality. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://equalityfund. ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/EF_Follow-the-Money_ Report_EN_2023-09-30.pdf

113 Auditor General of Canada. (2023). Report 4: International Assistance in Support of Gender Equality. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/ parl_oag_202303_04_e_44207.html

114 100 Organizations. One Voice. (2024, 5 February). Canadian Leadership in a Deeply Insecure World: An Open Letter to Canada’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6096c9551c2b30713fa2bee1/t/65bc2f59f90f7c7438171d4b/1706831706811/Secure-the-Future-letterEn+.pdf

115 Dylan Robertson. (2023, 19 September). “Liberal foreign aid looks to bolster feminism, cut red tape for charities: Hussen.” The Canadian Press. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https:// halifax.citynews.ca/2023/09/19/liberal-foreign-aid-looksto-bolster-feminism-cut-red-tape-for-charities-hussen/

116 UN Women. (2023). Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/ publications/2023/09/progress-on-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-gender-snapshot-2023

117 Migration Data Portal. Migration and human mobility: Key global figures. Retrieved from https://www.migrationdataportal.org/resource/key-global-migration-figures

118 UN Women. (2023, 18 December). In focus: International Migrants Day 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024, from https:// www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/in-focus/2023/12/ in-focus-international-migrants-day-2023

119 Rainbow Railroad. (n.d.) Major Announcement – Getting LGBTQI+ people to safety in Canada. Retrieved 1 March 2024, from https://www.rainbowrailroad.org/the-latest/major-announcement-getting-lgbtqi-people-to-safety-in-canada

120 Prime Minister of Canada. (2023, 8 June). Providing LGBTQI+ people with a safe home in Canada. Retrieved 4 March 2024, from https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2023/06/08/providing-lgbtqi-people-safe-home-canada

121 Government of Canada. (2023, 1 November). Notice – Supplementary Information for the 2024-2026 Immigration Levels Plan. Retrieved 4 April 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/ en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/notices/ supplementary-immigration-levels-2024-2026.html

122 Toronto Star. (2023, 25 October). Amid growing dissent, will Canada change its immigration plans? Retrieved 4 April 2024, from https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/amid-growing-dissent-will-canada-change-its-immigration-plans/ article_afd497e6-7f65-501b-bd86-15acf9e880ec.html

123 Migrant Rights Network. (2023, 18 December). Celebrating 5 years of Migrant Rights Network. Retrieved 22 February 2024 from https://migrantrights.ca/imd2023/

124 Migrant Rights Network. (2023, 25 August). Fires & firing: Climate change, reprisals & migrant fightback. Retrieved 22 February 2024, from https://migrantrights.ca/firesfirings/

125 The Globe and Mail. (2023, 14 December). Ottawa plans to create Canadian citizenship path for undocumented immigrants. Retrieved 4 April 2024 from https://www. theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canadas-immigration-minister-plans-broad-program-to-allow-immigrants/

126 The Breach. (2024, 27 March). Canada deporting highest level of migrants in a decade, despite promises to let more stay. Retrieved 4 April 2024, from https://breachmedia.ca/ canada-migrant-deportation/

127 Canadian Council for Refugees. (2024, 6 February). Canadian Council for Refugees letter on the on temporary immigration measures in response to humanitarian crisis in Gaza. Retrieved 4 March 2024, from https://ccrweb.ca/sites/ ccrweb.ca/files/2024-02/CCR%20letter%20to%20Minister%20Miller%20-%20on%20temporary%20immigration%20 measures%20for%20Palestinians%20-%20EN.pdf

128 S. Van Dyk. (2023, 26 February). Feds have responsibility to control Canada’s borders, says former deputy PM on Safe Third Country Agreement. CTV News. Retrieved 12 December 2023, from https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/feds-have-responsibility-to-control-canada-s-borders-says-former-deputy-pm-on-safe-third-country-agreement-1.6289472

129 Center for Gender & Refugee Studies. (2023, 16 June). Canada upholds Safe Third Country Agreement with U.S. Retrieved 23 February 2024, from https://cgrs.uclawsf.edu/news/ canada-upholds-safe-third-country-agreement-us

130 CBC News. (2023, 19 June). Winnipeg rally calls for end of Safe Third Country Agreement following Supreme Court decision. CBC News. Retrieved 23 February 2024, from https://www. cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/refugee-rights-rallycomes-in-wake-of-decision-1.6881633

131 Canadian Council for Refugees. (2023, 20 June). Civil society organizations send an open letter to the Prime Minister on STCA. Retrieved 12 December 2023, from https://www. ccrweb.ca/en/civil-society-org-send-open-letter-primeminister-stca

132 Canadian Council for Refugees. (2023, 25 March). Statement on the expansion of the Safe Third Country Agreement. Retrieved March 4 2024 from https://ccrweb.ca/en/ statement-expansion-safe-third-country-agreement

133 D. Paglinawan. (2024, 1 January). Temporary foreign workers increasing employed in low-paying jobs. Financial Post. Retrieved 23 February 2024, from https://financialpost.com/ news/economy/temporary-foreign-workers-increasingly-employed-low-paying-jobs

134 G. Grillo de Lambarri. (2023, 10 October). Canada’s temporary migrant worker program fails both labourers and employers, Senate committee hears. New Canadian Media. Retrieved 23 February 2024, from https://www.newcanadianmedia.ca/ canadas-temporary-migrant-worker-program-fails-both-labourers-and-employers-senate-committee-hears/

135 Amnesty International. (2023, 8 September). Canada Foreign-Worker Programs a ‘breeding ground’ for contemporary forms of slavery: UN special rapporteur. Retrieved 12 December 2023, from https://amnesty.ca/human-rightsnews/canada-foreign-worker-programs/

136 Canadian Labour Congress. (2023, 18 December). Canada’s unions: Migrant workers in Canada deserve equal rights, protections. Retrieved 22 February 2024, from https:// canadianlabour.ca/canadas-unions-migrant-workers-in-canada-deserve-equal-rights-protections/#:~:text=A%20significant%20issue%20impacting%20migrant,status%20of%20the%20migrant%20worker

137 Canada Council for Refugees. (n.d.) Federal government sides with employers and their exploitative practices. Retrieved 22 February 2024, from https://ccrweb.ca/en/immediate-release-federal-government-sides-employers-and-their-exploitative-practices

138 Government of Canada. (2023, 15 December). Canada builds on pledges and partnerships at the Global Refugee Forum. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from: https://www.canada.ca/en/ immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2023/12/ canada-builds-on-pledges-and-partnerships-at-the-global-refugee-forum.html

139 Migrant Rights Network. (2023, 7 December). Migrants expose and condemn surge in deportations following PM Trudeau’s pledge for regularization. Retrieved 6 March 2024, from https://migrantrights.ca/deportationsurgerelease/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThe%20Prime%20Minister%20pledged%20 dignity,Hussan%2C%20Migrant%20Rights%20Network%20 Secretariat

140 Indigenous Services Canada. (2023). Reducing the number of Indigenous children in care. Retrieved 12 March 2024, from https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1541187352297/154118739 2851

141 A. Amato. (2024, February 12). Sask. First Nations Celebrate Groundbreaking Indigenous Child Welfare Law Ruling. Regina Leader-Post.

142 Government of Canada. (2023). Budget 2023: A Made-In-Canada Plan. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www.budget. canada.ca/2023/pdf/budget-2023-en.pdf

143 K. Slack. (2024, 19 March). ”Consultations begin on Parliament Hill about Red Dress Alert system.“ APTN News. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/ consultations-begin-on-parliament-hill-about-red-dressalert-system/

144 O. Shebahkeget. (2024, 25 March). ”Landfill search dollars from Manitoba, Ottawa a relief, but trial is ‘going to be very hard,’ family says.“ CBC News. Retrieved 27 March 2024, from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/donna-bartlett-manitoba-ottawa-announcement-1.7154977

145 Government of Canada. “Government of Canada actions to address anti-Indigenous racism in health systems.” Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/161186 3352025/1611863375715

146 Department of Finance. (2023). 2023 Fall Economic Statement. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://www.budget. canada.ca/fes-eea/2023/report-rapport/FES-EEA-2023-en. pdf

147 Native Women’s Association of Canada. (2023, June). Federal MMIWG2S Action Plan: Annual Scorecard, Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://nwac.ca/assets-documents/FEDERAL_ANNUAL_SCORECARD_ACTIONPLAN_2022-23_2023-06-01-030405_ kxwx.pdf

148 E. Jewell and I. Mosby. (2023). Calls to Action Accountability: A 2023 Status Update on Reconciliation. Retrieved 13 March 2024, from https://yellowheadinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/YI-TRC-C2A-2023-Special-Report-compressed. pdf

149 Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs. (2024, 12 March). ”ISC & CIRNAC 2024 Budget Cuts: A Dereliction of the Crown’s Duty to First Nations in Manitoba. ”Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https:// manitobachiefs.com/press_releases/isc-cirnac-2024-budgetcuts-a-dereliction-of-the-crowns-duty-to-first-nations-inmanitoba/

150 I. Zinger. (2023). Office of the Correctional Investigator Annual Report 2022-2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024, from https:// oci-bec.gc.ca/en/content/office-correctional-investigator-annual-report-2022-2023

151 Government of Canada. Ending long-term drinking water advisories. Retrieved from: https://sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1506514 143353/1533317130660

152 Bill C-29: An Act to provide for the establishment of a national council for reconciliation. As passed, December 1, 2022, 44th Parliament. 1st Session, 2021-2022. (Online). Ottawa: House of Commons, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/bill/C-29/third-reading

153 Government of Canada. (2023, 10 January). Minister Miller convenes national roundtable on missing and murdered Indigenous women, girls and 2SLGBTQI+ people. Retrieved 22 March 2024, from https://www.canada.ca/en/crown-indigenous-relations-northern-affairs/news/2023/01/minister-miller-convenes-national-roundtable-on-missing-and-murderedindigenous-women-girls-and-2slgbtqi-people.html