Kohler Ridge Park Master Plan

KOHLER RIDGE PARK

MASTER PLAN JULY 25, 2022

CONTENTS 01 02 03 04

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Page 4

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Page 10

BACKGROUND INFO AND ACTIVITY & FACILITY ANALYSIS Page 26

SITE INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS Page 30

05

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

06

DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE

07

Page 46

Page 58

COST ESTIMATE AND PHASED CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Page 106

01

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Kohler Ridge Park Master Plan was

Omnes’ design for the park uses forest and

developed through a partnership between South

meadow regeneration to activate the park

Whitehall Township (SWT) and a planning team

and frame views that sprawl out toward the

led by Omnes, a landscape architecture,

focal point of Kittatinny Ridge in the distance,

planning, and art studio in Easton, PA.

while also introducing moments for art and play within the forest. As you traverse the

THE SITE

site, sit, and climb, you become oriented

In the late 1800s, the steep hillside that is

within not just this park, but the greater

now slated to be the site of Kohler Ridge

landscape of the Lehigh Valley and Blue

Park (located at 2007 Brickyard Road) was

Mountains, a seemingly endless range of

home to a brick manufacturing plant with a

azure to the north. Old farmhouses on tree-

slate quarry and brick kilns, active until the

lined properties to the south are surrounded

plant’s closure in 1913. The 25.7-acre site is

by new homes, contributing to a sense of an

now covered by forest, open meadow, and

actively evolving neighborhood identity.

a wetland, and it is bordered by an active Norfolk-Southern rail, reservoir, and Sunoco

PURPOSE, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES

gas pipeline. The western portion of the site

The master plan was initiated by SWT to

holds a single-family residence that has

develop a park design and long-range

fallen into disrepair. Despite its industrial

phasing plan that tie together three parcels

history, the setting offers a unique place for a

recently acquired by the Township. The park

nature-based, community-centered park.

will introduce a nature-based passive park experience in SWT, establishing a place for

4

The site of Kohler Ridge Park, outlined in red. The 25.7-acre park includes three individual parcels united as one.

residents to engage with nature and ecology in

The phasing and funding of the project will

their own community. Since SWT first conceived

be incremental in nature, as budgets and

of the project, Kohler Ridge has always been

funding allow in coming years.

imagined as a nature-based, passive park experience.

The establishment of Kohler Ridge Park within the existing landscapes of forest, meadow,

Kohler Ridge is designed as an accessible,

and wetlands is an opportunity to engage with

inclusive place to engage with nature. The

what is elemental in the landscape, revealing

plan introduces prioritized ADA-accessible

the cycles of disturbance and regeneration

pathways in the core of the park, as well as in

that have formed this plot of land. Kohler

overlooks that envelop users in the canopies

Ridge Park’s design is rooted in ecological

of the forest. Thoughtful insertions of active

analysis and a thorough understanding of this

programming such as play and environmental

complex landscape. Through management

education engage a broad range of visitors.

of the site’s forest, transitional forest edge, meadow, and wetland, the land and its soils

The plan was formed through an innovative

can be conserved for future generations.

community engagement process, inviting the

This ethical approach to land development

voices of all in South Whitehall to inform the

is an important commitment made by SWT,

design. Through iterative discussions and

especially in the face of population growth

surveys, the plan connects the dots between

within the Township and the greater Lehigh

community ambitions and concerns to form a

Valley.

resolute vision for a park that will welcome all.

5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS STEERING COMMITTEE

•

Consulting

A steering committee worked directly with the Omnes planning team to provide resources,

• •

Keisha Champagnie, SWT Green

•

•

Robbyn Glisson, Associate, Dharam Consulting

Advisory Council •

Zack Everett, Consultant, Dharam Consulting

Steering Committee included: •

Evan Opall, Project Manager and Consultant, Dharam Consulting

feedback, and guidance throughout the planning process. The members of the

Simon Hough, Director, Dharam

Randy Cope, Interim Township Manager

•

Tim Marshall, Principal, ETM Associates

and Treasurer

•

Desiree Liu, Project Manager & Senior Operations Analyst, ETM Associates

Mike Kukitz, SWT Parks and Recreation Manager (& Plan Project Manager)

• •

Community Development

COMMUNITY MEMBERS AND KEY PERSON INTERVIEWEES

Marie North, CSBA, SWT Green Advisory

Community members who took part in

Council

engagement events generated 541 survey

David Manhardt, AICP, Director of

responses. Key people contributed creative

PLANNING CONSULTANTS

and technical resources to the plan, lending

The community engagement and resulting

their perspectives, expertise, and time for

vision described in this report were

interviews and collaboration with the planning

completed by Omnes, the lead designer

team. These include:

and planner. Maintenance and Operations

•

The general public of South Whitehall

planning was completed by ETM Associates,

Township, who contributed their

and the cost opinion was developed by

thoughts and feedback for the plan at

Dharam Consulting. The planning team

public meetings, via an online survey,

included :

and during engagement activities and

•

Laura Stedenfeld, Principal, Omnes

conversations with the planning team

•

Emily Hahn Van Wagoner, Project

that took place at community movie

Manager and Senior Landscape

nights and concerts hosted by SWT in

Designer, Omnes

summer 2021.

•

Carson Fisk-Vittori, Landscape Designer,

•

Omnes •

Director, RETTEW

Sheila M. Fuentes, Editor & Researcher,

•

Omnes • •

Felicia Bechtel, Geophysics Service Area Herb Bender, Public Works Manager, South Whitehall Township

Sara Harmon, Landscape Designer,

•

Gwen Davis, Neighbor

Omnes

•

Kate Ebel, Senior Environmental

Makio Yamamoto, Landscape Designer, Omnes

Scientist, Wildlands Conservancy •

6

Richard Hartlieb, Assistant District

Native aster in bloom in the existing meadow at the site of Kohler Ridge Park.

•

•

• •

Forester, Department of Conservation

PROJECT FUNDING

and Natural Resources

This project was financed in part by a

Laura Hopek, Environmental Education

grant from the Community Conservation

and Outreach Coordinator, Lehigh County

Partnerships Program, Keystone Recreation,

Conservation District

Park and Conservation Fund and/or

Janet Kehnel, Former landowner of a

Environmental Stewardship Fund, under

significant parcel within Kohler Ridge

the administration of the Pennsylvania

Park

Department of Conservation and Natural

Mark Leuthe, President, Lehigh

Resources, Bureau of Recreation and

Engineering

Conservation.

Michael McGraw, Senior Wildlife Biologist and Ecologist, RES

•

Alicia Ruscitto, Regional Real Estate Manager, Norfolk Southern

•

Robert Stiffler, Director of Parks, County of Lehigh

7

KOHLER RIDGE PARK PROPOSED PARK PLAN

R

TE

IN

W DS

IN

W NATURAL LOWLAND SWALE

SCULPTURE LOCATION

WOODY OLDFIELDS

EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY WETLAND

FORESTED BUFFER

BOARDWALKS

WILLOW GROVE

ECO BARN & FOREST GARDEN

NATURE PLAY PARKING

FORESTED BUFFER

S & UM W M W IN ER IN TE DS R

LEARNING GROVE

BRICK QUARRY OVERLOOKS

MOWED MEADOW

CHIMNEY SWIFT TOWERS

WOODY OLDFIELDS

SCULPTURE LOCATION

K

EA

BR

E FIR

THE MEADOW

SCULPTURE LOCATION

OVERLOOK BREEZEWAY REGENERATION ZONE

RUINS + HISTORIC SIGNAGE

REGENERATION BREEZEWAY

THE FOREST

REGENERATION BREEZEWAY

EXISTING REGENERATION ZONE

BLUE MOUNTAIN / KITTATINNY RIDGE OVERLOOK

EXISTING REGENERATION ZONE

02

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Omnes’ collaborative and engaging design

associated with the COVID-19 public health

process connects the dots between people,

crisis, the planning team adapted and

ideas, and contexts to yield powerful,

established creative methods for stakeholder

timeless spaces. The name Omnes means

and public engagement.

“all, together” in Latin, and is the basis of the

PROJECT SURVEY

studio’s design approach.

Omnes created and implemented two digital In an inventive public engagement process

project surveys for the plan. The first was

for Kohler Ridge Park, Omnes integrated

launched at the beginning of the project and

art, events, surveys, digital communication,

asked residents about the activities and site

and social media to create wide-ranging

features they wanted to see within the park.

discussions with community members

This survey received 214 responses, and its

about their ambitions and concerns for

results are shown on pages 16-18.

a new nature-based park. This outreach yielded a large amount of feedback that

The second survey was launched after three

directly guided the design discourse for

conceptual approaches to program were

the master plan. The team received 541

developed based on results from the initial survey.

formally recorded responses, and engaged

This second survey received 147 responses and

in both formal and informal discussions

its results are shown on pages 20-23.

with community members throughout the planning process. Despite challenges

The team developed and made available paper surveys for individuals and families

10

SWT residents talked with the planning team and completed park surveys at a neighborhood movie night in South Whitehall Township in June 2021.

without access to the internet. These were

and "dot-voting" worksheets, and took home

offered at public events in the Township and

informational postcards, which included the

at a kiosk location in Covered Bridge Park,

project’s SWT website URL. Young children’s

and were also available at the SWT building,

perspectives were captured in part through a

where members of the public were able to

“My Big Idea for Kohler Ridge Park” drawing

fill out and submit the paper surveys on-site

sheet. Omnes also offered gift card raffle

during the planning process period. These

drawings from local businesses to incentivize

paper surveys were then entered into the

residents to complete surveys.

digital format manually by Omnes and SWT.

PUBLIC EVENTS During the planning process, Omnes took part in public meetings and events to present and discuss initial programming ideas, conceptual plans, and the final master plan.

NO. DATE

PUBLIC EVENTS

1

4/17/21

Fishing Derby

2

4/22/21

Public Meeting No. 1

3

6/4/21

Movie Night @ 4320 Farm Drive

4

6/25/21

Concert @ Covered Bridge Park, Billy Joel Tribute Band

5

7/23/21

Concert @ Covered Bridge Park, Philadelphia Funk Authority

6

10/9/21

South Whitehall Township Fall Festival

7

11/13/21

Kohler Ridge Park Walking Tour - Hike and Discussion

8

11/30/21

Kohler Ridge Park Master Plan Public Meeting

These events included both Zoom meetings and in-person events, offering residents a number of ways to learn about the project and be heard by the planning team. At inperson events, Omnes representatives talked with and answered questions from residents.

Residents also completed paper surveys

11

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT SCHEDULE

APRIL – NOVEMBER 2021 - 541 TOTAL PARTICIPANTS

FISHING DERBY @ COVERED BRIDGE PARK APRIL 17, 2021 21 PARTICIPANTS

PUBLIC MEETING NO. 1 APRIL 22, 2021

27 PARTICIPANTS

ONLINE SURVEY APRIL 21 - SEPT 7, 2021

127 PARTICIPANTS

MOVIE NIGHT @ 4320 FARM DRIVE - JUNE 4, 2021 79 PARTICIPANTS

CONCERT @ COVERED BRIDGE CONCERT @ COVERED BRIDGE PARK - JUNE 25, 2021 PARK - JULY 23, 2021 96 PARTICIPANTS 35 PARTICIPANTS

INITIAL ENGAGEMENT - 358 PARTICIPANTS (214 FORMAL SURVEY RE S P O N S

ONLINE CONCEPT SURVEY

FALL FESTIVAL @ COVERED BRIDGE PARK OCTOBER 9, 2021 95 PARTICIPANTS

OCTOBER 18 - NOVEMBER 22, 2021

NSES)

O Y RESP

52 PARTICIPANTS

WALKING TOUR @ KOHLER RIDGE PARK SITE NOVEMBER 13, 2021 9 PARTICIPANTS

ES)

VE AL SUR 7 FORM 14 ( S T N RTICIPA

156 PA ENT -

AGEM PT ENG CONCE

PUBLIC MEETING NO. 2 NOVEMBER 30, 2021

FINAL MASTER PLAN REPORT AVAILABLE ON TOWNSHIP WEBSITE SUMMER 2022

12

13

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

4/22/2021 - PUBLIC MEETING NO. 1 27 PARTICIPANTS

The first public meeting was held virtually via Zoom. Omnes presented initial inventory and analysis, as well as precedents for potential ecological and programming strategies.

The team utilized an interactive polling software during the meeting, providing opportunities for the audience to send and see real-time feedback related to parks and the plan; the results are below.

14

DATA SYNTHESIS

was desired as a structure in the park

The Omnes team synthesized the information

(33%). To keep the park’s goal of being

gleaned from participants feedback to

nature-based, the team included these

include the following design guidelines:

elements within a flexible education/

•

community use.

• •

Participants confirmed that the park should mostly be open meadow and

•

Art/sculpture integration is desired (67%).

pathways (73%) with ecologically rich

•

Log/boulder climbing structures (45%)

pollinator gardens (53%).

or a tree house (40%) were the top-

78% percent of participants wanted to see

rated elements to create a nature play

a canopy walk or viewing tower in the park.

experience.

A conservatory or place for refreshments

•

Residents did not desire a water feature.

15

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

6/22/21 - 10/18/21 SURVEY NO. 1 RESPONSES 214 TOTAL RESPONSES

The first project survey yielded 214 responses, and was launched at the beginning of the project. These results allowed the planning team to develop early ideas about ecological and programming strategies that were later presented at Public Meeting No. 2.

16

DATA SYNTHESIS

•

Performances were highly rated at 33%,

The Omnes team synthesized the information

but this did not meet the goal for a

gleaned from community responses to

passive park. The Steering Committee/

include the following guidelines in the design:

Omnes agreed that large performance

•

Top-rated activities that were applicable

should remain at other significant

to a goal of developing a passive,

neighborhood parks in SWT.

nature-based park included walking/

•

Site elements such as pollinator gardens

running on trails (77%), picnicking (33%),

(47%), tree walks (39%), restoration

play equipment (33%), and relaxing in a

(36%), and vistas (35%) were highly rated.

garden (32%).

•

Since 71% of residents will drive, the park should accommodate parking for users.

17

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

6/22/21 - 10/18/21 SURVEY NO. 1 RESPONSES 214 TOTAL RESPONSES

The initial project survey also included an inquiry about where people spend their recreation time in South Whitehall and beyond. 214 people answered this question.

A visual survey was also offered that included precedent images outlining different program elements, and was popular with children and others who did not want to read/write to complete a survey. 105 people completed this part of the survey.

“WHEN YOU WANT TO SPEND TIME IN NATURE, WHERE DO YOU GO?” The Poconos

Camp Trexler Site Reservation

Jacobsburg State Park

Lehigh Wildlife Gap

Appalachian Trail

Jacobsburg State Park

Leaser Lake

Trexler Nature Preserve

Hawk Mountain

The Pinnacle

Lehigh Valley Zoo

Covered Bridge Park Trexler Memorial Park

Lone Lane Park South Whitehall Chase Park Lil’ Le-Hi Trout Nursery

Bob Rodale Cycling

Ironton Rail Trail

Whitehall Pkwy

Jordan Creek pkwy D+L Trail South Mountain Park Lehigh Parkway

Allentown Rose Gardens

Wildlands Conservancy

Saucon Rail Trail

LOCATIONS WITHIN SOUTH WHITEHALL TOWNSHIP HIGHLIGHTED

Green Lane Park

KOHLER RIDGE PARK LOCATION

18

•

DATA SYNTHESIS

The second-most popular image was an

The Omnes team synthesized the information

long embankment slide embedded in a

gleaned from community responses to

hill (58 responses).

include the following design guidelines: •

•

The third-most popular image included

SWT’s Covered Bridge Park was the top

a naturalistic water feature and overlook

destination for recreation. Anecdotally,

area with native stone (51 responses).

many told the design team that the new playground was a great destination for children and their families.

•

The top precedent image (68 responses) depicted a tree house with a walkway.

DOT VOTING - WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE OR DO AT KOHLER RIDGE PARK? TOP 6 CHOICES

RUSTIC TREE HOUSE AND ELEVATED WALK

EMBANKMENT SLIDE

WATER FEATURE

68 VOTES

58 VOTES

51 VOTES

TOP CHOICE

ZIP LINE

ROCK CLIMBING

MODERN CANOPY WALK

44 VOTES

39 VOTES

29 VOTES

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

6/04/21 - 7/23/21 KOHLER RIDGE DOT-VOTING SURVEY 105 TOTAL RESPONSES 19

SCULPTED EXPERIENCE

24 resp.

16.3%

23 resp.

15.6%

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

10/9/2021 - 11/22/21 SWT FALL FESTIVAL CONCEPT SURVEY + ONLINE SURVEY ENHANCED ECOSYSTEMS 147 PARTICIPANTS

15.6%

Kohler Ridge Park Concepts

/ 23 RESP.

CLL

11/29/21, 4:20 PM

CL CLL

L CLL

ROAD

CLL

RRY

LEBE

CLL

Restored Meadow

K

REA

EB

FIR

ST

RE

FO

OF

GE

ED

Bir

fe

ch

rn

co

mm

un

CLL

CLL

CLL CLL

Fertile soil

MEADOW

ity

Forest Regeneration Zone

CLL CLL

CLL

CLL CLL

CLL

CLL

d Buffe r

Fe

CLL

Wetlan

we

rin

p

g

Dr

RE

(S

E

EL

st

UM

PE

CLL

SU

H

CLL

PIP

LE

O TR

ES

Forest Regeneration Zone

Pine Oak F o re st

re

PR

HIG

RESERVOIR

CLL

CL

WHAT'S YOUR FAVORITE CONCEPT? Garden

Fo

L

Natural Play

y

CLL

CL

CLL

CLL

L

Visual Buffer

Outdoor Classroom

erm

)

CO

O UN

IN

Picnic area

Nature Education Center

Parking

Seating and Signage along paths

Successional Plant Community

Parking

/B

Flo

+

rns

ts lan

CLL

CLL

CLL

UQ

SA

CLL

CLL

147 responses

Rocky s o i l

Mowed Meadow

AN UA

TA

CA

D

AO

ILR

A ER

ILL

LSV

GE

O DF

CLL

Kohler Ridge Park Concepts

CLL

HUCK

Parking

Take a look at the park concepts here: https://www.southwhitehall.com/home/showpublisheddocument/1511 CLL BRICKY

ARD ROA D

1 - ENHANCED 147 ECOSYSTEMS out of 147 answered https://omnes.typeform.com/report/XdyS28mg/sPoiF8PdINgApOFq?view_mode=print

1/1

MINIMAL OPTION WALKING/RUNNING TRAILS ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION

WHIMSICAL WOODLAND

100 resp.

/ 100 RESP.

CLL

68.0%

68%

CL CLL

L

SCULPTED EXPERIENCE

CLL

ROAD

16.3%

23 resp.

15.6%

CLL

LE

HUCK

24 resp.

CLL

Y BERR

CLL CLL

MEADOW

Chimney Swift Towers

CLL CLL

CLL CLL

CLL

CLL

CLL

d Buffe r

Successional Plant Community

Parking

Quarry Bridge

+

Flo

we

rin

g

pla

rn

co

erm

CLL

un

nts

Picnic Area

y Dr

CLL

CLL

2 - WHIMSICAL WOODLAND DISTRIBUTED PLAY STORIED ADVENTURES PLAYFUL STRUCTURES 20

UM

PIP

(S

CLL

E OL

U SS

PE

CLL

E

H

PR

RESERVOIR

CLL

ARD ROA D

EL

st

HIG

Pine Oak

+ C aF onr oe spt y W a l k

CLL BRICKY

re

TR

RE

Tree House

Parking

Fo

Parking CLL

UN

E

IN

Big Slides

L

Picnic Area

mm

Sculpture in the woods

CL

/B

rns

fe

)

Rock Climbing

Outdoor Classroom

Learning+ Craft Garden

Fe

ch

O OC

Natural Play

Picnic Area

Bir

L

Visual Buffer

Nature Education Center

Brick kiln ruins

ST

RE

FO

OF

GE

ED

Overlook Structure

CLL

Wetlan

K

REA

EB

FIR

ity

CLL

Fertile soil

Flexible Play Field

CL

CLL CLL

Small pavilions / Folly

CLL

CLL

Fenced Dog Run

CLL

Rocky s o i l

Pollinator Meadow

CLL

SA

TA

CA

CLL

ENHANCED ECOSYSTEMS

D

AO

ILR

A ER

ILL

LSV

GE

O DF

N AA

U UQ

WHIMSICAL WOODLAND

100 resp.

68%

SCULPTED EXPERIENCE

24 resp.

16.3%

CLL

16.3%

/ 24 RESP.

CL

L CLL

ROAD

CLL

RRY

LEBE

23 resp.

CLL

ENHANCED ECOSYSTEMS

15.6%

HUCK

CLL CLL

ILR

Rocky s o i l

AN

Flexible P l aA y K A r e aT S RE RE E B GE OF FO f e r n

CLL

Fertile soil

FIR

ED

Bir

co

mm

ch

un

CLL

Solar L a n dMEADOW Art/ Sculpture

CLL

Pollinator Meadow

CLL

A ER

CLL

T

CA

O DF

ILL

LSV

GE

UA

UQ

A AS

CLL

Pollinator Meadow

D AO

ity

Interactive Sculpture

CLL

CLL

CLL CLL

CLL

CLL CLL

CLL

CLL

d Buffe r

CLL

Food Forest

Parking

Successional Plant Community

Sculptural Installation

Fe

rns

Picnic Area

ing

pla

nts

no

Parking

py

l Wa

)

k

CO

E

IN

Dr

y

Fo RE

SU

ES

lo ok

Pine Oak F o re st

CLL

O UN

er H

re

EL

st

UM

PIP

(S

CLL

LE

O TR

PE

CLL

PR

HIG

RESERVOIR CL

L

Sun Garden

Natural Play

er

Ov

erm

CLL

L

/B

CLL

CLL

CL

Visual Buffer

Water Feature

low

FF o r e s t Clearing

Ca

Outdoor Classroom

Sculptural Entrance

Community Gathering/ Concessions

+

CLL

CLL

Wetlan

Parking CLL BRICKY

ARD ROA D

3 - SCULPTED EXPERIENCE SCULPTURAL INTERVENTIONS VISTAS AND VIEWS SUBLIME LANDSCAPE

https://omnes.typeform.com/report/XdyS28mg/sPoiF8PdINgApOFq?view_mode=print

21

1/1

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

10/9/2021 - 11/22/21 SWT FALL FESTIVAL CONCEPT SURVEY + ONLINE SURVEY 147 PARTICIPANTS

Residents check out project information and complete surveys during the Fall Festival in South Whitehall Township, October 2021.

Omnes integrated feedback from the initial

WHIMSICAL WOODLAND

survey and five public events, and developed

Focusing on play and a sense of discovery,

conceptual programming plans. All of these

this option was the one selected to move

plans offered the opportunity to be in the

forward. Because of its play elements, it was

meadow/forest, walk/run on trails, and enjoy

very popular with families. Site elements

seating areas throughout the site. Whimsical

included:

Woodland was the most selected option, with

•

A year-round nature education center

an overwhelming 68% percent of participant

•

Picnic area

votes. Each concept organized programming

•

“Nature play” equipment such as long

in a distinct way, outlined below.

slides, a zipline, and climbing elements •

ENHANCED ECOSYSTEMS

A treehouse overlook

This concept was considered the “baseline”

SCULPTED EXPERIENCE

scheme that focused on ecological

This curated experience focused on siting

restoration and education. Distinct program

sculpture and artistic site elements in the

included:

landscape. The concept included:

•

A year-round nature education center

•

Community gathering / concessions

•

Pollinator gardens for birds, bees and

•

Tree canopy walk and overlooks

butterflies

•

Gardens

Restoration of native plants

•

Nature-centered art & sculpture

•

22

CANOPY WALK

OVERLOOK

HIKING TRAIL

FOREST ELEMENTS

DOG RUN

PLAY EQUIPMENT

KIDS

VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES

TREE HOUSE

NATURAL PLAY

NATURAL PLAY AREA

DOG PARK

NATURE EDUCATION CENTER

PLAY AREA WATER FEATURES BIG SLIDE

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

FOREST AREA

LOT OF PLAY

TOPICS WITH MORE THAN ONE MENTION FALL FESTIVAL CONCEPT SURVEY WRITTEN FEEDBACK - 63 RESPONSES 1. KIDS - 10 MENTIONS 2. NATURAL PLAY - 8 MENTIONS 3. WATER FEATURES - 7 MENTIONS 4. TREE HOUSE - 6 MENTIONS 5. PLAY AREA - 6 MENTIONS 6. CANOPY WALK - 5 MENTIONS 7. BIG SLIDE - 4 MENTIONS 8. OUTDOOR CLASSROOM - 4 MENTIONS 9. NATURAL PLAY AREA - 3 MENTIONS 10. DOG PARK - 3 MENTIONS 11. DOG RUN - 3 MENTIONS 12. OVERLOOK - 3 MENTIONS 13. VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES - 2 MENTIONS 14. NATURE EDUCATION CENTER 2 MENTIONS 15. LOT OF PLAY - 2 MENTIONS 16. FOREST ELEMENTS - 2 MENTIONS 17. FOREST AREA - 2 MENTIONS 18. HIKING TRAIL - 2 MENTIONS 19. PLAY EQUIPMENT - 2 MENTIONS

23

COMMUNITY FEEDBACK

11/13/2021 - A WALK IN THE PARK 9 PARTICIPANTS

The SWT and Omnes team with attendees of “A Walk in the Park” at the Kohler Ridge site. Not all attendees pictured.

After advertising the public invitation via

•

Neighbors shared anecdotes and

website, social media, and in-person

memories that were of interest to the

community events, Omnes and SWT held a

design team, including information

public site walk in November 2021. Residents

about the existing structure, family

were able to register for the walk via email

recollections, and information about

and phone, and 9 participants (of 12 RSVPs)

how the site impacts the views from the

attended the walk; a majority were neighbors

neighboring houses.

from directly adjacent neighborhoods. Janet

•

The proposed buffer around the park

Kehnel also attended, providing background

is an important feature to provide a

information about the site that she recalled

visual amenity to neighbors, while also

from her family’s former ownership.

attenuating any noise that could come from the park.

DATA SYNTHESIS The Omnes team synthesized the discussion with the tour attendees: •

Neighbors emphasized their desire to maintain the bucolic nature of the site, and for Kohler Ridge to become a passive, nature-based park. SWT and Omnes assured the residents of these goals and plan outcomes, and described the passive feature of the site.

24

Omnes advertised the event in print, social media, and through sign-up sheets at events that preceded the tour.

25

03

BACKGROUND INFO AND ACTIVITY + FACILITY ANALYSIS PARKS AND OPEN SPACE

household income is higher than surrounding

The star of South Whitehall Township’s

townships and cities, as are educational

existing park network is the large and well-

attainment levels. In an effort to reach the

used Covered Bridge Park. In addition to

broadest diversity of residents, the planning

this highly programmed and well-loved park,

team’s engagement strategy included

there are a host of smaller neighborhood

plugging into a range of community activities

pocket parks and public open spaces

to meet and hear from residents in the places

located just a few minutes away from the site

and events where they already gather.

of Kohler Ridge Park.

EXISTING PLANNING DOCUMENTS

SWT’s existing parks offer many active recreation opportunities for residents of the Township. Kohler Ridge Park is conceived of as a purposefully unique anomaly

The team referred to existing planning documents as a grounding for design decisions. Key documents included: •

Comprehensive Plan: A Balanced Path

within this network – rather than serving up

Forward, July 2009.

another highly programmed location, Kohler Ridge offers a passive nature-based park

South Whitehall Township

•

Livable Landscapes A Park, Recreation, Open Space, Agricultural and Historic

experience.

Lands Plan for Lehigh County, Lehigh

DEMOGRAPHICS

Valley Planning Commission, October

SWT is a majority white population, with

2017.

17.1% non-white population. The median 26

ILN

RD

LA

EK

D

R PP

LIM

JOR

Y EEK GREENWA DAN CR

E

DG

ON IR

I BR

RD

D BLV

WEHR MILL RD

ST RE RC ED A NC

COVERED BRIDGE PARK

N ER TH

RR

U

K

OL RF

SO

PA TURNPIKE

NO HUCKLEBERRY RD

FUTURE KOHLER RIDGE PARK D R D

YAR

ICK

BR

WALBERT AVE

RO U

TE

N 30

9

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN

3.4% Black2 8.1% Hispanic or Latino3

6.2% Two or 6.2% more Races Asian2

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE

2.49

0.1% American Indian and Alaska Native2

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME

$85,540 in 2020 dollars

78.3% White1

EDUCATION

Not Hispanic or Latino Includes persons only reporting one race Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories Not Shown - 0.0% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 1

93.8% HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATE OR HIGHER

2 3

PERCENT OF PERSONS AGE 25% YEARS+ 2016-2020

44.0% BACHELOR’S DEGREE OR HIGHER

PERCENT OF PERSONS AGE 25% YEARS+ 2016-2020

AGE POPULATION - GENDER

5.3%

POP. 19,180 51.6%

PERSONS UNDER 5 YEARS

22.4% PERSONS UNDER 18 YEARS 23.6% PERSONS 65 YEARS AND OVER

50.8%

Data Source: U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts South Whitehall township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/southwhitehalltownshiplehighcountypennsylvania

27

EXISTING PARK ASSETS

Parkland High School

ND F

A Troxell UA AUQ Junior High CATAS School

Orefield Middle School

1 Izaak Walton Rod and Gun Club

Guthsville Rod and Gun Club

Kratzer School

Playground and Open Space

17 E T AV

South Parkland Youth Association Softball Fields

14

22

15

20

PA

U . RO

U.S

ROU .S.

U

11

NE

ION

ENS

EXT

Cedar Creek Farms Clubhouse 4 9 Parkway Manor Elementary School

9

30

IKE

RNP

TE

TU

23

7 5

Westwood 22 Heights Swim Club

TE

Parkland Manor Assisted Living Facility

8

13

BER

WAL

21

6 HUCKLEBERRY ROAD

2

16

D

RAO

AIL ER

VILL

LS OGE

10 18 25 Lehigh County Sports Fields INT

ER

Cetronia Elementary Cedar School Creek East

ST

Dorney Park and Wildwater Kingdom

3

AT

E7 8

12 19

COMMUNITY PARKS 1 2

Covered Bridge Park Kohler Ridge

POCKET PARKS 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Bungalow Park Cedar Creek Farms Devon Circle Park Fernwood Park Grandlawn Park Grove Street Park Hampshire Court Park Jocoby Park Martha Nolan Memorial Park South Whitehall Chase Park Spring Valley Estates Park Springhouse West Park The Vistas Park The Vistas Playground Winchester Heights Park 28

OPEN SPACE 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Beverly Cedar Crest Gardens Deerfield Golden Oaks Parkland Drive Stoneridge terrace Twin Grove Wedgewood

24

SITE ANALYSIS MAP KEY

Property Line High Pressure Petroleum Pipeline Norfolk Southern Railroad (Old Catasauqua and Fogelsville Railroad) Potential Buffer Zones Remnant Structure Vehicular Access Approximate Extents of Quarry Existing Public Works Stockpiles Existing Wetland Existing Structures

The map below is a summary of site inventory and analysis that maps the existing site conditions and constraints. In Omnes’ research, no notable overlays were found on PNDI mapping.

Potential Site Access Natural Swale

WETLAND

SOIL STOCKPILES

RESERVOIR OUTFALL

QUARRY

29

04

SITE INVENTORY + ANALYSIS KOHLER RIDGE PARK SITE

resources were important to the nomadic

The proposed Kohler Ridge Park is located

Lenape who lived and camped in the valley.

on a 25.7-acre site at 2007 Brickyard Road.

They utilized the area for hunting and fishing

This unique parcel falls along the border

and had many dispersed camps throughout

between the more densely populated

the region, adopting a more static lifestyle as

southern portion of South Whitehall Township

they gained knowledge of plant cultivation.

and the lesser populated northern edge. The site consists of a steeply sloped woodland, a

The Lenape grew seed plants such as lambs

slightly less steep post-agricultural meadow,

quarter, knotweed, and little barley, and their

an (uninhabitable) house, a two-story garage,

advancing understanding of agriculture led

and the remnants and remaining landscape

them to settle near water sites and sunny

of a shale quarry from the late 1800s.

floodplains in the Lehigh Valley where land could be cleared for growing other crops like corn and squash.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT THE LENAPE: ORIGINAL PEOPLE OF THE LEHIGH VALLEY The human history of the Lehigh Valley begins with the Lenape (meaning “original people”), the native people who first inhabited the region 10,000 years ago. The area’s unique geography and rich natural

During the broad era of Lenape settlement, the region was covered by a primarily deciduous forest that had few very larger trees – likely a result of periodic controlled burns practiced by the Lenape. This kind of prescribed burning facilitated hunting and travel, drove away insects, and increased the supplies of wild edibles.

30

Before

Early

Late

Between

1682

1700s

1800s

1896

1913

1950s

1939-1958

The Lenape people occupy the area now known as Lehigh County, using the land primarily for hunting, fishing, and travel routes without permanent villages.

German settlers (primarily from the Rhine region) are drawn to the Lehigh Valley, attracted by productive limestone soils.

The majority of the Valley is inhabited, and extensive logging leaves much of the area deforested.

A vitrified brick plant and shale quarry begins operations along the north slope of Huckleberry Ridge.

Industrial operations cease on site.

Subsequently, level portions of the site were likely used for farms or pasture, and the steeper slopes were left to return to forest.

Chestnut blight kills off the majority of American chestnut trees in the region, altering the composition of the ecosystem.

Forest shifts to an oak / hickory base instead of Chestnut.

Sunoco High Pressure Petroleum Pipeline is installed at the southeastern corner of the site.

A site timeline illustrates cycles of disturbance experienced at the Kohler Ridge site.

While the Lenape lived for thousands of years

By the time of the 1810 Census, the area was

in the Lehigh Valley, they were forced from

one of the largest grain producing regions

their homelands by European settlement over

in the country. As settlement continued and

the course of just a few decades. Stripped

technology advanced, extractive and industrial

of claims to their traditional lands in the

operations began overtaking the Lehigh Valley.

valley through actions such as the fraudulent Walking Purchase of 1737, the Lenape were pushed westward toward places such as Oklahoma and Wisconsin, where thriving Lenape sovereign nations endure today with ongoing connections to their homelands.

INDUSTRIAL ERA While the Lehigh Valley was rich with iron ore and limestone, iron production was extremely difficult the region in the early 1800s.

Undeveloped roads and shallow rivers meant that iron could only be made where there

COLONIAL SETTLEMENT

were also extensive forests for charcoal, far

The early 1700s saw a tremendous increase

from the Lehigh Valley.

in the number of permanent settlers arriving in the Lehigh Valley from Europe. Through

The high cost and difficulty prevented the

the early 1800s, this included thousands

development of the industry until the advent

of Germans drawn to Pennsylvania for its

of “hot blast” furnaces in the 1840s. These

religious tolerance laws as well as for the

furnaces created higher and more consistent

opportunity to farm the productive limestone

temperatures that made it possible to use

soils of the Lehigh Valley.

anthracite coal rather than charcoal in the smelting process.

31

HISTORY Large reserves of anthracite were located

RECENT HISTORY

nearby just north of the Lehigh Valley, though

After the brick plant ceased operations, it is

transportation was still limited to horse

believed that the more sloped portions of the

drawn wagons. Though the journey to obtain

site were left to return to woodland and the

anthracite was far shorter than the one

lesser sloped portions were used for farming

for charcoal, treacherous road conditions

or grazing.

during bad weather sometimes made travel impossible. In 1857 this transportation was

While the forested portions of the site likely

greatly improved with the construction of the

contained a large percentage of chestnut

Catasauqa and Fogelsville Railroad, which

trees originally, the introduction of chestnut

borders the northern edge of the Kohler

blight to the region in the 1950s likely

Ridge Park site.

caused the ecosystem to shift to a larger concentration of oaks and hickories instead.

By the 1870s, the Lehigh Valley was at the heart of American industry, with Pennsylvania

Sometime between 1939 and 1958, a high

producing nearly half of all iron in the country

pressure petroleum pipeline was directed

and the Lehigh Valley supplying the highest

through the south eastern portion of the site.

yields. Other notable industries within the

The natural gas pipeline is part of the Sunoco

valley included various mining operations

Pipeline that connects to the shale-heavy

such as ore, slate, shale, and zinc.

regions of northern Pennsylvania’s “endless” mountains.

ALLENTOWN BRICK COMPANY In 1896, three investors purchased a plot of land along the north slope of Huckleberry Ridge and opened a vitrified brick plant and shale quarry that would come to be known as the Allentown Brick Company. The bricks produced by the plant were a high-quality paving brick and were the only bricks in Lehigh County to be made with shale.

The vitrified brick plant consisted of a circular smokestack 124’-6" in height and had ovens with a capacity of 50,000 bricks. Bricks continued to be produced on site until 1913.

32

SOURCES FOR FURTHER READING Benjamin LeRoy Miller, Pennsylvania Geological Survey Fourth Series Bulletin C 39, Lehigh County Pennsylvania Geology and Geography (Harrisburg, PA: Department of Internal Affairs, 1941) John K. Smith, “Iron and Steel in the Lehigh Valley.” Beyond Steel, Lehigh University Digital Library, https:// digital.lib.lehigh.edu/beyondsteel/ business/steel New Jersey Forest Fire Service, About Prescribed Burning, 2020, https:// nj.gov/dep/parksandforests/fire/program/ aboutrxb.html) “Allentown City History.” AllentownPA. GOV, City of Allentown, https://www. allentownpa.gov/Play/History

Remnants of an underground brick structure and archway from a brick manufacturing operations, c. 1890s

Remnant quarry topography with extreme side slopes and a level floor

33

GEOLOGY & SOILS GEOLOGY

KOHLER RIDGE SITE SOILS

Lehigh County is framed to the north by Blue

The Kohler Ridge site is located at the

Mountain, or Kittatinny Ridge – an even-

northern edge of the limestone region. The

crested, narrow formation comprised of

ridge itself is an outlier prong formed by

Tuscarora conglomerates and sandstones.

an upward tilting syncline of shale which

To the south is South Mountain, part of

breaks the continuity of the limestone

the Reading Prong of the New England

floor. This allows for the ridge to support a

Uplands. South Mountain is comprised of

unique ecosystem from that of its immediate

various crystalline rocks and contains similar

surroundings.

formations to those found in much of New England. The valley between is predominantly

The project site is composed predominately

limestone with a band of shale running

of Lower Martinsburg Shale with a small

adjacent to Blue Mountain to the north.

pocket of Beekmantown Limestone located at the northwest corner. This shift in geology

The shale belt and limestone valley each

is also reflected by a shift in the soils from a

represent distinctly different landscapes

rocky, dry, acidic soil covering the bulk of the

within the county. In the shale belt, the land

site to a prime agricultural soil located in the

undulates in a series of small symmetrically

pocket of limestone. This shift occurs roughly

rounded hills gently rising to the north with

at the same location of a natural swale found

heights ranging from 650-1,000 feet. These

on site.

hills are bisected by many streams which have carved away the topography in a series of intricate, steep slopes.

In contrast to the shale belt, the limestone valley is vastly broad and flat with few streams. The average elevation is around 400 feet. The lesser quantity of streams and presence of many sink holes point to an extensive natural underground drainage system.

34

Geologic Map of Lehigh County, Plate 01, in Miller, Pennsylvania Geological Survey Fourth Series Bulletin C 39 35

GEOLOGY & SOILS

KEY Bk Berks-Weikert Complex *Channery loam / channery silt loam.

Rocky, acidic soils and droughty shales derived from shale, siltstone and / or fine grained sandstone.

BkB 3-8% slopes BkC 8-15% slopes BkD 15-25% slopes BkF 25-60% slopes Wa Washington silt loam Silt loams derived from limestone or glacial drift, prime farmland.

The shift in soil types on site is consistent with the ecotones that the design team observed during site inventory, including drainage patterns and ranges of plants due to acidity, fertility, etc.

Bf Bedington-Berks Complex *Channery loam and channery silt loams, prime farmland.

BfB 3-8% slopes BfC 8-15% slopes Ua Udorthents Man made and altered materials from mixed rock types.

DbB Duffield silt loam 3-8% slopes. Silt loam derived from limestone and siltstone, prime farmland UmB Urban land Duffield Complex 0-8% slopes Pavement, buildings and other artificially covered areas

CmB Clarksburg silt loam 3-8% slopes. Silt loam derived from limestone, prime WaC 8-15% slopes farmland *Channery - a soil consisting 15% or more of thin fragments of sandstone, shale, slate, limestone or schist WaB 3-8% slopes

Map by Omnes based on: Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Web Soil Survey. Available online at the following link: http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/.

Accessed 02/09/2021.

36

Shale

Clay

Gneiss

Rounded glacial aggregates

A mix of shale and granitetype stone of site

Quartzite formations

37

FOREST CONDITIONS

1

Sparse understory and tall, straight trees are a result of competition for soil and light.

Consistent tree sizes indicate disturbance ~6080 years ago (c. 1920s–1940s).

3

Deadfall is plentiful within the forested portions of the site. Some (but not all) hazardous trees are a result of the Emerald Ash Borer.

2

4

Pine trees occur along the top of the ridge and indicate a shift in ecosystems.

Invasive wineberry plants have colonized the disturbed areas around the pipeline. These shrubs are known to overtake native stands of huckleberry and blueberry.

3 2 5 1

5

Soils are rocky and dry containing large pieces of shale.

38

4

MEADOW CONDITIONS

1

View of the open meadow with afternoon shade from the forest. The north-facing forested slope is mostly shady.

3

Thicket of sweet birch grows at the transition zone between forest and meadow.

2

4

View of open meadow and Blue Mountain (Kittatinny Ridge) beyond.

Meadow appears to be predominately Canadian goldenrod. While not an invasive, Canadian goldenrod is known to take over and crowd out other beneficial species.

1 2

5

Mosses growing within the meadow adjacent to the forest indicate a wet / shady condition. Runoff from the ridge likely infiltrates the rocky soils above, flows below the surface, and then reemerges at the lesser slopes along the meadow edge.

39

4

3

5

ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

DEVELOPED LAND

FOREST GRASSLAND AND HERBACEOUS OPENINGS EDGE / OLDFIELD

NORTHEAST INTERIOR DRY MESIC OAK FOREST

CENTRAL APPALACHIANS DRY OAK AND PINE FOREST

High Pressure attention as a result of evidence of decline, vulnerability to Petroleum lack of information / evidence surrounding a species,Pipeline or habitat

Species warranting special environmental degradation, degradation or loss that could result in the species transitioning to a threatened species.

Norfolk Southern Railroad (Catasauqua & Fogelsville)

DEVELOPED LAND

Huckleberry Reservoir Brickyard Road

Huckleberry Road

ECOLOGY

ECOSYSTEM PROFILE: FLORA AND FAUNA

The Appalachian Mountains of the eastern

Across the Kohler Ridge site, a variety of

United States are comprised of a series of

ecosystems can be found. These include

ridges running north / south with elevations

developed land, grasslands and herbaceous

ranging from 320-2,080 feet above sea

openings, northeast interior dry mesic oak

level, according to the Appalachian Trail

forest, and central Appalachians dry oak and

Conservancy. Framed by these ridges is the

pine forest. The profiles for each of these

Great Valley – a chain of lowlands stretching

ecosystems are detailed in the following

from Quebec to Alabama. The Great Valley is

sections.

known by many names along its length, and in central / eastern Pennsylvania, this region

It should be noted though that while these

is known as the Lehigh Valley.

are the ideal plant and animal communities that occur in these ecosystems, the actual

The Kohler Ridge Park site and its environs

site conditions contain high quantities of

were once known as Huckleberry Ridge,

invasive species that are competing with –

named for its fertile abundance of the native

and often crowding out – the native systems.

huckleberries.

GRASSLAND AND HERBACEOUS OPENINGS Accounting for approximately 26% of Pennsylvania land cover, the grassland and herbaceous opening regions are typically the result of human disturbance – primarily 40

TYPOLOGICAL PLANT SPECIES

“An Introduction to Pennsylvania Species,

GRASSES

for agriculture (Pennsylvania Envirothon,

Poaceae sp (fescue) Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass) Phleum pratense L. (timothy grass) Setaria sp. (foxtail)

PERENNIALS

GRASSLAND AND HERBACEOUS OPENINGS

Solidago sp. (goldenrod) Senecio sp (ragwort and groundsel) Erigeron sp. (fleabane, daisy) Rudbeckia hirta (black-eyed Susan) Daucus carota (Queen Anne’s lace) Achillea millefolium (yarrow) Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) Fragaria virginiana (wild strawberry)

Habitat, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity,” https://www.envirothonpa.org/pdfs/ PASpecies_Ecosystems&Biodiversity.pdf).

If left unattended, these grasslands would succumb to succession and transition into an oldfield with woody shrubs and small trees,

NORTHEAST INTERIOR DRY MESIC OAK FOREST

and eventually, a forest ecosystem.

Oak dominates this forest with mostly acidic, relatively infertile soils. Characterized by

TREES

NORTHEAST INTERIOR DRY MESIC OAK FOREST

variable structure and composition based on disturbance (commonly caused by low Without disturbance, Acer saccharum and other later successional species begin to

SHRUBS

severity fires, perhaps from controlled burns).

CENTRAL APPALACHIANS DRY OAK AND PINE FOREST The Central Appalachians dry oak and pine forest is a variant of the Northeast Interior Dry

HERBACEOUS

replace the overstory oaks and hickories.

Quercus sp. (Oak) alba (white) coccinea (scarlet) rubra (red) velutina (black) Carya sp. (Hickory) tomentosa (mockernut) glabra (pignut) ovalis (red or sweet pignut) ovata (shagbark) pallida (sand) *Castenea dentata (American chestnut) Viburnum acerifolium (maple-leaved viburnum) Lindera benzoin (spicebush) Hamamelis virginiana (witch Hazel) **Gaylussacia brachycera (box-huckleberry) **Carex polymorpha (variable sedge) **Taenidia montana (mountain parsley) Podophyllum pelatum (mayapple)

CENTRAL APPALACHIANS DRY OAK AND PINE FOREST

Mesic Oak Forest occurring in drier locations sloped, shallow, rocky, dry, and acidic. The

TREES

– commonly along ridges. Soils are steeply

Quercus sp. (Oak) montana (chestnut) alba (white) sometimes coccinea (scarlet) sometimes Pinus (Pine) virginiana (Virginia, scrub, Jersey) strobus (Eastern white)

primary difference in species is the presence of pines.

SHRUBS

Vaccinium pallidum (lowbush blueberry) Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel) **Gaylussacia brachycera (box-huckleberry)

HERBACEOUS (SPARSE)

**Trifolium virginicum (Kate’s mountain clover) **Heuchera alba (white alumroot) **Phlox buckleyi (sword-leaved phlox) **Taenidia montana (mountain parsley) **Adlumia fungosa (climbing fumitory) Podophyllum pelatum (mayapple) *Dominant species prior to near eradication resulting from chestnut blight **Species of concern 41

ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES OBSERVED SPECIES GRASSLAND AND HERBACEOUS OPENINGS FAUNA

FLORA

Gigantia solidago Hay Scented Fern *Garlic Mustard *Dames Rocket *Autumn Olive *Mugwort

Gray Birch Swallow Turkey Scrape Red-winged black bird

NORTHEAST INTERIOR DRY MESIC OAK FOREST FLORA

Pinus strobus Juniperus virginana Crabapple Red Mulberry Gray Birch **Sassafras **Oak sp) **Cherry Red Oak White Oak Black Oak Scarlet Oak Chestnut Oak Tulip Poplar Ash Hop Hornbeam **Common Hackberry Basswood Hickory Redbud

Jack in the Pulipt Native Grapevine Native blackberry Spicebush Viburnum acerifolium *Barberry Buckthorn Gooseberry

Grassland and herbaceous openings

Botrychium (rare!)

Hay Scented Fern Christmas Fern Sensitive fern Avens Violets Hairy Fleabane *Stilt grass

FAUNA

Wood Thrush

CENTRAL APPALACHIANS DRY OAK AND PINE FOREST Virginia creeper *Garlic mustard *Oriental bittersweet *Wineberry

Northeast interior dry mesic oak forest

DEVELOPED LAND Sycamore Willow Oak *Alianthus Sugar Maple Black walnut *Paulownia Kentucky Coffee Tree

Sweet Cicely Bleeding HeartBoneset Milkweed *Mile-a-minute

Cattails Fox Sedge *Stiltgrass

* **

Invasive species New growth / sapling

42

Central Appalachians dry oak and pine forest

EXISTING ECOLOGIES There are two areas on site where the planning team observed a large number of deadfall; in these areas the absence of tree canopy opened the forest floor to direct sunlight. These zones are opportunities to create ecological regeneration of the soils, plant, and flora/fauna.

REGENERATION ZONE

REGENERATION ZONE

KEY Northeast Interior Dry Mesic Oak Forest Central Appalachians Dry Oak and Pine Forest Grassland and Herbaceous Openings Developed Land Forest regeneration

43

FAUNA

CASTENEA DENTATA (AMERICAN CHESTNUT)

Forested portions of the Kohler Ridge Park site likely once contained a large percentage of chestnut trees, but with the introduction of chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) to the region in the 1950s, the ecosystem began to shift to a larger concentration of oaks and hickories instead.

ANIMALS + INSECTS The species outlined on the adjacent page

•

Eastern Tiger Swallowtail

are those that can be found in ecosystems

•

Red-Tailed Hawk

similar to those found on the Kohler Ridge

•

Great blue heron

site. This is not an exhaustive list of all

•

Common Garter Snake

species found on the site but is instead

•

Woodland salamanders

limited to those identified as warranting

•

Four-lined plant bug

special attention as a result of evidence

•

Monarch butterfly

of decline, vulnerability to environmental

•

True crickets

degradation, lack of information /

•

Woodlouse spider

evidence surrounding a species, or habitat

•

Black Vine Weevil

degradation or loss that could result in the

•

Eastern Boxelder bug

species transition to a threatened species.

•

Morning-glory plume moth

•

Cutworm moths

According to iNaturalist.org, a joint initiative

•

Giant Leopard moth

of the California Academy of Sciences

•

Gem moth

and the National Geographic Society, the

•

Bedstraw Hawkmoth

following species have been observed in this area:

The design team can also attest to a major presence of mosquitos in the summer months!

44

*FROSTED ELFIN MOTH

Non-migratory butterfly dependent on lupine and wild indigo to complete its annual life cycle. Lupine and wild indigo are specialist species that only occur in well established meadow ecosystems.

BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO

Found in woodlands and thickets. They hide their nests among leaves and tangles in deciduous trees and feed upon caterpillars (particularly gypsy moths), katydids, cicadas, and grasshoppers.

Species is secure, though the population is in decline.

*MOUNTAIN EARTHSNAKE

Small, non-venomous snake reaching a length of only 13" and living most of its life underground; only emerges during heavy summer rains. Requires loose soil for burrowing into and rotting stumps and logs are a favorite shelter. Most frequently found in short grassy slopes with sandstone rocks near deciduous forests and streams.

SOUTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL

LEAST WEASEL

Rarely seen due to their nocturnal nature, the flying squirrel is a highly social species (particularly during winter nesting time). Threats include loss of habitat and loss of cavitybearing and mast producing trees. Status is currently secure.

Habitat includes open forests, farmlands, grassy fields and meadows, and hedgerows. Dens are made in burrows abandoned by other mammals (voles, moles etc.) or nets made in holes in buildings or other similar sites. Status in PA is secure.

REDBACK SALAMANDER

Found in damp micro habitats within wooded areas – inside logs, under leaf litter or under objects during the day. Timber harvest causes declines in populations and creation of roads serve as partial barriers to movement.

Population is currently secure.

*EASTERN SMOOTH EARTHSNAKE

A small snake reaching up to 15.5" in length. Similar to the Mountain Earthsnake, the Eastern Smooth Earthsnake spends much of its life underground.

Habitat includes forests, abandoned fields in varying stages of succession, dry upland ridges, pastures, urban and suburban woodlots, forest-fields and moist lowlands.

*NORTHERN COAL SKINK

Though not specifically noted in Lehigh County (secretive and difficult to find), the coal skink lives in similar ecosystems. Habitat includes open areas with rock or log cover. Species reach 5-7" in length.

*Indicates critically imperiled, imperiled, or vulnerable species.

45

05

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The Kohler Ridge site has many layers

SITE ORGANIZATION

of complexity, with constraints that are

Though the park will be passive in use, it

ecological, infrastructural, and social. The

will have different areas of activation and

planning team took into account many

programming that offer social amenities to

factors and considerations within the design,

the community. The diagram at right shows

the highlights of which are outlined here.

how the forest and meadow are maintained

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION Various elements within Kohler Ridge’s landscape offer opportunities for the public to engage with nature while learning about its many flows and patterns. Through the planning process, it became apparent that environmental education should be a core driver in the expression on site, and

as passive areas, while the developed area that has the former residence/garage and quarry remnants could lend to more active programming such as play or parking. This “active” area has open lawn and recently graded zones, so any new construction here will not have the same ecological sensitivity as other areas within the future park.

how people interact with nature of the site.

ZONING + LAND USE

This was instilled as a core aspect of the

The site is comprised of three different

programming,and also as part of the guiding

parcels, each with very different land uses

values for the park – to provide experiences

and configurations. The 25.7-acre site is

that educate people to restore and protect

comprised of the following tax lots:

nature.

•

Northern Parcel (Parcel ID No. 547786046295 1): 15.97-acre lot whose

46

MEADOW

PASSIVE ACTIVE

FOREST

DEVELOPED

FOREST

Site organization map reflecting the influences of circulation and programming

current zoning is classified as “Vacant

•

Southern Parcel ID No. 547775598930 1:

Land – Agricultural.” This is the upper

9.26-acre site whose zoning is classified

forested lot, and it was sold to the

as “Vacant Land – Agricultural” and has

Township by Janet M. Kehnel for $1.00

the address of 444 Walbert Avenue. This

in 1997. The site will be named Kohler

parcel was sold to SWT in 2019 by Jaindl

Ridge Park in honor of her late parents

Land Company for $1.00. There is an

John J. and Margaret E. Kohler, who

approximate 30’ offset between the edge

bought the agricultural property in 1980.

of the road and the property line that

This parcel is directly adjacent to the

should be maintained for public access

Norfolk Southern Rail (NSR) Line; the line

and utilities. At the southern side of this

was once the Catasauqua and Fogelsville

parcel, there is a 30’ wide right-of-way for

Railroad before it was bought by NSR.

the Sunoco Pipeline.

The line is still active, though only for

•

Western Parcel (Parcel ID No.

local deliveries to/from nearby aggregate/

547775199903 1): 1.03-acre site with

cement companies.

a main house & garage apartment 47

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS with an address is located at 1995

This process involves a four-foot spacing

Brickyard Road. The current zoning is

between survey profiles, and the scientist

“Residential.” The parcel was sold to

uses a device in the field that would

SWT in 2019 by Jaindl Land Company

break the area into a grid.

for $1.00. There is an approximate

If the magnetic survey shows evidence

30’ offset between the edge of the

of possible underground structures,

road and the property line that should

then perform gravity/seismic surveys in

be maintained for public access and

areas of interest. These surveys would

utilities.

break the site into a 10’ x 10’ grid for the measurement survey stations, and the

STORMWATER / NPDES CONSIDERATIONS

surveying team could cover a 100’ x 100’

The fact that the park will be comprised of three separate parcels has potential impacts on permitting and construction documentation. The Township should evaluate the pros and cons of uniting these parcels into a single parcel – this could be done prior to developing the park or after improvements have been made.

The passive nature of the park has been emphasized by the design team, using permeable and low-maintenance materials.

The impacts of reducing permeable space will be focused on the area surrounding the proposed Eco-Barn, but minimized in other zones.

area per day.

ANTICIPATED USERS SWT advised on the anticipated level of visitorship that the site might receive when it is fully accessible and open. Because this is a passive park, a large volume of daily users is not anticipated or encouraged. If a structure is to hold events, the largest will be a ~30-person exercise class; the design team used this as the maximum for programmatic planning.

If larger groups such as a children’s summer camp wanted to utilize Kohler Ridge Park, it is assumed that they would bus from Covered Bridge Park. The strain on public

GEOTECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS Omnes consulted with a Geophysicist at Langan Engineering, and a broad course of action was advised: •

•

Perform a magnetic survey to determine the presence of underground structures.

The equipment will detect magnetic differences of the brick structures, and will provide a zone for further inquiry.

48

restrooms could be eased with SWT supplying additional portable restroooms outside.

NORFOLK-SOUTHERN LINE The planning team discussed the project with NSR and they advised that a buffer and potential fence be installed at the edge of the

property to promote safety for park users and security for the rail engineers.

SWT SOIL STOCKPILES The western parcel in the “active” zone of the

SUNOCO PIPELINE

site has soil and aggregate stockpiles that

On the southeastern edge of the site, there is

are currently utilized by SWT Public Works.

an existing 8” high pressure Sunoco Pipeline.

Prior to any construction or surveying, it is

The site has a minimum 30’ easement to

advisable for these stockpiles to be relocated

keep the area above and adjacent to the

to another SWT-owned site. This will allow for

pipeline clear.

a more accurate survey of the site, especially if geotechnical surveys are undertaken.

HUCKLEBERRY RESERVOIR On the southeastern edge of the site is

WETLAND DELINEATION

located a large water reservoir with a capacity

A previous developer of the western parcel

of ten million gallons. This is owned by South

began the process of grading a driveway,

Whitehall Township, and it was constructed

but left the soil and aggregate unfinished;

in 1989. The reservoir is drained every other

the runoff and accumulated clay has formed

year for routine maintenance and cleaning;

an “accidental” inland, non-tidal emergent

its only drainage path is to the north, where

wetland. This wetland has not been formally

this water flows down along the steep ridge

delineated and permitted, but should be prior

of the Kohler Ridge Park site. The water is

to any construction on site.

also tested for contaminants such as E. coli, bacteria, fecal matter, etc., and any

BRICK QUARRY REMNANTS

contamination levels above established safety

There are other potential sub-surface

standards requires that the reservoir must be

conditions of high groundwater and

completely drained within 48 hours.

subterranean structures from the shale mining/brick-making operations. The location

To counteract this large volume and velocity

of these structures has not been identified,

of water, design consideration is given to

but should be confirmed prior to any park

enhancing existing swales, stabilizing slopes,

operations take place on site.

and introducing measures that will help slow and absorb the water along its pathway. The design team has included installation of large stone at the outfall at the top of the ridge, to slow the velocity of water. The site has a natural drainage swale that will be maintained in the existing design, and it feeds down into the low point of the meadow at the western edge.

EXISTING RESIDENCE + GARAGE The western parcel on the Kohler Ridge site that contains the existing residences has a large expanse of lawn where an existing residence and garage stand. The house has been identified as “tear-down” condition

by SWT, though the garage foundation and structure is salvageable. The design team 49

accounted for adaptive re-use of the Eco

1

Barn in this zone, and is relying upon use of the existing electrical and water connections to the house.

The house had a septic/cesspool system that

2

is inconsistent with modern septic systems, and suffered from being located within a high water table location. For this reason, the planning solutions identify both a new septic, composting toilets, or use of on-site sewer

3

tank, as outlined in chapter six.

SITE CONDITIONS There are a number of complex site conditions that influence the design of the

5

park. These complex conditions are noted at right, and also discussed in detail in various sections of this plan.

6

7

8

50

COMPLEX SITE CONDITIONS MAP 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Small remnant brick structure Historic Allentown Brick Co. vitrified brick quarry site Soil stockpile Suspected location of septic/cesspool field (no photo available) Existing structures C&F Secondary Railroad at the northernmost edge of the site. According to the Lehigh Valley 2007 Rail Freight Study, the single track is maintained per 25 mph standards and serves the industrial parks and distribution centers in Upper Macungie Township.

A gravel construction drive leads to a large stockpile of rocky soil filling in the westernmost portion of the quarry. To the left are cattails and other wetland species indicating a small wetland / detention basin.

A Sunoco high pressure petroleum pipeline crosses through the forest along the top of the ridge.

Remnant quarry topography with extreme side slopes and level floor

KEY Property Line High Pressure Petroleum Pipeline Utility Pole 10’ Contours Observed Wet Area

6

7 1 5 3

2

8

4

51

SLOPE AND TOPOGRAPHY

10FT

View of slopes from the main quarry pit, looking northeast

1:6

1:7

1:5

1:9

1:5

1:7 1:8

≤1:20 1:5

1:1.5 1:1.5 1:10

1:1.5

1:1.5

1.5:1

1:5

1:4 1:7

Slope analysis of the Kohler Ridge site. Arrows point down hill.

52

1:10

SLOPE AND TOPOGRAPHY The topography of the site has steep slopes that have been carved away by brick and mining operations. The eastern side of the site has gentler sloping hills that were utilized for agricultural cultivation.

DATA ANALYSIS The slopes on site informed the design team regarding places that provide opportunities for overlooks and vistas, with potential views to the Kittatinny Ridge. The slopes also informed the location of trails and pathways throughout the site: •

Lower slopes should be utilized for creating accessible trails that can be utilized by all.

•

High sloped with more “technical” terrain can provide overlooks if forest clearings are sited in the foreground.

•

Parking should be located in a zone that can provide a relatively even plane, without having to clear large parts of the existing ecological setting.

SLOPE

PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS

SLOPED PATH CONSIDERATIONS

STEEP

INACCESSIBLE

1:1.5 | 66%

KEY

1:5 - 1.4 | 20% - 25%

TECHNICAL TERRAIN

SWITCHBACKS NEEDED

1:9 - 1:6 | 11% - 16%

MODERATE SLOPE

CLIMBING TURNS NEEDED

10’ Contours Swale Slope Arrows

1:20 - 1:10 | 5-10% POTENTIAL PARKING AREA ≤1:20 | 0-5% ADA ACCESSIBLE

≤1:10 | 0-10% FLAT

53

SOLAR ASPECT AND MICROCLIMATES

10FT

View of solar aspect from the main quarry pit, looking northeast

WINTER WINDS

SEVERE STORMS

MICROCLIMATE

SUMMER & WINTER WINDS

Solar aspect and climate analysis of the Kohler Ridge site 54

CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS In addition to the topography, the planning team analyzed the microclimates on site in order to understand areas that can provide human comfort in extreme weather. This is an important consideration for continued climate change, as conditions becomes wetter, hotter, and windier during weather events.

DATA ANALYSIS •

The design should consider summer breezeways from the south, helping to keep park users cool and also to provide relief from mosquitos.

•

Protection from winter winds will help protect the ridge in the winter from strong storm gusts. It can also keep hikers comfortable when hiking the shaded ridge.

•

Due to wind and solar exposure, microclimates for plant communities should be considered.

KEY 10’ Contours

SOLAR ASPECT

Swale

North Facing

Sun path

West Facing

Observed Wet Area

East Facing

Wind Direction

South Facing

55

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS RAINWATER + STORMWATER

CLIMATE CHANGE

Rainfall, snow, ice storms, and flooding are

In the face of changing temperatures and

projected to increased in the future, and this

extreme weather, the conservation and

will greatly impact the Lehigh Valley. As a

stabilization of the ecological communities

passive park, Kohler Ridge is designed to

in Kohler Ridge will be very important.

absorb and cleanse water. It is also a place

Strategies to support this could mean

for people to go and get outside even during

introducing/supporting climate adaptive tree

inclement weather, through the inclusion of

species, establishing a native meadow (and

artful stormwater management design.

species it supports), and capturing carbon through thriving forests.

PRECIPITATION •

HARDINESS ZONES •

In PA, over the past 110 years there has been a 10% increase in the amount of precipitation on average.*** By 2050, we can expect an additional 8% increase in precipitation.***

•

•

YEAR LONG PRECIPITATION ALLENTOWN, PA*

•

5.0 in

Plant hardiness zones are shifting north at a rate of around 13 miles per decade based on the average of 20 different predictive climate models.

Lehigh County is currently in zone 6A and 6B. Predicted to shift into zones 7A and 7B by 2070.

4.5 4.0

COLD HARDINESS ZONE SHIFT**

3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1986-2015

AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

2036-2065

TEMPERATURE •

In PA, over the past 110 years the temperature has increased by 1.8° F.***

1 SQUARE ACRE OF MATURE FOREST Absorbs 2.5 tonnes of CO2 annually - the equivalent to the amount of CO2 produced by the average car’s annual mileage

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ALLENTOWN, PA* Summer High

+5.3°

83.9° Winter Low

89.2°

+4.7°

23.2° 2000 30 year avg.

27.9° 2050 30 year avg.

120° 110° 100° 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0°

ONE SINGLE TREE CAN ABSORB 48 POUNDS OF CO2 IN ONE YEAR.

56

BUILDING + LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS

THERMAL COMFORT

Sustainable materials and systems within

When deciding on programming and user

the building and landscape ensure that

experience, the thermal comfort of park

Kohler Ridge Park creates a safe, healthy

visitors can be enhanced by considering

place that can be enjoyed by many

seasonal temperatures and microclimates in

generations. Permeable material for paving

specific areas of the park.

can help recharge groundwater and minimize impacts on existing sewers. Local sourcing of materials minimizes carbon

GREEN ROOF SYSTEM

impact and developed relationships with

•

local economies. Healthy building systems

•

with minimal VOCs and healthy circulation • •

ensures clean air and interaction with tactile, natural materials.

Extend roof life up to 3 times the standard life expectancy.

Reduce energy consumption by 40% for winter heating and by 100% for cooling in the summer.

Reduces CO2 in the air.

Reduces stormwater runoff which leads to a decrease in the burden on storm sewer systems.

PERMEABLE PAVING + BIOSWALES •

Collect and treat water with native planting while recharging ground water tables.

SOLAR POTENTIAL FOR BUILDINGS • • •

COMPOSTING TOILETS

• •

Avoids effluent & potential water table contamination.

Introduces vermiculture for breakdown of bio-solids.

SOURCES:

1,371 hours of usable sunlight per year 1,392 sf available for solar panels on the existing building footprint Based on an average electricity usage of $100 per month, 529 SF (7.5 KW) of solar panels can provide approximately 98% of the electricity needed for this location. This equates to an annual environmental impact equivalent to reducing 6.3 metric tons of carbon dioxide, removing 1.3 passenger cars from the road, or 161 seedlings grown for 10 years.

* Umair Irfan, Eliza Barclay, and Kavya Sukumar, “Weather 2050,” Vox.com, July 19, 2019, https://www.vox.com/a/weather-climate-change-us-cities-global-warming ** Lauren E. Parker and John T. Abatzoglou, “Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States,” Environmental Research Letters 11 (2016), https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001/pdf *** Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, “Climate Change,” https://www.dep.pa.gov/Citizens/climate/Pages/default.aspx#:~:text=In%20Pennsylvania%2C%20our%20climate%20 has,amount%20of%20precipitation%2C%20on%20average

57

06

DESIGN + MAINTENANCE PROCESS

Three pathway circulation strategies were

The design recommendations for Kohler

studied, emphasizing differing experiences.

Ridge Park are the result of numerous

The “parallel pathways and pockets” strategy

iterations worked through to form the

was chosen for its bold geometry, which

overall layout, programming, features, and

follows the existing contours of the land while

management of the landscape, incorporating

also contributing to moments of reveal and

feedback from the community and township

spectacle as one traverses the park, curving

throughout the process. Hand drawings,

around “pockets” of activation. This option

digital collages, 3D studies, site visits, and

also emphasized the linearity of the site, with

conversations with the community were

lines of successional forests forming borders

integral to ensuring a collaborative and

between places on site. The final design

thorough design process.

includes approximately 2 miles of pathways throughout the park.

The “Whimsical Woodland” concept was selected by the community through in-person

Ecological land management with a focus

and online surveys and served as the basis

on the changing climate was a critical

for the final design. Studies of pathways

influence on the development of the design

and circulation that traverse the varied

and management framework. By designing

topography of the site were fundamental

with regenerative maintenance strategies

to forming the overall layout. Pathways

in mind, the plan integrates guidelines that

contribute to both the accessibility and the

focus on the importance of ongoing care

experience of moving through the landscape.

and stewardship of the shifting landscape

58

as a way to enhance ecological health and

USERS + PROGRAMMING

community vibrancy.

It is anticipated that some scheduled

DESIGN Emphasizing the unique and storied history of the site, the “Whimsical Woodland” concept proposes to activate the landscape through playful and educational moments.

The concept highlights regeneration of the ecosystem and historic relics in innovative

events and programs will take place in the park frequently, primarily in or around the Eco-Barn. The scheduled programs are projected to be gatherings of ~30 people, approximately 1-2 times per week. These programs are relatively passive, such as exercise classes. School or small summer camp groups may also utilize the park.

and thoughtful ways that embed into the naturalistic setting.

Typically, the number of users in the park is projected to not exceed 30-35 people at any

The design centers on dispersed activation points including the Learning Grove with embedded seating in the old quarry area; elevated “Overlook” pathways that provide views and access along steeper slopes;

given time. Higher levels of use are expected immediately after the park is opened to the public, and seasonally during spring to early fall, and with lower levels of use during late fall to winter.

and a sculptural installation with Chimney Swift Towers in the meadow, referencing the CLL

former brick making operation. The Eco-

CLL

CLL

Barn serves as an important indoor amenity

CLL

ROAD

CLL

RRY

LEBE

CLL

HUCK

providing the community with a space for

CLL CLL

Flexible Play Field

CLL

CLL CLL

CLL

Successional Plant Community

Parking

Visual Buffer

also consists of plant-forward ecological and horticultural pockets such as the forest

Nature Education Center

/B

garden, willow grove, and forest regeneration

erm

Picnic Area

T

RES

FO

OF

Bir

ns

+

Flo

we

rin

g

ch

fe

rn

co

mm

CLL

un

ity

pla

nts

Picnic Area

Sculpture in the woods

O)

IN

E

Big Slides

Dr

Fo

y

UR

S ES

H

re

EL

st

M

PIP

(S

CLL

EU

OL

TR

E

Tree House

Parking CLL

OC

UN

Rock Climbing

Quarry Bridge

Learning+ Craft Garden

r Fe

Brick kiln ruins

Natural Play

Picnic Area Outdoor Classroom

PE

CLL

PR

HIG

Pine Oak

RESERVOIR

+ C aF onr oe spt y W a l k CLL

CLL

such as composting toilets. The design

d Buffe r

CLL

CLL

Wetlan

GE

ED

Overlook Structure

CLL

solar and sustainable architecture strategies,

K

REA

EB

FIR

CLL

CLL CLL

Fertile soil

CLL

CLL

CLL

Fenced Dog Run

Small pavilions / Folly

CLL

CLL

is maintained by recommending passive

Rocky s o i l

Pollinator Meadow

MEADOW

Chimney Swift Towers

CLL

overall ecological ethos of the master plan

D

AO

ILR

RA

AN

CLL

SA

TA

CA

D FO

CLL

ILLE

SV

GEL

UA

UQ

CLL

year-round programming opportunities. The

Parking CLL BRICKYA RD

ROAD

zones.

N

A forested buffer envelops the edges of the park, acting as an ecologically rich threshold between the site and surrounding residences.

The “Whimsical Woodland” concept site plan

It provides privacy as well as natural beauty, and forms a welcoming entrance.

59

WHIMSICAL WOODLAND CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 1- BROAD CURVES + BUBBLES • • •

LARGE AND SMALL LOOPS WALK THROUGH PROGRAM "BUBBLES" WINDING PATHWAY THROUGH CLEARING

2 - WINDING PATHS + POCKETS • • •

LARGE AND SMALL WINDING PATHS PATHS ENCOMPASS PROGRAM ONE PATH THROUGH CLEARING

3 - PARALLEL PATHS + POCKETS • • •

PATHS AND CANOPY ALIGN WITH WIND AND URBAN FORM POCKETS AND BUBBLES OF PROGRAM ONE CROSS PATH THROUGH CLEARING

PROGRAM

60

PATHWAYS

TREE CANOPY

LOW POINTS

EARLY PROCESS DRAWING

Note: This is an early draft and does not represent the final concept

MOWED MEADOW

WINTER WINDS

MEADOW INSTALLATION

FOREST SUCCESSION

BREEZEWAY

SCULPTURE IN THE WOODS

BREEZEWAY

BREEZEWAY

FOREST REGENERATION ZONE

SINGLE PATH THROUGH CLEARING WETLAND

LARGE CLEARING

BOARDWALKS WATER FEATURE OVER ENTRANCE

CRAFT GARDEN

INDOOR/OUTDOOR SPACE

PARKING

NATURE EDUCATION CENTER

TERRACED PICNIC GARDEN

RUINS

FOOD FOREST PICNIC AREA NATURE PLAY SLIDES + ROCK WALL

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM

FRAMED VIEW FOREST REGENERATION ZONE

CANOPY WALK

OVERLOOK

SUMMER & WINTER WINDS

PROGRAM CLEARING

PATHWAYS

TREE CANOPY

VIEW

CANOPY- V1

CANOPY- V2

CANOPY- V3

FIVE BREEZEWAYS

THREE BREEZEWAYS

THREE BREEZEWAYS AVOIDING CLEARINGS ON STEEP SLOPE

61

KOHLER RIDGE PARK PROPOSED PARK PLAN

R

TE

IN

W DS

IN

W NATURAL LOWLAND SWALE

SCULPTURE LOCATION

WOODY OLDFIELDS

EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY WETLAND

FORESTED BUFFER

BOARDWALKS

WILLOW GROVE

ECO BARN & FOREST GARDEN

NATURE PLAY PARKING

FORESTED BUFFER

S & UM W M W IN ER IN TE DS R

LEARNING GROVE

62

BRICK QUARRY OVERLOOKS

PATH TYPES SMALL GRAVEL PATH MOWN MEADOW PATH PRIMARY MEADOW PATH / FIREBREAK MULCH FOREST PATH ELEVATED CANOPY WALK WETLAND BOARDWALK

MOWED MEADOW

CHIMNEY SWIFT TOWERS

WOODY OLDFIELDS

SCULPTURE LOCATION

K

EA

BR

E FIR

THE MEADOW

SCULPTURE LOCATION

OVERLOOK BREEZEWAY REGENERATION ZONE

RUINS + HISTORIC SIGNAGE

REGENERATION BREEZEWAY

EXISTING REGENERATION ZONE

THE FOREST

REGENERATION BREEZEWAY

EXISTING REGENERATION ZONE

BLUE MOUNTAIN / KITTATINNY RIDGE OVERLOOK

63

GENERAL PARK MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE

the initial establishment period will require some effort to ensure the landscapes are

ROUTINE, GENERAL MAINTENANCE

not overtaken by invasive species and will

The proposed plantings and selected

function as intended. Proactive maintenance

materials are intended to minimize the

on the park’s other amenities and features,

impact of improvements upon the site (such

which includes frequent (visual) inspections

as the existing wetlands), provide better

and cleaning, will help identify any issues

site stormwater management, and reduce

or damage and reduce larger scale repair

overall maintenance needs while meeting the

in the long term. While the recommended

anticipated uses in the park.

maintenance for Kohler Ridge Park is lower than the typical active neighborhood parks,

Recommendations include routine weekly

having a maintenance plan in place is key to

maintenance in areas where frequent uses

ensure the Township is protecting its capital

are anticipated, such as areas around

investment.

the parking lot and the Eco Barn. Lower frequency of work can be done in all other areas.

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT The health of the land is inextricably connected to the health of human

It is assumed that the driveway, parking lot, and some hard paved areas around the Eco Barn will receive snow management in the winter. Deicer or salt are discouraged, but some abrasives (such as sand) may be used. The trails, boardwalk, and the elevated walkways will be closed and unplowed in snow events.

communities who inhabit it. Forest and Meadow management recommendations for Kohler Ridge Park on the following pages aim to connect people with ecological processes by illuminating regenerative management strategies, particularly in the forest and meadow areas, and therefore demonstrate the benefits of human intervention on the landscape.

Waste receptacles are proposed only to be available around the Eco Barn, and visitors are asked to practice “carry-in, carry-out” with any trash they generate. Additionally, some seating will be available throughout the site and some maintenance hours are allowed to capture the needs for these furnishings.

While the proposed planting will require limited maintenance once established, 64

An ecologically-minded and accessibilityfocused forest management strategy integrates thoughtful harvesting and repurposing of wood on site, while a series of mowing and planting methods are recommended to improve the health and accessibility of the meadow area.

Routine maintenance work will focus on invasive species removal and developing a healthier forest, removing hazardous fallen

tree and damaged, diseased, or otherwise

GOATSCAPING

unhealthy trees that may fall.

Omnes explored the use of “goatscaping” for organic and low-impact management where a

This area offers great opportunities for

herd of goats can be brought in to the site for

volunteers to provide service in the on-going

clearing low plantings and shrubs. The goats

maintenance (under supervision) of the

will eat any vegetation within their reach, and

restored forested areas – particularly in tasks

can even digest poison ivy safely. Additional

such as litter/small debris removal, invasive

benefits include:

species removal, groundplane replanting, etc

•

Goats leave fertilizer on site, which helps with future growing seasons.

INITIAL LAND CLEARINGS

•

Goat’s saliva includes enzymes that

Because Kohler Ridge has been an inactive

neutralizes certain seed types, so once

site for many decades, there are a number

digested the seed is no longer viable.

of invasive species present, distributed in the

•

Goat hooves can help break up the seed

forest, meadow, wetland, and even former

bank in meadows, assisting with aeration

residential condition. In order to restore

and de-compaction.

native ecosystems, blaze new trails, form regenerative clearings, and insert moments

Through their research, Omnes identified

of programming in the park, these various

several regional sources for goatscaping and

invasives will need to be cleared.

shepherds that are skilled in this methodology who could advise SWT on implementation.

To utilize the site initially, there will be a larger

.

clearing that removes hazardous plantings and trees, and creates conditions for ecological restoration to occur.

Clearing can be done in a traditional, incremental way by simply blazing trails, removing understory growth, and mitigating invasive and exotic species; this is typically done with manual labor. The continued removal of invasive species is also an opportunity for volunteers and park stewards to become involved in the site’s health. As an alternative, Omnes explored the option of “goatscaping” as outlined herein.

65

FOREST MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS

of management conditions involving tree

Properly managed forests host more

harvesting and clearing. The benefits of

biodiversity than unmanaged forests.

ecological forestry involving small clearings

Contemporary management practices

in a managed multi-aged forest include:

focused on biodoversity and ecosystem

•

Enhancing biodiversity and forest health

health such as ecological forest

•

Introducing air and light to nourish the

management and ecosystem management

understory and increase the diversity of

focus on techniques that regenerate

flora and fauna

healthy and resilient forest systems. These

•

Initiating a diverse range of tree species

methodologies, as well as the overall

at various ages to form a resilient and

principles and objectives of DCNR’s

healthy ecosystem

“Penn Woods Strategic Plan,” guided the management recommendations for Kohler

•

Providing diversity and younger growth that helps to stabilize and build soils

Ridge Park.

Unmanaged forests, such as the current condition at the Kohler Ridge site, often exhibit many traits that contribute to a lowdiversity ecosystem. These forests often have one prominent age of tree species,

HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST MANAGEMENT A history of forest management adapted from: Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Bureau of Forestry. Penn’s Woods Sustaining Our Forests. Harrisburg, PA, 1993.

likely as the result of a large-scale clear cutting followed by growth that occurred

1890s

across the whole site at one time, or as the

Natural Resources Agencies begin to develop forest protection recommendations in the form of restoration, reforestation, and land acquisition.

result of a large plantation of trees. These

1900s

even-aged forests are characterized by a single consistent canopy height that blocks light and air from the forest floor, presenting difficult conditions for native ground covers, and therefore resulting in low levels of species diversity and colonization by invasive plants.

Omnes’ design strategy for forest regeneration on the following pages is based on the understanding that trees and forest systems have evolved over millennia with human and other disturbances and are therefore adapted to thrive in certain types 66

Forest recovery is followed by extraction during the Industrial Revolution. With a focus on raw material extraction, single commodities and species focus, this is a time of intensive development of recreational facilities and timber management.

1960s

Multiple uses or multiple resource management diversifies sourcing and management methods. This is due to increasing demands by forest users and renewed environmental awareness/ there becomes a wider array of considerations in management strategies.

PRESENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Current thinking on ecosystem management helps to sustain long-term health and productivity of forests, valuing them as places of ecological function rather than simply resources. Forestry now approaches systems that perform various functions and processes, provide human goods, human experiences, recreation, peace and solitude.

Tangible and intangible “values” are integrated into forest management with systems thinking, where no value is more important than another. The interdependency of biological and non-biological systems and cycles forms a holistic approach where humans are part of the ecosystem. This approach to management does not preclude resource use such as timber harvesting and hunting, but rather, views it in a looped system and long-range timeline.

KOHLER RIDGE FOREST REGENERATION: CREATE CLEARINGS TO ENHANCE BIODIVERSITY

Unmanaged, even-aged forest

CLOSED CANOPY

DOESN’T LET LIGHT OR AIR INTO UNDERSTORY, MAKING IT LESS BIODIVERSE AND SUSCEPTIBLE TO INVASIVE SPECIES

Managed multi-aged forest

INTRODUCES AIR + LIGHT

LETS IN LIGHT TO NOURISH UNDERSTORY, ENHANCING FLORA + FAUNA DIVERSITY

Present

Year 5

Year 10

Forest clearing regeneration over time

67

SINGLE AGE OF TREES

SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE, PESTS, STORMS AND EXTREME WEATHER

RESILIENT DIVERSITY

DIVERSE RANGE OF TREE AGE AND TREE SPECIES

FOREST REGENERATION STRATEGIES

Mature Trees

Understory Trees

Native Planting

Deer Fencing

PATCH PLANTING

FOREST REGENERATION ZONES

OVERLOOK BREEZEWAY REGENERATION ZONE RESTORATION THINNING AND EROSION CONTROL NEEDED

FENCED FOREST REGENERATION ZONE

FENCED FOREST REGENERATION ZONE FENCED FOREST REGENERATION ZONE

FENCED FOREST REGENERATION ZONE

68

NEW LIFE IN FORESTS

A method of “patch” planting can establish

Breezeways and regeneration zones

a patchwork of native plants that eventually

drive the framework for a dynamic forest

spread to form a cohesive ecotype. This

management strategy for Kohler Ridge Park.

strategy will be utilized within the forest

These multi-functional thinned clearings

regeneration zones to re-establish diverse

provide opportunities to bring new life into

native woodland species.

the forest, allow light and air flow into the canopy understory, and provide pathways

It will be important to practice “companion

for visitors. Spaces for new growth act in a

planting.” This is a practice where one can

similar fashion to a clearing that appears

install a native plant alongside a “protector”

after a large tree falls in a forest, allowing

plant that has more aggressive root and

new trees to grow in its place, and associated

growth habits. The aggressive plant helps

plants, animals, and insects to flourish. In this

to protect the area around the native, and

way, these clearings are a positive form of

allows it to thrive without being crowded out

disturbance and contribute to an overall

by invasive or exotic species. This concept

healthier multi-aged, resilient forest system.

also works for plants that are vulnerable to deer browsing, which can be planted with

Regeneration zones throughout the forest

spiky, fuzzy, or otherwise deer-resistant

serve to protect both naturally occurring

plants.

regeneration that is already observed on site, as well as new zones in the proposed

In smaller regeneration zones, the installation

clearings. This aligns with Penn’s Woods’

of tall fencing protects young tree sprouts

Strategic plan principle to “protect natural

and native groundcover plants from deer

regeneration zones.”

and other animals that would otherwise feed on new growth. It’s a necessary

The first thinning cycle of the forest is

precaution to ensure the trees are able to

not intended to be a clear cut, rather

grow a certain height above the reach of

a “restoration thinning.” Overtime, the

deer, once this happens the fencing can be

clearings will form a multi-tiered canopy full

removed or relocated to a new regeneration

of diverse life forms. Ongoing management

zone elsewhere on the site. Native planting

will help this system sustain its diversity. A

in the understory consists of low growing

recommended thinning cycle of 10-15 years

perennials that cover the bare soil, improving

will help maintain a healthy ecosystem.

soil health and contributing to a diverse ecosystem.

Planting with plugs and small plants is a great way to re-establish the native woodland, but is cost prohibitive because of the amount of labor and material costs.

69

FOREST REGENERATION STRATEGIES TREE CULLING

locations of small and longer clearings

Identification and clearing of unhealthy and

depending on where the majority of

hazardous trees is necessary to maintain

hazardous trees are located.

safe spaces for humans in the park, and also improves forest health. Signs of hazardous

USES OF HARVESTED WOOD

trees that may need to be cleared include

Wood that is harvested for these clearings

protruding bumps on the trunk, large

can be used to create wildlife habitats,

wounds, rugged branch stubs, fungal conks,

mulched pathways, and growing medium.

and fallen or broken trunks and branches

Harvested trees are a great hyperlocal

(see below).

source with the multiple benefits of being cost effective, sustainable, and ecologically

A full site assessment by a certified arborist

enriching. This activity can also be part of

and/or forestry professional is recommended

a community volunteer work activity as well

as part of the pre-construction phase of the

as a fun and educational demonstration

project to identify hazardous trees. These

opportunity.

findings may also influence and alter the

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

TREE CULLING - CLEARING HAZARDOUS TREES

BUMPS

WOUNDS

RUGGED BRANCH STUBS

70

FUNGAL CONKS

FALLEN TREES

Four uses of harvested wood, depicted in

German innovation uses mounded logs

the illustrations below, can be used within the

layered with soil to create a moist and

park by maintenance staff and/or through

nutrient dense garden bed.

community volunteer work days. They

•

Wood chips for mulch paths and soil

include:

nourishment – chipped wood is a great

•

Crib log and live staking for erosion

material for paths and can also be used

control – recommended for stabilizing

around newly planted trees and shrubs

cleared areas along steep slopes. The

to improve soil health and insulation.

“live stakes” take root in the soil and hold it together.

•

Brush piles for wildlife habitat – providing cover, nesting places and dens as well as food for birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals who feed on insects that live in decomposing wood.

•

Hugelkultur mounds for gardening – this

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES USING CLEARED WOOD

CRIB LOG + LIVE STAKING FOR EROSION CONTROL

HUGELKULTUR PLANTING MOUNDS (GARDEN AREAS ONLY, NOT IN FOREST)

BRUSH PILES FOR WILDLIFE HABITAT

WOOD CHIPS FOR MULCH PATHS + SOIL NOURISHMENT 71

Mowing/ weed control

March mow before ground bird breeding

Weed Control

Seeding & Blooms

Monthly mowing to allow light to reach seed bank

Leave plants un-mowed after September

Spot treat invasives with preemergent herbicide (monthly)

Spot treat invasives with preemergent herbicide (monthly)

fall

March mow to 4” HT before ground bird breeding

Monitor & spot treat invasives with preemergent herbicide

If desired, plant cover crop for nitrogenfixing function

Spread seed in early March for cold stratification

YEAR ONE SITE PREPARATION

summer

spring

winter

fall

summer

spring

winter

MEADOW REGENERATION STRATEGIES

Spread seed in early May for warm stratification

Monitor & spot treat invasives with preemergent herbicide

Initial Blooms Emerge

YEAR TWO SEEDING

MEADOW RESTORATION CYCLES + SEASONS RE-ESTABLISHING A DIVERSE, NATIVE CONDITION

EXISTING MEADOW CONDITIONS

(Swamp milkweed), Eupatorium purpurea

The meadow at Kohler Ridge has a

(Joe Pye Weed), and Dennstaedtia punctiloba

dominance of Solidago canadensis, or

(Hayscented fern), among others.

Canadian Goldenrod, which is a pollinatorfriendly flowering perennial that is often

In addition to the primary field of Solidago

found in fallow fields such as those at the

canadensis, there is an an ecotone of

site. It is an aggressive spreader with a

different plants found in the wetter loamy soils

strong rhizomatic root system that is native

of a meadow swale to the western end of the

to North America. Because of the aggressive

site, a tracery of the unique soil and moisture

nature, only a few other species are found

below the perennials’ feet.

in Kohler Ridge’s meadow field, observed species being Aesclepsias incarnata 72

Every 1-3 years, March mow to 4” HT before ground bird breeding Monitor & spot treat invasives with preemergent herbicide

Biennials emerge (rudebeckia, echinacea, monarda) after initial seeding

fall

summer

spring

winter

fall

summer

spring

winter

March mow to 4” HT before ground bird breeding

Potential Prescribed Burns, only as necessary

Biennials emerge (rudebeckia, echinacea, monarda) after initial seeding

YEAR THREE MEADOW ESTABLISHMENT

ONGOING MAINTENANCE

To enhance habitat, pollinator activity,

roughly 15-acre portion of the park into a

and ecological stability of the meadow,

regionally-recognized native meadow. This

restoration of the meadow should focus on

work can be undertaken incrementally,

introduction of more diverse species that

especially with volunteer participants, in

support a wider range of insects, birds, and

order to invite stewardship and a sense of

other living things. The restored meadow will

community.

be a place for education, observation, and engagement with the sublime in nature.

MEADOW PREPARATION There are many ways to prepare a meadow

The Omnes team has outlined some practical next steps and methodologies that SWT could undertake to transform this

for seeding and establishment, and the methodologies should be dependent upon the site soils, drainage, existing vegetation, maintenance needs, and client budget.

73

MEADOW REGENERATION STRATEGIES Because of the large scale and passive

This frequent mowing allows light and air

nature of Kohler Ridge’s meadow, Omnes

to reach the seed bank, a term for the thin

recommends a deliberate, strategic, low-

layer of soil on the surface of earth that

maintenance approach to restoration that

contains former leaf litter, organic material,

acknowledges the presence of the many

and a diversity of various seeds. These

fauna and insects that already inhabit this

seeds are deposited by wind, rain, feces,

space.

burial by animals and insects, dropped by birds, footsteps through the meadow, and

While there is a recent infatuation with the

intentional cultivation by humans. Many of

concept of prescribed burns in the United

the seeds in the seed bank are dormant, and

States, it is not always the best option for

their germination is prevented by a lack of sun

the initial re-establishment of a meadow

and water than is claimed by more aggressive

landscape. While fire can activate some

species, such as Solidago canadensis.

beneficial species such as Mallows, Yarrow and Asters, it can also catalyze the growth

This frequent mowing regimen used to

of more aggressive plants such as the

prepare the meadow continues from March

Goldenrod that already exists on site. For

through September. Then the present grass

this reason, we recommend a regimen of

and perennial species should be allowed to

mowing and seeding that will gradually

grow freely and last into the cold of winter.

nourish beneficial species while stymying the

This will provide food and habitat for species

spread of Solidago canadensis and other

that live at Kohler Ridge, and the perennials

aggressive perennials and grasses.

that grow have (hopefully) gradually diversified after a full summer of receiving sun

Beginning in very early spring, in March

and rain. The meadow should continue to be

or early April, the existing meadow should

untouched from September to the following

be mowed to a height of four to six inches.

spring, when another year of mowing can

This timing ensures that the plants in the

continue. This cycle prepares the meadow for

meadow are in the dormant stage. This

future seeding or perennial planting, setting

mowing also takes place prior to the ground

the stage for greater diversity. If desired, a

bird breeding season, when small fledglings

cover crop could be laid on the site in order to

could potentially be found in the field. The

begin fixing nitrogen in the soil.

existing meadow should continue to be cut throughout spring and summer when it

In addition to mowing in the first site

reaches eight to twelve inches, which is likely

preparation year, a pre-emergent herbicide

every 2-3 weeks, or perhaps even more often

can be applied by a professional to the

with heavy rains.

existing aggressive/invasive species to prevent their leaves from growing. This herbicide prevents the photosynthesis that

74

provides energy to their root systems, and

stratification will occur.

causes the plants to wither away and die.

Because of the scale of the meadow, it would

There may be other seeds in the mix that

not be practical to spread pre-emergent

benefit from warm stratification, and these

herbicide across its breadth. We recommend

can be installed after the last frost, which

spot-treating areas with invasive plants only,

is typically at the end of April. While some

such as those species outlined on page

seeds can be lost in winter planting with cold

42. In no case should an herbicide with

stratification, a more diverse range can be

glycophosphate be used, since it is a proven

viable for spring planting. For this reason,

human carcinogen and is toxic to beneficial

the design should take planting season and

pollinators; an organic, insect-friendly

seed types into consideration.

herbicide should be utilized.

SEEDING AND PLANTING TIMING The timing of the first seeding for the meadow should be determined by the landscape architect that designs the seed mix and layout. A schedule for preparation, seeding, and maintenance has been included on page 73 for reference, but is subject to adjustment once the restoration

The third year will see meadow establishment, after year one site preparation and year two of seeding. Biennials (plants that bloom every other year) will emerge at this time, creating a signal that the meadow seeds have begun to establish with some diversity. Rudebeckia, Echinacea, and Monarda are some ubiquitous native biennial species that the mix could include.

is planned and implemented. After seed has been installed in late winter or spring, it can be left to flourish and overwinter. Every one to three years following the establishment year, the meadow should be mowed to maintain its younger regenerative growth.

SEEDING AND PLANTING METHODS After the meadow has been prepared in its first year, it can be planted with a diversity of species of perennials and grasses. The most economical method of planting is broadcast or hydromulch seeding, while a more costly

Omnes recommends that the meadow be initially seeded in its second year, after the site has been prepared. Seed can be spread

and labor-intensive solution is planting the meadow with mature seedlings or rooted cuttings called “plugs.”

after the initial mowing early in March, when the existing species will be dormant. There will also be plenty of cold and moisture to help begin the germination process, in a condition called cold stratification. Even if the soil is still frozen (which is likely), the freeze/thaw process will assist the seed with

When broadcast seeding, a seeder with a built-in hopper can provide a regulated flow of seed dispersal, and the pathway of the seeder is usually spread in two passes with a grid, similar to the patterns of a perfectly mowed lawn. A “bulkifying agent” such as

embedding itself in the soil, and natural soil 75

MEADOW REGENERATION STRATEGIES mulch or sand is added to the seed, which

Planting with plugs and small plants is a

is typically quite small, to ensure it spreads

great way to establish a native meadow, but

evenly. Seeding can also be done by hand,

is often very cost prohibitive because of the

but it is typically not as consistent as when

amount of labor and material costs. Similar

completed with a hopper. In larger spaces

to the regeneration strategy used in Kohler

with low slopes, such as former agricultural

Ridge’s forest, a method of “patch” planting

fields like Kohler Ridge, seed drills can be

can establish a patchwork of native plants

used to distribute and lightly rake in seeds,

that eventually spread to form a cohesive

without traditional tilling. These machines are

ecotone. Because of budgetary reasons, no

capable of depositing even small seed at a

patch planting has been recommended in

shallow furrow depth, and can be adjusted

Kohler Ridge’s meadow; however, this is a

for a myriad of different seed sizes and

strategy that will be utilized within the forest

distribution rates.

regeneration zones to re-establish diverse native woodland species.

After seed is applied, in any method, it may be beneficial to spread a short oat straw

If perennials are planted directly in the

mulch, helping to hold moisture while adding

meadow, then it is important to practice

a matrix that prevents seed movement during

“companion planting.” This is a practice

rain events.

where one can install a native plant alongside a “protector” plant that has more aggressive

Hydromulching is a similar seeding method

root and growth habits. The aggressive

where large amounts of seed are distributed

plant helps to protect the area around the

within a bulkifying agent, but in this case,

native, and allows it to thrive without being

it is hosed out along with a “tackifier.” The

crowded out by invasive or exotic species.

tackifier is a water-activated substance that

This concept also works for plants that are

creates a permeable yet stable matrix for

vulnerable to deer browsing, which can be

the seed, and is typically implemented on

planted with spiky, fuzzy, or otherwise deer-

slopes. This prevents rain from washing

resistant plants.

away the seed, and is typically utilized on sites where no existing plants or roots hold the seed in place. This methodology wouldn’t be necessary for the meadow, but could be utilized by the Eco-Barn if a large amount of seed is planted along the sloped berm buffer. A more labor-intensive but eco-friendly alternative is to install jute blankets with wide openings that stabilize soil but provide holes for air and water to reach seeds.

76

WHAT TO PLANT? The seed mix for Kohler Ridge’s meadow will need to be designed to complement its soil type, drainage, and existing species.

The seed mixes should be designed by a landscape architect with a focus in meadow planting and who knows the specific needs of selecting and specifying mixes for pure live

seed. The mix should include grasses that

delineate the design with flags, tape, and

help to stabilize the ecological function of the

temporary marking paint in order to translate

meadow, such as Schizachyrium scopraium

design intent from the drawing set. Some of

(Little Bluestem) or Sorghastrum nutans

the transition from different seed mixes and

(Indian Grass). A diverse number of flowering

types will be an intuitive process, adjusting to

forbs should be introduced, with the

viewsheds and connections on site.

additional benefit of enhancing food sources and pollinator-rich resources for insects

The meadow has enormous potential to be

such as bees, wasps, and butterflies. These

a living laboratory for native plants. When

plants should be selected to provide a range

niches of plants become established on site,

of flowering throughout time, in both warm

signage or literature that identifies species

and cool seasons. The seed mix should also

can help guide educational walks through

include a cover crop such as clover, rye, flax

the site. This place can be a demonstration

or indigo (or many others) that assists with

garden for Kohler Ridge’s neighbors, where

fixing soil nitrogen in the critical first year of

they can learn about plants they can grow

establishment.

in their own yards. By showcasing a large number of different grasses and perennials,

The design of the meadow should have a

Kohler Ridge’s meadow can open the minds

diverse seed mix, and should also create

of many to the merits of native meadow

distinct places within the meadow. It would

landscapes, especially as a viable alternative

be a missed opportunity to re-create an even

to the traditional Jeffersonian lawn.

spread of species, when there are so many elements of the site that could be designed and accentuated. Omnes envisions sweeping streams of color throughout the meadow that emphasize different mown pathways, viewsheds, connections between points, and even shifts in the terrain below the planting. There could also be a species transition from the main meadow to the oldfields (woody shrubs) at the very edge of the forest. The design of this critical interface between forest and meadow can be a powerful place to frame views and establish trailhead transitions.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES There are a number of helpful resources related to meadow establishment and management that have more information and resources on materials, tools, methodologies, and considerations. Omnes’ favorite resources include: •

New Directions in the American Landscape, found at www.ndal.org

•

Ernst Conservation Seeds of Meadville, PA, found at www.ernstseeds.com

•

Prairie Moon Nursery of Winona, MN, found at www.prairiemoon.com

The landscape architect who develops the planting plan for the meadow should 77

WOODLAND OVERLOOK LOOP

BLUE MOUNTAINS + KITTATINNY RIDGE

CHIMNEY SWIFT SCULPTURE

FOREST REGENERATION ZONE

INTERPRETIVE / DESCRIPTIVE SIGNAGE

N

OVERLOOK LOOP

serves as an educational experience, as well

The Woodland Overlook Loop highlights

as an opportunity for all to gather in the forest

the natural beauty of the park and broader

along an accessible path.

Lehigh Valley landscape by utilizing the

EXISTING CONDITIONS

unique vantage point from the top of

The existing conditions are densely forested

Brickyard Road towards the Blue Mountains

trees on a steep slope. Currently there is no

and Kittatinny Ridge beyond. An elevated

way to see beyond the trees from the ridge.

loop leads you through mature tree canopy

There is also no existing ADA access.

to a north-facing overlook point. This spectacular view will be framed by mature

SITE CONNECTIONS

forest while overlooking the meadow below.

The Woodland Overlook Loop has connections to the forest trail that reaches the top of

The loop surrounds a central forest

the ridge and Brickyard Road. It also acts

regeneration zone that is cleared of mature

as an important connection point to the

growth, encouraging young trees and native

neighborhood at the top of the hill, with its

plants to form a successional forest. This

location where Franklin Way Street intersects with Brickyard Road.

78

USERS + PROGRAMMING

A modern wooden bench will be placed

The Overlook Loop is intended to create a

behind the signage. Steel frame railings with

fully new access point to otherwise steep,

wire mesh infill panels will act as protective

inaccessible terrain. Two ADA-accessible

barriers on the edges. Deer fencing with an

parking spots are proposed adjacent to the

access gate will be installed at the ground

entrance to provide equitable access.

level below the loop to form a protected forest regeneration zone.

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS The Woodland Overlook will be constructed

MAINTENANCE TASKS

using a metal frame structure starting at

The overlook loop is a low-maintenance area.

grade and rising to 28 feet at the tallest

The octagonal shape of the boardwalk is

point. Decking will be used for the boardwalk

intended to aid in easy replacement.

and mounted to the steel structure below. A wood lean with built-signage will be installed directly at the overlook point, printed with interpretive and descriptive signage about

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS Helical piles and a metal superstructure for the deck would be preferred to minimize the impact of footings on the shale slope.

forest regeneration and the site’s history.

ROADSIDE ADA PARKING

BR

IC K

YA

ACCESSIBLE WALK CANOPY WALK

FO

RE

ST

TR

RD

RO

AD

AIL

E XI ST I NG FO R EST

INTERPRETIVE / DESCRIPTIVE SIGNAGE

FO R E ST R E G E N ER ATI O N ZONE VIEWING BENCH

E X I STI N G FO RE ST

MOUNTAIN VISTA

FOREST TRAIL

For economical and maintenance purposes, the construction of the Woodland Overlook Loop is recommended to follow an octagonal geometry (rather than the round circle shown above).

79

THE MEADOW

ECO BARN, FOREST GARDEN + SITE BUFFERS

PERMEABLE PARKING AREA LEARNING GROVE

WETLANDS

NATURAL PLAY AREA

FOREST REGENERATION ZONE + VIEW TO KITTATINNY RIDGE

RESTORED NATIVE MEADOW

ADJACENT RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

NATURAL SWALE

NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILROAD LINE + HEDGEROW / TREE BUFFER

CHIMNEY SWIFT SCULPTURE

MOWN MEADOW TRAILS

N

THE MEADOW

EXISTING CONDITIONS

The Meadow features perennial wildflowers

The existing fields at the meadow are

and grasses with mown pathways winding

dominated by Canadian Goldenrod which is

through. At the center stands an installation

an aggressive species known to crowd out

reminiscent of the industrial brick-making

more beneficial native perennials. This is a

that formerly took place on the site. The

typical condition for fallow fields that become

installation includes an arched brick structure

meadows, where diverse seeds are not

that can be walked through, and three

present within the seed bank of the soil.

brick chimney towers that are designed as nesting sites for Chimney Swifts. These birds have a special relationship to the industrial landscape of the Lehigh Valley as they prefer to nest in tall hollow structures such as dead trees and chimneys; their population has declined following the removal of industrial buildings.

SITE CONNECTIONS A sun and flower-filled contrast to the adjacent forest, the meadow populates the lower portion of the site and can be accessed by multiple pathways. A private maintenance pathway to the northwest can be used by SWT maintenance crews to access the site with vehicles and mowers.

80

1

2

3

Existing conditions: 1. Flowering Native Snakeroot 2. Canadian Goldenrod 3. Natural low-land swale.

CHIMNEY SWIFT TOWERS DETAIL 3/4" TREATED PLYWOOD TOP PIECE WITH REDUCED OPENING ON NORTH SIDE (PREVENTS SUMMER HEAT)

24"

4’3"

METAL FLASHING (PREVENTS OTHER ANIMALS FROM CLIMBING IN)

BRICK FACADE STANDARD BRICKS WITH 3/8" JOINTS 3/8" MORTAR 3/4" RIGID FOAM INSULATION

3’ 7"

5/8" TEXTURED 1-11 SIDING WITH GROOVES FACING INSIDE AND RUNNING HORIZONTALLY

1’ 8"

3/4" TREATED PLYWOOD TOP PIECE WITH REDUCED OPENING ON NORTH SIDE

35’

32’ 1

BRICK FACADE

5/8" TEXTURED 1-11 SIDING WITH GROOVES FACING INSIDE AND RUNNING HORIZONTALLY (HEAVY TEXTURE ESSENTIAL FOR NESTING)

PLAN

N

BOTTOM WITH VENTILATION HOLES 3/4" TREATED PLYWOOD WITH GRID OF 3/8" HOLES SPACED 1 1/2" APART FOR VENTILATION INSTALLED WITH WOOD SCREWS FOR EASY REMOVAL MAINTENANCE OCCURS IN FALL AFTER SWIFTS HAVE MIGRATED OUT OF THE AREA - REMOVE BOTTOM AND CLEAN DROPPINGS ANGLED STEEL LEGS (DETERS ANTS)

2’-5" 11’-8"

STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATION

SHOWN FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES; NOT FOR CONSTRUCTION.

ELEVATION 81

THE MEADOW previous page.

USERS + PROGRAMMING The Meadow is great for a wide range of populations and uses – from walking and

MAINTENANCE TASKS

traversing open fields to wildlife viewing

For information on meadow maintenance

and flower gazing. Chimney Swift sightings

and establishment, see page 72. The mown

are likely to occur during nesting season,

meadow paths will need to be mowed

from the around the third week of April to

approximately twenty times annually, mostly

the first week of October according to the

from March to September, to allow for

Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania.

accessibility.

The meadow is also large enough to host ground-nesting birds such as thrushes,

The Chimney Swift ecological habitat will

sparrows, and juncos.

require little maintenance. It should be cleared in fall once the Swifts have left the

The possibility of sculptural installations

towers. Remove all droppings and inspect for

within and adjacent to the meadow was

insect nesting, clearing nesting as necessary.

discussed with the township as a potential

Regular visual inspections are encouraged

way to activate different areas in the

to ensure that these features have not been

meadow. Although these installations are

vandalized or damaged by other factors.

not included in the budget, placeholders are kept in the illustrative plan to show intended locations for future reference. These sculptural elements are meant to add to the visual experience as well as ecological education aspects of the park. To achieve this vision, Omnes recommends working with a local artist that makes work inspired by ecology and the natural world.

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS Design of the Chimney Swift towers should pay close attention to the requirements that reference Chimney Swift nesting, such as predator prevention on the exterior, heavy textures on the interior for nesting, and a top opening on the northern side to prevent overheating.

For more information about Chimney Swifts

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS The Chimney Swift towers and the rounder arched structure are to be constructed with brick facades, in reference to the former brick production of the site. The circular brick enclosure is 30’ in diameter and 8’ high with footings under the perimeter wall. The interior shall be planted with low, walkable perennials. Details for the Chimney Swift towers can be found in the diagram on the

82

and their habitats, see the Chimney Swift Conservation Association’s “Chimney Swift Information Handout” at http://www. chimneyswifts.org/index_files/Page410.htm.

MEADOW PATHWAYS

MEADOW HABITAT

MOWN PATH FOR MANAGED BUFFERS + FIRE BREAKS

ESTABLISH WOODY SHRUBS AT FOREST EDGE (OLDFIELDS)

3-4’ Height

3-30’ Height 18-24" Height

5’

Mown Path

8’ - 18’

18-24" Height

5’

The mowed meadow paths are meant for walking and traversing the meadow, but also serve a dual purpose to separate the meadow area for potential controlled burning maintenance needs in the future.

83

LEARNING GROVE BRICK QUARRY OVERLOOK

STEEP QUARRY SLOPE

RECYCLED CONCRETE PAVING

GABION SEATING HISTORIC QUARRY + FOREST SIGNAGE

N

LEARNING GROVE

flexible uses throughout the seasons.

The Learning Grove is the core of environmental education at Kohler Ridge.

Looking above through the dappled shade of

Sited in the former quarry pit of the Allentown

the clearing, an elevated overlook provides

Brick Company, it is a place for students,

an aerial view of the quarry pit and Learning

environmental groups, and the community at

Grove. This encourages users to continue

large to engage with nature.

along the trail and find their way to the upper and lower reaches of the ridge.

Multiple tiers of welded wire mesh baskets filled with recycled bricks form an

Between the Learning Grove and the small

amphitheater-like condition that traces the

play area (intended for a far future phase)

edges of the quarry. A clearing with level

are two metal slides that can be embedded

ground is made from recycled concrete

within the quarry slope. They will be

pieces, with stabilized granite stone fines

surrounded with stone steps that allow users

between them; this creates a stable ADA-

to climb to the top of the slide.

accessible paved surface that can invite 84

1

2

3

4

5

Existing Conditions: 1. Brick archway remnant adjacent to quarry 2. Steep quarry slope 3. Fallen tree in quarry 4. Forested conditions at the bottom of quarry 5. Unique tree forms at quarry area.

EXISTING CONDITIONS

The Brick Quarry Overlook at the top of the

Framed by the steep slopes of the quarry,

Learning Grove creates a visual connection

the existing pit has filtered light and

that allows visitors to understand the full

woody vegetation, with more mature trees

extent of the quarry. The two slides and

surrounding the outside of the pit. There are

boulder steps were specifically sited in the

Kentucky Coffee trees growing in the center

forest to encourage casual play, and also

of the quarry pit, which are an anomaly within

serve as a physical connection to the lower

the site. Surrounding the pit, the team found

quarry.

remnant subterranean brick structures and smaller pits; these will need to be studied and stabilized/ filled prior to public access to the park.

SITE CONNECTIONS The Learning Grove is at the heart of the quarry pit, and has connections to the far

USERS + PROGRAMMING The Learning Grove is intended for small gatherings, such as for outdoor classes or lectures and small gatherings with a minimal amount of attendees.

future phase Natural Play Area to the south, forest to the north, and meadow to the west.

85

LEARNING GROVE

BRICK ARCH RUINS

EMBANKMENT SLIDES

LEARNING GROVE CLEARING THINNED REGENERATION ZONE WOODLAND OVERLOOKS NATURAL REGENERATION ZONE

N MATERIALS + SYSTEMS

MAINTENANCE TASKS

The materials of the Learning Grove

The Learning Grove is a low-maintenance

were intentionally chosen to be recycled,

gathering space. Tasks will include litter clean

sustainable, and low-maintenance. The

up and seasonal sweeping of leaves and

space is imagined to blend into the quarry

debris. Planting should be assessed in the

pit and form a place that feels a part of the

spring and fall for seasonal damage and to

natural ecosystem.

monitor for erosion control.

Welded wire mesh baskets are filled with

The two embankment slides should be

recycled stone or brick infill. The use of

inspected weekly for the first four months,

bricks would make a direct connection to

and monthly for the remaining months to

the site history. Recycled concrete and

look for damage, vandalism, loose parts and

decomposed granite stone fines are re-

potential safety hazards. Mulch should be

purposed as paving. The site also includes

replenished at the based of slides to help

educational signs identifying the former

with site safety. Signs at the top and bottom

quarry and its use.

of the slide should warn users of risks.

86

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS The site will have to be cleared of overgrown species and any invasive plants such as poison ivy. Due to the nature of the quarry, a geotechnical engineer should advise on any necessary slope or stone face stabilization that could impact safety or access to the site.

This should also include an investigation of the sub-surface condition of the quarry, to avoid any future sinkholes or instability.

87

BRICK QUARRY OVERLOOK Wood overhead trellis beams – thermally modified Ash 10’ from decking to peak of structure

10’

Wood lean rail (Thermally-modified Ash) Metal railings with X-tend wire mesh infill panel Decking mounted to steel structure below

N

BRICK QUARRY OVERLOOK

area where the overlooks connect downward

This elevated walkway is made up of two

to the main parking lot and gardens. These

boardwalk wings featuring views at the ends

trails should have guardrails and/or warning

– into the quarry / learning grove area to the

signs at the top of the quarry slope to protect

north, and to the forest regeneration zone

users from steep or slippery conditions. From

to the east. Views are framed by a modern

the overlooks, a steep trail guides users

wooden trellis that provides the feeling of

to the top of Kohler Ridge and toward the

walking through a tunnel with a form that

Woodland Overlook Loop.

takes cues from the sites agricultural past.

The elevated structure puts users within the tree canopy, providing a new and unique perspective of the forest.

SITE CONNECTIONS The entrance to this overlook can be accessed at the intersection of three forest trails coming from the east, west and north.

EXISTING CONDITIONS The area is characterized by a steep slope and dense forest, making it difficult terrain to access on the ground level. There is a narrow 88

USERS + PROGRAMMING This area is meant for passive recreation, wildlife watching, and views. There is no

1

2

3

4

Existing Conditions: 1. Wooded area looking towards the meadow 2. Canopy with pine tree 3. Forested zone with patches of light 4. Rocky uneven terrain 5. Steep slope in drier terrain

intention for events or gatherings on the

MAINTENANCE TASKS

overlook.

This is a low-maintenance area. Observation

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS The overlook is supported by a steel structure with helical piles. Both wings of the structure start at grade with the eastern wing raising to fifteen feet in height, and the western wing raising to eight and a half feet above grade, with bulk of the walkway rising between zero to five feet above grade. The boardwalk is made up of decking mounted to the steel structure below. Wooden overhead trellis beams and lean rail are constructed from sustainable thermally-modified Ash, and further protection is provided by steel frame

of structural damage should be monitored and repaired to ensure safe usage.

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS This project is a far-future phase that is not integral to the experience of the park, but enhances it through framed views and providing a new technical trail. Construction over the shale slope should be carefully considered for ensuring structural integrity and minimizing erosion. The geotechnical and structural engineer should explore helical piers to minimize site disturbance.

railings with X-tend wire mesh infill panels.

89

5

ECO BARN + FOREST GARDEN

EXISTING TREES & SLOPE

NATIVE PLANT BUFFER / BERM COMPOSTING

PICNIC GROVE & GABION WALLS

PERMACULTURE GARDENS

RECYCLED CONCRETE PORCH

ECO-BARN & ENTRY PATHWAY

ADA PATH

PERMEABLE GRAVEL LOT

CENTRAL STORMWATER SWALE

View of Eco-Barn and Gardens with the parking area below (Rendering depicts Eco-Barn Option A)

ECO-BARN + FOREST GARDEN

composting toilets.

N

The Eco-Barn serves as an important allseason indoor amenity for the community,

The Forest Garden is designed to be a

and is surrounded by Forest Gardens

“food forest” and is guided by permaculture

consisting of edible trees, shrubs, and

principles such as companion planting and

perennial planting. The Eco-Barn is a

tree guilds (mini edible ecosystems). The

demonstration of sustainable systems and

gardens also provide what 47% percent of

principles, and is a place for SWT to expand its

survey participants asked to see – pollinator

programming for picnics, classes, educational

gardens. A total of 36% also requested

programs, summer camp use, and as a small

native plant restoration, which surrounds the

space that can be rented for events.

gardens in berms and buffers.

The building itself is embedded in the sloped landscape and maintains the overall ecological ethos of the master plan by recommending passive solar and sustainable architecture strategies, and 90

EXISTING CONDITIONS The site was previously a residential plot with a house and garage. Both structures are in poor condition and in need of removal.

More information is needed about the septic

Entry signage using reclaimed stones and Corten steel signage adjacent to the Eco-Barn (rendering depicts Eco-Barn Option A)

system and possible cesspool in order to determine the best option for siting the new structure. Because of this unknown condition, Omnes provided three scenarios for the site (see page 94). Option A within the final plan budget includes the Eco-Barn, composting toilets, water connections, and a new septic system (as depicted in renderings).

SITE CONNECTIONS An ADA accessible ramp is proposed to wind up the steep slope between the parking area and Eco-Barn. A vehicular path to the east of the Barn allows for loading and access by Public Works, as well as emergency vehicles. A trail through the Forest Garden leads to a forest

trail at the southern edge.

USERS + PROGRAMMING The indoor space provides year-round programming opportunities and is sized to accommodate a 30-person class including floor space for activities like yoga. A sink inside the space provides expanded opportunity for education, crafts, and use for seeding and propagation of plants in winter.

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS Omnes has provided the concept for the building though a local licensed architect with knowledge of passive-solar and green building principles should be consulted for the construction of this building.

91

ECO-BARN include continuous sheeting and drain at perimeter of foundation

Proposed Eco-Barn materials include: • •

Timber frame structure with wood

HVAC: integral electrical radiant heat

framing and high R-value insulation

within concrete floors; supply

Exterior finishes: Cedar siding and

venting fans in bathrooms

standing seam steel roof,

•

•

•

Finishes: polished concrete floors;

aluminum gutters with rain chains / rain

Ceramic tile walls, commercial

barrels for manual irrigation

grade low-flow fixtures

Double casement wood frame windows

•

All wood should be FSC-certified, and all

with triple-glazed low-e glass and

concrete should contain post-consumer

screens

recycled aggregate •

The front porch is to be constructed with

•

Exterior doors to be solid core wood

•

Any interior doors to be sliding barn

reclaimed recycled pieces and stone

doors

fines, similar to the Learning Grove,

Exposed timber frame walls with

or can be simplified to consist only of

insulation / gypsum between; include

stabilized stone fines

•

receptacles every 12’ o.c., on average •

Ceiling fans for summertime cooling

Food forest + craft garden materials include:

Overhead lighting – assume fixtures

•

3” B&B Fruit trees & watering bags

•

Understory shrub and perennial

every 8’ o.c. on average •

Sealed concrete counter top with wood cabinets below

• •

plantings •

Custom seed mix understory

sink

•

Temporary deer protection

Exhibit space – simple wood shelving

•

Recycled Concrete Step stone paths;

Built in under-mounted stainless steel

for a gallery wall space and moveable

irregular reclaimed concrete slabs with

wood pedestal for sculpture / installation

stabilized stone fines at joints between

display; this could display donated

•

objects from the Kohler Family, rotating artwork / installations from local artists, or ecological information

Plant beds formed from trees on site, creating hügelkultur mounds

•

Welded wire mesh Gabion basket retaining walls with reclaimed stone/

•

Ceiling-mounted projector

•

Interior tables to be wood tables with

rubble from site or sourced reclaimed

movable seating

stone/rubble

•

Composting toilets with liquid separation.

•

ADA-accessible sinks, mirror, electrical hand-dryers, and commercial-grade

movable chairs •

toilet paper dispensers •

necessary equipment in basement •

Because of poor drainage, assume active sump pump in basement and 92

Compost bays – 3 sided CMU structures with concrete

Concrete basement with stairs & Bilco door for access; toilet holding tanks and

12’ long wood topped tables with

floors using recycled aggregate •

Waste Receptacles - Litter bins with trash, recycling and compost options

A1 - SECTION THROUGH RESTROOMS

28.5'

TIMBER FRAME STRUCTURE WITH CEDAR SIDING AND METAL ROOF

WINDOWS FOR WINTER SUN + VENTILATION FOR SUMMER HEAT

18.5'

9'-0"

MAINTENANCE ACCESS BILCO DOORS

4' 6

CONCRETE FLOORS WITH RADIANT HEAT

9.5'

SLANTED ROOF FOR SUMMER SHADE + WINTER LIGHT

BASEMENT - ONLY UNDERNEATH TOILET AREA

STEPS BELOW GRADE IN BILCO ENCLOSURE 1/8" = 1'-0"

PLAN + BUILDING DETAILS FORE BAY STRUCTURE WITH PASSIVE-SOLAR DESIGN STRATEGY 2 RESTROOMS WITH COMPOSTING TOILETS

MAINTENANCE ACCESS BILCO DOORS

MOVABLE WOOD PEDESTALS

STEPS BELOW GRADE IN BILCO ENCLOSURE

STORAGE SHELVES

A1

ACCESS HALLWAY FOR VISITOR USE (INCLUDING WHEN ECO BARN IS CLOSED)

28.5'

APPROX AREA NEEDED FOR 30-PERSON YOGA CLASS

BASEMENT FOR MAINTENANCE

51' 7"

LARGE SWINGING BARN DOORS

1/8" = 1'-0" N

WRAP AROUND FRONT PORCH 93

ECO-BARN FOREST GARDEN MAINTENANCE TASKS The Eco-Barn will require maintenance due to the amount and types of activity expected and how access to the building is controlled.

It is anticipated that the toilets can be open dusk to dawn, while the separately accessed Eco-Barn is open only for events.

Weekly tasks will focus on emptying of trashcans, litter removal, keeping the site clean, and visually inspecting to identify any potential work that needs to be done.

It is assumed that some hard paved areas around the Eco-Barn will receive snow management in the winter. Deicer or salt

Reclaimed rock wall with entry signage

ENT

RY D

RIVE

FOREST GARDEN Slope stabilizing trees and shrubs (Willow (craft), Sumac (edible).

Layered tree guilds arranged for best solar exposure

Maintenance access drive

30’ SETBACK

BERM

A’ BRICKYARD ROAD

Eco Barn with composting toilets, flex space, kitchenette, and exhibit space. ”Front porch” seating area to south.

A PARKING

BIOSWALE

Perennial herb + Edible garden Outdoor harvest table picnic area Edible plantings and “Hugelkultur” beds

SLOPE STABILIZING CRAFT / EDIBLE PLANTINGS

PERRENIAL HERB + EDIBLE LOW MAINTENANCE GARDEN LOW-GROW NATIVE LAWN AREA

ACCESS PATH FROM PARKING + RAMP

EDIBLE GARDENS (FRUIT TREES AND UNDERSTORY PLANTINGS)

LAYERED TREE GUILD

PATH PATH

PATH

PATH

PATH

SECTION A-A’ SEE ENLARGEMENT AT RIGHT

94

POLLINATOR MEADOW + PLANT BUFFER

are discouraged, but some abrasives such

on the ground and minimize trip hazards.

as sand may be used, as well as rock salt

Cleanup will be done approximately once

alternatives such as magnesium chloride,

per week to keep the fallen fruit manageable

calcium chloride, or epsom salts.

and discourage unwanted pests. Routine maintenance in the establishment phase of

FOREST GARDEN

the plantings will include watering, weeding,

Maintenance in the Forest Garden will require higher care in the first years of establishment as well as some pruning, but is intended to be lower a maintenance than fruit trees in

dead heading, and minor pruning. Mulch application in spring and fall will help trees and shrubs gain nutrients, retain water, and insulate from sun and cold.

an orchard. Maintenance in the proposed food forest trees will be less intensive and more similar to the typical park trees. The grounds where the fruit and nut trees stand will require more frequent cleanup during the productive months to prevent the food rotting

FOOD FOREST + PLANTED BUFFER DETAIL

LAYERED TREE GUILD

VISUAL AND SOUND BUFFER

Nut Trees / Nitrogen Fixing Trees (fertilizing)

Fruit Trees

Berry Shrubs

Pollinator Meadow within 30’ SWT Setback

Terraced pathway between fruit trees and berry shrubs

7’ High Planted Berm

95

ECO-BARN RESTROOMS OPTION A BARN WITH COMPOSTING TOILETS

ECO-BARN + RESTROOMS - OPTION A If compostable toilets are used in the Eco Barn, the toilets will be cleaned approximately once to twice a week. The

ACCESS

DRIVE MAINTENANCE

ECO BARN ONE STORY STRUCTURE AT GRADE

composting chamber will be managed

COMPOSTING TOILETS WITH BASEMENT + AT GRADE ACCESS

on a monthly basis, where pine shavings will be added to the pile and raked in.

Vermiculture may be added to encourage better decomposition. When the compost

(PARKING LOT)

material reaches a certain capacity, it will

EXTEND EXISTING POWER AND WATER LINES AT EXISTING STRUCTURE

need to be removed. Follow the local waste management regulations to determine whether this material can be used on-site as

OPTION B CONVENTIONAL PLUMBING WITH SEPTIC SYSTEM

compost (ideal in the forests). Local codes might determine the compost as material similar to a septic tank and not allow its use on site. In this case, the compost material

ACCESS

specialized company.

MAINTENANCE

ECO BARN ONE STORY STRUCTURE CONVENTIONAL PLUMBING + SEPTIC

would need to be disposed of properly by a

DRIVE

OPTIONS B + C SEPTIC ZONE TBD

ALT COST FOR INSTALLATION OF NEW SEPTIC

If traditional toilets with septic system are

(PARKING LOT)

used in the Eco Barn, the toilets will require a

TAP INTO EXISTING POWER AND WATER LINES AT EXISTING STRUCTURE

similar cleaning schedule, cleaning it once to twice per week. The more traditional system may see clogs or other drainage issues that

OPTION C PRE-FABRICATED RESTROOMS

will need to be managed. Additionally, visual inspection should be done on the leach field to ensure there are no leaks or clogs. Look out for signs such as lush and dense planting, which

ACCESS

may be an indicator of leaks. Mushy grounds,

DRIVE MAINTENANCE

PREFABRICATED RESTROOM STRUCTURE

standing water, odor, and slow draining fields are indicators of potential clogs.

Beneficial bacteria may be added to the

(PARKING LOT)

tank for better decomposition. The tank

TAP INTO EXISTING POWER AND WATER LINES AT EXISTING STRUCTURE

should be inspected and maintained on an annual basis, this may include the pressure distribution system, mound or sand filter 96

system, and any other system that is installed with the septic tank. Pumping of tank will be needed depending on use, it is anticipated that pumping is needed once every 2-3 years.

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS Eco-Barn Option A has been included in the base phasing for the project, with the intention of the building anchoring an experience for environmental education and showcasing alternate eco-friendly solutions.

COMPOSTING TOILETS AT ECO BARN

Vent with rain cover

Fan Toilet

FLOOR

Biosolids Air flow Access door

Finished compost

Excess liquid drain

97

PERMEABLE PARKING + BIOSWALE

Permeable parking lot and bioswale with native plantings and recycled concrete step stones

N

PERMEABLE PARKING AND BIOSWALE

EXISTING CONDITIONS

The parking area is designed to be

The parking area is located at the western

embedded in the landscape by incorporating

side of the existing quarry site. This site

low-impact and natural materials as well as a

was chosen because of its proximity to

bioswale raingarden for enhanced ecological

the existing SWT soil stockpiles that are

function and educational experience.

recommended to be used to fill and level the parking area and because it is located

A sculptural entry “portal” with park signage

in an already disturbed portion of the

and maps is located at the east side of

site. During the pre-construction phase,

the parking lot to act as an informational

a geotechincal assesment should be

threshold to the forest and meadow

performed to determine if any underground

area beyond. This has been included in

structures / voids exist. If structures / voids

the signage phasing of the project. The

are discovered they will need to be filled

sculptural form recalls a geological past –

with clean fill. The need for additional

referencing the topographic slope of the

geotechnical work to stabilize soils should

landform beyond prior to excavation for the

also be assessed.

brick quarry.

98

three ADA spaces.

SITE CONNECTIONS Visitors entering from Brickyard Road will drive past the wetland area to reach the parking area. From the parking lot, visitors will have easy access to the trail systems located to the east, or the ramp to the EcoBarn to the west. Access to the Brick Quarry Overlook trail is located to the south of the Eco-Barn.

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS The parking area will be constructed with permeable local gravel paving. General signage for parking and park rules will be installed at the entry and trailhead. Welded wire mesh gabion basket retaining walls should be installad at the edge of the parking area as needed to retain earth, along with

USERS + PROGRAMMING

railings at the locations where there is more

The parking area is necessary to

than 2.5’ of grade change, such as the

accommodate visitors who are traveling

eastern edge.

by car, which is the dominant mode of transportation in this area according

A central bioswale will aid in rainwater

to project surveys. This parking lot

capture to minimize flooding. The swale

accommodates 51 parking spaces including

is to be planted with drought and flood

PERMEABLE PAVING AND BIOSWALE AT PARKING AREA

Native rain garden plantings Bioswale with step stone pathway Overflow drain

Permeable gravel paving Underdrain within gravel layer Monitoring vault

99

PERMEABLE PARKING + BIOSWALE

SLOPED ROOF REFERENCES SLOPED ROOF EXCAVATED LAND (REFERENCES LAND SURFACE PRIOR TO QUARRY EXCAVATION)

INTEGRATED PARK SIGNAGE

INTEGRATED PARK INTEGRATED SIGNAGE PARK SIGNAGE

INTEGRATED PARK SIGNAGE

RETAINING WALL 7’ AT TALLEST POINT

GABIONS WITH WOODEN SEATING SURFACE

HANDRAIL WITH MESH

15’

Sculptural entry “portal” signage and gabion retaining walls on the east edge of parking area

3"

LARGE SIGNAGE LOCATIONS

40"

3"

24"

36"

LARGE SIGNAGE 5" 3"

SITE ENTRY STONE SIGNAGE

SMALL PLANT ID SIGNAGE LOCATED ALONG PATHWAYS AND GATHERING AREAS

PORTAL W/ PARK INFO SIGNAGE

Signage types and locations throughout the park

100

tolerant “rain garden” perennials and trees.

permit is likely needed for the construction of

A simplified version without excess piping

the Eco-Barn.

is proposed for this site to maintain an economical cost, however the option for upgrading to a system with monitoring and overflow structures can be considered by SWT after evaluation of site drainage needs and the NPDES permit.

The sculptural entry portal with Site Map signage at pathway leading from parking to start of trail network will be made using a custom corten steel frame with a removable plexiglas panel to allow for changing of site signage and trails maps.

MAINTENANCE TASKS The bioswale, as a stormwater management element, may be susceptible to minor erosion and will require inspection and repair as needed. Sediment may also build up in these areas and will require occasional removal to protect the health of the plant community and ensure that the system is functioning as intended.

It is assumed that the driveway and parking lot will receive snow management in the winter. Deicer or salt are discouraged, but some abrasives such as sand may be used, as well as rock salt alternatives such as magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, or epsom salts.

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS A geotechnical consultant is recommended to advise on slope stabilization in the slopes adjacent to the parking area, and drainage and grading should be designed. A NPDES 101

NATURE PLAY

Above: Natural play area at left and Willow Grove to the right

N

NATURE PLAY The Natural Play area is a place with amenities for kids made from natural materials that reference the surrounding forest and provide a safe place for multiple ages and diverse needs. The play area enhances the

SITE CONNECTIONS The nature play area is located in the “active zone” adjacent to the parking area and is surrounded by the willow grove and forest areas.

environmental education component of the

USERS + PROGRAMMING

park, but is a future phase of scope that is not

Different types of play amenities are provided

critical to passive use of Kohler Ridge Park.

to serve the needs for kids of all ages. A sensory experience amenity is proposed as a

EXISTING CONDITIONS

quieter option, and is also ADA accessible.

The site is located at the edge of the forest adjacent to the current soil stock pile area and wetland. The site is intended to be cleared of trees that are invasive species, diseased trees, and/or trees causing a safety hazard.

102

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS Play amenities are intended to be offshelf items made from wood and steel components.

MAINTENANCE TASKS

and play activities. The following safety

Frequent inspections of the play features

recommendations are incorporated in the

during the first year are recommended to

design for the Natural Play area:

establish an understanding of the patterns

•

that are taller than 30”

of use. The proposed play features are not typical and use natural materials. These

•

Zone for slides: less than 6’ high = 72”, above 6’ = equal to or greater than the

play features encourage children to play

highest point of the slide to the surface (up

unconventionally, and certain areas of the features may get worn out faster than others.

Fall Zones: 72” around perimeter of amenities

to 96”) •

ADA access: 60” minimum width for paths,

Frequent inspections will help establish a

80” min overhead clearance, 6.25% slope

better understanding of how children will

maximum

play on these features and how to best focus

•

Mulch: 7”-10” deep – dependent on product

maintenance efforts.

•

Barrier around perimeters: add a hedge or fence at edges where kids might wander off

•

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS Safety recommendations include proper

Seating: place seating around perimeter for caretakers, with sight lines to all areas

spacing and materials for safe access

GABION SEATING LARGE LOG PILE SMALL LOG PILE

STEPPING LOGS SCULPTURAL SENSORY EXPERIENCE (TOUCH, SOUND, COLORED LIGHT) ADA ACCESSIBLE

Natural play area

103

WETLAND WALK

EXISTING RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY

WETLAND

FORESTED BUFFER

BOARDWALKS

WILLOW GROVE ECO BARN + FOREST GARDEN

PARKING

NATURE PLAY

LEARNING GROVE

BIOSWALE RAIN GARDEN WITH STEP STONES

ECO EDUCATION LOOP

N

WETLAND WALK

SITE CONNECTIONS

The proposed Wetland Walk is an

The boardwalk can be accessed from

opportunity to demonstrate the ecological

the northwest corner of the parking area,

value of wetlands in suburban environments.

adjacent to the Eco Barn and Forest Garden,

The walk ventures out through the middle of

and from the Willow Grove and Nature Play

the wetland zone, and turns to extend east,

areas to the east on the other end.

where it ends between the Willow Grove

USERS + PROGRAMMING

and Nature Play areas. This path connects

The Wetland Walk is a place for all ages

multiple areas in the active zone of the park,

and backgrounds. It is an easy and ADA-

forming an “Eco Education Loop” shown in

accessible route that is educational and

the plan above.

immersive in a wetland ecosystem.

EXISTING CONDITIONS The existing lowland areas consist of clay soils that retain puddles of water and emergent wetland plants such as cattails.

The wetland has not been delineated.

104

Signage on the Wetland Walk will show native species, life that is active in the wetland, and how it changes throughout the seasons. This can be used by local schools

1

2

3

4

5

Existing Conditions: 1. Debris and rubble 2. Mud mixing with asphalt material 3. Dense vegetation in moist soil 4. Vegetation growing in clay 5. Puddle with wetland vegetation including cattails.

and camps for environmental education, and

area. Routine maintenance will include

encourages the public to learn more about

general cleaning of litter and surface,

native wetland types and palustrine plant

seasonal power-washing, and boardwalk

communities in Pennsylvania.

maintenance and repair.

MATERIALS + SYSTEMS Assuming they will be low impact for geotechnical disturbance, helical piers are to be installed in the wetland and mounted with a metal frame structure for decking. Decking allows the walk to be ADA accessible, with

IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS When the site is surveyed, the wetland area should also be delineated. The design of the Wetland Walk is a far future phase of work. It should be assumed that special permitting for wetland access is needed.

paths wide enough for wheelchair access and companions. A Corten steel toe rail is to be installed at the edges for safety purposes.

MAINTENANCE TASKS The wetland boardwalk is a low-maintenance

105

07

COST ESTIMATE + PHASED CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN COST ESTIMATE

ELEVATED COSTS

This section includes cost estimates

Due to acute inflation, material shortages,

for various phases of the master plan,

and supply chain challenges, the costs

which provide a path forward for phased

shown in the estimate are elevated above

capital development of Kohler Ridge

“normal” levels that were experienced prior to

Park. The planning team recommends the

the COVID-19 public health crisis. The costs

implementation of key phases of “highest

shown are roughly 20% higher than the costs

priority” for the park to be successfully

and labor would “normally” be. This should

open to the public, while other phases are

be noted by SWT when applying for grants

considered additional amenities that would

and planning for future implementation, as

further enhance the park experience but are

the costs may vary (greater or lesser) from

not necessary. The phasing estimate at right

current estimates. Because of this variation,

denotes these distinct phases.

the costs are shown with no escalation per phase; this should be calculated with current

The cost estimate on the following

inflationary escalation based upon the

pages used cost resources provided by

projected year of implementation.

Dharam Consulting, and the planning team interpreted their cost guidelines to establish the capital development plan. This estimate should be considered an “order-ofmagnitude” cost instead of an official cost

CONTINGENCIES A 12% contingency has been applied to each planning phase in order to account for the ambiguity of the cost estimate in the early planning stages.

opinion.

106

10 2

3

2 1

8 5

7 6 9

PRIORITY

BASE SCOPE / HIGHEST PRIORITY

4

PHASE

COST

TOTAL WITH SOFT COSTS + CONTINGENCY

SEE PAGE

1

SITE PREPARATION, ACCESS & PARKING

$362,815.00

$504,312.85

108

2

MEADOW & FOREST REGENERATION

$167,846.00

$233,305.94

109

3

ECO-BARN OPTION A (NOT INCLUDING ADD-ALTS FOR

$648,590.56

$901,540.88

110

SUBTOTAL

$1,179,251.56

$1,639,159.67

4

OVERLOOK LOOP

$507,848.00

$629,731.52

113

5

LEARNING GROVE

$81,500.00

$113,285.00

114

6

WILLOW GROVE, SIGNAGE & SITE AMENITIES

$33,865.00

$47,072.35

115

7

FOOD FOREST & CRAFT GARDENS

$88,650.00

$123,223.50

116

8

NATURAL PLAY AREA

$195,430.00

$271,647.70

117

SUBTOTAL

$907,293.00

$1,184,960.07

9

CANOPY WALK

$294,320.00

$409,104.80

118

10

ECOLOGICAL ART - BRICK INSTALLATION WITH BIRD HABITAT TOWERS

$207,206.75

$288,017.38

119

SUBTOTAL

$501,526.75

$697,122.18

GREEN ROOF, SOLAR ROOF, OR WATER TREATMENT)

MID-TERM ADD-ON SCOPE

LONG-TERM "NICE TO HAVE" SCOPE

107

PHASE ONE: SITE PREP & ACCESS PHASE SUMMARY

This first phase focuses on access to the western parcel for parking, and also demolishes the existing house and garage. Improvements include permeable parking, a central bioswale in the parking area, pathways, and site signage. Planting improvements are limited to clearing of hazardous trees and invasive species, as well as installing a bermed native buffer surrounding the property.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Prior to this work being completed, SWT should apply for all necessary stormwater and building permits.

A geotechnical investigation should also take place, as outlined in Chapter 05.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

SITE PREPARATION

TOTAL

REMARKS

$151,500.00

1

Site Protection & Erosion Control

1

LS

$10,000.00

$10,000.00

2

Silt Fencing

1000

LF

$4.00

$4,000.00

3

Temporary Parking/Staging

2500

SF

$4.00

$10,000.00

4

Remove Site Stockpiles

5

Utility Protection

1

LS

$2,500.00

$2,500.00

6

Site Grading & Cut/Fill - Eco-Barn and Parking Area

5000

CY

$25.00

Public Works to complete prior to mobilization

DEMOLITION & EARTH MOVING

$125,000.00

$54,025.00

7

Demolish House / Garage and Driveway

5000

SF

$8.00

$40,000.00

8

Stockpile/clean stones from house

1

LS

$3,500.00

$3,500.00

9

Demolish existing septic/cesspool

1200

SF

$8.00

$9,600.00

10

Backfill former septic/cesspool

37

CY

$25.00

$925.00

11

Remove or backfill voids under parking area

Requires geotechnical investigation

UTILITIES

$83,600.00

12

Parking Bioretention swales

2000

SF

$30.00

$60,000.00

13

Stormwater Perforated Drain, Storm Pipe & Fittings

100

LF

$65.00

$6,500.00

14

Stormwater Outlets

3

EA

$850.00

$2,550.00

15

Stormwater Inlets

3

EA

$850.00

$2,550.00

16

Stormwater Structure & Pump Station

1

EA

$12,000.00

SITE ELEMENTS

$12,000.00

$20,700.00

17

Entryway - Corten Steel Signage at Gabion Wall

1

EA

$4,000.00

$4,000.00

18

Site Portal Entry with Signage (and Foundation)

1

EA

$15,000.00

$15,000.00

19

Parking Signage

1

EA

$500.00

$500.00

20

Portable Restroom Allowance - 1 year

12

MO

$100.00

HARDSCAPE

$1,200.00

$19,140.00

21

Lay Aggregate Paving for parking

140

CY

$35.00

$4,900.00

22

Site Walls from Reclaimed Stone

550

SF

$20.00

$11,000.00

23

Welded Wire Mesh Gabion Basket Walls

80

SF

$30.00

$2,400.00

24

Site Walls aggregate backfill

21

CY

$20.00

$420.00

25

Guardrails at entry

21

CY

$20.00

LANDSCAPE

$420.00

$33,850.00

26

Soil testing

10

EA

$110.00

$1,100.00

27

Site perimeter berm - soil & mulch

325

CY

$30.00

$9,750.00

28

Trees - Bare Root (1-1.5" caliper)

150

EA

$75.00

$11,250.00

Planting to be done by volunteers

39

Buffer planting - Woody Shrubs - 3 Gallon

450

EA

$25.00

$11,250.00

Planting to be done by volunteers

30

Buffer planting - Spread Seed mix for perennials

10

LB

$50.00

$500.00

Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$362,815.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

32

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$43,537.80

$43,537.80

33

Contingency

1

12.00%

$43,537.80

$43,537.80

34

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$54,422.25

$54,422.25

SUBTOTAL - $141,497.85 SOFT COSTS GRAND TOTAL

108

$504,312.85

PHASE TWO: MEADOW & FOREST REGENERATION PHASE SUMMARY

Restoration of the meadow includes site preparation, seeding, and establishment. Forest restoration includes clearing hazardous and diseased trees, as well as trees within “regeneration zones.” Trails are established, along with diverse understory planting and erosion control at the reservoir outfall.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Prior to this phase, a tree survey shall be developed by an arborist. It should outline hazardous and diseased trees to be removed, as well as existing trees and their size/species. A landscape architect should design and assist with meadow restoration.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

SITE PREPARATION

TOTAL

REMARKS

$236,500.00

1

Tree removal + stump seating,wood chips for trails

1

ALLOW

$45,000.00

$45,000.00

2

Prune birch at oldfields

1

ALLOW

$1,500.00

$1,500.00

DEMOLITION & EARTH MOVING

Tree survey to determine amount

$40,150.00

3

Utility Protection (pipeline at Southern Parcel)

1

LS

$1,500.00

$1,500.00

4

Place riprap stone at reservoir outfall

40

CY

$20.00

$800.00

5

Crib Log Erosion Control

90

EA

$125.00

$11,250.00

Labor for staking could be a volunteer effort

6

Deer Fencing at regeneration zones

2075

LF

$4.00

$8,300.00

Labor for placement could be a volunteer effort

7

Gates at Regeneration Zones

6

EA

$425.00

$2,550.00

8

Form trails: cut understory, lay mulch

2250

LF

$7.00

$15,750.00

LANDSCAPE - MEADOW

$35,291.00

9

Soil testing

10

EA

$110.00

10

Seed Mix in Meadow - Grand Diversity Mix (Prairie Moon Nursery)

12

EA

$2,718.00

$32,616.00

13 lb/acre. Spreading by volunteers

11

Sow low-mow eco-grass

300

EA

$5.25

$1,575.00

300 lb/acre. Spreading can be by volunteers

LANDSCAPE - FOREST

$1,100.00

$45,905.00

12

Soil testing

4

EA

$110.00

$440.00

13

Seed Mix - Shady Woodland in Forest Clearings & Regeneration zones (Prairie Moon Nursery)

7

EA

$6,120.00

$42,840.00

7 acres. 13 lb/acre. Spreading can be by volunteers

14

Understory Trees - Bare Root (1-1.5" caliper)

35

EA

Planting can be done by volunteers.

$75.00

$2,625.00

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$167,846.00

SOFT COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

15

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$20,141.52

$20,141.52

16

Contingency

1

12.00%

$20,141.52

$20,141.52

17

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$25,176.90

$25,176.90

109

SUBTOTAL - SOFT COSTS

$55,310.40

GRAND TOTAL

$233,305.94

REMARKS

PHASE THREE: ECO-BARN - OPTION A PHASE SUMMARY

This option for the Eco-Barn includes a timber-frame eco-barn with flexible space capable of holding 35 people, and space for SWT storage. The estimate includes grading, walls, and pathways necessary for the steep grade change. It also includes bathrooms with composting toilets. The building will utilize the existing public water connection from the demolished house. Because composting toilets are used, there is no need for a septic system; a greywater system by the same manufacturer as the composting toilets has been included for the processing of sink water used in the public bathrooms.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Design-build or integrated design services for Architecture should be considered to arrive at a lower cost for design, materials and labor. Other professional services should include a survey; Civil, MEP, and Structural Engineering; and Architecture and Landscape Architecture.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO. ESTIMATE ITEM DEMOLITION & EARTH MOVING

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL $11,400.00

1

Excavation for Basement, slabs, steps, etc.

150

CY

$50.00

$7,500.00

2

Fine grading of soils - Remove & deposit / regrade at parking area and outside eco-barn; coordination w. PH1

120

CY

$20.00

$2,400.00

3

Dewatering

1

ALLOW

$1,500.00

DRIVEWAY & RETAINING WALLS

REMARKS

$1,500.00

$99,275.00

4

Aggregate paths - includes excavation & hauling

140

CY

$35.00

$4,900.00

5

Vehicular access path - asphalt & aggregate base, excavation & hauling

115

CY

$50.00

$5,750.00

6

Accessible ramp - concrete, aggregate base, excavation & hauling

140

CY

$50.00

$7,000.00

7

Accessible ramp handrail - powdercoated finish

220

LF

$200.00

$44,000.00

8

Accessible ramp handrail - powdercoated finish

1075

SF

$35.00

FOUNDATIONS & SLABS

$37,625.00

$45,383.50

9

4' CIP Spread Footings - Concrete

40

CY

$150.00

$6,000.00

10

4' CIP Spread Footings - Reinforcement

4000

LB

$1.50

$6,000.00

11

4' CIP Spread Footings - Formwork

1290

SF

$11.00

$14,190.00

12

Slab on Grade - Concrete

18

CY

$150.00

$2,700.00

13

Slab on Grade - Reinforcement

1450

SF

$1.50

$2,175.00

14

Slab on Grade - Formwork

116

SF

$11.00

$1,276.00

15

Crushed Stone under Slab on Grade

24

CY

$20.00

$480.00

16

Vapor Retarder

1450

SF

$4.25

$6,162.50

17

French drain at basement outside wall

160

LF

$40.00

COMPOSTING TOILET & GREYWATER INFRASTRUCTURE

$6,400.00

$66,475.00

18

Excavation & Bilco Door Steps

1

LS

$3,000.00

$3,000.00

19

Basement - Concrete

3

CY

$150.00

$450.00

20

Basement - Reinforcement

3250

SF

$1.50

$4,875.00

21

Basement - Formwork

1650

SF

$11.00

$18,150.00

22

Composting Toilets

2

EA

$15,000.00

$30,000.00

23

Greywater Infrastructure

1

EA

$10,000.00

BATHROOM FINISHES

$10,000.00

$4,400.00

24

Sink Mirror

2

EA

$125.00

$250.00

25

Hand Dryer

2

EA

$500.00

$1,000.00

26

Exhaust Fans

2

EA

$400.00

$800.00

27

Tile

1350

SF

$1.00

$1,350.00

28

Finishes & Fixtures

1

ALLOW

$1,000.00

SUPERSTRUCTURE

$1,000.00

$110,250.00

29

Timber Frame

1450

SF

$35.00

30

CLT Frame & Roof Frame

1700

SF

$35.00

EXTERIOR & ROOF

$50,750.00 $59,500.00

$119,138.75

31

Cedar Siding

1575

SF

$21.25

$33,468.75

32

Insulation

1575

SF

$6.00

$9,450.00

33

Vapor Barrier (Walls & Roof)

3255

SF

$8.00

$26,040.00

34

Joint Sealant

1575

SF

$1.00

$1,575.00

35

Steel Roof

1650

SF

$20.00

$33,000.00

36

Insulation

1650

SF

$7.50

$12,375.00

37

Aluminum Gutter & Drain

190

LF

$17.00

DOORS & WINDOWS

$3,230.00

$46,150.00

38

Casement Windows - 5x5'

6

EA

$3,000.00

$18,000.00

39

Casement Windows - 1.5x4'

6

EA

$2,000.00

$12,000.00

40

Exterior Door

1

EA

$3,400.00

$3,400.00

41

Barn Door

1

EA

$6,375.00

$6,375.00

42

Interior Sliding Barn Door

3

EA

$2,125.00

INTERIOR

$6,375.00

$20,881.25

43

Interior Gypsum Walls

625

SF

$12.75

$7,968.75

44

Paint

1650

SF

$1.05

$1,732.50

45

Concrete Countertops

22

SF

$65.00

$1,430.00

46

Cabinets

9

LF

$250.00

$2,250.00

47

Movable Furnishings - Adirondack Chairs

6

EA

$250.00

$1,500.00

48

Movable Furnishings - Wood Tables & Chairs

3

EA

$2,000.00

$6,000.00

110

For sink drainage

PLUMBING

$11,170.00

49

Water closet & rough-in

2

EA

$1,800.00

$3,600.00

50

Kitchen sink & rough-in

2

EA

$1,200.00

$2,400.00

51

Hose Bib

2

EA

$400.00

$800.00

52

Domestic water service - pipes & insulation

30

LF

$50.00

$1,500.00

53

Domestic water service - fittings

9

LF

$70.00

$630.00

54

Backflow preventer

1

EA

$2,000.00

$2,000.00

55

Heat trace

30

LF

$8.00

HVAC 56

$240.00

$21,750.00 Radiant floor heating

1450

SF

$15.00

ELECTRICAL

$21,750.00

$50,520.00

57

Temporary Light & Power

1

EA

$5,000.00

$5,000.00

58

Connection to city electrical (excavation, hauling, underground wiring & tubing)

1

ALLOW

$15,000.00

$15,000.00

59

Panelboards & Disconnect

1

EA

$4,500.00

$4,500.00

60

Copper Wiring

24

CLF

$55.00

$1,320.00

61

EMT Tubing

600

CLF

$5.00

$3,000.00

62

Outlet boxes

4

EA

$600.00

$2,400.00

63

Duplex

20

EA

$40.00

$800.00

64

Light controls

1

EA

$1,000.00

$1,000.00

65

Light fixtures

30

EA

$400.00

$12,000.00

66

Wall Pack

8

EA

$500.00

$4,000.00

67

Ceiling-mounted fan/light

1

EA

$1,500.00

LIFE SAFETY

$1,500.00

$15,080.06

68

Exit Light LED

1

EA

$450.00

$450.00

69

Fire Extinguishers

3

EA

$295.00

$885.00

70

Fire Alarm Cable

3

CLF

$275.00

$825.00

71

EMT Tubing

300

LF

$4.50

$1,350.00

72

Control Panel

1

EA

$3,000.00

$3,000.00

73

Strobe & Horn

2

EA

$165.00

$330.00

74

System Programming

1

EA

$1,000.00

$1,000.00

75

Smoke/Carbon Monoxide Detector

4

EA

$1,000.00

$4,000.00

76

Pull Station

1

EA

$140.00

$140.00

77

Tamper & Flow Connect

1

EA

$160.00

$160.00

78

Overhead Sprinklers

1470.03

EA

$2.00

GROUNDING & LIGHTNING PROTECTION

$2,940.06

$5,942.00

79

Grounding rod, copper clad

6

EA

$135.00

$810.00

80

Ground wire, copper

2

CLF

$625.00

$1,250.00

81

Exothermic weld

6

CLF

$70.00

$420.00

82

Trenching

200

CLF

$6.00

$1,200.00

83

Lightning protection, air terminal and base

6

EA

$55.00

$330.00

84

Lightning protection, copper cable

160

LF

$6.75

$1,080.00

85

Lightning clips

6

EA

$10.00

$60.00

86

Lightning rod base plate

6

EA

$132.00

AUDIO/VISUAL INFRASTRUCTURE

$792.00

$5,025.00

87

EMT Tubing

300

LF

$4.50

$1,350.00

88

Speaker

2

EA

$1,000.00

$2,000.00

89

Projector

1

EA

$1,000.00

$1,000.00

90

Equipment Connections

3

EA

$135.00

$405.00

91

Cabling

3

CLF

$90.00

LANDSCAPING

$270.00

$15,750.00

92

Slope Stabilization Planting

3000

SF

$5.00

$15,000.00

93

Trees - Bare Root (1-1.5" caliper)

10

EA

$75.00

$750.00

SUBTOTAL HARD COSTS

$648,590.56

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO. ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

94

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$77,830.87

$77,830.87

95

Contingency

1

12.00%

$77,830.87

$77,830.87

96

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$97,288.58

$97,288.58

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$252,950.32

GRAND TOTAL

$901,540.88

111

Planting can be done by volunteers.

PHASE THREE: ECO-BARN (CONT’D) ADD-ALTERNATES

Add-alternates for sustainable systems listed below have been included in the master plan for consideration, but not calculated within the base budget on the previous pages.

ADD-ALTERNATES (NOT INCLUDED IN FEE ON PREVIOUS PAGE) ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

SOLAR ROOF

TOTAL $115,030.00

1

Solar Panels

829

SF

$70.00

$58,030.00

2

Battery Pack

1

EA

$12,000.00

$12,000.00

3

Distribution Panel 480V

1

EA

$7,500.00

$7,500.00

4

Transformer & Rough-in

1

EA

$20,000.00

$20,000.00

5

Space & Build-out of electrical closet

50

SF

$350.00

GREEN ROOF

$17,500.00

$117,900.00

6

Deduct Standing Seam Steel Roof

1650

SF

$(20.00)

$(33,000.00)

7

Sedum Mat

1650

SF

$24.00

$39,600.00

8

Green Roof Soil

1650

SF

w/ above

9

Needled Miner Wool

1650

SF

w/ above

10

Drain Plate

1650

SF

w/ above

11

Honeycomb geo grid

1650

SF

$5.00

$8,250.00

12

Metal Edging

160

LF

$15.00

$2,400.00

13

Insulation

1650

SF

$7.50

$12,375.00

14

Vapor Barrier

1650

SF

$8.50

$14,025.00

15

Waterproofing Membrane

1650

SF

$20.00

$33,000.00

16

Structural Reinforcement

1650

SF

$25.00

$41,250.00

RAINWATER RE-USE SYSTEM

$61,750.00

17

Eliminate Septic System

1

ALLOW

$(20,000.00)

$(20,000.00)

18

Above Ground Storage Tank

1

EA

$10,000.00

$10,000.00

19

Pump

1

EA

$10,000.00

$10,000.00

20

Piping

1475

SF

$15.00

$22,125.00

21

Chemical Treatment System

1475

SF

$10.00

$14,750.00

22

Controls

1475

SF

$5.00

$7,375.00

23

Space & Build-out of treatment closet

50

SF

$350.00

$17,500.00

112

REMARKS

PHASE FOUR: OVERLOOK LOOP PHASE SUMMARY

The Overlook Loop is an ADA-accessible experience at the top of the ridge, made of decking and supported by piers. The estimate includes the elements to construct the overlook, as well as the striping of two ADA-accessible parking spots along the existing street.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

An allowance for structural engineering and landscape architecture are included to develop construction documents. A civil engineer or architect may also be necessary for permitting, especially if stamped documents are necessary.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

SITE PREPARATION

TOTAL $17,000.00

1

Site access & erosion control

1

ALLOW

$5,000.00

$5,000.00

2

Temporary Utilities

1

ALLOW

$5,000.00

$5,000.00

3

Dewatering

1

ALLOW

$2,000.00

$2,000.00

4

Site Clearing for foundations & bases

1

ALLOW

$5,000.00

$5,000.00

OVERLOOK LOOP Substructure Foundations

2195

SF

$20.00

$43,900.00

6

Helical Piles - max 28'

2195

SF

$75.00

$164,625.00

7

Metal Deck Framing

2195

SF

$7.00

$15,365.00

8

Thermally Modified Ash Decking

2195

SF

$20.00

$43,900.00

9

Steel Framed Railings

588

LF

$300.00

$176,400.00

10

X-Tend Mesh Panels

2352

SF

$17.00

$39,984.00

11

Wood Lean Rail with HDPE Signage

15

LF

$350.00

$5,250.00

12

Signage for Parking, ADA & Safety Warnings

1

ALLOW

$500.00

HARDSCAPING ADA Parking - Striping on existing asphalt

Was done in phase 2; this is specific to necessary tree clearing or understory

$489,924.00

5

13

REMARKS

25-30-year lifespan vs. 10-15 year lifespan for synthetic Trex decking

$500.00

$924.00 462

SF

$2.00

$924.00

LANDSCAPING 14

Regeneration zones Included in Phase 2 estimate

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$507,848.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

15

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$60,941.76

$60,941.76

16

Contingency

1

12.00%

$60,941.76

$60,941.76

17

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$76,177.20

$76,177.20

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$121,883.52

GRAND TOTAL

$629,731.52

113

PHASE FIVE: LEARNING GROVE PHASE SUMMARY

The Learning Grove creates a space at the base of the quarry for environmental education. The estimate includes gabion basket walls and seating, as well as adjacent slides and boulder stairs that are embedded within the slope of the quarry.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Professional services should include disciplines of Civil Engineering and Landscape Architecture. Geotechnical support may also be necessary; this will be dependent upon the findings of the geotechnical surveying that will take place in/prior to Phase 1.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

SITE PREPARATION 1

Fine site grading

TOTAL

8000

SF

$0.50

SITE ELEMENTS

$4,000.00

$23,880.00

2

Gabion basket retaining Walls

228

SF

$35.00

$7,980.00

3

Gabion basket retaining Walls - Wood Seating

228

SF

$50.00

$11,400.00

4

Recycled concrete access path - aggregate base, excavation & hauling

100

CY

$45.00

$4,500.00

5

Metal Slide - 15' Long

15

LF

$1,275.00

$19,125.00

6

Metal Slide - 30' Long

30

LF

$1,275.00

$38,250.00

7

Boulder Stairs

30

TONS

$255.00

$7,650.00

8

Boulder Stairs & Slide - Excavation & Hauling

185

CY

$35.00

PLAY

$71,500.00

LANDSCAPING 9

REMARKS

$4,000.00

Perennial Planting at Slides

$6,475.00

$6,000.00 1000

SF

$6.00

$6,000.00

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$81,500.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

10

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$9,780.00

$9,780.00

11

Contingency

1

12.00%

$9,780.00

$9,780.00

12

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$12,225.00

$12,225.00

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$31,785.00

GRAND TOTAL

$113,285.00

114

Included in Phase 1

PHASE SIX: WILLOW GROVE, SIGNAGE + SITE AMENITIES PHASE SUMMARY

The Willow Grove is an area adjacent to the proposed Learning Grove and Natural Play area that introduces planting that can be used for outdoor education or crafts. Trailhead signage is also included in this phase of work, intended for along the existing pathways and parking area.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Professional services should include Landscape Architecture if any guidance on grading, planting, or furnishings is required.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

6500

SF

$0.50

SITE PREPARATION 1

Fine grading

TOTAL $3,250.00

SIGNAGE

$3,250.00

$23,400.00

2

Sculptural Entry Portal at Trailhead - Corten Steel

3

Educational Signage

7

EA

$1,200.00

$8,400.00

4

Smaller Signage

100

EA

$150.00

$15,000.00

Included in Phase 1

12

EA

$250.00

FURNISHINGS 5

REMARKS

Movable Furnishings - Chairs

$3,000.00

LANDSCAPING

$3,000.00

$4,215.00

6

Understory Trees - Bare Root (1-1.5" caliper)

22

EA

$75.00

$1,650.00

Planting can be done by volunteers.

7

Seed Mix - Understory

4

LB

$235.00

$940.00

Spread rate: 10 lb/acre. Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

8

Mulch for seed bulking

6500

SF

$0.25

$1,625.00

1 acre / Seed spreading to be done by volunteers

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$33,865.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

9

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$4,063.80

$4,063.80

10

Contingency

1

12.00%

$4,063.80

$4,063.80

11

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$5,079.75

$5,079.75

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$13,207.35

GRAND TOTAL

$47,072.35

115

PHASE SEVEN: FOOD FOREST + CRAFT GARDENS PHASE SUMMARY

The Food Forest is a garden outside of the Eco-Barn that can be used for education or community gardening. Its maintenance depends upon the labor of a part-time gardener, and should be implemented only if/when SWT can commit to supporting such a position.

The estimate includes all walls, pathways, planting, and furnishings in this area.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Professional services should include disciplines of Landscape Architecture if any guidance on grading, planting, or furnishings is required.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

9000

SF

$0.50

SITE PREPARATION 1

Fine site grading

TOTAL

REMARKS

$4,500.00

SITE ELEMENTS

$4,500.00

$37,630.00

2

Gabion basket retaining Walls

228

SF

$35.00

$7,980.00

3

Gabion basket retaining Walls - wood seating

228

SF

$50.00

$11,400.00

4

Gabion basket retaining Walls - excavation & hauling

100

CY

$40.00

$4,000.00

5

Recycled concrete access path - aggregate base, excavation & hauling

30

CY

$45.00

$1,350.00

6

Compost Bays - 20x15' Slab

300

SF

$8.00

$2,400.00

7

Compost Bays - CMU Enclosure

300

SF

$25.00

$7,500.00

8

Compost Bays - Gate

1

EA

$3,000.00

FURNISHINGS

$3,000.00

$26,600.00

9

Movable Furnishings - Harvest Tables

3

EA

$2,000.00

$6,000.00

10

Movable Furnishings - Chairs

36

EA

$250.00

$9,000.00

11

Trash, Recycling, Rain Barrel & Composting Supplies

6

EA

$1,500.00

$9,000.00

12

Misc. Gardening Supplies for Storage

1

EA

$2,000.00

$2,000.00

13

Insect Hotels

6

EA

$100.00

LANDSCAPING

$600.00

$19,920.00

14

Understory Trees - Bare Root (1-1.5" caliper)

10

EA

$75.00

$750.00

Planting can be done by volunteers.

15

Seed Mix - Grand Diversity Mix (Prairie Moon Nursery)

5

LB

$235.00

$1,175.00

Spread rate: 10 lb/acre. Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

16

Mulch for seed bulking

20000

SF

$0.25

$5,000.00

1 acre / Seed spreading to be done by volunteers

17

Woody Shrubs - 10 Gallon Container

16

EA

$25.00

$400.00

18

Perennials - 3 Gallon Container

300

EA

$20.00

$6,000.00

19

Sow low-mow eco-grass

110

EA

$4.50

$495.00

Spread Rate: 220 lb/acre. Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

20

Mulch for eco-grass seed bulking

20000

SF

$0.25

$5,000.00

Seed spreading to be done by volunteers

21

Garden Fencing (deer-proof)

220

LF

$5.00

$1,100.00

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$88,650.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

22

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$10,638.00

$10,638.00

23

Contingency

1

12.00%

$10,638.00

$10,638.00

24

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$13,297.50

$13,297.50

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$34,573.50

GRAND TOTAL

$123,223.50

116

PHASE EIGHT: NATURAL PLAY PHASE SUMMARY

The Natural Play area is intended as an additional amenity within the forest that supports families with children. The estimate includes three play elements, as well as costs for adjacent gabion walls and seating. Mulch surfacing and two large trees within the play area are included in the estimate. No drainage is anticipated.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Professional services should include disciplines of Landscape Architecture and Civil Engineering if any guidance on grading, planting, or furnishings is required.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

8500

SF

$0.50

SITE PREPARATION 1

Fine site grading

TOTAL

REMARKS

$4,250.00

SITE ELEMENTS

$4,250.00

$17,000.00

2

Gabion basket retaining Walls

200

SF

$35.00

$7,000.00

3

Gabion basket retaining Walls - Wood Seating

200

SF

$50.00

$10,000.00

4

Stump seating

Place remnants reclaimed from Phase 2 tree clearing

PLAY

$153,090.00

5

Play Structure - Main

1

EA

$75,000.00

$75,000.00

6

Play Structure - Stepper Cluster M4

1

EA

$13,200.00

$13,200.00

7

Play Structure - Log Piles 8.2

1

EA

$25,200.00

$25,200.00

8

Installation

1

EA

$39,690.00

HARDSCAPING

$39,690.00

$18,150.00

9

Mulch - material, excavation, and hauling

185

CY

$30.00

$5,550.00

10

Aggregate base for mulch - material, excavation, and hauling

280

CY

$45.00

$12,600.00

LANDSCAPING

$2,940.00

11

Understory Trees -B&B , 4" CAL

2

EA

$1,000.00

$2,000.00

Planting can be done by volunteers.

12

Seed Mix - Understory

4

LB

$235.00

$940.00

Spread rate: 10 lb/acre. Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$195,430.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

13

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$23,451.60

$23,451.60

14

Contingency

1

12.00%

$23,451.60

$23,451.60

15

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$29,314.50

$29,314.50

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$76,217.70

GRAND TOTAL

$271,647.70

117

PHASE NINE: CANOPY WALK PHASE SUMMARY

The Canopy Walk is an ADA-accessible experience at the top of the ridge, made of decking and supported by piers.

The estimate includes the elements to construct the elevated walk.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Professional services should include disciplines of Structural Engineering and Landscape Architecture to develop construction documents. A Civil Engineer or Architect may also be necessary for permitting, especially if stamped documents are necessary. Given the location at the top of the quarry ridge, a geotechnical engineer may be necessary.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

SITE PREPARATION

TOTAL $34,250.00

1

Site access & erosion control

1

ALLOW

$15,000.00

$15,000.00

2

Dewatering

1

ALLOW

$4,250.00

$4,250.00

3

Temporary Utilities

1

ALLOW

$10,000.00

$10,000.00

4

Site Clearing for foundations & bases

1

ALLOW

$5,000.00

$5,000.00

CANOPY WALK Substructure Foundations

1450

SF

$12.00

$17,400.00

6

Helical Piles - max 15'

1450

SF

$37.00

$53,650.00

7

Metal Deck Framing

1450

SF

$7.00

$10,150.00

8

Thermally Modified Ash Decking

1450

SF

$20.00

$29,000.00

9

Steel Framed Railings

295

LF

$300.00

$88,500.00

10

X-Tend Mesh Panels

1450

SF

$17.00

$24,650.00

11

Overhead Trellis Beams

1450

SF

$25.00

$36,250.00

12

Signage for Environmental Education and Safety Warnings

ALLOW

$500.00

LANDSCAPING Seed Mix - Understory

Was done in phase 2; this is specific to necessary tree clearing or understory

$259,600.00

5

13

REMARKS

25-30-year lifespan vs. 10-15 year lifespan for synthetic Trex decking

$-

$470.00 2

LB

$235.00

$470.00

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$294,320.00

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

14

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$35,318.40

$35,318.40

15

Contingency

1

12.00%

$35,318.40

$35,318.40

16

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$44,148.00

$44,148.00

118

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$114,784.80

GRAND TOTAL

$409,104.80

Spread rate: 10 lb/acre. Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

PHASE TEN: ECOLOGICAL ART - BRICK INSTALLATION WITH BIRD HABITAT TOWERS PHASE SUMMARY

An ecological art installation is included as an additional creative amenity that was highly rated by the public in the engagement process, but also comes at a large expense. Cost is included for creating three chimney swift towers and a brick arch ring that mimic the brick kilns and chimney towers that once stood on site.

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PLANNING COSTS

Structural engineering is anticipated for the chimney swift towers/brick kiln.

BASE COSTS ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

REMARKS

$27,760.00

SITE PREPARATION 1

Site access & erosion control in meadow

1

ALLOW

$4,000.00

$4,000.00

2

Fine site grading

8500

SF

$0.50

$4,250.00

3

Dewatering

1

ALLOW

$4,250.00

$4,250.00

4

Temporary Utilities

1

ALLOW

$15,000.00

$15,000.00

5

Site Clearing for foundations & bases

2000

SF

$0.13

$260.00

107,615.00

BRICK KILN - CHIMNEY SWIFT TOWERS 10

Brick - Sever Weathering

1750

EA

$40.00

$70,000.00

11

Metal Flashing

157

SF

$60.00

$9,420.00

12

Foam Insulation

1750

SF

$4.00

$7,000.00

13

Treated Plywood

1750

SF

$5.00

$8,750.00

14

Treated Plywood at top

1

EA

$125.00

$125.00

15

Ventilation

3

EA

$200.00

$600.00

16

Footings - Concrete

16

CY

$150.00

$2,400.00

17

Footings - Reinforcement

2000

LB

$1.90

$3,800.00

18

Footings - Formwork

440

SF

$10.00

$4,400.00

19

Excavation & Hauling

32

CY

$35.00

$1,120.00

$71,790.00

BRICK KILN - ARCHES 20

Brick - Sever Weathering

1475

EA

$42.50

$62,687.50

21

Footings - Concrete

7

CY

$150.00

$1,050.00

22

Footings - Reinforcement

875

LB

$1.90

$1,662.50

23

Footings - Formwork

590

SF

$10.00

$5,900.00

24

Excavation & Hauling

14

CY

$35.00

$490.00

$41.75

LANDSCAPING 25

Sow low-mow eco-grass

2

EA

$5.25

$10.50

26

Mulch for eco-grass seed bulking

125

SF

$0.25

$31.25

SUBTOTAL - HARD COSTS

$207,206.75

SOFT COSTS & CONTINGENCIES ITEM NO.

ESTIMATE ITEM

QTY

UNIT

UNIT COST

TOTAL

27

Bond Mobilization and Layout

1

12.00%

$24,864.81

$24,864.81

28

Contingency

1

12.00%

$24,864.81

$24,864.81

29

Professional Fees - Design and Engineering

1

15.00%

$29,314.50

$29,314.50

SUBTOTAL SOFT COSTS

$80,810.63

GRAND TOTAL

$288,017.38

119

Spread Rate: 300 lb/acre. Seed spreading can be done by volunteers

QUESTIONS + COMMENTS: INFO@OMNES.STUDIO WWW.SOUTHWHITEHALL.COM/SERVICES/MUNICIPAL-PROJECTS/KOHLER-RIDGE-PARK

Omnes

Landscape Architecture, Planning & Art www.omnes.studio