Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022

Co-funded by the European Union

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean is an annual publication providing Revenue Statistics Estadísticas tributarias in Latin America América Latina y accurate, complete and reliable statistics on tax revenues for tax policy.en includes and the Caribbean elIt Caribe harmonised and internationally comparable data that can be accessed online free of charge. It is a key contribution to the goal of improving domestic resource mobilisation, which supports the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

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SECCIONES ESPECIALES:

FISCAL REVENUES FROM NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

INGRESOS FISCALES PROVENIENTES DE RECURSOS NATURALES NO RENOVABLES EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE

KEY FINDINGS FROM MONTHLY REVENUE DATA DURING THE COVID CRISIS

PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONES DE LOS DATOS DE RECAUDACIÓN MENSUALES DURANTE LA CRISIS DE LA COVID

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990‑2020 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies.

Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter‑American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter‑American Development Bank (IDB).

Esta publicación proporciona datos comparables sobre los ingresos tributarios de 27 economías de América Latina y el Caribe durante el período 1990-2020. Utilizando la Base de datos de Revenue Statistics de la OCDE, se aplica la metodología de la OCDE a países de América Latina y el Caribe, para permitir la comparación de niveles y estructuras tributarias sobre una base coherente, entre las economías de la región y también con otros países.

Esta publicación ha sido elaborada conjuntamente por el Centro de Política y Administración Tributaria de la OCDE, el Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE, el Centro Interamericano de Administraciones Tributarias (CIAT), la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID).

1990-2020

Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe 1990-2020

1990-2020

PRINT ISBN 978-92-64-93914-1 PDF ISBN 978-92-64-63044-4

1990-2020

The publication is produced jointly by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC), the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and with the support of the European Union Regional Facility for Development 9HSTCQE*jdjbeb+ in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe

1990-2020

SPECIAL FEATURES:

2022

1990-2020

2022

2022

The eleventh edition of Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean, published in April 2022, provides data from 1990 to 2020 for 27 countries (four of which are OECD members): Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela. It allows comparison with OECD, African, Asian and Pacific economies presented in other publications in the Revenue Statistics series. It also presents an average for participating countries which is compared with the OECD average.

Definitions and classifications Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean follows the OECD tax classification, whereby taxes are defined as compulsory, unrequited payments to general government. Taxes are unrequited in the sense that benefits provided by government are not normally in proportion to their payments. Compulsory social security contributions paid to general government are classified as taxes.

Taxes are classified according to their base. The six main categories are: taxes on income and profits; social security contributions; payroll and workforce taxes; property taxes; goods and services taxes and other taxes.

Further information on definitions and classifications is available in the Interpretative Guide: www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/oecd-classification-taxes-interpretative-guide.pdf.

The publication is available at https://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC

This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

© OECD 2022

REVENUE STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Key results TAX-TO-GDP RATIOS FOR 2020 In 2020, against the backdrop of the COVID-19 crisis, the average tax-to-GDP ratio in the LAC region was 21.9%, a decrease of 0.8 percentage points (p.p.) relative to 2019. The LAC average represents the unweighted average of 26 countries included in this publication, but excludes Venezuela due to data availability issues.

Tax-to-GDP ratios varied widely across the region in 2020, ranging from 12.4% in Guatemala to 37.5% in Cuba. Between 2019 and 2020, they decreased in 20 countries, largely due to the impact of COVID-19 in the region. In most LAC countries, a decline in nominal tax revenues was accompanied by a decline in nominal GDP; taxes decreased by more than GDP in a majority of cases, causing widespread declines in tax-to-GDP ratios. In contrast, the average tax-to-GDP ratio across the OECD increased by 0.1 p.p. in 2020, with the tax-to-GDP ratio increasing in 20 out of the 38 OECD countries.

Taxes on goods and services across the LAC region were the most strongly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis, decreasing by 0.7% of GDP on average between 2019 and 2020, almost four times the decline in income taxes.

Value-added taxes (VAT) recorded a decrease of 0.2 p.p., excises declined by 0.1 p.p. and other consumption taxes (OCT), such as import and export duties and non-VAT general taxes, declined by 0.4 p.p. over this period.

Figure 1. Tax-to-GDP ratios in LAC countries, 2020 Total tax revenues as percentage of GDP Cuba Barbados OECD average Brazil Argentina Jamaica Uruguay Belize Nicaragua Costa Rica Bolivia LAC average El Salvador Guyana Trinidad & Tobago Saint Lucia Antigua & Barbuda Chile Honduras Ecuador Colombia Bahamas Mexico Peru Panama Paraguay Dominican Republic Guatemala % 0

37.5 35.2 33.5 31.6 29.4 27.7 26.6 26.1 25.4 22.9 22.4 21.9 21.9 21.3 21.1 20.5 19.8 19.3 19.2 19.1 18.7 18.6 17.9 15.2

Central America and Mexico

13.7 13.4

South America Caribbean

12.6 12.4 5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Note: The classification of countries into different sub-regions follows ECLAC’s classification and is based on the spoken language of countries. The “Caribbean” includes the English-speaking countries and Guyana, while “Central America and Mexico” covers Spanish-speaking countries including Dominican Republic and Cuba.

Source: OECD/ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2022), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022, https://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC

Cuba

37.5

© OECD 2022 Barbados Promedio OCDE Brasil

35.2 33.5 31.6

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REVENUE STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Revenues from income taxes decreased by 0.2 p.p. on average between 2019 and 2020, driven entirely by a fall in revenues from corporate income taxes (CIT). Revenues from personal income taxes (PIT) remained unchanged as a percentage of GDP while SSCs increased by 0.1 p.p. between 2019 and 2020. However, in nominal terms, revenues from all main tax categories decreased on average across the region between 2019 and 2020.

The impact of COVID-19 on different tax types varied significantly between the LAC region and the OECD. VAT and other consumption taxes as a percentage of GDP declined strongly in the LAC region whereas no change was observed in these revenues for the OECD average. Excises declined by 0.1 p.p. in both regions. CIT revenues in LAC countries on average experienced a smaller decline (half that of the OECD average of 0.4 p.p.). PIT and SSCs were relatively stable in the LAC region, whereas the OECD average for PIT and SSCs increased as a share of GDP by 0.3 p.p. for both.

Across the LAC sub-regions, average tax-to-GDP ratios in the Caribbean, in Central America and Mexico, and in South America stood at 23.8%, 20.4% and 21.8% respectively in 2020. In all three sub-regions, tax-to-GDP ratios decreased by 0.8 p.p. between 2019 and 2020, and revenues from taxes from goods and services were more affected than revenues from income taxes. The decrease in consumption tax revenues (VAT, excises and OCT) was largest in the Caribbean. In Central America and Mexico and in South America, CIT revenues also declined over the period (by 0.4 p.p. and 0.3 p.p. respectively).

Figure 2. Changes in tax-to-GDP ratios in LAC countries by main tax heading between 2019 and 2020 Percentage points of GDP 1000 Taxes on income, profits and capital gains p.p. change

5111 Value added taxes

Other taxes on goods and services

2000 Social security contributions Other taxes

Total tax revenue

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0

An t

ig

ua &

Ba r

bu da M ex Ba ico rb a Ar dos ge nt in El a Sa lva do Ur r ug Sa uay in tL u Ba cia ha m Ni a ca s ra gu Pa a na Pa ma ra g Gu uay at em Co ala sta LA C Rica av er ag e Br az Ja il m aic Ec a u a Do C do m in olo r ica m n R bia ep ub lic Pe ru Ch il Gu e ya Ho na nd ur as Bo liv Tr ia in id ad Bel iz & To e ba go Cu ba

-6.0

Source: OECD/ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2022), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022, https://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC

TAX-TO-GDP RATIOS SINCE 1990 The average tax-to-GDP ratio for the LAC region rose by more than 6 p.p. between 1990 and 2020 (from 15.6% to 21.9%), due largely to increases in revenues from VAT and taxes on income and profits (of 3.5 p.p. and 2.7 p.p., respectively). The gap between the LAC and OECD average tax-to-GDP ratios narrowed considerably over this period, although the difference widened from 10.7 p.p. in 2019 to 11.6 p.p. in 2020 due to the impact of the 1000 COVID-19 pandemic the LAC region.

Impuestos sobre la renta, lason utilidades y las ganancias de capital Puntos porcentuales del PIB

2000 Contribuciones a la seguridad social 5111 Impuestos sobre el valor agregado Total de ingresos tributarios Otros impuestos sobre los bienes y servicios Otros impuestos

On 4.0 average, South America’s tax revenues recorded the strongest growth among the sub-regions between 1990 and 2020, increasing by 8.2% of GDP. South America’s average tax-to-GDP ratio was higher than the LAC average between 3.0 2004 and 2018 but has declined steadily since 2015, falling below the LAC average from 2019. The Caribbean’s average 2.0 tax-to-GDP ratio was consistently higher than the LAC average between 1990 and 2020, while the average tax-to-GDP 1.0 ratio of Central America and Mexico increased gradually over this period but remained below the LAC average.

0.0 2

-1.0 -2.0

© OECD 2022

REVENUE STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Figure 3. Tax-to-GDP ratios, LAC and OECD averages, 1990-2020 As % of GDP % 40

Difference (OECD-LAC) in tax-to-GDP ratios (p.p)

LAC average

OECD average

35 30 25 20 15 10 5

19

90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 20

0

Source: OECD/ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2022), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022, https://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC

Figure 4. Average tax structure in the LAC region and the OECD Percentage of total tax revenue

TAX STRUCTURES

In 2020, the average tax mix of the LAC region was 1000 Taxes on income, profits and capital gains 2000 Social security contributions % Diferencia (OCDE-ALC) en la recaudación tributaria como porcentaje del PIB (p.p) Promedio ALC Promedio OCDE heavily reliant on revenues from taxes on goods and 5111 Value added taxes Other taxes on goods and services Other taxes 40 % services, which made up about half of total tax revenues 100 (48.4%), compared with a third in the OECD (32.6% in 35 6.2 7.4 8.3 8.9 2019, the latest year available). VAT revenues were the 90 principal source of these revenues in the LAC region 30 12.3 in 2020, on average accounting for 27.5% of total tax 16.7 20.9 80 revenues and 5.7% of GDP. In comparison, VAT revenues 25 amounted to 20.3% of total tax revenues and 6.7% of 70 42.2 20.3 20 in 2019 in the OECD. GDP 17.0

40

21.8

25.9

15.5 18.4

30 14.0

98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 20 13 20 14 20 15 20 16 20 17 20 18 20 19 20 20

97

27.5

50

19

96

19

95

19

94

19

93

19

92

19

91

19

19

19

90

15 LAC region received 26.9% of tax revenues from The taxes on income and profits in 2020 (5.9% of GDP). In 10 2020, CIT and PIT revenues accounted for 15.6% and 9.8% of total tax revenues on average, compared with 5 9.6% and 23.5% in the OECD (2019 figures). Similarly, the average share of SSCs in total tax revenues was 18.4% in 0 LAC region in 2020, well below the OECD average of the 25.9% (2019 figure). The remainder of tax revenues in the LAC region was derived from property taxes, unallocable income tax revenues and other taxes, which amounted to 7.9% of total tax revenues in 2020.

60

20 10 0

36.2 26.9

34.0

19.5

LAC (1990)

OECD* (1990)

LAC (2020)

OECD* (2019)

* OECD data refer to the latest year available.

Source: OECD/ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2022), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022, https://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC

© OECD 2022

1000 Impuestos sobre la renta, las utilidades y las ganancias de capital 2000 Contribuciones a la seguridad social 5111 Impuestos sobre el valor agregado

3

REVENUE STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

SPECIAL FEATURES The report includes two special features: the first examines fiscal revenues from non-renewable natural resources in the LAC region in 2020 and provides preliminary data on revenues in 2021; the second presents key findings from monthly revenue data during the COVID-19 crisis until the end of August 2021.

Amidst turmoil in global oil markets due to the COVID-19 crisis, hydrocarbon-related revenues among major producers in the LAC region declined from 3.1% of GDP on average in 2019 to 2.1% in 2020, driven by external price shocks and decreases in production. Meanwhile, revenues from mining as a proportion of GDP among major producers fell to 0.3% on average in 2020 from 0.4% in 2019. This decline was driven by weak international prices for most minerals and metals as well as lower production partly attributable to measures to limit the spread of the COVID-19 virus. Estimates for 2021 point to a rebound in revenues from non-renewable natural resources (3.0% of GDP for oil and gas revenues and 0.6% of GDP for

mining revenues), supported by growing global demand, favourable prices and higher production.

The second special feature examines monthly trends in tax revenues during the COVID crisis in 18 LAC countries, with a particular focus on income taxes, VAT and excises. It demonstrates that revenues from these tax types experienced sharp declines in real terms during the second quarter of 2020. The different tax types recovered at varying speeds across the different sub-regions during the second half of 2020, but in cumulative terms remained significantly below revenues in 2019 until the end of 2020. During the first eight months of 2021, tax revenues recovered across the LAC region: on a cumulative basis, the selected tax types for the 18 LAC countries were up 21.3% compared with the same period in 2020 and were 4.6% higher than in the first eight months of 2019. The chapter also examines the evolution of tax revenues with different mobility indicators, especially in the first half of 2020.

Figure 5. General government fiscal revenues from non-renewable natural resources, 2000-21 (forecast) Percentage points of GDP 7

3.0 6.2

Hydrocarbons (left axis)

Mining (right axis)

6

2.5

Forecast

5

4

2.0

1.5

1.4

3.0

3 2.7

1.0

2

2.1 0.6 0.5

1 0.3

0.3

0.0

0

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Source: OECD/ECLAC/CIAT/IDB (2022), Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean 2022, https://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC

4

7

3.0

© OECD 2022 6.2

Hidrocarburos (eje izquierdo)

Minería (eje derecho)

REVENUE STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Towards harmonised regional statistics l

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean provides tools that have been developed by tax policy makers and adapted for tax policy analysis, such as: – An annual publication, available in hard copy and on line, that allows for cross country comparison.

– A highly-detailed dataset freely accessible online.

– Compare your country, a free online interactive tool, and other tools for data presentation and analysis.

– C ountry notes, notes including the comparison of key indicators for each country in comparison with other LAC countries and regional averages.

l

l

Comparability and trustworthiness: a common method for collecting, analysing, aggregating and presenting data across over 110 countries around the world, with data validated by national authorities and regional partners.

These data are accessible through the Global Revenue Statistics Database.

Continuous dialogue: bilateral exchanges and seminars on tax policy and statistics with experts in Latin American and Caribbean countries and regional partners to share experiences and best practices.

Partnerships

The OECD is an intergovernmental organisation that includes 38 countries and has helped develop global standards, international conventions, agreements and recommendations since 1961 to promote better policies in areas such as governance and the fight against bribery and corruption and to support corporate responsibility, development assistance, global investment and international taxation.

The Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT) supports the efforts of national governments by promoting the evolution, social acceptance and institutional strengthening of tax administrations, encouraging international cooperation and the exchange of experiences and best practices. CIAT is a nonprofit international public organisation that provides specialised technical assistance for the modernisation and strengthening of tax administrations. Founded in 1967, CIAT currently has 42 member countries and associate member countries from four continents.

The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. It was founded with the purpose of contributing to the economic development of Latin America, coordinating actions directed towards this end, and reinforcing economic ties among countries and with other nations of the world. The promotion of the region’s social development was later included among its primary objectives. The 33 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, together with several Asian, European and North American nations that have historical, economic and cultural ties with the region, comprise the 46 Member States of ECLAC.

The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was founded in 1959.

Its current focus areas include three development challenges – social inclusion and inequality, productivity and innovation, and economic integration – and three cross-cutting issues – gender equality and diversity, climate change and environmental sustainability; and institutional capacity and the rule of law. The IDB is the leading source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean, providing loans, grants, and technical assistance; and conducting extensive research.

© OECD 2022

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REVENUE STATISTICS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

Contacts For more information on the publication, or to participate in future editions, please see http://oe.cd/RevStatsLAC or contact RevenueStatistics@oecd.org

Useful links www.oecd.org/tax/ or www.oecd.org/dev www.cepal.org/ www.ciat.org/ www.iadb.org/

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1990-2020

SPECIAL FEATURES:

SECCIONES ESPECIALES:

FISCAL REVENUES FROM NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN

INGRESOS FISCALES PROVENIENTES DE RECURSOS NATURALES NO RENOVABLES EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE

KEY FINDINGS FROM MONTHLY REVENUE DATA DURING THE COVID CRISIS

PRINCIPALES CONCLUSIONES DE LOS DATOS DE RECAUDACIÓN MENSUALES DURANTE LA CRISIS DE LA COVID

This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990‑2020 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies.

Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter‑American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter‑American Development Bank (IDB).

Esta publicación proporciona datos comparables sobre los ingresos tributarios de 27 economías de América Latina y el Caribe durante el período 1990-2020. Utilizando la Base de datos de Revenue Statistics de la OCDE, se aplica la metodología de la OCDE a países de América Latina y el Caribe, para permitir la comparación de niveles y estructuras tributarias sobre una base coherente, entre las economías de la región y también con otros países.

Esta publicación ha sido elaborada conjuntamente por el Centro de Política y Administración Tributaria de la OCDE, el Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE, el Centro Interamericano de Administraciones Tributarias (CIAT), la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID).

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean is an annual publication in a global series that includes four publications and an online database: http://oe.cd/globalrevstats

1990-2020 1990-2020

Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe 1990-2020

1990-2020

1990-2020

PRINT ISBN 978-92-64-93914-1 PDF ISBN 978-92-64-63044-4

2022

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe

Estadísticas tributarias en América Latina y el Caribe

1990-2020

2022

A global project

Revenue Statistics in Latin America and the Caribbean

9HSTCQE*jdjbeb+

2022

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Revenue Statistics 1965-2020 Revenue Statistics

THE INITIAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON OECD TAX REVENUES

THE INITIAL IMPACT OF COVID‑19 ON OECD TAX REVENUES 1965‑2020

2021

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