العطر والطيب في السنة والأدب والتاريخ

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻼﻡ >‪/0/85434/culture/net.alukah.www//:http</ br‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﱠﺒﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺑﻦ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﺓ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﺑﻦ ﺇﺳﺤﺎﻕ‪" :‬ﻭﻟﻲَ ﻗﺼﻲﱡ ﺑﻦ ﻛﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺃﻣْﺮ ﻣﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻤَﻊ ﻗﻮﻣَﻪ ﻣِﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻟِﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻤﻠﱠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻣﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻠﱠﻜﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﺎﺯ ﺷﺮﻑ ﻣﻜﺔ ﻛﻠﱠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻤﱠﺘْﻪ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ُﻣﺠَﻤﱢﻌًﺎ؛ ﻟِﻤَﺎ ﺟﻤَﻊ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮِﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻤﱠﺎ ﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﺼﻲﱞ ﻭﺭﻕﱠ ﻋﻈﻤُﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺑِﻜﺮَﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺪﻣﻨﺎﻑ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺮُﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺃﺑﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻫﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﻲﱞ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‪ :‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﷲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻷﻟﺤﻘﻨﱠﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺷﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗَﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳَﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺮﻳﺶ ﻟﻮﺍﺀً ﻟﺤﺮﺑِﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﺖ ﺑﻴﺪﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﺮﺏ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻘﺎﻳﺘﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺄﻛﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ ﻃﻌﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ﺃﻣﺮًﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ ﺛﻢ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﻣﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻤﻌﻮﺍ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻱ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺼﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻟﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﻤ؛ ﻟﺸﺮﻓِﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻭﻓﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﻣﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺑﻰ ﺑﻨﻮ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻘَﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﺮﻫﻢ ﺣﻠﻔًﺎ ﻣؤﻛﱠﺪًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺎﺫَﻟﻮﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﻠﻢ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﻀًﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﺮﺝ ﺑﻨﻮ ﻋﺒﺪﻣﻨﺎﻑ ﺟﻔﻨﺔً ﻣﻤﻠﻮءﺓ ﻃِﻴﺒًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﺿﻌﻮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻷﺣﻼﻓﻬﻤ؛ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺃﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺗﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﻢ ﻏﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻗَﺪﻭﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻫﺪﻭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺣﻠﻔﺎؤﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﺴَﺤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺑﺄﻳﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪًﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻤ؛ ﻓﺴُﻤﱡﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻴﱠﺒﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﻭﻛﻌﺐ )ﻣﻮﻗﻔﺎﻥ(‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻔﻴﻦ ﻟﺮﺟﻠﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻄﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺩﻻﻟﻪ ﻭﻋﻄﺮﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫"ﻻ ﺇﻟﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ"‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺳﺒﺒًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻬﻠﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﺘﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ 1‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﻴﺮ ﻓﺘﻰ ﻣﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻟﱠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻄَﺮ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﻟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺐ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻤﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟ؛ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪)) :‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﻌﺒًﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻤﻜﺔ ﻓﺘﻰ ﺃﻧﻌﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺑﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺣ ًﺒّﺎ ﷲ ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ((‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﷲ! ﻳﺘﺤﻮﱠﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻰ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺚُ ﺣِﺴﺎﻥِ ﻣﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟؤﻟؤﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ ‪ -‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻃﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻬﺎﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺳﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﱠﺭﺓ ﻳﻌﻠﱢﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﱢﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻳُﺴﺘﺸﻬﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﺣﻤَﻚَ ﺍﷲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺻﺪﻕ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪﴿ :‬ﻣِﻦَ ﺍﻟْﻤُؤْﻣِﻨِﻴﻦَ ﺭِﺟَﺎﻝٌ ﺻَﺪَﻗُﻮﺍ ﻣَﺎ ﻋَﺎﻫَﺪُﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻪَ ﻋَﻠَﻴْﻪِ ﻓَﻤِﻨْﻬُﻢْ ﻣَﻦْ ﻗَﻀَﻰ ﻧَﺤْﺒَﻪُ ﻭَﻣِﻨْﻬُﻢْ َﻣﻦْ َﻳﻨْ َﺘﻈِﺮُ َﻭﻣَﺎ َﺑﺪﱠﻟُﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺗَﺒْﺪِﻳًﻼ﴾ ]ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ‪.[23 :‬‬ ‫ ‪ 2‬ﻭﺫﺍﻙ ﻛﻌﺐ ﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺮﻑ ﻃﺎﻏﻮﺕ ﻳﻬﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻄﺮﻩ ﻣﻬﻠﻜًﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺁﺫﻯ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺪَ ﺍﻟﺸﱢﻌﺮ‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﺀً ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﺐ ﻣِﻦ ﻗﺘﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﻳﺶ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺒﱠﺐ ﺑﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺣﺘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣَﺴْﻠَﻤَﺔَ ﻟﻘﺘﻠﻪ ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ‪ :‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺀ ﻛﻌﺐ ﻓﺈﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺸَﻌﺮﻩ ﻓﺄﺷﻤﱡﻪ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺷﻤﱡﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺭﺃﻳﺘﻤﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﻜﻨﺖُ ﻣِﻦ ﺭﺃﺳﻪ ﻓﺪﻭﻧَﻜﻢ ﻓﺎﺿﺮِﺑُﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳَﻨﺰﻝ ﻛﻌﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺷﺤًﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻨﻔﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺭﻳﺤًﺎ ﺃﻃﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻝ ﻛﻌﺐ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻱ ﺃﻋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﺗﺄﺫﻥ ﻟﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻢﱠ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺳﻚ؟ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﻤﻪ ﺛﻢ ﺃﺷﻢﱠ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﻧﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺘَﻠﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺃﺗﻮﺍ ﺭﺳﻮﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ ﺑﺨﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺒﺮ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻒ ﺑﻌﻀًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺯﺍﻫﻴﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺣﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺏ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ ﻣﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫"ﻻ ﻋﻄﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺮﻭﺱ"‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺬﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻲ ﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻪ‪" :‬ﻋﺮﻭﺱ"‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪،‬‬

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