The OECD Statistics Newsletter, July 2022, Issue 76

The Statistics Newsletter From the OECD s tatis tics and data communit y to the ex tended OECD s tatis tic al net work

FEATURING + Better child well-being policies with better data: New OECD Child Well-being Dashboard and updated Data Portal + From ocean observations to public benefit: New horizons with OECD surveys + A new near-real-time global database on CO2 emissions from air transport

THE LATEST SHORT AND WINDING ROAD TO 2030

oe.cd/statisticsnewsletter Issue No. 76, July 2022

TOTAL OFFICIAL SUPPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

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Better child well-being policies with better data: New OECD Child Well-being Dashboard and updated Data Portal Chris Clarke (chris.clarke@oecd.org) and Olivier Thévenon (olivier.thevenon@oecd.org), Centre on Well-being, Inclusion, Sustainability and Equal Opportunity (WISE), OECD

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From ocean observations to public benefit: New horizons with OECD surveys Claire Jolly (claire.jolly@oecd.org) and James Jolliffe (james.jolliffe@oecd.org), Ocean Economy Group, Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD

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A new near-real-time global database on CO2 emissions from air transport

Daniel Clarke (daniel.clarke@oecd.org) and Bram Groenewoud, Statistics (bram.groenewoud@oecd.org) and Data Directorate, OECD

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Recent publications

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Forthcoming meetings

The Statistics Newsletter is published by the OECD Statistics and Data Directorate.

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OECD Statistics

Editor-in-Chief: Åsa Johansson Editors: Ashley Ward, Rory Clarke, Sarah Barahona and Annabelle Mourougane Technical support: Sonia Primot Contact us at SDD.CommTeam@oecd.org

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Better child well-being policies with better data: New OECD Child Well-being Dashboard and updated Data Portal Chris Clarke (chris.clarke@oecd.org) and Olivier Thévenon (olivier.thevenon@oecd.org), Centre on Well-being, Inclusion, Sustainability and Equal Opportunity (WISE), OECD

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ood policies need good data, and policies aimed at improving the well-being of children are no exception. Developing policies that promote children’s wellbeing requires sound information on multiple areas of their lives, including their material living standards, their health, their social lives and their education and learning (OECD, 2021). Data on the settings and environments in which children grow up – their families, their schools, their communities and their local areas – are important too, given growing evidence on the importance of these environments as drivers of well-being.

The good news is that data on children’s well-being have come a long way in recent decades (OECD, 2021). At the international level, the growth of large-scale child-centred data collections have helped push forward what we know and understand about many aspects of children’s lives. At the national level, in many countries, a growing number of country-specific surveys and datasets have helped do something similar.

But the growth of information on children and their lives raises new challenges: how to make sense of the range of information that is now available, and how to monitor how children are actually doing across the many areas that matter for their well-being? With this in mind, the OECD has recently released two data-focused resources – an updated OECD Child Well-being Data Portal, and a new OECD Child Well-being Dashboard – that aim to help countries better understand how they are performing on child well-being.

The OECD Child Well-being Data Portal and OECD Child Well-being Dashboard The OECD Child Well-being Data Portal is the OECD’s hub for comparative data on child well-being.

It is structured based on the OECD Child Well-being Measurement Framework (OECD, 2021), and it builds on the latest available data from OECD databases

and a range of leading international child surveys and data collection programmes. The updated Data Portal contains over 200 comparative measures on child wellbeing outcomes and drivers of well-being stemming from children’s environments. Data are available where possible for all OECD Members and Partners, OECD Accession countries, and EU Member states.

Complementing the Data Portal, the new OECD Child Well-being Dashboard is a tool for policy makers and the public to monitor countries’ efforts to promote child wellbeing. The Dashboard uses a selection of key indicators from Data Portal, to provide a broad picture of how countries are performing on child well-being, both in comparison to other OECD countries and for different groups of children within a country.

The Dashboard contains 20 key internationally comparable indicators on children’s well-being outcomes across four core areas – material well-being; physical health; cognitive and educational well-being; and social and emotional well-being. It also contains contextual indicators on key drivers of child well-being and childrelevant public policies. Wherever possible, to help countries monitor well-being inequalities across groups of children, data are provided both for all children and disaggregated by key demographic and socio-economic characteristics, including gender, migrant status, and household income or socio-economic status.

Indicators for the Dashboard have been selected based on their importance both for children’s well-being now and for their development, skills and well being outcomes in later life. While the Dashboard looks to cover the wellbeing of children of all ages, limitations in data availability mean that most indicators focus on those in the middle of their childhood and adolescence.

The well-being of disadvantaged children The OECD’s recent policy paper Starting Unequal: How’s Life for Disadvantaged Children? (OECD, 2022)

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demonstrates the kinds of insights that can be drawn from the Child Well-being Dashboard and Data Portal.

The indicators used in the paper illustrate a stark reality for children growing up in disadvantaged households.

Across well-being areas, children from disadvantaged backgrounds consistently experience poorer outcomes than children from more advantaged backgrounds. For example, disadvantaged children are more likely to experience poor health outcomes, and they are overrepresented among overweight and obese children and those reporting poorer self-rated health. They also experience worse educational outcomes, and are far less likely to perform well on international student assessments, such as OECD PISA. Children from disadvantaged backgrounds more often report poorer social and emotional outcomes, including weaker perceived support from family, lower self-belief, and lower life satisfaction. While some of these inequalities are well known and well documented (e.g. those in child health and education), others are less well-known (e.g. gaps in self-belief) and highlight the widespread and pervasive impact of disadvantage.

The Dashboard’s contextual indicators help to illustrate how these well-being inequalities are rooted in the poorer conditions that disadvantaged children often experience at home, in school, with friends and in the community.

For example, the data show how disadvantaged children are more likely to miss out on important family activities and experience poorer quality relationships with parents. On average across OECD countries, 36% of

disadvantaged 11-15 year-olds report finding it difficult to talk to their parents, compared to 28% among the most advantaged. They show how, at school, disadvantaged children frequently experience poorer quality learning environments, are more likely to experience bullying, and more often feel like they do not belong. On average across the OECD, as many as one in three 15-yearolds from disadvantaged backgrounds report not feeling like they belong at school. The data also show how disadvantaged children more often grow up in poorer quality local areas, placing limits on their opportunities to build friendships and participate in community life. For example, on average across European OECD countries, 11% of low-income children live in areas where there are problems with crime and violence – more than 50% higher than the rate for high-income children.

Why further child data development matters for policy Well-being indicators and dashboards like the Child Wellbeing Dashboard are more than a statistical exercise.

They provide policy-makers and other stakeholders with a more complete picture of children’s lives, and can help to structure and organise thinking around policy development (Durand and Exton, 2019). By providing a common frame of reference, well-being indicators can help governments establish shared goals and policy priorities, in turn supporting strategic alignment and promoting co-operation across departments and agencies (Exton and Shinwell, 2018). They can also be combined with a range of other policy-making

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tools (e.g. impact assessments, cost-benefit and costeffectiveness analysis) to promote more holistic and coherent approaches to policy development (Durand and Exton, 2019).

Like all empirical activities, well-being indicator sets and dashboards are limited by the available data, and despite the progress made in recent decades there are still many important gaps in what we know about children’s lives, especially at the international level (OECD, 2021).

Children in vulnerable situations are particularly poorly covered, including children exposed to violence, in alternative care, and with a disability (UNECE, 2022).

The lives of young children are also poorly documented, as are several aspects of children’s material and social and emotional well-being (OECD, 2021). Data quality and comparability also often remain a challenge, and improving them requires data producers to share their experience on data needs and good data collection practices.

The OECD is committed to helping countries push the data agenda on children and their well-being forward. In

addition to its work on the Child Well-being Dashboard and Data Portal, the OECD is working with a number of actors, including from OECD Members’ national statistical offices, to improve the quality, comparability and availability of international data on children. Improving child data is crucial if countries are to design policies that address childhood disadvantage and promote child well-being in all its dimensions

References OECD (2021), Measuring What Matters for Child Well-being and Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/e82fded1-en.

Clarke, C. and O. Thévenon (2022), “Starting unequal: How’s life for disadvantaged children?”, OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities, No. 06, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a0ec330c-en.

Durand, M. and C. Exton (2019), “Adopting a Well-Being Approach in Central Government: Policy Mechanisms and Practical Tools”, in Global Happiness and Wellbeing Policy Report 2019, https://s3.amazonaws.com/ghwbpr-2019/UAE/GH19_Ch8.pdf.

Exton, C. and M. Shinwell (2018), “Policy use of well-being metrics: Describing countries’ experiences”, OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2018/07, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/d98eb8ed-en.

UNECE (2022), Statistics on Children: Spotlight on children exposed to violence, in alternative care, and with a disability, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva.

Leaving no one behind means removing data blindspots Ensuring that all countries have the capacity to track progress towards the SDGs is critical for the success of the 2030 Agenda, but it will also help countries in their quest towards a COVID-19 recovery that is green, inclusive and resilient. Yet, too many data gaps remain.

The 2030 Agenda is ambitious with 17 Goals and 169 Targets, but data gaps leave many blind spots. Data gaps hinder countries ability to assess their progress towards SDGs and may lead to biased conclusions and unintended outcomes. If reporting frameworks remain incomplete or outdated, or if they fail to represent all segments of the population, policies risk being flawed.

The Short and Winding Road to 2030: Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets, published in April 2022, provides an overview of strengths and weaknesses in performance across the 17 SDGs. It aims to help OECD Member countries assess where they stand and identify the areas where they will require additional efforts in order to achieve the goals. Based on the Global Indicator Framework curated by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG indicators, it also sets out the statistical agenda, showing how much we do not yet know.

How is your country faring? Learn more here: https://oe.cd/measuring-sdgs-2022

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From ocean observations to public benefit: New horizons with OECD surveys Claire Jolly (claire.jolly@oecd.org) and James Jolliffe (james.jolliffe@oecd.org), Ocean Economy Group, Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD

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ceans, just like tropical rainforests or the polar icecaps, are essential for life on our planet. In the fight against climate change, sustained ocean observations are becoming critical to help better understand the ocean’s role as a climate regulator and driver of weather events.

More than half of the oxygen we breathe comes from the ocean and over 90% of the heat caused by human-based greenhouse gasses have been absorbed by the ocean so far, with dramatic impacts in terms of biodiversity loss and sea ice reduction. Observations also help keep track of the effects of human activities on oceans, such as pollution and accidents.

(Figure 1). The data flowing from observations at the base of the pyramid in Figure 1 provide crucial inputs to scientific research and operational services. The benefits of the data accrue at both local and truly global scales, from improving foundational knowledge of ecosystems to understanding ocean processes that affect our climate.

The information derived from observations data is then used in a range of public policy arenas (including in the OECD Sustainable Ocean Economy database) and supports commercial activities, yielding efficiencies, safety benefits and opportunities to reduce costs in areas such as shipping and fisheries, and in pollution tracking. All of this generates benefits for the public.

Figure 1. From ocean observations to public benefit

Oceans are now very much at the centre of policy dialogue on climate change, leading to calls to set up and sustain critical ocean observing infrastructures nationally and internationally. Most ocean observation programmes are supported by public expenditure in the form of research projects, with buoys, research vessels and satellites. However, contrary to other systems such as weather monitoring setups, long-term financing plans that sustain observing programmes and infrastructures into the future are rarely implemented, meaning that crucial data collection programmes may be discontinued abruptly in many parts of the world.

Making the economic case for oceans Assessing the value of the data collected through ocean observation programmes is essential to evaluating the appropriate form and magnitude of public expenditure (OceanObs19, 2020; Weller et al., 2019; OECD, 2019; Rayner 2019). Various studies have attempted to capture the benefits of observations for research and operational purposes (see an overview in OECD, 2019). The societal value generated from in-situ observations in Europe is described by European Marine Board (2021), which reports that observations cost Europe around EUR 1.5 billion per year and generate an array of important but yet unquantified benefits.

Ocean observations sit at the base of a complex value chain of inputs which together provide public benefit

Source: European Marine Board (2021), Sustaining in situ Ocean Observations in the Age of the Digital Ocean.

An original OECD survey The OECD is exploring the use and reuse of publicly available marine data via user surveys, including and beyond the scientific communities involved in their collection. The aim is to support the development of robust economic evidence on ocean observations across countries, partnering with the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the broader ocean observing communities. This exercise also contributes to the ongoing United Nations Decade on Ocean Sciences for Sustainable Development.

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Figure 2. Public marine data are used across a range of UK industries, including several that are expanding ocean economic activities, such as offshore wind and marine renewable energy Count of industries selected by respondents weighted by the importance of each industry in the respondents' overall activities

Source: Jolly, C., J. Jolliffe, C. Postlethwaite, and E. Heslop (2021), "Value chains in public marine data: A UK case study", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2021/11, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d8bbdcfa-en.

A first OECD survey and case study conducted in the United Kingdom, with the UK Marine Environmental Data and Information Network, suggests that the value chains associated with reuse of ocean observations data are complex and wide ranging (Jolly, Jolliffe, Postlethwaite and Heslop, 2021). The qualitative and quantitative results provide information on the spread of marine data usage in different sectors of the UK economy and beyond (Figure 2). Using systemised value chains, it maps out how marine data flow from diverse fields of use, such as climate science or conservation, to actions actually taken, in coastal planning decisions, for instance, or managing marine resources.

in 2023. The OECD and the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) are also working on methodologies that would be suitable for realising ocean observations data valuations with the objective of providing guidance to ocean observations analysts and policymakers.

Such studies and others on the costs and benefits of ocean observing infrastructures will contribute valuable evidence on the value of ocean observations data to society.

The offshore wind industry, for example, reuses a wide range of data – from biological to hydrographic data – to inform operations, analyse risk, validate data from other sources, and feed into marine planning decisions. The benefits include productivity gains, better environmental performance and improved ocean governance.

European Marine Board (2021), Sustaining in situ Ocean Observations in the Age of the Digital Ocean, EMB Policy Brief No. 9, June 2021.

Next steps

Rayner, R., C. Jolly and C. Gouldman (2019), “Ocean Observing and the Blue Economy”, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 6/JUN, p. 330, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2019.00330.

Such studies help to outline and characterise the value chains of ocean observations data and pave the way for future assessments of the monetary value of the benefits.

Further OECD surveys and case studies are planned for Portugal and Belgium in 2022, with more to come

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References

Jolly, C., J. Jolliffe, C. Postlethwaite, and E. Heslop (2021), "Value chains in public marine data: A UK case study", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2021/11, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d8bbdcfa-en.

OceanObs19 (2020), OceanObs19: Living Action Plan, OceanObs19 Program Committee.

OECD (2019), Rethinking Innovation for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264311053-en.

WAGOOS and AATSE (2006), Economics of Australia’s sustained ocean observation system, benefits and rationale for public funding, Report prepared by the Western Australian Global Ocean Observing System and the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Sydney, August 2006.

Weller, R. et al. (2019), “The Challenge of Sustaining Ocean Observations”, Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 6, http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00105.

A new near-real-time global database on CO2 emissions from air transport Daniel Clarke (daniel.clarke@oecd.org) and Bram Groenewoud (bram.groenewoud@oecd.org), Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD

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ir transport is vital for international trade, tourism and employment, but it also produces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that contribute to global warming, and these emissions are expected to increase rapidly after the COVID-19 pandemic. The OECD has developed a new database using a near real-time data source from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) to produce estimates of CO2 emissions from air transport. The new estimates have global coverage and ensure a consistent allocation of CO2 emissions across countries. The data and methods are described in a recently published OECD Working Paper. These new statistics will help monitor aviation emissions as well as the impact of technological developments and policy measures to curb them. They will help inform better policy actions for a low-carbon transition of air transport and the green economic recovery.

Emissions from air transport grew rapidly before the pandemic…

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, air transport – particularly international passenger travel – was one

of the fastest growing sources of global CO2 emissions (Figure 1). In 2019, global CO2 emissions from domestic and international aviation were roughly similar to the total energy-related CO2 emissions of Japan and accounted for 5% of all energy-related CO2 emissions from OECD countries. …and are now rising again Although the pandemic had a significant negative impact on international passenger travel, recent data suggests that emissions from air transport are now increasing again (Figure 2). Moreover, projections by the International Transport Forum show that, in the absence of accelerated technological developments and more ambitious policy measures, aviation-related CO2 emissions will increase by two and a half times between 2015 and 2050.

The impact of the pandemic on air transport emissions can be seen clearly in the new OECD statistics. These are more frequent and timely than statistics from other sources: they are monthly, and estimates are published within three months. The Working Paper uses the OECD estimates to report on the rebound following the early

Figure 1: Aviation-related CO2 emissions have increased much faster than other energy-related CO2 emissions in OECD countries Aviation- and other energy-related CO2 emissions in OECD countries, 1971-2019, 2010 = 100

Source: IEA (2022), "Detailed CO2 estimates", IEA CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Statistics: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy (database), authors’ calculations.

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Figure 2: Aviation related CO2 emissions are rising, though they remain below pre-pandemic levels CO2 emissions relative to the same month of 2019, January 2020-April 2022

Source: OECD (2022), "Air and climate: Air Transport CO2 Emissions", OECD Environment Statistics (database), authors’ calculations, authors’ calculations.

stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking ahead, the OECD database will make it possible to track future trends in aviation-related CO2 emissions after the pandemic, as well as the impact of developments in aircraft fleet technology and of environmental policies such as carbon taxation on CO2 emissions.

flights. Distinguishing between domestic and international flights (Figure 3) is important because the demand for them does not grow at the same pace, and because governments have more policy levers to curb the CO2 emissions from domestic flights than from international flights.

The new database includes breakdowns into domestic and international flights and into passenger and freight

Tracking freight flights separately allows us to use the database to monitor international trade developments

Figure 3: In December 2021, CO2 emissions from domestic flights had returned to their pre-pandemic level, while CO2 emissions from international flights remained lower CO2 emissions relative to the same month of 2019, January 2020-April 2022

Source: OECD (2022), "Air and climate: Air Transport CO2 Emissions", OECD Environment Statistics (database), authors’ calculations.

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Figure 4: International freight flights were largely unaffected by the pandemic CO2 emissions relative to the same month of 2019, January 2020-April 2022

Source: OECD (2022), "Air and climate: Air Transport CO2 Emissions", OECD Environment Statistics (database), authors’ calculations.

in different countries and regions. CO2 emissions from freight flights represent a very small share of total air transport emissions, but international freight flights were largely unaffected by the pandemic (Figure 4).

Use of the new estimates for environmental accounting The System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA) was endorsed as an international statistical standard by the UN Statistical Commission (UNSC) in 2012. It provides a way to relate air emissions to economic activities through the development of Air Emissions Accounts (AEAs). The UNSC has asked the UN Committee of Experts on Environmental Economic Accounting (UNCEEA), of which the OECD is a Bureau member, to scale up implementation of the SEEA by supporting capacity building in countries, developing methodological guidelines and compiling global databases.

The OECD’s new CO2 emissions statistics for air transport contribute to the development and international compilation of AEAs according to SEEA methods. For example, they are a source for validation of national estimates and for the conversion between the inventories and national accounts bases of emissions reporting.

The AEAs are compiled on a residence basis. By contrast, the air emission inventories provided by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) use a territory perspective. The new OECD database

records emissions from air transport on both bases, so the information can be used both by compilers of UNFCCC inventories and those working on the AEAs. How do we measure CO2 emissions from air transport?

The OECD estimates of CO2 emissions from air transport are produced using information on individual flights and the specific type of aircraft used for each flight. The main source of information is air traffic data provided by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), which includes most of the passenger and freight flights taking place around the world. For each flight, the ICAO database includes information on the departure and arrival airports, the operating airline, and the type of aircraft used. More than a thousand aircraft types are considered in this database. Up until 2018, the ICAO data relates to scheduled flights. From 2019 onwards, it extracts real-time flight data based on information from the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system.

To estimate CO2 emissions, the flight information provided

by ICAO is linked with a CO2 emissions calculator from the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). Given an aircraft type equipped with a specific type and number of engines and a specific distance travelled, this tool calculates a flight trajectory, a quantity of fuel burnt and a quantity of CO2 emitted.

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The Working Paper assesses the quality of the estimates, comparing them with annual emissions reported in UNFCCC inventories, which are available for 43 countries; and with official Air Emission Accounts (AEAs), available for around 40 (mostly European) countries. Although these official statistical sources are only available with a delay and at lower frequencies than the new OECD estimates, the comparisons support the conclusion that the overall accuracy of the new estimates is high.

Where to find the underlying data?

OECD (2022), "Air and climate: Air Transport CO2 Emissions"(database).

References Clarke, D., et al. (2022), "CO2 Emissions from air transport: A near-real-time global database for policy analysis", OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2022/04, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/ecc9f16b-en.

EUROCONTROL (2016), EUROCONTROL Method for Estimating Aviation Fuel Burnt and Emissions, www.eurocontrol.int/publication/ eurocontrol-method-estimating-aviation-fuel-burnt-and-emissions.

Flachenecker, F., E. Guidetti and P.A. Pionnier (2018), ‘Towards global SEEA air emission accounts: Description and evaluation of the OECD methodology to estimate SEEA air emission accounts for CO2, CH4 and N2O in Annex-I countries to the UNFCCC’, OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2018/11, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/7d88dfdd-en.

ITF Transport Outlook 2021, International Transport Forum, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/16826a30-en.

‘Decarbonising air transport. Acting now for the future’, International Transport Forum Policy Papers, No. 94, OECD Publishing, Paris, www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/decarbonising-air-transport-future.pdf.

Measuring public spending on global and country-level capacities to control pandemics and infectious diseases According to the Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD), in 2020 governments and multilateral organisations reported USD 21.4 billion of official resources to control pandemics and infectious diseases, including USD 17 billion as cross-border flows to developing countries and USD 4.4 billion as global and regional expenditures. Around 40% of these resources were spent on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), including HIV/AIDS, and 25% on COVID-19 control. In addition to official support reported in TOSSD, the OECD private philanthropy database reported USD 2.8 billion of resources provided by private foundations to control pandemics and infectious diseases.

TOSSD is a statistical framework designed to track the full array of resources in support of the 2030 Agenda. Since 2019, it has captured development finance data from both OECD and non-OECD providers, including cross-border support to developing countries and contributions to international public goods, such as health-related research.

TOSSD tracked more than 355 billion in official support for sustainable development in 2020. You can view TOSSD activity-level data here, and learn more about TOSSD data on health financing here. Like any new statistical measure, TOSSD’s data coverage will reach its full potential over the next few years.

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Recent publications OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2022-2031 The global agrifood sector faces fundamental challenges over the coming decade, particularly the need to feed an ever-increasing population in a sustainable manner, the impacts of the climate crisis and the economic consequences and disruptions to food supply linked to the war in Ukraine, according to a report released today by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

The OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2022-2031 focuses on assessing the medium-term prospects for agricultural commodity markets. The findings of the report underscore the crucial role of additional public spending and private investment in production, information technology and infrastructure as well as human capital to raise agricultural productivity.

OECD/FAO (2022), OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2022-2031, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.agri-outlook.org

Taxing Wages 2022 Impact of COVID-19 on the Tax Wedge in OECD Countries Effective tax rates on labour rebounded in 2021 as the global economy recovered and many countries began withdrawing or scaling back measures implemented in response to the COVID19 pandemic, according to a new OECD report.

Taxing Wages 2022 shows that rising household incomes in 2021 coupled with the reversal of many tax and benefit policies linked to the pandemic drove increases in effective taxes on wages across the OECD. This marks a turn-around from 2020, when the pandemic drove significant decreases in the labour tax wedge – defined as the total taxes on labour paid by both employees and employers, minus family benefits, as a percentage of the labour cost to the employer.

OECD (2022), Taxing Wages 2022: Impact of COVID-19 on the Tax Wedge in OECD Countries, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-policy/taxing-wages-20725124.htm

Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2022 This fifth edition of Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific provides an overview of social indicators for the region. Quantitative evidence on social indicators such as poverty, social expenditures, and demographic trends across countries in Asia and the Pacific helps economies identify where they can learn from the experience of other countries. Chapter 1 introduces this volume and provides readers with a guide to help them interpret OECD Social Indicators. The remainder of the publication presents the indicators in a standardised format: one page of figures and accompanying text, pointing the reader to sources and potential caveats with measurement issues. The indicators are grouped into five chapters: general context, self-sufficiency, equity, health and social cohesion. Each chapter holds five indicators, but the health chapter includes an additional indicator to illustrate recent trends in cases and deaths related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

OECD (2022), Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2022, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/social/society-at-a-glance-asia-pacific-24089168.htm

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Forthcoming meetings Unless otherwise indicated attendance at OECD meetings and working parties is by invitation only.

OECD Date

Meeting

26-27 July 2022

Working Group on International Investment Statistics (WGIIS) - Interim meetings, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, OECD 7-8 September 2022 Informal Steering Group on SME and Entrepreneurship Financing, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, OECD 12-14 September 2022 Working Party of National Experts on Science and Technology Indicators (NESTI), Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD 14 September 2022 Developing human resources for effective and sustainable statistics production, Webinar, PARIS21, Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD 19-20 September 2022 8th Session of the International Transport Statistic, International Transport Forum 22-23 September 2022 2nd Workshop on Time Series Methods for Official Statistics, Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD 28-30 September 2022 DAC Working Party on Development Finance Statistics (WP-STAT), Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD 10-11 October 2022 Working Party on Measurement and Analysis of the Digital Economy (WPMADE), Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, OECD 11-12 October 2022 Working Party on Health Statistics, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD 13-14 October 2022 EC-OECD Joint Workshop on Tendency Surveys, Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD 18-19 October 2022 18-20 October 2022 19-21 October 2022 24-28 October 2022 24-28 October 2022 2-9 November 2022

110th session of the Tourism Committee, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, OECD Working Group on International Investment Statistics (WGIIS) - Interim meetings, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, OECD 30th Working Party on Indicators of Educational Systems (INES), Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD Working Party on International Trade in Goods and Services Statistics (WPTGS), Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD Working Party on National Accounts (WPNA), Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD

9-10 November 2022

Expert Group on Extended Supply and Use Tables / Trade in Value Added, Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD 9th Meeting of the Working Party for the OECD Patient Reported Indicator Surveys (PaRIS), Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, OECD DAC Working Party on Development Finance Statistics (WP-STAT), Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD 54th meeting of the Programme for International Student Assessment Governing Board (PISA), Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD PARIS21 Fall Meeting 2023, PARIS21, Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD

25 November 2022

EC Joint Workshop on Tendency Surveys, Statistics and Data Directorate, OECD

7 November 2022 8-10 November 2022 8-10 November 2022

28-30 November 2022 DAC Working Party on Development Finance Statistics (WP-STAT), Development Co-operation Directorate, OECD 7 December 2022 Task Force on Pension Statistics, Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs, OECD

14

The OECD Statistics Newsletter - Issue No. 76, July 2022

The Statistics Newsletter

From the OECD statistics and data community to the extended OECD statistical network Issue 76 - July 2022 http://oe.cd/statisticsnewsletter To receive the OECD Statistics Newsletter by email, you can you can sign up at

https://oe.cd/statsnews-signup

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OECD Statistics

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