Reconstruction weaving cultures

RECONSTRUCT I ON

WEAVING CULTURES

OFELIA BARRIENTOS CASTILLO ARELY ORTEGA SILVA

RECONSTRUCTION WEAVING CULTURES

4

31 36 38

REFERENCES

11 GOTHIC

ROMANESQUE

ISLAMIC

7

CONCLUSION

27

MANNERISM

PRE-ROMANESQUE

5

BAROQUE

23

RENAISSANCE

PROLOGUE

Index

15 19

Welcome We set out to make a book related to the transformation of a work with different cultural focus or function, this topic being very interesting and enriching to our seeing. This project immersed us in different eras and different continents. It allowed us to re-read works that had already been presented to us and others that we totally ignored, as well as helping us to know the architecture of other cultures.

Ofelia Barrientos

The diversity that we found was not limited to cultural or temporal issues, but included a huge variety of ornamental, structural, and constructive resources, among many other elements that amazed us. The communion of cultures within an architecture is extremely deep and full of history.

Arely Ortega

5

“An architecture where two cultures meet�

The order in which these works have been organized follows a simple chronological scheme in order to make a passage through history through the beauty of art.

I hope you enjoy reading as much as we have enjoyed the compilation.

This book aims to identify buildings in which there is a space demonstrating the union of different cultures, creating in this a complete architecture, in which the viewer can both surprise and grow.

Example of a mix between Mexican culture and Islamic culture.

By: Arely Ortega

By: Ofelia Barrientos

6

PHOTO BY: GETTY IMAGES

PRE-ROMANESQUE

Pre-Romanesque is the period from either the emergence of the the Carolingian Renaissance in the late 8th century, to the beginning of the 11th century in the Romanesque period.

The primary theme during this period is the introduction and absorption of classical Mediterranean and Early Christian forms with Germanic ones, which fostered innovative new forms.

The Great Mosque of Cordoba Cรณrdoba, Spain.

Timeline Christian Cathedral

Christian and Islamic cult.

VI

714

1236

786

Muslim Mosque

Visigothic Basilica of Saint Vincent Martyr.

9

PHOTO BY: NURHASANAH TIAN

The history of the Mezquita-Catedral de Cรณrdoba is summarized in the complete evolution of the Umayyad style in Spain, as well as the Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles of Christian construction.

Dedicated from the beginning to the cult of different deities.It began to be built as a mosque in the year 785, with the appropriation and reuse of the materials of the Hispano-Roman basilica of San Vicente Mรกrtir, which was in its place, by the Muslim conquerors.

This basilica is rectangular in shape, was shared by Christians and Muslims for a time. Since the Castilian-Leonian conquest of the city by Ferdinand III in 1236, it is the seat of the Bishopric of Cordoba, being, therefore, Christian cathedral church of this diocese, being prohibited from practicing any religious practice other than Catholic.

Plan Recognition

10

Construction stage

PHOTO BY: DETAILS OF TEMPLES

ISLAMIC

Islam is the name of the religion established by the Prophet Muhammad.

The Arabic word salaam, that means peace, has the same root as the word Islam. One Islamic interpretation is that individual personal peace is attained by utterly submitting to God. Muslims pray five times a day, give to charity, fast during the holy month of Ramadan and try to make a pilgrimage

once in their lives to Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

The design and construction of buildings and structures are influence on Islamic culture and religion. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace, the Fort, the School, and urban buildings. For all these types of constructions, Islamic architecture developed a rich vocabulary that was also used for buildings, such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture.

Hagia Sophia Instanbul,Turkey.

Timeline Eastern Orthodox cathedral.

Roman Catholic cathedral.

532 A.D.

Eastern Orthodox cathedral.

Museum

1453

1931

Ottoman mosque.

Ottoman mosque.

13

1935

PHOTO BY: THETOC.GR

Hagia Sophia is an important monument both for Byzantine and for Ottoman Empires.

Originally, from the year 532 AD to 1453 with the fall of Constantinople, now Istanbul, it served as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral. With the exception of 1204 to 1261 when it was converted by the Fourth Crusaders to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire.

With the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the building was transformed into a mosque.

That is, the addition of four minarets surrounding the church and major changings in its interior, this mosque served as an Islamic temple until 1931.

In 1935 it was converted into a museum and that is how we can see it today.

Plan Recognition

14

PHOTO BY: INSTANBULKULTURTURIZM.GOV.TR

ROMANESQUE

The Romanesque art was the first distinctive style to spread across Europe since the Fall of the Roman Empire. This thanks to the pilgrimage and the crusades at that time.

The word “Romanesque� means descendant from Roman.

Despite common denominators, there was a wide variety because of individual patrons, techniques, tra-

ditions, material, artist and needs.

Combining features of Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, the Romanesque architecture principal elements were: buttresses, thick walls, round arches openings, arcades, columns, capitals, vaults. All of those with distinct characteristics.

PAMMAKARISTOS Instanbul,Turkey.

Initially constructed to be a Church by Miguel VII Ducas.

After the fall of Constantinople (1453), the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople was initially moved to the Church of the Holy Apostles and then in 1456 to the church of Pammakaristos, which was patriarchal seat until 1587.

Five years later, the Ottoman sultan Murad III, convert the church in mosque and the name in memory of its conquest. Most of the interior walls were demolished to create a more spacious prayer room, according to the needs of the Muslim cult.

Timeline

Muslim Mosque

XI

1592

1949

The Fethiye Museum

Orthodox Church

17

PHOTO BY: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

The complex fell into a state of neglect until in 1949 it was restored with the help of the Byzantine Institute of America and the Byzantine Studies Center of Dumbarton Oaks and restored to its original splendor.

The main building continues to serve as a mosque, while the parekklesion became a museum.

Plan Recognition

Original Church Ampliation Turkish Work Turkish Apse

Side chapel Barrel Vault Narthex Barrel vault

Inner Narthex Stair to Turkish house Outer Narthex Floor of hexagonal tiles Minaret Remains of hexagonal tiling Foundations of Third

Narthex wall

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PHOTO BY: GOLLNISCH.COM

GOTHIC

The Goths were a so-called barbaric tribe who held power in various regions of Europe, between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire (so, from roughly the fifth to the eighth century). They were not renowned for great achievements in architecture. As with many art historical terms, “Gothic� came to be applied to a certain architectural style after the fact. The style represented giant steps away from the pre-

vious, relatively basic building systems that had prevailed. The Gothic grew out of the Romanesque architectural style, when both prosperity and relative peace allowed for several centuries of cultural development and great building schemes. From roughly 1000 to 1400, several significant cathedrals and churches were built, particularly in Britain and France, offering architects and masons a chance to work out ever more complex and daring designs.

THE CATHEDRAL OF CHARTRES

Chartres, France.

PHOTO BY: TREVELIER.MX

The Cathedral of Chartres hasn’t had a quiet “life”, it was destroyed and burned several times unfortunately the cathedral ran the same luck over again several occasions . In the Middle Ages the cathedral functioned as a school, since Charlemagne had ordered in the ninth century that cathedrals and monasteries maintain schools. Chartres obtained considerable fame by the study of the logic, matter in which for many it rivaled Paris. Unlike other French monuments the building was not damaged during the French Revolution; Despite the fact that the revolutionary committee had decided to demolish it, the one in charge of carrying it out, a local architect, advised against it, alleging that the resulting debris would blind the surrounding streets. The successive restorations also respected its original design, thanks to which the building has reached our time in a state of conservation far superior to most French constructions of the time.

On June 4, 1836 , a fire destroyed the trusses of the Danish chestnut roof. The architect Edouard Baron replaced it with a cast iron structure covered with copper sheets, imitating the technique used in the cathedral of Mainz.

Timeline Disappeared in a fire

by Visigoths of Hunaldo.

360

First Church

Destroid by Norman pirates.

740

Destroid during war.

962

858

Construction of a new Cathedral.

21

Reconstruction by Bishop Gisleberto.

Partially rebuilt.

Plan Recognition

Fire destroys the cathedral.

Fire devastated almost all the cathedral.

Consecrated in the presence of King Louis IX the Saint.

1020

1194

1260

.

Construction of a Romanesque Cathedral.

Begins the reconstruction.

Designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

1979

School, orders of Charlemagne.

22

Active Cathedral.

PHOTO BY: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

RENAISSANCE

The Renaissance is a period in European history, marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era and covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. “Renaissance” is a French word meaning “rebirth”. The period is called by this name because at that time, people started taking an interest in the learning of ancient times, in particular the learning of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance was seen as a “rebirth” of that learning. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the “modern age”. The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that

of Protagoras, who said that “Man is the measure of all things.” This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature.

The Renaissance started in Italy but soon spread across the whole of Europe. In Italy the time is divided into three periods: •The Early Renaissance.

•The High Renaissance •The Late Renaissance also known as the ”Mannerist” period.

Following the Mannerist period was the Baroque period which also spread across Europe from about 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell where the Renaissance period ends and Baroque begins.

CATHEDRAL OF SANTA MARIA DEL FIORE Florence, Italy.

Di Cambio Giotto died Black Giovanni Giovanni Andrea died in 1310. in 1337 Death. di Lapo d’Ambro- Orcagna. gio.

Ghini.

1296

First stone laid Giotto di

by Arnolfo Di Bondone.

Cambio.

Lorenzo Ghiberti won.

1982 UNESCO World Heritage Site.

1436

Roman Work Architectural Andrea Francesco Alberto Neri di Catholic completdesign competiPisano. Talenti. Arnoldi. Fioravante Archdiocese ed. tion.

25 of Florence.

PHOTO BY: LAFILATELIA.IT

Timeline

Alberti wrote of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, that it was “wide enough to cover all the Tuscan people with her shadow” and in it one can say that this desire to assimilate the image of Florence to that of ancient Rome takes shape, since a parallel is sought with the Pantheon’s dome. Brunelleschi faced in that work the challenge of working on something already done.

Not only did Giotto’s campanile already exist, a true emblem of citizen pride, but the cathedral, in which Arnolfo di Cambio had worked, only the dome remained to be built, of which even the measures were already given.

Although all of Brunelleschi’s works are very significant, there is one that stands out among all of them, which is the dome of Santa Maria de Fiore, cathedral of Florence.

Brunelleschi conceives a great dome of 42 m. of diameter, composed of a hemispherical vault comprised of a section with a pointed section, entered by the stone chains that, like ribs, connect the top with the angles of the octagonal drum, which serve to neutralize the thrusts, while at the same time lending the whole a profile pointed, in harmony with the Gothic forms of the rest of the duomo and the campanile.

Plan Recognition

26

PHOTO BY: WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

MANNERISM

Mannerism is the name that has the artistic style that began in Italy in the third decade of the sixteenth century, Mannerist architecture was characterized by visual trickery and unexpected elements that challenged the renaissance norms. Flemish artists, many of whom had traveled to Italy and were influenced

by Mannerist developments there, were responsible for the spread of Mannerist trends into Europe north of the Alps, including into the realm of architecture.

During the period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. The Renaissance ideal of harmony gave way to freer and more imaginative rhythms.

Palazzo Marino Florence, Italy.

Construction interrupt.

Acquired by the state.

Used for public services.

1557

1577

1632

Start construction.

Seizure of the palace.

Acquired by Omodei.

29

PHOTO BY: COMUNE.MILANO.IT.

Timeline

Designed by the Genoese architect Galeazzo Alessi.The palace had been created as a home for the Marino family, one of the most powerful families in Milan headed by the patriarch Tommaso Marino, which started to build in 1557 . The construction was interrupted in 1570 when Alessi left the project, and finally the construction was ended in 1892 by architect Luca Beltrami.

Due to the death of Tommaso Marino, Genovese banker and merchant, the prosperity of the family suffered strong crises that led to the seizure of the palace by the city authority in 1577. After trying to sell the palace, the state sought in vain to sell and finish it for use in public services.

In the year 1632 the state sells to the heirs of the banker Carlo Omodei, who used it for activities of a fiscal nature.

In 1781 the palace was acquired by the state as the seat of the new financial and fiscal charges, allowing a series of restorations. During the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy the Ministry of Finance, the Public Treasury and the Dogana found headquarters in the palace.

In the year 1848, it became the seat of the provisional government of Lombardy. Eleven years later, the palace became property of the state to that of the municipality through a swap between the state and the municipality between the palace of the Broletto NovĂ­simo and the Marine Palace. And since 1861 became home of the civic administration.

1805 Start Public Napolionic Treasury.

Kingdom of Italy.

1781

Ministry of Finance.

Dogna.

PHOTO BY: DAVE BURRELL.

.

Interiors

1814 End Napolionic Kingdom of Italy.

Remodelations and construction ended.

Acquired by the state.

1848

Seat of Lombardy Goverment.

1859

1861

Civic administration.

30

1892

PHOTO BY: ESACADEMIC.COM

BAROQUE

In Mexico during the conquest the Spaniards brought with them in the sixteenth century a fashionable trend in their time, the Baroque. The baroque in Mexico changes in comparison of the one in Europe, the Spaniards sometimes let the natives express it to their form, taking with them great works. Others simply stuck to the model, although that does not mean that Baroque was not as good as it was one of the most important stylistic trends in the fine arts, decoration and architecture.

National Palace Mexico City, Mexico.

Timeline

approx.

1502

Aztec Impire fell.

1521

End of the construction.

1526

1522

Construction of Construction of Acquired Moctezuma II residence of by Spanish Palace Hernán Cortés. monarchy.

33

Mexican National Palace.

World Heritage.

1821

1987

Official seat of the Executive Branch.

PHOTO BY: DAVE BURRELL

The National Palace has an ancient history that dates back to the time of the Aztecs when the Moctezuma II Palace was on that site, which occupied exactly the same extension of the current building. After its destruction during the war of conquest of Tenochtitlan, on its ruins Hernán Cortés ordered the construction of a great palace, which decades later was sold by his son Martín Cortés to the Crown in 1562, who acquired it to build the necessary facilities for the administration of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

Since then and for more than three hundred years, this construction has had a large number of extensions and modifications in which the traces of the different governments that the country has had during the colonial period, as well as during its life as an independent nation have been captured .

In its construction we can find neoclassical, baroque and neocolonial elements, being the aspect that today has the building in its exterior result of its last enlargement, occurred during the second decade of the 20th century when the third level was added.

The National Palace has a large number of points of interest in its interior highlighting the famous murals that Diego Rivera painted on the main staircase and in the corridors of the central patio that graphically narrate the history of Mexico from pre-Hispanic times to the twentieth century, in a work full of symbolism, color and Mexican nationalism.

Interiors

PHOTO BY: FLICKR | WIKIMEDIA COMMONS | EXPEDIA.

”They took our fruits, cut our branches, burned our trunk, but they could not kill our roots.”

-Anonymous Nahuatl poem

34

PHOTO BY: WORDPRESS.COM

35

Conclusion We understand that history is the science whose object of study is the past of human societies. History is considered to be one of the humanistic sciences that has given the human being more use not only to know the cultural heritage of the different civilizations that have gone through history but also to allow him to build his own identity, searching and taking data from past times that make it easier for you to develop our needs. The reconstruction is almost in every building because as our kind advance in the knowledge we attempt to make things better. People have gone through many difficulties in constructing and documenting. The extreme importance learning of failing makes people win experience. The reconstruction applied too for building that has been damaged for many reasons as war and natural disasters.

For example, in Mexico’s case after the recent earthquake leave people without home where it was necessary to demolish and construct all over again, so people started to take conscience in making things right. History has taught us the relevance of getting knowledgeable, like that way everyone will live peacefully without getting worries about their homelands and knowing that experts will be taking care of them historical heritage.

THANK YOU ARELY ORTEGA OFELIA BARRIENTOS

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