Headplace | Public Space Utilisation

HEADSPACE

HEADSPACE

HEADPLACE

PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION

BY OWEN T. BYROM

‘there is no health without mentaL health’ (WHO, 2013:online)

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | C - CONTENTS

C

CONTENTS Q - QUESTION P - PERSONAL STATEMENT A - ABSTRACT

PAGE(S) 7 8-9 10-11

1 - INTRODUCTION 2 - MENTAL HEALTH IN THE UK 3 - WHY ARE WE SCARED? 4 - EXISTING SPACES 5 - THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH 6 - THE LANDSCAPE APPROACH 7 - TRANSLATION OF PSYCHOLOGY 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE 9 - CONCLUSION

12-15 16-21 22-27 28-37 38-41 42-47 48-55 56-87 88-91

AP - APPENDIX B - BIBLIOGRAPHY

92-97 98-107

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | Q - QUESTION

Q

QUESTION Headplace: How can public space be utilised to help alleviate mental health disorders in urban environments?

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

MARKET STREET UNDERCROFT - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | P - PERSONAL STATEMENT

P

PERSONAL STATEMENT Since the age of six I have been terrified

Even now, as a toughen veteran of these

In January 2017, aged 23, I lost my guide.

new guide, a new beat. The new way isn’t

with the prospect of dying. Then again, by

mental health disorders, nothing terrifies

As a result of overworking, my sleep

perfect, and the ground underfoot is not

the age of 19, I couldn’t grasp the prospect

me more than the idea of standing outside

deprived mind stumbled and then stopped.

always stable, but I can see my destination

of living; having to deal with this world.

surrounded by hundreds of people.

Almost as if peering into a shop window

and I just need to get there.

Paradoxically, due to the nuances of mental

or watching a street performer that your

health, I enjoy public speaking. Usually

guide had not anticipated, we had become

an activity that would make even a ‘non-

separated.

The fact that death is inescapable was thrust upon me at a young age, and is the scariest thought I have ever had to comprehend; I now believe it was the starting point for my anxieties. In order to allay my fears, I sought comfort in the form of a camera. Seeing the world and its

sufferer’ nervous, I find that presenting my ideas to clients, peers, and tutors has always pleasurable for me; an adrenaline rush I try to savor.

As I start this slow ascent to my goal, I have to try and engage with the world that surrounds me. I force myself into difficult

Despite inhabiting this large and scary “city”

situations, to socialize, to meet new people

for a number of years, I felt I was now fully

and most difficult of all discover new places.

alone. I knew all the streets, the direction

As Stossel explains, venturing out into the

they went in and how to tackle each

word with anxiety is difficult enough, leaving

beauty through a lens, taking pictures and

All cases of mental health disorders are

step, but I couldn’t see footsteps to follow

all home comfort (Stossel, 2014), with

exploring, helped me to realize I needed to

different and complex, with many inflicted

anymore. This is when I had OCD and

depression simply getting out of bed is the

appreciate my time on this planet and help

individuals behaving and attempting to

DPDR added to my list.

biggest challenge. As I seek salvation from

others as much as I can; as life is short ...

resolve in their issues in very different

far too short.

ways. Selfishly, when first diagnosed with

I am now 25 years of age. I have had a fantastic education, which has lead me to acquiring my dream job. I am a Landscape Architect, I design inclusive public spaces for everyone to enjoy. I love my profession, however, it is laced with irony.

depression and anxiety (aged 19), I used my brother as a guide. As a visitor to a new city uses a friend that has inhabited the particular urban grain for a much longer period; I followed him. The footprints weren’t a perfect match but at least I knew the ground underneath was solid. I wore the

I suffer from severe depression, anxiety,

jacket he used to wear when going through

OCD, depersonalization and derealisation

tough times, if it had protected him; it may

(DPDR); with a sprinkling of agoraphobia for

protect me … right?

good measure.

Crawling through this period in time, peering over the edges of balconies I happened across, I looked down. I could see myself on the ground, I wasn’t in my body, and I wasn’t even in this world. I longed to be back in the realm of an anxiety ridden existence, to step

my own mind, I try to find spaces in cities that would allow me to challenge myself, to be around but on my terms; to be in the center of it all but not the center of attention.

Unfortunately, these public spaces do not exist.

back from the edge, to not have depression

I do not hold any formal qualifications in

or DPDR. For a moment I thought the only

psychology or any other mental health

way to achieve peace was to go over the

related field. However, I am a mental health

edge of the balcony, to ignore the guardrail

sufferer and therefore hold, what I believe,

and to just ‘do it’, thankfully I did not.

to be a greater insight into the subject

Now, I am starting to come to terms with the new space I inhabit. I seem to have found a HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

matter.

OWEN T. BYROM

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HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | A - ABSTRACT

A

ABSTRACT For the first time in 2016, it was

been a widely accepted change of

and approaches, designers of public

established that an estimated 54.5

perspective regarding mental health.

space could use, to help alleviate the

percent of the world’s population lived

It has become a regular subject of

difficulties those suffering with mental

in urban environments (UN, 2016).

discussion in many different forums, with

health disorders experience in our urban

The trend of urbanisation is only set to

the subject and those who suffer from

environments. It is hoped that these

increase with a projected raise to 60

the associated conditions becoming less

proposals or ‘Headplaces’ could go on

percent by 2030. It is widely agreed

stigmatised. New avenues of research

to influence the design of areas within

that our cities need to address new and

and methodologies that formulate the

our cities, as a series of elements or

growing challenges (Adli, 2011); these

treatment patients receive have begun

approaches that utilise public space

challenges will range from economic to

to open and garner support from many

and help to mental health sufferers

environmental, including and potentially

sources. Due to the wide range and

engage with our urban environments.

most concerning many social matters. Of

nature of disorders, many conventionally

The approaches considered could be a

these social matters the most pressing of

‘unconnected’ professions are starting

building block to creating better, smarter

our age is how we manage the needs of

to consider the impact of their work and

cities; especially when recognising the

people, including the 450 million suffering how it could benefit people suffering from from mental health disorders worldwide.

(WHO, 2003)

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mental health disorders.

The aim of this report is to show

The spectrum of mental health disorders

how public space, within our urban

is extremely large, with the American

environments, can be utilised in order

psychiatric association (APA) classifying

to help alleviate difficulties associated

over 450 definitions of mental illnesses

with mental health disorders. The

(APA,2013). It is estimated that 1

disorders that will be focused upon are

in 4 people in the United Kingdom

those categorised as anxiety based

report suffering from a mental health

illnesses. Conceptual proposals have

disorder every year. (McManus et

been generated and shown throughout

al, 2009). In recent years there has

this text to illustrate potential elements

critical need for mental health services as highlighted in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development (UN, 2015).

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GIRL ON BENCH - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

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introduction NEW CHAPTER

DRAFT ANOTHER IMAGE

HULME BRIDGE 1 - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 1 - INTRODUCTION

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introduction ‘Mental illness ‘doesn’t discriminate’’ (Cooper,

Unfortunately, with cuts to the existing services and a

anxiety based disorder. Anxiety based disorders have

2018:online), it does not hold prejudice against race,

lack of knowledge within the general public, help for

been selected specifically due to the high numbers of

religion or situation.

the average person suffering from mental health issues

sufferers, and the extensive knowledge we share on

can sometimes seem lethargic and minimal. From my

the treatment of these illnesses, as opposed to other

own experience, 6 month waiting lists in order so see a

disorders on the mental health spectrum.

Mental illnesses are a complex form of health disorder, which can range from generalised anxiety to more serious conditions such as psychosis and OCD. A report by the World Health Organization (WHO) calculated that mental health disorders account for nearly 12% of the global burden of disease, with this figure likely to increase to 15% by 2020(WHO,2003).

The report also states that the ‘burden of mental disorders is maximal in young adults’, (WHO, 2003:2); which is considered to be the most productive age of the population. WHO’s research is also reinforced with the 2018 Prince’s trust youth index, stating ‘the overall wellbeing of young people in the UK has continued to fall over the last twelve months and is at its lowest level since the study was first commissioned’ (The Prince’s Trust Macquarie, 2018). Despite being most prevalent in young adults, mental health disorders do not just

relevant healthcare professional are commonplace.

The core aim of this investigation is to show how public

Therefore, I and many others believe we should pursue

space can be utilised in order to alleviate mental health

the creation of an ‘accessible and cost-effective pro-

difficulties within our urban environment. Outcomes of

mental health infrastructure’ (Barton and Rogerson,

this research will include observing how the manipulation

2017:online) to educate and help mitigate mental

of the stimulus, re-structuring of space and translation

health difficulties. A potential component of this health

of psychological approaches into landscape could

infrastructure currently being explored is the engagement affect our experience and shape our public spaces of individuals with their surrounding environments.

into ‘Headplaces’. By exploring these elements it

Problems associated with the mental illness can often

is hoped that we can: form a recognisable concept

be amplified in certain environments, especially urban

landscape proposal that could benefit future landscape

situations. (McKenzie, Murray and Booth, 2013).

developments, establish how the city can help stop

Therefore with the ever-increasing trends of urbanization

mental health disorders evolving, and show how we can

and mental health diagnosis, we must investigate how

start to build cities that are truly for all.

the utilisation of public space could help alleviate mental health difficulties associated with the urban environment.

In order to gain further information on the matter of mental health, a survey has been conducted as part of

affect the diagnosed individual, they can often affect full

This research will explore the nature of mental health,

this research, using a cross-disciplinary approach that

families and can frequently lead individuals and their

current approaches and how areas of our urban

hopes to provide a full picture of mental health in our

kin into other problems such as poverty, homelessness,

environments could assist in helping those suffering

urban environment. The full survey and results can be

and inappropriate incarceration; exacerbating their

from these debilitating disorders. The investigation

found in the appendix, appendices A and appendices B.

marginalization and vulnerability (WHO, 2013).

of the aforementioned elements will be undertaken from the perspective of an individual suffering from an

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N2

MENTAL NEW HEALTH IN CHAPTER THE UK

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 2 - MENTAL HEALTH IN THE UK

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MENTAL HEALTH IN THE UK ‘Mental health care in Britain since the closure of the asylums has moved in two different and contradictory directions.

One, motivated by media and public fears, is to treat mentally ill people as potential axe murderers to be closely incarcerated. The other approach, equally exaggerated, is to understate the gravity of a chronic mental illness and pretend sufferers can live “in the

many suffers hold (Ahmedani, 2011).

Approximately 1 in 4 people in the UK

When a sufferer surpasses their fear of

will experience a mental health problem

being stigmatised and decides to reach

each year (McManus et al, 2009). It is

out for help, the first port of call for many

estimated that by 2030, there will be

in the UK is the National Health Service

approximately two million more adults

(NHS); a service that is continuously

in the UK with mental health problems

reported to be in crisis (Marsh and

than there were in 2013 (Mental Health

Campbell, 2018). With budgets being

Foundation, 2013).

cut and many services either being

community” as if they were not ill.’

A recent report estimated that mental

(Cockburn, 2012:online)

health disorders cost the British economy around 99 billion pounds a

Since the de-institutionalisation of

year (Stevenson and Farmer, 2017);

mental health patients, Britain has been struggling. Initially treated like criminals, many who suffered from disorders were finally released from the inadequate conditions and illtreatment of the institutions in the late twentieth century (Turner et al., 2015).

The deinstitutionalisation of sufferers gave way to a community first approach in many cases (Parr, 2008). However, despite the uptake of this approach, many believe it was a ‘cost-cutting’ measure and lead to many individuals

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missing the treatment they required.

with such a large economic and social impact it is difficult to believe that more is not being undertaken to resolve this issue. This economic impact can be put down to a number of things including the loss of individual’s jobs; as many as 300,000 jobs every year due to mental health (Stevenson and Farmer, 2017).

Many individuals either lose, or resign

outsourced or discontinued, patients are either going without treatment or having to suffer on large waiting lists which can withhold treatment for months at a time. This current practice of waiting or going without will only continue as the NHS approaches a funding gap of an estimated £30bn by 2020 (NHS England, 2016). It is therefore imperative that we start to seek alternative approaches to help those affected, before the shortfalls in funding further impacts mental health services.

from their jobs for a range of reasons including: the severity of one’s condition, a lack of knowledge of how to treat oneself and the fear of being stigmatised

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

HULME BRIDGE 2 - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 2 - MENTAL HEALTH IN THE UK

‘Mental illness may be pervasive but

mental health to be a common subject of

largest killer of men under the age of

it remains a largely hidden plague.

discussion; in turn reducing the stigma.

45 (CALM, 2018). This intervention has

Despite significant progress over the

Despite the increasing media attention

proved to be extremely successful due

past decade, knowledge of psychiatric

online regarding mental health, many

to its strong physical presence in one of

disorders lags far behind that of physical

are not accessing this information either

the UK’s busiest urban environments;

illnesses’ (Cockburn, 2012:online)

through a lack of online presence or

London Southbank. This project has

interest in visiting such pages.

helped to generate conservation on the

Unfortunately, there is limited research

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regarding mental health conditions

However, charities are taking new

and alternative therapies due to the

approaches to inform the public of mental

stigma that still surrounds this subject.

health conditions. CALM introduced a

In recent years, charities such as Mind,

campaign titled ‘Project 84’ in which they

Calm and SANE have explored more

publically displayed 84 anonymous male

holistic approaches to the treatment of

figures to represent the number of male

these conditions, whilst encouraging

suicides in the UK per week; the UK’s

topic of mental health across the country and has also highlighted the lack of information and infrastructure for these suffering with mental problems in our urban environment.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

PROJECT 84 - (CALM, 2018) - MODIFIED BY AUTHOR

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why are we scared?

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 3 - WHY ARE WE SCARED?

3

why are we scared?

‘Before we break through the last bushes

forefathers. Therefore with the ability to

‘As recently as thirty-five years ago, anxiety

and out of cover on to the free expanse of

fulfil our basic physiological needs within

did not exist as a diagnostic category’

the meadow, we do what all wild animals

the home, our primal anxieties connected

(Stossel, 2018:online). In rudimentary terms,

and all good naturalists, wild boars,

to venturing outside should no longer exist.

anxiety based mental health disorders can

leopards, hunters and zoologists would do

However for many a life indoors is not

be summarised as a negative reaction to the

under similar circumstances: we reconnoiter,

viable due to work commitments and social

influx of stimuli, leading to increased levels

seeking, before we leave our cover, to gain

pressures, which have only been enhanced

of cortisol, sometimes incorrectly triggering

from it the advantage which it can offer alike

by the invention of social technologies.

the flight or fight response of an individual

to hunter and hunted.’ (Lorenz, 1961:181)

Due to social media many individuals feel

(Michopoulos,2018). Stimuli for anxiety

encouraged to give a greater outwards

sufferers can range significantly from social

perception or falsified display of stature,

situations to specific phobias. This report

wealth, physical health and wellbeing in

will look at the immediate ‘threat’ or stimuli

order to fulfil a perceived cultural norm

our urban environments hold and how we

often leading to the creation of further social

may resolve this. ‘Difficulties’ or responses

anxieties.

to stimuli can include shaking, dizziness,

First, we must clarify that not all people suffering from mental health problems have issues with being outside. In fact, being outside offers a resolve to some modern stresses with studies also showing that exposure to sunlight, a precursor to vitamin

D, has been proven to be beneficial for some Anxiety based disorders have been selected mental health conditions (An et al., 2016).

as the primary subject of choice for this

Unfortunately for many this is not the case;

investigation for a number of reasons. These

in some circumstances a trip outside the

disorders are the most common form of

individual’s home has the potential to induce

mental health illness (Parliament. House of

complications such as anxiety attacks.

Commons, 2018) and unlike other illnesses,

In this time we do not technically need to ever leave our chosen shelter to catch, grow or harvest our own subsistence; as

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there is a clear understanding of the cause of ‘anxiety’ and the numerous ways in which it can be resolved (Ogbonmwan, 2016).

chest pain, heart palpitations and feelings of unreality (Wade and Tavris, 2000); these symptoms can often fuel the overwhelming urge to seek refuge from the situation. Many of those who are diagnosed with these disorders can often be unaware of their origins or how to control their symptoms (Wade and Tavris, 2000). If left untreated further problems can arise, along with the worsening of symptoms and employment

we now live in an age when all items can

of more safety behaviours which can

be delivered to the individual, unlike our

dramatically impact quality of life.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

EXISTING MARKET STREET VIEW 1 - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

DIZZING BUILDINGS- AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 3 - WHY ARE WE SCARED?

The seeking of refuge would be an

This issue can often be defined as

the urban environment. We can therefore

example of safety behaviour, a type

agoraphobia, a type of phobic anxiety

say the introduction of an intervention

of behaviour many believe to be

disorder (WHO, 2003)

which may alleviate these difficulties will

detrimental to the resolution of mental health disorders. However it has been shown that this may be a completely

‘Agoraphobia is a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult

provide benefits to a wider population beyond those who suffer from anxiety.

or that help wouldn’t be available if

Despite the feelings that many anxiety

things go wrong. Many people assume

sufferers experience, their difficulties can

agoraphobia is simply a fear of open

be managed in a several ways with many

spaces, but it’s actually a more complex

sufferers often making a full recovery

‘The shrews interrupted their careful

condition. Someone with agoraphobia

(Mind, 2017). I and many others believe

exploration of their new surroundings

may be scared of: travelling on, public

that one way to start recovery could be

every few minutes to dash wildly back

transport, visiting a shopping centre,

by advising sufferers to engage more

into the safe cover of their-box. The

leaving home’ (NHS, 2016:online)

with the outside world. By improving our

natural reaction, one which is extremely prevalent in the animal kingdom, for example:

survival value of this peculiar behaviour is evident: the animal makes sure, from time to time, that it has not lost its way and that it can, at a moment’s notice, retreat to the one place it knows to be safe’ (Lorenz, 1961:100-101)

This statement is supported by the results of this research, as 58 out 76 individuals currently suffering from mental health disorders said they do experience problems at some point when entering the urban environment.

Many anxiety and other mental health

Surprisingly, of the remaining participants

sufferers can have numerous problems

questioned, both previous and non-

with breaking their safe cover and

sufferers, just under half said they also

entering the urban environment.

experienced difficulties when entering

urban environment for people suffering from mental health disorders and employing more ‘natural’ outdoor based interventions to help alleviate symptoms, we could see a substantial increase in quality of life as well as the number of cases being resolved.

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4

EXISTING SPACES

PICCADILLY APPROACH 1 - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 4 - EXISTING SPACES

4

existing spaces With the trends of urbanization and

in ‘Psychogeography’. Pyschogeography

approaches by considering potentially

mental health disorder diagnosis

can be defined as ‘investigation which

uncontrollable elements and the different

increasing, it is inevitable that more

is concerned with the effects on the

traits of individuals when creating spaces

people suffering from a disorder will have

psyche of the geographical environment’

that may help mental health sufferers.

to experience our urban environments.

(Simpson and Weiner, 1989:759).

Currently the needs of many people

It is hoped by undertaking similar

suffering from mental health disorders

investigations, as those undertaken by

are not met in the majority of our city

psychogeographers, it could lead us to

areas. Advocates understand that spaces create a platform for future interventions need to work on multiple levels in order

connected to mental health. Many have

to become sustainable. Spaces have to

already began to venture into the field

work as a multi-tool, as a public spaces

of psychogeography, none more so than

of movement, and trading on a financial

Gehl and Ellard. The texts of Gehl and

level; but also interesting and different

Ellard have proven to help designers to

enough to draw people into the space

create lasting interventions considering

on a social level. Achieving both of these

activity, behaviour and comfort within

functions is a difficult task. However,

areas of our built environment. However,

many may argue that we have to

one shortfall of the abovementioned

reconsider what we are trying to achieve

texts is that they do not consider details

within our urban environments and that

such as the urban environment are prone

spaces should have a tertiary level of

to the introduction of uncontrollable

either helping the surrounding ecosystem

stimulus and not every individual within

or individual’s that inhabit it.

these spaces will process information

Therefore expanding the work of Gehl (2011), necessary activities are top of the agenda within a mental health sufferers daily tasks. The work-home disconnect is truly present when observing a sufferer within a space, sufferers can often be seen quickly moving through a space in search of familiar shelter. Therefore we must seek to retain their interest and keep them in the space for as long as possible in order to undertake optional and social activities. This could be done by creating spaces that should offer a range of services from Gehl’s suggestions but also a set of mental health orientated elements such as refuge, reward and exposure, as set out in the translation chapter of this text.

and react in the same manner, which is

By interrogating the problems our existing urban spaces hold in regards to mental health, we have begun to engage

apparent when considering mental health sufferers. Therefore, we must expand on these established psychogeographical

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DOMINATING BUILDINGS - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 4 - EXISTING SPACES

Whilst considering the behaviour of an

discomfort is due to lack of wind mitigation

the previously mentioned tall buildings in

individual we must also ask what stimulus

or simply because of scale, they believe

our urban environment, we should seek to

has made them react in the manner they

that should all not feel subservient to the

integrate more open green space into our

have. There are many potential elements

structures that form our cities. According to

urban grain. Open green spaces such as

in the urban environment that can act as

the Urban design compendium the optimum

Gardens and Public Parks are scarce in our

negative stimuli including transport hubs,

ratio for streets was h1:3w (Walton et al.,

urban environment however a recent report

back streets, tall buildings and spaces with a

2000). Through simple observations we

showed that they are currently one piece

lack of green space.

can determine that our streets are usually

providing great mental health and well-being

always over this ratio, making the buildings

benefits within our society

Transport hubs were most difficult areas for those who suffer difficulties in the urban environment, according to the survey.

have an overbearing nature and making the individual feel small and unimportant. In order to lower this stimuli we should seek to

Potential reasons for the ranking could include the volume of visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli present, as well as the types of activities usually undertaken around conventional transport hubs. Other aspects of the city that individuals felt uncomfortable

apply a humanistic scale to design, whether that is through the manipulation of massing at a design stage or attempting to counteract

2018:online) green spaces it also provides an aesthetic

elements could also respond to another

uncontrollable stimuli in the area at peak

negative stimuli in of urban environment,

times, along with other considerations such

a lack of green space. Often our urban

as perceived safety.

environments are a mix of hard surfaces,

to feel uneasy around tall buildings, whether

entire UK adult population.’ (Fields in Trust,

of green elements such as trees.

(3rd). These too, maybe due the amount of

have on their experience. It is not uncommon

spaces is worth £34.2 billion per year to the

Beyond the health and wellbeing aspects of

The implementation of trees and other green

the impact the ever-rising skyline of our cities

the frequent use of local parks and green

existing element through the implementation

included both major (2nd) and back streets

Besides areas, others have commented on

‘The Wellbeing Value associated with

either as walls or paving these elements are sometimes unsightly and do not fulfil our biophillic needs. To help alleviate mental health disorders, and assist with

value, an enjoyment of landscape spaces that is generally reserved generally for our sub-urban environments (Colvin, 1970).

As well as creating enjoyment and a good impression for the city, the aesthetic value of landscape has also proven to be financially beneficial with ‘greener cities’; often attracting large amounts of investment (Balch, 2015).

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HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 4 - EXISTING SPACES

Currently the only spaces designed

used as a case study. Questions were

Bringing people together is one of

especially for mental health sufferers

formulated in order to gain information on

the greatest things about Landscape

are usually connected to existing

which areas of the city are most difficult

Architecture. A space that does this

mental facilities such as Rosebarry

and the easiest for to occupy.

successfully is Cutting Room Square;

(pictured). These spaces can often be referred to as ‘Therapeutic gardens’, are usually located outside of our urban environments, and prioritise comfort, and tranquillity. Although tranquillity may be suitable for those currently suffering from a ‘crisis point’ in their mental health, many feel it is not the correct approach for an individual’s recovery as the spaces do not reflect or engage with ‘the real

The results from the survey have shown that the spaces forming the Piccadilly and market street areas are the most uncomfortable and challenging for an individual’s mental health. As you can see from the diagrams, on the next page, the areas forms a linear corridor space connecting many key areas of the city.

Also as part of the survey, individuals

world’. Many would argue that the current were asked where they felt most

this space offers multiple sub-spaces and seating options for a range of people to enjoy. As previously mentioned, with urbanization and mental health disorder diagnosis increasing, we need to improve our cities.

“Designing spaces to promote good mental health – and to support people with mental health problems – is an integral part of building a sustainable

spaces promote a safety behaviour ethos

comfortable within the city. As you can

and do not attempt to seek intrusion and

see from the diagrams on the following

other stimuli that occur within our urban

pages, standalone spaces, such as

environment. In order to start recovery

Stevenson and Cutting room squares

We need to learn how to engage mental

and help alleviate mental disorders

proved to be the most comfortable

health sufferers more in our urban

permanently, individuals should engage

spaces. The results of the case study

environments, and teach them how to

with the outside world, learn to change

will be used, later in the text, to show

cope with difficult situations by potentially

their behaviours in spaces and seek a

how a potential mental health orientated

making themselves uncomfortable in

level of discomfort.

landscape could change our urban

a regulated way; through spaces with

environment.

varying levels of exposure and reward

As part of the survey to help inform this investigation, the city of Manchester was

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with its rewards of artwork and planting,

city,” (McCay, as cited by Reynolds, 2016:online)

such as Cutting Room Square.

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ROSEBARRY PARK - (LANDSCAPE INSTITUTE, 2016) - MODIFIED BY AUTHOR

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0

ACTUAL VOTE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS

uncomfortable spaces 1. Ancoats - Cutting Room Square (5) 2. Castlefield - Bridgewater Canal (4) 3. Castlefield - Castlefield Bowl (0) 4. Castlefield - Urban Heritage Park (0) 5. Central Business District (5) 6. Chinatown (10) 7. Civic Quarter - Lincoln Square area (2) 8. Civic Quarter - St. Albert’s Square (2) 9. Civic Quarter - St. Peter’s Square (3) 10. First Street (1) 11. Greengate (3) 12. Lower Irk Valley - Angel Meadows (1) 13. Medieval Quarter - Cathedral Gardens (4) 14. Medieval Quarter - Exchange Square (7) 15. Medieval Quarter - Victoria Station Area (7) 16. New Islington (1) 17. NOMA - Sadlers Yard (2) 18. North Campus - UOM Campus - UMIST (2) 19. Northern Quarter - Stevenson Square (5) 20. Petersfield - Great Northern

(4)

21. Piccadilly - Piccadilly Station Area (44) 22. Retail Core - Market Street (38) 23. Retail Core - Parsonage Gardens (6) 24. Retail Core - Piccadilly Gardens (41) 25. Retail Core - St. Anne’s Square (5) 26. Salford Central - New Bailey Street (6) 27. Spinningfields - Hardman Square Area (4) 28. St Johns - St Johns Garden (0) 29. The Corridor - MMU Campus (2) 30. The Village - Sackville Gardens (1) UNCOMFORTABLE SPACES MAPPING - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

41-50

31-40

21-30

11-20

1-10

0

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 4 - EXISTING SPACES

ACTUAL VOTE NUMBERS IN BRACKETS

comfortable spaces 1. Ancoats - Cutting Room Square (17) 2. Castlefield - Bridgewater Canal (16) 3. Castlefield - Castlefield Bowl (8) 4. Castlefield - Urban Heritage Park (7) 5. Central Business District (2) 6. Chinatown (6) 7. Civic Quarter - Lincoln Square area (0) 8. Civic Quarter - St. Albert’s Square (13) 9. Civic Quarter - St. Peter’s Square (15) 10. First Street (8) 11. Greengate (6) 12. Lower Irk Valley - Angel Meadows (0) 13. Medieval Quarter - Cathedral Gardens (11) 14. Medieval Quarter - Exchange Square (7) 15. Medieval Quarter - Victoria Station Area (4) 16. New Islington (13) 17. NOMA - Sadlers Yard (3) 18. North Campus - UOM Campus - UMIST (3) 19. Northern Quarter - Stevenson Square (21) 20. Petersfield - Great Northern

(4)

21. Piccadilly - Piccadilly Station Area (3) 22. Retail Core - Market Street (4) 23. Retail Core - Parsonage Gardens (2) 24. Retail Core - Piccadilly Gardens (8) 25. Retail Core - St. Anne’s Square (14) 26. Salford Central - New Bailey Street (2) 27. Spinningfields - Hardman Square Area (9) 28. St Johns - St Johns Garden (4) 29. The Corridor - MMU Campus (5) 30. The Village - Sackville Gardens (7) COMFORTABLE SPACES MAPPING - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

37

5

the conventional appraoch

MENTAL HEALTH BANNER, OWENS PARK- AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 5 - THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH

5

THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH The survey, undertaken for this

such subsequent professionals as a

these individuals included cognitive,

investigation, revealed that 84% of those

counsellor, a biomedical approach is the

behavioural and biological process. The

suffering or who have previously suffered

only immediate avenue an individual is

majority of sufferers tended to receive

with a mental health disorder have

often able to take.

cognitive and behavioural therapies

sought help. Surprisingly, just under 10% of those who said they had not suffered from a mental health problem had sought guidance regarding their mental health. I and many others believe it is comforting to know that such a high percentage are seeking help and are willing to reveal

‘Many people I see don’t want medication, they just want to talk. Of course referring someone to talking therapy is a good option, but if they can’t get an appointment for several weeks it’s not so good.’ (Ahmed, 2018:online)

such as individual counselling and psychotherapy, assisted by biomedical approaches such as medication.

Previous sufferers surveyed revealed that they had also received individual counselling and medication. The aforementioned unexpected group, of

this intimate information to others, this

Therefore with individuals rejecting

some non-sufferers, received help in the

behaviour will only lower the stigma and

medication, the other aforementioned

form of counselling and psychotherapy.

influence more to seek help.

conventional approach to recovery would

As shown by the survey results, the

be to wait and seek treatments such as

conventional approach taken in the

When an individual does seek help, there are a number of treatments they may be offered including: Biomedical (medication), Counselling (Individual, Relationship, Family and Group Therapy) and/or Psychotherapy (CBT, Humanistic and Psychoanalysis). Commonly the process of seeking help for a mental

counselling or therapy, approaches which resolution of anxiety based disorders, are held within the field of psychology.

is a mix of cognitive and behavioural

As with many professions there are a

techniques sometimes supported by

number of significant approaches to

biological/biomedical approaches.

psychology, these include biological, psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive and social.

health disorder will start with an

From the survey participants currently

individual’s general practitioner and then

suffering with a mental health condition,

subsequently a counsellor or physiatrist.

the most common conventional

However with long waiting lists to see

psychological approaches used to help

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

41

However, not all individuals are responsive Closest to a landscape based therapy

such as counselling (57%) and medication

or want to undertake psychological and/

is a ‘promising approach’ referred to as

(29%) with alternative therapies including;

or biomedical approaches. With this fact

wilderness therapy (Fernee et al., 2016).

Meditation (27%), Hypnotherapy (7%),

in mind there has been a new wave of approaches employed to help alleviate mental health problems, these new methodologies are currently known as complementary and alternative therapies.

Alternative approaches usually take a holistic approach to physical and mental

‘Wilderness therapy has its roots in adventure-based therapy. Natural environment settings are used as a fundamental part of therapeutic intervention.’ (The Wilderness Foundation, 2018:online)

and art therapy (6%). The differences in these numbers may potentially be due to differences in time each has been used in the UK or as cognitive and behavioural therapies have previously been shown to have the ‘best outcomes across most chronic conditions’ (Ahmed, 2018:online).

health, and can include, hypnotherapy,

Using a natural environment setting,

The aspects of these approaches this

meditation, art and music therapy

wilderness therapy engages individuals

report will explore further are mainly

(Mind, 2018). Despite many alternative

with their surroundings, whilst usually

cognitive and behavioural therapeutic

therapies originating from ‘ancient Eastern

undertaking a series of activities such

strategies due to their cross-profession

philosophies of health’ they are still

as camping and walking. Wilderness

coherence. Aspects include the ideologies

relatively new approaches for healthcare

therapy is regularly used for the treatment

of input (psychotherapy - psychodynamic),

professionals and the general public in the

of adolescents, however as we begin to

desensitisation (psychotherapy - cognitive

UK. (Mind, 2018:online) However, despite

learn more about the beneficial nature of

and behavioural), reward (psychotherapy

their infancy many studies are starting

the therapy, the alternative treatment is

- cognitive and behavioural) and

to show the benefits of these alternative

starting to be prescribed to a whole range

collaboration (counselling – group therapy

approaches:

of individuals. (Russel, 2006)

- cognitive and behavioural). However,

Art therapy was associated with significant

To compare the uptake of the most

positive changes relative to the control

popular conventional and alternative

group in mental health symptoms in 7 of

approaches, those who had sought help

the 11 studies. (Uttley et al., 2015:online)

for their mental health, according to the survey, received conventional approaches

due to the relatively recent introduction and positive outcomes some presenting, it may also be valuable to include aspects of or spaces for alternative therapies within the creation of the potential landscape.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 5 - THE CONVENTIONAL APPROACH CONVENTIONAL THERAPIES

ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES

1 - MEDICATION (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - COUNSELLING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

3- MEDITATION OR YOGA (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - PYSCHOTHERAPY (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

5 - GROUP OR RELATIONSHIP THERAPY (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

6 - PHYSICAL EXERCISE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

7 - MUSIC THERAPY (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

8 - ART THERAPY (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

9 - WILDERNESS THERAPY (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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43

6

the landscape Approach

CUTTING ROOM SQUARE ELEMENTS - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 6 - THE LANDSCAPE APPROACH

6

THE LANDSCAPE APPROACH As with the psychological approaches to

be employed in order to help the non-

Extroverts’ (TSE). Contradictory to

understanding and changing behaviours,

descript individual engage with the urban

‘Places of the heart’ (Ellard, 2018) TSE’s

there are numerous sub-approaches

environment.

do not seek the periphery of spaces in

from a landscape perspective, which focus on the same topic. Currently within the profession of Landscape Architecture there is no existing prominent and comprehensive texts solely dedicated to the subject of designing urban spaces for mental health. However there are a number of texts which can be used to create a base for intervention and a palette of elements that are known to be good for an individual’s overall wellbeing.

There are many observations still applicable from Appleton’s text, however, due to the nature of our more technologically advanced world; Appleton’s premise may now fall short. In order to modernise his text there should potentially be another aspect of behaviour added to his ‘Prospect and Refuge Theory’; his most revered approach. This aspect could be generalised as Expose. The term ‘Expose’ has been selected due to the

A recognised text that acts as a starting

nature of the individuals in which it refers

point for many is ‘The experience of

to. As previously mentioned, the increase

landscape’ (Appleton, 1996). Appleton’s,

in social media has changed many

‘The experience of landscape’, gives

individual’s behaviour and enabled a

us a basis as to work from when

heightened level of anxiety within society.

understanding people’s behaviour in a

Platforms such as ‘Instagram’ allow

space from a number of biological, and

individuals to display their wealth, health

aesthetic perspectives. ‘The experience

and wellbeing to an absent audience;

of landscape’ also gives general

seeking rewards from any location in the

observation and approaches, such

form of likes. These individuals could

as prospect refuge theory, which can

be regarded as ‘Technology Supported

order to see, but not to be seen. The TSE seeks the busiest, most photogenic and/ or exposed areas to be portrayed as the centre of attention or socially desirable person in order to gain ‘followers’ and show ‘their lifestyle’. As the ‘TSE’ become the norm, we are starting to see a change in our spaces. The inclusion of ‘Instagram moments’ within our built environment developments are becoming commonplace (Mackie, 2018), often increasing stimuli and making spaces more difficult for those suffering with a mental health disorder to occupy.

Therefore due to this new form of behaviour we should consider the design of our spaces carefully; to make sure ‘Instagram moments’ are controlled and do not affect the experience, perception, and function of a space.

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47

LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS Besides approaches, there are a number of existing landscape design elements which may be applicable. The following are all existing landscape devices that could be employed to form part of a ‘headplace’ or mental health focused urban environment.

As shown in diagrams 1 and 2 we should aim to include as much planting and amenity green space in our urban environment. As we evolved we were surrounded by nature. As a race we need contact with the natural environment in order to keep our psychological well-being in a condition we consider healthy. As explained by Searles (1960) It is my conviction that there is within the human individual a sense of relatedness to his total environment, that this relatedness is one of transcendentally important facts of human living, and that if he tries to ignore its importance to himself he does so at peril to his psychological well-being. (Searles, 1960:p31) When our biophilic needs are met we see positive changes in behaviour, physical and mental health (Gray and Birrell, 2014). Therefore we must seek to make more green space accessible to all. This emphasis on accessibility may mean the creation of further green space or “greening” of streets. The approach of bringing green space to individuals is emphasised by Sturm and Cohen’s 2014 report. The report illustrates the importance of proximity to green space and the ability of one being able to leave our selected habitat and fulfilling our biophilic needs as individuals whom lived closer in proximity to green space suffered from less mental health issues. Other studies have even shown that just seeing imagery of ‘greenery’ can help to lower stress. (Beukeboom et al., 2012)

And “greening” could be considered a potentially low cost, high return investment among urban and regional planners to positively influence population mental health. (Beyer et al., 2014:online).

Now that many are beginning to understand that green space has significant benefits, and is a low cost alternate for mental health treatment, Researchers have now started to investigate further in order to give quantitative data for green space implementation. A recent study found that the configuration of a space, in terms of the percentage of green to grey, is important:

comprehend the potential benefits of blue space, we should be embracing designing with water by including interventions (similar to diagram 3) as a fundamental element within our landscapes.

Another intervention shown to be beneficial is the lowering vehicle dominance, as shown in diagram 4. Not only does this intervention increase permeability of pedestrian movement but also helps to decrease olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli. Increasing permeability allows sufferers to undertake necessary activities and leave a situation easily, if required. Even though the idea of supporting the safety behaviour of leaving may seem detrimental to progress, many argue that by offering

‘It seems that there is a threshold of 28% at which green space provides

an easy means of escape sufferers maybe more inclined to stay in the

mental health benefits, and most health gains occur when the proportion

location for longer. (Barlow and Durand, 2002)

of green space exceeds 79%. These findings have important implications for planners.’ (Helbich et al., 2018).

Diagram 5 shows the ‘de-cluttering of a streetscape. Decluttering streets by removing unnecessary street furniture, alongside introducing

Arguably the Greater London Authority are the first to implement change,

distinctive landmarks, accessible toilets, pedestrian crossings, seating

with the protection and creation of outdoor space being included in ‘The

areas and well-maintained pavements, can improve the experience

London Plan’ (Mayor of London, 2017). The provisions made in the plan

for many high street users, particularly those who are vulnerable to

are unfortunately not relevant to all developments, and with the size of

exclusion. (Public Health England and Institute of Health Equity, 2018).

outdoor space dependant on unit numbers and resident classification

Like the lowering of vehicular dominance, decluttering increases

spaces can sometimes fall far below the aforementioned 28% threshold.

pedestrian permeability and legibility whilst decreasing potentially harmful

However, the inclusion of any outdoor space may help a future generation

stimuli. A simple way to de-clutter our street is with the use of ‘interest

to engage with external environment and to balance health inequalities

strips’ which often contain all street furniture and often run on a parallel

experienced by some in less fortunate areas of the UK (Mattheys et al.,

offset to building facades.

2016). Green spaces within urban developments could also be used in order to perform alternative therapies such as meditation, selected

However, many feel, no real social change will occur until the benefits

exercises and even conventional therapies. With this information we can

and profession of Landscape Architecture can be shown to developers

say the status quo of green space employment within developments is

and local authorities in terms they can understand. Unfortunately in

changing in a positive manner; with many developments seeking to take

many developments, areas and elements that could make a substantial

advantage of these opportunities if available.

change to a person’s experience of place are continuously at the mercy

(de Vries et al., 2016). As more research is undertaken to fully

Placemaking, as shown in diagram 6, is a key part of landscape architecture. Places that have a strong identity can help generate character, diversity and way-marking tools in our urban environments.

Cullen (as cited by Gehl, 2011) states in his text, townscape (Cullen, 1970), that if people can relate with the identity of a space they are more likely to feel comfortable and stay within the area for a prolonged amount

On the other hand, the inclusion of blue space, outside of ‘SUDS’, is

of time. The ability of space to provide comfort and retain users could be

rarely considered in our urban developments. However, for many years

highly beneficial when considering those suffering from anxiety based

people have the sought the sea as they believed it had both healing and

disorders, especially when one is attempting to re-engage. However, in

relaxing qualities (Hassan, 2003). Despite a lack of evidence at the time,

regards to mental health sufferers, if semiology is used to create identity;

Parks and green spaces are estimated to save the NHS around £111

studies have now shown that blue space can help with both physical and

it should be used in a considered way that devolves stigma and alleviates

m based solely on a reduction in GP visits and excluding any additional

mental health issues (Gascon et al., 2016), whilst other research has

difficulties without being so stark that it may generate future triggers.

savings from prescribing or referrals (Fields in Trust, 2018:online)

drawn conclusions that including water within a design could potentially

of the Quantity Surveyor’s pen. However we may see a change in this behaviour as information regarding the ‘monetary value’ of landscape becomes more accessible, information such as:

be more beneficial to an individual’s mental health than green space

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 6 - THE LANDSCAPE APPROACH

1 - AMENITY GREEN SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - PLANTING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

3 - BLUE SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - LOWERING VEHICULAR DOMINANCE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

5 - DECLUTTERING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

6 - PLACEMAKING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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7

translating psychology

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 7 - TRANSLATING PSYCHOLOGY

7

TRANSLATING PSYCHOLOGY The direct manipulation of stimulus

through the translation of psychology

Not all techniques shown may be

is central to both psychotherapy and

are partially conventional in landscape

applicable to all cities due to different

landscape architecture. Where a

architecture, but in places, are either

social and psychological determinants

psychologist may attempt to control

reconfigured or an evolution of existing

it holds, nevertheless the proposed

ones fear by introducing the stimulus

approaches.

interventions may act as a basis for

via talking therapies or inducing the fear in a psychical manner, a landscape architect can control stimuli and affect

public urban space (with associated

further thinking when considering other sites

diagrams, right) have been generated

Beyond the fabric of the proposals, there

in order to show that common

is further psychological methodology

psychological, cognitive and behavioural

being utilised. If headplaces were to be

techniques could be translated. It is

implemented, attempts by a sufferer to

hoped that by translating affective

use the spaces could be considered a

psychological methodologies into the

type of acceptance and commitment

landscape of our urban environments,

therapy (ACT); made substantially

the spaces could reach another level of

easier to undertake by the availability

function and start to alleviate symptoms

of dedicated interventions. ‘ACT is a

of mental health disorders. The proposed

type of CBT that encourages patients

landscape spaces would mainly seek

to engage in positive behaviors even in

to alleviate difficulties either by full

the presence of negative thoughts and

immersion, potential gradual breaking

behaviors’ (Ogbonmwan, 2018:online).

Whilst the existing landscape approach

of safety behaviours and/or distraction

This engagement of ACT is usually a

already holds many successful steps

as per their psychological counterparts.

positive first step in a sufferer’s recovery.

in putting the mental health of a person

These indicative spaces for mental

first, sometimes these elements are

health or ‘headplaces’, are isolated

either insufficient or implemented

elements and structural methodologies

incorrectly. The proposals generated

based on a case study of Manchester.

people’s reaction, experience, and feelings towards a space by arrangement and selection of elements. However, the translation between Psychological methodology and landscape architecture is not a simple one. Despite the challenges of translation, I believe it may hold the most beneficial elements when considering the alleviation through design, and could be considered the next stage of ‘psychogeographical intervention’ after analysis.

52

The following series of proposals for

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

STEVENSON SQUARE- AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

INPUT

DESENSITISATION

The ‘Input’ category of interventions

The structure of a space is key in all

are based upon the ideology of talking

successful landscape architecture.

therapies. Conventionally, talking

One way in which we could consider

therapies allow individuals to reveal as

structuring a space for mental health

much information as they comfortable

patients is by utilising systematic

with; usually leading to an increase in

desensitization.

allowing themselves to be subjected to

‘Systematic desensitization is a type of

anxieties. However, if the individual

information revealed over numerous sessions. Revered psychological talking therapies include Freud’s movement of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is based upon the principle that by an individual processing their unconscious thoughts and bringing them into their conscious mind, via vocalisation therefore their own admission, it could lead to the resolution of their anxieties after periods of contemplation. Therefore the translation of psychoanalysis to landscape architecture would see the creation of interventions which allows the individual to regulate the exposure

behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning’ (McLeod,

therefore exposing themselves to minimal stimuli, however, over time they could start to venture out into the more expansive spaces, therefore more stimulus and naturally removing is not confident of ascending these

spaces by themselves, if they are visiting 2008:online). This methodology would use a healthcare professional as part of the structure of space in order to alleviate their treatment, they could be given a symptoms of mental health, as opposed to the other interventions proposed which would use elements. The hope with the desensitisation methodology is that the individual would experience a choreographed series of movements across a range of spaces, over a period of time, eventually gaining the confidence to spend prolonged spells outside.

to stimuli through adaptable elements,

This therapy aims to remove the fear

creating a self-defined comfortable space

response of a phobia, and substitute a

within the urban environment. The

relaxation response to the conditional

interventions could consist of moveable

stimulus gradually using counter

benches, adaptable shelters structures

conditioning. (McLeod, 2008:online)

and/or adjustable light columns.

To start, individual would sit alone,

series of goals; similar to conventional desensitisation. Identical to conventional methodologies these spaces rely on the users suffering a level of discomfort in order to progress with the alleviation of their mental health difficulties.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 7 - TRANSLATING PSYCHOLOGY SCALE OF DIFFICULTY

(CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE)

INPUT

EASY TO INHABIT (1-INPUT)

MOST EXISTING MENTAL HEALTH GARDENS

I2 - ADJUSTABLE SHELTERS (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

I3 - ABJUSTABLE LIGHTING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE) EASY TO MODERATE TO INHABIT (2-DESEN’)

DESENSITISATION

D1 - INDIVIDUAL SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

D2 - SMALL GROUP SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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D3 - LARGE GROUP/ OPEN PUBLIC SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

(CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE)

I1- MOVEABLE SEATING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

55

REWARD

COLLABORATION

The elements within the reward category of interventions are potentially the closest to conventional landscape architecture that could be used to relieve mental health difficulties in our urban environments.

Acting on both the work of Skinner and other operant conditioning psychologists, the spaces would offer a reward for people entering these spaces. These rewards may include the elements, shown in the indicative isometrics, such as the fresh fragrances of planting, fruit, and artwork.

Artwork has proved to be a very important stimulus in Manchester spaces. Both Cutting room and Stevenson square, employ artwork as a focus and scored highly in the comfortable spaces category

Another methodology that may be considered is collaboration. Like many group therapies it has been shown that people can alleviate mental health symptoms after sharing an experience with someone (Graham-Dixon, 2018). A collaborative landscape where individuals had to create artwork, keep a space illuminated or have to level seats with others, could prove to be a helpful tool in a cities battle against mental health.

This collaborative landscape would be the most difficult landscape for a mental health sufferer to experience; the spaces could be considered more difficult than a conventional space to inhabit due to a heavily raised level of uncontrollable stimulus and interaction. However despite the challenges that may lay ahead, if conquered this space could prove to be the most powerful and rewarding of all; whilst building a sense of community and unity in the city.

of the survey.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 7 - TRANSLATING PSYCHOLOGY

reward

MODERATE TO HARD TO INHABIT (3-REWARD)

MOST EXISTING URBAN PUBLIC SPACE

R1 - PLANTING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

R2 - FRUIT (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

R3 - ARTWORK (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

VERY HARD TO INHABIT (4-COLLAB)

collaboration

C1- SEESAW BENCHES (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

C2 - BUTTONS FOR WATER OR LIGHTING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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C3 - MESSAGE/ART WALLS (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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8

The potential landscape

PICCADILLY APPROACH VEHICLE DOMINACE- AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

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8

THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE “The whole is something else than the sum of its parts.” (Koffka, 1935:176) This is true for both the brain and Manchester. Manchester is a great city however many areas or parts are failing not only mental health sufferers, but all the inhabitants of the spaces.

The sequential spaces of Piccadilly Approach, Gardens and Market Street are commonly one’s first impression of Manchester. As previously mentioned in the Existing spaces section of this text the Piccadilly-Market Street Corridor was revealed to be the most uncomfortable areas for sufferers to inhabit in the city centre. This potential ‘Corridor’ of spaces would not only improve Manchester’s first impression but if implemented correctly could considerably alleviate mental health difficulties when visiting the city.

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61

1 - CORRIDOR CHARACTER AREAS (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - BREAKS WITHIN CORRIDOR (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

EXISTING DIAGRAMS As shown in the analysis diagrams of the existing corridor, Piccadilly Approach is a vehicle dominated space with a mix of characters. The corridor, currently littered with ill-considered street furniture, transport stops and planting, constricts views whilst forcing individuals to inhabit subservient spaces. The restricted views, lack of pedestrian-first infrastructure, and absence of clear beneficial intervention can act as uncooperative stimuli for mental health sufferers when inhabiting the existing corridor. These physical negatives of the corridor, combined with sufferers existing difficulties relating the urban environment can make the existing space an avoidable area of the city.

5 - VIEWS (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

3 - VEHICULAR DOMINANCE(AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - SPACES (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

6 - GREEN SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

7 - BLUE SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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1 - CORRIDOR CHARACTER AREAS (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - BREAKS WITHIN CORRIDOR (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

PROPOSAL DIAGRAMS The proposals for the Piccadilly-Market Street corridor would see the unification of a strong pedestrian route across one of the most heavily populated areas of Manchester. As the diagrams show, by lowering the negative stimuli analysed and increasing both blue and green infrastructure in the area, the corridor could become more legible and see a dramatic reduction in discomfort; bringing it in line with some of Manchester’s other spaces. Going beyond the reduction of discomfort and stimuli, it is hoped that with the implementation of selected elements specifically designed in the translation of psychology, areas of the corridor could start to become beneficial for mental health sufferers; to break their fears of being in the urban environment. This simple unification of the corridor and implementation of interventions could see the corridor go from the most difficult areas to inhabit to some of the easiest.

5 - VIEWS (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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3 - VEHICULAR DOMINANCE(AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - SPACES (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

6 - GREEN SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

7 - BLUE SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

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65

THE PICCADILLY CORRIDOR CONCEPT PLAN The potential Piccadilly Corridor could act as a piece of mental health infrastructure, allowing easy pedestrian movement through one of the most congested parts of the city, whilst the initial corridor alone would provide some alleviation for mental health sufferers. Further spaces, such as a reconfigured Piccadilly Gardens could be connected on to the piece to act as a more intensive headplace. The additional spaces, in conjunction with the proposed pedestrian first corridor, would target the reduction of mental health difficulties through user input, reward, and desensitisation as proposed in the translation chapter of this text. Implementation according to survey results and the strength of mental orientation of the toolkit would lead to a dynamic and fluid corridor advantageous to both sufferers and non-sufferers alike.

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THE CORRIDOR CONCEPT PLAN - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

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PICCADILLY STATION CROSSING - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

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piccadilly approach Piccadilly station is a hive of activity and was ranked as the most uncomfortable space for both mental health sufferers and people unaffected by these disorders in the survey. As a substantial gateway into the city it is important the station and approach become as comfortable as possible. By creating a strong identity and employing elements from the ‘input’ category, this space could a great threshold for the city whilst lowering anxiety.

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1 - MOVEMENT (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - SPACES (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

PROPOSAL DIAGRAMS MOVEMENT

SPACES

Movement within the Piccadilly approach area of the corridor should be focused

Despite the majority of focus being on the movement of people through Piccadilly

on the necessary movement of people to and from the station. The introduction

approach there are opportunities to create spaces within this area of the corridor.

of a large pedestrian intervention such as the corridor would allow this. Despite

The aforementioned ‘ambling routes’ would be held in spaces of biodiverse

a primary focus being on pedestrian movement towards and from the station, we

planting, allowing those who suffer from mental health problems to choose a more

should also allow ease of movement onto the corridor from other nearby streets.

comfortable solution for waiting, as opposed to the very stimulus heavy station

Ambling routes through green spaces near the station should also be employed

concourse. Spaces would also hold mental health interventions from the ‘input’

to allow those waiting, to wait in comfort surrounded by the calming intervention of

category as mentioned in the translation of psychology chapter within this text.

vegetation.

Allowing people to create their own spaces by moving and adjusting elements would significantly lower anxiety in the area via the suppression of stimuli, as chosen by the individual.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

3 - GREENING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - VECHICLES AND DECLUTTERING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

GREENING

VEHICLES AND DECLUTTERING

As mentioned throughout this text, green interventions in our urban environment are

The lowering vehicular dominance in the Piccadilly approach could prove to be the

key, Not only do they fulfil of primal biophilic needs but they also could add to the

greatest intervention the city could make. Not only would this lower stimulus in the

first impressions of the city.

area and ease the tensions of anxiety sufferers, but it would also again, create a great first impression for any city. Currently the space is dominated by a swarm of buses and taxis. Due to the poor placement within the existing environment, the pedestrian areas feel subservient. By condensing transport stops and laybys we could ease the worries of sufferers and create a pedestrian-first area which truly welcomes visitors into the city.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

71

PICCADILLY APPROACH CONCEPT PLAN This indicative plan for the Piccadilly Approach area of the corridor shows how the lowering of vehicular dominance in the space would lower visual, auditory and olfactory stimuli whilst giving the city back to the individual. The open walkways, condensed transport hubs and intervention of green spaces would not only benefit those suffering from mental health disorders but everyone using the space. With the modern stresses connected with transport, the placement of the spaces is key. The placement of the spaces allow for greatest green intervention as well as the greatest passive security, both putting the mind of the sufferer at ease but also the general public.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

PICCADILLY APPROACH CONCEPT PLAN - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

73

PICCADILLY GARDENS FOUNTAIN WALKWAY - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

PICCADILLY GARDENS Unknown by many, Piccadilly Gardens already has a strong connection with mental health. Before it was the public space we know today, it was the site of a psychiatric hospital. The old gardens that are now longed for by certain members of the population, were once walked by the patients of the hospital in order to alleviate some of their symptoms. Currently ranking second on the most uncomfortable spaces in Manchester, according to the survey, the space is dominated by transport stops, irrationally placed interventions and a poorly maintained series of lawns. Despite already including both blue and green spaces the configuration of the space does not have any major benefits and does not fulfil its potential; the following pages will show how the site could be regenerated using techniques from the desensitisation toolkit.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

75

1 - MOVEMENT (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - SPACES (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

PROPOSAL DIAGRAMS MOVEMENT

SPACES

Currently the movement in and around Piccadilly gardens is dominated by vehicles.

The structure of the space would use the techniques of the desensitisation toolkit,

By removing vehicles as much as possible, the corridor could flow through the

as shown in the Translation of psychology chapter. By offering a range of spaces

space allowing necessary tasks to be undertaken uninterrupted.

throughout the Piccadilly gardens area, the user could select a space to use in order to suit their needs. The hope is also that sufferers would start to engage with the space, potentially using the smaller or individual spaces on offer at first and then moving into the larger spaces, as explained in previous chapters.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

3 - GREENING AND DECLUTTERING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - BLUE SPACE (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

GREENING AND DECLUTTERING

BLUE SPACE

Transport stops and other ‘clutter’ currently litter the space, with their removal, it

As previously mentioned, blue spaces have been shown to be particularly beneficial

would allow the influx of green from the gardens up to the thresholds of surrounding

for an individual’s mental health. By including a wider range of interactive and

properties; fulfilling the biophilic potential the space holds. The green spaces in

passive water ‘features’ within the Gardens it could prove to be enormously positive

the gardens would be a mix of amenity and planted areas; by employing both

for interaction, animation and alleviation.

techniques, this space could become fully immersive and considerably alleviate mental health problems in the area.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

77

PICCADILLY GARDENS CONCEPT PLAN As shown by the concept plan, the gardens could be easily be reconfigured into a space Mancunians could be proud of. The space could be turned around by using the space structuring techniques shown in the desensitisation block of elements within the translation chapter. Along with other more conventional landscape techniques as shown in the landscape approach the space could be transformed with new features potentially including a new pavilion with roof space acting as a stage for performances, discussions or screenings connected to mental health and other pressing subjects. Activities such as performance would help to draw more people into the area at points, causing a fluctuation of potential stimuli and changing circumstances in which mental health sufferers have to challenge themselves with. This change in volume and type of stimuli could prove as positive as having numerous other spaces. Other important proposals include the reduction of transport infrastructure and extensive greening of all viable areas, including the potential planting of remaining tram lines as done at the Deansgate tram stop.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

PICCADILLY GARDENS CONCEPT PLAN - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

79

PICCADILLY GARDENS CONCEPT VIEW - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

PICCADILLY GARDENS CONCEPT VIEW As you can see from the view generated, by reconfiguring the space using the desensitisation methodology and employing more green and water spaces, Piccadilly gardens could be transformed into a people first space. Structuring a space using the desensitisation methodology would allow everyone, mental health sufferer or not, to find their own space and enjoy the wonders of central Manchester. Additional steps that could be taken to enhance the area further are the complete screening or removal of the remaining transport infrastructure.

81

EXISTING MARKET STREET VIEW 2 - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

MARKET STREET Market Street is a stream of people; canalised by large imposing retail outlets. The retail first space ranked third for discomfort in the survey. Due to this high ranking, the following pages will show how the space could reconfigured using the third most mental health orientated toolkit from the translation chapter, reward.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

83

1 - MOVEMENT (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

2 - SPACES (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

PROPOSAL DIAGRAMS MOVEMENT

SPACES

Currently the movement of people is based upon their retail needs. Many tend

As previously mentioned, the structure of the space is currently unfit for many

to use the outside flanks of the existing streetscape due to the uncomfortable

users. The inclusion of dedicated spaces for optional or social activity along this

nature of the tumbled setts employed in vast expanses within central parts. The

area of the corridor, could help alleviate the current fears that arise for a mental

partial abandonment of the central areas, by users, often causes conflict between

health sufferer when using Market Street. These spaces could include performance

individuals entering premises, and others attempting to move through the space.

platforms, placed at nodal points, allowing the ever-present street performers to

These existing problems with the fabric of the street are only heightened when other

still inhabit the space without negatively affecting the permeability of the route.

stimuli such as street performers occupy key areas.

Other interventions could comprise of incidental seating units and the placement of ‘reward’ interventions along proposed interest strips. The interest strips would help divide the flanks for optional commercial and necessary central boulevard activity.

The idea of implementing a central boulevard would provide better transitional qualities to the space, allowing people experiencing mental health difficulties to easily leave or at least know they could if required. It is also vital that the boulevard footway employ sawn setts for maximum comfortability, lowering of distracting tactile stimulus, and the resolution of movement issue.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

3 - GREEN (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

4 - VECHICLES AND DECLUTTERING (AUTHORS OWN IMAGE)

GREENING

VEHICLES AND DECLUTTERING

Opportunities for greening the streetscape of Market Street is limited due to

Market Street is currently littered with multiple pieces of ill-considered street

the volume of users inhabiting the space. One viable opportunity is the use of

furniture and vehicular infrastructure. Reconfiguring, replacing and reconsidering

tree planting, a potential mix could include a range of evergreen and deciduous

the impact both of these aspects have on the space could be highly beneficial.

trees with fruiting species included. This collection of trees would fulfil biophilic

Proposals should include elements from the landscape approach and reward

needs, whilst products of fruiting trees could be taken as a reward by sufferers for

category in order to simplify and incentivise sufferers to perform more than just

occupying the space.

necessary activities within the market street area.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

85

MARKET STREET CONCEPT PLAN As shown in this conceptual plan for Market Street, the street could benefit by reconfiguring its structure. This restructuring would not exclusively benefit mental health users, it would also increase legibility, give dedicated performance spaces and allow the greater movement for all.

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

MARKET STREET CONCEPT PLAN - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

87

MARKET STREET CONCEPT VIEW - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 8 - THE POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE

MARKET STREET CONCEPT VIEW The concept Market Street view (left) shows how the streetscape could be restructured to resolve the current movement conflict and benefit mental health sufferers simultaneously. The implementation of a central boulevard edged with a series of gallery frames and fruiting trees would benefit all users by increasing the ease in which they could undertake their activities, whilst rewarding them with fruit and art for inhabiting the space.

89

9

CONCLUSION

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | 9 - CONCLUSION

9

conclusion As urbanisation and the number of people diagnosed with

Expanding on the proposals in this text, further urban

health provisions in developments and inclusion into planning

mental health disorders increases, more people will experience

interventions could include ‘wayfinding’ elements to help to

policies, such as the National planning policy framework. Only

difficulties in some form within the urban environment. Even as

direct individuals to the corridor. Other interventions could

with inclusion into these statutory processes may we then see

the age of the ‘singularity’ commences, there will have to still

also include the expansion of the corridor, engaging more

an evolving network of ‘headplaces’ and other interventions in

be an element of interaction with our urban environments on

future translations of psychology, onto other corridors such as

our cities, across the UK, based on alleviating mental health

some level. Therefore, the professionals responsible for the

Deansgate or Portland Street.

problems.

Despite the focus of this investigation being upon the urban

Living with a mental health disorder does not have to be one

environment we have to remember that this is not limited to

of misery, these inflictions do not have to be permanent and

these spaces. The approaches explored in this text could be

together we can help to change the current status quo. Many

Throughout this text, it has been shown how we can adapt our

assessed and adapted to challenge the difficulties of mental

have felt lost causes at times, however, they are not. Society

public spaces to meet the needs of individuals inflicted with

health disorders in other areas and create ‘Headplaces’. Even

needs to show a level of empathy and invest in the growing

mental health disorders. The approaches have been based

if the extensive transformations shown in this text could not

mental health problem, as they have invested in others. We

on the ideology of controlled reconfiguration of stimuli and the

be replicated, cities could start to help sufferers with simple

have to reconsider what we are trying to achieve within our

perception of the stimuli in both a direct and indirect manner,

considerations such as the orientation of street furniture,

urban environments and what consequently could be created

within our urban environment. Also as shown, the physical

decluttering of streets and lowering of vehicular dominance.

for certain users. Even with the cuts to our NHS, we need to

development of our shared environments should feel a duty of care and design responsibly to impact places in a positive manner and improve it to the benefit of all.

manipulation of stimulus leading to alleviation of difficulties, would be done through the use of spatial structure and the employment of a considered family of elements. The research in both landscape and psychology profession supports this proposed approach within our urban environments, due to the lack of a single definitive approach and the diversity of environmental conditions a place can hold.

92

In addition to the physical interventions presented in this investigation, there are a number of other processes that could be undertaken in order to help mental health in our urban environments. Other processes that could be considered include: physical and mental health impact assessments, a Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) style rating system for mental and physical

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

prioritise mental health, as shown throughout this text there are alternative approaches we can take whilst creating outstanding urban environments for all.

mentaL health matters

PEOPLE ENJOYING CUTTING ROOM SQUARE - AUTHOR’S OWN IMAGE

AP

appendix

AP1

APPENDices 1 (COPY ON CD Provided) DISCLAIMER – Access to and use of information provided by this website is funded privately as part of a research proposal Upon visiting this website you agree to be legally bound by these Terms and conditions effective from immediate first use.

Changes to any of the conditions will be posted to the page without prior contact to any individuals that have previously visited the page.

We will do our best to highlight any changes that may affect individual’s experience of this page. No personal information will be distributed by the administrators of this page.

All material included on this page is original work produced by the administrator of headplace.co.uk unless otherwise stated.

The administrator of this page does not take any responsibility for the actions taken before, during or after the completion of this survey. By completing this survey you fully recognise and understand the actions taken relating to the test are completely of and by the individual therefore transferring any responsibility from the creator of this questionnaire from any legal responsibility.

• Retired

Please answer the survey below, all participants should be 18 years of age or older. Please refer to terms and conditions for any concerns that may arise.

4. Do you suffer from any mental health difficulties? (single choice)

1. Age (single choice) • 18-24 years old • 25-34 years old

Headplace.co.uk is not a medical organisation. We will endeavour to keep all information on this page as clear and current as possible. This page has not been endorsed or certified as trustworthy by the Information Standard.

• 35-44 years old

The administrators of this page will not accept liability for any inconvenience, loss or damage arising from the use or inability to use this website or any of the information provided on it.

• 65-74 years old

SURVEY

• Prefer not to say

All results will be keep confidential and will appear anonymous to the recipient.

2. Gender (single choice)

All results will act as statistics in a research paper that will be submitted for grading.

If any harm/discomfort is generated during or by the completion of please stop immediately and contact your relevant healthcare professional – if the relevant healthcare professional cannot be please contact a relevant mental health charity in order to seek support. The administrator of headplace.co.uk will not accept liability for any harm or discomfort

• 45-54 years old • 55-64 years old

• 75 years or older

• Female • Male • Prefer not to say 3. Employment status (single choice) • Full-time • Part-time

• Student • Unemployed • Prefer not to say

• Yes • No • Previously • Prefer not to say 5. If yes or previously, which of the below best describes your mental health difficulty? (multiple choice available) • Anxiety - Agoraphobia • Anxiety - Generalised Anxiety • Anxiety – Social Anxiety • Anxiety – Specific Phobia • Anxiety – OCD • Anxiety – PTSD • Anxiety and Depression • Bipolar • Depression • Depersonalisation or Derealisation • Psychosis • Schizophrenia

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | AP - APPENDIX

• Other (please specify)

anxiety inducing? (single choice)

• None

• Yes

• Prefer not to say

• No

6. Have you sought/received help for your mental health? (single choice)

• Sometimes

• Yes

• Prefer not to say

• No

9. What is the main reason you spend time in the urban environment? (multiple choice available)

• Prefer not to say 7. If yes, what help did or will you receive/undertake for you mental health difficulties? If no please select None. (multiple choice available)

• Open Spaces – Plazas/Squares

• Education • Leisure

• Art Therapy

• Live

• Biomedical

• Retail

• Counselling - Individual

• Work

• Counselling – Relationship therapy

• None

• Counselling – Family therapy

• Prefer not to say

• Hypnotherapy

• Other (please specify)

• Meditation

10. How often do you spend time in the urban environment? (single choice)

• Psychotherapy – Behavioural therapy • Psychotherapy – CBT • Psychotherapy – Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic • Other (please specify) • None • Prefer to not say 8. Do you find entering urban environment difficult, overwhelming and/or

11. From your experience where in urban environments do you experience the most difficulties and/or anxiety? If other please specify (single choice)

• Open spaces – Gardens/ Public Parks • Transport Hubs or Stops • Major Streets • Minor Streets • Back Streets • Riverside • Other (please specify) • None • Prefer not to say

• Everyday • Weekdays • 2 to 3 times per week • Once per week • Once a month • Less than once per month

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

12. Within these difficult areas within the urban environment which stimulus do you perceive/affects you most? (single choice) • Auditory - Sound • Olfactory - Smell • Visual - Sight • Kinaesthetic - Touch • None • Prefer to not say 13. Are you familiar with central Manchester? (single choice) • Yes

97

AP1

APPENDices 1 - Continued (COPY ON CD Provided) • Partially

•

18. North Campus - UOM Campus - UMIST

•

6. Chinatown

• No

•

19. Northern Quarter - Stevenson Square

•

7. Civic Quarter - Lincoln Square area

• Prefer not to say

•

20. Petersfield - Great Northern

•

8. Civic Quarter - St. Albert’s Square

14. From your experience, in which area of central Manchester do you experience the most difficulties and/or mental health issues? (multiple choice available)

•

21. Piccadilly - Piccadilly Station Area

•

9. Civic Quarter - St. Peter’s Square

•

22. Retail Core - Market Street

•

10. First Street

•

1. Ancoats - Cutting Room Square

•

23. Retail Core - Parsonage Gardens

•

11. Greengate

•

2. Castlefield - Bridgewater Canal

•

24. Retail Core - Piccadilly Gardens

•

12. Lower Irk Valley - Angel Meadows

•

3. Castlefield - Castlefield Bowl

•

25. Retail Core - St. Anne’s Square

•

13. Medieval Quarter - Cathedral Gardens

•

4. Castlefield - Urban Heritage Park

•

26. Salford Central - New Bailey Street

•

14. Medieval Quarter - Exchange Square

•

5. Central Business District

•

27. Spinningfields - Hardman Square Area

•

15. Medieval Quarter - Victoria Station Area

•

6. Chinatown

•

28. St Johns - St Johns Garden

•

16. New Islington

•

7. Civic Quarter - Lincoln Square area

•

29. The Corridor - MMU Campus

•

17. NOMA - Sadlers Yard

•

8. Civic Quarter - St. Albert’s Square

•

30. The Village - Sackville Gardens

•

18. North Campus - UOM Campus - UMIST

•

9. Civic Quarter - St. Peter’s Square

•

Other (Please specify)

•

19. Northern Quarter - Stevenson Square

•

10. First Street

•

None

•

20. Petersfield - Great Northern

•

11. Greengate

•

21. Piccadilly - Piccadilly Station Area

•

12. Lower Irk Valley - Angel Meadows

15. From your experience, in which area of central Manchester do you feel most at ease/ experience the least difficulties and/or mental health issues? (multiple choice available)

•

22. Retail Core - Market Street

•

13. Medieval Quarter - Cathedral Gardens

•

1. Ancoats - Cutting Room Square

•

23. Retail Core - Parsonage Gardens

•

14. Medieval Quarter - Exchange Square

•

2. Castlefield - Bridgewater Canal

•

24. Retail Core - Piccadilly Gardens

•

15. Medieval Quarter - Victoria Station Area

•

3. Castlefield - Castlefield Bowl

•

25. Retail Core - St. Anne’s Square

•

16. New Islington

•

4. Castlefield - Urban Heritage Park

•

26. Salford Central - New Bailey Street

•

17. NOMA - Sadlers Yard

•

5. Central Business District

•

27. Spinningfields - Hardman Square Area

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | AP - APPENDIX

AP2

APPENDices 2 - RESULTS (SEE CD) •

28. St Johns - St Johns Garden

•

16. New Islington

•

29. The Corridor - MMU Campus

•

17. NOMA - Sadlers Yard

Due to the quantity of data produced by the survey, a digital copy of the survey results have been included on the CD provided at the end of this document.

•

30. The Village - Sackville Gardens

•

18. North Campus - UOM Campus - UMIST

The CD includes:

•

Other (Please specify)

•

19. Northern Quarter - Stevenson Square

•

Appendices 1: Survey (digital copy)

None

•

20. Petersfield - Great Northern

•

Appendices 2: Survey results (digital copy)

16. From your experience in which area of central Manchester would benefit most from a public space formulated to help with both mental and other health difficulties? (multiple choice available)

•

21. Piccadilly - Piccadilly Station Area

•

Complete Document (digital copy)

•

22. Retail Core - Market Street

•

1. Ancoats - Cutting Room Square

•

23. Retail Core - Parsonage Gardens

If reading as a digital copy please see :

•

2. Castlefield - Bridgewater Canal

•

24. Retail Core - Piccadilly Gardens

www.headplace.org/results

•

3. Castlefield - Castlefield Bowl

•

25. Retail Core - St. Anne’s Square

•

4. Castlefield - Urban Heritage Park

•

26. Salford Central - New Bailey Street

•

5. Central Business District

•

27. Spinningfields - Hardman Square Area

•

6. Chinatown

•

28. St Johns - St Johns Garden

•

7. Civic Quarter - Lincoln Square area

•

29. The Corridor - MMU Campus

•

8. Civic Quarter - St. Albert’s Square

•

30. The Village - Sackville Gardens

•

9. Civic Quarter - St. Peter’s Square

•

Other (Please specify)

•

10. First Street

•

None

•

11. Greengate

If you have any additional information or comments please enter below.

•

12. Lower Irk Valley - Angel Meadows

•

13. Medieval Quarter - Cathedral Gardens

Thank you for completing the survey, your results will be kept confidential and will help to both inform and advance the development of mental health care and urban design.

•

14. Medieval Quarter - Exchange Square

•

15. Medieval Quarter - Victoria Station Area

HEADPLACE | PUBLIC SPACE UTILISATION | SEPTEMBER 2018

99

B

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