Water and its Many Issues Methods and Cross-cutting Analysis
08 July 2013
The Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), the Agence Française de Développement (AFD), the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), the University of Nantes, the École française d’Extrême-Orient (ÉFEO) and the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) have decided to give their support to the Regional Social Sciences Summer University, referred to as “Tam Đảo Days”, in the framework of the 2010-2013 partnership agreement.
Water and its Many Issues
Stéphane LAGRÉE French School of Asian Studies, ÉFEO fsp2s@yahoo.fr Virginie DIAZ Research Department, AFD diazv@afd.fr
/ July 2013 /
CONTACTS
Methods and Cross-cutting Analysis
Regional Social Sciences Summer University “Tam Đảo Summer School Week” (Việt Nam) July 2012
Conférences & Séminaires
This work contains a verbatim account of the presentations and debates from the plenary sessions and workshops that took place from 13th to 21th July 2012 in Hà Nội and in the Tam Đảo Hill station on the topic of “Water and its Many Issues”. Four main areas of reflection are prioritised in the framework of the thematic workshops: sea, risks and governance; urban growth, social needs and water and sanitation service offers; field survey training in the framework of social and economic water management and a practical approach to agent-based modelling.
Water and All its Issues
This partnership has the objectives of developing a multi-disciplinary training of excellence, creating a platform for debate, and attracting a wide academic and non-academic audience from across Southeast Asia.
1+¬ ;8Ҩ7 %Ҧ1 75, 7+Ӭ&
Water and its Many Issues Methods and Cross-cutting Analysis SCIENTIFIC EDITOR Stéphane LAGRÉE
French School of Asian Studies, ÉFEO fsp2s@yahoo.fr CONTACT
Virginie DIAZ
Research Department, AFD diazv@afd.fr
ConfÊrences et sÊminaires AFD’s Research Department organises a large number of seminars and conferences which provide a forum for exchanges of knowledge and experience between development aid actors: researchers, experts, political leaders, NGOs, companies... These events may address any of AFD’s fields of operation. The ConfÊrences et sÊminaires collection aims to provide readers concerned by these issues with the main outcomes and lessons-learned from this research.
In the same collection: t /ÂĄ Quartiers informels d’un monde arabe en transition : rĂŠflexions et perspectives pour l’action urbaine t /ÂĄ L’Êconomie informelle dans les pays en dĂŠveloppement t /ÂĄ Evaluation and its Discontents: Do We Learn from Experience in Development? t /ÂĄ Social Differentiation and Inequalities – Methodological and Cross-cutting Approaches to Questions of Gender and Ethnicity t /ÂĄ Measure for Measure - How Well Do We Measure Development? – Proceedings of the 8th "'% &6%/ $POGFSFODF t /ÂĄ Transitions Decreed, Transitions Experienced – Regional social sciences summer university “Tam Ä?ảo Summer School Weekâ€? t /ÂĄ Implementing Large-Scale Energy Efficiency Programs in Existing Buildings in China – Conference in Wuhan (China) All our publications are available at http://recherche.afd.fr
[ Disclaimer ] The analyses and conclusions presented in this document are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of AFD or its partner institutions.
1VCMJDBUJPOT %JSFDUPS
Anne PAUGAM &EJUPSJBM %JSFDUPS
Alain HENRY %FTJHOFE CZ 'FSSBSJ $PSQPSBUF o 5FM 1SPEVDFE CZ 5PNPSSPX .FEJB $P -UE o &NBJM UPNPSSPXNFEJB!HNBJM DPN 1SJOUFE JO 7JĚ?U /BN CZ 5PNPSSPX .FEJB $P -UE
Table of Contents
'PSFXPSE "DLOPXMFEHFNFOUT 0QFOJOH 3FNBSLT
t 7Ü ,IÈOI 7JOI 7JDF 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 7"44 %JSFDUPS PG UIF (SBEVBUF "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT t +FBO .BSD (SBWFMMJOJ %JSFDUPS "'% 7J̏U /BN t 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS 3FQSFTFOUBUJWF PG UIF &'&0 JO 7J̏U /BN t +FBO 1BTDBM 5PSSÏUPO 3FQSFTFOUBUJWF PG UIF *3% JO 7J̏U /BN t :WFT 1FSSBVEFBV 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SPGFTTPS )FBE PG UIF NJTTJPO PG UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT JO 7J̏U /BN BOE 4PVUIFBTU "TJB t 0MJWJFS (BSSP %JSFDUPS "TJB 1BDJöD "6'
1BSU 1MFOBSZ 4FTTJPOT )ZESPMPHJDBM %FWFMPQNFOU PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB A Historical Perspective of the Role of the Imperial then Colonial State (From the XIIth Century to the First Half of the XXth $FOUVSZ 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS %FWFMPQNFOU BOE .BOBHFNFOU *OTUJUVUJPOT PG "HSJDVMUVSBM 8BUFS 4VQQMJFT JO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB JO 7J̏U /BN +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF %PDVNFOUBSZ i1SFZ /VQ " $PNNVOJUZ #VJMU "SPVOE 8BUFS $BNCPEJB w +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF +PTÏ 5JTTJFS 8PSME .BSJUJNF *TTVFT +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS 3BQJE 6SCBOJTBUJPO 4PDJBM /FFET BOE 8BUFS BOE 4BOJUBUJPO 4FSWJDF 1SPWJTJPO $BUIFSJOF #BSPO $MBVEF EF .JSBT .FUIPET GPS "HFOU #BTFE $PNQVUFS .PEFMMJOH "MFYJT %SPHPVM #FOPJU (BVEPV 4ZOUIFTJT PG 1MFOBSZ 4FTTJPOT 'SBOÎPJT 3PVCBVE
1BSU 8PSLTIPQT
4FB 3JTLT BOE (PWFSOBODF +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS 1JFSSF $BSJPV 1BUSJDF (VJMMPUSFBV :WFT 1FSSBVEFBV 6SCBO (SPXUI 4PDJBM /FFET BOE 8BUFS BOE 4BOJUBUJPO 4FSWJDF 0òFST $BUIFSJOF #BSPO "ZNFSJD #MBOD $MBVEF EF .JSBT $ISJTUPQIF $MV[FBV $MÏNFOU 'SFOPVY 5SBJOJOH GPS 'JFME 4UVEZ 4PDJBM BOE &DPOPNJD .BOBHFNFOU PG 8BUFS 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY $ISJTUPQIF (JSPOEF .JSFJMMF 3B[BöOESBLPUP 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS 1SBDUJDBM "QQSPBDI 5P "HFOU #BTFE .PEFMMJOH "MFYJT %SPHPVM #FOPJU (BVEPV "SOBVE (SJHOBSE 1BUSJDL 5BJMMBOEJFS 7̗ å̠D ¬O
#JPHSBQIJFT PG 5FBDIFST "DSPOZNT BOE "CCSFWJBUJPOT
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[
]
Foreword Regional “Tam Ä?ảo Summer School Weekâ€?: A Valuable training Platform 5IF ĂśSTU 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 4VNNFS 4DIPPM XBT IFME JO BT QBSU PG UIF “Fonds de SolidaritĂŠ Prioritaire en Sciences Socialesâ€? '41 4 QSPKFDU i4VQQPSU GPS 3FTFBSDI PO &DPOPNJD BOE 4PDJBM 5SBOTJUJPO *TTVFT JO 7JĚ?U /BNw JNQMFNFOUFE CZ UIF ²DPMF GSBOĂŽBJTF E &YUSĂ?NF 0SJFOU JO QBSUOFSTIJQ XJUI UIF 7JĚ?U /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT < > *U XBT FTUBCMJTIFE CFDBVTF UIF +PJOU 'SBODP 7JFUOBNFTF 4DJFOUJĂśD $PVODJM XJUIJO UIF '41 4 PSHBOJTBUJPO IBE PCTFSWFE UIF OFFE GPS DBQBDJUZ CVJMEJOH GPS 7JFUOBNFTF SFTFBSDIFST UFBDIJOH SFTFBSDIFST BOE 1I % TUVEFOUT DPWFSJOH NFUIPEPMPHZ TVSWFZ UPPMT BOE EBUB USFBUNFOU )FME BHBJO JO BOE UIF i+PVSOĂ?FT EF 5BN ĂĽË˝Pw i5BN ĂĽË˝P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFLw o BMTP LOPXO BT +5% o NBJOUBJOFE JUT PCKFDUJWF PG introducing future Vietnamese social scientists to the intellectual tools and know-how necessary to gain a rigourous knowledge of social reality and to provide them with the theoretical and NFUIPEPMPHJDBM CBTJT UP ESBGU B TDJFOUJĂśDBMMZ QFSUJOFOU SFTFBSDI QSPKFDU 5IF TFTTJPOT XFSF IFME JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J BOE JO 5BN ĂĽË˝P B IJMM TUBUJPO OFBS UIF DBQJUBM BOE SFTVMUFE JO UIF QVCMJDBUJPO PG UISFF works published in both French and Vietnamese. < > 2010-2013: An Agreement for Partnership, Change on a Regional Scale (JWFO UIF TVDDFTT PG UIF ĂśSTU UISFF ZFBST BOE JO PSEFS UP TVQQPSU UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF 4VNNFS 4DIPPM UIF 7JĚ?U /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 7"44 UIF "HFODF 'SBOĂŽBJTF EF %Ă?WFMPQQFNFOU "'% UIF *OTUJUVU EF 3FDIFSDIF QPVS MF %Ă?WFMPQQFNFOU *3% UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT UIF ²DPMF 'SBOĂŽBJTF E &YUSĂ?NF 0SJFOU ²'&0 BOE UIF "HFODF 6OJWFSTJUBJSF EF MB Francophonie (AUF)< > EFDJEFE UP DPOĂśSN UIFJS DPNCJOFE DPNNJUNFOU JO B QBSUOFSTIJQ BHSFFNFOU TJHOFE "QSJM th BU UIF "'% IFBERVBSUFST JO 1BSJT GPS UIF GPVS ZFBST
< > 1SPKFDU ĂśOJTIFE .BZ th < > -BHSĂ?F $MJOH 3B[BĂśOESBLPUP BOE 3PVCBVE TDJFOUJĂśD &ET Les JournĂŠes de Tam Ä?ảo. StratĂŠgies de rĂŠduction de la pauvretĂŠ: approches mĂŠthodologiques et transversales ²EJUJPOT 5SJ 5IĚ D )Ă‹ /Ě˜J +VMZ Q 'SFODI WFSTJPO p. (Vietnamese version); -BHSĂ?F TDJFOUJĂśD &E Les JournĂŠes de Tam Ä?ảo, Nouvelles approches mĂŠthodologiques appliquĂŠes au dĂŠveloppement 4VNNFS 4DIPPM JO 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT ²EJUJPOT 5IĚ‹ (JĚ™J )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 4FQUFNCFS Q 'SFODI WFSTJPO Q 7JFUOBNFTF WFSTJPO -BHSĂ?F TDJFOUJĂśD &E Les JournĂŠes de Tam Ä?ảo, Nouvelles approches mĂŠthodologiques appliquĂŠes au dĂŠveloppement 4VNNFS 4DIPPM JO 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT ²EJUJPOT 5IĚ‹ (JĚ™J )Ă‹ /Ě˜J /PWFNCFS SFQSJOUFE JO .BZ ̓Q 'SFODI WFSTJPO Q 7JFUOBNFTF WFSTJPO < > "6' 'VOEJOH i*OOPWBUPSZ "DUJPOw
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[
]
This partnership aims to maintain the continuity of the Tam Đảo Summer School Week with QSFWJPVT USBJOJOH TFTTJPOT XJUI UIF HFOFSBM PCKFDUJWFT PG 4VQQPSUJOH NVMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSZ USBJOJOH PG BO FYDFMMFOU TUBOEBSE JNQSPWJOH LOPXMFEHF methods and survey tools in the social sciences; reinforcing capacity for the analysis of economic and social changes; consolidating skills in methods for evaluating the impact of EFWFMPQNFOU QSPKFDUT $POTUJUVUJOH B QPMJDZ EJTDVTTJPO QMBUGPSN BT XFMM BT EFWFMPQJOH B QPPM PG SFTFBSDIFST PQFO UP UIF 4PVUIFBTU "TJBO SFHJPO UIF +5% XFSF EFTJHOFE BT B GPSVN GPS UIF TUVEZ PG TUSBUFHJFT NFUIPET BOE XPSLJOH QSBDUJDFT JO EFWFMPQNFOU CVU BMTP GPS USBJOJOH BOE FYDIBOHFT CFUXFFO researchers and decision-makers; %FWFMPQJOH UIF QSPöMF BOE BQQFBM PG UIF 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL UIF +5% BJN UP attract a wide academic and non-academic audience throughout Southeast Asia. #VJMEJOH PO UIF FWBMVBUJPOT PG UIF öSTU UISFF ZFBST UIF SFHJPOBM QSPKFDU BMTP IBT OFX̓BNCJUJPOT " TQFDJöD UIFNF PG B SFHJPOBM PS JOUFSOBUJPOBM OBUVSF JT TFU FBDI ZFBS UIFO FMBCPSBUFE BOE EFCBUFE BDDPSEJOH UP EJòFSFOU NFUIPEPMPHJDBM BOE DSPTT DVUUJOH USBOTWFSTF BQQSPBDIFT "U UIF 7"44 UIF öSTU UXP EBZT PG USBJOJOH BOE EJTDVTTJPOT DPODMVEF XJUI B TZOUIFTJT TFTTJPO XIJDI LJDLT Pò NVMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSZ DPOTJEFSBUJPO CZ EJTDVTTJOH QSPQPTFE NFUIPEPMPHJDBM UPPMT this part of the programme is designed to be an introduction to the thematic workshops; 5IF GPVS XPSLTIPQT FBDI BUUFOEFE CZ BSPVOE UXFOUZ QBSUJDJQBOUT GPS öWF EBZT BSF GPMMPXFE CZ B POF EBZ QMFOBSZ TFTTJPO GPS TZOUIFTJT JO UIJT XBZ QBSUJDJQBOUT BOE USBJOFST NFFU BU UIF end of the week to share and present the output of each workshop; *O PSEFS UP JODSFBTF JUT BQQFBM UP B XJEFS HFPHSBQIJD BSFB UIF 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL XFMDPNFT researchers and participants from Southeast Asia. This regional expansion greatly reinforces WJTJCJMJUZ JO UIF SFHJPO BOE BMMPXT B XJEFS OFUXPSL GPS FYDIBOHF BOE TDJFOUJöD DPMMBCPSBUJPO 5IF BVEJFODF JT DPNQPTFE PG BQQSPYJNBUFMZ öGUZ 7JFUOBNFTF QBSUJDJQBOUT BOE BSPVOE UIJSUZ GSPN UIF SFHJPO $BNCPEJB -BPT .BMBZTJB 5IBJMBOE BOE PUIFS OFJHICPVSJOH DPVOUSJFT An Annual Trilingual Scientific Production 5IF QSPDFFEJOHT XJMM CF QVCMJTIFE JO UISFF MBOHVBHFT o 7JFUOBNFTF 'SFODI BOE &OHMJTI o JO̓UIF̓ZFBS GPMMPXJOH FBDI USBJOJOH TFTTJPO JO UIF "'% TFSJFT Conférences et Séminaires DP FEJUFE CZ UIF &'&0 BOE UIF 5SJ 5I̠D QVCMJTIJOH IPVTF &BDI XPSL JT BWBJMBCMF PO $% 30. BOE BT B GSFF EPXOMPBE PO UIF TJUF XXX UBNEBPDPOG DPN BT XFMM BT PO UIF TJUFT PG UIF QBSUOFS PSHBOJTBUJPOT 5P DPNQMFNFOU UIJT XXX UBNEBPDPOG DPN BMTP PòFST GVSUIFS SFBEJOH UP FYQBOE BOE EFFQFO VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF UIFNFT BOE öFMET UPVDIFE VQPO BO JO EFQUI CJPHSBQIZ PG FBDI USBJOFS BOE B USJQMF FWBMVBUJPO QSPWJEFE CZ UIF USBJOFST QBSUJDJQBOUT BOE SFQPSUFST
[
] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
โ Water and its Many Issues, Methods and Cross-cutting Analysisโ 5IF NBKPS UISFBE PG UIF +5% XBT UP BEESFTT UIF QSPCMFNBUJD PG XBUFS UISPVHI UIF MFOT PGอ FDPOPNJD IVNBO BOE TPDJBM TDJFODFT JO EJรฒFSFOU NJMJFVT BOE TDBMFT PG JOUFSQSFUBUJPO GPMMPXJOHอ UIF MPHJDBM GSBNFXPSL NPEFM UIJT TJYUI FEJUJPO XBT PSHBOJTFE BDDPSEJOH UP DPNQMFNFOUBSZ BYFT ยฆ 5SBJOJOH JO QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT MBTUJOH UXP EBZT BU UIF 7"44 th BOE th +VMZ 4JYอ QSFTFOUBUJPOT introduced and developed issues linked to water from a methodological and cross-cutting BOHMF NPEFMMJOH MFHBM QPMJUJDBM FDPOPNJD BOE BOUISPQPMPHJDBM BQQSPBDIFT 5IF EPDVNFOUBSZ โ Prey Nup, A Community on Waterโ $BNCPEJB XBT TIPXO BU UIF FOE PG UIF รถSTU EBZ 5IF UXP plenary days wound up with a wrap-up session of what had been said. ยฆ 'PVS UIFNBUJD XPSLTIPQT MBTUJOH รถWF EBZT BU UIF 5BN %หฝP IJMM TUBUJPO GSPN .POEBZ th to 'SJEBZ th +VMZ )FSF JTTVFT SFMBUFE UP NBSJUJNF TQBDF SJTLT BOE HPWFSOBODF 8PSLTIPQ VSCBO HSPXUI TPDJBM OFFET BOE TFWJDF PรฒFST JO XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO 8PSLTIPQ FDPOPNJD BOE TPDJBM NBOBHFNFOU XJUIJO UIF GSBNFXPSL PG USBJOJOH GPS รถFME TUVEJFT 8PSLTIPQ Bอ QSBDUJDBM BQQSPBDI UP BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMMJOH 8PSLTIPQ XFSF BEESFTTFE " รถSTU JOUSPEVDUPSZ MFDUVSF XBT HJWFO CZ UIF BOUISPQPMPHJTU BOE NFNCFS PG UIF ยฒDPMF GSBOร BJTF E &YUSร NF 0SJFOU )ร /ฬ J 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS )JT QSFTFOUBUJPO BOBMZTFE UIF IZESPMPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB CZ UIF *NQFSJBM BOE UIFO $PMPOJBM 4UBUF o GSPN UIF th UP UIF NJE thอ DFOUVSZ 5P EP UIJT 0MJWJFS CBTFE IJT QSFTFOUBUJPO PO BO VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF JNQFSJBM BSDIJWFT UIBU IF DPNQBSFE XJUI B SFBEJOH PG WJMMBHF TUFMFT 5IF รถSTU XSJUUFO MBXT DPODFSOJOH IZESPMPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU BOE QSPUFDUJPO BHBJOTU รธPPEJOH EBUF CBDL UP UIF th century. The foundations for a modern and reasoned development of the delta were laid three DFOUVSJFT MBUFS UIBOLT UP UIF QPMJDJFT PG UIF &NQFSPST (JB -POH BOE .JOH .หผOH 5IFO UIF QFSJPE PG USPVCMFT BOE JOTUBCJMJUZ UIBU NBSLFE UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF DPMPOJBM QFSJPE BOE UIF MPOH XBS PG DPORVFTU UIBU GPMMPXFE JO UIF /PSUI PG 7Jฬ U /BN SFTVMUFE JO B HSFBUFS BOE HSFBUFS forced withdrawal of the imperial and mandarinal powers in the hydrological domain to the CFOFรถU PG UIF QSPUFDUPSBUF T UFDIOJDBM TFSWJDFT )FSF 0MJWJFS QBVTFE UP GPDVT VQPO IPX UIFTF TQFDJBMJTFE TFSWJDFT XIJDI XFSF FTTFOUJBMMZ GPVOEFE VQPO UIF SBUJPOBMJUZ PG UIF FOHJOFFS BOE the certainty of the superiority of the Western model over local technical know-how and the XPSLT UIBU IBE CFFO BDIJFWFE VQ UP UIBU QPJOU XFSF QFSDFJWFE )JT DPODMVTJPO VOEFSMJOFT UIF GBDU BMCFJU JNQSFTTJWF UIBU UIF PVUDPNF PG UIJT TZTUFNBUJD IZESPMPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU QPMJDZ PG UIF EFMUB T QPMEFST BOE TBMU NBSTIFT EVSJOH UIF DPMPOJBM QFSJPE SFNBJOT RVJUF EJTBQQPJOUJOH -FU us underline the fact that the accompanying text proposed by Olivier concerning the policy JNQMFNFOUFE JO UIF thอ DFOUVSZ BOE UIF JNQSFTTJWF CJCMJPHSBQIZ XIJDI DPWFST UIF XIPMF PG UIF QFSJPE IFMQ UP UISPX MJHIU PO UIF MPOH IJTUPSZ PG UIF NBTUFSZ PG XBUFS BOE UIF IZESPMPHJDBM OFUXPSL JO 7Jฬ Uอ /BN "GUFS UIJT รถSTU QSFTFOUBUJPO PVS BUUFOUJPO UIFO GPDVTFE VQPO UIF EFWFMPQNFOUT BOE JOTUJUVUJPOTอ PGอ BHSJDVMUVSBM XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU JO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB GSPN UIF T +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF BO BHSPOPNJTU UVSOT PVS BUUFOUJPO UP NBKPS VQIFBWBMT JO JSSJHBUFE agriculture in the Red River Delta linked to the evolution of the management methods of the
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[
]
NFBOT PG QSPEVDUJPO BOE UIF BTTPDJBUFE UFDIOJDBM BOE NBOBHFNFOU TZTUFNT 5ISFF QSJODJQBM QFSJPET BSF IJHIMJHIUFE UIBU PG UIF DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO PG UIF NFBOT PG QSPEVDUJPO XIJDI SFTVMUFE JO UIF OFBS CBOLSVQUDZ PG UIF DPVOUSZ T FDPOPNZ BOE UISFBUFOFE GPPE TFDVSJUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ BT B SFTVMU PG UIF GBSNFST SFKFDUJPO PG UIF TZTUFN JO TQJUF PG QSFWJPVTMZ VOTFFO JOWFTUNFOU JO UIF IZESP BHSJDVMUVSBM TFDUPS T CFHJOOJOH T B QFSJPE PG TUSPOH HSPXUI PG BHSJDVMUVSBM production over a period of twenty years; the liberalisation and normalisation policy promoted CZ UIF 4UBUF MPDBMMZ ESJWFO EZOBNJDT XJUI OPUBCMZ UIF JNQMBOUBUJPO PG MPDBM QVNQJOH TUBUJPOT รถOBMMZ UPEBZ UIF EFMUB T BHSJDVMUVSF JT TUJMM CFBSJOH UIF GVMM CSVOU PG UIF FรฒFDUT PG DPNQFUJUJPO XIJDI IBWF CFDPNF FWFO NPSF FWJEFOU TJODF UIF JOUFHSBUJPO PG 7Jฬ U /BN JO UIF XPSME FDPOPNZ 'BSNFST JODPNFT IBWF SFBDIFE B DFJMJOH FWFO UIPVHI UIFZ NVTU GBDF OFX SJTLT MJOLFE UP UIF DPOTFRVFODFT PG DMJNBUF DIBOHF BT XFMM BT JODSFBTFE MBOE QSFTTVSF SFTVMUJOH GSPN UIF QPMJUJDBM priority given to industrialisation and urbanisation. "U UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF BGUFSOPPO /HVZฬ O .หผOI )รกOH B QPMJUJDBM TDJFOUJTU HBWF VT B QSFTFOUBUJPO BCPVU XBUFS SFTPVSDFT PO UIF .FLPOH 3JWFS 5IJT QBQFS XIJDI XF IBWF OPU CFFO BCMF UP JODMVEF JO UIJT QVCMJDBUJPO < > aimed to give a general overview of challenges for sustainable development and the preservation of the environment and to analyse the factors JOรธVFODJOH DPPQFSBUJPO CFUXFFO UIF DPVOUSJFT MPDBUFE JO UIF JNQPSUBOU HFP QPMJUJDBM BSFB UIF Southeast Asian peninsula. 'JOBMMZ UIF รถSTU EBZ XBT JOUFOEFE UP CF B HFOVJOF DPNQMFNFOUBSZ BJE BOE XBT FOSJDIFE CZ the showing of the documentary โ Prey Nup, a Community on Waterโ โ French version with 7JFUOBNFTF BOE &OHMJTI TVCUJUMFT 5IF TIPSU WFSTJPO NJOVUFT MPPLT CBDL PO B EFDBEF PG JOUFSWFOUJPO JO GBWPVS PG UIF SFIBCJMJUBUJPO PG UIF 1SFZ /VQ QPMEFST JO $BNCPEJB 5IF QSPKFDU XIJDI UPPL QMBDF JO UIF QSPWJODF PG 4JIBOPVLWJMMF BOE XBT รถOBODFE CZ UIF "'% PWFS UIF QFSJPE BTTVSFE UIF QSPUFDUJPO PG BHSJDVMUVSBM IFDUBSFT BOE BรฒFDUFE BCPVU QFPQMF 5IF QSPKFDU DVMNJOBUFE JO 'FCSVBSZ XJUI UIF TJHOJOH PG B GSBNFXPSL BHSFFNFOU CFUXFFO UIF .JOJTUSZ PG 8BUFS 3FTPVSDFT BOE .FUFPSPMPHZ .83. UIF $PNNVOJUZ PG 1PMEFS Users (CPU) and the local authorities. The documentary is built around an evaluation/capitalisation approach. The use of audiovisual TVQQPSUT GPS UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG UIF i#VJMEJOH "HBJOTU UIF 5JEFTw QSPKFDU UBLFT JOUP BDDPVOU UIF QPJOU PG WJFX PG UIF QMBZFST BOE GBDJMJUBUFT UIF FYQMPJUBUJPO PG UIF SFTVMUT PG UIF QSPKFDU T FWBMVBUJPO JO UIF FZFT PG UIF EJรฒFSFOU QVCMJDT DPODFSOFE CZ UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIF EFWFMPQNFOU QSPKFDUT 5IF รถMN UBMLT BCPVU UFDIOJDBM EJรณDVMUJFT UIF CVJMEJOH PG B EZLF PO DMBZFZ TPJM TPDJBM DPNQMFYJUZ UIF DSFBUJPO PG B VTFST BTTPDJBUJPO JO B QMBDF TUJMM CFBSJOH UIF NBSLT PG ,INFS 3PVHF DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO QPMJUJDBM TUBLFT UIF NPEJรถDBUJPO PG JOTUJUVUJPOBM SVMFT to go from centralised authoritative management to a participative one. The commentaries of +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF (3&5 BOE +PTร 5JTTJFS "'% BDDPNQBOJFE UIF TIPXJOH
< > Constraints of a technical nature have not allowed us to edit the text that was accompanied by many illustrations provided by the author; the editor sincerely apologises for this.
[
8
] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
5IF TFDPOE EBZ CFHBO XJUI B QSFTFOUBUJPO CZ +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS B MFHBM FYQFSU TQFDJBMJTJOH JO UIF EPNBJOT PG UIF MFHBM SFHJNF PG UIF EFFQ TFB CFE BOE JO JUT FYQMPJUBUJPO BOE QSPUFDUJPO JO UIF GBDF PG XPSME NBSJUJNF JTTVFT 5IF QSFTFOUBUJPO XBT CBTFE VQPO UIF OPUJPO PG B iMBTU GSPOUJFSw UIF FYUSBDUJPO PG OBUVSBM SFTPVSDFT UISFBUFOFE FDPTZTUFNT BOE DPODMVEFE CZ UBMLJOH BCPVU UIF merchant navy and sailors. 0VS BUUFOUJPO UIFO UVSOFE UP UIF UPQJD PG i3BQJE 6SCBOJTBUJPO 4PDJBM %FNBOET BOE UIF 0รฒFS PG 8BUFS BOE 4BOJUBUJPO 4FSWJDFTw QSFTFOUFE CZ $BUIFSJOF #BSPO B UFBDIFS SFTFBSDIFS TQFDJBMJTJOH JO UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG TQBDF BOE VSCBOJTN BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5PVMPVTF BOE $MBVEF EF .JSBT an economist at the IRD. 5IF EFNPHSBQIJD EZOBNJD BOE UIF HFPHSBQIJDBM JNQSJOU PG UIF UPXOT BT XFMM BT UIF QSPQPSUJPO PG UIF VSCBO QPQVMBUJPO BSF QSPHSFTTJOH JO B QBSUJDVMBSMZ SBQJE NBOOFS CPUI JO MFBTU EFWFMPQFE DPVOUSJFT BOE JO FNFSHJOH DPVOUSJFT DPOTFRVFOUMZ UIF OFFE GPS CBTJD VSCBO services is rapidly increasing everywhere. Pro-poor policies for the generalisation of access UP CBTJD TFSWJDFT JODMVEJOHอ GPS QPPS IPVTFIPMET BOE UIPTF MJWJOH JO QSFDBSJPVT BOE VOEFS FRVJQQFE OFJHICPVSIPPET IBWF CFFO DPODFJWFE 5IF RVFTUJPO PG FRVJUZ GPS BDDFTT UP CBTJD VSCBO TFSWJDFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO JT CFDPNJOH NPSF BOE NPSF JNQPSUBOU QPPSFS EJTUSJDUT UBLF VQ BO FWFS o JODSFBTJOH QPSUJPO PG VSCBO TQBDF JO B DPOUFYU PG VSCBO TQSFBE UIBU DIBSBDUFSJTFT GPSอ FYBNQMF "GSJDBO DJUJFT )PXFWFS BMM UIF JOEJWJEVBM OFFET PG DJUZ EXFMMFST GPS XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO EP OPU CFDPNF EFNBOET BT DFSUBJO QPQVMBUJPOT EP OPU IBWF UIF NFBOT to pay connection costs and/or the bill for water consumed. The problematic of needs and EFNBOET GPS TFSWJDFT BOE PรฒFST PG TFSWJDFT BQQFBST UP CF PO UIF POF IBOE DPNQMFY BOE PG BO FWPMWJOH OBUVSF JO UIF NFEJVN UFSN BOE PO UIF PUIFS IBOE HJWFT SJTF UP NVMUJQMF UFSSJUPSJBM JOTUJUVUJPOBM BOE รถOBODJBM TZTUFNT PG HPWFSOBODF PG XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO OFUXPSLT 5IF MBTU MFDUVSF HJWFO CZ "MFYJT %SPHPVM BOE #FOPJU (BVEPV DPNQVUFS TDJFOUJTUT SFTQFDUJWFMZ GSPN UIF *3% BOE UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5PVMPVTF DPODFSOFE NFUIPET PG BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMMJOH The use of these methods has been developed over the last twenty years in a growing number PG BDBEFNJD EJTDJQMJOFT BOE TDJFOUJรถD รถFMET QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO TPDJBM TDJFODFT 5IFZ BMMPX VT UP FOWJTBHF UIF SFQSPEVDUJPO BOE UIF TUVEZ PG B QBSU PG UIF SFBM XPSME T DPNQMFYJUZ UISPVHI UIF carrying out of in silico FYQFSJNFOUT SFGFSSFE UP BT iTJNVMBUJPOTw JO XIJDI UIF JOEJWJEVBM BOE DPMMFDUJWF EZOBNJDT PG DPNQVUFS FOUJUJFT iBHFOUTw BSF QSPHSBNNFE PCTFSWFE BOE BOBMZTFE 5IFTF TJNVMBUJPOT NBZ DPOรถSN UIF BQQFBSBODF PG UIF DPNQMFY EZOBNJDT PG UIF FNFSHFODF PG B iXIPMFw GSPN UIF CFIBWJPVST PG iQBSUTw 5IFZ TVHHFTU DBVTF FรฒFDU SFMBUJPOT UIBU BMMPX VT UP UFTU EJรฒFSFOU EFWFMPQNFOU TDFOBSJPT PS UP QVU UP UIF UFTU UISPVHI FYQFSJNFOU EJรฒFSFOU IZQPUIFTFT 5IFZ BMTP NBLF DPODSFUF NVMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSZ FYDIBOHFT BCPVU UIF TBNF PCKFDU JO UIF GPSN PG NBOJQVMBCMF BCTUSBDUJPOT BOE BMMPX UIF JODPSQPSBUJPO PG CPUI RVBOUJUBUJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF EBUB TUFNNJOH GSPN UIFTF EJรฒFSFOU EJTDJQMJOFT XJUIJO DPNNPO NPEFMT UIBU NBZ CF WFSJรถFE JO EJSFDU DPOOFDUJPO XJUI PCTFSWBUJPOT PG UIF SFBM XPSME 5IJT HFOFSBM PWFSWJFX JT GPMMPXFE CZ UIF QSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF &VSPQFBO QSPKFDU ."&-*" JO XIJDI B QMBUGPSN JT EFWFMPQFE GPS UIF TJNVMBUJPO PG UIF FรฒFDUT PG UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG NBOBHFNFOU BOE HPWFSOBODF OPSNT GPS XBUFS SFTPVSDFT UFSSJUPSJFT BOE UIF FOWJSPONFOU HFPDIFNJDBM BOE IZESPMPHJDBM EZOBNJDT PO
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[
]
the scale of a water catchment area; occupation and use of land and its incidence on resources; IVNBO BDUJWJUJFT MJOLFE UP UIF FYQMPJUBUJPO BOE NBOBHFNFOU PG SFTPVSDFT BOE FòFDUT PG DMJNBUF DIBOHF QBSUJDVMBSMZ PO XBUFS SFTPVSDFT 'JOBMMZ 'SBOĂŽPJT 3PVCBVE BO FDPOPNJTU BU UIF *3% XPVOE VQ UIFTF UXP EBZT PG QSFTFOUBUJPO and exchanges with a critical conclusion. 5IF USBJOJOH DPOUJOVFE GSPN .POEBZ +VMZ th UP 'SJEBZ +VMZ th in the framework of thematic XPSLTIPQT DPOEVDUFE JO QBSBMMFM BU UIF 5BN ĂĽË˝P IJMM TUBUJPO MPDBUFE LN PVUTJEF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 5IF PCKFDUJWF PG UIF XPSLTIPQ i4FB 3JTLT BOE (PWFSOBODFw JT UP BOBMZTF UIF FDPOPNJD BOE legal issues regarding the exploitation of maritime space and resources through the research PG TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU JOEJDBUPST SFBM MJGF TJUVBUJPOT BOE UIF BOBMZTJT HSJET PG TPNF NBSJUJNF BDUJWJUJFT CJP FDPOPNJD NPEFMT DPNQFUJUJWF BOBMZTJT FòFDUT BQQSPBDI DPOUJOHFOU WBMVBUJPO FUD 5IF QSPHSBNNF JT CVJMU BSPVOE UIF GPVS GPMMPXJOH QSJODJQBM UIFNFT TVTUBJOBCMF NBOBHFNFOU PG ĂśTIFSJFT SFTPVSDFT TVTUBJOBCMF BRVBDVMUVSF BOE GPSFJHO USBEF PG TFB QSPEVDF DPNQFUJUJPO JO NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU JNQBDUT PG HMPCBM DIBOHF PO UIF DPBTUBM FOWJSPONFOU OFX uses of maritime space. The trainees are introduced to the Tralin game that allows a simulation of competition in a network of regular sea routes in the form of practical work carried out in subgroups; role-play is also organised following the model of a general assembly of the International .BSJUJNF 0SHBOJ[BUJPO 8PSLTIPQ XBT BO FYUFOTJPO BOE NPSF JO EFQUI MPPL BU UIF QSFTFOUBUJPO HJWFO BU UIF 7"44 BCPVU TPDJBM OFFET BOE TFSWJDF PòFST JO XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO XBT SFMBUFE UP VSCBO HSPXUI 5IJT XPSLTIPQ ĂśSTU DPODFSOFE UIF SPMF PG EPOPST BOE UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG BJE JO UIF ESJOLJOH XBUFS and sanitation sector in developing countries (example of the AFD) and a presentation about the diverse modes of governance in the water sector in the urban milieu (case studies in Africa BOE 4PVUIFBTU "TJB 5IFO B QSPDFTT PG SFøFDUJPO JO TVC HSPVQT UPPL QMBDF CFGPSF MFBWJOH UIF USBJOFFT UP XPSL PO UIF DPODFQUJPO PG B RVFTUJPOOBJSF GPS B RVBOUJUBUJWF TVSWFZ UP CF DBSSJFE PVU BU 5BN ĂĽË˝P -FU VT IFSF FNQIBTJTF UIF QBSUJDVMBSMZ DSPTT DVUUJOH DIBSBDUFS PG UIJT XPSLTIPQ which grouped together a broad spectrum of development and research stakeholders VOJWFSTJUZ MFDUVSFST *3% OPO HPWFSNFOUBM PSHBOJTBUJPO (3&5 "'% The workshop “Social and Economic Water Managementâ€? had a twofold aim of introducing tools and survey methods in socio-economy and anthropology and applying them on a real time CBTJT JO UIF ĂśFME UISFF EBZT PG TVSWFZ JO -Ă‹OH )Ă‹ WJMMBHF )Ě• 4ËŒO DPNNVOF 5BN ĂĽË˝P GPPUIJMMT 0O UIF ĂśSTU EBZ UIF USBJOFFT XFSF NBEF BXBSF PG UIF QSPCMFNBUJD UISPVHI UXP DPNQMFNFOUBSZ QSFTFOUBUJPOT i5IF %FQJDUJPO PG B A'MVWJBM $JWJMJTBUJPO JO UIF .FLPOH %FMUB 5ISPVHI UIF 4UVEZ PG UIF 'PVOEJOH PG B 7JMMBHF 'PMMPXJOH UIF &YDBWBUJPO PG UIF 3ËźDI (JĂˆ )Ă‹ 5JĂ?O $BOBM JO UIF Tw 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY )JTUPSJBO BOE i5IF 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOT PG UIF 1FBTBOU &DPOPNZ 3FE 3JWFS %FMUBw $ISJTUPQIF (JSPOEF &DPOPNJTU " NFUIPEPMPHJDBM DPNQMFNFOU DPODFSOJOH JOUFSWJFX UFDIOJRVFT XBT QSPWJEFE CZ 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS *O -Ă‹OH )Ă‹ UIF USBJOFFT XIP XFSF EJWJEFE JOUP HSPVQT BOE UIFO QBJST BQQSPBDIFE UIF USBJOJOH BDDPSEJOH UP UIF GPMMPXJOH GPVS BYFT FDPOPNJD NBOBHFNFOU BOE MPDBM ĂśOBODJBM DPOTUSBJOUT PG UIF GVODUJPOJOH PG IZESPMPHJDBM BHSJDVMUVSF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
.JSFJMMF 3B[BÜOESBLPUP QPMJUJDBM BOE TPDJBM NBOBHFNFOU PG IZESPMPHJDBM TZTUFNT BDDPSEJOH UP a multi-scalar approach from village to district (Olivier Tessier); water usage and developments PG BHSJDVMUVSBM TZTUFNT EVSJOH UIF DPMPOJBM DPMMFDUJWJTU BOE QPTU SFOFXBM QFSJPET $ISJTUPQIF (JSPOEF XBUFS BOE JUT VTFT JO QPQVMBS DVMUVSF BOE QSBDUJDFT 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY 5IF ÜFME results were exploited by having each group interact in order to familiarise the trainees with a cumulative approach. 4VCTFRVFOU UP XIBU XBT TBJE BOE EFWFMPQFE JO UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPO UIF QSBDUJDBM BQQSPBDI UP BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMMJOH XBT BU UIF IFBSU PG 8PSLTIPQ 5IF XFFL XBT PSHBOJTFE BSPVOE UIF ("." NPEFMMJOH QMBUGPSN UIBU XBT EFWFMPQFE CZ UIF *3% BOE JUT QBSUOFST c.f IUUQ gama-platform.googlecode.com) and a tutorial built upon a role-playing game about water NBOBHFNFOU i8BU B (BNFw EFWFMPQFE CZ UIF $FOUSF EF DPPQ�SBUJPO JOUFSOBUJPOBMF FO SFDIFSDIF BHSPOPNJRVF QPVS MF E�WFMPQQFNFOU $*3"% c.f IUUQ TJUFT HPPHMF DPN TJUF waghistory/home). The aim was to allow the trainees to discover agent-based modelling BOE BMM JUT QPUFOUJBM CZ DPODFJWJOH BOE QSPHSFTTJWFMZ BEEJOH UP B HSPVQ PG NPEFMT PG HSPXJOH DPNQMFYJUZ PO UIF UPQJD PG XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU CZ B HSPVQ PG TUBLFIPMEFST BENJOJTUSBUPST XBUFS VTJOH BDUJWJUZ NBOBHFST FUD %JòFSFOU TVCKFDUT XFSF QSPHSFTTJWFMZ BEESFTTFE GSPN UIF JOTUBMMBUJPO PG UIF ("." TPGUXBSF QSPHSBNNF UP UIF DPODFQUJPO PG iSFBMJTUw IVNBO CFIBWJPVST against a backdrop of the coupling of heterogeneous data (environmental and social) that allow us to create multiple scenarios. Principal characteristics of the thematic workshops of the JTD 2012 Workshops
Scale / Level of Analysis
-1National, regional, Sea, Risks and international scales Governance -2Urban Growth, Social Macro, meso and micro Needs and Service scale Offers in Water and Sanitation -3Local scale: communes Training for Field and villages. Surveys. Economic and Unit of analysis: Social Management surveys of households of Water and individuals -4Regional scale (water Practical Approach to catchment area, delta) Agent-based Modelling Institutions, individuals
Disciplines
Tools / Methods
Economy, law
Case studies, comparative approach
Economy, socio-economy, development
Case studies, household surveys
Economy, history, socio-anthropology, socio-economy
Qualitative interviews
Computer science, modelling, geographical information sciences
Agent-based model, GAMA
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
5IF GPVS XPSLTIPQT XFSF EFTJHOFE GPS QBSUJDJQBOUT GSPN EJòFSFOU EJTDJQMJOFT UIF QSJPSJUZ CFJOH to allow all participants to use the most open as possible approaches and tools. This wish to provide an interdisciplinary view by adopting a cross-cutting approach became clear on the last EBZ PG SFTUJUVUJPO 4BUVSEBZ st +VMZ "T JT DVTUPNBSZ JO UIF +5% B DFSUJöDBUF PG QBSUJDJQBUJPO BOE QSPHSBNNF DPNQMFUJPO TJHOFE CZ UIF 7"44 UIF "'% UIF *3% UIF &'&0 BOE UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT XBT BXBSEFE UP FBDI USBJOFF BU UIF FOE PG UIF TFTTJPO
Profile of the Trainees 5IF TFMFDUJOH PG USBJOFFT XBT BHBJO QBSUJDVMBSMZ EJóDVMU UIJT ZFBS BT DBOEJEBUFT BQQMJFE GPS POMZ QMBDFT 5IJT TFMFDUJPO QSPDFTT XBT EFFNFE OFDFTTBSZ JO PSEFS UP QSFTFSWF B TUSPOH HSPVQ dynamic and a relevant pedagogical approach during the workshops at Tam Đảo. *O UPUBM UIFSF XFSF OFBSMZ QBSUJDJQBOUT JO UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT BU UIF 7"44 5IF BQQMJDBUJPO GPSNT TVCNJUUFE BMMPX VT UP ESBX UIF GPMMPXJOH QSPöMF ¦ " IJHI QSPQPSUJPO PG XPNFO PG UIF USBJOFFT ¦ " ZPVOH QVCMJD CFUXFFO BOE ZFBST PG BHF CFUXFFO BOE ZFBST PG BHF CFUXFFO BOE ZFBST PG BHF BOE PWFS ¦ " HSFBU EJWFSTJUZ PG TUBUVTFT BOE MFWFMT PG FEVDBUJPO .BTUFS T .BTUFS T BOE UFBDIFS .BTUFS T BOE EFWFMPQNFOU EPDUPSBUF TUVEFOU EPDUPS EPDUPSBUF TUVEFOU BOE UFBDIFS̓ SFTFBSDIFS SFTFBSDIFS BOE UFBDIFS UFBDIFS BOE EFWFMPQNFOU EFWFMPQNFOU QSBDUJUJPOFS ¦ .VMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSJUZ TPDJPMPHZ BOUISPQPMPHZ BOE TPDJP BOUISPQPMPHZ FDPOPNZ TUBUJTUJDT EFNPHSBQIZ HFPHSBQIZ IJTUPSZ QPMJUJDBM TDJFODFT NBOBHFNFOU EFWFMPQNFOU MFHBM TDJFODFT DPNQVUFS TDJFODF ¦ 5IF NBKPSJUZ PG QBSUJDJQBOUT XFSF GSPN )Ë /̘J FOSPMMFE CVU UIF 4PVUI PG 7J̏U /BN XBT BMTP XFMM SFQSFTFOUFE )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ FOSPMMFE $˿O 5Iˌ FOSPMMFE PUIFS USBJOFFT XFSF GSPN UIF QSPWJODFT PG -ËP $BJ BOE 7ǡOI 1IÞD JO UIF /PSUIFSO SFHJPO )V̋ åË /̆OH BOE /IB̓5SBOH GPS UIF $FOUSF BOE $FOUSF 4PVUI SFHJPOT ¦ " SFHJPOBM PQFOOFTT $BNCPEJB -BPT 5IBJMBOE ¦ *OTUJUVUJPOBM QMVSBMJTN t 7J̏U /BN 7"44 5SBJOJOH *OTUJUVUF 7J̏U /BN &DPOPNJD *OTUJUVUF "447 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU *OTUJUVUF PG UIF /PSUI 7"44 )Ë /̘J /BUJPOBM 6OJWFSTJUZ *OTUJUVUF GPS )VNBO Research (VASS); Institute of Anthropology (VASS); Institute of Sociology (VASS); Institute of Population and Societies (VASS); Institute of Research and Cultures (VASS); Institute of Philosophy; École normale PG )Ë /̘J .VTFVN PG &UIOPMPHZ )Ë /̘J *OTUJUVUF GPS UIF 4UVEZ PG &OWJSPONFOUBM 4DJFODFT BOE 4PDJBM "òBJST )Ë /̘J *OTUJUVUF PG $IJOFTF 3FTFBSDI 7"44 $FOUSF 3FHJPO *OTUJUVUF GPS 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU 4UVEJFT 7"44 -Ð 2Vâ åÙO 6OJWFSTJUZ )Ë /̘J *OTUJUVUF PG 4PVUIFBTU "TJBO 3FTFBSDI 7"44 7ǡOI 1IÞD Ecole Supérieure -ËP $BJ $VMUVSF 4QPSUT BOE 5PVSJTN 4FSWJDF $FOUSF GPS UIF 4UVEZ BOE %FWFMPNFOU PG 4PDJBM "òBJST )V̋ %VZ 5ÉO 6OJWFSTJUZ åË /̆OH )JHIMBOET 3FTFBSDI *OTUJUVUF Ecole supérieure of Culture Arts and Tourism /IB 5SBOH Ecole polytechnique PG )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ 5I̟ %˿V .̘U 6OJWFSTJUZ #JOI %ˍˌOH $FOUSF GPS 6SCBO BOE %FWFMPQNFOU 4UVEJFT $&'63% )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG )VNBO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
BOE 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT PG )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ *OTUJUVUF PG 3FTFBSDI JOUP %FWFMPQNFOU )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 3FTPVSDFT BOE UIF &OWJSPONFOU )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ 4FSWJDF PG 4DJFODF BOE 5FDIOPMPHZ )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ *OTUJUVUF PG 1PMJUJDT BOE "ENJOJTUSBUJPO $˿O 5Iˌ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $˿O 5Iˌ t $BNCPEJB *OTUJUVUF PG 5FDIOPMPHZ 3PZBM 6OJWFSTJUZ PG -BX BOE &DPOPNJD 4DJFODFT Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie; t -BPT "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT t 5IBJMBOE $IVMBMPOHLPSO 6OJWFSTJUZ 6CPO 3BUDIBOUIBOJ 6OJWFSTJUZ 'JOBMMZ XF DBOOPU DPODMVEF UIJT TIPSU JOUSPEVDUJPO XJUIPVU BOOPVODJOH UIF OFYU 5BN å˽P 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 4VNNFS 4DIPPM UIBU XJMM UBLF QMBDF GSPN th UP th +VMZ BU UIF åË -˼U IJMM TUBUJPO JO̓UIF $FOUSBM )JHIMBOET SFHJPO PG 7J̏U /BN UIJT TFWFOUI FEJUJPO XJMM DPODFSO B TVCKFDU UIBU JT KVTU BT FYDJUJOH i1FSDFQUJPO BOE .BOBHFNFOU PG 3JTLTw Stéphane Lagrée
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Acknowledgements The institutional synergy sealed by a four-year partnership agreement gives the Tam Đảo Summer 4DIPPM 8FFL B SFHJPOBM SFBDI PO UIF TDBMF PG 4PVUIFBTU "TJB BOE CFZPOE BOE GPS UIJT XF XPVME MJLF UP UIBOL 7J̏U /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT "HFODF 'SBOÎBJTF EF %ÏWFMPQQFNFOU "'% o 3FTFBSDI %FQBSUNFOU ²DPMF GSBOÎBJTF E &YUSÐNF 0SJFOU ²'&0 M *OTUJUVU EF 3FDIFSDIF QPVS MF %ÏWFMPQQFNFOU *3% o %JSFDUJPO GPS UIF 1SPHSBN GPS 3FTFBSDI BOE 5SBJOJOH JO UIF 4PVUI 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT BT XFMM BT UIF "HFODF 6OJWFSTJUBJSF EF MB 'SBODPQIPOJF This publication is indebted to Philippe Cabin for his recommendations and it is important GPS VT UP UIBOL 4VQQPSU GPS ,OPXMFEHF .BOBHFNFOU BU "'% GPS UIF RVBMJUZ PG PVS FYDIBOHFT with them. 8F FYUFOE BMM PG PVS HSBUJUVEF UP UIF FOUJSF UFBN PG USBJOFST GPS UIFJS TDJFOUJöD BOE QFEBHPHJDBM DPOUSJCVUJPOT EVSJOH UIF PSHBOJTBUJPO FYFDVUJPO BOE JNQSPWFNFOU PG UIJT ZFBS T 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL $BUIFSJOF #BSPO +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS "ZNFSJD #MBOD 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY 1JFSSF $BSJPV $ISJTUPQIF $MV[FBV $MBVEF EF .JSBT "MFYJT %SPHPVM +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF $MÏNFOU 'SFOPVY #FOPJU (BVEPV $ISJTUPQIF (JSPOEF "SOBVE (SJHOBSE 1BUSJDF (VJMMPUSFBV /HVZ̎O .˼OI )áOH :WFT 1FSSBVEFBV .JSFJMMF 3B[BöOESBLPUP 'SBOÎPJT 3PVCBVE 1BUSJDL 5BJMMBOEJFS +PTÏ 5JTTJFS 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS BOE 7Ü å̠D ¬O The work involved in transcribing the sessions and workshops is a particularly long and arduous UBTL BOE PVS UIBOLT HP UP UIPTF XIP NBEF UIF FòPSU UP QSPWJEF TVDI RVBMJUZ UFYUT +FBO 7FSMZ QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT BOE XPSLTIPQ &4$ 3PVFO BOE EJQMPNB JO NPEFSO MJUFSBUVSF BU 1BSJT 4PSCPOOF -FOB ,ÏSBWFD XPSLTIPQ EJQMPNB GSPN 3FOOFT 6OJWFSTJUZ ** BOE GSPN UIF *OTUJUVU 3ÏHJPOBM EV 1BUSJNPJOF *31" &NNBOVFM 1BOOJFS XPSLTIPQ 1I % $BOEJEBUF JO "OUISPQPMPHZ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1SPWFODF :PVTTFG 0VBMJ -BBMBNJ XPSLTIPQ . " JO 0SHBOJTBUJPOBM .BOBHFNFOU 'JOBMMZ XF XPVME MJLF UP DPOHSBUVMBUF UIF JOUFSQSFUFST BOE USBOTMBUPST XIP IBWF BDDPNQBOJFE UIJT +5% 5S˿O 5Ȋ 1IˍˌOH 5I˽P ,J̌V 5Ȋ 5IVâ 2VȅOI BOE /HVZ̎O 7J̏U 5J̋O 6OJWFSTJUZ PG )Ë̓ /̘J -Ð 5IBOI .BJ 7JFUOBNFTF .JOJTUSZ PG 'PSFJHO "òBJST /HÙ 5Ȋ )̕OH -BO /BUJPOBM &DPOPNJDT 6OJWFSTJUZ %BWJE 4NJUI BOE .BSZ (MÏNPU GSFFMBODF USBOTMBUPST
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Opening Remarks 7Ăœ ,IĂˆOI 7JOI Vice-President of the VASS, Director of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences +FBO .BSD (SBWFMMJOJ Director, AFD, Viᝇt Nam Olivier Tessier Representative of the EFEO in Viᝇt Nam +FBO 1BTDBM 5PSSĂ?UPO Representative of the IRD in Viᝇt Nam :WFT 1FSSBVEFBV University Professor, Head of the mission of the University of Nantes in Viᝇt Nam and Southeast Asia 0MJWJFS (BSSP Director, Asia-Pacific, AUF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Opening Remarks by
7Ăœ ,IĂˆOI 7JOI
Vice-President of the VASS, Director of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences Honoured guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, lecturers and representatives of the French and Vietnamese research institutes and establishments, Dear Participants, In the name of the VASS and its training *OTUJUVUF * XPVME ĂśSTU PG BMM MJLF UP PòFS ZPV B IFBSUGFMU XFMDPNF *U T B HSFBU QMFBTVSF GPS NF UP XFMDPNF PVS IJTUPSJD QBSUOFST UIF Agence Française de DĂŠveloppement UIF Institut de Recherche pour le DĂŠveloppement UIF École française d’ExtrĂŞme-Orient and the University PG /BOUFT GPS UIJT TJYUI FEJUJPO PG UIF 5BN ĂĽË˝P 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 4VNNFS 4DIPPM BMTP SFGFSSFE UP BT UIF +5% #FZPOE UIF ĂśOBODJBM TVQQPSU the cooperation that has been established has been marked by the sending of experts and lecturers to Tam Ä?ảo in the framework of both the plenary sessions and the thematic workshops. This dimension truly enhances the sharing of experiences with both the Vietnamese trainees and those from other OFJHICPVSJOH DPVOUSJFT $BNCPEJB -BPT BOE Thailand. 0VS QMBUGPSN GPS FYDIBOHFT XIJDI JT enhanced by these trilingual publications o 7JFUOBNFTF 'SFODI BOE &OHMJTI o JT UIF concrete result of Franco-Vietnamese DPPQFSBUJPO JO UIF ĂśFMET PG TDJFOUJĂśD USBJOJOH
and research. This model of cooperation is particularly appreciated by French and Vietnamese social sciences as it allows us to make our contribution to academic excellence. What are the principal assets of this summer school? – The themes developed on a yearly basis bring some answers to the big regional and international issues concerning Southeast Asia; – The format is adapted to favour its multidisciplinary aspect and cross-cutting analysis; – Each edition results in an academic trilingual publication that is published shortly after; o 5IF WJTJCJMJUZ BOE SFQVUBUJPO PG UIF +5% JODSFBTFT FWFSZ ZFBS JG XF BSF UP HP CZ UIF number of applications received. 5IF +5% DPODFSOT “Water and its Many Issues, Methods and Cross-cutting Analysisâ€?. 5IJT RVFTUJPO JT DSJUJDBM BOE GPMMPXT PO GSPN UIF 4JYUI *OUFSOBUJPOBM 8BUFS 'PSVN XIJDI XBT PSHBOJTFE JO .BSTFJMMFT 'SBODF MBTU .BSDI .BOZ EJòFSFOU TVCKFDUT DBO CF MJOLFE UP UIJT UIFNF BDDFTT UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS BOE sanitation; the protection and sharing of XBUFS SFTPVSDFT UIF ĂśHIU BHBJOTU QPMMVUJPO and the reduction of public health risks; food BOE FOFSHZ TFDVSJUZ CVU BMTP BOE NBZCF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
FTQFDJBMMZ DPOøJDUT BOE UIFJS NBOBHFNFOU concerning cross-border cooperation. )FSF UPEBZ BOE GPS UIF OFYU UFO EBZT XF IBWF gathered together about ninety Vietnamese and foreign trainees. The VASS welcomes all USBJOFFT GSPN -BPT $BNCPEJB BOE 5IBJMBOE UIPTF GSPN UIF -BPT *OTUJUVUF PG 4PDJBM Sciences; those from the Royal University PG -BX BOE 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT UIPTF GSPN the Institute of Technologies in Cambodia and those from the Thai universities Ubon Ratchanthani and Chulalongkorn. 7JFUOBNFTF USBJOFFT BSF GPS UIFJS QBSU attached to multiple structures present in CPUI UIF /PSUI BOE 4PVUI PG UIF DPVOUSZ UIF 7"44 UIF ²DPMF /PSNBMF JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG )Ă‹ /Ě˜J UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5IĚ&#x; %ËżV .Ě˜U JO UIF QSPWJODF PG #Ă–OI %Ë?ËŒOH UIF $ËżO
5IËŒ "DBEFNZ PG "ENJOJTUSBUJPO BOE 1PMJUJDT BOE UIF 1PMZUFDIOJD *OTUJUVUF JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ FUD We expect an active and serious participation GSPN PVS +5% USBJOFFT JO CPUI UIF QMFOBSZ sessions and in the workshops and also in the GSBNFXPSL PG UIF ĂśFME XPSL TUVEJFT I would like to thank our French partners for UIFJS EJòFSFOU GPSNT PG IFMQ HJWFO UP UIF +5% BT XFMM BT UP UIF UFBN PG JOUFSQSFUFST BOE naturally the Francophone cooperation cell at UIF 7"44 XIJDI IBT PSHBOJTFE UIJT BNCJUJPVT regional programme. I wish the Tam Ä?ảo Social Sciences Summer 4DIPPM HPPE IFBMUI BOE TVDDFTT Thank you.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Opening Remarks by
+FBO .BSD (SBWFMMJOJ Director, AFD, Việt Nam Dear Vice-President of the Việt Nam Academy of Social Sciences, dear teachers, trainees, colleagues and friends, * TIPVME öSTU BOE GPSFNPTU MJLF UP TBZ IPX IBQQZ * BN UP CF QBSUJDJQBUJOH GPS UIF öSTU time in this sixth edition of the Tam Đảo SFHJPOBM TVNNFS TDIPPM JO TPDJBM TDJFODFT which is also referred to as “Tam Đảo Summer 4DIPPM 8FFLw PS i+5%w Journées de Tam Đảo BOE IBT CFFO IFME BOOVBMMZ TJODF BOE shows all the signs of being a continuing TVDDFTT * BN BMTP IBQQZ CFDBVTF UIF +5% constitute an intensive training period for ZPVOH SFTFBSDIFST CPUI JO 7J̏U /BN BOE JO OFJHICPVSJOH DPVOUSJFT o -BPT $BNCPEJB Thailand – where they are taught by experienced academics. I should also like to emphasise the regional dimension of this NVMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSZ USBJOJOH DPVSTF XIJDI JT based upon both practical and theoretical TDJFOUJöD MFBSOJOH BOE JT CPUI SJDI JO EFCBUF BOE FYDIBOHFT PG FYQFSJFODFT "OE öOBMMZ *̓BN IBQQZ CFDBVTF UIF +5% BSF UIF GSVJU PG UIF DPPSEJOBUJPO CFUXFFO EJòFSFOU QBSUOFST UIF 7"44 XIJDI JT XFMDPNJOH VT UPEBZ UIF *3% UIF &'&0 UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT UIF AUF and the AFD. 5IJT ZFBS T UIFNF “Water and its Many Issues” is a key issue which has been the topic PG TFWFSBM̓ NBKPS FWFOUT PWFS UIF MBTU GFX NPOUIT TVDI BT UIF th World Water Forum XIJDI HBUIFSFE UPHFUIFS JO .BSTFJMMFT
GSPN th UP th .BSDI NPSF UIBO ̓ participants who reflected upon “Time for 4PMVUJPOTw PS NPSF MPDBMMZ UIF TDSFFOJOH JO TFWFSBM DPVOUSJFT PG :BOO "SUIVT #FSUSBOE T MBUFTU öMN “Our Thirsty World” *O 7J̏U /BN UIJT öMN XBT TIPXO PO UIF th of May at UIF 'SFODI $VMUVSBM $FOUSF l’Espace )Ë /̘J *U XBT GPMMPXFE CZ B EFCBUF MFE CZ 5SBO 2VBOH )VOH UIF (FOFSBM 4FDSFUBSZ PG UIF 7J̏U /BN 8BUFS 4VQQMZ BOE 4FXBHF "TTPDJBUJPO BOE +FBO 1BTDBM 5PSSÏUPO SFQSFTFOUBUJWF PG UIF *3% 5IF EPDVNFOUBSZ XBT öMNFE JO UXFOUZ EJòFSFOU DPVOUSJFT BOE JT BCPVU UIF mysterious and fascinating world of fresh XBUFS XIJDI JT SFWFBMFE UP VT UIBOLT UP TPNF TQFDUBDVMBS JNBHFT öMNFE JO SFHJPOT UIBU BSF seldom seen. As well as revealing some of UIF NPTU CFBVUJGVM MBOETDBQFT PG PVS QMBOFU this documentary allows those who are engaged in the cause and who innovate to FYQSFTT UIFNTFMWFT JO PSEFS UP CSJOH XBUFS UP QMBDFT XIFSF JU JT TDBSDF UP VTF JU JO B NPSF JOUFMMJHFOU NBOOFS UP QVSJGZ JU PS CFUUFS TUJMM to stop polluting it. 8BUFS JT POF PG UIF NBKPS TUBLFT GPS PVS QMBOFU ̓ GPS JUT JOIBCJUBOUT TVQQPSU BOE EFWFMPQNFOU PSHBOJTBUJPOT SFTFBSDI BOE of course for the activities of the AFD in this region. As far as the theme of your research JT DPODFSOFE UIF "'% JT JOEFFE DMPTFMZ following several national and regional QSPKFDUT UIBU DPODFSO
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
- The integrated water resources management through the promotion of BO FRVJUBCMF XBUFS VTBHF JO UIF CJH SJWFS CBTJOT TVDI BT UIF .FLPOH BOE UIF 3FE River; - The development of irrigation in agriculture; - Hydroelectric production; - Access to drinking water for urban and rural populations; - Health care preventing risks of water borne diseases; - Management of the risks linked to climate DIBOHF BOE NPSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIF รถHIU against the risk of flooding and natural disasters; - The anticipation of conflict risks concerning access to water; 5IF NPOJUPSJOH PG รถTIJOH [POFT JO UIF NBSJUJNF [POF 5IF RVFTUJPO PG XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO JT UIVT B NBKPS JOUFSOBUJPOBM JTTVF UIBU IBT B EJSFDU JODJEFODF PO IFBMUI UIF FOWJSPONFOU QPWFSUZ SFEVDUJPO BOE BMTP HFOEFS FRVBMJUZ *O UIF ZFBS TUBUFT DPNNJUUFE themselves to the framework of the .JMMFOOJVN %FWFMPQNFOU (PBMT .%(T in order to halve the percentage of the population without permanent access to drinking water and sanitation. 4JODF 'SBODF via JUT EJรฒFSFOU BHFODJFT GPS รถOBODJBM DPPQFSBUJPO UIF "'% BOE UIF 'SFODI 5SFBTVSZ IBT CFFO MFBEJOH UIJSUZ PS TP QSPKFDUT JO 7Jฬ U /BN JO UIF EPNBJOT of water and sanitation which represent BMNPTU &63 . PG รถOBODJBM DPNNJUNFOUT 8IFUIFS JU CF JO UIF CBTJOT PG UIF .FLPOH UIF %POH /BJ PS UIF 3FE 3JWFS UIF "'% IBT TVQQPSUFE QSPKFDUT BJNJOH BU B CFUUFS TIBSJOH distribution and control of water. The agency also supports a programme for the extension
and improvement of the drinking water network in the towns and cities of the Mekong %FMUB 4JODF UIF "'% IBT DBSSJFE PVU QSPKFDUT JO UIF EPNBJO PG XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO JO 7Jฬ U /BN XIJDI SFQSFTFOU รถOBODJBM DPNNJUNFOUT PG NPSF UIBO &63อ . 5IF Direction Gรฉnรฉrale du Trรฉsor IBT รถOBODFE QSPKFDUT GPS UIF USFBUNFOU PG ESJOLJOH XBUFS and sanitation in diverse cities and provinces UISPVHIPVU 7Jฬ U /BN GPS B UPUBM BNPVOU PG &63 . 5IF 'SFODI QMBZFST JO UIF XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO TFDUPS XIFUIFS UIFZ CF QMBZFST JO UIF JOUFHSBUFE NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF CBTJO 'SFODI MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT /PO (PWFSONFOUBM 0SHBOJTBUJPOT QSPGFTTJPOBMT JOอ UIF XBUFS sector or research and development PSHBOJTBUJPOT BSF BMM BTTPDJBUFE XJUI EJรฒFSFOU TUBHFT PG UIF QSPKFDU PS TUSBUFHJD UIJOLJOH 0WFS UIF MBTU GFX ZFBST 7Jฬ U /BN IBT NBEF DPOTJEFSBCMF QSPHSFTT JO BUUBJOJOH UIF .%(T JO PG SVSBM QPQVMBUJPOT IBE BDDFTT UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS DPNQBSFE UP JO )PXFWFS UIF JODSFBTF JO EFNBOE GPS XBUFS GPS VSCBO JOEVTUSJBM BOE BHSJDVMUVSBM VTBHF is raising new challenges. Climate change is BMTP IBWJOH B EJTSVQUJWF FรฒFDU PO UIF OBUVSBM balance. 5P DPODMVEF * TIPVME MJLF UP FNQIBTJTF UIF JNQPSUBODF PG ZPVS SFTFBSDI XPSL XIJDI XJMM allow us to take into account all the strategic and operational dimensions that characterise UIF XBUFS TFDUPS BOE UP SFWJFX BOE BEKVTU PVS aid policy in this sector. "MMPX NF รถOBMMZ UP BQQMBVE UIF FYDFMMFOU XPSL PG UIF +5% PSHBOJTFST SFBรณSN UIF "'% T TVQQPSU GPS UIFN BOE XJTI ZPV FWFSZ TVDDFTT GPS ZPVS XFFL PG SFรธFDUJPO BOE SFTFBSDI XIJDI * BN DFSUBJO XJMM CF GSVJUGVM Thank you.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Opening Remarks by
Olivier Tessier
Representative of the EFEO in Viᝇt Nam I am very happy to be participating in this sixth FEJUJPO PG UIF +5% 0WFS UIF ZFBST UIJT BOOVBM event has become a key event of FrancoVietnamese social sciences cooperation to the point that its reputation has gone beyond UIF CPSEFST PG 7JĚ?U /BN BOE JT OPX BUUSBDUJOH participants from other countries in the SFHJPO #FGPSF * TQFBL BCPVU UIF TQFDJBM UJFT CFUXFFO UIF +5% BOE UIF &'&0 * XPVME MJLF to say a few words about the latter. 5IF &'&0 JT BO PME JOTUJUVUJPO UIBU JO TQJUF PG FWFSZUIJOH IBT TVDDFFEFE JO TUBZJOH iZPVOHw *U XBT DSFBUFE JO JO 4BJHPO BOE UIFO PQFOFE JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J JO o UIF ZFBS UIF DJUZ became the capital of Indochina – at number PG UIF TUSFFU UIBU JT OPX DBMMFE -â 5IË?ĚšOH ,JĚ?U XIJDI VQ UP B WFSZ TIPSU UJNF BHP XBT home to the Institute of Social Sciences *OGPSNBUJPO 7JĚ?O 5IĂ™OH UJO "447 'PMMPXJOH UIF PQFOJOH PG 7JĚ?U /BN JO UIF T BOE after an interruption of more than three EFDBEFT UIF TDIPPM PODF BHBJO PQFOFE JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J JO BOE TFUUMFE JOUP UIF QSFNJTFT JU OPX PDDVQJFT BU OÂĄÍƒ " YĂ˜N )Ëź )Ě•J JO 5IF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J DFOUSF XIJDI JT QBSU PG B OFUXPSL PG &'&0 DFOUFST JO "TJB CPBTUT B MJCSBSZ PG BCPVU QVCMJDMZ BDDFTTJCMF TPDJBM TDJFODF XPSLT IJTUPSZ BOUISPQPMPHZ BSDIBFPMPHZ BOE B QVCMJTIJOH TFSWJDF 5IF DFOUSF T QVCMJDBUJPOT DBO CF QMBDFE JO UIF framework of three collections (Bibliothèque vietnamienne, Documents pour servir Ă
l’histoire de l’Asie and Pistes d’histoire) and a special issue series (twenty-three works and seven electronic editions). The team of three tenured researchers (two historians and one BOUISPQPMPHJTU BTTJHOFE UP UIF DFOUSF IBWF B EVBM NJTTJPO UIF ĂśSTU BJNT BU TDJFOUJĂśD QSPEVDUJPO UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG SFTFBSDI BOE UIF USBJOJOH PG GVUVSF SFTFBSDIFST UIF TFDPOE the preservation of tangible and intangible IFSJUBHF JT TQFDJĂśD UP UIF IJTUPSZ PG UIF TDIPPM BOE JUT TQFDJBMJTFE EJTDJQMJOBSZ ĂśFMET IJTUPSZ BOUISPQPMPHZ BSDIBFPMPHZ QIJMPMPHZ TUVEJFT of religions and beliefs). This dichotomy is reflected in the range PG TDJFOUJĂśD QSPKFDUT DBSSJFE PVU PWFS UIF last twenty or so years and the diversity of TDJFOUJĂśD QBSUOFSTIJQT UIBU JU IBT DSFBUFE over the years. Without drawing up an FYIBVTUJWF MJTU BMMPX NF UP NFOUJPO UIF QSJODJQBM POFT UIF 7JFUOBN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 7"44 ĂśSTU PG BMM XIJDI JT UIF &'&0 T JOTUJUVUJPOBM QBSUOFS JO 7JĚ?U /BN BOE B OFUXPSL PG QBSUOFST TQFDJĂśDBMMZ NPCJMJTFE BDDPSEJOH UP PVS QSPKFDUT TVDI BT UIF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 5IF "TTPDJBUJPO PG )JTUPSJBOT PG 7JĚ?U /BN UIF /BUJPOBM "SDIJWFT UIF /BUJPOBM -JCSBSZ UIF $FOUSF GPS the Preservation of the Heritage of the Thăng-POH )Ă‹ /Ě˜J $JUBEFMMF UIF $IÇŠN .VTFVN JO ĂĽĂ‹ /̆OH UIF -Ă‹P $BJ BOE 2VË˝OH /HĂ?J 1PQVMBS $PNNJUUFFT FUD
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
4JODF JUT SFPQFOJOH UIF DFOUSF IBT DBSSJFE PVU BOE DPNQMFUFE GPVS TDJFOUJĂśD QSPHSBNNFT - ÂŤÂ Programme Village  B NVMUJ disciplinary programme participating in the renewal of the classical approach adopted by Vietnamese rural studies; - Cooperation with the Chăm Sculpture Museum in Ä?Ă Náşľng SFTUPSBUJPO PG BSU XPSLT USBJOJOH PG NVTFVN TUBò XJUIJO UIF framework of FSP museum studies; '41 1SPKFDU ÂŤÂ Appui Ă la recherche sur les enjeux de la transition ĂŠconomique et sociale du Viᝇt Nam  'SBODP Vietnamese development and guidance in UIF ĂśFME PG TPDJBM TDJFODFT -Ă‹P $BJ 1SPKFDU ÂŤÂ Programme conservatoire des pĂŠtroglyphes de Sapa et histoire du haut fleuve Rouge  *OWFOUPSZ DBSUPHSBQIZ and study of the engraved rocks of Sapa; documenting and study of ancient NBOVTDSJQUT DPOTFSWFE CZ UIF :BP FUIOJD HSPVQ JO UIF -Ă‹P $BJ QSPWJODF NBOVTDSJQUT JEFOUJĂśFE EJHJUJTFE "T XFMM BT ĂśWF FEJUPSJBM QSPKFDUT 5SJMJOHVBM SF FEJUJPO PG )FOSJ 0HFS T ÂŤÂ Technique du Peuple Annamite  JOUSPEVDUPSZ CPPL BDDPNQBOJFE CZ QMBUFT HSPVQJOH UPHFUIFS ESBXJOHT translation into romanised Vietnamese of UIF MFHFOET JO $IJOFTF )ĂˆO BOE EFNPUJD /Ă™N DIBSBDUFST - ÂŤÂ Publication de l’inventaire et du corpus intĂŠgral des inscriptions sur stèles du Viᝇt Nam  QSPKFDU BTTPDJBUJOH UIF &'&0 UIF̓ &1)& BOE UIF *OTUJUVUF )ĂˆO /Ă™N studies for the digitalisation and publication PG ̓ SVCCJOHT PG JOTDSJQUJPOT JO DIBSBDUFST PO TUFMFT ĂśSTU EPOF CZ UIF &'&0 ̓ WPMVNFT FBDI DPOUBJOJOH ̓ ̓SVCCJOHT BOE ̓DBUBMPHVF WPMVNFT
- Publication of the complete version of ÂŤÂ GĂŠographie descriptive de l’empereur Ä?áť“ng KhĂĄnh  DPMPVS NBQT QBHFT PG RVBESJ MJOHVBM $IJOFTF 7JFUOBNFTF French-English text); &MFDUSPOJD SF FEJUJPO PG DPQJFT PG UIF Bulletin des Amis du vieux Huáşż QBHFT PG UFYUT JMMVTUSBUJPOT - ÂŤ Documents pour servir Ă l’histoire de l’Asie  digitilisation and electronic re-edition of old and rare Vietnamese periodicals. Up to OPX UIF &'&0 VOEFS UIF QBUSPOBHF PG UIF BTTPDJBUJPO PG )JTUPSJBOT PG 7JĚ?U /BN IBT SF FEJUFE ĂśWF QFSJPEJDBMT JO UIFJS UPUBMJUZ Tri Tân; Thanh-Ngháť‹; Sáť Ä?áť‹a (Saigon); Văn Sáť Ä?áť‹a )Ă‹ /Ě˜J BOE Ä?ấi Háť?c SĆ° Phấm UIBU JT UP TBZ B UPUBM WPMVNF PG BCPVU QBHFT 8F BSF DVSSFOUMZ JOWPMWFE JO ĂśWF TDJFOUJĂśD QSPKFDUT - Programme ÂŤ Les Marches du Royaume du Ä?ấi-Viᝇt Âť. A study of cultural relationships and of the transformations of societies and space. History and anthropology of the eastern side of the peninsula (XVth - XXth centuries); - ÂŤ Projet archĂŠologique et historique: fouilles de la citĂŠ impĂŠriale de Thăng-Long (HĂ Náť™i) . Heritage conservation and development support of the excavated site; 1SPKFDU ÂŤ Édition et prĂŠservation du patrimoine ĂŠcrit et photographique . Preservation and re-edition of old documents and rare periodicals. Publication of research tools and guides; 1SPKFDU ÂŤ Histoire et patrimoine de la rĂŠgion centrale du Vietnam: ĂŠtude de la muraille de Quảng NgĂŁi - BĂŹnh Ä?áť‹nh Âť 3FTFBSDI QSPKFU BOE USBJOJOH JO IJTUPSZ BSDIBFPMPHZ BOE anthropology;
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
1SPKFDU ÂŤ Le Viᝇt Nam, une sociĂŠtĂŠ de l’eau Âť. Anthropological and historical study about State/peasantry relationships examined through the prism of hydraulics (XVIIIth-XXth centuries). The reorganisation of the EFEO in Viᝇt Nam 'SPN 4FQUFNCFS UXP PG PVS UFOVSFE TUBò "OESFX )BSEZ BOE 1IJMJQQF -F 'BJMMFS BSF HPJOH UP SFUVSO UP UIF TDIPPM T IFBERVBSUFST JO 1BSJT GPS B GFX ZFBST 5IF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J DFOUFS will then only have one tenured member of TUBò * NZTFMG XIP XJMM SFQSFTFOU UIF &'&0 JO 7JĚ?U /BN BT XFMM BT B DPOUSBDUFE SFTFBSDIFS 4UĂ?QIBOF -BHSĂ?F XIPN JU JT OP MPOHFS necessary to introduce to you‌ "U UIF TBNF UJNF BT UIJT TUBò SFEVDUJPO JO UIF /PSUI B OFX QSPKFDU JT HPJOH UP CFHJO JO UIF 4PVUI *U XJMM CF MFE CZ 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY &1)& XIP XJMM CF BTTJHOFE UP )Ě• $IĂ“ Minh City for two years. The EFEO will share QSFNJTFT XJUI UIF "'% GPS UIJT QSPKFDU 5IJT OFX TDJFOUJĂśD QSPKFDU FOUJUMFE ÂŤÂ Comprendre la culture et l’environnement du Sud Viᝇt Nam: perspectives historiques, approches contemporaines  TFUT PVU UP EFWFMPQ B multi-disciplinary analysis of State/peasantry WJFXFE PWFS UIF MPOH UFSN QBSUJDVMBSMZ from the standpoint of water management BOE UIF DPORVFTU BOE EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF Mekong Delta.
What are the existing links between the JTD and the EFEO in Viᝇt Nam? 'JSTU PG BMM PO CFIBMG PG UIF &'&0 * EFWFMPQFE and managed for one and a half years the '41̓ QSPKFDU ÂŤÂ Appui Ă la recherche sur les enjeux de la transition ĂŠconomique et sociale au Vietnam , which was itself at the source PG UIF +5% MBVODIFE CZ JUT iIJTUPSJDBMw GPVOEFS 4UĂ?QIBOF -BHSĂ?F 4FDPOEMZ UIF &'&0 QBSUJDJQBUFT XJUI UIF 7"44 UIF "'% UIF *3% BOE UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT JO UIF TDJFOUJĂśD QPMJDZ PG FBDI FEJUJPO via its steering committee and contributes ĂśOBODJBM TVQQPSU 'JOBMMZ UIF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J DFOUSF IBT CFFO EJSFDUMZ implicated in the activities and guidance QSPQPTFE CZ UIF +5% TJODF JUT WFSZ PVUTFU -FDUVSFT JO QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT 1IJMJQQF -F 'BJMMFS BOE 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS 0SHBOJTBUJPO PG XPSLTIPQT 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS has been co-organising and facilitating the ÂŤÂ Atelier sur les mĂŠthodes d’enquĂŞtes en socioanthropologie  GPS UIF QBTU ĂśWF ZFBST GSPN UP 8F DBO POMZ XJTI MPOH MJGF UP UIF +5% BOE IPQF UIBU UIJT OPWFM FYQFSJNFOU JO 7JĚ?U /BN and in the region inspires new initiatives and GPSNT PG DPPQFSBUJPO XPSLJOH UPXBSET UIF development of social sciences and a better understanding of both past and present Southeast Asian societies.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Opening Remarks by
+FBO 1BTDBM 5PSSĂ?UPO Representative of the IRD in Viᝇt Nam Dear Vice-President of the Viᝇt Nam Academy of Social Sciences, dear colleagues and participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, The IRD and its partners have been involved in this social sciences summer school since JUT JODFQUJPO JO BOE BSF PODF BHBJO UIJT ZFBS IBQQZ UP CF QBSU PG UIJT BOOVBM TDJFOUJĂśD FWFOU XIJDI JT PG VUNPTU JNQPSUBODF GPS researchers and post-graduate students in this domain. This partnership between French institutes BOE VOJWFSTJUJFT BOE UIF 7JĚ?U /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT XIJDI XBT JOJUJBUFE BOE IBT been maintained thanks to the continuing EFNBOE PG UIF 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 7"44 converges with the wishes of the IRD and the Agence inter-ĂŠtablissements de recherche (AIRD) to involve even more their partners JO UIF TPVUI PG UIF DPVOUSZ JO UIF EFĂśOJOH PG DPNNPO PCKFDUJWFT JO BO FUIJDBM BQQSPBDI to the partnership. It is in this spirit that the IRD is now asking its partners to sign a charter PG QBSUOFSTIJQ UIBU DPOUBJOT UIFTF QSJODJQMFT and it is a pleasure for me to remind you that UIF (SBEVBUF "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT BU UIF 7"44 JT UIF ĂśSTU QBSUOFS GSPN UIF 4PVUI UP IBWF TJHOFE JU 5IF "'% XIJDI JT BMTP BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIJT FWFOU JT GVSUIFSNPSF UIF ĂśSTU QBSUOFS GSPN UIF /PSUI UP IBWF TJHOFE JU This training event aims to transfer an approach both to research and
methodologies that will be useful to the TDJFOUJĂśD NBOBHFST PG UPNPSSPX XIPTF BOBMZTFT XJMM QSPWJEF UIF̓ EFĂśOJUJPO PG the public policies which aim to reply to the development stakes. This transfer of knowledge and competences is at the heart PG PVS JOTUJUVUF T NJTTJPOT The inter-disciplinary approach to the themes and methods that is favoured by the PSHBOJTFST JO PSEFS UP SFOEFS UIF EFCBUFT NPSF GFSUJMF JT FRVBMMZ JO BHSFFNFOU XJUI PVS JOTUJUVUF T TQJSJU PG JOUFSWFOUJPO 'JOBMMZ UIF SFHJPOBM DIBSBDUFS PG UIJT BOOVBM event helps with the development and BOJNBUJPO PG SFHJPOBM SFTFBSDI EZOBNJDT which also corresponds with the missions that the IRD has set itself. 5IJT ZFBS T DIPTFO UIFNF “Water and its Many Issuesâ€? SFDBMMT B NBKPSJUZ PG UIF QSJPSJUZ TFU PG UIFNFT JO UIF *3% T QFSGPSNBODF contract. Among which we may mention i)FBMUI BOE &OWJSPONFOUw i%FWFMPQNFOU BOE (PWFSOBODFw i/BUVSBM 3JTLT BOE )B[BSETw i8BUFS 3FTPVSDFTw i&DPTZTUFNT BOE #JPEJWFSTJUZw BOE i'PPE 1SPEVDUJPO BOE 4FDVSJUZw 5IJT ZFBS T +5% UIVT DPOTUJUVUF BO excellent opportunity to remind you of the *3% T SFTFBSDI QSPKFDUT GPS EFWFMPQNFOU in this domain and to clarify how they are JNQMFNFOUFE JO 7JĚ?U /BN
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
" MBSHF QBSU PG UIF *3% T VOJUT DBSSZ PVU research into issues linked to water in the context of climate change and the increase in pressure from humans. As far as continental XBUFS TZTUFNT BSF DPODFSOFE UIF *3% BOE its partners study particularly the water DZDMF XBUFS SFTPVSDFT UIF QPMMVUJPO PG UIFTF SFTPVSDFT UIF CJPEJWFSTJUZ PG UIF PSHBOJTNT GPVOE JO UIFTF XBUFST UIF USBOTQPSU PG FMFNFOUT HPWFSOBODF FUD "T GPS UIF PDFBOT UIF UIFNFT JO XIJDI UIF IRD and its partners are interested concern the interactions between the ocean and the climate; hydro-dynamism and the transport of particles and pollutants; the biological BOE CJPHFPDIFNJDBM GVODUJPOJOH PG MBHPPO FTUVBSZ DPBTU BOE PDFBO [POFT UIF EJWFSTJUZ BOE TUBUF PG DPSBM SFFGT BOE NPSF HFOFSBMMZ UIF CJPEJWFSTJUZ PG NBSJOF PSHBOJTNT ĂśTIJOH BRVBDVMUVSF FUD i8BUFSw BOE JUT NBOZ JTTVFT linked to development is thus a domain XIFSF UIF *3% T FYQFSUJTF JT FTTFOUJBM #PUI UIF QBTU BOE UIF GVUVSF PG 7JĚ?U /BN BSF DMPTFMZ MJOLFE UP XBUFS BT ZPV XJMM CF reminded during certain presentations in UIF MFDUVSF UIFBUSF 5P JMMVTUSBUF UIJT QPJOU one only needs to remember that the fresh water which annually circulates in 7JĚ?U /BN SFQSFTFOUT ̓ LN UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF FRVJWBMFOU PG XBUFS UP B IFJHIU PG three meters over the whole surface of the DPVOUSZ XIJDI JT B DPOTJEFSBCMF BNPVOU BOE UIF NBTUFSJOH PG UIJT XBUFS IBT PWFS UJNF structured the landscape of the deltas. More UIBO PG UIJT SFTPVSDF DPNFT GSPN VQSJWFS DPVOUSJFT XIJDI JMMVTUSBUFT UIF OFDFTTJUZ PG approaching the problem on a regional scale. &WFSZPOF LOPXT 7JĚ?U /BN T UXP CJH EFMUBT CVU UIF DPVOUSZ BMTP IBT BT XFMM BT B GFX OBUVSBM MBLFT IZESP BHSJDVMUVSBM JOTUBMMBUJPOT which have led to the creation of more than
̓ TNBMM BOE NFEJVN TJ[FE SFTFSWPJST VTFE GPS UIF DPOUSPM PG øPPEJOH JSSJHBUJPO ĂśTIJOH BRVBDVMUVSF BOE FOFSHZ QSPEVDUJPO 7JĚ?U /BN JT BMTP B NBSJUJNF DPVOUSZ XJUI ̓ LJMPNFUFST PG DPBTU UIBU HFOFSBUF B large contribution to the national economy. 5IF RVBMJUZ PG UIF GSFTIXBUFS T JNQBDU PO UIF PDFBO IBCJUBU XIJDI IBT CFFO BMUFSFE CZ BHSJDVMUVSF JOEVTUSZ BOE VSCBO EFWFMPQNFOU JT OFDFTTBSJMZ JNQPSUBOU BT UIFSF JT PO BWFSBHF BO FTUVBSZ FWFSZ LN BMPOH UIF DPBTU 'JOBMMZ 7JĚ?U /BN JT POF PG UIF DPVOUSJFT UIBU XJMM CF UIF NPTU BòFDUFE CZ DMJNBUF DIBOHF particularly by its incidence on the sea level and the water cycle. This will result in the salinisation of low-lying MBOET BOE BRVJGFST BOE IFBWJFS SBJOGBMM EVSJOH the wet season in the central part of the DPVOUSZ XJUI JODSFBTFE SJTL PG øPPEJOH BOE less rainfall during the dry season. There will be more typhoons because of the increase in UFNQFSBUVSF PG UIF PDFBO TVSGBDF BOE IFSF BHBJO CFZPOE UIF IVNBO SJTL UIJT XJMM IBWF B big impact on water resources. *O 7JĚ?U /BN *3% SFTFBSDI JT DPODFSOFE XJUI XBUFS BU EJòFSFOU TUBHFT BOE TDBMFT The IRD has studied the hydrology of the .FLPOH CPUI VQSJWFS BOE EPXOSJWFS BMPOH XJUI UIF "'% BOE UIF $/34 BT XFMM BT UIF governance of the waters in the Red River #BTJO 5IF JOTUJUVUF JT DVSSFOUMZ TUVEZJOH DPOUJOFOUBM XBUFS RVBMJUZ XJUI JUT QBSUOFST JO the face of agricultural practices on sloping MBOE BOE ĂśOBMMZ EPXOTUSFBN TPNF *3% VOJUT are carrying out research with their partners JOUP UIF DPOTFRVFODFT PG øVWJBM EFQPTJUT PO the ocean habitat by studying the currents of DPBTUBM XBUFST BOE UIF USBOTQPSU PG QPMMVUBOUT BT XFMM BT UIFJS FòFDU PO CJPMPHJDBM EJWFSTJUZ
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
BOE UIF CJPEJWFSTJUZ PG DPBTUBM [POFT XIJDI are greatly exploited. *O UIFTF QSPKFDUT XF DBO TFF UIF EJWFSTJUZ PG themes linked to the multiple uses of water. 5IF JOUFHSBUJPO UIJT ZFBS PG UIF JOTUJUVUF T activities within a regional priority programme should reinforce this investment into waterSFMBUFE UIFNFT POF PG UIF GPVS QSJPSJUZ axes being coastal waters and the regional PDFBO UIF QSPKFDUT JOWPMWJOH GSFTIXBUFS CFJOH JOUFHSBUFE JOUP UIF i*OMBOE "TJBw BYJT BOE B UIJSE BYJT i5IF 'PSFDBTU &WBMVBUJPO BOE "UUFOVBUJPO PG 3JTLTw XIJDI BJNT UP JOUFHSBUF SJTLT MJOLFE UP UTVOBNJT øPPET BOE UIF DPOTFRVFODFT PG DMJNBUF DIBOHF
"T XFMM BT UIJT SFTFBSDI UIF *3% JT BMTP very involved in university teaching in this EPNBJO CZ EFWFMPQJOH JO QBSUOFSTIJQ XJUI UIF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4DJFODF BOE 5FDIOPMPHZ B .BTUFS T JO XBUFS FOWJSPONFOU oceanography and the corresponding research department. This rapid glimpse at things shows that the TQJSJU NFUIPE BOE DPOUFOU PG UIJT TVNNFS University in social sciences devoted to “Water and its Many Issuesâ€? is closely linked to UIF *3% T NJTTJPOT I wish you all lively debates and fruitful EJTDVTTJPOT GPS UIJT th edition of “Tam Ä?ảo Summer School Weekâ€? and thank you all for your attention.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Opening Remarks by
:WFT 1FSSBVEFBV University Professor Head of the mission of the University of Nantes in Viᝇt Nam and Southeast Asia Dear Presidents, Directors, doctoral students and colleagues, I am once again honoured to be participating JO UIF PQFOJOH DFSFNPOZ PG UIJT OFX edition of the regional summer school in social sciences also referred to as “Tam Ä?ảo 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFLw PS +5% JournĂŠes de Tam Ä?ảo FOUJUMFE i8BUFS BOE JUT .BOZ *TTVFTw "T 1SPKFDU MFBEFS TFOU CZ UIF 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT UP DPPQFSBUF XJUI 7JĚ?U /BN BOE 4PVUIFBTU "TJB * UIBOL ZPV NPTU sincerely; I also do so on a personal level. *O UIF OBNF PG 0MJWJFS -BCPVY UIF OFX 1SFTJEFOU PG PVS VOJWFSTJUZ BOE JO UIF OBNF PG (XĂ?OBĂ‘MMF 1SPVUJĂ’SF .BVMJPO IJT 7JDF 1SFTJEFOU GPS *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3FMBUJPOT XF are very happy to be present today for this th edition. The new management team of our university wished to continue our QSFTFODF IFSF BU UIF +5% JO PSEFS UP TIPX PVS willingness to pursue this cooperation. We esteem that this type of work is positive for the EPDUPSBM TUVEFOUT UFBDIFST BOE SFTFBSDIFST JO the Southeast Asia region. 'VSUIFSNPSF GPMMPXJOH PVS QBSUJDJQBUJPO JO the “Doctorialesâ€? "QSJM BOE JO EJòFSFOU
DPMMPRVJB PVS JOJUJBUJWF GPS UIF EPDUPSBM TDIPPM QSPKFDU XJUI DFSUBJO EFQBSUNFOUT PG UIF 7JĚ?U /BN /BUJPOBM 6OJWFSTJUZ JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J IBT FOSJDIFE UIF DVSSFOU BQQSPBDI PG UIF "6' BOE UIF 7JĚ?U̓ /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 5PEBZ UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT JT QSFTFOU JO UIF DPMMFDUJWF QSPKFDU i%PDUPSBM /VSTFSZw In the framework of its international DPPQFSBUJPO QPMJDZ PVS VOJWFSTJUZ SFHVMBSMZ QBSUJDJQBUFT JO QBSUOFSTIJQT 5IBU T XIZ XF IBWF EFMPDBMJTFE DFSUBJO NBTUFST programmes; certain departments of the 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT BSF QSFTFOU IFSF JO 7JĚ?U̓/BN VOEFS BHSFFNFOUT XJUI 7JFUOBNFTF VOJWFSTJUJFT TVDI BT JO UIF ĂśFME PG NFEJDJOF )Ă‹ /Ě˜J BOE )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ QIBSNBDZ 1IĂž 5IĚ’ EFOUJTUSZ )Ă‹ /Ě˜J UFDIOJDBM TDJFODFT ĂĽĂ‹ /̆OH BOE $ËżO 5IËŒ FDPOPNJD TDJFODFT BOE NBOBHFNFOU )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 1IOPN 1FOI BOE )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ )PXFWFS UIJT strategy is limited by our human resources BOE UIF OVNCFS PG EFMPDBMJTFE NBTUFST XJMM not increase much. "T UIF EJSFDUPS PG UIF /BOUFT *OTUJUVUF PG &DPOPNZ BOE .BOBHFNFOU * XPVME MJLF UP VOEFSMJOF PVS QSFTFODF JO 7JĚ?U /BN XJUI
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
GPVS NBTUFS T QSPHSBNNFT JO UIF öFMET PG FDPOPNZ BOE NBOBHFNFOU 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF QSPKFDUT JO $BNCPEJB BOE 5IBJMBOE SFTQFDUJWFMZ BSF UBLJOH GPSN BOE NBLJOH IFBEXBZ GBMMJOH JO MJOF IFSF XJUI UIF SFHJPOBM PQFOJOH QSPNPUFE CZ UIF +5% It is also as a teacher-researcher interested in maritime economy that I am especially happy to be participating in this cooperation. 5IJT ZFBS T +5% UIFNF JT GBTDJOBUJOH 'PS BO FDPOPNJTU UIF RVFTUJPO PG XBUFS CPUI as a natural resource that it is necessary to manage and as the natural element in XIJDI NBSJUJNF BOE øVWJBM USBóD PQFSBUFT is evidently fundamental. What is the best XBZ UP NBOBHF UIJT OBUVSBM SFOFXBCMF BTTFU #Z̓BEPQUJOH BO PQUJNBM CJPMPHJDBM FDPOPNJD PS TPDJBM BQQSPBDI #Z FYBNJOJOH UIF KVEJDJBM BOE FDPOPNJD RVFTUJPO PG UIF EFMJNJUBUJPO PG UIF [POF CFMPOHJOH UP UIF DPBTUBM 4UBUF .BSJUJNF BOE DPOUJOFOUBM öTIJOH BOE BRVBDVMUVSF NBZ BMTP CF BOBMZTFE BT BO JOEVTUSZ GSPN UIF QSPEVDFS PS UIF JNQPSUFS towards the retailers or transformation FOUFSQSJTFT UIFO EPNFTUJD EJTUSJCVUJPO PS FYQPSU UIF BRVBUJD QSPEVDU JT UIVT B GPPE product for which supply and demand considerations can be applied and for which OVNFSPVT UFDIOJRVFT PG FDPOPNJD BOE management analysis may be used. 'VSUIFSNPSF NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU NBLFT VQ NPSF UIBO PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM USBEF BOE JUT
link with the evolution of the international FDPOPNJD TJUVBUJPO JT UIVT WFSZ DMFBS XJUIPVU forgetting that the cost of a merchant vessel JT CFUXFFO BOE 64 EPMMBST B EBZ XIJDI FYQMBJOT XIZ JU JT JO UIF TIJQ PXOFST JOUFSFTUT UP CVML TIJQ UPOOBHFT JO PSEFS UP PCUBJO FDPOPNJFT PG TDBMF öOE BO agreement and create situations of imperfect DPNQFUJUJPO XIJDI JT BO JOUFSFTUJOH öFME PG TUVEZ GPS NBSLFU BOE HBNF UIFPSJFT FUD * MPPL forward to some fruitful debates in which +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS 1JFSSF $BSJPV 1BUSJDF (VJMMPUSFBV BOE * BSF HPJOH UP QMBZ BO BDUJWF role. -FU NF UIBOL 4UFQIBOF -BHSFF #áJ 5IV 5SBOH BOE UIFJS DPMMFBHVFT XIP UISPVHI UIFJS EBJMZ FòPSUT IBWF NBEF UIFTF +5% QPTTJCMF 5IBOL ZPV BMTP UP UIF 7J̏U /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT JO )Ë /̘J GPS XFMDPNJOH VT 'JOBMMZ PO B QFSTPOBM OPUF * BN WFSZ IBQQZ UP CF JO 4PVUIFBTU "TJB XIJDI JT B SFHJPO * IBWF CFFO USBWFMMJOH UP GPS NPSF UIBO ZFBST 4P ̓ UIBOL ZPV GPS HJWJOH NF UIF DIBODF UP return here once again. 0O CFIBMG PG PVS 1SFTJEFOU 0MJWJFS -BCPVY MFU me thank you once again. I am both happy and honoured to be among you and with ZPV JO UIJT DPNNPO QSPKFDU * TIPVME MJLF UP wish all the participants both good health and success.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Opening Remarks by
0MJWJFS (BSSP
Director, Asia-Pacific, AUF Dear Vice-President of the Viᝇt Nam Academy of Social Sciences, dear colleagues and friends, The Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie XIJDI * BN SFQSFTFOUJOH IFSF JT CPUI WFSZ happy and proud to have been associated for some years with this regional social sciences TVNNFS TDIPPM XIJDI HBUIFST UPHFUIFS numerous partners and allows every year BCPVU QBSUJDJQBOUT GSPN $BNCPEJB -BPT 5IBJMBOE BOE NPTUMZ GSPN 7JĚ?U /BN UP XPSL together for ten or so days both in the lecture theatre and in workshops. 'JSTU BOE GPSFNPTU XF BSF IBQQZ CFDBVTF this is an event which concerns a part of the world that has historic relations with the French language. 5IF "6' T WPDBUJPO JT UP QSPNPUF UIF 'SFODI MBOHVBHF BOE PVS NFUIPET PG EFGFOTF PG the French language are neither complex OPS PWFSDBVUJPVT UIFZ BSF JO UIF WFSZ image of the task that is being permanently VOEFSUBLFO EVSJOH UIFTF +5% JournĂŠes de Tam Ä?ảo *OEFFE 'SFODI JT VTFE IFSF BT one of the languages for our exchanges as JT 7JFUOBNFTF *U JT BMTP BMPOH XJUI &OHMJTI POF PG UIF MBOHVBHFT JO XIJDI +5% XJMM CF disseminated. )PXFWFS * XPVME MJLF UP FNQIBTJ[F UIBU IFSF French does not only represent a means of DPNNVOJDBUJPO JU JT BMTP UIF WFDUPS PG B XJEF
BOE SJDI TDJFOUJÜD DVMUVSF BOE PG BO PSJHJOBM way of modeling and conceiving the world. It JT BMTP B WFDUPS PG EJòFSFOU UZQFT PG LOPXMFEHF and know-how disseminated by a large part of the teachers and researchers who have either come from or originated from several EJòFSFOU 'SFODI TQFBLJOH DPVOUSJFT JO PSEFS UP UFBDI FYDIBOHF JEFBT BOE RVJUF TJNQMZ participate in the work being undertaken. 5IBU T XIZ 'SFODI JT B MBOHVBHF UIBU JT synonymous with success in Southeast Asia. .PSFPWFS * E MJLF UP UBLF UIJT PQQPSUVOJUZ UP pay tribute to the great commitment of the French and French-speaking institutions present at these Days. I am thinking here of UIF "'% UIF *3% UIF &'&0 BOE UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT (PJOH CFZPOE UIF MBOHVBHF BTQFDU XF BMTP believe in this summer university because it meets several needs. 8F DBO POMZ BDLOPXMFEHF UIBU JG UIFTF +5% have gradually become an important part of UIF IVNBO BOE TPDJBM TDJFODFT MBOETDBQF UIJT is above all because they meet a great need GPS UIF DSFBUJPO PG B OFUXPSL PG FYQFSUJTF GPS knowledge sharing and for exchanges about common problems. * XPVME BMTP MJLF UP JOTJTU PO UIF JNQPSUBODF XIJDI JT PGUFO JHOPSFE UIBU UIF TPDJBM TDJFODFT IBWF GPS EFWFMPQNFOU JO UIF USBJOJOH PG
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
HFPHSBQIFST BOUISPQPMPHJTUT KVSJTUT PS IJHI RVBMJUZ FDPOPNJTUT GPS FYBNQMF XIP HP on to become in their countries important players in a more reasoned and harmonious development. The chosen themes – water this year – EFNPOTUSBUF JG JU XFSF OFDFTTBSZ UP EP TP that the organisers remain attentive to the needs and preoccupations of the region. #FZPOE DPOUSJCVUJOH UP UIF USBJOJOH PG UIFTF GVUVSF EFWFMPQNFOU NBOBHFST UIJT TVNNFS VOJWFSTJUZ BMTP QBSUJDJQBUFT ZFBS BGUFS ZFBS in the creation of a veritable network of EPDUPSBUF TUVEFOUT ZPVOH SFTFBSDIFST BOE university lecturers in social sciences. If the QSPKFDU GPS B SFHJPOBM EPDUPSBUF OVSTFSZ JO TPDJBM TDJFODFT BCPVU XIJDI XF BSF DVSSFOUMZ JO EJTDVTTJPO TIPVME CFDPNF SFBMJUZ JU JT DMFBS UIBU CZ UIFJS QPTJUJPO SFOPXO BOE JNQPSUBODF UIF +5% XJMM IBWF DPOTUJUVUFE BO important foundation stone. 'JOBMMZ * XPVME MJLF UP VOEFSMJOF UIF RVBMJUZ PG this initiative.
The chosen form of this summer university seems to me to be of particular interest CFDBVTF JUT MFOHUI BOE FTQFDJBMMZ UIF XBZ JO XIJDI JU JT PSHBOJTFE JOUP ĂśFME XPSLTIPQT EVSJOH UIF XFFL BU 5BN ĂĽË˝P BMMPXT B EJòFSFOU type of exchange to the more formal seminars BOE MFDUVSFT UIBU NBTUFS T BOE EPDUPSBUF students are used to. It is also another type of interaction with the organisation PG XPSLTIPQT UIBU FODPVSBHF EFCBUF UIF exchange of opinions and a real interactivity in an interesting system of multilingualism. I only want you to remember these key words that for us sum up all the interest of UIFTF %BZT B Francophonie rid of all hangups and an attempt to meet the needs of EFWFMPQNFOU BOE RVBMJUZ 5IBU JT XIBU XF applaud here. *U POMZ SFNBJOT GPS NF UP UIBOL UIF 7JĚ?U /BN Academy of Social Sciences without whom this beautiful adventure would not have been possible. Thank you for your attention and let me wish you all many fruitful debates.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
.BQ -PDBMJTBUJPO
Limits of provinces 7DP ŽЅR KLOO VWDWLRQ
Source : Tomorrow Media.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
1BSU Plenary Sessions
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
)ZESPMPHJDBM %FWFMPQNFOU PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB AÂ Historical Perspective of the Role of the Imperial then Colonial State (From the XIIth Century to the First Half of the XXth Century) Olivier Tessier, EFEO
The history of the development of the Red River Delta and the presence there of humans is closely linked to the history of water NBTUFSZ BOE UIF IZESPHSBQIJDBM OFUXPSL which shaped history through a long process of aggradations. The central preoccupation of protecting oneself from the violent rise of rivers by erecting dykes is a constant part PG 7JĚ?U /BN T BODJFOU BOE NPEFSO IJTUPSZ which has played a role in the structuring of relationships between the State and the QFBTBOUSZ JG GPS OP PUIFS SFBTPO UIBO JO UIJT BMNPTU FYDMVTJWFMZ SVSBM DPVOUSZ BHSJDVMUVSBM
production constituted the greatest source of income for the Imperial State through the taxing of (inscribed) peasants and land. It was thus necessary to work for centuries UP TFDVSF UIJT UBY XIJDI XBT JOEJTQFOTBCMF to the very existence of the Imperial State in a region that was characterised by chronic agricultural uncertainties and the threat of ESPVHIU GPS ÜGUI NPOUI IBSWFTUT BOE XBT followed by the risk of river swelling and øPPEJOH TZOPOZNPVT XJUI UIF EFTUSVDUJPO of the tenth-month harvest. All this resulted JO POF FTTFOUJBM DIBSBDUFSJTUJD PG UIF EFMUB
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
a huge flood plain whose evolution had been paralysed for a long time because of man. The containment of the principal river TZTUFNT PG UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI BOE UIF 3FE 3JWFS IBT JOEFFE ĂśYFE GPS DFOUVSJFT UPQPHSBQIJDBM JOFRVBMJUJFT UIBU XFSF POMZ UFNQPSBSZ BOE that the natural flooding of the plains would have progressively flattened if the rivers had not been contained by an ever-increasing network of dykes. The aim of this presentation is to provide a few historical landmarks concerning the hydrological policy implemented by the TVDDFTTJWF JNQFSJBM EZOBTUJFT XIJDI SVMFE the country from the XIIth DFOUVSZ CZ CBTJOH myself on a study of imperial annals. This vision from “aboveâ€? – as it is that of a central QPXFS o XJMM CF GSFRVFOUMZ DPOGSPOUFE XJUI B WJTJPO GSPN iCFMPXw UIF WJMMBHF TUFMFT
Map
2
1.1.1. An Overview of the Geomorphologic and Hydrographic Characteristics of the Red River Delta Some data concerning the whole of the delta will allow you to better understand the issues. The Red River Delta forms a huge flood plain LN¤ XIJDI MPPLT MJLF B USJBOHMF whose base runs along the Sea of the East #JĚ?O ĂĽĂ™OH BOE UIF TVNNJU JT TJUVBUFE OFBS UP 7JĚ?U 5SĂ– BU UIF DPOøVFODF PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS 4Ă™OH )Ě•OH BOE UIF $MFBS 3JWFS 4Ă™OH -Ă™ OPU GBS GSPN UIF DPOøVFODF PG UIF #MBDL 3JWFS 4Ă™OH ĂĽĂˆ *O DPVOUFSQPJOU UP UIJT JNQSFTTJPO PG QFSGFDU IPSJ[POUBMJUZ UIBU POF ĂśSTU TFFT the delta is characterised by a non-negligible general slope (northwest/southwest) of ten to twelve metres and by a certain number of topographical features.
The Immense Alluvial Plain of the Red River Delta
Sources: Author’s construction from Google 2007 (http://maps.google.com/).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
5IF EFMUB XBT GPSNFE CZ UXP SJWFS TZTUFNT UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI BOE UIF 3FE 3JWFS 5IF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI XIJDI øPXT JO UIF OPSUIXFTU PG UIF EFMUB JT B SJWFS XJUI B TUSPOH CVU SFHVMBS SFHJNF XIJDI DBSSJFT GFX TPMJE FMFNFOUT It stems from the meeting of three rivers DPNJOH GSPN UIF 6QQFS 3FHJPO UIF 4Ă™OH $ËżV UIF 4Ă™OH 5IË?ËŒOH BOE UIF 4Ă™OH -VD /BN )PXFWFS BU JUT WFSZ CFHJOOJOH UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI 3JWFS JT KPJOFE CZ JUT ĂśSTU USJCVUBSZ
Figure
1
UIF 4Ă™OH ĂĽVĚ”OH SFGFSSFE UP BT UIF 3BQJET $BOBM EVSJOH UIF DPMPOJBM QFSJPE XIJDI stems from the Red River and swells its flow. /PU GBS GSPN JUT NPVUI $̢B 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI JU again receives waters from the Red River by UIF JOUFSNFEJBSZ PG UIF 4Ă™OH -VĚ˜D GPSNFSMZ OBNFE UIF #BNCPP $BOBM *O TQJUF PG UIF BEEJUJPO PG UIFTF XBUFST UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI TZTUFN JODMVEJOH BMM JUT USJCVUBSJFT BOE EJTUSJCVUBSJFT has an average swell that is largely contained by dykes.
Rainfall and River Flow in the Red River Delta
Sources: National Water Resources Council (2003), “Vietnam Water Resources Atlas�.
The Red River system seems to be the very opposite of the preceding system. The Red 3JWFS TXPMMFO CZ JUT UXP NBKPS USJCVUBSJFT 4Ă™OH ĂĽĂˆ PS #MBDL 3JWFS 4Ă™OH -Ă™ PS $MFBS River) is alimented by a large catchment area PG LN¤ XIJDI DPWFST UIF XIPMF PG UIF OPSUIXFTU PG UIF 6QQFS 3FHJPO BOE B QBSU PG :VOOBO *UT̓ TXFMMJOH JT FYDFQUJPOBMMZ WJPMFOU and at the origin of the devastating flooding UIBU QFSJPEJDBMMZ BòFDUT UIF SFHJPO )PXFWFS it has also been the principal constructing GPSDF PG UIF EFMUB BOE JUT NBKPS TPVSDF PG GFSUJMJUZ UIBOLT UP UIF DPOTJEFSBCMF NBTT PG
sediment deposited over the centuries of which the thickness of the accumulated layer measures twenty or thirty metres in places. Its sediment load is estimated to be OFBS UP ̓NJMMJPO UPOT QFS ZFBS XIJDI UIVT places the Red River in 8th SBOL JO UIF XPSME BDDPSEJOH UP DSJUFSJB GPS DBSSJFE TPMJE MPBET although it has not the flow of a great river #Ă?UIFNPOU 8IBU T NPSF JU JT UIJT HSFBU EFOTJUZ XIJDI FBSOFE JU UIF OBNF 3FE 3JWFS B colouration stemming from the deep red clay ESBJOFE CZ UIF SBJOT JO UIF :VOOBO DBUDINFOU BSFB "U B MFOHUI PG LN JUT øPX GPMMPXT
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
a rigorously northwest/southeast direction BOE DPNQMFUFMZ DSPTTFT UIF EFMUB UIBU JT UP TBZ GSPN 7JĚ?U 5SĂ– UP JUT NPVUI $̢B #B -ËźU PWFS B EJTUBODF PG LN XIJDI JT LN BT UIF DSPX øJFT JU UIVT NFBOEFST MJUUMF XIJDI IFMQT FYQMBJO JUT DPOTJEFSBCMF øPX XIJDI DBO BUUBJO ̓ N TFDPOE DPNQBSFE UP UIF TJ[F PG UIF DBUDINFOU BSFB GFFEJOH JU 5IJT øPX JO UJNFT PG øPPEJOH HSFBUMZ SBJTFT UIF SJWFS MFWFM
Photos
1, 2 and 3
leaving it virtually perched above the plain. However it is prevented from spilling over in normal periods by the dykes surrounding it. *O QSBDUJDBM UFSNT JO XJOUFS EVSJOH UIF MPX XBUFS TFBTPO UIF BWFSBHF XBUFS MFWFM PG UIF SJWFS JT BSPVOE NFUSFT BCPWF TFB MFWFM From the beginning of the summer highXBUFS QFSJPE +VOF 0DUPCFS UIF MFWFM SBQJEMZ rises and can reach ten metres in a few days.
A Temperamental River with Violent and Unpredictable Swelling
Photo credits: Olivier Tessier.
8JUIPVU NBLJOH B EFUBJMFE EFTDSJQUJPO XF DBO JEFOUJGZ CZ EJBHSBN TJY EJòFSFOU HFPNPSQIPMPHJD SFHJPOT 5IF IJHIMBOET PG UIF OPSUIXFTU XIJDI BSF characterised by being higher than the rest PG UIF EFMUB BT XFMM CZ TPNF JNQSFTTJWF
SJWFS CBOL FMFWBUJPOT GSPN UP NFUSFT created by the Red River on both sides of JUT CFE BOE XIJDI EPNJOBUF EFQSFTTJPOT TJUVBUFE BU BCPVU ĂśWF NFUSFT CFMPX PGUFO permanently occupied by ponds;
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
5IF NFEJVN BMUJUVEF MBOET PG UIF DFOUSF MPDBUFE UP UIF FBTU PG UIF QSFDFEJOH SFHJPO are characterised by being less elevated but OFWFSUIFMFTT TJHOJĂśDBOUMZ IJHI GSPN UP NFUSFT BT XFMM BT CZ MFTT TBMJFOU SJWFS CBOL elevations; 5IF MPXMBOET PG UIF OPSUIFBTU DSPTTFE CZ UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI BOE JUT DPOøVFODFT are at a much lower altitude (from ̓ DN̓ UP̓ ̓ NFUSFT BOE BSF BMNPTU without riverbank elevations. The lowlying character of this region is particularly WJTJCMF UP UIF OPSUI PG )Ë˝J %Ë?ËŒOH XIFSF UIF arroyos take up more space than the land; - The lowlands of the south form a region whose characteristics are similar to the QSFDFEJOH SFHJPO MPX BMUJUVEF BNQIJCJPVT UFSSBJO CVU XIJDI JT EJòFSFOU CFDBVTF PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS SJWFSCBOL FMFWBUJPOT XIJDI continue almost to its mouth; 5IF TFB XBMMT GPSN B TUSJQ PG B XJEUI PG UP LN XIJDI TUSFUDIFT GSPN UIF TPVUI of the delta to Hải Phòng. It is formed by a succession of ripples of an altitude of UXP NFUSFT TFQBSBUFE CZ DN FYUFOEFE depressions. - The salt marshes are the result of the QSFTFODF PG NBO XIP IBT UIVT DPORVFSFE from the sea some very low and flat land by taking advantage of the Red River aggradations. This is why the salt marshes are not located in the south of the delta. &MTFXIFSF JO UIF DFOUSF BOE JO UIF OPSUI the sea walls constitute a last rampart against the sea. (FOFSBMJTFE DPOUBJONFOU DPNQBSUNFO talises the delta into hydrological units DBMMFE QPMEFST FBDI POF JOEFQFOEFOU GSPN UIF PUIFS PO UIF POF IBOE GPS UIF TVQQMZ of irrigation water from the river and on the other for the evacuation of surplus rainwater UPXBSET UIF TBNF SJWFS $VSSFOUMZ UIF EFMUB
is thus divided into thirty primary polders PG BO BWFSBHF BSFB PG UP IFDUBSFT UIBU JT UP TBZ BT NBOZ EJTUJODU BOE compartmentalised hydrological systems that it is imperative to drain throughout the rainy season. A Few Figures about the Red River Delta "U UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T UIF BHSPOPNJTU RenĂŠ Dumont and the geographer Pierre (PVSPV CPUI QSFEJDUFE BU BO JOUFSWBM PG POF ZFBS B CMFBL GVUVSF GPS UIF 3FE 3JWFS QFBTBOUSZ the main reason being the remarkable human EFOTJUZ MJOLFE UP UIF IJHI HSPXUI SBUF PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO UIBU UIF SFHJPO IBE UP TVQQPSU PG UIF EFMUB T LN¤ ̓ LN¤ XFSF JOUFOTJWFMZ FYQMPJUFE CZ ̓ ̓ GBSNFST which represented an average density of JOIBC LN . RenĂŠÂ Dumont saw here a iHSBWF EBOHFSw GPS UIF DPVOUSZTJEF T TVSWJWBM BOE 1JFSSF̓ (PVSPV NBEF UIF EJBHOPTJT PG BO iJMMOFTT XJUIPVU B DVSFw “[‌] the excessive density of the population is an evil without a cure. [‌] These farmers are already taking from the soil the maximum of what it can give; the hydrological works and technical upheavals cannot raise production to the point where it can change living conditions [chronic poverty].â€? /PU POMZ JT UIF EFMUB EFOTFMZ QPQVMBUFE CVU JUT QPQVMBUJPO JT BMNPTU FYDMVTJWFMZ SVSBM JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J UIF DBQJUBM IBE B QPQVMBUJPO PG JOIBCJUBOUT UIBU JT UP TBZ B TMJHIUMZ IJHIFS QPQVMBUJPO UIBO )Ë˝J 1IĂ›OH JOIBCJUBOUT 5IF EFWFMPQNFOU PG /PSUI 7JĚ?U /BN T VSCBO OFUXPSL JT SFDFOU JU XBT B phenomenon accelerated during the colonial period in order to meet the centralising demands of the powers in place and satisfy the needs of the colonial apparatus. *O UIFTF DPOEJUJPOT UIF QSPCMFN PG UIF supposed over-population of the Red River
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Delta was seen in terms of agricultural potential. Rice growing occupied a preponderant position in the food production systems and was a real hub of economic and social development centred on domestic VOJUZ XIJDI XBT QBSU PG MBSHF JOUFS EFQFOEFOU WJMMBHF OFUXPSLT &WFSZ ZFBS UIF GBSNFST obtained one or two harvests depending on UIF UPQPHSBQIJDBM QPTJUJPO PG UIFJS SJDF öFMET Rice growing determined the irrigation and ESBJOBHF DBQBDJUZ PG UIF QMPUT 5IF IJHIMBOET XIJDI XFSF EJóDVMU UP JSSJHBUF JO XJOUFS CVU OPO øPPEBCMF JO TVNNFS XFSF VTFE GPS monsoon or tenth-month rice that could be GPMMPXFE CZ UIF QMBOUJOH PG B ESZ DSPQ TPZB TXFFU QPUBUP FUD 5IF MPX MZJOH MBOET UIBU are easily irrigated in winter but floodable in TVNNFS XFSF UIF EPNBJO PG XJOUFS SJDF PS öGUI NPOUI SJDF 'JOBMMZ UIF NFEJVN BMUJUVEF lands allowed a yearly double rice crop of which the harvest of each crop depended PO UIF XJOUFS DMJNBUJD IB[BSET ESPVHIUT BOE UIF TVNNFS POFT øPPET UZQIPPOT and even droughts). At the beginning of the T UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB DPVME CF EJWJEFE BT GPMMPXT ̓ IFDUBSFT PG UXP DSPQ SJDF ̓ IFDUBSFT PG UFOUI NPOUI SJDF BOE ̓ IFDUBSFT PG öGUI NPOUI SJDF GPS B UPUBM TVSGBDF BSFB FTUJNBUFE BU NJMMJPO hectares. Calculated in terms of a grain/ QPQVMBUJPO SBUJP BOE CZ CBTJOH PVSTFMWFT GPS UIJT PO UIF BWFSBHF IBSWFTUT FTUBCMJTIFE CZ : )FOSJ JO BOOVBM QSPEVDUJPO JO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB XBT UIVT RVJOUBMT PG QBEEZ XIJDI JO SFMBUJPO UP B UPUBM QFBTBOU QPQVMBUJPO PG ̓ ̓ SFTVMUT JO BO BWFSBHF
PG RVJOUBMT QFS NPVUI UP GFFE )PXFWFS XF BSF TQFBLJOH BCPVU QBEEZ UIF SBX QSPEVDU whose transformation into edible white rice SFTVMUT JO B MPTT PG CFUXFFO BOE PG UIF IBSWFTU XFJHIU öOBMMZ BO BWFSBHF PG CFUXFFO BOE LH PG SJDF JOIBCJUBOU ZFBS B SBUJPO XIJDI JT IBSEMZ TVóDJFOU GPS UIF diet of one adult.< > 4JYUZ TJY ZFBST MBUFS UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB IBT BCTPSCFE B QPQVMBUJPO PG UISFF UJNFT UIF TJ[F *U JT DVSSFOUMZ IPNF UP NJMMJPO JOIBCJUBOUT PG XIJDI NJMMJPO MJWF JO SVSBM BSFBT GPS BO BWFSBHF EFOTJUZ PG ̓ JOIBCJUBOUT LN¤ 5IJT BWFSBHF IJEFT TPNF QFBLT PG EFOTJUZ PG ̓ JOIBCJUBOUT LN¤ QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF QSPWJODF PG 5IÈJ #ÖOI XIJDI SFQSFTFOUT POF of the most populous areas of the world in a SVSBM BSFB &WFO UIPVHI PWFS UIF MBTU UXFOUZ ZFBST XF IBWF XJUOFTTFE MBSHF HSPXUI JO VSCBO BSFBT UIF QPQVMBUJPO SFNBJOT MBSHFMZ SVSBM BOE JT GPVOE JO UIF ̓ DPNNVOFT UIBU DPWFS UIF EFMUB HSPVQFE XJUIJO NPSF UIBO SVSBM EJTUSJDUT XIJDI JO UVSO BSF QBSU PG twelve provinces. If the economic and social crisis which should have resulted from this increased pressure PO MBOE IBT TUJMM OPU PDDVSSFE JU JT UIBOLT UP UIF DPNCJOFE FòFDUT PG UXP TUSPOH QPMJDJFT adopted by the young Democratic Republic PG 7JFU /BN JO UIF T UP USBOTGPSN USBEJUJPOBM BHSJDVMUVSF UIF NPEFSOJTBUJPO PG hydrological agriculture and the adoption of “green revolution” principles (introduction of new varieties of rice with high potential yield).
< > *U JT HFOFSBMMZ DPOTJEFSFE UIBU UIF BWFSBHF OFDFTTBSZ JOUBLF QFS BEVMU DPSSFTQPOET UP BO BOOVBM SBUJPO PG UP ̓LH PG QBEEZ PS UP LH PG SJDF QFS JOIBCJUBOU QFS ZFBS
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Photos
4, 5, 6 and 7
Human Occupation of the Red River Delta: A Pattern of Villages
Photo credits: EFEO photo archives (Paris).
0O UIFTF PME QIPUPT ZPV DBO JNBHJOF UIF human occupation of the delta by the BSSBOHFNFOU PG UIF WJMMBHFT JO B QBUUFSO BT if they had been placed there by an invisible
IBOE CVU UIFZ IBWF OFWFSUIFMFTT UBLFO advantage of the slightest elevation. The USBEJUJPOBM iCBNCPP IFEHFw XIJDI IBT UPEBZ EJTBQQFBSFE BEET UP UIJT TFOTF PG JTPMBUJPO
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Photo
8
Extract of Bắc Ninh Province (SPOT, 2003)
Sources: Author’s construction from Google 2007 (http://maps.google.com/).
5PEBZ TUJMM BT ZPV DBO TFF PO UIJT FYUSBDU PG a SPOT satellite image of the province of #ĚƒD̓/JOI XF ĂśOE UIF JNQPSUBODF PG FMFWBUJPO for the implantation of villages. On the other IBOE UIFZ BSF HSBEVBMMZ CFDPNJOH MFTT isolated as a result of being connected in a network and the urbanisation dynamic along NBKPS SPBET
1.1.2. Mastering Water: A Priority throughout the Centuries (XIIth XVIIIth Centuries) The Progressive Installation of a Strong Network of Dykes The colonisation of the Red River Delta and its BHSJDVMUVSBM EFWFMPQNFOU TJHOJĂśDBOUMZ CFHBO
when the Central State and its administration organised the construction of dykes. *O 7JĚ?U /BN BT JO $IJOB UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO and maintenance of dykes was the direct prerogative of the Emperor. The celestial NBOEBUF XIJDI DPOGFST PO POF NBO iTVQSFNF BVUIPSJUZw UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF MFHJUJNBUF SJHIU UP DPNNBOE IJT GFMMPX NFO demands in return the benevolent protection PG IJT TVCKFDUT This political and symbolical dimension was SFBĂłSNFE FWFSZ UISFF ZFBST BU UIF NPNFOU of Nam Giao, a form of heavenly worship where “the Emperor seems to have established himself as the designated representative of his people: in the name of all, he prostrates himself,
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
makes an offering, gives thanks and asks for helpâ€?. "T BO JOUFSDFTTPS IF DBO UIVT CF IFME SFTQPOTJCMF GPS B EZLF CVSTU DBVTJOH NBKPS øPPEJOH UIF QFPQMF TFFJOH JO TVDI BO FWFOU the disapprobation of the Heavens regarding UIF TPWFSFJHO T BDUJPOT "U UIF TBNF UJNF BT UIJT RVFTU GPS EJWJOF BTTJTUBODF o SFBĂłSNFE each year at the moment of the “opening of the furrowâ€? ceremony (le tich dien or le ha dien) XIJDI NBSLFE UIF PQFOJOH PG UIF TFBTPO PG SVSBM XPSLT UIF QSPUFDUJPO PG UIF population and the harvests also imposed on the Emperor the duty to directly intervene on IZESPMPHJDBM TZTUFNT JO BO FòPSU UP QSPUFDU the countryside from flooding.
Photos
9, 10, 11 and 12
5IF ĂśSTU BMMVTJPO UP UIF SFBMJTBUJPO PG DPOUBJONFOU XPSLT BGUFS UIF MPOH QFSJPE PG $IJOFTF EPNJOBUJPO EBUFT CBDL UP UIF FOE of the XIth century and is recorded in the $BOH .VD “In the year Mau Ti, the eighth year in the HĂ´i-phong period, the King Nhon TĂ´n of the Ly Dynasty (1099)‌ in the tenth month, a dyke was erected on the bank of the river, in the Co XĂĄÂ villageâ€? GPSNFS QSPWJODF PG )Ă‹ ĂĽPOH QSFTFOU EBZ )Ă‹ 5ÉZ *U JT OFDFTTBSZ UP QPJOU out that the Red River can be particularly violent.
The Terrible Anger of the Red River
Photo credits: EFEO photo archives (Paris).
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
)PXFWFS UIJT ĂśSTU FYQMJDJU SFGFSFODF EPFT not necessarily signify that dykes had not CFFO FSFDUFE BU BO FWFO FBSMJFS QFSJPE UIF presence of protection works has been EPDVNFOUFE JO UIF GPSNFS QSPWJODFT PG 4ËŒO 5ÉZ BOE )Ë?OH )Ă˜B TJODF UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF Christian era and is thought to have resulted from a technological borrowing from China. *OEFFE GPS 1JFSSF (PVSPV “As soon as the inhabitants of the Delta (Red River) stopped living from fishing, from the moment there were too many of them to exclusively exploit the highlands and the the river bank mounds, they found themselves obliged to build dykesâ€? (FOFSBMMZ TQFBLJOH UIF IZQPUIFTJT SFUBJOFE by the authors who have carried out research into the origins of the dykes is that they SFTVMUFE GSPN BO FOEPHFOPVT MPDBM EZOBNJD to thwart late summer river swelling or spring øPPET QFBTBOUT BOE JTPMBUFE WJMMBHFT CVJMU TNBMM EZLFT PO UIF CBOLT PG TNBMM TUSFBNT XIJDI TVSSPVOEFE ĂśOJTIFE QMPUT PG DVMUJWBUFE MBOE 8JUI UIF QBTTBHF PG UJNF UIF TZTUFN became generalised and the small dykes XFSF KPJOFE UPHFUIFS UP GPSN UIF CFHJOOJOHT PG B OFUXPSL XIJDI OFWFS TUPQQFE JODSFBTJOH JO TJ[F 3PVFO
foundations of an essentially military and BSJTUPDSBUJD QPXFS CZ UIF 5SËżO %ZOBTUZ UIBU the imperial annals speak of the realisation of great hydrological works and gradually reveal the beginnings of a specialised military and administrative organisation. Following the floods provoked by the heavy river swelling UIBU CVSTU UIF -POH ĂĽĂ‹N̓PS 5IBOI ĂĽÇŠN EZLF QSFTFOU EBZ QSPWJODF PG )Ă‹ /Ě˜J JO BO event which by inference highlights that the containment of the Red River was already in QBSU BDIJFWFE UIF Ä?ấi Viᝇt Sáť KĂ˝ NFOUJPOT “Reign of Trần ThĂĄi TĂ´n (1225-1258). Period ThiĂŞn ᝊng chĂnh bĂŹnh [‌] Seventeenth year of the same period, 3rd month, cyclical year Máşu thân (April 1248): the construction of the Ä?ᝉnh NhÄŠ dam began. All the provinces received the order to participate in the construction of a dyke running from the source (of the Red River) to the seacoast. Its aim was to make flooding impossible. The King appointed a director general and a vice-director of works for the containment of the river. Wherever the dyke ran, the surface area of the covered rice fields was measured and the people were financially compensated for the loss. This dyke was named Ä?ᝉnh NhÄŠ.â€?
5IF RVFTUJPO UIBU MFBWFT UIJT IZQPUIFTJT unresolved is that of the role of the State in its interventionist capacity. As far as this essential QPJOU JT DPODFSOFE BMUIPVHI UIF UIFTJT EFGFOEFE CZ ,BSM 8JUUGPHFM JO IJT QPMFNJDBM work Le Despotisme Orientale has been the PCKFDU PG B HSFBU EFBM PG DSJUJDJTN UIF BVUIPS has managed to remind us that the mastering and control of water inevitably generates power struggles between the central power and peasant societies.
Faced with such a huge task to accomplish – the complete containment of the Red 3JWF̓o UIF &NQFSPS DSFBUFE B ĂśSTU TQFDJBMJTFE provincial direction and put an easily NPCJMJTFE XPSL GPSDF BU JUT EJTQPTBM UIF BSNZ “Fifth year of the NguyĂŞn PhĆ°ĆĄng period in the reign of the same Emperor [‌] 4th month (May 1255): the King delegated in each province a military mandarin to take on the post of director general of works for the dykes of that province. Every year, at the end of the agricultural season, the army was employed to build dykes and dig canals so that there would no longer be any fear of floods or droughts.â€?
And de facto, it was from the XIIIth DFOUVSZ that is to say from the establishment of the
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
)PXFWFS JO TQJUF PG UIJT GPSN PG PSHBOJTBUJPO BOE UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG IZESPMPHJDBM XPSLT UIF DPOTJEFSBCMF FòPSU PG DPOUBJONFOU consented in the XIIIth and XIVth DFOUVSJFT does not register in a comprehensive plan of delta development and called upon FNQJSJDBM DPOTUSVDUJPO UFDIOJRVFT UIBU XFSF PG VOFRVBM RVBMJUZ GSPN POF QSPWJODF UP UIF OFYU $POTFRVFOUMZ UIF GSBHJMJUZ PG UIF FBSUI ramparts thus created and their connection UP B OFUXPSL XIPTF NBQQJOH XBT TPNFUJNFT EFGFDUJWF EJE OPU TVDDFFE JO FĂłDJFOUMZ containing medium intensity swelling of the 3FE 3JWFS BOE PG JUT EJTUSJCVUBSJFT BT UIF NBOZ reports concerning dykes being washed BXBZ øPPEJOH SFJOGPSDFNFOUT BOE UIF construction of new works testify. Consultation of the Ä?ấi Viᝇt sáť kĂ˝ toĂ n thĆ°, the BOOBMT PG UIF IJTUPSZ PG UIF ĂĽËźJ 7JĚ?U XSJUUFO JO HJWFT B GBTDJOBUJOH JOTJHIU JOUP UIF SFBMJUZ of the hydrological threat that permanently MPPNFE PWFS UIF QPQVMBUJPOT 5IVT XF succinctly learn that in the seventh month of UIF ZFBST BOE øPPEJOH XBT TVDI UIBU BMM UIF SJDF ĂśFMET XFSF XBUFSMPHHFE JO UIF FJHIUI NPOUI PG XBUFST FOHVMGFE QFBTBOUT IPNFT BOE UIF SJDF IBSWFTU XBT MPTU FUD %VSJOH DFSUBJO ZFBST øPPEJOH DPOUJOVFE UISPVHIPVU UIF SBJOZ TFBTPO BT JO XIFO UIF BOOBMT SFDPSE IFBWZ øPPEJOH PO UIF ĂśGUI EBZ PG UIF GPVSUI NPOUI GPMMPXFE CZ UIF CVSTUJOH PG UIF CBOLT PG UIF .Ă? 3JWFS JO UIF QSPWJODF PG 5IĂ‹OI )Ă˜B PO UIF th day of UIF TBNF NPOUI UIF WJPMFODF PG XIJDI XBT such that the waters carried away the debris PG IPVTFT UP UIF TFB GPMMPXFE CZ B UIJSE BOE GPVSUI øPPE PO UIF TFDPOE BOE UXFOUZ ĂśGUI EBZT PG UIF TFWFOUI NPOUI XJUI UIF BVUIPS DPODMVEJOH UIBU XJUIJO UIF TQBDF PG POF ZFBS TFWFO HSFBU øPPET IBE PDDVSSFE #VU UIFTF ESBNBUJD FQJTPEFT EJE OPU POMZ BòFDU UIF
DPVOUSZTJEF JO UIF TFWFOUI NPOUI PG UIF TUSFFUT PG UIF DBQJUBM 5IÇŠOH -POH XFSF submerged and people had to move about CZ CPBU JO UIF TJYUI NPOUI PG UIF 3JWFS /IĚ‘ 3FE 3JWFS CVSTU JUT CBOLT BOE øPPEFE UIF TUSFFUT UIF XBUFS DBTDBEFE JOUP UIF DJUZ through the south gate and many inhabitants ESPXOFE FUD In the XVth DFOUVSZ XJUI UIF BEWFOU PG UIF -Ă? %ZOBTUZ UIF DPVOUSZ FYQFSJFODFE B QFSJPE PG appeasement and peace with China and the $IBNQB PWFS XIJDI JU IBE KVTU WJDUPSJPVTMZ TUBNQFE JUT BVUIPSJUZ /P EPVCU UIF DPOTUJUVUJPO PG B DFOUSBMJTFE BOE DPORVFSJOH $POGVDJBO 4UBUF VOEFS UIF -Ă? %ZOBTUZ XIJDI had led the country with the support of a mandarin system present in the furthest SVSBM PVUQPTU XBT B EFUFSNJOJOH FMFNFOU GPS hydrological development and protection against flooding. The great agrarian policy initiated by the &NQFSPS -Ă? 5IĂˆJ 5Ě– DPOUJOVFE VOEFS UIF SFJHO PG -Ă? 5IĂˆOI 5Ă™OH GPMMPXJOH B CVSTU EZLF PO UIF 5Ă™ -Ě‘DI 3JWFS UIF &NQFSPS PSEFSFE UIF repair of the dams and roads throughout the country and created new mandarin posts for agricultural encouragement (khuyáşżn nĂ´ng) and for the responsibility of dykes and roads. This marked determination continued VOUJM UIF ĂśSTU ZFBST PG UIF 97*th century and concerned not only the construction and SFJOGPSDFNFOU PG EZLFT CVU BMTP UIF JODFOUJWF UP JNQMFNFOU JSSJHBUJPO QSPDFEVSFT 5IVT JO VOEFS UIF SFJHO PG UIF &NQFSPS -Ă? )JĚ?O 5Ă™OH %Ë?ËŒOH 5S̤D /HVZĂ?O UË˝ UIJ MBOH CĚ˜ -ĚŽ SFRVFTUFE UIF BVUIPSJTBUJPO “to erect dykes along the TĂ´ Láť‹ch River from the TrĂĄt bridge to the Cáť‘ng River in order to protect the rice fields from flooding, and to dig a canal from the village of YĂŞn PhĂşc to the commune of Thưᝣng PhĂşc to irrigate the rice fields. The King gave his consent.â€?
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
This wish to rationalise and systematise the maintenance and reinforcement of the EZLF OFUXPSL XBT BOOPVODFE JO UIF -Ă? %ZOBTUZ DPEF XIJDI EFTJHOBUFE NBOEBSJOT
Box
1
PG EJòFSFOU BENJOJTUSBUJWF MFWFMT BT UIPTF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF FóDJFOU FOGPSDFNFOU PG UIF TPWFSFJHO T EJSFDUJWFT
A Rationalised and Codified Containment
“Art. 181: Dyke restoration work must have begun before the tenth day of the first month, the date at which all the inhabitants of the villages located in the zone protected by the dykes must go to the part of the dyke they have been assigned to restore. This work must be done within a period of two months; on the tenth day of the third month this work must be finished. When it is a question of the construction of a new dyke, a period of three months will be accorded for the execution of the work. Quan láť™ [mandarins] must make every effort to continually survey the works, and the work inspectors and directors must continually make every effort to ensure the swift completion of the works [‌]â€?.
5IFO VOUJM UIF BEWFOU PG UIF /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ JO XJUI UIF &NQFSPS (JB -POH TPVSDFT speaking about the issue of hydrological development are often highly tenuous. *OEFFE UIF DPVOUSZ XBT HPJOH UISPVHI BO FYUSFNFMZ EJĂłDVMU QFSJPE PG DISPOJD QPMJUJDBM JOTUBCJMJUZ NBSLFE CZ UIF .ËźD SFWPMU BOE CZ B TFSJFT PG CMPPEZ XBST CFUXFFO UIF MPSET 5SĚ‘OI BOE /HVZĚŽO At the beginning of the XVIIIth DFOUVSZ JO UIF FJHIUI NPOUI PG UIF CĆ°ĆĄng M᝼c documents the “order to repair the Nháť‹ River [Red River] dykes: the Nháť‹ River overflowing every year, the dykes were in a very bad state in many places. The two services of the Government and the Administration (trẼn thᝍ) were then commanded to direct the workers to carry out repairs according to needs in the interest of the farmersâ€? RVPUFE CZ -BOHMFU ̓ 5ISFF ZFBST MBUFS JO UIF TFWFOUI ZFBS PG UIF SFJHO PG 7ÇĄOI 5IĚ‘OI UIF TPWFSFJHO EFDJEFE UP
modify the organisation of dyke reparation by sending mandarins from the capital to supervise the works. )PXFWFS UIF XSJUFS OPUFE “The tasks were subsequently increased, but the flood damage could not be avoidedâ€? RVPUFE CZ -BOHMFU ̓ *O UIF FOE POMZ GPVS QBTTBHFT PG DIBQUFST UP PG UIF CĆ°ĆĄng M᝼c UP TQFBL BCPVU DPOUBJONFOU and only speak about repair work and not about new constructions. This situation contrasts with the references to droughts and flooding synonymous XJUI EFBSUI BOE GBNJOF XIJDI TVDDFFEFE each other throughout this same period TFWFOUFFO SFGFSFODFT UIVT HJWJOH UIF picture of a weaker and impotent State than PĂłDJBM IJTUPSJPHSBQIZ XPVME IBWF VT CFMJFWF i &JHIUI NPOUI SFJHO PG 5SĚ‘OI 5ËźD o the waters swelled because of the typhoon, the River Nháť‹ came out of its bed [also called PhĂş LĆ°ĆĄng,
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
that is to say the Red River]; many rice fields were damaged or lost in the northwest subprefectures [huyᝇn]�. 0OF PG 5S̑OI T HSFBUFTU FSSPST XBT UP OPU IBWF QBJE TVóDJFOU BUUFOUJPO UP UIF RVFTUJPO PG BHSJDVMUVSF JO HFOFSBM BOE UP XBUFS NBTUFSZ JO QBSUJDVMBS XIPTF NBOBHFNFOU XBT delegated to provincial mandarins only. Of DPVSTF TVCTFRVFOU UP UIF CVSTUJOH PG EZLFT the State had to once again take on the role PG DPNNBOEFS PG DPOUBJONFOU XPSLT CVU GSPN SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ XBT PODF BHBJO IBOEFE CBDL UP SFHJPOBM DJWJM TFSWBOUT UIF government having fallen into complete EFDBEFODF -� 5IËOI ,IÙJ Irrigation and Drainage: Powerlessness of the Imperial State Regarding the other aspect of water mastery – irrigation – documented sources are rarer UIBO UIPTF BCPVU DPOUBJONFOU CVU UFTUJGZ to the constant preoccupation of successive dynasties concerning the problem of drought BOE JUT ESBNBUJD DPOTFRVFODFT GPS UIF QPQVMBUJPO )PXFWFS BMUIPVHI UIF JNQFSJBM power had been attempting to intervene in this domain since the XVth DFOUVSZ JU NVTU be noted that these initiatives did not bring BOZ OPUBCMF JNQSPWFNFOU JO QSBDUJDFT OP infrastructure in direct contact with the rivers was realised before the XIXth century. It must be said that at this period the problem that needed to be resolved was formidable.
The supply of water to the lands was possible because of the proximity of the low-lying lands that form a network of ponds and BSSPZPT 5IFTF [POFT XIJDI BSF øPPEFE EVSJOH UIF NPOTPPO TFSWF BT SFTFSWPJST GPS JSSJHBUJPO EVSJOH UIF ESZ XJOUFS QFSJPE UIFJS ĂśMMJOH EFQFOEJOH PO UIF SIZUIN PG UIF IJHI UJEFT XIJDI BUUBJO B NBYJNBM FMFWBUJPO PG GPVS NFUSFT UIF FòFDU PG XIJDI JT WJTJCMF JO UIF whole of the delta. “We are in a delta, a slightly sloping aggradations zone of very low altitude. The reduced river flow during the dry season allows an upwelling of seawater at high tide, this acts as a block on the flow of fresh water and thus raises the water levels in the riversâ€? (Gourou, 1936). *O UIF DPBTUBM [POFT GBSNFST IBWF LOPXO GPS DFOUVSJFT IPX UP QSPĂśU GSPN UIJT QIFOPNFOPO UIFZ FSFDU B HSFBU OVNCFS PG øPPEHBUFT JO SPU SFTJTUBOU MJN XPPE which they manĹ“uvre in order to let water penetrate when the swell enters into the river NPVUI BOE PQQPTFT UIF øPX PG UIF SJWFS UIVT provoking a rise in the river water level. &MTFXIFSF EFWFMPQNFOUT GPS JSSJHBUJPO principally concern ponds and small arroyos in order to extend the ephemeral life of these OBUVSBM XBUFS SFTFSWFT 5IVT B WJMMBHF TUFMF FOHSBWFE JO NFOUJPOT UIF EJHHJOH PG BO JSSJHBUJPO DBOBM SFBMJTFE DPOKPJOUMZ CZ UXP communes in the middle of the XVIIIth century.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Box
2
Local Initiative
The two communes of Tháť?i ᝌng and Chu LĹŠng carried out irrigation work to secure the lives of the population. In the year Ä?inh MĂŁo (1747), ramparts were erected and trenches dug, in the year QuĂ˝ Dáşu (1753), an irrigation canal was dug and in the year Máşu Dần (1758), arable land was brought for the renovation of the temple. To date, the mandarins of the two communes have carried out survey work, 99 trưᝣng [1 trưᝣng = ten Vietnamese yards = 4 metres] of ramparts and trenches have been created, 581 trưᝣng [about: 2.32 km] of canal have been dug, the temple covers a perimeter of 61 trưᝣng and 6 thĆ°áť›c (61 trưᝣng and 6 thĆ°áť›c (Vietnamese yards). [‌] Overall, the total amount of donations is 1 010 quan tiáť n sáť, 148 people have donated their land for the construction of the canal. To give thanks to those who have donated land and money, the two communes have erected a stele on which their names are engraved and have decided to be eternally grateful to them.â€?
“At the same time as these local initiatives, the imperial power issued a series of decrees inciting the population to erect small dykes, dig reservoirs and clean out canals and arroyos in order to increase available resources and facilitate fifthmonth harvests and, eventually, be able to plant quick-growing rice to replace ordinary rice for the tenth-month harvest destroyed by dyke burstsâ€? 1PVZBOOF *U XBT UIVT UIBU UIF 4Ă™OH̓ ĂĽĂ‹P DBOBM XBT EVH BU UIF FOE PG UIF XVth DFOUVSZ XIJDI XBT UP CPUI JSSJHBUF SJDF ĂśFMET EVSJOH UIF ESZ TFBTPO BOE ESBJO MPX MZJOH [POFT EVSJOH UIF NPOTPPO 5IF JNQPTTJCJMJUZ PG QJFSDJOH UIF EZLFT BT well as the contours of the ground where there are elevated riverbanks and natural IPMMPXT JNQPTFT UIF VTF PG NFDIBOJDBM water extracting systems to draw the water from the rivers in the dry season. In his study JOUP JSSJHBUJPO & ̓ $IBTTJHOFVY FYBNJOFE this point and noted that although some texts and decrees urge the mandarins and the population to “build machines to carry XBUFSw UIFSF BSF OP QSFDJTF EFUBJMT BCPVU UIF
OBUVSF PG UIFTF̓iNBDIJOFTw OPS PG UIFJS WFSZ existence. Might they have been small pedal norias that could be seen at this period in certain provinces of the delta? 8IBU JT NPSF JO QFSJPET PG ESPVHIU UIF principal possible recourse was heavenly. Many passages of the CĆ°ĆĄng M᝼c are UFTUJNPOZ UP UIJT BT IFSF XF ĂśOE PO UIF POF IBOE NBTTJWF BNOFTUZ NFBTVSFT DPOTJEFSFE to be pious gestures of reparation in the face PG UIF HPWFSONFOU T FYDFTTJWF SJHPVS UIPVHIU to be the reason for the natural disasters -BOHMFU ̓ BOE PO UIF PUIFS IBOE QSBZFST BOE PòFSJOHT UP UIF NPVOUBJO BOE river divinities in order to soften their anger and invite them to trigger the much awaited SBJOT 5IVT JU JT JOEJDBUFE UIBU JO UIF ZFBS 2VĂ“ IĚ?J OÇŠN UIĂž < > “The drought having continued from spring to summer time, the King himself conducted a religious ceremony to pray for rain. In the month of June it rainedâ€?; or again JO UIF ZFBS .Ě‚V UIĂ–O OÇŠN UIĚ < > “In the month of April, it is summer. Drought. The King
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
makes sacrifices to the gods to pray for rain. He freed prisoners.” 'JOBMMZ GPS MBDL PG BO FóDJFOU UFDIOJDBM NBTUFSZ PG UIF JSSJHBUJPO QSPDFTT UIF ,JOH
Photo
accords partial or total tax exemptions and distributes rice from the royal reserve among the poorest population in order to in some XBZ NJUJHBUF UIF TVòFSJOHT PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO in periods of drought.
13 Traditional Irrigation Systems
Sources: Olivier Tessier and Philippe Le Failler (2009), 5FDIOJRVF EV 1FVQMF "OOBNJUF by Henri OGER, revised and expanded, trilingual reedition (ed.), nxb Nhã Nam, Hà Nội, 2 volumes (plates: 700 p.; introduction: 271 p.).
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Photos
14, 15 and 16
Traditional Irrigation Systems
Photo credits: EFEO photo archives (Paris).
8IBU JT NPSF USBEJUJPOBM JSSJHBUJPO GSPN UIF QPOET BOE BSSPZPT GFE CZ UIF OBUVSBM รธPXT PG SJWFST SFNBJOFE UIF OPSN VOUJM UIF construction of gravity-fed networks. Every farmer was responsible for the supply of his QMPUT BOE CBJMFE XBUFS GSPN B TQFDJรถD QMBDF TJUVBUFE BMPOH UIF BSSPZP PS QPOE SFGFSSFE UP BT B CBJMJOH TUBUJPO BT JMMVTUSBUFE JO UIF QJDUVSF BCPWF 5IFTF TUBUJPOT XFSF QSJWBUF UIF owner having priority over the other villagers XJTIJOH UP JSSJHBUF UIFJS SJDF รถFMET 5IF CBJMFE water was then either directly poured into UIF QMPU PS JOUP B DBOBM UIBU SBO UP UIF GBSNFS T MBOE #BJMJOH XBT DBSSJFE PVU XJUI UIF IFMQ PG UXP TJNQMF JOFYQFOTJWF UPPMT XIPTF VTBHF EFQFOEFE PO UIF IFJHIU PG UIF XBUFS TPVHIU
and which are still used today for reasons that will be explained later. The tripod bailer (cรกi gแบงu song), which is made PG QMBJUFE CBNCPP รถCSFT JT DN MPOH BOE DN XJEF BU JUT PQFOJOH BOE IBT B UP อ NFUSF IBOEMF *U JT TVTQFOEFE PO B CBNCPP USJQPE CZ B SPQF TP BT UP CF JO B IPSJ[POUBM position ten centimetres or so above the XBUFS T TVSGBDF 5IJT UPPM JT NBOJQVMBUFE CZ POF QFSTPO BOE NPWFT JO B TXJOH MJLF NPUJPO รถSTU PG BMM UIF CBJMFS JT PCMJRVFMZ QMVOHFE รถGUFFO DFOUJNFUSFT CFOFBUI UIF TVSGBDF UIFO the operator begins a pendulum movement that he halts at the moment the bailer reaches its discharge point. The water is then propelled by its own force and runs into the
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
plot or canal. The tripod bailer can be used for B NBYJNVN FMFWBUJPO PG DN &MFWFO EBZT PG UIJT EJóDVMU BOE NPOPUPOPVT XPSL BSF OFDFTTBSZ UP USBOTGFS DN PG XBUFS UP B POF IFDUBSF SJDF öFME " TFDPOE JOTUSVNFOU UIF SPQF CBTLFU (cái gầu giai), is used for surfaces at an elevation of NPSF UIBO DN CVU XIJDI DBOOPU FYDFFE NFUSF *U JT B DPOJDBM TIBQFE CVDLFU JO TUSJQT of plaited bamboo to which two ropes are BUUBDIFE POF BU UIF CBTF BOE POF BU UIF UPQ The operators necessary for its manipulation let the basket fall into the water by leaning forwards with outstretched arms; then they TUSBJHIUFO VQ BU UIF TBNF UJNF UVHHJOH PO the upper rope. Once the basket has reached UIF FOE PG JUT DPVSTF UIFZ QVMM PO UIF CPUUPN rope thus toppling the basket and pouring out its contents. For land at an elevation of DN UIJSUZ EBZT PG XPSL BSF OFDFTTBSZ UP USBOTGFS DN PG XBUFS JOUP POF IFDUBSF PG SJDF öFME *O BEEJUJPO JU JT TPNFUJNFT OFDFTTBSZ UP proceed in several stages to attain the rice öFME UIBU NVTU CF JSSJHBUFE 'BDFE XJUI TVDI EJóDVMU BOE GBTUJEJPVT XPSL it is easy to understand why water theft regularly occurred and became a source PG NBKPS DPOøJDUT CFUXFFO OFJHICPVST particularly during periods of drought. *OEFFE UIFSF JT OPUIJOH FBTJFS UIBO PQFOJOH up a breach with a spade in the small dyke TFQBSBUJOH UXP SJDF öFMET UIF XBUFS UIVT øPXJOH JOUP UIF MPXFS öFME 'JOBMMZ UIFSF FYJTUFE UXP PUIFS TZTUFNT PG FMFWBUJOH XBUFS CVU UIFZ XFSF VTFE B MPU less than the two previous methods. The öSTU JT UIF TMJEJOH CBJMFS (cái gầu kèo). This is a simple container made from woven bamboo öYFE UP B IBOEMF *NNFSTFE JO UIF XBUFS JU TMJEFT BMPOH B TNPPUI BOE TMPQFE FBSUI XBMM
UIF PQFSBUPS JO B TJUUJOH QPTJUJPO QVMMT UIF instrument towards himself and the water mounts the wall and flows over as soon as it reaches the top of the dyke. Although very FóDJFOU JU JT POMZ VTBCMF GPS BO FMFWBUJPO PG CFUXFFO UP DN BOE JUT VTF UIVT SFNBJOFE DPOöOFE UP B GFX EJTUSJDUT JO UIF MPXFS EFMUB DIBSBDUFSJTFE CZ B WFSZ TMJHIU DIBOHF JO FMFWBUJPO 'JOBMMZ UIF QFEBM PS TUSJOH OPSJB XIJDI BMMPXFE GPS BO FMFWBUJPO PG CFUXFFO DN BOE N XBT de facto reserved for the wealthier farmers owing to its complexity and high price. #Z DPNQBSJOH UIF JSSJHBUJPO UPPMT VTFE JO the Red River Delta at the beginning of the XXth century with those which appeared in a $IJOFTF BHSJDVMUVSBM USFBUJTF JO le Keng tche t’ou, JO XIJDI ESBXJOHT BSF EFWPUFE UP SJDF HSPXJOH & $IBTTJHOFVY FTUBCMJTIFT B UFDIOJDBM öMJBUJPO UIBU MFBWFT IBSEMZ BOZ SPPN GPS EPVCU 5IF EFMUB GBSNFST UPPMT TUFN GSPN UFDIOJDBM CPSSPXJOHT GSPN $IJOB POMZ TPNF adaptations and improvements have been BEEFE UP UIF $IJOFTF NFUIPET QBSUJDVMBSMZ GPS UIF öSTU NFUIPE EFTDSJCFE XIPTF PSJHJOBM counterweight system had been replaced by a bamboo tripod.
1.1.3. The Nguyễn Dynasty: A Global and Innovative Vision of Hydrological Development "MUIPVHI UIF DBQJUBM PG UIF OFXMZ SFVOJöFE DPVOUSZ IBE CFFO USBOTGFSSFE UP )VÏ UIF öSTU &NQFSPST PG UIF /HVZ̎O %ZOBTUZ QBJE particular attention to the socio-economic SFDPWFSZ PG UIF /PSUI PG UIF DPVOUSZ XIJDI had been bled dry after several decades of war and desolation. To make their power GFMU FWFSZXIFSF UIFZ TFU PVU UP NBLF UIFJS mark as great builders by undertaking the DPOTUSVDUJPO PG SPBET CSJEHFT QPSUT BOE BMTP
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
strong citadels built in the same manner as UIF 'SFODI GPSUJĂśDBUJPOT PG 7BVCBO JO PSEFS to put down peasant revolts. Here is one PG UIF̓ BNCJHVJUJFT PG UIF ĂśSTU IBMG PG UIF XIXth̓ DFOUVSZ BMUIPVHI UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO of an absolute monarchy allowed the NPEFSOJTJOH PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT the increased control of the populations by a largely corrupt bureaucratic and mandarin apparatus aroused growing peasant EJTDPOUFOU XIJDI PO NBOZ PDDBTJPOT SFTVMUFE JO JOTVSSFDUJPO $POTFRVFOUMZ QFBTBOU DIJFGT̓ MJLF 1IBO #Ăˆ 7Ă‹OI BOE NBOEBSJOT OPTUBMHJD GPS UIF GPSNFS -Ă? %ZOBTUZ NPCJMJTFE thousands of poor peasants and resisted the regular forces in the coastal region of 2VBOH :Ă?O 4ËŒO /BN GPS TJY ZFBST "MUIPVHI UIF BENJOJTUSBUJWF SFGPSNT VOEFSUBLFO CZ .JOI .ËźOH JO PSEFS UP SF FTUBCMJTI PSEFS JO UIF DPVOUSZ MFE UP B CSJFG MVMM UIF DSJTJT HSFX VOEFS̓5̤ ĂĽĚ D BOE DVMNJOBUFE BU UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T XJUI UIF BSSJWBM of Chinese hordes fleeing the repression TVCTFRVFOU UP UIF 5BĂ• 1JOH SFWPMU -F 5IĂ‹OI ,IĂ™J
Towards a Generalised Containment of the Red River Delta *O UIF IZESPMPHJDBM EPNBJO UIF &NQFSPS (JB -POH ĂśSTU PG BMM UIFO &NQFSPST .JOI .ËźOH BOE 5̤ ĂĽĚ D IBE DBSSJFE PVU TPNF NBKPS works that principally aimed at controlling UIF TXFMMJOH PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS 5IVT BDDPSEJOH UP ĂśHVSFT GSPN UIF JOTQFDUJPO DBSSJFE PVU JO CZ UIF QSJODJQBM NBOEBSJO SFTQPOTJCMF GPS EZLFT ĂĽĂ? DIĂ“OI -Ă? ĂĽËźJ $Ë?ËŒOH UIF UPUBM length of the principal dykes in the Red River %FMUB SFDPSEFE JO YĂ? CFMPOHJOH UP IVZĚ?O PG UĚ?OI XBT LN USË?Ě?OH PG XIJDI LN USË?Ě?OH XBT CVJMU JO ZFBST CZ UIF ĂśSTU UXP &NQFSPST PG UIF EZOBTUZ ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )Ě&#x;OH 5IF FòPSU NBEF XBT TVDI UIBU 1JFSSF (PVSPV FTUJNBUFT UIBU BU UIF FWF PG DPMPOJBM JOUFSWFOUJPO UIF HFOFSBMJTFE DPOUBJONFOU PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB XBT DPNQMFUF UIBU JT UP say that the network of dykes was nearly as dense as that which he could observe at the CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T *U DPOTJTUFE PG OFBSMZ LN PG QSJODJQBM EZLFT BOE OFBSMZ BT NBOZ TFDPOEBSZ POFT (PVSPV
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Map
3
Map of Dykes (supposed date: 1905)
Sources: Gauthier (1931).
*O UIF &NQFSPS (JB -POH̓ SFGPSNFE dyke administration and created a central specialised service under the authority of the court mandarin “quan Ä?ĂŞ chĂnh áť&#x; Bắc thĂ nhâ€?. "U UIF TBNF UJNF IF JTTVFE B TUSVDUVSFE regulation in eight articles that dealt with UIF SFBMJTBUJPO PG XPSLT BOE UIFJS JOTQFDUJPO the protection of the works and the planning of future constructions associated with the evaluation of their cost. These regulations established a dyke typology BDDPSEJOH UP UISFF MFWFMT PG JNQPSUBODF ĂŞĂ?
ĂŞËźJ HJBOH ĂŞĂ? USVOH HJBOH ĂŞĂ? UJĚŒV HJBOH BOE EFĂśOFE GPS FBDI PG UIFN B TUBOEBSE UFNQMBUF PG XPSLT o XJEUI PG UIF CBTF BOE QMBUGPSN height and density of compaction. 'JOBMMZ KVTU MJLF UIF -Ă? DPEF UIF (JB -POH code lays down strict sanctions that even include capital punishment for any person found guilty of “Clandestinely breaching the river dykes – Art. 395â€? and “Not intervening at the right time to repair the dykes – Art. 396w < > this last article contains the principal elements BOOPVODFE JO UIF -Ă? DPEF
< > "SU “Those who clandestinely pierce river dykes (built by the State) will be punished by 100 lashes; those who clandestinely pierce dykes or pond levees (privately owned) will receive eighty lashes [‌].â€? "SU ̓“Whenever the river dykes have not been (built and) repaired (before accidents occur) or (although repaired), they have been repaired at the wrong moment, the civil servants and employees responsible for the general direction of the service will receive fifty lashes [‌]â€? 1IJMBTUSF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
In spite of this package of measures aiming at a rationalisation of the human and technical NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF EZLFT CVSTUJOH BOE flooding happened every year during the SFJHOT PG (JB -POH BOE .JOI .BOH CSJOHJOH XJUI UIFN EFBEMZ øPPET GBNJOF BOE QFBTBOU SFWPMUT "MNPTU FWFSZ ZFBS GSPN UIF TJYUI NPOUI UIF Ä?ấi Nam Tháťąc L᝼c established a disaster inventory of the more or less serious disasters triggered by the violence of flooding PS PO UIF DPOUSBSZ CZ ESPVHIU UIF &NQFSPS giving emergency aid in money and rice to the victims and partial or total exemption from taxes. *O UIJT SFTQFDU UIF ̓ øPPET XFSF DBUBTUSPQIJD “Bắc ThĂ nh suffered from serious flooding, the dykes burst in the three provinces of SĆĄn Tây, SĆĄn Nam, Nam Ä?áť‹nh, houses and rice fields were submerged, several people were drowned. The city dignitaries sent people everywhere to distribute aid to the victims and reported back to the King. [‌] I read the report on the lamentable plight of the victims for whom the help offered was somewhat insufficient and still remains too little. I therefore order the provincial dignitaries to distribute supplementary aid, each person, be it a man, a woman, old, young or drowned, shall be allotted 3 quan tiáť n (unit of currency), if the person is very poor, he will be given 2 quan tiáť n, 1 phĆ°ĆĄng (barrel) of rice, if the person is poor, he will be given 1 quan tiáť n and 1 phĆ°ĆĄng of rice.â€? .JOI .ËźOH UIFO QSPNVMHBUFE JO IJT FJHIUI ZFBS PG SFJHO BO PSEFS SFNPWJOH UIF responsibility of dyke construction and maintenance from the provincial mandarins BDDVTFE PG OFHMJHFODF BOE JODPNQFUFODF and entrusting it to a corps of specialised civil servants. This text precisely states the EJNFOTJPOT BOE EJòFSFOU UZQFT PG EZLF which must be heightened in relation to the
TUBOEBSE UFNQMBUF FTUBCMJTIFE CZ (JB -POH and also indicates where they should be placed; it also orders the planting of bamboo at their base and the stocking up of baskets and bamboo before river swelling to facilitate SFQBJST ĂśOBMMZ JU QSFTDSJCFT UIF FEJĂśDBUJPO PG B temple to the water spirits at the confluence of the Red and Clear Rivers. )PXFWFS UIJT DIBOHFE MJUUMF .JOI .ËźOH UIFO EFDJEFE JO UP DPNQMFUFMZ reform dyke administration. He dissolved the specialised service he had created six years previously and handed back dyke administration to provincial mandarins (báť™ CĂ´ng: Public ministry) which from then on were responsible for the part of the river flowing through their respective territories. This complete U-turn was motivated by the GPMMPXJOH PCTFSWBUJPO FYQFSJFODF IBT TIPXO that specialised mandarins only focus on construction and repairs of the works without QBZJOH BOZ BUUFOUJPO UP BHSJDVMUVSBM BDUJWJUJFT particularly the possibilities of creating drainage channels or irrigation. *O UIF EZLF TFSWJDF XBT BHBJO EJTTPMWFE and the policy of great hydrological works IBMUFE 5IF &NQFSPS KVTUJĂśFE UIJT DIPJDF CZ DJUJOH ĂśOBODJBM QSPCMFNT CVU FWFO NPSF TP because of the incursion of Chinese pirates in the north of the country and the French colonial intervention in the centre of the country. *O TVNNBSZ JO TQJUF PG BO JNQSFTTJWF PWFSBMM BTTFTTNFOU UIF /HVZĚŽO IZESPMPHJDBM QPMJDZ was characterised by turnarounds and EJTDPOUJOVJUJFT XIJDI HJWF VT B EJSFDU JOTJHIU into the weight of the unilateral decisions and grave mismanagement of the mandarin system.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
5IF EFCBUF UISPXO PQFO JO BCPVU UIF utility of maintaining or not a network of dykes is the illustration of this. Debate about the Utility of Maintaining and Reinforcing the Dykes This succession of administrative and technical reorganisations must be placed in the framework of a substantive debate the terms of which were made clear by Emperor (JB -POH̓JO CZ EFDSFF UIF MBUUFS PSEFSFE the mandarins and inhabitants to discuss the utility of maintaining the dykes or whether JU XBT CFUUFS UP MFWFM UIFN *OEFFE XJUI UIF EFOTJĂśDBUJPO PG UIF EZLF BOE DPVOUFS EZLF OFUXPSL UIF QFBTBOUT BOE UIF GBSNFST CFHBO UP TFF XIBU OFHBUJWF FòFDUT JU DPVME IBWF PO UIF JSSJHBUJPO BOE ESBJOBHF PG UIF EFMUB T SJDF ĂśFMET 5IVT UIF EFTDSJQUJWF (FPHSBQIZ CZ &NQFSPS ĂĽĚ•OH ,IĂˆOI TQFDJĂśFT BCPVU 4ËŒO 5ÉZ̓QSPWJODF “The soil and waters of lowlying districts are healthier, similar to those of the southeast provinces. Heavy rains originating from the heights of the neighbouring provinces of HĆ°ng HĂła and TuyĂŞn Quang arrive during a period of a few weeks between summer and autumn; the rivers then flow very rapidly and the water level can reach 18 or 19 feet, while at the same time the crops growing on the other side of the dyke are stricken by drought.â€? 5IVT UIF RVFTUJPO XBT BTLFE BCPVU XIFUIFS JU XPVME OPU CF NPSF KVEJDJPVT UP HFU SJE PG these dangerous and costly works so that the great rivers could spread freely throughout the TVNNFS PWFS UIF FOUJSF TVSGBDF PG UIF EFMUB in the same way as a slow and progressive flooding and no longer like a cataclysm. The SFTVMU PG UIJT XPVME CF BCVOEBOU NPJTUVSF which would solve the irrigation problem while at the same time increasing the fertility of the soil thanks to alluvial deposits. In other
UFSNT UIF RVFTUJPO JT UP EJTDPWFS XIFUIFS PS not the dykes constitute a remedy worse than UIF FWJM UIBU UIFZ BSF TVQQPTFE UP ĂśHIU 5IJT XBT XIZ BGUFS FBDI øPPE UIF QPQVMBUJPOT PG UIF BòFDUFE SFHJPOT BTLFE GPS UIF TVQQSFTTJPO PG UIF EZLFT BT XBT OPUBCMZ UIF DBTF JO BOE UIF principal reason motivating these demands was that when there was flooding caused CZ B CVSTU VQTUSFBN EZLF UIF EPXOTUSFBN TFDUJPOT XIJDI SFNBJOFE JOUBDU QSFWFOUFE the retreat of the waters when the level of the SJWFS XBUFST GFMM UIVT BOOJIJMBUJOH BOZ IPQF PG B IBSWFTU 1PVZBOOF "MUIPVHI GPSUVOBUFMZ OP &NQFSPS PG UIF /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ FWFS SFTPMWFE UP PSEFS UIF EFTUSVDUJPO PG UIF EZLFT PO B EFMUB XJEF TDBMF UIJT WJUBM RVFTUJPO SFTVMUFE JO DPNQMFNFOUBSZ alternative solutions aiming to palliate the imperfections of the dyke system. 5IFZ ĂśSTU BUUFNQUFE UP MPXFS UIF XBUFS MFWFM of the Red River by increasing the drainage capacity of its natural distributaries and by DSFBUJOH BSUJĂśDJBM POFT *U XBT UIVT UIBU XJUI UIF BENJOJTUSBUJWF SFGPSN PG EZLFT JO .JOI .ËźOH EFDJEFE UIF TBNF ZFBS GPMMPXJOH UIF BEWJDF PG UXP TQFDJBMJTFE NBOEBSJOT UP EFFQFO BOE DMFBO PVU UIF $̢V "O 3JWFS which had to simultaneously serve as a 3FE 3JWFS EJTUSJCVUBSZ BU UIF MFWFM PG )Ë?OH :Ă?O BOE BT BO JSSJHBUJPO DBOBM 'SPN UP ̓LN XFSF EVH TP BT UP FTUBCMJTI UIF KVODUJPO CFUXFFO UIF 3FE 3JWFS BOE UIF $̢V "O 3JWFS XIPTF ESZ TFBTPO CFE XBT ESFEHFE and widened over a distance of more than LN "T XFMM BT UIFTF FYDBWBUJPO XPSLT UIF EZLFT PG UIF MPX MZJOH BSFBT PG )Ë?OH :Ă?O XFSF either greatly reduced in height or purely and TJNQMZ MFWFMMFE ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )ĂĄOH
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
The impact of these large-scale structural changes was the exact opposite of what had been expected. Four months after the DPNQMFUJPO PG XPSL BOOPVODFE UP UIF &NQFSPS JO UIF TJYUI NPOUI PG CZ UIF GBNPVT BVUIPS BOE NBOEBSJO /HVZĚŽO $Ă™OH 5SĚ BU UIBU UJNF Táť•ng Ä?áť‘c PG )Ë˝J :Ă?O UIF PQFOJOH PG UIF $̢V̓ "O 3JWFS PO UIF 3FE 3JWFS XBT XBTIFE BXBZ JO UISFF QMBDFT UIF QSPWJODFT PG )̢OH :Ă?O BOE )Ë˝J %Ë?ËŒOH XFSF submerged beneath two metres of water BOE UIF DJUZ PG )̢OH :Ă?O XBT DPNQMFUFMZ drowned. It was the most disastrous flood UIF UXP QSPWJODFT IBE FWFS LOPXO ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )Ě&#x;OH *U FBSOFE /HVZĚŽO $Ă™OH 5SĚ B violent dressing down from the Emperor who blamed him for the situation and asked him
Map
4
UP SFQBJS UIF EBNBHF 'SPN TVCTUBOUJBM SFJOGPSDFNFOU XPSL CFHBO PO UIF $̢V An River. In response to the pleas of the provinces devastated by the floods which XFSF SFQFBUFE FBDI ZFBS UIF VQTUSFBN PQFOJOH PG UIF $̢V "O 3JWFS XBT DPNQMFUFMZ plugged and its function was no longer anything more than a drainage canal for the evacuation of the waters from the low-lying MBOET JO UIF QSPWJODF PG )Ë?OH :Ă?O UPXBSET UIF EPXOTUSFBN QBSU PG UIF 4Ă™OH -VĚ˜D o UIF #BNCPP $BOBM 1PVZBOOF 5IFSF XBT no other option than to rebuild and reinforce UIF EZLFT JO UIF )Ë?OH :Ă?O )Ë˝J %Ë?ËŒOH BOE /BN ĂĽĚ‘OI QSPWJODFT B UBTL VOEFSUBLFO CZ &NQFSPS 5IJFV 5SĚ‘ EVSJOH UIF TJY ZFBST PG IJT SFJHO
Principal Works Carried Out in the XIXth Century Aiming to Lower the Water Level of the Red River
Sources: Author’s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
)PXFWFS JO TQJUF PG UIJT EJTBTUSPVT FYQFSJFODF UIF JTTVF XBT BHBJO EFCBUFE BHBJO JO CZ &NQFSPS 5̤ ĂĽĂžD̓ XIP PQFOFE B OFX discussion about what attitude to adopt concerning the network of dykes. The latter did not hide his distrust for the pursuit of UIF DPOUBJONFOU PG UIF EFMUB BT FWJEFODFE by an annotation written in his own hand JO UIF NBSHJOT PG B QBTTBHF GSPN UIF ĂĽËźJ 7JĚ?U 4̢ ,â EFWPUFE UP UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG UIF ĂĽĚ?OI /IÇĄ %ZLF c.f BCPWF iIt was an irresponsible enterprise which has caused us countless calamitiesâ€?. /FWFSUIFMFTT BGUFS ĂśWF ZFBST PG QSPDSBTUJOBUJPO JU XBT ĂśOBMMZ UIPTF in favour of maintaining and reinforcing the TZTUFN XIP XPO UIF EBZ UIF NBKPSJUZ PG UIF court dignitaries admitting that attempts to abandon certain dykes had caused floods PWFS UIF QSFWJPVT EFDBEF PG B GSFRVFODZ BOE a magnitude hitherto unknown. 0ODF UIF EFCBUF IBE CFFO EFDJEFE UIF service for dykes was re-established in 5IF OFX NBOEBSJO JO DIBSHF PG UIF service (Ä?ĂŞ chĂnh) made a series of concrete proposals that should be priorities in terms of hydrological and regulatory works against SJWFS TXFMMJOH ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )Ě&#x;OH 0O UIJT CBTJT BOE JO BEEJUJPO UP UIF OFX EZLFT BOE counter-dykes built on the Red River to QSFWFOU JU GSPN MFBWJOH JUT CFE ESFEHJOH XPSL was undertaken using harrows pulled by boats to deepen the river mouth and allow a more rapid flow of its tumultuous waters. They also attempted to deviate part of its flow towards UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI 3JWFS JO PSEFS UP MPXFS JUT XBUFS level and thus limit the violence of its swelling. *U XBT UIVT UIBU JO 5̤ ĂĽĚ D IBE B OFX FOUSZ UP UIF 4Ă™OH ĂĽË?ËŒOH EVH VQTUSFBN GSPN UIF PME POF XIJDI IBE CFFO UPUBMMZ CMPDLFE CZ BMMVWJVN $IBTTJHOFVY )PXFWFS JO XIJMF EFWFMPQNFOU XPSL PO UIF 4Ă™OH
ĂĽË?ËŒOH IBE TUJMM OPU CFFO DPNQMFUFE UIF dyke service was once again dissolved and the great hydrological works policy was put PO UIF CBDL CVSOFS 5IF &NQFSPS KVTUJĂśFE UIJT DIPJDF CZ FWPLJOH ĂśOBODJBM QSPCMFNT BOE BCPWF BMM UIF TFSJPVT USPVCMFT QSPWPLFE CZ French colonial intervention in the centre of the country. Public Dykes, Private Dykes The coexistence of two categories of dyke is a historical reality intrinsic to the very process of UIF DPOUBJONFOU PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB 5IVT JO JO UIF FMFWFOUI NPOUI UIF CĆ°ĆĄng M᝼c ĂśYFE UIF EFBEMJOFT GPS UIF SFQBJSJOH PG EZLFT BOE TFU PVU XPSLT PG B EJòFSFOU OBUVSF BDDPSEJOH UP UIFJS JNQPSUBODF “In the tenth month of each year the administration service (tháťa ty) of each province (xᝊ) was to order the authorities of the subordinate sub-prefectures to go and carry out an inspection on the parts of the dyke needing repair work. Small repairs were to be made by the population of the communes that were threatened by the force of the current under the control of prefectural authorities; as for bigger repairs, a mandarin would be asked to manage them.â€? )PXFWFS GPS UIF ĂśSTU UJNF VOEFS UIF /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ UIFTF UXP DBUFHPSJFT XFSF DMFBSMZ EJTBTTPDJBUFE 5IVT JO IJT BUUFNQU UP DBSSZ PVU B DFOTVT JO JO UIF GPVS QSPWJODFT of the delta (c.f CFMPX BU UIF TBNF UJNF BT BO JOWFOUPSZ PG QVCMJD XPSLT UIF QSJODJQBM mandarin responsible for dykes (Ä?ĂŞ chĂnh), -Ă? ĂĽËźJ $Ë?ËŒOH NFOUJPOFE LN PG QSJWBUFMZ PXOFE TFDPOEBSZ EZLFT BOE TJNJMBSMZ PXOFE MPDLT ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )Ě&#x;OH 5IF QBSU of privately owned dykes at this period thus SFQSFTFOUFE NPSF UIBO PG UIF ̓ ̓LN PG̓ JOGSBTUSVDUVSF FYBNJOFE JO UIF ĂśWF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
provinces. On which typology is this criteria based? Public Dykes Public dykes were erected at the Imperial 4UBUF T JOJUJBUJWF VOEFS UIF EJSFDUJPO PG B TQFDJBMJTFE PS QSPWJODJBM NBOEBSJO TZTUFN according to the period. They were considered strategic in so much as they guaranteed UIF QSPUFDUJPO PG NBKPS HFPHSBQIJDBM BOE IVNBO HSPVQJOHT BT UIFJS CVSTUJOH NJHIU USJHHFS øPPEJOH UIBU XPVME BòFDU EJTUSJDU PS provincial capitals and entire provinces. It was B RVFTUJPO PG UIF NPTU JNQPTJOH XPSLT XIJDI encircled the flood plains of the Red River BOE JUT NPTU UVNVMUVPVT EJTUSJCVUBSJFT UIF construction and maintenance of which had to scrupulously follow the standard norms stipulated by the State concerning dimensions and compaction. In order to periodically mobilise the masses of workers necessary GPS UIF SFBMJTBUJPO PG TVDI JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT the State disposed of two possible levers. 5IF ĂśSTU XBT UIF NPCJMJTBUJPO PG WJMMBHFST through one of the three great obligations UIBU UIFZ IBE BT̓ WBTTBMT UIF DPSWĂ?F ĂśYFE BU TJYUZ EBZT QFS ZFBS QFS WBTTBM CZ UIF (JB -POH $PEF XIJDI PCMJHFT FBDI TVCKFDU UP take part without pay in the collective works ordered by the mandarin system. For the big DPOTUSVDUJPO TJUFT UIPVTBOET PG QFBTBOUT XFSF NPCJMJTFE PGUFO XJUI UIF TVQQPSU PG TPMEJFST BOE TBJMPST CJĚŒO CJOI 5IVT JO UFOUI NPOUI JO IJT SFQPSU UP UIF &NQFSPS BCPVU UIF EJHHJOH PG UIF 4Ă™OH $Ë?V "O /HVZĚŽO $Ă™OH 5SĚ HBWF TPNF JNQSFTTJWF ĂśHVSFT “Digging rivers and building dykes is difficult work, it is thus necessary to hire 20 000 coolies (including 6 000 from Nam Ä?áť‹nh, 4 000 from Hải DĆ°ĆĄng, 3 000 from HĆ°ng YĂŞn, 3 500 from each of the neighbouring provinces of HĂ Náť™i et Bắc Ninh), the works will be restarted
next January.â€? The repairing of the damaged or washed away sections of the dyke also EFNBOEFE B MBSHF RVBOUJUZ PG NBOQPXFS BT TIPXO JO UIF SFQPSU CZ 5Ě–OH ĂĽĚ”D PG )Ă‹ /Ě˜J /JOI #Ă–OI ĂĽPĂ‹O 7ÇŠO 5SË?ĚšOH “4 000 coolies have been mobilised to repair the burst sections of the dyke in the districts of ChĆ°ĆĄng Ä?ᝊc, HoĂ i An, Thanh LiĂŞm of the province.â€? The second lever consisted in remunerating workers (money and rice) in the form of QJFDF XPSL UIF VTF PG TBMBSJFE XPSLFST having become indispensable in view of the considerable number of men and women that it was necessary to mobilise during the few months of the dry season that separated the tenth-month harvest GSPN UIF ĂśSTU SJWFS TXFMMJOHT PG UIF TQSJOH 5IVT GPS UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG OFX EZLFT JO UIF /PSUI #ĚƒD 5IĂ‹OI UIF NBOEBSJOT ü̇OH 5SËżO 5IË?ĚšOH -Ă‹N BOE /HVZĚŽO ,IĚƒD 5IJĚ?V SFRVFTUFE QFSNJTTJPO GSPN &NQFSPS (JB -POH JO ̓ “The dykes in provinces of SĆĄn Tây, Kinh Bắc, SĆĄn Nam Thưᝣng have collapsed, the construction of three new sections of dyke and the reinforcement of two old sections using hired workers is envisaged. For the other sections where the currents are not too strong and bearable, the local workforce will be mobilised for their repair. The King gave his consent.â€? It is easy to understand that the combination of these two possible systems of mobilising a workforce represented a source of tension CFUXFFO UIF ĂśOBODJBM NFBOT UIF 4UBUF XBT ready to invest in the construction and repair PG EZLFT BOE UIFJS FòFDUJWF VTF JO UIF ĂśFME Even though certain reports presented to the &NQFSPS FYQMJDJUMZ NFOUJPOFE UIF QFBTBOUT SFUJDFODF UP QBSUJDJQBUF JO UIF XPSLT JU BMTP BQQFBSFE UIBU MPDBM EJHOJUBSJFT FNCF[[MFE UIF money granted by the State to remunerate the workers by obliging the inhabitants to
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
NBLF B ĂśOBODJBM DPOUSJCVUJPO PS CZ JNQPTJOH UIF DPSWĂ?F PO UIFN 5IVT XIJMF QSBJTJOH UIF diligence with which the repair reinforcement XPSL PO UIF EZLFT PO UIF $Ë?V "O 3JWFS o̓ ĂśOJTIFE JO o IBE CFFO DBSSJFE PVU BOE XIJMF EJTUSJCVUJOH HSBUJĂśDBUJPOT UP UIF NBOEBSJOT EJHOJUBSJFT BOE UIF QPQVMBUJPO &NQFSPS .JOI .ËźOH SFNJOEFE QFPQMF UIBU they should not confuse the two sources PG MBCPVS XIJDI XFSF TBMBSJFE XPSLFST PO the one hand and use of the corvĂŠe on the PUIFS UIF NPOFZ EJTUSJCVUFE UP UIF MPDBM populations being a reward and not a salary. &WFO UIPVHI UIF ĂśOBODJBM PVUMBZ JO UIF XIXth century greatly varies according to the Emperors and their great hydrological XPSLT JOWFTUNFOU JO UIJT TFDUPS XBT OFWFS RVFTUJPOFE JO TQJUF PG UIF DPOUJOVBM EFTUSVDUJPO PG XPSLT XIJDI GFE UIF EFCBUF BCPVU UIFJS VUJMJUZ -FU NF RVPUF UIJT QBTTBHF GSPN UIF BOOBMT PG UIF SFJHO PG .JOI .ËźOH in which the Emperor reminds us of the JNQPSUBODF PG UIF ĂśOBODJBM QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG UIF 4UBUF BOE GSPN UIFSF BEESFTTFE B CJUUFS reproach to the mandarins of the provinces PG 4ËŒO 5ÉZ 4ËŒO /BN BOE /BN ĂĽĚ‘OI GPMMPXJOH B TFSJFT PG EZLF CVSTUT BOE TFWFSF øPPEJOH “The dykes are of great importance for the inhabitants of your provinces. You can well see that we have been generous, since every year we place at your disposal a credit of 100 000 ligatures, with benefits in kind to assure the good maintenance of the dykes. [‌] Why did you not take the necessary precautions beforehand to avoid such catastrophes? Why didn’t you, when the violence of the flow increased, take new precautions? [‌] This proves your negligence.â€?
Privately Owned Dykes 1SJWBUFMZ PXOFE EZLFT BSF CZ EFGBVMU DPOTJEFSFE BT TFDPOEBSZ BOE MFTT TUSBUFHJD as they have been built on more stable and SFHVMBS TFDUJPOT PG UIF SJWFS XIPTF FWFOUVBM TXFMMJOH BOE PWFSøPXJOH POMZ BòFDU IVNBO dwellings and small areas. The State thus made an empiric distinction between the private BOE QVCMJD EPNBJOT UIBU JT UP TBZ B TIBSJOH of the tasks and responsibilities conditional PO UIF ÜOBODJBM DBQBDJUJFT PG UIF NPNFOU BOE UIF QPMJUJDBM QSJPSJUJFT PG UIF LJOHEPN T HPWFSOBODF JO HFOFSBM BOE IZESPMPHJDBM management in particular. The privately owned improvements were carried out at the initiative of the peasant communities BOE TFMG ÜOBODFE CZ UIF MBUUFS BGUFS UIFZ IBE SFDFJWFE BOE UIJT JT UIF FTTFOUJBM QPJOU UIF &NQFSPS T BHSFFNFOU < > since according UP MBOE PXOFSTIJQ MBXT UIF 4UBUF XBT UIF VOJRVF MFHJUJNBUF BOE QFSNBOFOU PXOFS UIF peasants being simple tenants whose tenure was conditional to the development of the land and payment of taxes. The relative weight of public intervention in relation to local initiatives follows the changes in the attribution of responsibility GPS UIF EZLFT BOE JT ÜOBMMZ B USVF SFøFDUJPO of the versatility of the relationships between UIF TVDDFTTJWF &NQFSPST PG UIF /HVZ̎O Dynasty with the containment system of UIF QSJODJQBM SJWFST PG UIF EFMUB 5IVT UIF EJTTPMVUJPO PG UIF EZLF TFSWJDF JO BOE the search for an alternative solution to DPOUBJONFOU QBSUJDVMBSMZ UISPVHI XPSL UP IBWF UIF 3FE 3JWFS øPX JOUP UIF $̢V "O 3JWFS DPJODJEFE XJUI B DMFBS EJTFOHBHFNFOU
< > Article no UJUMF PG UIF (JB -POH DPEF FOUJUMFE iCVJMEJOH XJUIPVU QFSNJTTJPOw TUJQVMBUFT UIBU UIF XPSLT DBO CF VOEFSUBLFO POMZ BGUFS SFDFJWJOH UIF BQQSPCBUJPO PG UIF TVQFSJPS BVUIPSJUZ XIJDI ÜYFT UIF JOEFNOJUJFT PG UIPTF carrying out the corvÊe – op.cit.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
of the State vis-Ă -vis its regalian prerogatives JO UFSNT PG IZESPMPHJDBM NBOBHFNFOU which it temporarily handed over to peasant DPNNVOJUJFT ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )Ě&#x;OH The works carried out locally were sometimes POMZ PG NPEFSBUF TJ[F BOE POMZ JNQMJDBUFE UIF JOIBCJUBOUT PG BO JTPMBUFE WJMMBHF BT TUBUFE PO TPNF WJMMBHF TUFMFT 5IF QIË?ĚšOH )Ě• ,IĚ€V TUFMF DPOTFSWFE JO UIF $IĂžD 5IĂˆOI QBHPEB XIJDI EBUFT CBDL UP 5̤ ĂĽĚ D UIĚ thus explains that the repairs following a dyke burst necessitated large sums of money and that private donors were called upon to participate in the expenses. “The section of the dyke situated in the Quảng Báť‘ neighbourhood burst, water invaded the Háť“ KhẊu neighbourhood, its inhabitants had to repair it and as this work was very expensive, the compassionate were asked to contribute. Mme Nguyáť…n Tháť‹ Vấn offered 30 quan tiáť n and asked for the anniversary of her death to be later celebrated at the ChĂşc ThĂĄnh Pagoda. The residents of the neighbourhood erected a stele to pay tribute to her and established the annual commemoration of her death.â€? )PXFWFS UIF JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT CVJMU BU UIF WJMMBHFT JOJUJBUJWF XFSF TPNFUJNFT PG TVDI B TJ[F that their development should certainly have been carried out by the State. The existence PG UIFTF XPSLT DMFBSMZ SFWFBMT UIF 4UBUF T TIPSUDPNJOHT BOE JUT EJĂłDVMUJFT UP NBOBHF the global hydrological development of the EFMUB BOE DPOTFRVFOUMZ UIF DBQBDJUZ PG UIF populations to organise themselves at a local level to carry out work of general interest. This was the case from the very beginning of the /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ BT TIPXO CZ UIF FYBNQMF PG UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO JO UIF .ÇĄ -Ë?ËŒOH o :Ă?O 4ËŒO SFHJPO UPEBZ UIF EJTUSJDUT PG $IË?ËŒOH .̧ BOE 2VĚ”D "J UĚ?OI )Ă‹ 5ÉZ PG UIF 5IĚ‚Q $̢V EZLF
XIPTF UPUBM MFOHUI XBT LN NFUSFT XJEF BU UIF CBTF GPS B IFJHIU PG NFUSFT XIJDI QSPUFDUFE B SJDF HSPXJOH [POF PG mẍu IB 3FNBSLBCMZ JU XBT CVJMU CFUXFFO BOE CZ UIF JOIBCJUBOUT PG B HSPVQ PG DPNNVOFT BOE SFTVMUFE JO the writing of an extremely detailed village convention (bản khoĂĄn Ć°áť›c), which spells out exactly the responsibilities incumbent on FBDI DPNNVOF JO UFSNT PG UIF TVSWFJMMBODF protection and maintenance of the works CVòBMP HSB[JOH CBNCPP QMBOUBUJPO FUD ĂśOBODJBM QBSUJDJQBUJPO BOE TBODUJPOT JO DBTF PG JOGSBDUJPOT BOE EFMJCFSBUF EBNBHF (JWFO JUT JNQPSUBODF PODF UIF XPSL XBT ĂśOJTIFE the works were placed by royal decree under 4UBUF SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ XIJDI UIVT JOUFHSBUFE UIF public sector without spending a penny (Huy 7V )PXFWFS JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP IJHIMJHIU UIF passivity and interested wait-and-see attitude of the central powers in the case of UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG UIF 5IĚ‚Q $̢V EZLF XBT OPU BMXBZT UIF SVMF BT EFNPOTUSBUFE CZ UIF NBOZ SFRVFTUT GPS UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG XPSLT recorded in the annals and the approval of which was accompanied by the granting of 4UBUF ĂśOBODJBM BJE “A new dyke has been built in the Mai XĂĄ commune, in the province of Nam Ä?áť‹nh (measuring more than 200 trưᝣng). The inhabitants of the commune all showed good will in its construction. The provincial authorities reported this to the King who welcomed this news and gave his authorisation. When the works were completed, the inhabitants were given a reward of 5 000 quan.â€? *O PUIFS XPSET JO PSEFS UP FODPVSBHF MPDBM JOJUJBUJWFT UIF &NQFSPS DPVME HSBOU QBSUJBM or total tax exemptions for a period of UISFF ZFBST NPCJMJTF UIF BSNZ UP IFMQ UIF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
QPQVMBUJPO HSBOU SFXBSET BOE IPOPSBSZ distinctions to dignitaries and deserving QFBTBOUT BOE DPNQFOTBUF GBSNFST XIPTF SJDF ĂśFMET XFSF VTFE UP CVJME JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT or as land reservoirs for construction. Irrigation and the Conquest of Salt Marshes: The First Well-Thought-Out Developments "MUIPVHI UIF TVDDFTTJWF /HVZĚŽO &NQFSPST were above all concerned about protection XPSLT BHBJOTU UIF TXFMMJOH PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS they were also behind technical innovations in the hydraulic agricultural sector. Conquest of the Salt Marshes and the Coastal Cordons 5IF ĂśSTU PG UIFTF DPODFSOFE UIF DPORVFTU PG the salt marshes and coastal cordons. It can really be classed as a XIXth DFOUVSZ JOOPWBUJPO since historical sources speak about the DPORVFTU PG UIF GPSFTIPSF BT FBSMZ BT UIF XIIIth̓DFOUVSZ B NPWFNFOU XIJDI NJHIU FWFO IBWF CFFO UIF TPVSDF PG UIF ĂśSTU DPOUBJONFOU XPSLT CVJMU JO UIF EFMUB JG DFSUBJO BVUIPST BSF UP CF CFMJFWFE 5IVT + (BVUIJFS CFMJFWFT that “The first Tonkin dykes were quite probably coastal ones, completing the protection originally assured by the sand dunesâ€? in order to exploit the rich virgin lands that the continual lengthening of the delta on the sea were revealing. The innovative aspect lay in the rationalisation PG UIF DPORVFTU PG UIF TBMU NBSTIFT CZ DPOUBJOJOH UIF MBOE UFNQPSBSJMZ FYQPTFE which allowed large-scale settlement. The ĂśSTU BOE QSJODJQBM FOUFSQSJTF PG UIJT UZQF XBT MBVODIFE JO BOE DPODFSOFE UIF
TBMU NBSTIFT PG UIF 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI BOE /JOI #Ă–OI provinces. The work carried out under the NBOBHFNFOU PG /HVZĚŽO $Ă™OH 5SĂž BMMPXFE UIF DSFBUJPO JO PG UXP OFX DPBTUBM EJTUSJDUT 5JĚŒO )Ë˝J BOE ,JN 4ËŒO “The district of Kim SĆĄn was created and attached to the YĂŞn KhĂĄnh, Ninh BĂŹnh district. Nguyáť…n CĂ´ng Trᝊ was appointed Dinh Ä?iáť n Sᝊ (mandarin responsible for exploiting fallow lands), and outside the Háť“ng LÄŠnh dyke, the superficies of the fallow land measured was equivalent to 14 620 mẍu (1mẍu = 3 600 m2), which was given to 1 260 poor inhabitants. Three villages, 22 Ẽp (domains), 24 trấi (farms) and 4 giĂĄp divided into 5 táť•ng (cantons) were established on this land and permission was asked to establish a district named Kim SĆĄn and a person who had a good understanding of the place was chosen as district head to make communication easier.â€? < > At the beginning of the XXth DFOUVSZ UIFTF UXP EJTUSJDUT IBE NPSF UIBO IB PG BHSJDVMUVSBM MBOE BOE IFMQFE UP GFFE inhabitants. )FSF BHBJO BU UIF TBNF UJNF BT JOUFSWFOUJPO GSPN UIF DFOUSBM BVUIPSJUJFT UIF DPORVFTU PG the new territories was also the fruit of local JOJUJBUJWFT 5IVT B TUFMF EBUJOH GSPN UIF UFOUI day of the sixth month of the thirty-second ZFBS PG 5̤ ĂĽĚ D UFMMT VT UIBU UIF )Ë˝J :Ă?O QSPWJODF QSFTFOU EBZ 2VË˝OH /JOI QSPWJODF DBSSJFE PVU UIF DPOUBJONFOU PG NĚ V PG XJME MBOET DPORVFSFE GSPN UIF TFB UIBOLT to a network of large and small dykes which prevented salt water from penetrating into these lands. The same source gave in detail UIF DPNNVOBM DPOWFOUJPO XIJDI TUBUFE UIF rights and obligations of each giĂĄp.
< > Ä?ấi Nam Tháťąc L᝼c UĚ‚Q ** OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O (JĂˆP %ĚžD Q
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Yet Irrigation is the Most Striking Innovation It was indeed necessary to await the beginning of the XIXth century for the invention of a procedure to channel water GSPN UIF SJWFS 6OUJM UIFO JU IBE TFFNFE impossible to technically master a breach in the dyke that would not degenerate into a bursting and thus cause large-scale flooding. The principle consisted in tapping the resource directly from the river flow using underground pipes solidly anchored in the dykes and easily opened and closed like WBMWFT PS MPDLT 5IJT TZTUFN XIJDI TPVHIU UP provide an alternative to the only solution to drought that the largening of water reservoirs IBE DPOTUJUVUFE VOUJM UIFO QSPQPTFE UP resolve by gravity alone the problems relating UP UIF JSSJHBUJPO PG SJDF รถFMET BOE UIF ESBJOBHF of surplus water accidentally accumulated GPMMPXJOH B EZLF CVSTU PS NPSF VTVBMMZ JO MPXFS [POFT PG UIF QPMEFS BGUFS IFBWZ SBJOT 5IF รถSTU UFYUT SFMBUJOH UP XPSLT DBSSJFE PVU directly on the dykes themselves trace the PSJHJOT PG UIFJS DPOTUSVDUJPO UP UIF รถSTU ZFBST PG UIF SFJHO PG (JB -POH )PXFWFS JU DBOOPU be excluded that there had been similar BUUFNQUT JO B NPSF EJTUBOU QBTU 5IVT UIF SFHVMBUJPOT JTTVFE CZ &NQFSPS (JB -POH JO BTTJHOFE UP UIF OFXMZ DSFBUFE EZLF TFSWJDF UIF รถSTU UBTL PG FTUBCMJTIJOH BO PรณDJBM register listing all dykes and locks (cแป ng nฦฐแป c). 5IF รถSTU XPSLT XFSF SBUIFS DSVEFMZ EFTJHOFE NBEF GSPN IPMMPXFE PVU USFF USVOLT XIJDI TPNFUJNFT DPNQSPNJTFE UIF EZLFT BCJMJUZ UP LFFQ XBUFS PVU $POTFRVFOUMZ NPSF FMBCPSBUF EFWFMPQNFOUT SFBM WBVMUFE BRVFEVDUT XFSF built in brick with the help of very resistant BOE BEIFSFOU NPSUBS XIJDI FOTVSFE UIFJS QFSNBOFODF (BVUIJFS
*O UIF TVSWFZ PG IZESPMPHJDBM XPSLT NFOUJPOFE รถGUZ QSJODJQBM MPDLT BOE TJYUFFO QSJWBUF POFT XIJDI BMM BTTVSFE UIF EPVCMF GVODUJPO PG ESBJOBHF BOE JSSJHBUJPO LOPXJOH that the report presented to Emperor Minh .หผOH JO CZ UIF UISFF NBOEBSJOT responsible for the reform and administration of dykes encouraged the general use of these systems. โ Henceforth, the provinces have ฤ แบกi Viรชn ฤ แป c, Phแปง assigned to serve the populationโ s interests. You are therefore requested to entrust public and private dykes to the mandarins of the province in accordance with the programme. As for the sections of the dyke along the river, if the building of locks along these sections makes agricultural work easier, it is necessary to make a formal report to ask for rapid authorisation. The locks will be open at times of drought and flooding for the fifth and tenth month harvests to facilitate irrigation and drainage, they will be closed at times of river swelling.โ )PX FรณDJFOU XFSF UIF MPDLT 5IFZ QSPWJEFE TBUJTGBDUPSZ SFTVMUT JO UIF NBSJUJNF [POF where uncertainty surrounding certain crops was due a lot more to the swelling of the Red 3JWFS UIBO TVSQMVT SBJOXBUFS 1PVZBOOF )PXFWFS BT TPPO BT XF NPWF BXBZ GSPN UIF DPBTUBM BSFBT XF NVTU DPODFEF UIBU UIFZ POMZ provided isolated improvements that largely GBJMFE UP NFFU FYQFDUBUJPOT 5IF รถSTU SFBTPO XBT PG B UFDIOJDBM OBUVSF UIF JOBEFRVBDZ PG UIFJS TJ[F BU UIFJS JOJUJBM DPODFQUJPO exacerbated by the building up of sand at QFSJPET PG SJWFS TXFMMJOH EJE OPU BMMPX UIFTF XBUFS JOUBLFT UP MFU UISPVHI TVรณDJFOU DVSSFOU .PSF JNQPSUBOUMZ EVSJOH UIF IJHI XBUFS TFBTPO JO UIF IJHI BOE NFEJVN MZJOH BSFBT PG UIF EFMUB UIF IFJHIU PG UIF DPOUBJOFE SJWFST BU QFSJPET PG TXFMMJOH XBT TJHOJรถDBOUMZ IJHIFS UIBO UIF MPXFS MZJOH [POFT PG UIF QPMEFS thus preventing the draining by the locks of
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
surplus water which continued to form huge MBLFT "T GPS UIF RVFTUJPO PG JSSJHBUJPO UIF GBMM
Diagram 1
in the river level in the winter dry season left most of the valves above water.
Locks: Insurmountable Technical Challenges
Sources: Author’s construction. Photo credit: EFEO photo archives (Paris).
'JOBMMZ BMUIPVHI UIF &NQFSPST PG UIF /HVZĚŽO Dynasty understood well that the rivers of the delta constituted an inexhaustible supply PG XBUFS UIBU BHSJDVMUVSF IBE UP VTF UIF very topography of the delta did not allow JSSJHBUJPO CZ HSBWJUZ BMPOF UIF BCTFODF PG BOZ mechanical means of drainage prevented UIFN GSPN PWFSDPNJOH UIJT EJĂłDVMUZ $IBTTJHOFVY $POTFRVFOUMZ JSSJHBUJPO GSPN UIF BSSPZPT BOE ponds fed by the natural flow of the rivers remained the norm until the construction
PG HSBWJUZ OFUXPSLT *O UIJT TZTUFN FBDI farmer is responsible for providing water to IJT PXO QMPUT BOE CBJMT XBUFS GSPN B TQFDJĂśD QMBDF TJUVBUFE BMPOHTJEF BO BSSPZP PS B QPOE called a bailing station. As these stations were QSJWBUF UIF PXOFS IBE QSJPSJUZ PWFS PUIFS WJMMBHFST XJTIJOH UP JSSJHBUF UIFJS SJDF ĂśFMET The bailed water was then either directly poured onto the plot or used to feed a canal UIBU TFSWFE UIF GBSNFS T MBOET We have already spoken about the incentive measures issued by the Emperors in order to
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
JODSFBTF XBUFS SFTFSWFT GPS UIF ĂśGUI NPOUI SJDF IBSWFTUT XIFUIFS JU XBT CZ DMFBOJOH PVU UIF BSSPZPT EJHHJOH JSSJHBUJPO DBOBMT PS erecting small dykes and dams in order to increase the storage capacity of the thalwegs. )PXFWFS FWFO NPSF UIBO GPS UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG UIF EZLFT UIF øVDUVBUJPOT PG JOWFTUNFOU granted by the Imperial State as well as QPXFSMFTTOFTT UP QSPQPTF FĂłDJFOU TPMVUJPOT for irrigation were the two factors that drove peasant communities to conceive and carry out their own developments. Although it BQQFBST JNQPTTJCMF UP FTUBCMJTI B RVBOUJUBUJWF BTTFTTNFOU PG UIFTF MPDBM JOJUJBUJWFT ̓ WJMMBHF USBEJUJPOT BT XFMM BT UIF TUFMFT TPNFUJNFT TQFBL BCPVU UIFJS FYJTUFODF TVDI BT UIF TUFMF JO UIF DPNNVOF PG ĂĽĚƒD 4Ě› IVZĚ?O ĂĽBO 1IË?Ě?OH UĚ?OI )Ă‹ ĂĽĂ™OH FOHSBWFE JO 5̤ ĂĽĚ D UIĚ Íƒ “The hydrological development is in close relation to agricultural activities. Certain mandarins, venerable village elders, have donated money to finance the installation of a stone lock in the commune in order make drainage and irrigation easier for agricultural services.â€? In order to see the true scale of UIJOHT MFU VT SFNFNCFS UIBU BU UIF FOE PG the XIXth DFOUVSZ UIF BDDVNVMBUJPO PG QVCMJD EFWFMPQNFOU XPSLT FTQFDJBMMZ UIPTF BJNJOH UP JNQSPWF JSSJHBUJPO BOE PS ESBJOBHF NBEF it possible to produce two rice crops per year on one-third of the total surface of the Red River Delta.â€? 'JOBMMZ BU UJNFT PG ESPVHIU UIF /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ &NQFSPST MJLF UIPTF PG UIF QSFDFEJOH EZOBTUJFT QSBZFE GPS EJWJOF intervention in order to trigger the muchawaited rains. Among the passages from UIF ĂĽËźJ /BN 5I̤D -ĚžD EFWPUFE UP UIF RVFTU GPS DFMFTUJBM BTTJTUBODF UIF FYUSBDU QSJOUFE CFMPX TFWFOUI NPOUI FWPLFT UIF
EPVCUT BOE XPSSJFT PG &NQFSPS .JOI .ËźOH when faced with a climatic phenomenon PWFS XIJDI NBO IBE OP QPXFS “The drought usually happens in spring-summer, but recently it has been occurring in autumn-winter, this is due to adverse weather conditions! For the last few weeks, as it has not rained, it has been so hot that man seems to feel a burning in his stomach and the plants and rice fields cannot be as luxuriant as they should. In the palace, I have not had one good night’s sleep. Last night, sitting in the court yard, looking up towards the heavens, I saw a black cloud which was quickly dispersed by a south-easterly breeze, how difficult it is to get rain!â€? The King turned towards Phan Huy Tháťąc: “I’d like to test the hearth gods, if someone is able to trigger the rains, he will be rewarded, if not, their worship will be suspended. It will also be a way for the elders to measure the powers of the gods. But the wind and the rain are natural phenomena, the gods cannot intervene [‌].â€? < >
1.1.4. Colonial Period: Towards a Rationalisation of Hydrological Developments The Engineer’s Rationality When Faced with “The Celestial Mandateâ€? The end of the XIXth century was dominated by the colonial intervention and the long war PG DPORVFTU UIBU GPMMPXFE JO UIF OPSUI̓PG UIF DPVOUSZ 4FFO GSPN B IZESPMPHJDBM TUBOEQPJOU this period of troubles and instability ended in a more and more marked forced EJTFOHBHFNFOU PG UIF /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ UP UIF CFOFĂśU PG UIF QSPUFDUPSBUF T UFDIOJDBM services. It goes without saying that our aim here is not to engage in a historiography of relationships between the colonial power BOE UIF DPMPOJTFE QFPQMF CVU TJNQMZ UP
< > Ä?ấi Nam Tháťąc L᝼c UĚ‚Q ** OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O (JĂˆP %ĚžD QQ
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
briefly envisage the point of view of a handful of observers from the period about IZESPMPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU JO UIF EFMUB QSJODJQBMMZ DPOUBJONFOU *O PUIFS XPSET JU JT IFSF B RVFTUJPO PG FYBNJOJOH UIF QFSDFQUJPO of the specialised technical services of the QSPUFDUPSBUF XIJDI XBT FTTFOUJBMMZ CBTFE VQPO UIF FOHJOFFS T SBUJPOBMJUZ BOE PO his certitude about the superiority of the Western model in relation to local technical knowledge and what had been previously achieved. 5IF TJ[F PG UIF UBTL UIBU IBE CFFO accomplished forced the admiration of 8FTUFSO PCTFSWFST XIP EFTDSJCFE B QFPQMF of “hard-workingâ€? and “docileâ€? peasants and construction sites comparable to “ant hillsâ€? in UIFJS PSHBOJTFE IJFSBSDIZ 5IVT & ̓$IBTTJHOFVY XSPUF JO “It is easy to imagine what the construction of the old dykes must have been like: the same type of operation, being carried out today before us, is done using means that are in no way modern and which are most certainly very similar to those used in preceding centuries. <" EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF EJòFSFOU TUBHFT GPMMPXT > All this is done in a surprisingly fast and orderly way. It is most certainly the active, incessant and methodical work of an ant hill.â€? *O UIF TBNF WFJO 1BTRVJFS EFTDSJCFE JO UIFTF UFSNT B TJUF IF IBE XJUOFTTFE “In ThĂĄi BĂŹnh, I remember having visited the site of a canal being constructed which was carried out by corvĂŠe. In the middle of this grey and muddy patch of land, twelve thousand natives were working away. The site is remarkably organised. Bamboo fencing indicated the spaces reserved for each canton. This space was divided between all the villages in the canton. [‌] The huyᝇn, with his employees, remained permanently on site in order to direct the works. Thus, according to the law governing labour specialisation, each
community had a determined taskâ€? RVPUFE CZ 7FTJO )PXFWFS BMUIPVHI BMM UIF PCTFSWFST DMBJNFE to be impressed by this age-old will to master UIF TXFMMJOH PG UIF SJWFST UIFJS KVEHFNFOU PG UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF XPSLT DBSSJFE PVU JT DBUFHPSJDBM - ̓ $POTUBOUJO QSPWJEFE B HPPE PWFSWJFX XIJDI JO IJT FZFT GVMMZ KVTUJĂśFE UIF DJWJMJTJOH 'SFODI JOUFSWFOUJPO “These dykes have been constructed in a haphazard manner, without any global study and without any determined programme, the native authorities possessing only the vaguest of experimental data to guide them. It is only since the beginning of French occupation, and especially since 1909, that the question of reinforcing the old dykes and building new ones has been seriously addressed, following a well-defined programme whose execution is methodically pursued with the help of large credits allocated each year for this work.â€? 0UIFS BVUIPST TVDI BT 1 (PVSPV PS + ̓ (BVUIJFS QSPQPTF B NPSF NPEFSBUF OVBODFE WJTJPO BOE QMBDF French intervention in the river containment TFDUPS JO UIF DPOUJOVJUZ PG UIF BHF PME FòPSUT EFQMPZFE CZ UIF JNQFSJBM QPXFS )PXFWFS XIBUFWFS UIFJS BQQSFDJBUJPO PG UIF TJUVBUJPO most of them clearly gave their evaluation of the works that had been carried out by JEFOUJGZJOH ĂśWF NBKPS XFBLOFTTFT JO UIF conception and realisation of the works which prevented them from containing average intensity river swelling. 'JSTUMZ CFDBVTF PG UIF BCTFODF PG BOZ XFMM thought-out plan based on the whole PG UIF TZTUFN UIF EZLF OFUXPSL GPSNFE B DPNQMFY NB[F PG XPSLT XIPTF PGUFO NFBOEFSJOH TIBSQ DPSOFSFE SPVUF EJE OPU BMMPX B SFHVMBS øPX GSPN UIF TXFMMJOH thereby increasing the height of the water level.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
4FDPOEMZ UIF EZLFT XFSF OPU IJHI FOPVHI JO BDDPSEBODF XJUI )Ă‹ /Ě˜J MBXT EBUJOH GSPN the end of the XIXth DFOUVSZ EZLFT XFSF POMZ OJOF NFUSFT IJHI XIFSFBT UIF SJWFS water can reach a height of twelve metres BT XBT UIF DBTF JO 5IJSEMZ JO TPNF QMBDFT UIF MPOHJUVEJOBM sections of the dyke were poorly suited to DPOUBJO UIF WJPMFOU QSFTTVSF PG UIF DVSSFOUT the slope of the bank was too steep and the FBSUI VTFE XBT JOTVĂłDJFOUMZ DPNQBDUFE and not watertight. 'PVSUIMZ UIF QBUI PG UIF EZLFT DPOUBJOJOH the river was sometimes too near to its øPPEQMBJO XIJDI DPOTFRVFOUMZ JODSFBTFE the height and speed of the current and UIVT UIF SJTL PG CVSTUJOH QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF DBTF PG DPODBWF CBOLT PS JO UIF DBTF PG UIF XBUFS øPXJOH PWFS UIF DSFTU PG UIF EZLF the latter thus behaving as a spillway. The DPOTFRVFODFT XFSF BMM UIF NPSF TFSJPVT and immediate as the low-water bed of the SJWFS XBT OPU ĂśYFE 'JOBMMZ UIF ĂśGUI JEFOUJĂśFE XFBLOFTT XBT OPU of a technical nature but an organisational POF 5IF TVDDFTTJWF PGUFO JODPIFSFOU reforms of the dyke administration were opposed to the development over time of a solid management tradition for hydrological infrastructures and the surveillance of river TXFMMJOH 5IVT UIF FOHJOFFS " 1PVZBOOF XSPUF BCPVU UIF SFGPSN “The modification of the general organisation of the Tonkin hydrological services prescribed by Minh Mấng, which consisted in handing them over entirely to the provincial authorities, has divided responsibilities in a confusing way and made it practically impossible to establish any global project for the work needing to be done. This modification has most probably been one of the factors leading to the failure of the Emperor’s projects.â€?
*O PUIFS XPSET UIF 'SFODI DMBJNFE UP OPU only to possess the rational superiority of the engineer over the empiricism of local UFDIOJDBM LOPXMFEHF CVU UIFZ BMTP JNQPTFE their conception of what a specialised service TIPVME CF OBNFMZ B TVTUBJOBCMF DFOUSBMJTFE structure which had a certain autonomy vis-Ă -vis QPMJUJDT QBSUJDVMBSMZ DPODFSOJOH BMM aspects relating to its technical prerogatives. 5IF SFQPSU CZ UIF QSJODJQBM FOHJOFFS 3PVFO written in reply to the note about flooding BEESFTTFE JO UP UIF RĂŠsident SupĂŠrieur PG 5POLJO CZ UIF GPSNFS ,JOI MË?Ě?D WJDFSPZ )PĂ‹OH $BP ,IË˝J JT TZNQUPNBUJD PG UIF clash between knowledge and practice that were totally opposed. He condescendingly SFGVUFE QPJOU CZ QPJOU )PĂ‹OH $BP ,IË˝J T PCTFSWBUJPOT BOE QSPQPTJUJPOT XIFSFBT UIF latter had given his unconditional support UP UIF DPMPOJBM FOUFSQSJTF CZ BSHVJOH UIBU the Annamites did not possess the necessary TDJFOUJĂśD BOE UFDIOJDBM BCJMJUZ UP DPODFJWF B satisfactory system of containment for the EFMUB 5IVT IF XSPUF “However, both for the successive raised structures that have certainly been built, and for the first infrastructures, the Annamites did not possess enough knowledge to determine how high it was necessary to build the dykes in order for them to contain the waters from the highest river swellings. How could they have succeeded when even nowadays in Europe specialised engineers are not always certain about this?â€? 3PVFO 5IJT XBT B GFJHOFE BENJTTJPO PG XFBLOFTT FNQIBTJTJOH UIF inaccessible superiority of Western rational knowledge. The fragility of the system appears evident XIFO UIF GSFRVFODZ PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS TXFMMJOH JT FOWJTBHFE 'SPN UP )Ă‹ /Ě˜J experienced thirty-nine river swellings of over UFO NFUSFT JO UIF NPOUIT PG +VMZ BOE "VHVTU
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
4VDI GSFRVFODZ OFDFTTBSJMZ QSPWPLFE UIF bursting and submersions of dykes.
Photo
17 1926 Flood, Ramp of the Bridge at Gia Lâm
Sources: Gourou, P. (1936), Les paysans du delta tonkinois, Publications de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême Orient, Les Editions d’Art et d’Histoire, Paris.
%VSJOH UIF TBNF QFSJPE %PNJOJRVF 7FTJO DPVOUFE FMFWFO NBKPS øPPET XIJDI DPWFSFE several hundreds of thousands of hectares PG SJDF ÜFMET XJUI XBUFS 5IVT BU UIF UJNF PG UIF FYDFQUJPOBMMZ MPOH SJWFS TXFMMJOH JO thirty local dyke bursts caused damage that was estimated by the Public Works Service UP IBWF BòFDUFE BCPVU IFDUBSFT XIFSF UIF SJDF IBSWFTU XBT DPNQMFUFMZ MPTU the waters not having been evacuated fast enough to allow the transplantation of rice; B MPTT FRVJWBMFOU UP UPOT PG QBEEZ 5IF QBSUJDVMBSMZ TFWFSF TXFMMJOH PG BMPOF
DBVTFE GPSUZ FJHIU EZLF CVSTUT IBMG UIF øPX of the Red River poured onto the plain thus øPPEJOH IFDUBSFT UIBU JT UP TBZ POF RVBSUFS PG UIF UPUBM TVSGBDF BSFB PG UIF EFMUB a violence of the waters that the map drawn up by the Public Works Service allows us to visualise (see maps). This chronic hydrological insecurity explains why the principal aim of colonial hydrological management in 5POLJO VOUJM GPDVTFE PO SFJOGPSDJOH UIF EZLFT 'SPN UIJT TUBOEQPJOU DPOTJEFSBCMF FòPSUT XFSF NBEF FWFO UIPVHI UIF ÜHIU against the violence of the waters sometimes
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
seemed one-sided. Two great periods of investment by the colonial authorities for the rehabilitation of the Red River dykes can CF JEFOUJÜFE QFSJPEJD JOUFSWFOUJPOT BOE UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG B SFBTPOFE EFWFMPQNFOU QMBO  < > 1890-1918 Period: The Colonial Authorities Relaunch the Debate about the Dykes 0G DPVSTF GSPN UP MBSHF TDBMF XPSLT XFSF VOEFSUBLFO CVU POMZ QFSJPEJDBMMZ BOE XJUI MJNJUFE IVNBO BOE ÜOBODJBM NFBOT *O BEEJUJPO JU XBT CFUXFFO BOE UIBU UIF CJHHFTU FòPSU XBT NBEF LN PG OFX EZLFT XFSF CVJMU BOE B GVSUIFS LN PS NPSF SFQBJSFE "GUFS UIBU XPSL XBT PGUFO limited to attending to the most urgent things by repairing the damage caused by dyke CVSTUT BOE UIJOLJOH VQ QSPKFDUT TPNFUJNFT PVUMBOEJTI UIBU DPVME OPU QPTTJCMZ CF JNQMFNFOUFE 7FTJO *U NVTU CF TBJE that this period of indecision was in part due to the bitter debate which only terminated at the end of the First World War. 4VCTFRVFOU UP UIF DBUBTUSPQIJD øPPEJOH PG B ÜSTU EZLFT DPNNJTTJPO XBT DSFBUFE JO XIJDI XBT GPMMPXFE CZ UXP PUIFS DPNNJTTJPOT JO BOE 5IFSF XBT a struggle between those in favour of a general heightening and reinforcing of the EZLF TZTUFN XIP TBX JU BT UIF POMZ QPTTJCMF PQUJPO UP DPNCBU SJWFS TXFMMJOH BHBJOTU those who wanted to destroy all or a part of the network. The latter argued that it was necessary to put a stop to the endless spiral of containment that they considered to carry much of the responsibility for the increase JO SJTL PG FWFS NPSF WJPMFOU TXFMMJOH UIBU
UIFZ CFMJFWFE UP CF UIF DPOTFRVFODF PG UIF change in hydrological regime of the rivers DVU Pò GSPN UIFJS OBUVSBM PVUMFUT (“Les digues dans le deltaâ€?, 5IVT OFBSMZ B DFOUVSZ BGUFS &NQFSPS (JB -POH IBE ĂśSTU SBJTFE UIF RVFTUJPO BCPVU UIF BEWJTBCJMJUZ PG SFUBJOJOH PS DPOTFSWJOH UIF EZLF OFUXPSL UIF UFDIOJDBM and political authorities of the protectorate SVTIFE JOUP UIF CSFBDI DPNQMFUFMZ GPSHFUUJOH the disastrous experience of dyke levelling DBSSJFE PVU JO )Ë?OH :Ă?O QSPWJODF CFUXFFO BOE "T B QSFBNCMF MFU VT SFNFNCFS UIBU UIJT EFCBUF XBT B VOJRVFMZ DPMPOJBM POF BOE UIBU it had begun before French intervention. It again reared its head at the moment of the TUVEZ HSPVQT DSFBUFE BGUFS FBDI CJH øPPE PS ESPVHIU BCPVU IZESPMPHJDBM DPOEJUJPOT JO UIF delta and ways of improving water mastery. A range of solutions was recommended to ĂśHIU BHBJOTU øPPEJOH UIF DSFBUJPO PG SFUBJOJOH reservoirs in the Middle Region; installation of PVUøPXT SFBMJTBUJPO PG XPSLT PO UIF 3FE 3JWFS SJWFSCFE BOE PO JUT EJTUSJCVUBSJFT BOE QBSUJBM or total suppression of containment. The last solution was permanently abandoned when the general programme of dyke consolidation XBT BEPQUFE JO The studies carried out into the hydrological regime of the great rivers of the delta and JOUP UIF JNQBDU PG DPOUBJONFOU BT XFMM BT the general ordonnance of the delta carried PVU CZ UIF (FPHSBQIJDBM 4FSWJDF PG *OEPDIJOB TDBMF PG NBQ ÂĄ IBE JOEFFE QSPEVDFE FOPVHI TDJFOUJĂśD BSHVNFOUT UP DPOWJODF UIF political authorities. It was thus demonstrated that the presence of dykes had not caused
< > " QSFDJTF DISPOPMPHJDBM PWFSWJFX IBT CFFO FTUBCMJTIFE CZ %PNJOJRVF 7FTJO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
BOZ CJH QFSNBOFOU NPEJĂśDBUJPOT UP UIF riverbed over the previous century and that if a river had a tendency to rise this should not at all be attributed to containment. < > 4FOTF ĂśOBMMZ QSFWBJMFE PWFS SJTLZ QSPKFDUJPOT The solution proposed by those in favour of the removal of the dykes would doubtlessly IBWF CFFO XPSTF UIBO UIF QSPCMFN JUTFMG BT
Map
5
& ̓ $IBTTJHOFVY̓ PCTFSWFE BT FBSMZ BT “The idea of allowing the rivers to freely spread and roam over a surface as regular as that of the Tonkin Delta, and then claim to be saving it from both drought and violent flooding, and at the time assuring silting and fertilising clay deposits, would be tantamount to condemning this unfortunate country to ruin.�
Map of the Floods in the Case of a Dyke Burst (1926)
Sources: Gauthier, J. (1931), Digues du Tonkin, International colonial exposition - Paris 1931, IDEO, Hanoi-Haiphong.
< > -BUFS FOHJOFFST TVDI BT " /PSNBOEJO + (BVUIJFS BOE " 1PVZBOOF EFNPOTUSBUFE UIBU UIF POMZ JOEJTQVUBCMF QMVHHJOH PG B DPOUBJOFE SJWFS UIBU PG JUT øPPE QMBJO EJE OPU IBWF B HSFBU JOøVFODF PO UIF IFJHIU PG JUT XBUFS MFWFM during swelling.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
From 1918: Priority Given to Reinforcing the Network of Dykes *O GPMMPXJOH UIF QBSUJDVMBSMZ WJPMFOU TXFMMJOHT PG B HFOFSBM DPOTPMJEBUJPO programme to increase the height of the EZLFT XBT FTUBCMJTIFE GPS UIF รถSTU UJNF *U particularly concerned the development of UIF 7วกOI :ร O BOE 4ห O 5ร Z CBTJOT BT XFMM BT UIF UPUBM DPOUBJONFOU PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS T QSJODJQBM EJTUSJCVUBSZ UIF รฅร Z 3JWFS *G B UIFPSFUJDBM QSPรถMF PG UIF EZLFT XBT UP CF รถYFE BMMPXJOH UIFN UP DPOUBJO B TXFMM PG
Photos
18, 19 and 20
UXFMWF NFUSFT UIF TXFMMJOH TFFNFE UIF MPHJDBM SFGFSFODF UP EFรถOF B OFX QSPHSBNNF GPS UIF XIPMF PG UIF TZTUFN DBQBCMF PG guaranteeing a satisfactory protection of human establishments and land. The works VOEFSUBLFO CFUXFFO BOE XFSF DPOTJEFSBCMF VQHSBEJOH [8] of more than LN PG EZLFT UIF QSPUFDUJPO BOE TUPOF TVSGBDJOH PG UIF CBOLT DPOTUSVDUJPO BOE SFQBJS PG MPDLT 5IF DPNQMFNFOUBSZ QSPHSBNNF PG DPODFOUSBUFE PO UIF TFDPOEBSZ OFUXPSLT PG EZLFT XIJDI IBE been hitherto neglected.
1926 Flood, Gia Quรกt Breach and Side Profile Indicating the Reinforcements that had been Successively Carried Out on the Red River Dykes
Source: Gauthier (1931).
[8] *O UIF EZLFT BMPOH UIF SJHIU CBOL PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS XFSF UIF GPMMPXJOH IFJHIUT NFUSFT BU 7Jฬ U 5SJ NFUSFT BU 4ห O 5ร Z NFUSFT BU )ร /ฬ J BOE HSBEVBMMZ EFDSFBTFE JO IFJHIU XIFO UIF SJWFS OFBSFE UIF TFB (PVSPV
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Photos
21 and 22
Reinforcement of Works and Construction of New Dykes
Source: Fonds de la photothèque de l’EFEO (Paris); Gauthier (1931).
'JOBMMZ UIF SFTVMUT GVMMZ KVTUJĂśFE UIF ĂśOBODJBM BOE IVNBO NFBOT JOWFTUFE TJODF OP bursting of the reinforced dykes occurred CFUXFFO BOE UIBU JT UP TBZ EVSJOH the decade when the improvement of the whole of the network was associated with a satisfactory maintenance system during the high-water season. The general regulation PG EZLF TVSWFJMMBODF XBT EFĂśOFE JO BOE DPNQMFUFE JO *U QSPWJEFE GPS UIF EJòFSFOU̓ UBTLT JODVNCFOU UP UIF TQFDJBMJTFE TFSWJDFT BOE UIF 1VCMJD 8PSLT BENJOJTUSBUJPO while delegating to the communal authorities the responsibility of periodically controlling the physical state of the works and immediately notifying the authorities in the event of anomalies. During periods of TXFMMJOH UIJT DPOUSPM IBE UP CF DBSSJFE PVU night and day. *O /PWFNCFS UIF i4VC $PNNJUUFF for the Modernisation of Indochinaâ€? made BO BTTFTTNFOU UIBU XBT UP TBZ UIF MFBTU HMPXJOH CVU IPX DPVME JU IBWF CFFO BOZ
EJòFSFOU 5IF̓DPOUBJONFOU XPSLT DBSSJFE PVU by the colonial powers since the end of the XIXth DFOUVSZ LN PG EZLFT IBE CFFO SFJOGPSDFE VTJOH ̓ ̓ DVCJD NFUSFT of earth for a total cost for the whole of the QSPHSBNNFT PG NJMMJPO QJBTUFST #Z XBZ PG DPNQBSJTPO UIF DPTU PG UIF EBNBHF DBVTFE CZ UIF TXFMMJOH XBT FTUJNBUFE CZ UIF 1VCMJD 8PSLT TFSWJDFT BU NJMMJPO QJBTUFST UIBU JT UP TBZ B ĂśGUI PG UPUBM JOWFTUNFOU 'PS UIF BVUIPST PG UIF TBNF SFQPSU UIF CVSTUT XIJDI IBE DBVTFE UIF TVCNFSTJPO PG IFDUBSFT EJE OPU DBMM JOUP RVFTUJPO UIF TBUJTGBDUPSZ MFWFM PG QSPUFDUJPO of the delta against river swelling but were due to “A complete failure of the system of control and defence of the dykes, following the Japanese invasion and the eviction of the French administration by the Viet-Minh.â€? As for the ambitious programme of hydrological EFWFMPQNFOU EZLFT EFĂśOFE CZ UIFTF WFSZ TBNF BVUIPST GPS UIF QFSJPE JU SFNBJOFE RVJUF FWJEFOUMZ JO ESBGU GPSN
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Gravity Irrigation and Drainage 5IF TFSJFT DPNQJMFE CZ 1 ̓ #SPDIFVY BOE % ̓ )Ă?NFSZ GSPN UIF 4UBUJTUJDBM :FBSCPPLT PG *OEPDIJOB TIPX UIFSF IBE been a declining trend in the alimentary situation since the beginning of the century. This decline resulted from a combination PG GBDUPST PG XIJDI XF DBO SFUBJO PO ĂśSTU BOBMZTJT UIF QPQVMBUJPO SJTF XIJDI DBNF about primarily because of the fall in infant mortality. It was the principal explanation retained by the colonial technical services for the rise in numbers “of a rural proletariatâ€? JO UIF OPSUI PG 7JĚ?U /BN “where food density (the number of inhabitants by square km of rice field) was as high as 678 for the whole of Tonkin and from 800 to 1 200 for several provinces in the deltaâ€? )FOSZ )PXFWFS GBDFE XJUI DPOTUBOU EFDMJOF JO UIF QFBTBOUT DPOEJUJPOT VOUJM UIF $PMPOJBM 4UBUF T JOWFTUNFOUT JO UIF hydrological domain were principally limited to the consolidation and development of the powerful network of dykes surrounding the Red River and its principal tributaries and distributaries.
"OE ZFU UIF WJUBM JTTVF PG UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO of irrigation infrastructures in the delta BT B NFBOT PG TJHOJĂśDBOUMZ JNQSPWJOH UIF condition of the populations had been raised since the end of the XIXth century. Ambitious programmes of global development had CFFO EJTDVTTFE TVDI BT UIF 4BMMFOBWF QSPKFDU PS UIF (PEBSE POF CVU UIF MFWFM PG SFRVJSFE ĂśOBODJBM JOWFTUNFOUT IBE VOUJM UIFO CFFO KVEHFE UPP IJHI CZ UIF UFDIOJDBM services and protectorate authorities. It must CF TBJE UIBU JO UIF [POF PG UIF EFMUB UIF implementation of hydrological networks can only be carried out on a large scale in PSEFS UP BMMPX OPU POMZ JSSJHBUJPO CVU BMTP the drainage of surplus water during the NPOTPPO UIJT NBEF JU OFDFTTBSZ UP QSPWJEF substantial mechanical means to elevate the XBUFS BT XFMM BT UP EJH MBSHF JSSJHBUJPO BOE drainage canals. $FSUBJO XPSLT XFSF IPXFWFS FOHBHFE VQPO at the edges of the delta where the presence of very uneven terrain allowed a flow by gravity and thus an increase in agricultural output at lower costs.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Map
6
Location of Hydrological Infrastructure in the Delta in 1913 and 1948
Source: BrĂŠnier (1914).
"GUFS UIF GBJMVSFT PG UIF ÜSTU BUUFNQUT BU UIF end of the XIXth century and beginning of the XXth DFOUVSZ UIF TVDDFTT PG UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIF ,�Q OFUXPSL SFMBVODIFE UIF DPMPOJBM QSPKFDU XIJDI aimed to succeed in irrigating the whole of the High Delta and was partly represented by the construction of three other irrigation networks allowing the generalisation of a ZFBSMZ EPVCMF SJDF DSPQ 5IF OFUXPSLT PG 7ǥOI :�O BOE 4ÙOH $˿V XFSF CVJMU XJUI UIF IFMQ PG
UIF CPSSPXJOH GVOE QSPHSBNNF PG BOE UIF 4PO 5BZ OFUXPSL XJUI UIF IFMQ PG UIF programme. The principle consisted in taking the resource directly from the river after a CPEZ PG XBUFS IBE CFFO DSFBUFE CZ B EBN or water had been pumped mechanically to GFFE UIF QSJODJQBM DBOBM BT XBT UIF DBTF GPS UIF 4ËŒO 5ÉZ OFUXPSL "U UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T GPVS JNQPSUBOU JSSJHBUJPO TZTUFNT XFSF VQ BOE XPSLJOH BMM situated in the high delta.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Table
1
Irrigation Networks in Service at the Beginning of the 1930s
Network
River Used
KĂŠp
SĂ´ng ThĆ°ĆĄng Pho Ä?ĂĄy SĂ´ng Cầu Fleuve Rouge
VĊnhYên Sông Cầu Sƥn Tây*
Beginning of Work 1909 1913 1914 1922 1927
Completion Date 1912 1914 1922 1929 1931
Total
Surface Irrigated 5 500 ha 2 200 ha 17 000 ha 28 000 ha 10 000 ha
Total Cost and/ha (Piaster) 675 000; 90/ha
62 700 ha
5 400 000
1 230 000; 70/ha 4 000 000; 140/ha 1 200 000; 120/ha
* The Sƥn Tây network was the first fed by pumping from the Red River. Source: Author’s constructions.
5IF MBSHFTU PG UIFTF UIF 4Ă™OH $ËżV /FUXPSL had the particularity of combining its agricultural vocation with a river transport POF UIF QSJNBSZ JSSJHBUJPO DBOBM XBT OBWJHBCMF GPS BMM PG JUT LN EJWJEFE JOUP TFWFO SFBDIFT XJUI MPDLT UIVT BMMPXJOH UIF FTUBCMJTINFOU PG B EJSFDU MJOL CFUXFFO 5IĂˆJ /HVZĚŽO BOE )Ë˝J 1IĂ›OH *U XBT GFE CZ UIF Tac-Oun dam and branched out into seven arteries and twelve sub-arteries. 8IFO FBDI PG UIFTF XPSLT XBT BDIJFWFE the colonial authorities did not hide their VONJUJHBUFE GFFMJOH PG USJVNQI 5IVT PO the occasion of the inauguration of the 4Ă™OH $ËżV $BOBM UIJT XPSL XBT RVBMJĂśFE BT “a veritable revolution in the Tonkin Deltaâ€?; at UIF NPNFOU PG UIF JOBVHVSBUJPO PG UIF 4Ă™OH $ËżV /FUXPSL . ̓ .POHVJMMPU UIF 3Ă?TJEFOU 4VQĂ?SJFVS EFDMBSFE “It is not, however, only circulation which has been improved, agricultural production itself has been improved by these great hydrological works.â€?
Although the importance of these works DBOOPU CF EFOJFE UIFZ NVTU CF QMBDFE JO UIF general context of the delta. The developed TVSGBDF BSFB BU UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T TUPPE BU IB GPS B UPUBM TVSGBDF BSFB PG ̓ IB &WFO UIPVHI XF NBZ BHSFF XJUI 1JFSSF (PVSPV XIP BSHVFE UIBU POMZ half the delta region needed this type of EFWFMPQNFOU UIBU JT UP TBZ IB UIF DPOTUSVDUJPOT PWFSBMM POMZ SFQSFTFOUFE PG UIF SFRVJSFE FòPSUT BOE XFSF UIF FBTJFTU to accomplish from a technical point of view. 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE %PNJOJRVF 7FTJO SFNBSLT UIBU UIF QFSJQIFSBM OFUXPSLT XFSF UIF PCKFDU PG NVDI DSJUJDJTN TPNFUJNFT RVBMJĂśFE BT MBWJTI TQFOEJOH UIFZ IBE OPU CFFO CVJMU XIFSF JU XBT VSHFOU UP CVJME UIBU JT UP TBZ in the “overpopulatedâ€? polders of the middle EFMUB CVU JO B MPU MFTT QPQVMBUFE SFHJPO 5IJT choice was probably made not only because of technical constraints but also because TPNF PG UIF EFWFMPQNFOUT QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIF 4Ă™OH $ËżV /FUXPSL QSJNBSJMZ CFOFĂśUUFE B small number of French settlers.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
5IF JOUFSOBUJPOBM DSJTJT PG BOE JUT repercussions on the colonial economy caused a dramatic decline in the material DPOEJUJPOT PG UIF QFBTBOUSZ XIJDI SFTVMUFE in famines and revolutionary movements. )PXFWFS UIJT DSJTJT XBT POMZ UIF USJHHFS the catalyst of a situation that had been GPNFOUJOH GPS TFWFSBM EFDBEFT *OEFFE FOEPHFOPVT NFDIBOJTNT GPS SFHVMBUJOH particularly the periodic redistribution of DPNNVOBM MBOET XIJDI SFQSFTFOUFE PG UIF EFMUB T MBOET JO รฅร P 5Iฬ 5VหพO and the complementary revenue assured by a large and dynamic traditional artisanal TFDUPS XFSF OP MPOHFS TVรณDJFOU UP DPVOUFS UIF HSPXJOH QBVQFSJTBUJPO PG UIF QFBTBOUSZ BOE UIF SJTF JO OVNCFS PG MBOEMFTT QFBTBOUT UFOBOU GBSNFST GBSNFST BOE TNBMMIPMEFST MJWJOH JO FYUSFNF QPWFSUZ TUSBOHMFE CZ VTVSZ BOE EFCU 5IJT TQJSBM PG iVOEFS EFWFMPQNFOUw BT 1 อ #SPDIFVY BOE % อ )ร NFSZอ DBMMFE JU must be seen in the framework of the French DPMPOJBM TZTUFN GPS XIJDI BT JT BMXBZT UIF DBTF GPS TVDI SFHJNFT UIF DPMPOJTFE DPVOUSZ NVTU BCPWF BMM CF QSPรถUBCMF CPUI CZ UIF income generated by its exploitation and by the captive market it represents. 'VSUIFSNPSF JU XBT UIJT PCKFDUJWF UP TFDVSF BOE JODSFBTF DPMPOJBM JODPNF DPNCJOFE with the wish to rationalise State-peasant relationships through a better mastery of village power structures that were totally VOLOPXO UP UIF DPMPOJTFS XIFO UIFZ XFSF OPU PQFOMZ IPTUJMF UP IJN XIJDI JOTQJSFE UIF รถSTU CJH SFGPSN PG WJMMBHFT JNQMFNFOUFE CZ UIF DPMPOJBM BVUIPSJUJFT JO SFQMBDJOH the Council of Dignitaries by an elected WJMMBHF DPVODJM BOE JNQPTJOH B DPNNVOBM CVEHFU 5IJT XBT B DPNQMFUF GBJMVSF XIJDI only served to exacerbate internal village UFOTJPOT XIJMF BU UIF TBNF UJNF MFBWJOH UIF
way open for communal land grabbing by a minority. The issue of the period was not therefore the development of agriculture and the improvement of living conditions in UIF DPVOUSZTJEF CVU JOEFFE UIF TFDVSJOH PG DPMPOJBM SFWFOVF *O UIF QSFGBDF UP IJT XPSL the agronomist R. Dumont explains that VQPO IJT BSSJWBM JO )BOPJ JO UIF IFBE PG agricultural services in Tonkin asked him โ not to work too hard, as that would show that, until now, the agricultural service had done very little for rice growingโ It is also necessary to remark that the MBVODI JO PG B TZTUFNBUJD IZESPMPHJDBM EFWFMPQNFOU QPMJDZ GPS UIF EFMUB T QPMEFST and the salt marshes marked a real DIBOHF PG BUUJUVEF PG UIF QSPUFDUPSBUF T authorities regarding the countryside. Their PCKFDUJWF XBT UP QSPWJEF UIF EFMUB XJUI hydrological infrastructures that would allow the generalisation of two annual SJDF DSPQT BO PCKFDUJWF DPVQMFE XJUI B policy to lower population density in the most populated provinces by organising migratory movements towards the underpopulated areas of the Centre and the 4PVUI PG UIF DPVOUSZ 5P EP UIJT UIF DPMPOJBM BVUIPSJUJFT EFรถOFE B TFSJFT PG QSJPSJUJFT UIBU would allow them to combine the two NBKPS DPOTUSBJOUTอ QPTFE CZ JSSJHBUJPO BOE drainage on the basis of the local hydroHFPNPSQIPMPHJD DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT JEFOUJรถFE CZ B NFUJDVMPVT [POJOH PG UIF NJEEMF BOE MPXFS EFMUB *OEFFE UIF DIBMMFOHF XBT B MPU more complex than for the gravity irrigation networks in the upper delta. 'PS UIF TBNF QPMEFS JU XBT OFDFTTBSZ UP QSPUFDU UIF SJDF รถFMET GSPN UIF JOUSVTJPO PG FYUFSJPS XBUFST BOE BU UIF TBNF UJNF ESBJO and evacuate the water that accumulated JO UIF MPXFS MZJOH QBSUT PG UIF QPMEFS XIJMF
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
assuring an ample enough supply of water GPS UIF XIPMF PG UIF SJDF ĂśFMET This involved determining a drainage and de-watering plan that would increase the DBQBDJUJFT PG UIF FYJTUJOH PVUMFUT CZ EJHHJOH XIFO OFDFTTBSZ OFX DBOBMT BEBQUFE UP UIF sudden variations of the hydrological regime PG UIF HSFBU SJWFST EVSJOH UIF NPOTPPO BOE establishing irrigation networks fed either by an elevation of the water level through the VTF PG B EBN PS CZ QVNQJOH EJSFDUMZ GSPN UIF SJWFS XIJDI XPVME GVODUJPO UIBOLT UP manipulation of a series of locks and valves BOE UIF QFSJPEJD ĂśMMJOH PG TFDPOEBSZ BOE tertiary canals. The complexity of the system
Table
2
was increased by the obligation to integrate the hydrological behaviour of each of the thus developed polders into a global plan so that the remedy would not be worse than UIF FWJM UIBU JT UP TBZ UIBU UIF TBUJTGBDUPSZ drainage of one polder did not result in the submersion of all or part of a neighbouring polder situated at lower altitude. 4VCTUBOUJBM XPSL XBT DBSSJFE PVU TJODF JO BOE UIF JSSJHBUFE PS EFWFMPQFE TVSGBDF BSFB TUPPE BU ̓ IFDUBSFT JODMVEJOH ̓ ̓IB PG QFSJQIFSBM EFWFMPQNFOU EBUJOH GSPN CFGPSF BOE ̓ IB PG TBMU NBSTIFT CVU SFBDIFE ̓ IFDUBSFT JO 7FTJO
Situation of the Hydrological Infrastructure in the Delta in 1945
Sources: Author’s construction from Vesin (1992).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
0O UIJT TVCKFDU 1 ̓ #SPDIFVY BOE % ̓ )Ă?NFSZ remarked that although the results XFSF JNQSFTTJWF UIFZ XFSF “nevertheless disappointing if we are to consider that in the absence of a sound agrarian and agronomic policy and new industrialisation of the country, the acceleration of the hydrological development of the delta only allowed them to maintain peasant consumption at its already precarious level, to avoid famine but not to raise the rural masses from the under-nourishment and under-development in to which they were slowly sinkingâ€? 'SPN UIJT TUBOEQPJOU UIF FòPSUT NBEF XFSF FOPSNPVT 7FTJO CVU TP XBT UIF JODSFBTF JO ĂśTDBM QSFTTVSF #FUXFFO BOE UIF UBY CVSEFO GPS B GBNJMZ PG ĂśWF XFOU JO JUT FRVJWBMFOU JO QBEEZ GSPN LJMPT UP NPSF UIBO POF UPO #SPDIFVY FU )Ă?NFSZ 8IBU JT NPSF UIF DPMMFDUJPO PG UBYFT OP MPOHFS TFFNFE UP TVòFS GSPN UIF TBNF derogations and adaptations as it did in the past. This observation is all the more alarming as UIF QPQVMBUJPO EJTQMBDFNFOU QSPHSBNNFT “small indigenous settlementsâ€? then later “small family settlementsâ€? in the Middle and 6QQFS 3FHJPOT BT XFMM BT JO UIF $FOUSF BOE 4PVUI PG UIF DPVOUSZ HMPCBMMZ GBJMFE 5IF DPMPOJBM BENJOJTUSBUPST BOE UIF TDJFOUJĂśD community of this period attributed this failure to the unwillingness of the Vietnamese QFBTBOUSZ XIP XFSF SPPUFE JO UIFJS OBUJWF MBOE BOE UFSSJĂśFE BU UIF JEFB PG MFBWJOH UIFJS BODFTUPST WJMMBHF UP NPWF (PVSPV Recent studies show that this was also a result of the unwillingness of the Colonial State. This is illustrated by the administrative BOE ĂśOBODJBM CBSSJFST XIJDI EBNQFOFE UIF FOUIVTJBTN PG DBOEJEBUFT XJTIJOH UP NJHSBUF GPS UIF BVUIPSJUJFT MJNJUJOH NPWFNFOU XBT
synonymous with population control and thus maintaining the stability of a regime XIJDI GSPN POXBSET IBE UP DPOGSPOU a resurgence of discontent and resistance )BSEZ
Conclusion: The State Faced with Dyke Administration At the end of this rapid long-term historical QFSTQFDUJWF GSPN UIF 9**th century until the ĂśSTU IBMG PG UIF 99th MFU VT OPUF CZ XBZ PG B QSFBNCMF UIBU JO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB XBUFS management and the great hydrological works that constitute the dykes generated TQFDJĂśD SFMBUJPOTIJQT CFUXFFO UIF 4UBUF and the peasantry which were sometimes BOUBHPOJTUJD 5IJT JT OPU BU BMM TVSQSJTJOH JO UIJT BMNPTU FYDMVTJWFMZ SVSBM DPVOUSZ BHSJDVMUVSBM QSPEVDUJPO DPOTUJUVUFE VOUJM B WFSZ TIPSU UJNF BHP UIF CJHHFTU TPVSDF PG income for the Imperial State through the taxation of “inscribedâ€? peasants and land. Over the centuries the State had had to JOUFSWFOF UP CFTU TFDVSF UIJT JODPNF XIJDI was indispensable to its very existence. 0O UIJT TVCKFDU UIF $PMPOJBM 4UBUF TIPXFE an astonishing continuity. It pursued and rationalised the works engaged upon by the EJòFSFOU TVDDFFEJOH EZOBTUJFT TVCTUJUVUJOH UIF FOHJOFFS T UFDIOJDBM SBUJPOBMJUZ GPS UIF &NQFSPS T DFMFTUJBM NBOEBUF *UT BJN XBT TJNJMBS UP UIBU PG UIF *NQFSJBM 4UBUF UIF protection of the population and the harvests in order to secure and increase the amount of UBYFT XIPTF DPMMFDUJPO SFQSFTFOUFE UIF NBJO source of income of the colonial system of exploitation. )PXFWFS UIF JOUFOTJUZ PG UIJT JOUFSWFOUJPOJTN was not always uniform and the relative weight of this State intervention in relation to local initiatives can be seen to follow
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
the fluctuations in the attribution of SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ GPS UIF EZLFT BOE BU UIF FOE PG UIF EBZ JT B HPPE SFøFDUJPO PG UIF WFSTBUJMJUZ of the relationship the Emperors of the successive dynasties had with the systems of containment of the delta rivers. t -Ă?̓ %ZOBTUZ B CJH BHSBSJBO BOE IZESP logical policy founded on a mandarin system present at district level. The wish to rationalise and systematise the development and maintenance of the dyke OFUXPSL JT DPEJĂśFE -Ă? $PEF t 5SĚ‘OI̓ -PSET UIF 4UBUF JT QPXFSMFTT XIFO faced with the problems posed by water NBTUFSZ XIPTF NBOBHFNFOU JT EFMFHBUFE to the provincial mandarins alone. t /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ JO TQJUF PG B HMPCBMMZ JNQSFTTJWF SFDPSE UIFJS IZESPMPHJDBM QPMJDZ was characterised by discontinuities and 6 UVSOT XIJDI GVMMZ SFWFBM UIF XFJHIU PG the unilateral decisions and dysfunctions of the mandarin system of this absolute monarchy. t $PMPOJTBUJPO USBOTGFS PG NBOBHFNFOU UP UIF QSPUFDUPSBUF T UFDIOJDBM TFSWJDFT 5IF MBUUFS BĂłSN UIFJS FWPMVUJPOJTU WJTJPO of the superiority and rationality of the engineer over the empiricism of local knowledge and impose their conception of B TQFDJBMJTFE UFDIOJDBM TFSWJDF XIJDI IBE UP CF B DFOUSBMJTFE TUBCMF BOE TVTUBJOBCMF structure. 'JOBMMZ GSPN B DPODFQUVBM BOE NFUIPEPMPHJDBM QPJOU PG WJFX UIJT TUVEZ øJFT JO UIF GBDF PG UIF DVMUVSBMJTU IZQPUIFTJT XIJDI SFMFHBUFT the State and its interventionist capacity to a
TFDPOEBSZ MFWFM *OEFFE BT TPPO BT UIF GPDVT PG observation is widened beyond a strictly local TDBMF XF DBO PCTFSWF UIBU UIF NBOBHFNFOU and use of water inevitably generates a power relationship between the Central State and peasant societies. This observation JT QBSU PG BO PO HPJOH EFCBUF XIJDI IBT CFFO EJWJEJOH UIF TDJFOUJÜD DPNNVOJUZ GPS NPSF UIBO B DFOUVSZ OBNFMZ UIF FNFSHFODF of a hydrological bureaucracy at the very PSJHJO PG 4UBUFT JO "TJBO BHSBSJBO TPDJFUJFT GPS XIJDI UIF RVFTUJPO PG IZESPMPHJDBM DPOUSPM BHSJDVMUVSBM TUSBUFHJD BOE OBWJHBCMF communication routes) is an essential factor of their development and often a crucial issue upon which their survival depends. < > 5IJT CFJOH TBJE JU JT OPU B RVFTUJPO PG HFUUJOH lost in a hypothetical organic link between the construction of the State and hydrological TPDJFUZ PS FWFO PG UIJOLJOH PG XBUFS DPOUSPM JO .BOJDIFBO UFSNT iJOUFSWFOUJPO CZ UIF DFOUSBM QPXFSTw JO PQQPTJUJPO UP iMPDBM JOJUJBUJWFTw but of analysing the evolving relationship CFUXFFO UIF ÜSTU BOE UIF TFDPOE
Lexture text (www.tamdaoconf.com) Tessier 0 i0VUMJOF PG UIF 1SPDFTT PG Red River Hydraulics Development During UIF /HVZĚŽO %ZOBTUZ /JOFUFFOUI $FOUVSZ w JO . " 4UFXBSU BOE 1 " $PDMBOJT FET Environmental Change and Agricultural Sustainability in the Mekong Delta, Advances in Global Change Research %0* @ ÂŞ 4QSJOHFS 4DJFODF #VTJOFTT .FEJB # 7
< > %FCBUF SFMBVODIFE JO BU UIF QVCMJDBUJPO PG ,BSM 8JUUGPHFM T QPMFNJDBM XPSL i0SJFOUBM %FTQPUJTNw 5IF BVUIPS extends the concept of the “Asiatic mode of production� developed by Marx by radicalising it under the form of EFTQPUJD FYFSDJTJOH PG QPXFS XIJDI USBDFE JUT PSJHJOT UP UIF CVSFBVDSBUJD BOE QPMJUJDBM DFOUSBMJTBUJPO FOHFOEFSFE CZ MBSHF TDBMF IZESPMPHJDBM XPSLT 8JUUGPHFM
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Bibliography #Ă?UIFNPOU + Les grands fleuves : entre nature et sociĂŠtĂŠ EFVYJĂ’NF Ă?EJUJPO "SNBOE $PMJO 1BSJT #SĂ?OJFS ) Essai d’Atlas Statistique de l’Indochine Française *%&0 )BOPJ o Haiphong. $BEJĂ’SF - j -FT VSOFT EZOBTUJRVFT EV QBMBJT EF )VĂ? x Bulletin des Amis du Vieux HuĂŠ +BOVBSZ .BSDI st ZFBS OÂĄ QQ ̓ Constantin - j M )ZESBVMJRVF BHSJDPMF FO *OEPDIJOF x *%&0 )BOPJ )BJQIPOH Chassigneux & L’irrigation dans le delta du Tonkin Revue de GĂŠographie annuelle 7PMVNF 7* OÂĄÍƒ 1BSJT Chassigneux & Les inondations et les digues du Tonkin $POGFSFODF BU UIF $PMPOJBM 4DIPPM th .BSDI QSJOUFE CZ $IBJY Paris. Dumont 3 La culture du riz dans le delta du Tonkin 1SJDF PG 4POHLMB 6OJWFSTJUZ Q Ä?ấi Nam Tháťąc L᝼c UĚ‚Q * ** *** *7 OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O (JĂˆP %ĚžD )Ă‹ /Ě˜J Ä?ấi Nam Tháťąc L᝼c 7PMVNFT 9*7 99 OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O ,IPB )Ě’D 9Ă? )Ě˜J )Ă‹ /Ě˜J Ä?ấi Viᝇt sáť kĂ˝ toĂ n thĆ° CË˝O LĚŚ UPĂ‹O UIË? 7PMVNFT * ** *** OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O ,IPB )Ě’D 9Ă? )Ě˜J )Ă‹ /Ě˜J %FMPVTUBM R. and C-E. MaĂŽtre j -B KVTUJDF EBOT M "ODJFO "OOBN 1SĂ?GBDF x Bulletin de l’École française d’ExtrĂŞme-Orient 7PMVNF QQ ̓ Deloustal . La justice dans l’Ancien Annam – Traduction et commentaire du code des LĂŞ ²'&0 *NQSJNFSJF E &YUSĂ?NF 0SJFOU Hanoi. ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )ĂĄOH j 7ËžO ĂŞĚŒ USĚ‘ UIĚ&#x;Z Ě› )Ë?OH :Ă?O EË?Ě™J UIĚšJ /HVZĚŽO UIĚ‹ LĚŚ 9*9 x UËźQ DIĂ“ NghiĂŞn Cᝊu Láť‹ch Sáť TĚ” QQ
ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )ĂĄOH j 7ĚŒ WËžO ĂŞĚŒ UĚ– DIĚ D RVË˝O Mâ DĂ™OH USĂ–OI USĚ‘ UIĚ&#x;Z Ě› #ĚƒD CĚ˜ DĚ&#x;B OIĂ‹ /HVZĚŽO UIĚ‹ LĚŚ 9*9 x UËźQ DIĂ“ NghiĂŞn Cᝊu Láť‹ch Sáť TĚ” QQ ĂĽĚ— ĂĽĚ D )ĂĄOH j 7ĚŒ USĚ‘ UIĚ&#x;Z o UIĚ&#x;Z MĚ?J Ě› OË?Ě™D UB O̢B ĂŞËżV UIĚ‹ LĚŚ 9*9 x UËźQ DIĂ“ NghiĂŞn Cᝊu Láť‹ch Sáť TĚ” QQ (BVUIJFS + Digues du Tonkin &YQPTJUJPO DPMPOJBMF JOUFSOBUJPOBMF o 1BSJT *%&0 Hanoi-Haiphong. (PVSPV 1 Les paysans du delta tonkinois ̓ 1VCMJDBUJPOT EF M &DPMF 'SBOĂŽBJTF E &YUSĂ?NF 0SJFOU -FT &EJUJPOT E BSU FU E IJTUPJSF 1BSJT Hardy " La population du Vietnam Ă l’Êpoque coloniale : situation, controverses, solutions 3FWVF Xua & Nay OÂĄÍƒ QQ BOE Q * *** OÂĄÍƒ QQ BOE Q * *** OÂĄ QQ BOE Q * *** Henry : Economie agricole de l’Indochine, *NQSJNFSJF E &YUSĂ?NF 0SJFOU Hanoi. )PĂ‹OH $BP ,IË˝J Les inondations au Tonkin FU 3PVFO Rapport technique de M. L’ingĂŠnieur principal Rouen FYUSBDU GSPN UIF #VMMFUJO ²DPOPNJRVF EF M *OEPDIJOF OÂĄÍƒ +VMZ "VHVTU *%&0 )BOPJ )BJQIPOH )VZ 7V j 7Ă‹J OĂ?U WĚŒ ĂŞĂ? ĂŞJĚŒV UIĚ&#x;Z MĚ?J Ě› MĂ‹OH YĂ? 7JĚ?U /BN UIĚšJ USË?Ě™D x UËźQ DIĂ“ NghiĂŞn Cᝊu Láť‹ch Sáť TĚ” QQ Khâm Ä?áť‹nh Ä?ấi Nam Háť™i DiĂŞn Sáťą Lᝇ (1855) T᝼c BiĂŞn (1895/1917) [Imperial register PG %BJ /BN JOTUJUVUJPOT BOE SFHVMBUJPOT BEEJUJPOBM QBSU > 7PMVNF̓ 7** 2VZĚ?O o 2VZĚ?O OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O 5IVĚ‚O )Ă˜B )VĚ‹ -BOHMFU 1 L’ancienne historiographie d’État du Vietnam - Texte et commentaire du miroir complet de l’histoire impĂŠriale, chapters 36 and 37 (1722-1735) ²'&0 $PMMFDUJPO PG UFYUT BOE EPDVNFOUT PO *OEPDIJOB 97 ̓1BSJT
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
-BOHMFU 1 j 5FYUF FU DPNNFOUBJSF EV NJSPJS DPNQMFU EF M IJTUPJSF JNQĂ?SJBMF DIBQUFS 9997 BÉFEO 7PMVNF -97 QBQFS 1BSJT QQ -BOHMFU 1 j -B USBEJUJPO WJFUOBNJFOOF VO ²UBU OBUJPOBM BV TFJO EF MB DJWJMJTBUJPO DIJOPJTF x BSEI XLV QQ -Ă? 5IĂ‹OI ,IĂ™J Histoire du Viet Nam des origines Ă 1858 4VEFTUBTJF 1BSJT /HĂ™ ĂĽĚ D 5IĚ’ /HVZĚŽO 7ÇŠO /HVZĂ?O 1BQJO̓1 FET Ä?áť“ng KhĂĄnh Ä‘áť‹a dĆ° chĂ [Descriptive geography of Emperor Ä?áť“ng KhĂĄnh> ²'&0 OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O 5IĚ‹ (JĚ™J )Ă‹ /Ě˜J /HVZĚŽO 5SËżO )VÉO LĂŁn-Ă”ng, Thưᝣng Kinh KĂ˝-s᝼ (Account of a trip to the capital, translation and annotations by Nguyáť…n Trần Huân) &'&0 1VCMJDBUJPOT 7PMVNF -9997** 1BSJT Philastre 1 - ' Le Code Annamite 7PMVNF̓** &SOFTU -FSPVY 1BSJT Poisson & j %Ă?USVJSF PV DPOTPMJEFS MFT EJHVFT EV øFVWF 3PVHF x AsĂŠanie n° 23 #BOHLPL QQ Pouyanne " " L’hydraulique agricole au Tonkin 1BSJT *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PMPOJBM &YQPTJUJPO *%&0 )BOPJ )BJQIPOH 4$)/&*%&3 ' ) j MFT EJHVFT EBOT MF EFMUBx 3FWVF JOEPDIJOPJTF F BOOĂ?F OÂĄÍƒ )BOPĂ• QQ ThĆ° m᝼c thĂĄc bản văn khắc HĂĄn NĂ´m Viᝇt Nam <$BUBMPHVF PG 7JĚ?U OBN T JOTDSJQUJPOT> )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 7JĚ?O /HIJĂ?O $Ě V )ĂˆO /Ă™N ²'&0 &1)& 7PMVNFT * *** Vesin % Histoire du fleuve Rouge. Gestion et amĂŠnagement d’un système hydraulique au Tonkin des annĂŠes 1890 jusqu’à la seconde guerre mondiale .BTUFS T UIFTJT (FPHSBQIZ )JTUPSZ 4DJFODF PG 4PDJFUZ 5FBDIJOH BOE 3FTFBSDI 6OJUT 1BSJT 7** 6OJWFSTJUZ 1BSJT
Viᝇt Sáť CĆ°ĆĄng m᝼c Tiáşżt Yáşżu OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O ,IPB )Ě’D 9Ă? )Ě˜J )Ă‹ /Ě˜J Viᝇt sáť ThĂ´ng giĂĄm CĆ°ĆĄng m᝼c 7PMVNFT̓*7 *9 9** 9*** OIĂ‹ YVËžU CË˝O 7ÇŠO 4̢ ĂĽĚ‘B )Ă‹ /Ě˜J Wittfogel , Le despotisme oriental ²EJUJPOT EF .JOVJU 1BSJT
Exchanges ‌ Alexis Drogoul, IRD Does the same amount of research and documentation exist for the Mekong Delta? Is it possible to make a comparison between their developments? Yves Perraudeau, University of Nantes When you speak about the military body SFTQPOTJCMF GPS EZLFT JT JU QPTTJCMF UP ESBX B parallel with the Ponts et ChaussÊes University in France? Is there a specialised school? Jean-Pierre Beurier, University of Nantes 8FSF UIFSF BOZ QSPKFDUT UP CVJME VQTUSFBN dams in the past? Olivier Tessier "T GBS BT UIF 4PVUI JT DPODFSOFE UIFSF IBT never been any work on this scale to contain UIF XIPMF PG UIF .FLPOH FWFO UIPVHI today some dykes are appearing in order to protect human establishments and urban and industrial spaces. There the problem is EJòFSFOU CFDBVTF BMUIPVHI WJPMFOU øPPEJOH XJUI ESBNBUJD DPOTFRVFODFT GPS UIF SFHJPOBM economy and population happens regularly JO UIF .FLPOH EFMUB UIF DPOUSPM PG UIF TXFMMJOH PG UIF NBKPS SJWFST CZ B DPOUBJONFOU QSPKFDU TJNJMBS UP UIBU JO UIF /PSUI IBT OFWFS been undertaken. The historical conditions
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
PG TFUUMFNFOU JO UIF SFHJPO UIF IJHI EFOTJUZ of the hydrological network (natural and BSUJĂśDJBM BOE UIF UJUBOJD UBTL UIBU B HMPCBM BOE FĂłDJFOU EFWFMPQNFOU XPVME JO UVSO JNQMZ are some of the reasons that explain this fact. *O DPNQBSJTPO UP UIF /PSUI UIF PQQPTJUF DIPJDF IBT CFFO NBEF UIF DPORVFTU PG UIF Mekong delta was carried out gradually by the digging of a powerful network of canals that stretch out to CĂ Mau and continue VOUJM $BNCPEJB $POTFRVFOUMZ UIFSF JT OPU the same relationship with water in the .FLPOH BOE 3FE 3JWFS %FMUBT *O )Ă‹ /Ě˜J NPTU inhabitants live within the dykes and they have very little direct contact with the river except for the few specialised corporations TVDI BT UIF CPBUNFO UIF ĂśTIFSNFO BOE the transporters who work and live on the SJWFS 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE JO UIF .FLPOH %FMUB B MBSHF QBSU PG FDPOPNJD BOE TPDJBM life takes place on the water and uses the canals not only for agricultural purposes but also for navigable waterways along which BO JOUFOTJWF IVNBO BOE DPNNFSDJBM USBĂłD flows. This salient feature of the regional DVMUVSF JOTQJSFE UIF XSJUFS 4ËŒO /BN UP DPJO the expression “fluvial civilisationâ€? (văn minh sĂ´ng nĆ°áť›c) to characterise in the best way the DPNNPO DVMUVSBM CBTF MJOLJOH UIF EJòFSFOU components of the pluriethnic population implanted in the Mekong basin. A comparison between the hydrological practices and how water is perceived in the Mekong and Red 3JWFS %FMUBT JT BO FYDJUJOH QSPKFDU XIJDI JT being currently implemented through the DSFBUJPO PG B OFX &'&0 QSPKFDU JO UIF 4PVUI DFOUSFE PO UIJT TVCKFDU 5P SFQMZ UP :WFT 1FSSBVEFBV T RVFTUJPO UP NZ LOPXMFEHF UIFSF JT OPU DVSSFOUMZ BOZ
TQFDJBM TDIPPM CVU JU JT UIF VOJWFSTJUJFT UIBU train the future engineers and managers of UIJT SFTPVSDF $PODFSOJOH EBNT * EJE OPU ĂśOE JO UIF JNQFSJBM BSDIJWFT BOZ USBDF PG BO ancient tradition of dam building directly on the Red River or on its tributaries or effluents. )PXFWFS UIF FYJTUFODF PG TNBMM SFUBJOJOH lakes for irrigation in the hilly regions (Middle and Upper regions) is sometimes spoken PG 5PEBZ UIFSF JT B CJH EBN BU )Ă›B #Ă–OI PO UIF $MFBS 3JWFS BOE B TFDPOE JT CFJOH CVJMU JO UIF QSPWJODF PG 4ËŒO -B XIJDI IBWF CPUI been built to produce hydro electrical power. 5IJT FWPMVUJPO XIJDI JT SFMBUJWFMZ OFX TUFNT from the fact that until a very short time BHP QFPQMF TPVHIU BCPWF BMM UP QSPUFDU themselves from river swelling and only used it in a roundabout way without entering into direct contact with it. 5P BOTXFS UIF RVFTUJPO BCPVU FOHJOFFST XF must remember that after independence JO UIF EPDVNFOUT QSPEVDFE CZ UIF DPMPOJBM BENJOJTUSBUJPO XFSF DMBTTJĂśFE JO UXP UZQFT PG BSDIJWFT UIF TPWFSFJHOUZ BSDIJWFT o QPMJUJDBM NJMJUBSZ BSDIJWFT BOE UIPTF PG UIF (PWFSOPS HFOFSBM FUD XIJDI XFSF TFOU UP 'SBODF BOE UIF UFDIOJDBM BOE NBOBHFNFOU BSDIJWFT XIJDI SFNBJOFE JO 7JĚ?U /BN *O )Ă‹Íƒ /Ě˜J B DPPQFSBUJPO QSPHSBNNF XBT put in place and a transfer took place between the burgeoning Vietnamese State and the corps of French engineers who had graduated during the colonial period. The OBUJPOBM FOHJOFFST UIVT BMSFBEZ CFOFĂśUUFE from an education and intervened more and NPSF PO UIF TZTUFNT 5IVT UIF USBOTJUJPO XBT OPU UPP EJĂłDVMU BT SFBM UFDIOJDBM LOPXMFEHF had been accumulated during the colonial period up to independence.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
%FWFMPQNFOU BOE Management Institutions of Agricultural Water Supplies in UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB JO 7JĚ?U /BN
Jean-Philippe Fontenelle, Gret
(Retranscription) Hydro-agricultural development has an FTTFOUJBM QMBDF XJUIJO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB by securing the existence and satisfaction of the alimentary needs of a big population. 4JODF UIF̓ CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T JSSJHBUFE agriculture in the Red River Delta has VOEFSHPOF NBKPS VQIFBWBMT EVF UP QSPHSFTT in the ways of managing the means of production and the technical systems and the water management systems associated XJUI JU 5IJT VQIFBWBM JT UIF DPOTFRVFODF of the progress of power relationships CFUXFFO UIF 4UBUF BOE GBSNFST BOE UISPVHI
UIFN PG QSPEVDUJPO NFUIPET BOE UIF institutionalising of public policy. 5IF DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO PG NFBOT PG QSPEVDUJPO which lasted twenty years – until the end PG UIF̓ T o UIVT FOEFE JO UIF OFBS CBOLSVQUDZ̓ PG UIF DPVOUSZ T FDPOPNZ BOE XJUI B UISFBU UP GPPE TFDVSJUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ CFDBVTF PG GBSNFST SFKFDUJPO PG UIF NBOBHFNFOU TZTUFN JO TQJUF PG unprecedented investments in the hydroagricultural sector. A period of rapid growth in agricultural QSPEVDUJPO XIJDI BMTP MBTUFE UXFOUZ ZFBST followed. The reasons for this improvement
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
are to be found as much in the liberalisation and normalisation policy promoted by UIF 4UBUF TVDI BT JO UIF SFEJTUSJCVUJPO PG BHSJDVMUVSBM MBOE BT JO MPDBMMZ ESJWFO EZOBNJDT JODMVEJOH UIF DSFBUJPO PG MPDBM pumping stations. The local stations which were managed in a decentralised way caused UIF UFDIOJDBM GSBHNFOUBUJPO PG UIF EFMUB T IZESBVMJD TZTUFNT 5IJT IBE B EJSFDU FòFDU PO UIF XBZ EFDJTJPOT XFSF NBEF ĂśOBODJOH BOE the regulation of water management in the whole of the delta. 5PEBZ BHSJDVMUVSF JO UIF EFMUB TFFNT UP have slackened. It has been hit head-on by UIF FòFDU PG DPNQFUJUJPO XIJDI JT NPSF QSFTFOU TJODF 7JĚ?U /BN JOUFHSBUFE UIF XPSME FDPOPNZ 'BSNFST JODPNFT IBWF MFWFMMFE Pò XIJMF UIFZ NVTU GBDF OFX SJTLT MJOLFE UP UIF DPOTFRVFODFT PG DMJNBUF DIBOHF BT XFMM as growing land pressure resulting from the political priority given to industrialisation and urbanisation. During this plenary session I will principally present research from the Red River QSPHSBNNF B CJMBUFSBM DPPQFSBUJPO QSPKFDU CFUXFFO 'SBODF BOE 7JĚ?U /BN BOE NPSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ CFUXFFO the Groupe de recherche et d’Êchanges technologiques (a non-governmental organization, (3&5 BOE UIF 7JĚ?U /BN Agricultural Science Institute (VASI). This EFWFMPQNFOU SFTFBSDI QSPHSBNNF related to agrarian systems and agricultural QSPHSFTT JO UIF OPSUI PG 7JĚ?U /BN XBT carried out within the framework of the de-
collectivisation reforms that began at the FOE PG UIF T "T̓XFMM BT QBSUJDJQBUJOH JO UIJT QSPHSBNNF *̓BMTP XSPUF B UIFTJT EVSJOH NZ TUBZ JO 7JĚ?U̓ /BN̓ BCPVU agricultural hydraulics management in the 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB ̓ XIJDI * EFGFOEFE BU UIF $BUIPMJD 6OJWFSTJUZ PG̓-PVWBJO JO 4PDJBM management of water is also based on a systemic approach to the relations between EJòFSFOU DPNQPOFOUT PG XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU TVDI BT UIF UFDIOJDBM UPPMT PSHBOJTBUJPO NFBOT BOE NBOBHFNFOU JOTUJUVUJPOT BOE rules. 0VS PCKFDU PG SFTFBSDI UIF #ĚƒD )Ë?OH )Ë˝J polder – a stretch of land isolated from the Red River by a network of dykes – was TUVEJFE BDDPSEJOH UP TFWFSBM UIFNFT B technical approach looking at hydraulics and BHSPOPNZ BOE B TPDJBM BQQSPBDI VTJOH UPPMT GSPN HFPHSBQIZ IJTUPSZ BOE BOUISPQPMPHZ 'VSUIFSNPSF JU XBT OFDFTTBSZ UP XPSL PO EJòFSFOU TDBMFT GSPN UIF 4UBUF MFWFM UP UIF MPDBM POF JODMVEJOH UIF JOUFSNFEJBUF POFT TVDI BT UIF QSPWJODF EJTUSJDU BOE NBOBHFNFOU PSHBOJTBUJPOT TVDI BT UIF IZESBVMJD DPNQBOJFT DSFBUFE JO UIF T "U B MPDBM MFWFM XF UPPL B MPPL BU UIF DPNNVOF QSPEVDUJPO DPPQFSBUJWFT WJMMBHFT GBNJMJFT and households. All these segments were examined according to three historical EJNFOTJPOT o QSFTFOU UJNF TIPSU UFSN BOE long-term – through several written and PSBM TPVSDFT o BSDIJWFT TFDPOEBSZ TPVSDFT surveys and old photographs.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Map
7
Hydrographical System, Red River Delta
Sources: Author’s construction taken from plate 3 “Red River Delta Structure”; (Fontenelle et al., 2000)
Map
8
Drainage Zones of the Bắc Hưng Hải Polder
Sources: Author’s construction taken from plate 9 “Water Control System”; (Fontenelle et al., 2000)
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
5IF #ĚƒD )Ë?OH )Ë˝J QPMEFS B RVBESBOHMF GPSNFE CZ UIF SJWFST ĂĽË?ËŒOH -VĂ™D BOE 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI BOE UIF 3FE 3JWFS 4Ă™OH )Ě•OH JT POF PG UIF UIJSUZ CJHHFTU QPMEFST JO UIF EFMUB JU DPWFST BCPVU IFDUBSFT UIBU JT UP TBZ BCPVU PG UIF UPUBM BSFB PG UIF EFMUB What are the methods of water harvesting BOE NBOBHFNFOU UFDIOJRVFT JO UIJT perimeter? The natural water flow is here represented XJUI JTPMBUFE ESBJOBHF [POFT VTJOH DIBOOFM systems. The most rectangular portions correspond to ditching work and the circles to locks that allow the isolation of diversion bays – a space between two canal locks maintained at a constant level – in order to control drainage. The sub-units of the polder constitute as many drainage units. The grey [POFT & NPSF MJOLFE UP UIF SJWFS UIBO UP UIF
Diagram 2
JOOFS DBOBMT BSF EJSFDUMZ DPOUSPMMFE PO UIF outer level. 5IF JSSJHBUJPO OFUXPSL JT UPUBMMZ EJòFSFOU GSPN UIF ESBJOBHF OFUXPSL UIF BHSJDVMUVSBM XBUFS TVQQMZ VOJUT XIJDI SFQSFTFOU BT NBOZ JSSJHBUFE QFSJNFUFST BSF B MPU NPSF OVNFSPVT BOE WBSZ HSFBUMZ JO TJ[F o GSPN MFTT UIBO ̓ UP IFDUBSFT 5IJT EBUB DPNFT GSPN BO JOUFSNFEJBSZ QMBZFS UIF DPNQBOZ SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF #ĚƒD )Ë?OH )Ë˝J QPMEFS *O UIF T JSSJHBUJPO BOE ESBJOBHF TZTUFNT XFSF JOTUBMMFE ĂśSTU XJUI QFUSPM BOE UIFO XJUI FMFDUSJD NPUPST 5IF XJEFTQSFBE FRVJQQJOH PG UIF EFMUB XJUI QVNQJOH FRVJQNFOU GPS irrigation (raising of water level) and drainage (evacuation of water) came through technical progress and close cooperation with the USSR and China who had a privileged relationship XJUI 7JĚ?U /BN
Diagram of Hydro-Agricultural Development in the Red River Delta
Sources: Author’s construction.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
" QPMEFS GVODUJPOT JO UXP XBZT BU IJHI XBUFS BOE MPX XBUFS QFSJPET *O MPX XBUFS QFSJPET the lock that is situated upstream from the station is opened and allows water to flow GSPN UIF SJWFS JOUP UIF DBOBM TZTUFN %JòFSFOU TJ[FE QVNQJOH TUBUJPOT IBWF CFFO CVJMU along the lower canals. Some of these have UIF DBQBDJUZ UP JSSJHBUF VQ UP IFDUBSFT These big hydraulic units take the water from UIF MPDL TJUVBUFE VQTUSFBN XIPTF EJSFDU source is the river. The high-water period is characterised by heavy rainfall and a river level that is higher than the land. There is then a problem of waterlogging of the land and a problem of evacuating the water. There are two principal TZTUFNT GPS ESBJOBHF " HSBWJUZ TZTUFN MJOLFE UP UJEFT "U MPX UJEF there is a drop in the water level of the SJWFS UIF MPDLT TJUVBUFE EPXOTUSFBN GSPN the station are opened and the water is FWBDVBUFE CZ UIF EJòFSFODF JO XBUFS MFWFM /PXBEBZT B NPSF NPEFSO TZTUFN PG øBQ HBUFT QSFWFOUT UIF JOUSVTJPO PG PVUFS XBUFS UIVT NBLJOH UIF TZTUFN NPSF FóDJFOU 5IJT
system is reserved to the parts nearest to the coast where there is the biggest drop in water level; - Pumping stations situated at the end of channels. The pumping is carried out in the drainage channels to supply irrigation TUBUJPOT JO MPX XBUFS QFSJPET BOE UP FWBDVBUF XBUFS ESBJOFE GSPN UIF SJDF ĂśFMET by pumping it up and over the dyke and into the river. " DPNQMFUF USBOTGPSNBUJPO PG UIF NJMJFV marked by drainage and irrigation capacities closely linked to the capacities of the FRVJQNFOU JT HSBEVBMMZ UBLJOH QMBDF "U UIF UJNF PG PVS ĂśFME TVSWFZT XF XFSF BCMF UP PCTFSWF NBOZ TNBMM MPX DBQBDJUZ pumping stations installed along the canals and channels. Were they there to complete the existing network as backup or were they part of another model? After having received information from the communes (about SFHBSEJOH UIF JOWFOUPSJFE OVNCFS PG QVNQJOH TUBUJPOT XF EJTDPWFSFE NPSF UIBO DPNNVOFT FRVJQQFE XJUI BU MFBTU POF local backup station.
[ 88 ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Figure
2
Local Stations in the Châu Giang District
Sources: Author’s construction taken from Figure 21 “Development of Local Pumping Stations in the Van Giang Irrigation Scheme� (Fontenelle, 2004).
On this graph we have the number of inventoried local stations and their year PG DPOTUSVDUJPO BDSPTT UIF EJTUSJDU PG $IÉV (JBOH TJODF UIF CFHJOOJOH PG DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO If we compare the data provided by the district hydraulic company with the number PG TUBUJPOT JOWFOUPSJFE CZ UIF DPNNVOFT we can note a similar trend even if there JT B DFSUBJO EJTDSFQBODZ *O UIF CFHJOOJOH small stations were built at the end of the perimeters much downstream of the canals as a pumping complement to resolve problems of water supply to the land at the end of the network. Other stations were rapidly installed VQTUSFBN PG UIF OFUXPSL BU EJòFSFOU QPJOUT along the irrigated system and their number NVMUJQMJFE 'SPN UFO JO UIF T UIF OVNCFS
JODSFBTFE UP NPSF UIBO TJYUZ JO UIF T XJUI B CJH DIBOHF JO UIF T B QFSJPE XIJDI corresponds to liberalisation reforms and MBOE SFEJTUSJCVUJPO -PDBM FRVJQNFOU XIJDI XBT NPSF SFBEJMZ BWBJMBCMF XBT JOTUBMMFE %VSJOH UIF QFSJPE PG UIF DPMMFDUJWJTU FDPOPNZ the management system for water was based VQPO FRVJQNFOU TJ[FE UP NFFU SFBM OFFET according to a supply logic. Each day of the XFFL B QBSU PG UIF QFSJNFUFS XBT JSSJHBUFE via B XBUFS UPXFS UIF QSFDJTF DBMFOEBS CFJOH ĂśYFE JO BEWBODF 8JUI MJCFSBMJTBUJPO BOE UIF BQQFBSBODF PG iTQBSFw MPDBM TUBUJPOT B XBUFS management logic based upon demand CFHBO UP EFWFMPQ 5IF MPDBM FRVJQNFOU allowed things to not be determined by the QSFEFĂśOFE DBMFOEBS PG UIF XBUFS UPXFST
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
XJUI UIF EJóDVMUJFT MJOLFE UP UIF MBUUFS TVDI as respecting the calendar or the tension between communes sharing the same water UPXFS 5IJT EFNBOE TJEF CBTFE FRVJQNFOU logic aimed at providing more flexibility and reactivity.
drain it into an over-excavated canal during periods of excess. This became possible after the de-collectivisation and redistribution of MBOE CFDBVTF UIF QMPUT XFSF TNBMMFS BOE UIF individual mastering of tasks had replaced the cooperative system of production.
%VSJOH UIF T UIF 4UBUF BMTP NPEJöFE the network of canals watering the rice öFMET ESJWFO CZ JUT XJTI UP JOTUBMM HSBWJUZ GFE irrigation over the whole of the delta thanks to a comprehensive mesh of raised canals allowing to water plots of land directly by HSBWJUZ PODF UIF XBUFS IBE CFFO ESBXO VQ by the pumping stations.
5IJT UFDIOJDBM FDPOPNJD BOE PSHBOJTBUJPOBM NPEFM XIJDI BHBJO QVUT UIF WJMMBHF BU UIF DFOUSF PG JSSJHBUJPO NBOBHFNFOU QSF FYJTUFE the collectivist period. The history and culture of the village facilitates its social acceptation BOE JUT QPMJUJDBM MFHJUJNBDZ 5IVT BT 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS EFNPOTUSBUFE UIF 4UBUF DPOUJOVFT to manage the protection of the territory by constructing dykes and bringing water within UIF TZTUFN CVU JU JT QSPHSFTTJWFMZ SFEVDJOH JUT SPMF JO UIF JSSJHBUJPO PG QMPUT XIJDI JT OPX managed by the villages at the pumping station level and the farmers via the bailing out system. A fragmentation of the systems is thus found modelled on the geographical limits of village land.
Today we are witnessing the disappearance of the smallest of these canals (tertiary BOE RVBUFSOBSZ MFWFMT XIJDI IBWF CFFO PWFS FYDBWBUFE BOE UIF SFJOUSPEVDUJPO PG manual bailing. This phenomenon is proof PG GBSNFST ̓ XJTI UP NBTUFS NPSF FYBDUMZ UIF̓MFWFM PG XBUFS JO UIF öFMET UP SBJTF XBUFS MFWFMT BDDPSEJOH UP UIF XBUFS EFöDJU PS UP
Figure
3
Evolution of Agricultural Productivity
Sources: Đào Thê Tuấn, 1998.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
0O UIF BHSJDVMUVSBM MFWFM SFTFBSDI DBSSJFE PVU CZ üËP 5I� 5V˞O JT SFWFBMJOH BCPVU UIF RVBOUJUZ PG QBEEZ QFS DBQJUB 5IF DPMPOJBM QFSJPE VQ VOUJM XJUI JUT MFWJFT JUT ESPVHIUT JUT øPPET BOE JUT EFNPHSBQIJD HSPXUI TIPXT B EPXOXBSE USFOE JO UIF RVBOUJUZ QSPEVDFE CZ FBDI individual until reaching a level which no MPOHFS TBUJTÜFE UIF BMJNFOUBSZ OFFET PG UIF population; "HSBSJBO SFGPSN JO NBSLFE CZ UIF JOUFOTJÜDBUJPO PG MBCPVS BOE UIF SFEJTUSJCVUJPO PG MBOE XBT GPMMPXFE CZ B clear rise in production;
Table
3
'SPN UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T JO TQJUF PG UIF IVHF JOWFTUNFOU NBEF JO IZESBVMJDT we can observe a progressive decline in JOEJWJEVBM QSPEVDUJWJUZ XIJDI EVSJOH UIF T GFMM CFOFBUI MFWFMT SFDPSEFE JO UIF T 'SPN UIF T POXBSET MJCFSBMJTJOH SFGPSNT ̓ MBOE SFEJTUSJCVUJPO BOE UIF GSFF NBSLFU BOE QSPHSFTT JO IZESBVMJD FRVJQNFOU ̓ DIBSBDUFSJTFE CZ UIF FNFSHFODF̓ PG TNBMM TUBUJPOT TUJNVMBUFE agricultural growth in a strong and progressive way.
Agricultural Development and Enhancement
Sources: Author’s construction taken from table 20 “Historical Comparison of the Technical Systems for the Control of Water and Agricultural Enhancement in the Red River Delta� (Fontenelle, 2004).
5IJT TVNNBSZ UBCMF EFÜOFT DFSUBJO DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT GPS EJòFSFOU IJTUPSJDBM QFSJPET #FGPSF UIF T UIF JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT XFSF DPNQPTFE PG EZLFT DIBOOFMT OBUVSBM PS FYDBWBUFE MPX DBOBMT BOE QPOET XIJDI TFSWFE BT SFTFSWPJST BOE CBJM TDPPQT -JUUMF
JOGSBTUSVDUVSF XBT MJOLFE UP JSSJHBUJPO UIF NFUIPET XFSF HSBWJUBUJPOBM PS JOEJWJEVBM agriculture only had one date for rice USBOTQMBOUBUJPO BOE UIFSF XFSF NBOZ OBUVSBM risks and levies.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
'SPN UP EVSJOH UIF QFSJPE PG DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO BOE UIF QMBOOFE FDPOPNZ large perimeters of several thousand hectares of land were developed in an almost TZTUFNBUJD GBTIJPO XJUI MBSHF QVNQJOH stations that were collectively managed by technicians in the same way as the water towers system. Decisions were taken at UIF DPPQFSBUJWF DPNNVOF PS EJTUSJDU MFWFM The “green revolutionâ€? brought with it the generalisation of two rice crops per year. )PXFWFS JO TQJUF PG UIFTF JOWFTUNFOUT UIF CVSFBVDSBUJD CVSEFO BOE EJĂłDVMUJFT PG UIJT TZTUFN DPVQMFE XJUI JUT SFKFDUJPO CZ UIF QFPQMF USJHHFSFE BO JOFYPSBCMF ESPQ JO productivity.
Table
4
5IF T TBX UIF GSBHNFOUBUJPO PG UIF QFSJNFUFST UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO PG MPDBM TUBUJPOT and the emergence of a mixed system using QVNQJOH JO EJòFSFOU XBZT BOE CBJMJOH PVU The individual once again returned to the centre of rice management and decided himself whether to irrigate or drain his plot. We observed a rapid and marked impact of UIF JNQMFNFOUFE SFGPSNT XJUI B QBTTBHF GSPN UXP UP VQ UP ÜWF DSPQ DZDMFT o POF SJDF cycle and four cycles of market vegetables. Vegetable growing in the delta demands an FóDJFOU NBTUFSJOH PG JSSJHBUJPO BOE TUSPOH local initiatives at producer level (choice PG WFHFUBCMF TPXJOH EBUFT JSSJHBUJPO QBSUJDVMBSMZ EVF UP UIF BHSPOPNJD EJóDVMUJFT faced during the monsoon.
Players Involved in the Management
Sources: Author’s construction taken from Table 21 “Historical Comparison of the Organisation of Policies and the Participation of Local Players in Water Management� (Fontenelle, 2004).
#FGPSF UIF T UIF 4UBUF BOE JUT UFDIOJDBM services intermittently intervened in dyke NBOBHFNFOU BT 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS EFNPOTUSBUFE BOE BMTP JO UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF TZTUFN T EZLFT CVU JOUFSWFOFE WFSZ MJUUMF JOTJEF UIF
system. Irrigation and drainage were locally managed at the village level. 'SPN UIF T POXBSET XIFO FRVJQNFOU CFDBNF HFOFSBMJTFE B UFDIOJDBM TFSWJDF managed the pumping stations and the
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
HBUFT XJUIJO UIF TZTUFN "U B MPDBM MFWFM UIF DPPQFSBUJWF BOE DPPQFSBUJWF XPSLFST organised into specialised production CSJHBEFT UPPL UIF QMBDF PG UIF WJMMBHF BT B production and management unit. 'SPN UIF T UIF QBSUJFT JOWPMWFE XFSF CPUI UIF 4UBUF XIJDI DSFBUFE JOUFSNFEJBUF CPEJFT IZESBVMJD DPNQBOJFT BOE UIF VTFS
Diagram
3
who had to pay a tax to gain access to the XBUFS "U UIF MPDBM MFWFM TFSWJDF DPPQFSBUJWFT XFSF GPSNFE NPTU PGUFO BU WJMMBHF MFWFM *U XBT again a sign of a return of local management towards a more traditional unit and the QPTTJCJMJUZ PG PòFSJOH UIF VTFST UIF DIBODF UP UBLF JOJUJBUJWFT JO UIFJS JSSJHBUJPO DIPJDFT UIF latter being linked to the economy they were given concerning their choice of crops.
Organisation Tree
MARD : Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Sources: Author’s construction; translation from figure 7.3. “Water Management Organisational Framework in the Bac Hung Hai Polder� (Fontenelle et al., 2007).
We can observe a return to individual responsibility. This duel irrigation system improves pumping capacity – the water needs of crops being met – but the DPTU PG FRVJQNFOU JT IJHIFS QFS IFDUBSF
)PXFWFS UIF TUBUJPOT BSF VTFE GPS TIPSUFS periods owing to their higher capacities BOE GBDJMJUBUFE̓ NBOBHFNFOU EVF UP UIF SFEVDUJPO JO TJ[F PG UIF JSSJHBUFE QFSJNFUFST 0CTFSWBUJPOT DBSSJFE PVU JO UIF ĂśFME OPUFE
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
lower running costs and a reduced water consumption per irrigated unit as the TZTUFN XBT NPSF FóDJFOU BOE øFYJCMF 5IJT was especially made possible by greater autonomy in decision-making – no more QSFEFÜOFE DBMFOEBST PS XBUFS UPXFST o BOE the necessity for farmers to pay the bill for consumed water via the payment of a water tax. )PXFWFS UIJT UBY JT IJHI BOE PQBRVF GPS GBSNFST $MFBS EJòFSFODFT DBO CF TFFO JO UIF MFWFM PG UBY GSPN DPPQFSBUJWF UP DPPQFSBUJWF depending on the mode of water supply and UIF DIPJDF PG JOWFTUNFOU 0O BWFSBHF UIF UBY POMZ SFQSFTFOUFE PG QBEEZ QSPEVDUJPO )PXFWFS JG ZPV BEE PUIFS MFWJFT TVDI BT MBOE UBY MPDBM UBY BOE TFDVSJUZ UIJT ÜHVSF SPTF UP CFUXFFO BOE PG QSPEVDUJPO #FGPSF UIF BCPMJTINFOU PG UIFTF MFWJFT BOE UBYFT UIFSF XBT UIVT B MPU PG ÜTDBM QSFTTVSF PO SJDF production of which the market value was low. 5IF DPPQFSBUJWFT BDDPVOUT TFFN UP CF HMPCBMMZ CBMBODFE CVU UIF JOGPSNBUJPO BOE supporting documentation produced lacks transparency and homogeneity. The amounts paid to the district irrigation company vary GSPN MPDBM JSSJHBUJPO UP DFOUSBMJTFE irrigation) of the expenses covered by the cooperative. "U EJTUSJDU JSSJHBUJPO DPNQBOZ MFWFM IFBWZ DVNVMBUFE EFCUT XIJDI BSF PGUFO IJHIFS UIBO BOOVBM SFWFOVF DBO CF OPUFE 5IJT JT particularly because of unpaid subsidies for heavy maintenance work or technical VQHSBEFT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF SBUF PG QBZNFOU GPS UBYFT GSPN UIF DPPQFSBUJWFT JT 5IF FDPOPNJD EFÜDJU PG UIF EJTUSJDU JSSJHBUJPO companies does not stem principally from UIF GBSNFST SFGVTBM UP QBZ UIF UBY XIJDI EPFT
not cover the whole of their expenses in any DBTF 5IVT UIF CVEHFUT BSF OPU CBMBODFE BOE UIF BDRVJSFE NFBOT BSF HMPCBMMZ VTFE GPS FWFSZEBZ SVOOJOH UP UIF EFUSJNFOU PG maintenance and repairs. 5IFSF BSF QFSDFQUJCMF JOTUJUVUJPOBM EJĂłDVMUJFT and contradictions. There is a discontinuity between functional units and management. 'PS FYBNQMF UIF #ĚƒD )Ë?OH )Ë˝J QPMEFS covered four provinces and reported back BU B NJOJTUFSJBM MFWFM )PXFWFS PUIFS QPMEFST covered one province or one district and were thus dependent on them. There was not necessarily any overlapping between physical and administrative water management units. 5IF XBUFS GFFT XFSF ĂśYFE BU B MFHBM MFWFM CZ the provincial Popular Committees and then completed by the cooperatives according UP EJòFSFOU NPEBMJUJFT 5IF DPNQBOJFT UIVT had very little control over their collection/ revenue. The principal expenses of the company were the cost of electricity. Debts were contracted between public electric companies and public irrigation and drainage companies. This debt was deferred by necessity because it was socially unthinkable to not drain. Stakeholder HBNFT BMTP BSPTF CFUXFFO UIF DPPQFSBUJWFT XIP TPVHIU UP QBZ BT MJUUMF BT QPTTJCMF BOE UIF EJTUSJDU JSSJHBUJPO DPNQBOZ SFTVMUJOH JO discrepancies between the declared surface areas and the real irrigated ones. .BOZ DIBOHFT IBWF DPNF BCPVU TJODF UIF XBUFS SFTPVSDF MBX PG BOE UIF JOUFS NJOJTUFSJBM DPVODJM JO XIJDI really addressed the issue of water and its EJòFSFOU VTFT XIJMF JU IBE CFFO QSJODJQBMMZ associated with agriculture in the past. Three organisations were created in the Red River CBTJO JO "O JOUFS NJOJTUFSJBM WJTJPO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
XBT BEPQUFE SFHBSEJOH UIF FOWJSPONFOU JOEVTUSZ UIF QSPUFDUJPO PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO and economic and rural development. 5IF .JOJTUSZ GPS /BUVSBM 3FTPVSDFT BOE UIF &OWJSPONFOU XBT DSFBUFE JO 5IF lowering and then the abolishment of MBOE UBY BOE XBUFS GFFT XFSF endorsed. 4P XIP QBZT UPEBZ GPS UIF FMFDUSJDJUZ BOE water management costs? Do the farmers still pay a tax at the cooperative level? This does OPU ÜHVSF JO UIF OBUJPOBM ÜHVSFT POMZ 4UBUF contributions and the notional fee appear. )PXFWFS XIFO UIF DPPQFSBUJWF IBT UP TFU UIF TUBUJPOT UP XPSL EPFT UIF 4UBUF QBZ GPS the electricity or does the cooperative pay for it via a tax levied among the farmers? This RVFTUJPO NFSJUT TPNF SFTFBSDI There are many new stakes at play. What organisational model should be adopted GPS UIF ÜOBODJOH PG XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU institutions? The development of a system of payment for a service was implemented JO UIF T CVU EJóDVMUJFT MJOLFE UP GBSNFST incomes lead to its abolishment. This being TBJE JT JU UIF 4UBUF T SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ UP TIPVMEFS the totality of the costs? Where are we XJUI UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG ÜTDBM QPMJDJFT 5IBJMBOE GPS FYBNQMF UBLFT SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ GPS the cost of water and pumping in respect of BO BHSFFNFOU BEESFTTJOH UIFTF JTTVFT XIJDI makes the process more transparent. The choices to be made are above all political. The place of agriculture regarding urbanisation and industrialisation issues and the increased pressure on land space are to be taken into consideration – growing QPQVMBUJPO SFEVDUJPO PG BHSJDVMUVSBM MBOE MPXFS QFS DBQJUB JODPNFT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF USBOTGPSNBUJPO JO UIF VTF PG MBOE CVJMU PO
land and the presence of many asphalted infrastructures lead to a concentration of XBUFS PO TNBMMFS TVSGBDFT XIJDI NBZ SFTVMU JO flooding risks. These urban/rural cohabitation JTTVFT BSF PME POFT CVU BSF CFDPNJOH NPSF acute against the backdrop of climate change BOE WVMOFSBCJMJUZ UP OBUVSBM IB[BSET With the development of industrial capacities BOE NPSF DPTUMZ FDPOPNJD JOGSBTUSVDUVSF what level of risk can the State tolerate and absorb? What are the development policies that must be implemented for the Red River to absorb this risk?
Lecture text (www.tamdaoconf.com) '0/5&/&--& + 1 j -B E�DFOUSBMJTBUJPO EF M IZESBVMJRVF BHSJDPMF EV EFMUB EV øFVWF 3PVHF BV 7J�U OBN SVQUVSF PV DPOUJOVJU� x HÊrodote, O¥ Q
Selected Bibliography ĂĽÂŽ0 5IĚ‹ 5VËžO j -B USBOTJUJPO agraire au Vietnam comme changement E JOTUJUVUJPOT̓ x JO DĂŠveloppement et transition vers l’Êconomie de marchĂŠ "DUVBMJUĂ? 4DJFOUJĂśRVF VOJWFSTJUĂ?T 'SBODPQIPOFT "61&-' 63&' .POUSĂ?BM QQ '0/5&/&--& + 1 Dynamiques agraires, irrigation et institutions dans le delta du Fleuve Rouge (ViĂŞt-nam) : une analyse multi-scalaire de la gestion agricole de l’eau. #JPMPHJDBM "HSPOPNJD BOE &OWJSPONFOUBM &OHJOFFSJOH 'BDVMUZ $BUIPMJD 6OJWFSTJUZ PG -PVWBJO -PVWBJO MB /FVWF Q '0/5&/&--& + 1 j -B EĂ?DFOUSB MJTBUJPO EF M IZESBVMJRVF BHSJDPMF EV EFMUB EV øFVWF̓ 3PVHF BV 7JĂ?U OBN̓ SVQUVSF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
ou continuitĂŠÂ Âť. In HĂŠrodote OÂĄÍƒ -B %Ă?DPVWFSUF nd RVBSUFS 1BSJT QQ '0/5&/&--& + 1 5IĚ‹ "OI ĂĽÂŽ0 1 %&'063/: 5IĚ‹ 5VËžO ĂĽÂŽ0 Atlas of the Bac Hung Hai Polder (Vietnam) "HSJDVMUVSBM 1VCMJTIJOH )PVTF )BOPJ Q '0/5&/&--& + 1 ' .0--&& ) 5633"- “Who Will Pay for Water? The Vietnamese 4UBUF T %JMFNOB PG %FDFOUSBMJ[BUJPO PG Water Management in the Red River Deltaâ€?. In Irrigation Water Pricing Policy in Context: Exploring the Gap Between Theory and Practice &EJUFE CZ ' .PMMF + #FSLPò BOE 3 ̓#BSLFS $"#* *8.* QQ 04530. & Crafting institutions for self-governing irrigation systems *$4 1SFTT *OTUJUVUF GPS DPOUFNQPSBSZ TUVEJFT 4BO 'SBODJTDP Q 36' 5 1 ."5)*&6 i8BUFS SJHIUT BOE the institutional dynamics of irrigated TZTUFNT CFUXFFO TUBUF NBSLFU BOE community actionâ€?. In Social Dynamics and Irrigation: Communities, Conflict, Control and Change 5 3VG BOE 1 .BUIJFV HVFTU FEJUPST *OUFSOBUJPOBM +PVSOBM PG 8BUFS 7PMVNF /o̓ *OEFSTDJFODF &OUFSQSJTFT -UE 0YGPSE QQ 4"#"5*&3 + - 5 36' j -B HFTUJPO TPDJBMF EF M FBV x JO Chroniques du SUD OÂĄ +VJMMFU 03450. 1BSJT QQ
Exchanges‌ François Roubaud, IRD-DIAL We get the impression that water management is returning to the individual level since de-collectivisation and agrarian SFGPSN )PX BSF UIF EJòFSFOU MFWFMT PG UIJT NBOBHFNFOU TZTUFN XIJDI BQQFBS UP CF FóDJFOU CZ QSPEVDJOH CJHHFS IBSWFTUT BSUJDVMBUFE DPPSEJOBUFE BOE NBOBHFE 5IF ÜOBODJOH JT JOTVSFE BHBJOTU MPTU GVOET CZ UIF
4UBUF QFSIBQT GPS TPDJBM SFBTPOT XIFSFBT the country had previously partially adopted a market economy. Was the pressure of privatisation not felt in the water sector? Jean-Philippe Fontenelle We can see some continuity in the NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF NBKPS JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT PG the dykes. The names have changed but the hydraulic services have been maintained. The management of the connecting locks to the river by the irrigation systems companies did not pass into local management hands. State retreat is evident in the management PG UIF QBEEZ ĂśFMET DPOUSBSZ UP EVSJOH the collectivist period. It is no longer the FOHJOFFST XIP EFDJEF BCPVU UIF UZQF PG DSPQ UIF EBUF PG USBOTQMBOUBUJPO PS JSSJHBUJPO CVU the farmers themselves. As far as irrigation is DPODFSOFE UIFSF JT OPUIJOH UP TUPQ TPNFPOF from buying an individual pumping station. Certain countries have adopted this type of NPEFM *O 7JFU /BN XF UIFSFGPSF TUJMM IBWF UIF DPMMFDUJWF QVNQJOH TZTUFN XIJDI JT more socially acceptable. A compromise has been found between the desire for BVUPOPNZ BOE JOEJWJEVBM JOJUJBUJWF BOE B socially accepted collective management at UIF WJMMBHF MFWFM 4PNFUJNFT DPPQFSBUJWFT PG DPNNVOBM TFSWJDFT FYJTU )PXFWFS JG XF MPPL NPSF DMPTFMZ UIF QFSJNFUFST BSF JOEJWJEVBM UP FBDI WJMMBHF FWFO UIPVHI UIF NBOBHFNFOU VOJUZ SFNBJOT DPNNVOBM *O PUIFS DBTFT UIF division and unity of the village are a lot more radical. We can observe that the State no longer has a say in agricultural management PS JO UIF DIPJDF PG DSPQT 'PS FYBNQMF TJODF MZDIFF PSDIBSET IBWF CFFO EFWFMPQFE JO /BN 4ĂˆDI JO UIF )Ë˝J %Ë?ËŒOH QSPWJODF 5IF State authorised the possibility of changing the agricultural use of this land. It was also during this period that the villages began
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
to build beyond their bamboo perimeters. )PVTFT BSF OPX CVJMU JO UIF ĂśFMET PS BU UIF side of the road. All this is proof of a change in UIF 4UBUF T NBOBHFNFOU PG UFSSJUPSZ
mechanisation of pumping between these two deltas in production terms?
Benoit Gaudou, University of Toulouse 1 Capitole
I carried out research with the IRD into the UISFF EFMUBT PG $IBP 1ISBZB 5IBJMBOE UIF .FLPOH BOE UIF 3FE 3JWFS "U UIF UJNF XF observed the installation of irrigation systems in the Mekong delta similar to the hydraulic NPEFM PO UIF 3FE 3JWFS *O UIF QBTU UIF OBSSPX SBOHF PG UIF .FLPOH T TXFMMJOH o B few centimetres a day – was accepted. With the development of several rice cycles and WFHFUBCMF DSPQT øPPEJOH IBT CFDPNF B SJTL XIJDI IBT KVTUJÜFE UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG EZLFT and pumping stations following the example PG UIF /PSUI 8F IBWF FOUFSFE JOUP B NPEF PG UIF QSPHSFTTJWF DMPTJOH Pò PG TQBDF UP UIF river.
*O 'SBODF UIF 4UBUF SFHVMBUFT JSSJHBUJPO and water collection to avoid anarchic development. What are the laws or the norms JO 7JFU /BN "SF UIFSF BOZ MJNJUBUJPOT 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE JT JSSJHBUJPO MJOLFE UP UIF QSPCMFN of drought? How does the State resolve this problem? Jean-Philippe Fontenelle * BN OPU VQ UP EBUF XJUI DVSSFOU MFHJTMBUJPO CVU XIFO * DBSSJFE PVU NZ SFTFBSDI OP MJNJUT IBE CFFO TFU GPS UBLJOH XBUFS *U XBT B RVFTUJPO of taking surface water; a lack of water was never seen as a risk. There could be a problem of access to water when the canal was PCTUSVDUFE CVU UIF TPMVUJPO IFSF XBT NPSF MJOLFE UP UIF NFBOT BWBJMBCMF UP TVóDJFOUMZ clean out the canals and channel the river water to the pumping stations. The issue here JT EJòFSFOU GSPN UIBU JO 'SBODF XIFSF UIFSF JT B problem of over-consumption of water. There JT DPNQFUJUJPO GPS JUT VTF EBNT JOEVTUSJBM VTF BHSJDVMUVSF FUD 5IF NBKPS QSFWBJMJOH JTTVF JO 7JFU /BN JT DFOUSFE PO DPOTUSBJOUT MJOLFE UP FYDFTT XBUFS BOE UIVT UP ESBJOBHF SBUIFS UIBO JSSJHBUJPO FWFO JO UIF ESZ TFBTPO ClÊment Frenoux, GRET The construction and technical management PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS EZLFT OFUXPSL BSF EJòFSFOU from those of the Mekong. Has there been a comparative study of the modernisation and
Jean-Philippe Fontenelle
Phan Ä?ĂŹnh PhĆ°áť›c, Institute of Development Studies, Háť“ ChĂ Minh City There are a great many public policies in UIF BHSJDVMUVSBM TFDUPS JO 7JĚ?U /BN CVU incomes generated by agricultural activities remain modest. What are the agricultural development policies that have been implemented in France? Jean-Philippe Fontenelle * BN OPU HPJOH UP EFTDSJCF 'SFODI QPMJDZ which is part of a wider European framework QPMJDZ CVU * UIJOL UIBU UIF 'SFODI BOE Vietnamese proportion of agricultural QPQVMBUJPOT JT WFSZ EJòFSFOU 8JUI PG GBSNFST JO 'SBODF UIF JTTVFT BSF WFSZ EJòFSFOU 5IFSF BSF PUIFS NBOBHFNFOU UFDIOJRVFT and other ways for the public and private sectors to access investment. The two canal DPNQBOJFT PG UIF 1SPWFODF BOE #BT 3IĂ™OF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
SFHJPOT BSF CPUI JOUFSFTUJOH DBTFT 5IF 4UBUF which has the initiative in these development QPMJDJFT IBT HJWFO JUT TVQQPSU UP JOWFTUNFOUT with public money and also to the creation of TFNJ QVCMJD DPNQBOJFT XIJDI SFDFJWF B GFF from farmers who pay for the infrastructures and their management according to the volume of water (registered on a meter) consumed. The pertinence of these systems depends on the economic development PG UIF QSPEVDUJPO XIJDI QSPHSFTTFT BDDPSEJOH UP BHSJDVMUVSBM NBSLFUT 8IBU T NPSF VSCBOJTBUJPO JTTVFT MJOLFE UP UIF TBMF BOE DPOTVNQUJPO PG XBUFS BSF BQQFBSJOH QBSUJDVMBSMZ PO UIF $BOBM EF 1SPWFODF XIJDI terminates in the City of Marseilles. The sale of drinking water in the cities is essential to the DPNQBOZ T FDPOPNJD CBMBODF XIFSFBT JU XBT a regional development plan implemented to develop agriculture. Catherine Baron, University of Toulouse How are the cooperatives constituted? )PX EP UIFZ XPSL XIBU FYBDUMZ JT UIFJS intermediary role in this system? Must all users adhere to the cooperative? Dưƥng Hiᝠn Hấnh, University Thᝧ Dầu M᝙t The management of some companies at the district level is losing money. Has there been BOZ SFTFBSDI JOUP UIJT *OUP DPSSVQUJPO XBUFS needs?
Jean-Philippe Fontenelle The cooperatives were created with DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO ĂśSTU PO UIF WJMMBHF MFWFM UIFO DPNNVOBM GSPN UIF NJEEMF PG UIF T 5IFTF QSPEVDUJPO DPPQFSBUJWFT XIJDI NBOBHF UIF MBOE BOE BMM BHSJDVMUVSBM UBTLT XFOU CBOLSVQU JO UIF T CVU IBWF IPXFWFS NBJOUBJOFE a production capacity of obligatory collective TFSWJDFT OPUBCMZ IZESBVMJD BOE FMFDUSJD POFT They were reformed by new laws and were SFOBNFE TFSWJDFT DPPQFSBUJWFT JSSJHBUJPO JO particular. These cooperatives are managed CZ FYFDVUJWFT BOE IBWF B QSF EFĂśOFE territorial perimeter (commune or village) and are mandatory. An unbalanced budget does not necessarily signify corruption. 4QFOEJOH QMBOT NBZ CF IJHIFS UIBO JODPNF particularly when proposed public grants EP OPU BSSJWF PS BSF EFMBZFE PS UBYFT BSF OPU UPUBMMZ DPMMFDUFE &WJEFOUMZ DPSSVQUJPO XBUFS MPTT FUD NBZ BMTP QMBZ B SPMF JO UIF JNCBMBODF but not exclusively. Why oblige people to pay for this resource? The issue of the right to water as a natural SFTPVSDF JT UIF TVCKFDU PG B XPSMEXJEF EFCBUF 8F EP OPU QBZ GPS XBUFS BT TVDI we pay more for the service in relation to an economic development we can get from XBUFS /PU PCMJHJOH GBSNFST UP QBZ XBUFS GFFT demonstrates the strong political will of the 4UBUF UP NBJOUBJO UIF GBSNFST QSPEVDUJPO capacities.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
%PDVNFOUBSZ i1SFZ /VQ "อ $PNNVOJUZ #VJMU "SPVOE Water (Cambodia)โ Jean-Philippe Fontenelle, GRET Josรฉ Tissier, AFD
*U IBT CFDPNF B +5% USBEJUJPO UP FOSJDI PVS EFCBUFT XJUI EPDVNFOUBSJFT CPUI JO the plenary sessions at the VASS and in the workshops at Tam ฤ แบฃo. These complementary documentaries are designed to serve a veritable educational purpose; this year the short version of the documentary โ Prey /VQ " $PNNVOJUZ #VJMU "SPVOE 8BUFSw XBT TIPXO PO UIF รถSTU EBZ PG UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPO (French version with English and Vietnamese subtitles). The seventeen-minute version looks back at a decade of interventions to restore UIF 1SFZ /VQ QPMEFST JO $BNCPEJB 1SFZ /VQ is situated in the province of Sihanoukville BOE UIF PQFSBUJPO XBT รถOBODFE CZ UIF "'% EVSJOH UIF QFSJPE BOE SFTVMUFE JO UIF QSPUFDUJPO PG อ BHSJDVMUVSBM IFDUBSFT BOE BรฒFDUFE NPSF UIBO อ QFPQMF 5IF QSPKFDU XPVOE VQ JO 'FCSVBSZ XJUI UIF signing of a framework agreement between the Ministry for Meteorology and Water 3FTPVSDFT ..83 UIF $PNNVOJUZ PG 1PMEFS Users (CPU) and the local authorities.
The documentary is built around an evaluation/capitalisation approach. The VTF PG รถMN UP FWBMVBUF UIF i#VJME "HBJOTU UIF 5JEFTw QSPKFDU UBLFT UIF QMBZFST QPJOUT of view into account and facilitates the EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIFอ SFTVMUT PG UIF QSPKFDU T FWBMVBUJPO BNPOH UIF EJรฒFSFOU NFNCFST PG the public concerned by the implementation PG EFWFMPQNFOU QSPKFDUT 5IJT รถMN UBMLT BCPVU UIF QSPKFDU T IJTUPSZ UIF UFDIOJDBM EJรณDVMUJFT CVJMEJOH B EZLF PO TJMUZ TPJM TPDJBM DPNQMFYJUZ UIF DSFBUJPO PG VTFST BTTPDJBUJPOT JO BO BSFB TDBSSFE CZ ,INFS 3PVHF DPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO UIF QPMJUJDBM TUBLFT UIF NPEJรถDBUJPO PG JOTUJUVUJPOBM rules to change from a centralised-authority management model to a participatory management one. The screening was accompanied by the DPNNFOUBSJFT PG +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF (3&5 BOE +PTร 5JTTJFS "'% 5IF %7% UIBU DPNFT XJUI UIJT FEJUJPO HJWFT B รถMNFE TVNNBSZ PG UIF QSPKFDU
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
Bibliographical references We recommend the following references to the reader with a link to downloadable documents and publications on the AFD and (3&5อ TJUFT IUUQ XXX BGE GS IPNF QSPKFUT@BGE EFWFMPQQFNFOU@SVSBM QSPKFUT@BHSJDVMUVSF Appui-a-la-rehabilitation-des-polders-de1SFZ /VQ SFGFSFODFT UP EPXOMPBE UIF QSPKFDU T 1PXFS1PJOU QSFTFOUBUJPO BOE UIF press release dossier โ In the Fieldโ ; a short รถWF NJOVUF WFSTJPO PG UIF EPDVNFOUBSZ JT also downloadable on this site); .PVOJFS ยฒ jอ $POTUSVJSF DPOUSF MFT NBSร FT ยฒWBMVBUJPO รถMNร F EV QSPKFU 1SFZ /VQ BV $BNCPEHF อ x "'% o 4UVEJP , UIF %7% JODMVEFT UIF รถMN UIF DIBQUFST BOE the focus areas). -BHBOESร % jอ ยฒUVEF E JNQBDU EV QSPKFU EF Sร IBCJMJUBUJPO EFT QPMEFST EF 1SFZ $BNCPEHF ยฒUVEFT FU 5SBWBVYอ x POMJOF TFSJFT Oยกอ ยฒEJUJPOT EV (SFU XXX HSFU PSH Q
(Transcription) Josรฉ Tissier 5IF TFMFDUFE รถMN POMZ MBTUT TFWFOUFFO NJOVUFT XIJDI JT B TIPSU GPSNBU XIFO DPNQBSFE UP UIF PSJHJOBM รถMN XIJDI MBTUFE more than one hour. 5IF PQFSBUJPOT DBSSJFE PVU PO UIF 1SFZ /VQ QPMEFST BSF DMPTF UP PVS IFBSUT CFDBVTF UIJT DBTF BMPOF JMMVTUSBUFT UIF "'% T BHSJDVMUVSBM and rural development support strategy. 8IBU T NPSF รถWF ZFBST BGUFS UIF MBTU QIBTF XBT DPNQMFUFE UIF QSPKFDU IBT EFMJWFSFE B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG SFTVMUT BT NVDI PO B UFDIOJDBM MFWFM BT PO BO FDPOPNJD รถOBODJBM institutional and political one.
5IJT QSPKFDU JT TJUVBUFE BU UIF JOUFSTFDUJPO BOE DSPTTSPBET PG EJรฒFSFOU "'% TUSBUFHJD BYFT *OEFFE JU IBT RVJUF B MBSHF FDPOPNJD DPNQPOFOU XIJDI XBT PVS QPJOU PG EFQBSUVSF JODSFBTF SJDF QSPEVDUJPO JO Cambodia in order to meet needs in terms of GPPE TFDVSJUZ 5IJT QSJNBSZ PCKFDUJWF FYQMBJOT all our operations. There also exists an axis that deals with the social organisation of those who VTF JSSJHBUJPO อ TJODF GPMMPXJOH UIF MPHJDBM argument โ once the investments have been implemented to improve food security โ the problem of the continuity of the investments and their functioning must be addressed. 5IJTอ XBT B NBKPS BTQFDU PG UIF QSPKFDU BT B MPU of infrastructure had already fallen into a state of disrepair and was out of use on the Prey /VQ QPMEFST 5IJT OPUJPO PG TPDJBM PSHBOJTBUJPO JT MJOLFE UP UFSSJUPSJBM PSHBOJTBUJPO BT JU XBT B RVFTUJPO PG EFWFMPQJOH UIF MPXFS QBSU PG B water catchment area by counting heavily upon an organisation grouping together the VTFST PG JSSJHBUJPO UIF $PNNVOJUZ PG 1SFZ /VQ 1PMEFS 6TFST 5IF UIJSE BYJT PG UIF QSPKFDU XBT CBTFE upon the implementation of an institutional dialogue with the Cambodian authorities. This institutional support aimed to reflect upon UIF OFX QVCMJD QPMJDJFT MBOE NBOBHFNFOU etc. 8F TIBMM TFF UIBU UIJT PQFSBUJPO T NBJO QPJOU of interest lies in the shuttling between these UISFF BYFT FDPOPNJD UFSSJUPSJBM PSHBOJTBUJPO and support of public policies. In order to place ourselves in the $BNCPEJBOอ DPOUFYU MFU NF SFNJOE ZPV UIBU JO UIF "'% XBT PQFSBUJOH JO B SFDFOUMZ TFDVSFE [POF )FSF JU XBT B QSPCMFN of a polder with an incomplete control of
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
XBUFS BT UIFSF XBT OP QPTTJCMF XBUFS SFTFSWF GPS ESZ QFSJPET 'VSUIFSNPSF UIFSF XBT BMTP the problem of protecting the area from seawater and the drainage of excess water in rainy periods. Each water storage area did not possess internal partitioning and we had รถWF PS TJY TUPSBHF BSFBT GPS B UPUBM TVSGBDF BSFB PG อ IFDUBSFT o FBDI NFBTVSJOH GSPN UP IFDUBSFT 5IJT QPTFE B TQFDJรถD QSPCMFN BT UIF DPOUSPM PG UIF XBUFS TIFFU JT on the one hand linked to the morphology PG UIF MBOE XIJDI NBZ OPU CF รธBU BOE PO UIF other to the large number of farmers wishing to diversify their crops when faced with a collective management of the water sheet. 8IFO UIF QSPKFDU CFHBO UIJT IFDUBSF [POF XBT UIF PCKFDU PG B SFMBUJWFMZ MBSHF TDBMF BCBOEPONFOU TJODF BCPVU IFDUBSFT had been left fallow. The yields of the remaining surface area were low. 5IF QSPKFDU IBE รถWF EJรฒFSFOU UBSHFUT - Renovate infrastructures using economic BOE GPPE UBSHFUT UIF QSPUFDUJPO EZLF running the length of the mangroves and the structures for controlling the entry of saltwater and for drainage; - Transfer of polder management. The chosen solution was to make users participate; 8PSL PO QPMEFS MBOE UFOVSF TFDVSJUZ JO DMPTF liaison with the Cambodian land register for a pilot operation in order to establish a QSFDJTF JOWFOUPSZ PG UIF EFรถOJUJPO PG MPUT BOE QSPQFSUZ SJHIUT BOE EFWFMPQ MBOE QMBOT BOE SFHJTUFST XIJDI XJMM FWFOUVBMMZ CF VTFE for taxes; 4VQQPSU BOE BEWJTF UIF QSPKFDU T development dimension; - Develop a long-term sustainable credit TFDUPS XIJDI JT MJOLFE UP DPPQFSBUJPO XJUI NJDSPรถOBODF JOTUJUVUJPOT o UIJT MBTU QPJOU JT
OPU WFSZ XFMM IJHIMJHIUFE JO UIF รถMN ZPV BSF going to see. 5IF GBDU UIBU JU XBT OPU POMZ B QSPKFDU UP SFOPWBUF IZESBVMJD JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT CVU BMTP B QSPKFDU JOWPMWJOH TPDJBM SFDPOTUSVDUJPO institutional support and dialogue with all UIF QMBZFST XIFUIFS JU JT PO B MPDBM PS OBUJPOBM MFWFM XBT B GBDUPS PG NBKPS JOUFSFTU GPS UIF AFD. It is for this reason that this operation is FNCMFNBUJD PG UIF "'% T TUSBUFHZ 5IBOL ZPV very much. Screening of the documentary film
Jean-Philippe Fontenelle 5IJT QSPKFDU JT PSJHJOBM PO TFWFSBM EJรฒFSFOU MFWFMT JU JT B RVFTUJPO PG UIF DPOUSPM PG QVCMJD XPSLT QJMPUFE CZ B NJOJTUSZ BOE PQFSBUFE CZ UIF /(0T )BOEJDBQ *OUFSOBUJPOBM BOE (3&5 which has a certain experimental component. *O TQJUF PG UIF TDBMF PG UIF QSPCMFN OPUIJOH was already written and everything had to be invented. The initial situation had not been UIF PCKFDU PG B EFUBJMFE GFBTJCJMJUZ TUVEZ XIJDI IBE UFDIOJDBM BOE TPDJBM DPOTFRVFODFT particularly regarding a prior consultation with the public. The latter only learned about UIF QSPKFDU XIFO UIF UFBN BSSJWFE BOE about the aim only once work had begun. The particular historical context made it EJรณDVMU UP DBSSZ PVU B QSFMJNJOBSZ GFBTJCJMJUZ TUVEZ 5IF SFTVMUT BSF HPPE EZLFT IBWF CFFO SFQBJSFE JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT BSF TUJMM GVODUJPOJOH UPEBZ BSBCMF MBOE TVSGBDF IBT CFFO JODSFBTFE CZ QSPEVDUJPO IBT EPVCMFE UIFSF JT OPX BDDFTT UP NJDSPDSFEJU MBOE SJHIUT IBWF CFFO SFHVMBUFE BOE UIF รถSTU อ MBOE UJUMFT JTTVFE JO $BNCPEJB BO BTTPDJBUJPO IBT CFFO DSFBUFE BO BHSFFNFOU DPODFSOJOH NBOBHFNFOU USBOTGFS IBT CFFO SFBDIFE FUD
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
*O TQJUF PG UIFTF HMPCBMMZ QPTJUJWF SFTVMUT UIFSF SFNBJO B GFX QSPCMFN BSFBT BOE RVFTUJPOT How will the CPU association develop? Are we still really within a framework of “community NBOBHFNFOUw XJUI GBNJMJFT 0G DPVSTF there is no general assembly that gathers together all the families to decide on the management arrangements of the system. It is rather an associative-like structure assuring B QSPGFTTJPOBM TFSWJDF XIJDI GVODUJPOT UIBOLT to a tax paid by the farmers. 8IFO UIF QSPKFDU CFHBO WJMMBHF NFFUJOHT UP discuss the collective management of water IBE B WFSZ MPX UVSOPVU CVU UIJT DIBOHFE when the issue of land rights was introduced. 5IF GBSNFST XFSF RVJDL UP TFF UIBU UIJT QSPKFDU DPVME CFOFĂśU BMM QBSUJFT DPODFSOFE The CPU allowed coordination between GBSNFST BCPVU NBOBHFNFOU BOE SFRVJSFE XBUFS MFWFMT XIJDI XFSF BòFDUFE CZ NBOZ GBDUPST SJDF USBOTQMBOUJOH EBUFT MBCPVS DSPQ UZQFT BOE WBSJFUJFT FUD 5IJT NPEF of functioning was closely linked to the participation of and consultation among WJMMBHFST BCPVU RVFTUJPOT DPODFSOJOH UIF EBUFT GPS SBJTJOH XBUFS MFWFMT JO UIF QPMEFST GPS FYBNQMF 5IF QSPDFTT JT TBUJTGBDUPSZ XIJDI FYQMBJOT UIF WJMMBHFST BHSFFNFOU UP QBZ B UBY There are several reasons for the high rate of QBZNFOU PG UIJT UBY "OUJDJQBUJPO PG B MPTT PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH UP UIF MBOE UIBU IBT CFFO BòFDUFE CZ QSPCMFNT "O FRVBMJTBUJPO JT VTFE GPS UIF XIP XJMM OPU CF BCMF UP QBZ UIF UBY BT they have no harvest; VOQBJE UBYFT DPSSFTQPOEJOH UP UIPTF XIP SFGVTF UP QBZ " TZTUFN XIJDI BTTPDJBUFT MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT UIF DPNNVOFT UIF EJTUSJDU BOE UIF QSPWJODF IBT CFFO implemented to deal with them.
Our challenge was to develop technical capacities and a relevant organisation and SFHJTUFS JU JOTUJUVUJPOBMMZ 5IF QSPKFDU SFTVMUFE JO IVHF QSPHSFTT JO UIF EPNBJO 5PEBZ FWFO UIPVHI JU IBT UIF SJHIU UP UIF $16 does not decide alone the amount of tax to be paid; this is the fruit of a consultation between the communes and the district. It is therefore a political decision made by the MPDBM BENJOJTUSBUJPO *O NZ QPJOU PG WJFX the CPU is gradually moving in the direction of the premises of an inter-communal management of a public service. It can be likened to a technical service managed by the communes via B DPNNJUUFF XIJDI HSPVQT together the ten communes and is presided over by the district commissioner. The CPU is not independent; it is not an outside organisation. JosĂŠ Tissier Outside support for the operation was assured within the framework of an association between the AFD and two /(0T 5IF SFTVMUT PG̓ UIJT DPPQFSBUJPO EJTQFM DFSUBJO BDDFQUFE JEFBT IFBSE JO WBSJPVT QMBDFT BDDPSEJOH UP XIJDI UIF "'% B EFWFMPQNFOU CBOL JT JODBQBCMF PG XPSLJOH XJUI BOE GPS MPDBM QPQVMBUJPOT PS UIBU /(0T SFNBJO DPODFOUSBUFE PO UIFJS MPDBM and microeconomic competences and are incapable of working on the more general level of public policies. 5IF NBJO RVFTUJPO SBJTFE CZ +FBO 1IJMJQQF DPODFSOT UIF TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ PG UIF QSPKFDU " certain number of elements are encouraging JO UIJT SFTQFDU FWFO UIPVHI TFWFSBM developments of the CPU (erroneously SFGFSSFE UP BT $PNNVOJUZ PG 1PMEFS 6TFST while the very notion of community is not relevant) may be foreseen.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
0OF PG UIF QBSBEPYFT PG UIF QSPKFDU JT UIBU it began without any great consultation XJUI UIF QPQVMBUJPO FWFO UIPVHI JU BJNFE from the outset to transfer the responsibility of polder management and maintenance to the farmers. The ex post analyses that have been made emphasise a low level PG BQQSPQSJBUJPO CZ UIF QPQVMBUJPO XIP behave rather as simple users of the TFSWJDFT QSPWJEFE CZ UIF $16 )PXFWFS they accept to pay a tax corresponding to the services provided. Should we then be disappointed and should we logically aim for the population to get more involved in the democratic life of this organisation? Perhaps XF TIPVME *U T B QPTTJCMF EJSFDUJPO UP UBLF XIJDI JT PG JOUFSFTU UP UIF "'% QBSUJDVMBSMZ in the Cambodian context of democratic SFDPOTUSVDUJPO )PXFWFS UIJT XBZ GPSXBSE BQQFBST EJรณDVMU GPS รถOBODJBM BOE FDPOPNJD reasons. The development of the CPU as a private professional delegated public service structure (management and maintenance of works) and functioning thanks to taxgenerated revenue (even complementary support from the public powers) may also be a relevant way forward. 5IF EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF $16 T SFMBUJPOTIJQ with local authorities might become a source PG DPOรธJDU QBSUJDVMBSMZ JG JO UIF GVUVSF UIF MBUUFS NBJOUBJO FรฒFDUJWF QPXFST JO UFSNT PG JNQPTJOH UBYFT 5IF SFMBUJWF รถOBODJBM QPXFST of the CPU also constitute a possible source of tension. The development towards a public TFSWJDF PG JOUFS DPNNVOBM JOUFSFTU UIBU +FBO Philippe spoke about is also an interesting QPTTJCJMJUZ 'PS UIF NPNFOU UIF DPMMFDUJPO PG UBYFT GBMMT VOEFS UIF SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ PG UIF $16 but the latter depends on the local authorities and their community police service when certain users refuse to pay.
'JOBMMZ SFHBSEJOH UIF GPSNBU PG UIJT EPDVNFOUBSZ JU JT JOUFSFTUJOH UP OPUF UIBU JU IBT CFFO QSPEVDFE GSPN B NJOVUF รถMN made from an ex post evaluation. A certain OVNCFS PG RVBOUJUBUJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF DSJUFSJB XFSF UBLFO JOUP BDDPVOU TVDI BT UIF DPOEJUJPOT GPS DBSSZJOH PVU UIF XPSLT UIFJS DPTU UIFJS FรฒFDUJWFOFTT UIFJS FรณDJFODZ UIFJS TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ UIF QVSQPTFT PG UIF PQFSBUJPO JO SFMBUJPO UP UBSHFUT TVDI BT BO JODSFBTF JO QSPEVDUJPO UIF JNQSPWFNFOU PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO T MJWJOH DPOEJUJPOT FUD 5IJT รถMN BWPJET CFJOH EJEBDUJD BOE DPOTUJUVUFT an interesting educational support that is beginning to be used in higher education and in universities.
Exchangesโ ฆ Olivier Tessier, EFEO )PX DBO ZPV FYQMBJO UIF QPQVMBUJPO T lack of implication at the beginning of the QSPDFTT XIJDI SVOT DPVOUFS UP UIF DVSSFOU approaches encouraged by donors? Was it an assumed choice or was it by default? What XBT UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIF "'% XIJDI XBT BDUJOH BT CPUI CBOL BOE EPOPS BOE UIF /(0T $BO ZPV UFMM VT BCPVU UIF QSFQBSBUJPO PG UIF QSPKFDU JO UBTL TIBSJOH UFSNT %JE you prepare it together or did you contract consultants to implement a process that IBEอ CFFO QSFWJPVTMZ EFรถOFE CZ UIF EPOPST Patrick Tallandier, University of Rouen Has there been any increase in the level of taxes? Mireille Razafindrakoto, IRD In the documentary we get the impression that everything goes without any problem. )PXFWFS EJE ZPV DPNF VQ BHBJOTU BOZ
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
QBSUJDVMBS EJรณDVMUJFT BU DFSUBJO NPNFOUT JO UIF QSPKFDU 5IF รถOBM BTTFTTNFOU TFFNT QPTJUJWF FWFO UIPVHI UIFSF BSF TPNF XFBL points and some uncertainties relative to the CPU. Which factors would you highlight in order to explain these global results in a EJรณDVMU DPOUFYU 0S PO UIF DPOUSBSZ EJE UIF DPOUFYU IBWF B GBWPVSBCMF FรฒFDU Josรฉ Tissier 5P BOTXFS .JSFJMMF T RVFTUJPO BCPVU UIF iB MJUUMF too smoothโ picture of the situation conveyed JO UIF รถMN UIF QSPKFDU FWJEFOUMZ DBNF VQ BHBJOTU B GFX EJรณDVMUJFT 5IF BCTFODF PG BOZอ EFUBJMFE ESBGU QSPKFDU MJOLFE UP UIF urgency of the situation and the particularly QPMJUJDBM DPOUFYU PG UIF QFSJPE CSPVHIU XJUI JU B GFX UFDIOJDBM QSPCMFNT o GPS FYBNQMF UIF shearing of the dykes due to an ignorance of the geological substrata โ as well as a few socio-technical problems โ after the dyke IBE CFFO CVJMU UIF รถTIFSNFO XIP IBE OPU CFFO UBLFO JOUP BDDPVOU JO UIF QSPKFDU VOMJLF UIF SJDF GBSNFST PQFOFE VQ CSFBDIFT JO UIF EZLF UP QSFTFSWF BDDFTT UP UIF TFB )PXFWFS UIF QPTJUJWF JNBHF DPOWFZFE CZ UIF รถMN DPSSFTQPOET RVJUF XFMM UP UIF JNBHF PG UIF situation we have today! This documentary QSFTFOUT UIF EJรฒFSFOU QPJOUT PG WJFX PG UIF EFWFMPQNFOU QMBZFST GSPN UIF MPDBM MFWFM SJHIU VQ UP UIF IJHIFTU MFWFM DPODFSOJOH UIF FDPOPNJD TPDJBM BOE JOTUJUVUJPOBM EJNFOTJPOT MJOLFE UP UIF RVFTUJPO PG QVCMJD QPMJDJFT While the Cambodian government was at รถSTU SFMVDUBOU UP DPNNJU JUTFMG UP UIF QSPKFDU BOE TBX UIF QSPKFDU EFWFMPQJOH JO BOPUIFS EJSFDUJPO JU รถOBMMZ BDDFQUFE UIF QSJODJQBM DIPJDFT UIBU IBE CFFO NBEF *O JU TJHOFE a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the CPU giving concrete expression to this collaboration and the role of the association. A certain number of decrees and
texts have been published to reinforce the system. 5IF QSPUFBO EJNFOTJPOT PG UIJT QSPKFDU BOE its multiplicity of components doubtlessly DPOTUJUVUF JUT GBDUPST PG TVDDFTT (FOFSBMMZ EPOPST QSFGFS TJNQMF QSPKFDUT XJUI B TJOHMF BJN )FSF UIF EJรฒFSFOU DPOTUJUVFOU QBSUT HJWF DPIFSFODF UP UIF XIPMF PG UIF QSPKFDU UIF SFOPWBUJPO PG UIF JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT NBOBHFNFOU USBOTGFS UIF MBOE DPNQPOFOU development and support of agricultural QSPEVDUJPO BOE NJDSPรถOBODF BMM DPOUSJCVUF to this success by their complementarity. Jean-Philippe Fontenelle As I have already been involved in other SFOPWBUJPO QSPKFDUT XIJDI DPNCJOF TPDJBM BOE UFDIOJDBM BTQFDUT * IBWF SFNBSLFE UIBU the technical dimension was given more importance than the social one. The rhythm of the time scale established by the engineers dictates that of the social actors who work XJUI UIF QPQVMBUJPO *O UIJT QSPKFDU UIJT XBT OPU UIF DBTF QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIBOLT UP UIF TZOFSHZ CFUXFFO )BOEJDBQ *OUFSOBUJPOBM BOE (3&5 There was a convergence of vision between UIF 4FDSFUBSZ PG 4UBUF UIF QSPKFDU NBOBHFS UIF .JOJTUFS GPS 8BUFS 3FTPVSDFT UIF "'% BOE UIF PQFSBUPST 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF รธFYJCJMJUZ PG the players allowed us to adapt to particular TJUVBUJPOT UP SFEVDF iGSJDUJPOw XJUI UIF QPQVMBUJPO BOE UP NFFU UIFJS OFFET 5PEBZ UIJT UZQF PG SFTFBSDI BDUJPO CBTFE QSPKFDU JT tending to disappear and is being replaced CZ WFSZ TUSVDUVSFE QSPKFDUT XIFSF UIF TPDJBM and communicative parts are not a priority. This is why I think it is important to talk about UIJT UZQF PG QSPKFDU BOE JUT DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT "T GBS BT UIF UBY JT DPODFSOFE XF IBWF TFFO BO JODSFBTF JO UIF OVNCFS PG QFPQMF QBZJOH JU XJUI B QBZNFOU SBUF BU UIF PVUTFU 5PEBZ
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
it would be a good idea to carry out another impact study. Vietnamese public Did the local authorities intervene when the QSPKFDU XBT JNQMFNFOUFE 8BT UIF QSPKFDU superposed with others? I myself participated JO B QSPKFDU ÜOBODFE CZ UIF 'PSE 'PVOEBUJPO JO PSEFS UP QSPNPUF BRVBUJD SJDF HSPXJOH in the central province of Vietnam. An MoU was signed between the donor and the province concerning the construction of UXP JSSJHBUJPO DBOBMT " ZFBS BGUFS UIF QSPKFDU CFHBO BOPUIFS QSPKFDU GPS UIF FYUFOTJPO of sugar cane growing in the province was implemented – each household received one million dong and a loan of seven million EPOH GPS JOWFTUNFOU FUD 5IF QPQVMBUJPO then abandoned rice growing to return to TVHBS DBOF UIVT TBCPUBHJOH PVS QSPKFDU Jean-Philippe Fontenelle The local authorities played an increasing SPMF 5IF QSPKFDU XBT ÜSTU QJMPUFE CZ UIF ministry and then relays were put in place by the decentralised water services and an authorisation was negotiated with the local BVUIPSJUJFT )PXFWFS JO UIF PSHBOJTBUJPO BOE SFBMJTBUJPO PG UIF NFFUJOHT XJUI UIF GBSNFST the local authorities only participated a little. )PXFWFS UIF MBUUFS XFSF BTTPDJBUFE XJUI decision-making regarding the amount of UBY UP CF QBJE MBOE JTTVFT QPMJDJOH XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU FUD JO PSEFS UP BWPJE BOZ stalemate. "T GBS BT UIF PWFSMBQQJOH PG EJòFSFOU QSPKFDUT JO UIF TBNF QMBDF JT DPODFSOFE JU JT FòFDUJWFMZ a problem we come up against in certain
DPOUFYUT TPNFUJNFT UIF UXP QSPKFDUT DBO DPMMBCPSBUF BOE TPNFUJNFT UIFZ DBOOPU owing to the competition between the EJòFSFOU BDUPST *O UIJT QSPKFDU JU XBT OPU UIF case. JosÊ Tissier 5P BEE UP XIBU +FBO 1IJMJQQF TBJE DPODFSOJOH the example given about rice and sugar cane and the competition between the two QSPKFDUT BSCJUSBUFE CZ UIF MPDBM QPQVMBUJPOT let me emphasise that the Cambodian HPWFSONFOU QMBZFE B SFHVMBUJOH SPMF /FJUIFS the government nor the local authorities EFDJEFT XIJDI DSPQT XJMM CF HSPXO )PXFWFS when there is a collective constraint and UFDIOJDBM JTTVFT TVDI BT UIF DPOUSPM PG UIF XBUFS TIFFU UIF $16 HBUIFST UPHFUIFS UIF farmers. It can register the crop intentions of the farmers and from this establish the water sheet management modalities which best NFFU GBSNFST OFFET *O UIJT XBZ UIFSF JT OP QSPCMFN PG QSPKFDU PWFSMBQ *O DPODMVTJPO * XPVME MJLF UP VOEFSMJOF UIF EJòFSFOU BSUJDVMBUJPOT UIBU IBWF VOEFSQJOOFE UIJT QSPKFDU B MBOE SFHJTUFS QSPKFDU XBT TUSVDUVSFE BSPVOE UIF MBOE EJNFOTJPO BOE UIFSF XBT BMTP B NJDSPÜOBODF JOTUJUVUJPO QSPKFDU UIBU BDDPNQBOJFE UIF NJDSPDSFEJU component. The implementation of this QSPKFDU IBT JOTQJSFE PUIFST QBSUJDVMBSMZ B IZESP BHSJDVMUVSBM TFDUPS QSPKFDU XJUI UIF "TJBO %FWFMPQNFOU #BOL "%# 5IJT QSPKFDU BMTP SFTVMUFE JO BOPUIFS WFSZ TQFDJÜD "'% QSPKFDU SFMBUFE UP UIF SJDF TFDUPS JUT RVBMJUZ BOE DPNNFSDJBMJTBUJPO BOE UP PUIFS institutional support operations concerning public policy issues.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
8PSME .BSJUJNF *TTVFT Jean-Pierre Beurier, University of Nantes
(Retranscription) It is not necessary to be an expert in maritime BòBJST UP VOEFSTUBOE UIF JNQPSUBODF UPEBZ of world maritime issues. The ocean belongs to the domain of superlatives. It covers threeRVBSUFST PG UIF QMBOFU T TVSGBDF JUT BWFSBHF EFQUI JT NFUFST JU SFQSFTFOUT CJMMJPO DVCJD LJMPNFUFST PG XBUFS XIJDI JT DPNQPTFE PG NPSF UIBO DPNQPOFOUT JODMVEJOH metals and metalloids. It is the biggest known TPVSDF PG OBUVSBM SFTPVSDFT CJMMJPO UPOT PG MJWJOH WFHFUBCMF NBUUFS FTTFOUJBMMZ DPNQPTFE PG TJOHMF DFMM BMHBF BOE CJMMJPO UPOT PG living animal resources can be counted. Only ̓ UPOT PG NBSJOF QSPEVDUT BSF FEJCMF CZ NBO XIJDI DPOTUJUVUFT PVS ĂśSTU EJMFNNB *OEVTUSJBM QSPEVDUT BSF PG NBKPS JNQPSUBODF but are still badly estimated and largely unknown. 8PSME PDFBO ĂśTIJOH JT TUBHOBUJOH BU BSPVOE NJMMJPO UPOT BMNPTU BMM PG XIJDI JT DBVHIU PO UIF DPOUJOFOUBM TIFMWFT BO BSFB UIVT MBSHFMZ PWFS FYQMPJUFE 0O UIF TVSGBDF ̓ UP ̓ CJH TIJQT TBJM UIF TFBT BOE BSF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UP PG XPSME maritime trade. The strategic importance of ocean shipping lanes and straits incites States to build larger and larger military fleets to control these obligatory points of passage.
5IJSUZ QFSDFOU PG UIF XPSME T QFUSPM UIBU JT accessed via drilling comes from beneath the ocean floor and has become fundamental to world energy production. The near totality of marine aggregates (sand or gravel used in construction) comes from the ocean. 6OGPSUVOBUFMZ FWFSZ ZFBS POF NJMMJPO UPOT of petrol is deliberately released into the PDFBOT BOE GFX TUBUFT BSF SFBDUJOH &JHIUZ percent of ocean pollution stems from the land; this is telluric pollution and most States SFGVTF UP UBDLMF JU $POTFRVFOUMZ UIF QJMMBHJOH BOE XBTUBHF PG SFTPVSDFT UIF EFTUSVDUJPO PG NBSJOF IBCJUBUT BOE UIF PWFS QPQVMBUJPO PG DPBTUBM BSFBT XIFSF PG UIF XPSME T QPQVMBUJPO BSF TRVFF[FE UPHFUIFS FBDI EBZ QPTF B CJHHFS BOE CJHHFS UISFBU UP UIF PDFBO T GVUVSF BOE SFQSFTFOU UPEBZ NPSF than one-third of the issues concerning the future of human societies. The creation of a maritime law to attempt to manage all this is directly proportional to the development of UFDIOJRVFT BMMPXJOH NBO UP WFOUVSF PVU PO – and into – the sea in order to develop his FDPOPNZ BOE QPXFS 5ISFF DFOUVSJFT BHP UIJT MBX DPVME CF SFEVDFE UP UIBU PG UIF TUSPOHFTU but we have since witnessed the advent of DVTUPNBSZ MBX USFBUJFT BOE UIF DSFBUJPO PG a legal system of the ocean based on the
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
principle of the recognition of a strip of sea BEKBDFOU UP B 4UBUF UFSSJUPSZ UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST where each State exercises its sovereignty to QSPUFDU JUTFMG .PEFSO PDFBO MBX XIJDI XBT created in the XXth DFOUVSZ XBT UIF GSVJU PG UIF FYUFOTJPO PG NBO T PDFBO DPNQFUFODFT PXJOH UP UIF QSPHSFTT JO PDFBOPMPHZ XIJDI IBT FTTFOUJBMMZ EFWFMPQFE TJODF
Diagram
4
5IF NPSF PDFBO BDUJWJUJFT NBO IBT UIF more it is necessary to avoid conflicts and limit his greed. We have seen the creation of an Exclusive Economic Zone and of an International Zone of the Deep Seabed. #FGPSF * JMMVTUSBUF NZ BSHVNFOUT XJUI B GFX FYBNQMFT MFU VT UBLF B MPPL BU B GFX EJòFSFOU PDFBO [POFT
Maritimes Spaces
Sources: Author’s construction.
This diagramme summarises the system that allows us to partition the ocean and determine a legal regime corresponding to FBDI NBSJUJNF TQBDF -FU VT SBOEPNMZ DIPPTF B DPBTUMJOF XJUI B NPSF PS MFTT CSPLFO MJOF B CBZ B QSPNPOUPSZ B SJWFS NPVUI BOE TPNF islands. The idea of this coastal strip referred UP BT UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST XIFSF FBDI 4UBUF
FYFSDJTFT JUT TPWFSFJHOUZ JT UP FYUFOE UIF MJNJU PG UIJT DPBTUBM [POF UP OBVUJDBM NJMFT CFZPOE UIJT DPBTU (JWFO UIF JOEFOUBUJPOT PO UIF DPBTUMJOF UIJOHT XPVME CF VONBOBHFBCMF JG UIF MJOF ESBXO XBT OPU TJNQMJöFE 5IBU T XIZ UIFSF JT B CBTFMJOF XIJDI JT VTFE BT B departure point for all the calculations. The CBTFMJOF TJNQMJöFT UIF DPBTUMJOF CZ QMVHHJOH
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
VQ B CBZ PS B SJWFS CZ KPJOJOH VQ UIF DPBTU UP B OFBSCZ JTMBOE PS POF JTMBOE UP BOPUIFS etc. Within this line are determined inland XBUFST OPU UP CF DPOGVTFE XJUI DPOUJOFOUBM PS GSFTI XBUFST XIJDI BSF OPU PDFBOJD 8JUIJO UIFTF JOMBOE XBUFST UIF 4UBUF FYFSDJTFT JUT sovereignty and chooses whether to accept or OPU GPSFJHO WFTTFMT #FZPOE UIJT MJOF CFHJO UIF territorial waters that the Europeans originally รถYFE BU UISFF OBVUJDBM NJMFT< > and which today have been extended to twelve nautical miles. The State also exercises its sovereignty JO UIJT [POF CVU DPOUSBSZ UP JO JOMBOE XBUFST it is obliged to accept the passage of vessels. A foreign vessel that passes through these UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST BOE UIBU EPFT OPU QPTF B UISFBU UP UIF JOUFSFTUT PG UIF DPBTUBM 4UBUF IBT a right of transit and the latter cannot prevent JU GSPN EPJOH TP #FZPOE UIFTF UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST UIFSF JT BOPUIFS UXFMWF NJMF [POF known as the contiguous area. This area is a QSPKFDUJPO CFZPOE UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST XIFSF certain police competences are exercised CZ UIF DPBTUBM 4UBUF TVDI BT DVTUPNT BOE JNNJHSBUJPO DPOUSPM #FGPSF UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT $POWFOUJPO SFMBUJWF UP PDFBO MBX PG th %FDFNCFS DPNNPOMZ SFGFSSFE UP BT UIF .POUFHP #BZ $POWFOUJPO .#$ BOE JO FรฒFDU TJODF CFZPOE UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST MBZ UIF IJHI TFBT 5IF BJSTQBDF XBUFS HSPVOE and underground were of free access to all 4UBUFT DPBTUBM PS OPU BOE UIF MBUUFS XFSF GSFF UP FYFSDJTF UIFJS MFJTVSF FDPOPNJD BOE military activities on condition that they did not infringe upon the same freedom of other 4UBUFT 5IF .#$ DPNQMFUFMZ DIBOHFE UIJOHT for economic reasons. The ocean floor and the continental shelf (the slope on which the emerged continents rest) contained a very MBSHF BNPVOU PG SFTPVSDFT BT XF IBWF LOPXO
since the XIXth DFOUVSZ 'SPN 4UBUFT agreed that the resources of the continental shelf belonged to the State of which the shelf was the natural extension of its terrestrial UFSSJUPSZ 5IVT UIFTF QSPWJTJPOT BMMPXFE UIF coastal State to exclusively exploit mineral BOE GPTTJM SFTPVSDFT )PXFWFS รถTIJOH XBT open to everyone as the State did not exercise any sovereignty over the continental shelf. So UIFO GSPN UIF T POXBSET DPBTUBM 4UBUFT IBWF TPVHIU UP FYUFOE UIFJS KVSJTEJDUJPO JO order to limit exploitation by third parties by DSFBUJOH SFTFSWFE รถTIJOH [POFT )PXFWFS international law will never recognise these SFTFSWFE รถTIJOH [POFT CFZPOE UXFMWF nautical miles. This situation has led to many conflicts throughout the world. We had to XBJU VOUJM UIF T GPS UIF BQQFBSBODF PG UIF JEFB PG FYUFOEJOH OPO UFSSJUPSJBM XBUFST UIBU JT UP TBZ 4UBUF TPWFSFJHOUZ BU TFB CVU DSFBUJOH BO BSFB TJUVBUFE BU NJMFT GSPN the base lines called the โ Exclusive Economic ;POFw &&; *O UIJT [POF UIF 4UBUF DBOOPU QSFWFOU UIJSE QBSUZ BDUJWJUZ CVU JU SFTFSWFT the right to explore and exploit living or nonliving resources already known and not yet discovered. This idea radically changed ocean DBSUPHSBQIZ "U NJMFT GSPN UIF UFSSJUPSJBM TFB UIF 4UBUF FYFSDJTFT QPXFST UIBU BMMPX JU UP NBOBHF BT JU TFFT รถU BOE CF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS PDFBO SFTPVSDFT XIJMF BU UIF TBNF UJNF allowing free circulation to air and maritime USBรณD BOE PUIFS OPO FDPOPNJD BDUJWJUJFT 5IF IJHI TFBT BSF OPU CFZPOE UIF NJMF MJNJU EVSJOH UIF QFSJPE UIBU UIF .#$ XBT CFJOH EJTDVTTFE QPMZNFUBMMJD OPEVMFT IBE KVTU CFFO EJTDPWFSFE JO UIF EFFQ TFBCFE BU B EFQUI PG CFUXFFO BOE NFUSFT in the abyssal plains. It was believed to be UIF &MEPSBEP PG GVUVSF SFTPVSDFT XIJDI XBT
< > NJMF NFUSFT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
not totally wrong. The States then thought that they could not let these resources be freely explored and exploited and that they should be used for the common good of humanity. It was thus that the concept of a deep seabed constituted by the ocean floor and what is beneath it beyond the limits of OBUJPOBM KVSJTEJDUJPO UIBU JT UP TBZ CFZPOE UIF NJMF CPVOEBSZ XBT JOTDSJCFE JO UIF .#$ 5IF TFB øPPS BOE XIBU JT CFOFBUI JU CFDBNF IVNBOJUZ T TIBSFE IFSJUBHF BT XFMM as whatever resources might be found there. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) was DSFBUFE UP NBOBHF JU BOE JUT IFBERVBSUFST XBT FTUBCMJTIFE JO +BNBJDB It is a historical irony that today it is not polymetallic nodules that are exploited. All existing minerals are also found on dry land and are a lot less costly to exploit. An ocean exploitation of these resources will perhaps CFHJO JO 5IF QSPCMFN PG HFOFUJD MJWJOH resources arose and had been foreseen by OPCPEZ *OEFFE BU QSFTFOU NJDSPCJPMPHZ allows us to discover in the water column of UIF IJHI TFBT CVU BMTP BOE FTQFDJBMMZ PO UIF EFFQ TFBCFE PG UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM [POF TJOHMF cell life whose genes possess remarkable RVBMJUJFT XIJDI BSF MJLFMZ UP CF PG JOUFSFTU UP PVS QIBSNBDPQFJB JOEVTUSZ BOE GVUVSF 5IFTF genetic resources are directly usable at this WFSZ NPNFOU BOE BSF SFMBUJWFMZ DIFBQ UP DPMMFDU )PXFWFS JO BSUJDMF PG UIF .#$ JU JT DMFBSMZ TUBUFE UIBU TPMJE MJRVJE BOE HBT NJOFSBM SFTPVSDFT BSF QBSU PG IVNBOJUZ T TIBSFE IFSJUBHF $POTFRVFOUMZ UPEBZ FWFSZPOF IBT free access to these genetic resources. The International Seabed Authority (ISA) has B MJNJUFE BDUJWJUZ BT OP SFRVFTU UP FYQMPJU UIFTF OPEVMFT IBT CFFO NBEF 0G DPVSTF UIF CJH NBSJUJNF QPXFST IBWF SFRVFTUFE TPNF
CMPDLT QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF 1BDJĂśD XIFSF UIFSF FYJTU IJHIFS DPODFOUSBUJPOT CVU UIFZ BSF OPU thinking about exploiting these resources today or even in the immediate future. 4P GSPN UIJT HFOFSBM PVUMJOF MFU VT USZ UP IJHIMJHIU B GFX NBKPS QPJOUT UIBU TIPX SFDFOU DIBOHFT JO UIJT MBX -FU VT ĂśSTU UBLF B MPPL BU UIF RVFTUJPO PG UIF iMBTU GSPOUJFSw
1.4.1. The Last Frontier 5IF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT $POWFOUJPO PO UIF -BX PG UIF 4FB PG th %FDFNCFS .#$ BMMPXFE GPS UIF DSFBUJPO PG UIF &&; BT XFMM BT UIF extension of the continental shelves beyond UIF NJMF MJNJU 5IJT JNQPSUBOU DPODFQU XBT B MJUUMF MPTU JO UIBU PG UIF &&; XIJDI DPWFSFE BMM UIF FDPOPNJD OFFET PG UIF DPBTUBM 4UBUFT allowing them to reserve for themselves both living and non-living resources. In the case XIFSF UIF TIFMG TUSFUDIFE CFZPOE UIF NJMF MJNJU DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX SFDPHOJTFT UIF DPBTUBM 4UBUF T FYDMVTJWF KVSJTEJDUJPO PWFS OPO living resources and some sedentary living SFTPVSDFT JG UIF 4UBUF DBO QSPWF UIBU UIBU UIF claimed area is indeed the natural extension of its terrestrial territory; the nature of the rocks is essential here. According to the application of BSUJDMF PG UIF .#$ UIF 4UBUF XJUI UIF DMBJN must prove this natural extension before the Commission on the limits of the Continental 4IFMG BU UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 6/ XIJDI JT XIBU 4UBUFT TVDI BT "SHFOUJOB $BOBEB "VTUSBMJB 'SBODF PS BHBJO 7JĚ?U /BN BSF EPJOH *U JT B DPNQMFY QSPDFEVSF UIF DPNNJUUFF XIJDI JT DPNQPTFE PG FYQFSUT HJWFT B TJNQMF opinion; a lot of geological arguments are necessary for the rebuked claimant to contest this opinion before the community of States party to the convention. To prevent States
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
GSPN FYUFOEJOH UIFJS FYDMVTJWF QPXFST UPP GBS their claims are not permitted to go beyond
Diagram 5
UIF NJMFT GSPN UIF CBTJD MJOFT PS NJMFT GSPN UIF NFUSF JTPCBUIT
Maritime Limits
Sources: Author’s construction. Mapping: C. Lamberts, L. Pourinet – CNRS-LETG UMR 6554 – Géolittomer.
It is thus a race to obtain geological expertise. 4FOTJOH B DIBOHF JO UIF XJOE UIF 6/ DSFBUFE B $POUJOFOUBM 4IFMG $PNNJTTJPO TUBòFE CZ OJOFUZ NFNCFST XIP SFDFJWF UIF̓ SFRVFTUT GSPN UIF TUBUFT DMBJNJOH UIBU their continental shelf stretches beyond ̓ NJMFT 4UBUFT IBE UFO ZFBST BGUFS UIF .#$ FOUFSFE JOUP GPSDF UP QSFTFOU UIFJS claims. The decisions will soon be revealed and are not going to please all the coastal 4UBUFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIPTF UIBU DBOOPU IPQF UP CF USFBUFE GBJSMZ "U QSFTFOU UIFSF BSF BCPVU ̓ DPOøJDUT UISPVHIPVU UIF XPSME concerning the limits of the EEZ. As far as the DPOUJOFOUBM TIFMWFT BSF DPODFSOFE B DPOøJDU between France and Canada will certainly BSJTF DPODFSOJOH 4BJOU 1JFSSF FU .JRVFMPO and other issues.
1.4.2. Extraction of Natural Resources 5IF NBSJUJNF öTIJOH MFHBM SFHJNF MFBET UP B CVòFS UIBU POF DBOOPU HP CFZPOE CZ retaining the principal fundamentals of GSFFEPN PG öTIJOH JO UIF IJHI TFBT 0WFS FYQMPJUBUJPO JT BMNPTU UIF HFOFSBM SVMF BOE POMZ PG SFTPVSDFT BSF FYQMPJUFE JO B sustainable fashion. This concerns deep-sea öTIJOH PòTIPSF BOE DPBTUBM öTIJOH BSUJTBOBM öTIJOH BOE FWFO TVCTJTUFODF öTIJOH *U IBT become necessary for a thorough revision PG EFFQ TFB öTIJOH QSBDUJDFT *U JT OFDFTTBSZ UP öHIU BCVTFT UIF TDPVSHF PG JMMFHBM OPO SFHVMBUFE BOE OPO DPOUSPMMFE öTIJOH 6ODPOUSPMMFE öTIJOH NVTU CF SFQMBDFE CZ B sustainable system of resource management
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
led from the top and monitored at the bottom. It without doubt spells the end of the GSFFEPN UP ĂśTI JO UIF IJHI TFBT PS BU MFBTU BT JU XBT DPODFJWFE JO UIF .#$ 4PNF NFBTVSFT of control already exist; the problem resides in the reticence of States to implement UIFN *O UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 'PPE BOE Agricultural Organisation (FAO) made State members sign an agreement asking them to respect conventions concerning the exploitation of deep-sea resources; it was UIVT B RVFTUJPO PG POF DPOWFOUJPO SFQMBDJOH BOPUIFS "T GPS BRVBDVMUVSF JU IBT NBEF remarkable progress and generated many KPCT QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF 1BDJĂśD 6OGPSUVOBUFMZ this economic and technical success came at a price; part of the coast was privatised which SFTVMUFE BCPWF BMM JO TFSJPVT CBDUFSJPMPHJDBM and chemical pollution. "T GBS BT OPO MJWJOH SFTPVSDFT BSF DPODFSOFE the exploitation of minerals and marine aggregates is stagnating in territorial waters and is little developed on the continental TIFMWFT 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE UIF NJMMJPOT of cubic meters of aggregates extracted for urban constructions are causing huge damage to marine habitats. The exploitation of the deep seabed under UIF IJHI TFBT JT TUJMM JO JUT JOGBODZ 5IF 6/ International Deep Seabed Authority has enacted a mining code for the extraction of QPMZNFUBMMJD OPEVMFT CVU UIF FYQMPJUBUJPO PG UIF MBUUFS JT OPU GPSFDBTU UP CFHJO CFGPSF at the earliest. The International Authority is seeking a way to channel the current prospection and control the extraction of SFTPVSDFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ HFOFUJD POFT CZ CBTJOH JUTFMG PO BSUJDMF PG UIF .#$ XIJDI PCMJHFT it to protect the marine environment in the JOUFSOBUJPOBM [POF
"T GPS GPTTJM SFTPVSDFT UIF TFBSDI GPS HBT BOE QFUSPM JT NPSF BOE NPSF GSFRVFOU and is happening further and further from the coast and at greater and greater EFQUIT /PXBEBZT FYUSBDUJPO BU EFFQFS UIBO ̓ ̓ NFUFST̓ VOEFSXBUFS PS BU meters into the bedrock is usual. The legal system implemented by the coastal States is currently well known; a system of prior authorisation to prospect facilitates the NJOJOH DPNQBOZ T XPSL BOE B NJOJOH MJDFOTF will then allow it to exploit the discovered deposits. The system of production EJòFST GSPN 4UBUF UP 4UBUF IPXFWFS SJTL or production-sharing contracts are most usually found.
1.4.3. A Milieu Under Threat 4JYUZ ZFBST BHP UIF MBX EJE OPU DPWFS NBSJOF FOWJSPONFOU QSPUFDUJPO FYDFQU GPS a few national laws that were applicable JO TPWFSFJHO BSFBT 1SPHSFTTJWFMZ VOEFS QSFTTVSF GSPN QVCMJD PQJOJPO 4UBUFT IBWF been obliged to implement a complex legal TZTUFN UP ĂśHIU BHBJOTU UIF EFMJCFSBUF SFMFBTF PG PJM BOE QFUSPM #VU XIBU JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP know is that in both terrestrial and marine FOWJSPONFOUBM MBX 4UBUFT BMXBZT IBWF LOFF KFSL SFBDUJPOT BOE UIFO EP UIF NJOJNVN States react to public opinion when there IBT CFFO B DBUBTUSPQIF CVU FWFO UIFO UIFZ react in a way to create the least possible disturbance for the economic players. For FYBNQMF UIF -POEPO DPOWFOUJPO GPS UIF ĂśHIU BHBJOTU WPMVOUBSZ PJM BOE QFUSPM pollution – ballast tank flushing at sea – only DPODFSOFE QFUSPM UBOLFST PG ̓ UPOT PG SFHJTUFSFE UPOOBHF DSVEF PJM DBSHPFT IPMET XFSF OPU JODMVEFE BOE POMZ JO B TUSJQ PG ̓ NJMFT Pò UIF DPBTU PG TPNF 4UBUFT 8JUI UIF QBTTBHF PG UJNF UIF MFHBM UFDIOJRVF VTFE
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
has evolved and become more complex. The öHIU BHBJOTU BDDJEFOUBM TQJMMBHF BHBJOTU UIF JNNFSTJPO PG JOEVTUSJBM XBTUFT BHBJOTU BMM QPMMVUJPO GSPN TFB WFTTFMT BOE öOBMMZ BHBJOTU UFMMVSJD QPMMVUJPO XIJDI BDDPVOUT GPS PG BMM QPMMVUJPO IBT CFFO TUFQQFE VQ 4UBUFT IBWF CFFO PCMJHFE UP FRVJQ UIFNTFMWFT XJUI UIF UPPMT UP CFHJO B HMPCBM öHIU BHBJOTU BMM UZQFT PG QPMMVUJPO 'JOBMMZ VOEFS UIF QSFTTVSF PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT &OWJSPONFOU 1SPHSBNNF 6/&1 UIFZ IBWF BDDFQUFE B NPSF FóDJFOU iHMPCBM SFHJPOBMw TZTUFN UP öHIU BHBJOTU QPMMVUJPO XIJDI UBLFT JOUP BDDPVOU UIF EJòFSFOU NBSJOF FDP TZTUFNT This conventional typology has shown itself UP CF TVQQMF BOE FóDJFOU BT JU JT CBTFE PO B mandatory minimum framework convention HFOFSBM UFSNT CVU JT BMTP BDDPNQBOJFE CZ BEEJUJPOBM QSPUPDPMT IZESPDBSCPOT QSPUPDPM FYQMPJUBUJPO PG DPOUJOFOUBM TIFMWFT QSPUPDPM QSPUFDUJPO PG CJPEJWFSTJUZ QSPUPDPM FUD UIF adhesion to which can be deferred according to the political and economic possibilities of UIF QBSUZ 4UBUFT *U XBT UIF i#BSDFMPOB 4ZTUFNw JO UIBU SFTVMUFE JO UIF QSPHSFTTJWF DSFBUJPO̓PG UXFMWF SFHJPOBM TFBT XIJDI IBWF CJOEJOH DPOWFOUJPO UFSNT CVU IBWF DSFBUFE B TUSPOH /PSUI 4PVUI DPPQFSBUJPO TZOFSHZ /PXBEBZT MFHBM GSBNFXPSLT DPWFS UIF OFBS UPUBMJUZ PG UIF TFBT XIJDI SFQSFTFOUT considerable progress. It is the coastal States themselves that are accepting their responsibilities.
1.4.4. Merchant Navies and Sailors: The End of the Adventure The sailor was a free agent who chose both his ship and his route. The captain was the POMZ öHVSF PG BVUIPSJUZ BOE IF BMPOF XBT responsible for the maritime expedition. 5IF TIJQ PXOFS XIP XBT QSPVE PG IJT
WFTTFM EJE IJT VUNPTU UP FOTVSF UIBU JU XBT the best one possible. This world has partly disappeared owing to the fact that maritime transport has become the business of öOBODJFST BOE DPNQFUJUJPO 5IF øBH XIJDI XBT B TUSPOH TZNCPM PG 4UBUF TPWFSFJHOUZ has become a devalued commercial brand. 5IF FDPOPNJD DSJTJT XIJDI GPMMPXFE UIF three post Second World War decades of FDPOPNJD FYQBOTJPO SFTVMUFE JO BO FWFSZ man-for-himself mentality in the merchant fleets; ship owners are now only interested in reducing costs at any price to make JNNFEJBUF QSPöUT CZ QVUUJOH PVU UP TFB TVC TUBOEBSE TFB WFTTFMT XIJDI BSF EBOHFSPVT and many States do the same for the vessels CFMPOHJOH UP UIFJS DJUJ[FOT XIPTF POMZ aim is to drastically reduce freight rates by dumping. The results of this downward spiral were DMFBSMZ WJTJCMF JO UIF T B TIJQXSFDL B EBZ UISPVHIPVU UIF XPSME B IJHI TBJMPS BOE QBTTFOHFS EFBUI SBUF SFQFBUFE PJM TMJDLT B marked degradation of the transport service and some very poor statistics for insurance underwriters. Faced with the negligence PG DFSUBJO 4UBUFT UIF JOTVSBODF CSPLFST FTUBCMJTIFE B CMBDL MJTU BOE DPBTUBM 4UBUFT OPUBCMZ 'SBODF SFBDUFE CZ SFGVTJOH UIBU UIFJS coastline be polluted. These States invented BMPOHTJEF UIF i'MBH 4UBUFw UIF DPODFQU PG UIF “Coastal State” and also that of “Port States”. 5IFTF OFX UZQFT PG 4UBUFT IBWF MBJE DMBJN UP BOE IBWF SFDPHOJTFE OFX QPXFST CBTFE PO their sovereignty of their inland or territorial waters. They have thus been able to impose their own laws in application of international conventions in force on vessels flying the øBHT PG 4UBUFT UIBU IBWF OPU SBUJöFE UIF conventions of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
$POTFRVFOUMZ UIF SBOEPN DPOUSPMT UIF CPBSEJOH PG WFTTFMT BOE UIFJS TFJ[VSF BOE FWFO UIF CBOJTINFOU PG SFQFBU PòFOEFST have been made possible thanks to the .FNPSBOEVN PG 6OEFSTUBOEJOH .P6 1BSJT 5PEBZ TFWFO PUIFS .P6T FYJTU which have resulted in the removal of most TVC TUBOEBSE WFTTFMT GSPN UIF NBKPS [POFT PG commercial shipping. We are today witnessing a slow “rising from IFMMw B UBOHJCMF JNQSPWFNFOU XIJDI PXFT MFTT UP UIF WJSUVFT PG UIF ĂśOBODJFST UIBO to the refusal of underwriters to continue DPWFSJOH TVDI SJTLT 5IF DIFDLT BMUIPVHI JNQFSGFDU BSF CFDPNJOH TUSJDUFS BOE TUSJDUFS and the international community now has a set of conventions regarding maritime TFDVSJUZ 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF *.0 IBT QMBDFE maritime transport within a framework of B TFU PG TVSWFJMMBODF UFDIOJRVFT UIBU BMMPX it to know at any moment where the vessel is located and the route it is following. It is a shame that the greed of some resulted in the merchant navy losing the part of greatness and adventure that the ocean had bestowed upon it. Thank you.
Exchanges‌ Jean-Pascal TorrÊton :PV TQPLF BCPVU DIFNJDBM BOE CBDUFSJPMPHJDBM QPMMVUJPO MJOLFE UP BRVBDVMUVSF BOPUIFS GPSN PG QPMMVUJPO JT BQQFBSJOH JO &VSPQF OPUBCMZ HFOFUJD QPMMVUJPO XIJDI FDIPFT UIF HFOFUJD exploitation you spoke about. Is there a legal TZTUFN UP BEESFTT UIJT QSPCMFN 'PS FYBNQMF * N UIJOLJOH BCPVU UIF TBMNPO JO /PSUIFSO Europe that are falling victim to genetic FSPTJPO EVF UP UIF EJòFSFODF CFUXFFO
farmed stocks (weaker genetic diversity) and natural stocks. Public 8IBU JT UIF 6/ T SPMF JO UIF NBSJUJNF DPOøJDUT in the Asian region? Jean-Pierre Beurier :PV BSF BCTPMVUFMZ SJHIU BCPVU TBMNPO genetics. There does not seem to be any conventional or legislative solution to genetic FSPTJPO JO TBMNPO GBSNT FYDFQU QFSIBQT regarding concentrations – that is to say intensive farming should be become less JOUFOTJWF BOE UIF DPOUSPM PG BOUJCJPUJDT PG QIBSNBDPQFJB UIF ÜHIU BHBJOTU QPMMVUJPO FUD )PXFWFS UIFSF JT BOPUIFS HFOFUJD QSPCMFN DPOTJTUJOH PG (FOFUJDBMMZ .PEJÜFE 0SHBOJTNT (.0T BOE UIF NPOJUPSJOH BOE control of transgenic salmon. "T GBS BT UIF SPMF PG UIF 6/ JO UIF implementation of the convention and the BSCJUSBUJPO PG DPOøJDUT 1BSU PG UIF .#$ concerns the International Tribunal for the -BX PG UIF 4FB XIPTF IFBERVBSUFST BSF JO Hamburg. It has intervened several times to appease the conflicts resulting from the DPOWFOUJPO T UFYUT BOE JT BU JUT OJOUI SVMJOH )PXFWFS UIF 6/ IBT OP TVQSBOBUJPOBM powers; the States have never granted it this QPXFS $POTFRVFOUMZ TPWFSFJHOUZ DPOøJDUT can only be resolved by the protagonists UIFNTFMWFT 5IF 6/ DBO QSPQPTF JUT TZTUFN PG DPOøJDU SFTPMVUJPO XJUI UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF *$+ CVU DFSUBJO 4UBUFT EP OPU SFDPHOJTF JUT KVSJTEJDUJPO 'VSUIFSNPSF NBOZ 4UBUFT EP OPU TFFL UIF IFMQ PG UIF *$+ BOE QSFGFS BSCJUSBUJPO PS DPODJMJBUJPO XIJDI BSF BMTP QFBDFGVM XBZT PG SFTPMWJOH EJòFSFODFT Conflicts related to marine space are globally EJNJOJTIJOH "T * TBJE UIFSF BSF BCPVU
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
อ EJรณDVMU DBTFT PG CPVOEBSZ ESBXJOH GPS UIF &&; UISPVHIPVU UIF XPSME )PXFWFS NPTU DBTFT DPODFSO MBOE EJรณDVMUJFT TVDI BT UIF DPOรธJDU CFUXFFO &M 4BMWBEPS /JDBSBHVB BOE )POEVSBT PWFS UIF (VMG PG 'POTFDB EFDJEFE CZ UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF JO 5IF EJรณDVMUZ PG ESBXJOH CPVOEBSJFT UISPVHI virgin forest and marshes is more technical and legal than political.
it is exclusive to the coastal State and is its SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ )PXFWFS JG JU MJFT CFZPOE UIF NJMF CPVOEBSZ JU JT JO UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM EFFQ TFBCFE [POF XIJDI JT DPNNPO IFSJUBHF GPS BMM NBOLJOE 5IF .#$ UFMMT VT UIBU QBSU PG UIF QSPรถUT GSPN FYQMPJUBUJPO XIJDI can only be made in fact by a handful of great NBSJUJNF QPXFST BCPVU UFO 4UBUFT TIPVME be given to the poorest States in the world.
Yves Perraudeau
As far as the sharing out of living sea resources JT DPODFSOFE UIFSF JT B XFC PG DPOWFOUJPOT throughout the world that all go to create JOUFSOBUJPOBM NBSJUJNF รถTIFSJFT DPNNJTTJPOT Adhesion to these international organisations JT GSFF 5IBOLT UP UIFTF DPNNJUUFFT XIJDI get together on a regular basis โ at least once every two years โ decisions are made to determine the permitted volume of catches and to ensure that the member States of the commission share this volume. The problem is that there are States that are not members PG UIFTF รถTIFSZ CPEJFT BOE UIBU TPNF TIJQ PXOFST DIBOHF UIFJS TIJQ T รธBH UP POF bearing the colours of a non-member State. It is an interesting but fragile system as there is no power of obligation. It is only by making people aware of the problem that we might one day succeed in making people respect UIF RVPUBT
It is perhaps through texts about animal welfare that concentration problems are addressed rather than through texts about genetic problems. Public What mechanism is used to share out the QSPรถUT HFOFSBUFE GSPN UIF FYQMPJUBUJPO PG resources said to belong to humanity? Jean-Pierre Beurier "T GBS BT UIF TIBSJOH PG QSPรถUT JT DPODFSOFE polymetallic nodules are not exploited in the JOUFSOBUJPOBM EFFQ TFBCFE [POF )PXFWFS sulphides and cobalt-rich crusts are exploited JO UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM [POF BSPVOE EFFQ MZJOH IZESPUIFSNBM TQSJOHT CFUXFFO BOE NFUFST *G UIF [POF JT XJUIJO UIF &&;
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
3BQJE 6SCBOJTBUJPO 4PDJBM /FFET BOE 8BUFS BOE Sanitation Service Provision Claude de Miras, IRD โ Catherine Baron, LEREPS, University of Toulouse 1
(Transcription)
Catherine Baron
Claude de Miras
Worldwide Stakes of the Drinking Water Sector
After taking a look at the state of river and TFB XBUFS XF BSF HPJOH UP IBWF B MPPL BU water in an urban environment and more QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO QFSJ VSCBO [POFT XIFSF UIF issues are all the more acute and interesting. We shall divide our presentation into two QBSUT รถSTU PG BMM $BUIFSJOF #BSPO XJMM QSFTFOU ZPV XJUI B EFNBOE TJEF BQQSPBDI UP XBUFS and then I shall continue by expanding on the issues linked to the supply side. It is a SBUIFS TJNQMJรถFE WJTJPO TJODF JU JT FWJEFOUMZ the responses of supply to demand and the QPTJUJPOJOH PG EFNBOE JO UFSNT PG WPMVNF RVBMJUZ BOE QSJDF UIBU DPOEJUJPO UIF XBUFS problematic.
I shall begin my introduction with a few statistics that are often referred to when the problematic of access to drinking water and sanitation in big cities is discussed. Often UIF รถHVSFT DPODFSOJOH UIF UXP EPNBJOT BSF given separately and have only recently been associated in international reports. A certain amount of progress has been made SFHBSEJOH BDDFTT UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS XIFUIFS it be on a worldwide scale or in developing DPVOUSJFT %$T XJUI B QSPHSFTTJPO PG CFUXFFO BOE XIJDI NBLFT JU POF PG UIF รถSTU .JMMFOOJVN %FWFMPQNFOU (PBMT .%(T UP CF BUUBJOFE
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
Box
3
Worldwide Stakes of the Drinking Water Sector
Drinking water: progress in world coverage 1990: 77% 2006: 87% MDG: 89%
Sanitation: little progress 1990: 56% 2006: 62% MDG: 77%
900 million people without drinking water 2.5 billion without sanitation Sub-Saharan Africa lagging far behind Rural coverage still limited Sources: Framework for Strategic Water and Sanitation Intervention, 2010-2012, AFD, p.6.
"T GBS BT TBOJUBUJPO JT DPODFSOFE UIF QSPHSFTT made has been a lot slower with a progression PG POMZ FWFO UIPVHI UIF .%( XBT ĂśYFE BU 0O B XPSMEXJEF TDBMF ̓ NJMMJPO people have no access to drinking water BOE ̓ CJMMJPO MJWF XJUIPVU TBOJUBUJPO -FU us remark that Sub-Saharan Africa remains an exception to this general progress. 'VSUIFSNPSF VSCBO DPWFSBHF FYQFSJFODFE bigger net growth than rural coverage.
UIF SFBMJUJFT JU SFGFST UP QBSUJDVMBSMZ CFDBVTF of the heterogeneity of the situations CFUXFFO DPOUJOFOUT CFUXFFO FNFSHJOH BOE EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT CFUXFFO DJUJFT and even between rural and urban areas. $POTFRVFOUMZ JU JT FWJEFOU UIBU 7JĚ?U /BN BOE /JHFS EP OPU TIBSF UIF TBNF QSPCMFNBUJD SFHBSEJOH XBUFS KVTU MJLF UIF QFSJQIFSBM BOE central areas of developing cities on a smaller scale.
)PXFWFS JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP QPJOU PVU UIBU this data remains extremely general and SBJTFT B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG RVFTUJPOT BCPVU
All these statistics hide a diversity of contexts and circumstances that must be taken into account.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Box
4
Worldwide Stakes. Resource Under Double Pressure
Sources: Framework for Strategic Water and Sanitation Intervention, 2010-2012, AFD, p.9.
" EPVCMF RVBOUJUBUJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF pressure on water resources can be put to the fore. It is thus important not to disassociate the access to drinking water services problematic from that of water SFTPVSDFT CPUI JO RVBOUJUBUJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF terms. *O NBOZ DPVOUSJFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ 4BIFMJBO POFT UIFSF BSF WBSJPVT SFBTPOT GPS UIF RVBOUJUBUJWF pressure linked to the availability of the SFTPVSDF - Worldwide consumption has increased TJY GPME PWFS UIF MBTU DFOUVSZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ because of demographic factors; - The change in eating habits has caused increased pressure on water resources; - The scarcity of the resource following DMJNBUF DIBOHF UIBU BòFDUT DFSUBJO SFHJPOT of the worlds more than others.
*U JT GPSFDBTU UIBU UIF RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS BWBJMBCMF QFS DBQJUB QFS EBZ XJMM CF MJUSFT JO DPNQBSFE UP JO 5IFSF BMTP FYJTUT RVBMJUBUJWF QSFTTVSF BT UIF ESJOLBCJMJUZ PG XBUFS JT B NBKPS JTTVF #FZPOE UIF 8PSME )FBMUI 0SHBOJTBUJPO T 8)0 SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT UIF EFĂśOJUJPO PG HPPE RVBMJUZ ESJOLJOH XBUFS OPSNT JT B NVDI EFCBUFE JTTVF 'PS FYBNQMF &VSPQFBO ESJOLJOH XBUFS JT OPU UIF TBNF RVBMJUZ BT TP DBMMFE iESJOLJOH XBUFSw JO "GSJDB PS "TJB 0GUFO the ambiguous term “clean waterâ€? is preferred in order to avoid conflict surrounding the EFĂśOJUJPO PG ESJOLBCJMJUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF .%( GSBNFXPSL 'VSUIFSNPSF JO UIF CJH DJUJFT PG UIF EFWFMPQJOH XPSME TBOJUBSZ BOE ecological constraints can be added to the DMBTTJDBM JTTVFT TVSSPVOEJOH XBUFS RVBMJUZ
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
A certain number of proposals have been NBEF QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF *83. *OUFHSBUFE 8BUFS 3FTPVSDFT .BOBHFNFOU GSBNFXPSL a policy which is highly valued on an international scale in order to emphasise UIF RVBMJUZ BTQFDUT BOE GBWPVS UIF UBLJOH JOUP BDDPVOU PG B EJWFSTJUZ PG VTFT JOEVTUSJBM BHSJDVMUVSBM EPNFTUJD BOE UIF QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG BMM UIF QMBZFST FUD #VU UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG *83. JT DPNQMFY BT JU SFøFDUT BNPOH PUIFS UIJOHT UIF EJóDVMUZ PG DPPSEJOBUJOH XBUFS resources management issues with access to clean water for all. 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF DPSSFMBUJPO CFUXFFO UIF implementation of drinking water and sanitation infrastructures and the reduction of QPWFSUZ JO VSCBO BSFBT BOE NPSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO QFSJ VSCBO PS SVSBM BSFBT JT OPU DMFBS %PFT access to drinking water and sanitation automatically result in a reduction in poverty? Stabilising populations in intermediate cities constitutes another type of proposal to meet UIF .%( DIBMMFOHFT SFHBSEJOH JOGSBTUSVDUVSF BOE CBTJD TFSWJDFT TJODF NBOZ %$T BSF experiencing a problem of predominant DJUJFT POF PS UXP CJH DJUJFT BUUSBDU UIF NBKPSJUZ PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO XIJDI IBT DPOTFRVFODFT on water access and the implementation of networks. It is also interesting to compare domestic per capita consumption by country in so far as this reveals the gaps between geographical [POFT *O /PSUI "NFSJDB IPVTFIPMET DPOTVNF MJUSFT QFS QFSTPO QFS EBZ BOE JO &VSPQF MJUSFT 5IF SFEVDUJPO JO XBUFS
consumption in Europe is linked on the one IBOE UP JUT SJTJOH QSJDF BOE PO UIF PUIFS UP making people aware of environmental JTTVFT BOE UIF JNQPSUBODF PG öHIUJOH BHBJOTU XBTUBHF *O 4VC 4BIBSBO "GSJDB XIFSF UIF only usual access to water is by collective GPVOUBJOT BOE OPU CZ EPNFTUJD UBQ XBUFS DPOTVNQUJPO JT B MPU MPXFS UP MJUSFT QFS day. *O CJH "TJBO BOE -BUJO "NFSJDBO DJUJFT UIF UPUBM RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS QSPEVDFE CZ QVCMJD TFSWJDFT JT IJHI UP MJUSFT QFS QFSTPO QFS EBZ CVU QFS IPVTFIPME DPOTVNQUJPO JT B MPU MPXFS BT PG UIJT JT MPTU UISPVHI MFBLT 0OF DBO SBSFMZ IBWF DPOöEFODF JO UIF TFSWJDF UIFSF BOE XBUFS RVBMJUZ JT HFOFSBMMZ RVFTUJPOBCMF 5IF QSPCMFN PG BDUVBM XBUFS MPTT IBT CFFO BSPVOE GPS NBOZ ZFBST BOE IBT SFBDIFE JO 'SBODF CVU DBO SFBDI VQ UP JO PUIFS DPVOUSJFT 'PS EPOPST BOE JOUFSOBUJPOBM PSHBOJTBUJPOT TPMWJOH UIJT QSPCMFN JT PGUFO B NBKPS JTTVF 'JOBMMZ UIFSF JT B TUSPOH MJOL CFUXFFO BDDFTT UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO JTTVFT 0GUFO access to drinking water and sanitation form an essential part of public health issues. Many works have established a correlation between waterborne diseases and their impact on infant mortality – it is especially DIJMESFO VOEFS UIF BHF PG öWF XIP TVòFS NPTU GSPN UIF DPOTFRVFODFT PG QPPS RVBMJUZ XBUFS QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO "GSJDBO DPVOUSJFT 5IF 8PSME )FBMUI 3FQPSU FTUBCMJTIFE JO CZ UIF 8)0 SFWFBMFE UIBU NJMMJPO EFBUIT were the result of water-related diseases in o NPSF UIBO IBMG PG UIFTF XFSF DIJMESFO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Box
5
Worldwide Stakes. Water and Climate Change
Sources: Framework for Strategic Water and Sanitation Intervention, 2010-2012, AFD, p.10.
$VSSFOUMZ DMJNBUF DIBOHF JT BU UIF GPSFGSPOU when the problematic of access to drinking XBUFS JT EJTDVTTFE *O TQJUF PG HMPCBM USFOET JU JT SBUIFS EJóDVMU UP NFBTVSF JUT JNQBDU PO B MPDBM TDBMF BOE FWFO NPSF TP JO VSCBO BSFBT )PXFWFS JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP UBLF JOUP BDDPVOU JUT DPOTFRVFODFT TVDI BT UIF SJTF JO UIF OVNCFS PG XBUFS TUSFTT [POFT UIBU XJMM BòFDU B UIJSE PG UIF XPSME T QPQVMBUJPO CFGPSF PS UIF SJTF JO UIF OVNCFS PG øPPET BOE ESPVHIUT UIBU BMTP BòFDU VSCBO BSFBT 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE DMJNBUF DIBOHF JODSFBTFT pressure on the demand for water in urban BSFBT QBSUJDVMBSMZ XJUI DMJNBUJD SFGVHFFT UIF migrant populations in the cities from the 4BIFMJBO [POFT
'BDFE XJUI UIFTF FMFNFOUT DPOTJEFSBUJPOT SFMBUJOH UP HPWFSOBODF UP B EFNBOE UIBU JT IBSE UP BTTFTT BOE UP B EJWFSTJöFE PòFS NVTU all be taken into account. Water issues are complex and call for the JOUFSWFOUJPO PG TFWFSBM BDBEFNJD EJTDJQMJOFT TVDI BT FDPOPNZ TPDJPMPHZ BOUISPQPMPHZ MBX HFPHSBQIZ IZESPMPHZ FUD 5IF TVCKFDU of general access to water services and sanitation also goes beyond the technical dimension and cannot be limited to the understanding of a succession of network DPOOFDUJPO QSPKFDUT XJUI UIFJS QSFEJDUFE RVBOUJUBUJWF UBSHFUT TDIFEVMFT öOBODJOH BOE technical subcontractors.
The energy dimension is also fundamental to the access to drinking water and sanitation problematic.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
1.5.1. Demand for Drinking Water 5IF QSPCMFNBUJD PG HFOFSBM BDDFTT UP XBUFS sanitation and rainwater is linked to the demand for drinking water that depends on EJòFSFOU USJHHFS GBDUPST JO EFWFMPQJOH DJUJFT UIFTF GBDUPST BSF DMPTFMZ MJOLFE 5P SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT TQFDJÜDBUJPOT and guidelines issued by donors and international institutions; 5P TPDJBM EFNBOET BOE NPWFNFOUT XIJDI put pressure on demand and help influence policies; - To the will to carry out a water policy on the CBTJT PG EFNBOE XIJDI NVTU CF EFÜOFE CFGPSFIBOE XIBU DIPJDFT BSF UP CF NBEF DPODFSOJOH XBUFS BDDFTT B CBTJD TFSWJDF GPS XIPN FUD &RVJUZ PDDVQJFT B DFOUSBM QMBDF JO UIFTF RVFTUJPOJOHT This represents the three aspects of demand that we have organised around four points for QFEBHPHJDBM QVSQPTFT - International concerns; - Conception of public services and social contract; -JOLT XJUI UIF TQFDJÜDJUZ PG SBQJE BOE extensive urbanisation in developing countries; - Demand linked to the water needs of the QPQVMBUJPO BOE UIFJS JODPNF /PO TBUJTÜFE OFFET NBZ HFOFSBUF TPDJBM JNQBUJFODF which is a factor of urban instability. Water access: An International Concern For More Than a Quarter of a Century *O BU UIF UJNF PG UIF 4UPDLIPMN $POGFSFODF MJOLT CFUXFFO FDPOPNJD HSPXUI and the environment were discussed. 5IFO UIF T XFSF NBSLFE CZ UIF International Drinking Water and Sanitation
Decade (IDWSD). This was a package of SFDPNNFOEBUJPOT JNQMFNFOUFE CZ UIF 6/ to favour individual access for all to drinking water – that is to say via the tap. Even though UIJT NBZ IBWF CFFO VUPQJD UIF CSPBE HVJEFMJOFT XFSF ESBXO BU UIJT QFSJPE UIF issue of water began to be seen through the QSJTN PG FRVJUZ BOE HFOFSBM BDDFTT 5IF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T NBSLFE B DMFBO CSFBL JO BDDFTT UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS BT NVDI on the theory and research level as on the political one. The dissemination of neoliberal standards in DCs spread to a certain OVNCFS PG TFDUPST JODMVEJOH UIBU PG XBUFS 5IF %VCMJO $POGFSFODF EFDSFFE UIBU water is an economic good and no longer POMZ B IVNBO SJHIU XIJDI FOTISJOFE UIF principal of payment and pricing for water. The conferences that followed continued UP SFTQFDU UIJT QIJMPTPQIZ BOE JEFPMPHZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIF EJòFSFOU 8PSME 8BUFS 'PSVNT that take place every three years and gather together the principal players and donors of the access to drinking water and sanitation sectors. At the same time that the sixth World Water Forum (WWF) was held in Marseilles JO .BSDI QSFTVNQUVPVTMZ FOUJUMFE i5JNF GPS 4PMVUJPOTw BO BMUFSOBUJWF GPSVN '".& PSHBOJTFE CZ /(0T XBT IFME UIBU EFBMU NPSF XJUI UIF RVFTUJPO PG UIF SJHIU UP XBUFS XIJDI XBT SFDPHOJTFE JO BT B GVOEBNFOUBM IVNBO SJHIU CZ UIF 6/ BOE UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIJT )PXFWFS GFX MJOLT FYDIBOHFT PS CSJEHFT XFSF PCTFSWFE between the two forums. 5IF .%(T PG UIF ZFBS GPS NBSLFE BOPUIFS JNQPSUBOU NPNFOU FWFO UIPVHI drinking water and sanitation were not directly mentioned. These two themes EP OPU BQQFBS BT JOUFHSBM UBSHFUT CVU BSF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
JODMVEFE JO (PBM UIBU HPFT CFZPOE UIFN – Preserving the environment: preservation of wet zones and their diversity; protection of groundwater, rivers and catchment areas; taking into account the water needs of ecosystems in water allocation. The goals are EJWJEFE JOUP UBSHFUT BOE UBSHFU NFOUJPOT, “Reducing by half, by 2015, the percentage of the population that has not sustainable access to a water supply or to basic sanitation servicesâ€?. 5BSHFU TQFBLT BCPVU “Improving notably, by 2020, the living conditions of 100 million slum dwellersâ€?. It should be noted that sanitation XBT BEEFE BU̓B MBUFS̓EBUF BU UIF UJNF PG UIF World Summit on Sustainable Development JO +PIBOOFTCVSH JO *U JT JOUFSFTUJOH UP TFF IPX UIF EFĂśOJUJPO PG UIF .%(T SFGPSHFE XBUFS QPMJDZ JUT QPMJDZ EJSFDUJPOT BOE UIFJS QPMJUJDBM DPOTFRVFODFT NBOZ DPVOUSJFT BSF GPDVTJOH UIFJS FòPSUT PO UIFTF UBSHFUT PO XIJDI BDDFTT UP ĂśOBODJOH PGUFO EFQFOET
policies implemented in DCs. We shall return to these aspects in more detail in the workshops. The notion of public services constitutes a benchmark for the evaluation and analysis of national policies. The vision JO XIJDI JU XBT UIF 4UBUF T SPMF UP QSPWJEF BDDFTT UP B TFSWJDF GPS UIF HFOFSBM CFOFĂśU PG BMM IBT CFFO CSPVHIU JOUP RVFTUJPO CZ NBSLFU MPHJD 'SPN B UFSNJOPMPHJDBM WJFXQPJOU we have gone from a public service to an FDPOPNJD TFSWJDF PG HFOFSBM JOUFSFTU XIJDI is testimony to the integration of market logic. This has resulted in the implementation PG QPMJDJFT NBOBHFNFOU NFUIPET BOE new organisations in developing countries. Despite the failure of these management NFUIPET JO UIF T UIJT NBSLFU MPHJD IBT not been fundamentally challenged.
Progress in the Notion of Public Services
6SCBOJTBUJPO JO EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT DIBSBDUFSJTFE CZ JUT SBQJE HSPXUI TPDJBM segmentation and its wide geographical TQSFBE DSFBUFT OFX DPOEJUJPOT GPS XBUFS demand. How can a network keep up with UIJT VSCBO TQSBXM CPUI PO B UFDIOJDBM MFWFM BOE JO UFSNT PG ĂśOBODJOH
.BOZ DPVOUSJFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ "GSJDBO POFT IBWF BEPQUFE BU MFBTU JO QSJODJQMF B conception of “French-model public servicesâ€?. 2VFTUJPOT DBO UIVT CF BTLFE BCPVU UIF JNQBDU PG UIJT DPODFQUJPO PO UIF EJòFSFOU
Rapid Growing, Socially Segmented and Widely Spread Out Urbanisation
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Figure
4
Urban and Rural Populations by Development Group, 1950-2050
Sources: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2011 Revision, Page 3, Figure 1.
0O UIJT HSBQI UIF FYQPOFOUJBM HSPXUI PG VSCBO QPQVMBUJPOT JO %$T BOE JUT QSPKFDUJPO appear clearly.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Figure
5
Rural and Urban Population by Major Regions, 1950, 2011 and 2050 (billions)
Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2011 Revision, New York, 2012, Figure 2a.
Figure
6
Urban and Rural Population by Development Regions, 1950, 2011 and 2050 (per cent of total population)
Sources: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Urbanisation Prospects, The 2011 Revision, New York, 2012, Figure 2b.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
The highest rates of urbanisation concern Asia. Urban concentration is all the more dense as it takes place around a few cities that dominate the territory. The urbanisation process of these developing countries is characterised by fragmented and segregated cities and the expansion of urban GSJOHFT 5IF VSCBO TQSBXM IBT UXP EJòFSFOU BTQFDUT XJUIJO UIF TBNF BHHMPNFSBUJPO 5IF GPSNJOH PG MBSHF QFSJ VSCBO [POFT predominated by precarious land rights where the inhabitants do not possess GPSNBM QSPQFSUZ SJHIUT FWFO UIPVHI UIFZ sometimes have the right of land use. These neighbourhoods are characterised by their BCTFODF PG JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT JOTVóDJFOU QVCMJD BOE CBTJD TFSWJDFT BOE UIF QVCMJD transport system is often badly developed PS JOFYJTUFOU XJUI JOBEFRVBUF SPBET UIBU result in the isolation of the population from the rest of the city. These neighbourhoods are in the process of becoming selfTVóDJFOU JO SFMBUJPO UP UIF DFOUSF &YQBOTJPO PG B EJòFSFOU UZQF PG VSCBO GSJOHF JO XIJDI SFTJEFOUJBM [POFT HSPVQ UPHFUIFS EJòFSFOU DBUFHPSJFT PG IJHI and middle-income earners and easily accessible business centres are situated. (BUFE DPNNVOJUJFT BSF BMTP PO UIF SJTF JO B great many developing cities. The urban sprawl accentuates the urban EJWJEF GBWPVST TPDJBM TFHSFHBUJPO BOE SFTVMUT in a gap between the rich and the poor and in living standards in various parts of the DJUZ CFUXFFO EJMBQJEBUFE DJUZ DFOUSFT BOE SJDI TVCVSCT BOE CFUXFFO UIF EJWFSTJUZ PG VSCBO GSJOHFT *O UIF "GSJDBO DPOUFYU UIF QPPS live further and further out in areas where UIFSF JT B IJHI EFNBOE GPS XBUFS CVU XIFSF the service is more expensive because of EJWFSTJöFE NPEFT PG BDDFTT TVDI BT CVZJOH
water from informal sellers who demand high QSJDFT EFQFOEJOH PO UIF EJTUBODF DBSSJFE UIF TFBTPO FUD
This urban stretch engenders high costs that NBZ CFDPNF FYQPOFOUJBM "TLJOH RVFTUJPOT about the demand for water of the population UBLFO BT B XIPMF PS UIF EFNBOET PG UIF population living in precarious conditions in QBSUJDVMBS FOUBJMT EJTDVTTJOH UIF WFSZ OPUJPO PG OFFET IPX JT UIJT EJòFSFODF CFUXFFO TFSWJDF OFFET BOE EFNBOET EFöOFE BOE evaluated? %FNBOE GPS XBUFS JT POMZ UIF öSTU TUFQ JO B lot more complicated process that covers a EFNBOE GPS MJRVJE TBOJUBUJPO QVSJöDBUJPO PG TFXBHF XBUFS FWBDVBUJPO PG SBJOXBUFS FUD Political considerations also play a central SPMF BT TVQQMZJOH XBUFS UP QPQVMBUJPOT MJWJOH in precarious conditions implies the political recognition of the neighbourhoods they live in. Innovative solutions are progressively BQQFBSJOH JO PSEFS UP QSPWJEF QPPSFS RVBSUFST XJUI BDDFTT UP XBUFS TVDI BT UIF TQSJOHJOH VQ of small private operators who take charge of water services that may cause an even greater TFMG TVóDJFODZ PG UIFTF GSJOHF BSFBT BOE UIVT a further parcelling of the city.
1.5.2. The Offer in Drinking Water Claude de Miras, IRD This demand table shows well the lie of the land and all its complexities. The theme of water and sanitation are not free floating FOUJUJFT CVU BSF PO UIF DPOUSBSZ FNCFEEFE JO the problematic of urbanisation that is linked UP IBCJUBU 5IJT BHHMPNFSBUJPO PG JOEJWJEVBMT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
SJDIFT QPWFSUZ BOE JOGPSNBUJPO IBT OFFE PG access to services. 8F TIBMM OPX TFF NPSF QSFDJTFMZ IPX PòFS attempts to reply to these complex and QSPUFBO EFNBOET 5IJT PòFS JT NVMUJ GBDFUFE XJUI GPS FYBNQMF UIF QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG TNBMM PQFSBUPST *U JT OP MPOHFS IPNPHFOFPVT MJOLFE UP B VOJRVF TFSWJDF QSPWJEFS UIF SFGFSFODF point of a natural monopoly imposed by the NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF OFUXPSL *OEFFE JU XBT EJĂłDVMU UP JNBHJOF TFWFSBM PQFSBUPST XJUI their own networks on the same territory. Competition is a notion that deserves to be treated carefully in the context of access to services. The notion of service comes back to the DPNQMFY JTTVF PG UIF PòFS GPS JUT DPOWFZBODF BOE EJTUSJCVUJPO *O DFSUBJO DPOUFYUT TVDI BT JO .PSPDDP UIFSF JT B EFDPVQMJOH PG QSPEVDUJPO o UIF /BUJPOBM 0ĂłDF PG %SJOLJOH Water – from distribution (public enterprises and delegated management); this is not the DBTF JO 7JĚ?U /BN XIFSF XBUFS DPNQBOJFT BSF both producers and distributors. 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF DPMMFDUJPO PG XBTUFXBUFS and its treatment can be added to the DPNQMFUF DZDMF 8F UIVT IBWF B TFRVFODJOH process in the structure of the service. If the SBJOXBUFS TFDUPS JT UBLFO JOUP BDDPVOU JUT evacuation also becomes an issue. Speaking about water entails referring to the water DZDMF BOE JUT TQFDJĂśD DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT JO BO urban domain. The management of the existing network may also involve extensions that must be taken into account. This target JT B NBKPS QSPCMFN JO UIF BHHMPNFSBUJPOT of emerging countries that are generally experiencing demographic growth superior UP UIJT IBT SFQFSDVTTJPOT JO UFSNT PG TQBUJBM FYQBOTJPO BOE JOGSBTUSVDUVSF #FZPOE
UIF NBJOUFOBODF BTQFDUT JU JT BMTP OFDFTTBSZ UP SFJOGPSDF PS SFOPWBUF UIF OFUXPSLT XIFO PO B HJWFO UFSSJUPSZ UIF EJTUSJCVUFE WPMVNFT increase because of an increasingly dense population. Choices and strategic constraints are DPOTJEFSFE GPS UIF PòFS PG TFSWJDFT 5IF SBOHF PG GPSNT NBOBHFNFOU NFUIPET BOE PQFSBUPST XJEFOFE CFUXFFO BOE B QFSJPE EVSJOH XIJDI XF TBX UIF FTUBCMJTINFOU PG EJòFSFOU DMBTTJDBM NPEFM partnerships in public technical services. The typology proposed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shows a growing complexity in the XBZT UIF OFUXPSLT BSF ĂśOBODFE 8IBU T NPSF HPWFSOBODF IBT CFDPNF B NBKPS JTTVF QBSUJDVMBSMZ CFDBVTF PG UIF QSFTFODFT PG NBOZ EJòFSFOU QMBZFST JNQMFNFOUBUJPO EJĂłDVMUJFT BOE JOTUJUVUJPOBM complexities. Distributing water does not only imply digging trenches and laying EPXO QJQFT JU JT BMTP B QPMJUJDBM DIPJDF NBEF within a framework of multi-institutional arrangements linked to decision-making and executive processes. A relationship has to be EFWFMPQFE CFUXFFO IBCJUBU BOE TFSWJDF UIBU is to say the construction of the city and the extension of its networks. Legal Forms of Management for Enterprises Operating in the Public, Industrial and Commercial Services Sector 5IFSF BSF EJòFSFOU MFHBM NBOBHFNFOU GPSNT for enterprises operating in the industrial BOE̓DPNNFSDJBM QVCMJD TFSWJDFT *$14 ̓TFDUPS /BUJPOBM QVCMJD FTUBCMJTINFOU o DFOUSBMJTFE management methods; %JSFDU 4UBUF DPOUSPM TFMG HPWFSOBODF and personalised governance. These are
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
models of autonomous public structures that depend on decentralised structures. The president of the management board is in principle the mayor of the community; - Semi-public company (associating private BOE QVCMJD DBQJUBM BOE KPJOU WFOUVSFT (association of national private and foreign capital); 4FSWJDF DPOUSBDU NBOBHFNFOU DPOUSBDU delegated management (lease contract BOE DPODFTTJPO DPOUSBDU #VJME 0QFSBUF 5SBOTGFS PS #VJME 0XO 0QFSBUF 5SBOTGFS contracts; - Privatisation by sale of public assets to a private operator. 8F TIBMM EJTDVTT UIFTF EJรฒFSFOU NBOBHFNFOU forms in the workshops. Methods for Financing Water and Sanitation Networks .FUIPET GPS รถOBODJOH XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO networks can be enumerated using the 0&$% T i 5Tw 5BYFT UIFZ DPODFSO UIF 4UBUF PS BOE UFSSJUPSJBM HSPVQT UIBU รถOBODF UIF OFUXPSLT UISPVHI OBUJPOBM PS MPDBM UBYFT JU DBO TPNFUJNFT BMTP CF B RVFTUJPO PG รถTDBM exonerations; 5BSJรฒT QSPEVDUT PG XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO CJMMT รถOBODJBM DPOUSJCVUJPOอ GPS JOJUJBM FTUBCMJTINFOU DPOOFDUJPO DIBSHFT NFUFS rent charge; 5SBOTGFST UIBU BSF OPU SFGVOEBCMF OBUJPOBM PS JOUFSOBUJPOBM TVCTJEJFT TVDI BT UIF Oudin law in France that allows developed DPVOUSJFT UISPVHI JOUFSOBUJPOBM BJE UP give their support to developing country communities via a levy on their bills. There
BMTP FYJTU TFWFSBM UZQFT PG BEKVTUNFOUT whether it be between โ sectorsโ (electricity UPXBSET TBOJUBUJPO DSPTT TFDUPSBM DFNFOU UBY JO .PSPDDP PS CFUXFFO UBSJรฒ CBOET UIF SJDIFS DMJFOUT รถOBODJOH UIF QPPSFS ones). * TVHHFTU BEEJOH UP UIFTF i 5Tw UJNF XIJDI JT UIF BEKVTUNFOU WBSJBCMF PG UIFTF SFTPVSDFT This variable is a means of smoothing the NVMUJ ZFBS EJTUSJCVUJPO PG รถOBODJOH 'JOBODJBM intermediaries โ banks โ also constitute a use of the โ timeโ resource through the staggering of loan repayments. Quality of Multi-Player Governance in the Rain, Drinking Water and Sanitation (RDWS) Sector The third point evoked concerns the RVBMJUZ PG NVMUJ QMBZFS HPWFSOBODF 'JOBODJBM DPOTUSBJOUT UIBU JT UP TBZ SFTPVSDF NPCJMJTBUJPO BSF OPU UIF NBJO QSPCMFN *U JT OFDFTTBSZ CVU OPU TVรณDJFOU UP EFBM XJUI UIF problem of universal service access. It was in UIJT TFOTF UIBU JO .JDIFM $BNEFTTVT< > and his team produced work that proposed JOOPWBUJWF รถOBODJOH XBZT UP TFFL NFUIPET for the improvement of available resources. "DDPSEJOH UP IJT FYQFSJFODFT JU BQQFBST UIBU UIF TJUVBUJPO SFNBJOT DPNQMFY QBSUJDVMBSMZ inter-institutional relations. This is what I experienced in Morocco XJUI UIFอ JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG B QSPKFDU UP connect poor neighbourhoods where IPVTFIPMET MJWF 0WFSDPNJOH blocking factors is in itself a task that must be VOEFSUBLFO .PCJMJTJOH รถOBODF JT FWFO MFTT CJOEJOH SFTUSJDUJWF EJรณDVMU BT UIF RVBMJUZ PG HPWFSOBODF BOE JOUFS JOTUJUVUJPOBM FรณDJFODZ
< > 8PSME QBOFM SFQPSU PO UIF รถOBODJOH PG XBUFS JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT 'JOBODJOH 8BUFS GPS "MM 8PSME 8BUFS $PVODJM rd World 8BUFS 'PSVN 8PSME 1BSUOFSTIJQ GPS 8BUFS .JDIFM $BNEFTTVT +BNFT 8JOQFOOZ .BSDI QBHFT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
are present. There is some improvement work to be done using new governance UPPMT TP BT UP QVTI GPSXBSE UIJT OFDFTTBSZ dialogue. The result of this is a great need for coordination and synchronisation between the relevant stakeholders. Imperfect governance and regulation will result in delays and considerable extra costs that will XFJHI IFBWJMZ PO UIF OFFE GPS öOBODJOH BOE UIF BUUSBDUJWFOFTT PG UIF QSPKFDUT UP JOWFTUPST Relationship between Construction of the City and Network Extension 5IF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO VSCBOJTBUJPO urban morphology and networks is complex. *O UIF MPOH UFSN PO UIF GSJOHFT PG CJH DJUJFT BOE JO DPOUFYUT PG SBQJE VSCBOJTBUJPO JU JT OPU OFUXPSLT UIBU TIBQF UIF VSCBO GBCSJD but the dynamic of spontaneous real estate FYFNQUJPOT BOE EFSPHBUJPOT BOE VOPóDJBM o PS SFHVMBUFE o OFJHICPVSIPPET B NBTUFS plan for development and urban planning; urbanisation that structures the web of OFUXPSLT i5IF DJUZ DPOTUSVDUT UIF OFUXPSLTw )PXFWFS PODF UIF 3%84 OFUXPSLT BSF JO QMBDF UIF JOUFHSBUFE VSCBOJTBUJPO QSPDFTT accelerates with the appearance of other VSCBO TFSWJDFT BOE UIF EFOTJöDBUJPO PG VSCBO structures along the axes of these networks. It is possible to renew the water and sanitation services problematic and go beyond a iQSPKFDUw BQQSPBDI "MM UPP PGUFO XF UFOE UP consider that access to these services involves QSPKFDUT XJUI öOBODJOH EFBEMJOFT BOE UBSHFUT 5IJT JT USVF JO BO PQFSBUJPOBM TFOTF but in reality the notion of triggering factors is QBSBNPVOU o XIBU NBLFT B QSPKFDU IBQQFO 0G DPVSTF UIFSF BSF JOUFSOBUJPOBM GBDUPST CVU national factors are going to induce national strategies that will be set out through public
BDUJPO BOE XJMM UBLF PO TQFDJöD TIBQF PO BO urban territory scale. *U JT JNQPSUBOU UP TFF JO UFSNT PG SFTFBSDI BOE VOEFSTUBOEJOH UIBU UIF EFQBSUVSF QPJOU JT B social contract with its implicit conception PG QVCMJD TFSWJDFT %JòFSFOU NPEFT PG BDDFTT to water will depend on the nature of this contract and its degree of development. There exists a country typology depending on this social contract and level of development UIBU XJMM JOøVFODF UIFJS öOBODJOH DBQBDJUJFT but the richer countries do not always have UIF TUSPOHFTU QPMJUJDBM XJMM 'PS FYBNQMF oil-producing countries do not necessarily have urban services corresponding to their öOBODJBM DBQBDJUJFT $POWFSTFMZ OPO PJM producing countries with a stronger political XJMM MBVODI TJHOJöDBOU TUSBUFHJFT 5IF JTTVF JT also to take the strategy forward through a NBTUFSZ PG VSCBO QMBOOJOH UIBU JT UP TBZ BO authority on the scale of the territory capable of arbitrating all the complicated factors we have spoken about. This is the whole EJòFSFODF CFUXFFO BO BHHMPNFSBUJPO BOE a city. It is a matter of politically organising cohesion and coordination in order to reduce the costs of transactions and act with all the players involved. This reflection leads us to a reviewed and DPSSFDUFE QVCMJD QSJWBUF QBSUOFSTIJQ 111 UIF QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG UIF TUBLFIPMEFST 4UBUF NJOJTUSJFT DPNNVOJUJFT QPQVMBUJPOT PQFSBUPST EPOPST XIP NVTU NPWF GPSXBSET CZ XPSLJOH UPHFUIFS JO UIF NPTU FóDJFOU way. 5P DPODMVEF UIF DPOUSJCVUJPO NBEF CZ research allows us to renew our approaches by putting some distance between ourselves BOE UIJT UFMFTDPQJOH PG TVDDFTTJWF QSPKFDUT *OOPWBUJWF JEFBT NVTU CF EFWFMPQFE TVDI BT
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
those that consist in not thinking in terms of DJUJFT BOE VSCBO OFUXPSLT CVU CZ DPOTJEFSJOH urban fringes more as being at the centre of the problematic. The peri-urban becomes FTTFOUJBM BOE UIF GSJOHFT DFOUSBM JG POF XJTIFT to understand the issues surrounding water. 0GUFO UIF QBTTBHF GSPN SVSBM DPNNVOF UP VSCBO DPNNVOF JO UIF BCTFODF PG BVUIPSJUJFT UP TVQFSWJTF UIF NFUSPQPMJUBO BSFB SFTVMUT JO B OP NBO T MBOE DPNQMFUFMZ PVU PG TUFQ XJUI UIF QPMJUJDBM UFDIOJDBM TPDJBM BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM issues being played out on city fringes.
Selected Bibliography #BSPO $ $ 'SFOPVY j 7JMMF OĂ?PMJCĂ?SBMF FU BDDĂ’T Ă‹ M FBV BV 4VE DIBOHFS PV BNĂ?OBHFS MF NPEĂ’MF x JO Regards sur la ville 1BSJT &DPOPNJDB "OUISPQPT #BSPO $ & 1FZSPVY j 4FSWJDFT VSCBJOT FU OĂ?PMJCĂ?SBMJTNF "QQSPDIFT UIĂ?PSJRVFT FU FOKFVY EF EĂ?WFMPQQFNFOU 3FHBSET DSPJTĂ?T TVS EFVY UFSSBJOT DPOUSBTUĂ?T #VSLJOB 'BTP "GSJRVF EV 4VEx Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines OÂĄ 4FQUFNCFS #BSPO $ " #POOBTTJFVY j -FT FOKFVY EF M BDDĂ’T Ă‹ M FBV FO "GSJRVF EF M 0VFTU̓ DiversitĂŠ des modes de gouvernance FU DPOøJUT E VTBHFT x Mondes en dĂŠveloppement OÂĄÍƒ #BSPO $ . .BJMMFGFSU j 6OF MFDUVSF JOTUJUVUJPOOBMJTUF EF MB HPVWFSOBODF EF M FBV QPUBCMF EFT UFSSBJOT E "GSJRVF EF M 0VFTU GSBODPQIPOF BVY GBJUT TUZMJTĂ?Tx 3FHJPOT $PIFTJPO 7PMVNF *TTVF 8JOUFS ̓ #BSPO $ . 5JEKBOJ "MPV FET j "DUJPO DPMMFDUJWF EĂ?DFOUSBMJTBUJPO FU TFSWJDFT EF M FBV FO "GSJRVF TVC TBIBSJFOOF x OÂĄÍƒ Castiglioni et al. *OTUJUVU EFT NĂ?UJFST EF̓MB 7JMMF FU 1"%%* &EJUJPOT ,BSUIBMB ̓QBHFT (French and Vietnamese versions).
EF .JSBT $ j *OJUJBUJWF OBUJPOBMF QPVS le dĂŠveloppement humain et ĂŠconomie TPMJEBJSF BV .BSPD 1PVS VO BDDĂ’T Ă?MBSHJ Ă‹ M FBV FU Ă‹ M BTTBJOJTTFNFOU x Revue Tiers Monde &DPOPNJF TPMJEBJSF EFT JOJUJBUJWFT MPDBMFT Ă‹ M BDUJPO QVCMJRVF OÂĄÍƒ QQ de Miras $ -B OPUJPO EF HPVWFSOBODF VSCBJOF Ă‹ M Ă?QSFVWF EFT EZOBNJRVFT̓ EF EĂ?WFMPQQFNFOU QQ JO + ̓ 5FMMJFS and A. Iraki (eds. Habitat social au Maghreb et au SĂŠnĂŠgal. Gouvernance urbaine et participation en questions 1BSJT - )BSNBUUBO $PMMFDUJPO )BCJUBU FU 4PDJĂ?UĂ?T XJUI TVQQPSU GSPN UIF $%$ *OTUJUVUF GPS 3FTFBSDI Q de Miras $ j %F MB HPVWFSOBODF Ă‹ MB HPVWFSOFNFOUBMJUĂ? "DUJPO QVCMJRVF UFSSJUPSJBMF BV .BSPD x JO .PJTTFSPO +FBO :WFT FE Action publique et gouvernance en MĂŠditerranĂŠe .BHISFC .BDISFL QQ de Miras $ j -FT TFSWJDFT VSCBJOT EF EJTUSJCVUJPO E FBV QPUBCMF FU E BTTBJOJTTFNFOU BV .BSPD PV MFT FYJHFODFT EF M Ă?NFSHFODF x Services urbains en rĂŠforme dans le monde arabe 3FWVF (Ă?PDBSSFGPVS WPMVNF OÂĄÍƒ QQ de Miras $ et al. La gouvernance urbaine dans tous ses ĂŠtats. Analyses et propositions du groupe de rĂŠflexion sur la gouvernance urbaine FEJUFE CZ " 0TNPOU BOE $ (PMECMVN 4VNNBSZ 3FQPSU GPS the Sub-Directorate for Democratic (PWFSOBODF %JSFDUPSBUF GPS %FWFMPQNFOU 1PMJDJFT BU UIF %H$*% .JOJTUSZ PG 'PSFJHO BOE &VSPQFBO "òBJST +BOVBSZ Q -PSSBJO % .Ă?USPQPMFT 99- FO QBZT Ă?NFSHFOUT 1SFTTFT EF 4DJFODFT1P .BZ ̓QBHFT /HVZĚŽO 5IĚ‘ 5IJĚŒOH 1IËźN 5IVâ )Ë?ËŒOH 1 ̓(6#3: ' $"45*(-*0/* BOE + . $644&5 $IĚ&#x; CJĂ?O ĂĽĂ™ UIĚ‘ 7JĚ?U /BN USPOH
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
UIĚšJ LĂ– RVĂˆ ĂŞĚ˜ )Ă‹ /Ě˜J 5IĚ‹ (JĚ™J *.7 1"%%* QBHFT 0&$% 8BUFS (PWFSOBODF JO 0&$% $PVOUSJFT " .VMUJ MFWFM "QQSPBDI 0DU Q 8PSME 8BUFS $PVODJM 3FQPSU PG the World Panel on Financing Water *OGSBTUSVDUVSF 'JOBODJOH 8BUFS 'PS "MM rd 8PSME 8BUFS 'PSVN .JDIFM $BNEFTTVT +BNFT 8JOQFOOZ .BST ̓QBHFT
Exchanges‌ Lưƥng Ng�c Thảo, Institut de Recherche sur le DÊveloppement (IRD)
*O PSEFS UP DPOTFSWF FRVJUBCMF VOJWFSTBM BDDFTT UP XBUFS QSJDJOH NVTU CF PQUJNJTFE and take into account the scarcity of the SFTPVSDF " GSFF XBUFS TVQQMZ DSFBUFT JOĂśOJUF FMBTUJDJUZ o TJODF JU JT GSFF DPOTVNQUJPO NBZ result in total wastage Catherine Baron 5IF MJOL CFUXFFO UIF ĂśHIU BHBJOTU QPWFSUZ BOE BDDFTT UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS NBLFT JU ĂśSTU PG BMM OFDFTTBSZ UP EFĂśOF QPWFSUZ BOE TQFDJGZ XIBU is the priority of water for local populations by taking local realities into account. Claude de Miras
The volume of per capita daily consumption rises according to progress in living standards; could you explain to us why this is? Doctorate student from the Ecole Normale SupĂŠrieure 1 HĂ Náť™i Is it desirable for a State to socialise these services while preserving administrative management? Have you had any experience PG UIJT JO "GSJDB &VSPQF PS 7JĚ?U /BN UIBU ZPV can share with us? Claude de Miras There is an almost proportional ratio between increase in revenue and increase in conventional water consumption EJTUSJCVUFE CZ UIF OFUXPSL XIFUIFS JU CF JO volume or value. Other types of leisure-linked DPOTVNQUJPO TVDI BT TXJNNJOH QPPMT PS HPMG DPVSTFT BMTP SBJTF DPOTVNQUJPO UIBU NBZ also be non-conventional with the use of private wells.
The model of delegating public services appeared in France at the time of industrialisation in the XIXth century. The big cities called upon private operators in order to allow them to manage water services. Since then a model of pure public NBOBHFNFOU JO UIF GPSN PG BO BVUIPSJUZ and a model of delegated management UP B QSJWBUF PQFSBUPS FYJTU TJEF CZ TJEF 5IF EFCBUF JT TUJMM PQFO BOE UPEBZ UIFSF JT B OFX DBMM GPS SF NVOJDJQBMJTBUJPO XJUI B SFUVSO UP UIF QVCMJD TFDUPS JO DFSUBJO DJUJFT #FZPOE UIF DIPJDF PG NBOBHFNFOU NFUIPET JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP ĂśOE B QPXFS TIBSJOH CBMBODF between technical capacity and political authority in order to avoid monopoly traps. 5IF NBJO UIJOH JT UP JNQSPWF UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF TFSWJDF JO BDDFQUBCMF FDPOPNJD TPDJBM and environmental conditions and to raise UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO BOE monitoring of operational systems. It would be short-sighted to consider that there exists an ideal model to be transferred from one country to another.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
.FUIPET GPS "HFOU #BTFE Computer Modelling Alexis Drogoul – IRD, Benoit Gaudou – University of Toulouse
The aim of this plenary session is to present the family of computer modelling methods grouped together under the term “agentCBTFE NPEFMMJOHw *OEFFE UIF VTF PG UIFTF methods has been developed over the last twenty years in a growing number of BDBEFNJD EJTDJQMJOFT BOE TDJFOUJĂśD ĂśFMET PG TUVEZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO TPDJBM TDJFODFT 5IFZ BMMPX us to envisage reproducing and studying a QBSU PG UIF SFBM XPSME T DPNQMFYJUZ CZ DBSSZJOH out veritable in silico FYQFSJNFOUBUJPOT DBMMFE iTJNVMBUJPOTw JO XIJDI UIF JOEJWJEVBM and collective dynamics of computerised FOUJUJFT DBMMFE iBHFOUTw BSF QSPHSBNNFE observed and analysed in as many details as OFDFTTBSZ 5IFTF TJNVMBUJPOT DBO DPOĂśSN UIF appearance of phenomena concerning the emergence of complex dynamics of a “wholeâ€? GSPN UIF CFIBWJPVST PG iQBSUTw TVHHFTU DBVTF FòFDU SFMBUJPOTIJQT BMMPX VT UP UFTU EJòFSFOU TDFOBSJPT PG FWPMVUJPO PS UP TDJFOUJĂśDBMMZ QSPWF CZ FYQFSJNFOU EJòFSFOU IZQPUIFTFT 5IFZ BCPWF BMM BMMPX VT UP NBLF DPODSFUF JO UIF GPSN PG FBTJMZ NBOJQVMBUFE BCTUSBDUJPOT the multi-disciplinary exchanges about a TBNF PCKFDU XJUIJO DPNNPO NPEFMT UIBU DBO CF WFSJĂśFE UIBOLT UP UIFJS FYQSFTTJWF QPXFS in direct relationship with observations of the real world.
This general presentation will be followed by the presentation of the Multi-Agent for Environmental Norms Impact Assessment ."&-*" QSPKFDU JO XIJDI B TJNVMBUJPO QMBUGPSN JT EFWFMPQFE PG UIF FòFDUT PG UIF implementation of norms for management BOE HPWFSOBODF GPS XBUFS SFTPVSDFT territories and the environment. This platform IBT CFFO DIPTFO CFDBVTF JU PòFST BO FYDFMMFOU illustration of the couplings that allow us to SFBMJTF BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMT CFUXFFO GPS FYBNQMF - The geochemical and hydrological dynamics on the scale of a catchment area; - The occupation and use of land and its incidence on resources; - The human activities linked to the exploitation or management of resources; 5IF FòFDUT PG DMJNBUF DIBOHF QBSUJDVMBSMZ on water resources. 5IF BJN PG UIF QSPKFDU JT UP FWBMVBUF UIF̓ EJSFDU JOEJSFDU FYQFDUFE VOFYQFDUFE FòFDUT PG UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG OPSNT PO B territory where renewable resources such as XBUFS XIJDI EFQFOE PO DPNQMFY QIZTJDBM QSPDFTTFT BSF BU UIF TBNF UJNF TVCNJUUFE to competitive uses by heterogeneous social players.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
(Retranscription) Alexis Drogoul I shall begin this presentation with an introduction that will raise awareness of the öFME PG BOBMZTJT BOE UIFO #FOPJU (BVEPV XJMM JMMVTUSBUF UIF VTF PG UIFTF UFDIOJRVFT within the framework of an application PG UIF ."&-*" QSPKFDU DPODFSOJOH XBUFS management by a certain number of players
Diagram
6
involved. I hope to obtain a lot of feedback BOE RVFTUJPOT JO PSEFS UP IFMQ NBLF PVS QSFTFOUBUJPO DMFBSFS JO GVMM LOPXMFEHF UIBU many other points will be addressed next XFFL EVSJOH UIF XPSLTIPQ XIFSF XF XJMM TFF IPX UP CVJME NPEFMT VTJOH UIFTF UFDIOJRVFT * TIBMM CFHJO XJUI B GFX EFöOJUJPOT UIBU NJHIU TFFN FYUSFNFMZ TJNQMF CVU JU JT FTTFOUJBM UP clarify vocabulary that is often polysemic.
Model
Sources: Authors’ construction.
" NPEFM JT B TJNQMJöFE BOE BCTUSBDU representation of a demarcated system of SFGFSFODF UIBU IFMQT SFQMZ UP B RVFTUJPO PS support discussion and reflection in a more TJNQMJöFE GSBNFXPSL 5IJT SFQSFTFOUBUJPO DBO be communicated and shared.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Diagram
7
Representation(s)
Sources: Authors’ construction.
A model can be written by using any imaginable formalism. There exist purely MJUFSBSZ BOE NBUIFNBUJDBM NPEFMT BOE between the two exist a whole range of NPEFMT CBTFE VQPO QSPEVDUJPO UPPMT JOUFSQSFUBUJPOT BOE USBEJUJPOT 8F IBWF GPS FYBNQMF EPNBJOT JO TPDJBM TDJFODFT XIJDI are based upon certain traditions and which use at the same time mathematical tools or
TUBUJTUJDT EFQFOEJOH PO UIF RVFTUJPO BOE UIF inherent traditions of this discipline. If you BSF NPSF JOUFSFTUFE JO B TQBUJBM RVFTUJPO ZPV are going to need systems of analysis such BT̓HFPHSBQIJDBM JOGPSNBUJPO TZTUFNT (*4 JG ZPV BSF JOUFSFTUFE JO FRVJMJCSJVN NFDIBOJTNT ZPV BSF HPJOH UP VTF EZOBNJD TZTUFNT UIBU JT UP TBZ B NBUIFNBUJDBM SFQSFTFOUBUJPO FUD
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram
8
Static Models, Dynamic Models
Sources: Authors’ construction.
*O BO BSUJĂśDJBM NBOOFS * EJTUJOHVJTI TUBUJD NPEFMT XIJDI BSF UIF SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT BU B HJWFO NPNFOU PG B TZTUFN GSPN EZOBNJD models. Static models are not supposed to refer to any LJOE PG EZOBNJD PG UIF TZTUFN UIFZ BSF VTFE UP FYQPTF BOE TJNQMJGZ XIBU UIF TZTUFN JT UP communicate it and aid reflection. A model presenting the institutions of the French Fifth Republic is a static model of how the JOTUJUVUJPO GVODUJPOT 5IF RVFTUJPO BTLFE JT one of representation.
$POWFSTFMZ EZOBNJD NPEFMT DPODFSO UIF dynamic of the system and are linked to its evolution. This may be a temporal evolution – the most common case – or it might well be a structural evolution. We may be interested in variations of the system that are not necessarily variations in time. There BSF GPS FYBNQMF QSFEJDUJWF NPEFMT UIBU BSF TVQQPTFE UP̓SFQPSU CBDL UIF NPEFM QSFEJDUT and anticipates in time how the system will evolve.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Diagram
9
Computer Model and Simulation
Sources: Authors’ construction.
The computer models are very closely linked to dynamic models. A dynamic model in computer science is called a simulation. 'PS FYBNQMF XIFO XF̓ DBVTF WBSJBUJPOT JO B NPEFM XF SVO̓UIBU NPEFM 8F IBWF B TZTUFN XJUI PO UIF POF TJEF BO BHFOU PS B HSPVQ PG IVNBO BHFOUT XIP BTL B TQFDJĂśD RVFTUJPO about a reference system that is demarcated
in reality. This may be a social system. The players are then going to build an abstract model and at the same time programme it. This abstract construction is made to become TPNFUIJOH FYFDVUBCMF XJUIJO UIF TJNVMBUJPO which unfolds in time and provides information in time.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 10
Computational Experimentations
Sources: Authors’ construction.
In the same way that we can write models on B QJFDF PG QBQFS VTJOH EJòFSFOU MBOHVBHFT XF DBO XSJUF DPNQVUFS NPEFMT CZ VTJOH EJòFSFOU MBOHVBHFT SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT BOE BCTUSBDUJPOT In what way are simulations interesting? If you observe a simulation compared to B NPEFM ZPV XJMM TFF UIBU UIF EFÜOJUJPO JT similar to that of an experiment in relation to a real system. A simulation is the perturbation of a model in order to provide answers to RVFTUJPOT *O UIF TBNF XBZ JO BO FYQFSJNFOU JO FYQFSJNFOUBM TDJFODFT DIFNJTUSZ CJPMPHZ BOE PUIFST XF VQTFU B NPEFM JO PSEFS to push it to its limits and understand its way of functioning. Simulation allows this reproduction for its models. We can modify UIFN QFSUVSC UIFN JO B DPOUSPMMFE NBOOFS IBWF QBSUJDVMBS WBSJBCMFT DIBOHFE FYQMPSF QBSBNFUFS TQBDFT FUD
/PXBEBZT XF DBO SFNBSL UIBU UIFSF BSF some experimental domains that can no MPOHFS CF UIF PCKFDU PG FYQFSJNFOUBUJPOT TVDI BT OVDMFBS QIZTJDT GPS FYBNQMF 5IVT UIF POMZ TPMVUJPO JT TJNVMBUJPO XJUI BMM that that implies in terms of problems of representations and validity. Thanks to progress in computer science and its powers PG DBMDVMBUJPO OFX EPNBJOT BSF CFDPNJOH accessible to experimental options. It is the DBTF GPS B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG TDJFOUJÜD EPNBJOT belonging to the social sciences. We can deal with these domains by using an experimental approach. We can now build models that are DPNQMFY FOPVHI UP CF TJNVMBUFE JO PSEFS UP reproduce relatively complex dynamics on computer and explore a certain number of QPTTJCMF USBKFDUPSJFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ CZ NPEJGZJOH UIF TZTUFN T JOQVUT
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Diagram 11
Dynamic Models, Simulations: The Best Approach?
Sources: Gilbert, N. and K. Troitzsch (2005).
5IF VTFT PG TJNVMBUJPO DBO CF TDJFOUJรถD 8F can for example verify a certain number PG QSPQFSUJFT SFHBSEJOH QFPQMF RVFVJOH JO B QMBDF CVU UIJT NBZ BMTP IBWF B QVSFMZ commercial use โ how to implement the iSJHIUw TPSU PG RVFVF UP BWPJE DSPXEJOH BOE MFOHUIZ RVFVFT 5IF DVSSFOU VTFT PG TJNVMBUJPO อ BMM BQQMJDBUJPOT DPOTJEFSFE concern the validation of models; it is a real case of experimentation. We build a model of B SFBMJUZ BOE UIFO XF WBMJEBUF JU CZ PCTFSWJOH
all its possible futures. The understanding of a model and its visualisation are important QPJOUT .PEFMT DBO BMTP CF VTFE GPS USBJOJOH NPOJUPSJOH EFDJTJPO NBLJOH BJE GPSFDBTUJOH etc. Two domains of application carry a heavy รถOBODJBM XFJHIU JO UIF XPSME UIF NJMJUBSZ EPNBJO XIJDI JT UIF CJHHFTU DPOTVNFS PG TJNVMBUJPO BOE UIBU PG WJEFP HBNFT o UIF NBKPSJUZ PG QSPHSFTT JO TJNVMBUJPO PWFS UIF last twenty years stems from the world of video games and its needs.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Diagram 12
Structure of an Agent-based Model
Sources: Authorsโ construction.
Within dynamic models we can distinguish UXP CJH GBNJMJFT POF UIBU JT SFMBUFE UP TP called analytical approaches and a more recent one that is very closely linked to progress in computer science and related to the so-called generative approach. 8IBU EJรฒFSFODFT DBO XF SFNBSL The analytical approaches are used to DIBSBDUFSJTF UIF TUBUFT PG CBMBODF PG B TZTUFN to describe it in such a way as to perturb it in a controlled manner. $POWFSTFMZ UIF HFOFSBUJWF NFUIPET BMMPX VT UP HFOFSBUF UIFTF FRVJMJCSJVNT and understand the conditions of their emergence. From the components and constituent parts PG B TZTUFN XF BSF HPJOH UP NBLF UIFN BDU BOE JOUFSBDU JO PSEFS UP BUUFNQU UP รถOE UIF FRVJMJCSJVNT JO B XBZ XIJDI XJMM IFMQ VT UP VOEFSTUBOE IPX UIFZ BSF GPSNFE o TVDI BT
GPS FYBNQMF B TPDJBM HSPVQ BO FRVJMJCSJVN in a negotiation. If you are interested in the EZOBNJDT PG B QPQVMBUJPO JO BO FOWJSPONFOU analytical approaches will represent these TUBUFT PG FRVJMJCSJVN CZ FRVBUJPOT TP BT UP PCUBJO B TJNQMJรถFE NBDSP BOE HMPCBM JNBHF which ignores the constituent parts of the TZTUFN "T GPS HFOFSBUJWF BQQSPBDIFT UIFZ will represent each element of the population and the environment in order to attempt to SFDPOTUSVDU TUBUFT PG FRVJMJCSJVN CZ VTJOH hypotheses about the individuals. These two approaches are not necessarily opposed and may cohabit within the same system. The generative approaches date back to XJUI UIF รถSTU DPNQVUFST BOE UIF รถSTU attempts at simulation that were used for UIF BUPNJD CPNC 5IF รถSTU BQQSPBDIFT UP simulation corresponded to a certain number PG EPNBJOT BOE UFDIOJRVFT DFMMVMBS BVUPNBUB BOE BSUJรถDJBM JOUFMMJHFODF
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
Diagram 13
Agent-based Models
Sources: Authors’ construction.
Agent-based models constitute a way of representing a system. In order to represent UIJT TZTUFN XF BSF HPJOH UP VTF B TNBMM number of concepts that are both rich and polysemic when taken individually into account. These models group together UXP JNQPSUBOU DPODFQUT UIF BHFOUT BOE the environment. An agent is a computer programme which can be executed and XIJDI JODMVEFT CFIBWJPVS DPNNVOJDBUJPO (the sending of information to other agents PG UIF TZTUFN BOE BDUJPOT NPEJĂśDBUJPO PG PUIFS BHFOUT PG UIF FOWJSPONFOU PS POFTFMG JOUFSBDUJPOT BOE QFSDFQUJPO BCJMJUZ UP QFSDFJWF PUIFS BHFOUT WJDJOJUJFT 8F BSF here within an anthro-centred approach
from a vocabulary point of view. We construct computer programmes to which we give attributes that are almost human and living. *O DPNQVUFS TDJFODF XF IBWF TZTUFNT UIBU allow us to say “I want to create an agent, its behaviour, its communications, etc., and I am going to programme it in such a way�. All of the programmes we have built in this way are UIFO QMBDFE JO TJUVBUJPO JO UIF FOWJSPONFOU which is also a computer programme; this DBO CF TPNFUIJOH EJTUSJCVUFE PO UIF XFC B HSJE B UBCMF B NBUSJY GSPN UIF NPNFOU XIFO XF BSF JO QPTTFTTJPO PG DIBSBDUFSJTBCMF TUBUFT when we can perceive phenomena and recuperate information.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 14
Agent-based Models
Sources: Authors’ construction.
These agents are placed in situation and we have an experimental system. In an agentCBTFE NPEFMMJOH BQQSPBDI XF HJWF PVSTFMWFT the means to create small virtual worlds. We create a virtual world over which we have complete power. The problem no longer MJFT JO XIBU XF DBO BOE DBOOPU QVU JO CVU in the way in which we are going to use it. )PX BSF XF HPJOH UP JOUFSQSFU WBMJEBUF BOE FYQFSJNFOU XJUI JU *O UFSNT PG FYQSFTTJWJUZ we shall see during the workshops that it is possible to construct troubling things in terms of realism. These micro-worlds have no imposed structure. We can use data stemming GSPN WFSZ EJòFSFOU TPVSDFT RVBOUJUBUJWF PS RVBMJUBUJWF 1SPHSBNNJOH BO BHFOU DBO BMTP CF iMJUFSBSZw FWFO JG UIF WPDBCVMBSZ EJòFST from that of a book. A programme is not only DPOTUJUVUFE PG BMHPSJUINT JU DBO BMTP CF JO UIF form of a description of behaviours.
I looked for a very simple model about XBUFS CVU * EJEO U ĂśOE POF * QSFGFSSFE UP opt for a segregation model. We take a WFSZ EFNBSDBUFE BOE TJNQMJĂśFE TZTUFN BOE XF JOUFSFTU PVSTFMWFT JO RVFTUJPOT PG social segregation. Segregation designates any evolving phenomenon or any state of separation of social groups on an infraVSCBO VSCBO SFHJPOBM PS OBUJPOBM TDBMF FWFOUVBMMZ DPOĂśSNFE PS GBWPVSFE CZ MBX TPDJBMMZ MFHJUJNJTFE BOE XIJDI MFBET UP UIF GPSNJOH PG̓TFHSFHBUFE BSFBT IFUFSPHFOFPVT territories and frontier spaces. The challenge that we often encounter in urban environments is to analyse the mechanisms at work in the forming of segregation. How and why does it appear when it is not imposed by law and does not result from any personal preference (according to survey results)?
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Box
6
Schelling Model
Sources: Schelling, T.C. (1969).
5IFTF RVFTUJPOT BSF BU UIF CBTF PG UIF Schelling model that was later used to DPOTUSVDU NPSF DPNQMFY NPEFMT *O Tom Schelling in his article Models of 4FHSFHBUJPO BTLFE UIFTF UXP RVFTUJPOT JO UIF context of a black/white report in American suburbs. How was it that when individuals SFQMJFE UP RVFTUJPOT JO TVSWFZT TUBUJOH UIBU they had “no problem living with 70% blacks
although I am white, or with 70% whites although I am black�, reality showed a case of BMNPTU TFHSFHBUJPO What forces and dynamics are at work that can explain this situation? How can we reproduce this situation in order to eventually anticipate it in the framework of urban planning for example?
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 15
Model Description
Sources: Authors’ construction.
5PN 4DIFMMJOH IBE BO FYUSBPSEJOBSZ JOUVJUJPO he took as his starting point the simplest of TZTUFNT .BYJNVN TJNQMJĂśDBUJPO NFBOT avoiding taking into consideration the QBSUJDVMBSJUJFT PG UIF DJUZ BOE UIF QSPĂśMFT BOE complex preferences of the individuals. Agents of both colours live on a DIFRVFSCPBSE *OEFQFOEFOUMZ PG BOZ PUIFS BDUJWJUZ BOE PG XIBU UIFZ DBO EP FMTFXIFSF they are going to be happy or unhappy in this habitat according to an individual preference expressed by the number of OFJHICPVST PG UIF TBNF DPMPVS PS B EJòFSFOU DPMPVS UIBU UIFZ XJTI UP IBWF BSPVOE UIFN A priori everybody has the same preferences. 'PS FYBNQMF “if the percentage of neighbours of the same colour is inferior to 30%, I will be rather unhappy; if this percentage is higher than
30%, whatever the percentage, I will be rather happy�. The model is childlike in its simplicity! This approach is prototypical of an agentCBTFE POF :PV DBO TFF UIBU UIF OPUJPO PG population does not appear. Individuals are DBQBCMF MPDBMMZ JO B QBSUJDVMBS FOWJSPONFOU UP TQPU QBSUJDVMBSJUJFT QJDL VQ JOGPSNBUJPO and they are to make a decision depending on this perception. The only thing global is constituted by environmental constraints. As GBS BT CFIBWJPVS JT DPODFSOFE UP BWPJE BOZ CJBT JO UIF NPEFM UIF NPWFNFOU PG BHFOUT when unhappy is totally random. 5IFZ SBOEPNMZ DIPPTF B TRVBSF BOE HP UIFSF 8F IBWF UJNF BEWBODF BU FBDI TUFQ JO UJNF the agents will decide whether to move or not.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Diagram 16
Results of the Model
Sources: Authors’ construction.
All the simulations made on this model show that with rather weak individual preferences o TVDI BT BDDFQUJOH UP MJWF XJUI POMZ of people of the same colour – we arrive BU TFHSFHBUJPO SBUFT PG OFBS UP 5IJT JT TVCTFRVFOUMZ FYQMBJOFE CZ BMNPTU QIZTJDBM phenomena. However we interpret the SFTVMUT JU JT JOUFSFTUJOH UP TFF UIBU XF IBWF BO FYBNQMF PG XIBU XF TFFL UP PCUBJO UIF FNFSHFODF PG QSPQFSUJFT BOE FRVJMJCSJVNT BU
B QPQVMBUJPO PS HJWFO HSPVQ MFWFM XIJDI BSF not inscribed in the agents which compose the population or the group. This state of FRVJMJCSJVN JT OPU QSPHSBNNFE JU JT OPU HJWFO BOE JU JT OPU BO JOQVU PG UIF NPEFM *U is simply the case that after a certain time BOE B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG JUFSBUJPOT UIF NPEFM SFBDIFT FRVJMJCSJVN &YQFSJNFOUBUJPO BOE simulation are indispensable steps in order to be able to obtain such properties.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 17
Generative Aspect of Agent–based Models
Sources: Authors’ construction.
These simple models take into account UXP TDBMFT UIF NJDSP TDBMF JOEJWJEVBM BOE UIF NBDSP QPQVMBUJPO POF 0G DPVSTF JU JT QPTTJCMF UP UBLF B MPU NPSF TDBMFT JOUP BDDPVOU for example meso scales in which other agents XJMM CF DPOTUJUVUFE XIJDI XJMM UIFNTFMWFT IBWF JOUFSBDUJPOT "HFOU CBTFE BQQSPBDIFT PS JOEJWJEVBM DFOUSFE BQQSPBDIFT JO CJPMPHZ are based on a micro-level modelling and the simulation and interpretation operate on a macro level – whereas most analytical models are situated on the same scale. The other advantage of this approach is UIBU BO BHFOU DBO UBLF PO NVMUJQMF GPSNT JOEJWJEVBMT IPVTFIPMET TPDJBM HSPVQT FUD *O PUIFS EPNBJOT UIF BWJBO øV WJSVT UPXOT and even ducks can be agents. The level of BOBMZTJT EFQFOET VQPO UIF RVFTUJPO QPTFE JU JT OFJUIFS TUBUJD OPS ÜYFE
Another advantage is the representation of UIJT FOWJSPONFOU &YQMJDJUMZ XF BSF HPJOH UP̓SFRVJSF UIF BHFOUT UP CF TJUVBUFE FWFO JO DBTFT XIFO UIJT NBZ BQQFBS B MJUUMF BSUJĂśDJBM The notion of environment is not really well TQFDJĂśFE 4DJFOUJĂśD SFTFBSDI SFMBUFE UP BHFOU based models shows great diversity. We are going to use databases – geographic ones for example – to represent the environment of SFBMJTU NPEFMT #VU ZPV DBO BMTP SFQSFTFOU HSJET environments without any particular metric or topology. An environment can also be a TPDJBM HSBQI B TPDJBM OFUXPSL JO XIJDI BHFOUT BSF TJUVBUFE XIJDI HJWFT UIFN B QFSDFQUJPO of their neighbourhood. The Schelling model that we saw on a grid can be made spatially clear so as to take into account particular topologies. We have here UXP FYBNQMFT XJUI EBUB UBLFO GSPN (PPHMF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Maps™. The agents are going to use the colours of the map in order to know where UP QMBDF UIFNTFMWFT SPBET CVJMEJOHT FUD
Maps
9 and 10
It is an example of an environment in which the agents use information.
Spatially Explicit Segregation, Example of Hà N᝙i
Sources: Authors’ construction; Crooks, A. T. (2010).
)FSF XF HP B MJUUMF GVSUIFS CZ EJSFDUMZ VTJOH B (*4 8F IBWF JO UIJT DBTF B EJTUSJDU PG )Ă‹ /Ě˜J in which we make the agents act. Evidently the notions of neighbourhoods are no longer UIF TBNF XF NVTU SFEFĂśOF UIFN CVU UIF BHFOUT CFIBWJPVS EPFT OPU DIBOHF BOZ NPSF than their capacity to make decisions. What changes is their perception and their way of moving.
)PX DBO XF EFTDSJCF BO BHFOU T CFIBWJPVS The principal metaphor of agent-based NPEFMT DBNF BU UIF FOE PG UIF T GSPN TPDJBM TDJFODFT BOE UIPTF UIBU XF BSF HPJOH to principally use to programme agents come from either ethology – science PG BOJNBM̓ CFIBWJPVS o PS QTZDIPMPHZ which has had a sometimes incestuous
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
SFMBUJPOTIJQอ XJUI BSUJรถDJBM JOUFMMJHFODF PWFS UIF MBTU UIJSUZ ZFBST )FSF XF IBWF NFUBQIPS USBOTGFST 8F DBO VTF OFVSPOF OFUXPSLT SVMF CBTFE TZTUFNT "T DPNQVUFS TDJFOUJTUT XF are used to this diversity of representation. 8F KVHHMF CFUXFFO SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT BOE NFUBQIPST :PV DBO TFF IFSF UIBU BU UIF FOE PG UIF EBZ UIF XPSME * QSFTFOU XJUI BO BHFOU based model is a world that is a little more complex than the world of maths-based analytical systems in which the vocabulary is SFMBUJWFMZ รถOJUFอ BOE XFMM EFรถOFE :PV BSF HPJOH UP JOWFOU B NPEFM PG CFIBWJPVS and a way of representing these behaviours; what is most important is that it makes sense for you and the others in the interpretation.
Diagram 18
0ODF UIF WJSUVBM XPSME IBT CFFO DPOTUSVDUFE a new world opens up in the domain of the interaction between the user of the model BOE UIF NPEFM 'SPN IFSF XF IBWF BDDFTT to things that belong to the domain of WJTVBMJTBUJPO XF DBO QMBZ XJUI UIF NPEFM NPEJGZ JUT QBSBNFUFST BU BOZ NPNFOU IBWF VTFST JOUFSWFOF XJUIJO JU BOE DSFBUF MFBSOJOH EZOBNJDT GPS FYBNQMF 5IF VTFS JT going to learn things from the model that will constitute a good part of the informal WBMJEBUJPO -BCPSBUPSJFT BSF DSFBUFE XIJDI allow us to scrutinise and dynamically modify these worlds.
Social Sciences, Simulation, Agents
Sources: Authorsโ construction.
*O TPDJBM TDJFODFT TJNVMBUJPO PรฒFST UIF possibility of implementing controlled computational experimentations. Its PCKFDUJWF JT OPU UP DPOTUSVDU UIFPSJFT CVU
UP HFOFSBUF JO B DPOUSPMMFE NBOOFS EBUB UIBU DBO UIFO CF BOBMZTFE XIJDI IBT UIF TQFDJรถDJUZ PG DPNJOH GSPN FYQFSJNFOUBUJPOT and not from observations of the system.
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
*O UIJT TZTUFN BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMT CFDBVTF PG UIFJS øFYJCJMJUZ BOE WFSTBUJMJUZ BMSFBEZ PDDVQZ BO JNQPSUBOU QMBDF XIJDI XJMM OP doubt become progressively more important. 5IJT [PPMPHZ PG BSUJÜDJBM FYQFSJNFOUBUJPO on the models is a new way of carrying out SFTFBSDI QBSUJDVMBSMZ CFDBVTF JU DSFBUFT EBUB that does not really belong to a system but UP NPEFMT PG B TZTUFN UIFO XF XJMM CVJME UIFPSJFT GSPN UIJT EBUB :FTUFSEBZ XF TQPLF about climate change and scenarios that are often built on this type of model and data that EP OPU TUFN GSPN SFBMJUZ CVU GSPN QSPKFDUJPO and models of reality. Agent-based models present BEWBOUBHFT GPS TPDJBM TDJFODFT
multiple
1PTTJCJMJUZ PG SFQSFTFOUJOH RVBMJUBUJWF BOE RVBOUJUBUJWF EBUB /P DPOTUSBJOU PO UIF UZQF PG GPSNBMJTBUJPO /P DPOTUSBJOU PO UIF MFWFM PG SFQSFTFOUBUJPO - Possibility of an experimental approach on micro-worlds; - Possibility of participative approach (immersive micro-worlds); - Possibility of representing heterogeneous players; - Possibility of basing oneself on spatial data or real statistics (for calibration and experimental research). When do we use agent-based models? 8IFO JU JT EJĂłDVMU UP UFTU IZQPUIFTFT POMZ from observations; - When the players in a system are very heterogeneous; - When it is possible to identify relationships or intermediary organisations that influence the dynamics of the system; 8IFO UIF MFWFM PG BOBMZTJT JT OPU ĂśYFE BOE may fluctuate;
- When macro level changes must be the results and not the input of the model. Benoit Gaudou * BN HPJOH UP QSFTFOU UIF ."&-*" QSPKFDU that is being carried out in Toulouse. This QSPKFDU CFHBO JO BOE XJMM ĂśOJTI JO $POTFRVFOUMZ UIF SFTVMUT BSF OPU ZFU EFĂśOJUJWF XF BSF TUJMM JO B QSPTQFDUJWF QIBTF 5IF BJN PG UIF QSPKFDU JT UP EFWFMPQ BO integrative modelling and agent-based platform to study the socio-environmental impacts of the norms (social and legal rules of the organisations) implicated in the management of renewable natural resources (particularly water). We are more precisely JOUFSFTUFE JO UIF i#BTTJO "EPVS (BSPOOFw 0OF PG UIF QBSUJDVMBSJUJFT PG UIJT [POF JT B MBDL PG XBUFS QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO TVNNFS EVSJOH UIF period of low water and of user conflicts – for FYBNQMF CFUXFFO JSSJHBUJPO GPS DPSO DSPQT TXJNNJOH QPPMT PS XBUFS GPS UIF DJUZ PG Toulouse. The drop in the water level implies FDPMPHJDBM QSPCMFNT BOE DSJTFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ for farmers. *O UIF GSBNFXPSL PG̓MPX XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU there is a whole system of laws and norms implemented from the European to the local MFWFM 8F BSF JOUFSFTUFE JO UIF FDPMPHJDBM FDPOPNJD BOE TPDJBM DPOTFRVFODFT PG UIF implementation of these new policies. This JOWPMWFT UISFF NBKPS JOJUJBM JTTVFT 8IBU BSF UIF FDPOPNJD TPDJBM BOE FOWJSPONFOUBM JNQBDUT PG UIF EJòFSFOU BMUFSOBUJWFT PG EFĂśOJUJPO NBOBHFNFOU PG the volumes of water to be used? - What is the technical/social feasibility BDDFQUBCJMJUZ PG UIF EJòFSFOU BMUFSOBUJWFT 8IBU JT UIF SPCVTUOFTT PG UIF EJòFSFOU options?
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 19
MAELIA: An Interdisciplinary Modelling Project
RofW = Representation of the World. Sources: Authors’ construction; production of the MAELIA project (non-published).
5IF EJĂłDVMUZ BOE JOUFSFTU PG UIJT QSPKFDU JT UP integrate – versus KVYUBQPTF o UIF LOPXMFEHF PG SFTFBSDIFST GSPN EJòFSFOU TVCKFDUT QBSUJDVMBSMZ GSPN TPDJBM TDJFODFT IZESPMPHZ and agronomy. We had a certain amount of initial data around which we built and represented a “worldâ€? in order to implement JU SVO JU BOE UFTU TFWFSBM IZQPUIFTFT 8IBU * DBMM iSFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF XPSMEw JEFOUJĂśFT B model of all the agents and their dynamics implicated in the system in which we are JOUFSFTUFE "U UIF MBVODI PG UIF QSPKFDU
TPDJPMPHJTUT IZESPMPHJTUT BHSPOPNJTUT BOE DPNQVUFS NPEFMMFST FUD XFSF JOWPMWFE JO UIF QSPKFDU BOE UIF EJòFSFOU EJTDVTTJPOT BCPVU JU The fact of establishing this representation allowed us to agree on the vocabulary. A certain number of iterations were necessary to arrive at a stabilised representation. It is important to note that these iterations represent a coevolution of the necessary LOPXMFEHF BOE EBUB PG UIF SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF XPSME BOE PG UIF RVFTUJPO UP XIJDI JU JT hoped the model will provide answers.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Diagram 20
Principal Agents: The Farmers
Sources: Authors’ construction; production of the MAELIA project (non-published).
One of the principal players of the model is the “farmerâ€? entity with a certain number of associated characteristics. The links between UIF GBSNFS BOE UIF EJòFSFOU SFMBUFE CPYFT represent the relationships between the farmer and other concepts that we wished to NPCJMJTF JO UIF NPEFM GPS FYBNQMF UIF TJ[F PG his farm or the agricultural product market). 5IF IZESPMPHJDBM [POF JT B TFDPOE FYBNQMF of an agent considered in our model. It is
the principal entity of all the hydrological QSPDFTTFT 5IF IZESPMPHJDBM [POF JT TJUVBUFE at a superior level (in terms of spatial scale) to all that is agricultural. The type of soil is UBLFO̓ JOUP BDDPVOU CFDBVTF BDDPSEJOH UP JUT OBUVSF ̓XBUFS FWJEFOUMZ EPFT OPU JOĂśMUSBUF it and flow in the same way. These two diagrams are a part of the static view of the model.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 21
Principal Agents: Hydrological Zones
Sources: Authors’ construction; production of the MAELIA project (non-published).
8F IBWF JEFOUJöFE UXFOUZ PS TP EZOBNJDT that we wish to implement in our model. The öWF QSJODJQBM POFT BSF 5IF øPX PG UIF XBUFS IZESPMPHJDBM [POFT - Plant growth (plots); - Choice of crop rotation (farmers); &YFDVUJPO PG̓ DSPQ SPUBUJPO QMBOT TPXJOH GFSUJMJTBUJPO JSSJHBUJPO IBSWFTU SFTVMUJOH GSPN UIF GBSNFST DIPJDFT - Formal framework (irrigation restriction decree issued by the prefect). We worked with the Institut National de Recherche Agronomique */3" XIJDI IBE VOEFSUBLFO TUVEJFT BCPVU GBSNFST TUSBUFHJFT concerning crop rotation plans. Four principal DSJUFSJB TUPPE PVU IPVST PG MBCPVS QSPöU similarity with the last crop rotation plan and loss risk.
0ODF UIFTF DSJUFSJB IBE CFFO JEFOUJöFE XF became interested in the influence they IBWF PO UIF GBSNFS T EFDJTJPO GPS FYBNQMF by considering the other identical criteria in UXP QMBOT UIF QMBO UIBU NJOJNJTFT IPVST PG MBCPVS XJMM CF QSFGFSSFE UP UIF POF SFRVJSJOH longer hours of labour. The chosen formalism to describe the decision-making process is that of the multi-criteria decision using %FNQTUFS 4IBGFS CFMJFG GVODUJPOT GPS FBDI PG UIF DSJUFSJB BO FWBMVBUJPO GVODUJPO SFMBUJOH UP this criterion and three functions referred to BT iCFMJFG GVODUJPOTw BSF BTTPDJBUFE 5IF öSTU belief function describes the weight that this criterion has in the decision to consider the DPOTJEFSFE QMBO BT CFJOH UIF CFTU UIF TFDPOE belief function the weight to consider it as OPU CFJOH UIF CFTU BOE UIF MBTU POF JOEJDBUFT UIF GBSNFS T JOBCJMJUZ UP EFUFSNJOF XIFUIFS JU is the best or not.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Diagram 22
Example of the Process: Choice of Crop Rotation
Sources: Taillandier et al. (2012).
We have presented the static model that EFTDSJCFT UIF EJòFSFOU PCKFDUT BOE UIFJS SFMBUJPOTIJQT BOE UIF EJòFSFOU QSPDFTTFT linked to the dynamic of the system. From these two elements we can implement a computer model. The following work stage considers the execution of this model and the observation of its results. Most of the processes involved in this model are going to necessitate a certain number of data in order to be executed and produce JOUFSFTUJOH SFTVMUT " CJH UBTL BOE POF PG UIF QSPKFDU T NBKPS QSPEVDUT IBT UIVT CFFO UIF constitution of a database (and particularly PG B (*4 BEBQUFE UP PVS NPEFM 8F IBWF GPS FYBNQMF DSPTT SFGFSFODFE EBUB DPNJOH GSPN EJWFSTF (*4 BT XFMM BT CFOFÜDJBSZ UBCMFT JO PSEFS UP QSPEVDF BO BHHSFHBUFE (*4 DPOUBJOJOH SJWFST BOE SFTFSWPJST JSSJHBUFE
[POFT BOE UIF̓ XBUFSJOH QPJOUT BTTPDJBUFE XJUI FBDI [POF We are now ready to execute our model (launch simulations) and evaluate a certain number of scenarios considering the indicators. The two scenarios that for the NPNFOU IBWF CFFO JEFOUJĂśFE BSF MJOLFE UP UIF UXP GPMMPXJOH GBDUPST PG DIBOHF UIF EFĂśOJUJPO PG UIF WPMVNFT PG XBUFS BWBJMBCMF and climate change (in terms of rainfall and temperature). 5IFSF BSF UISFF UZQFT PG JOEJDBUPS DPOTJEFSFE #JP QIZTJDBM XBUFS øPX BU UIF DPOUSPM QPJOUT PG UIF -PX 8BUFS 5BSHFU 'MPX (DĂŠbit Objectif d’Etiage, DOE) QPMMVUJPO production of irrigated crops; &DPOPNJD QSPEVDUJPO PG BHSJDVMUVSBM holdings; cost of the implementation/
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
functioning of the alternative management method; 4PDJBM GSFRVFODZ EBUF BOE HSBWJUZ PG DSJTJT TJUVBUJPOT BDDFQUBCJMJUZ SFTQFDU PS OPO respect of norms). Thank you very much.
Selected Bibliography Principal sites (articles free to access): +"444 +PVSOBM PG "SUJĂśDJBM 4PDJFUJFT BOE 4PDJBM 4JNVMBUJPO IUUQ KBTTT TPD TVSSFZ BD VL "$& "HFOU CBTFE $PNQVUBUJPOBM &DPOPNJDT IUUQ XXX FDPO JBTUBUF FEV UFTGBUTJ BDF htm (JT"HFOUT (*4 BOE "HFOU #BTFE .PEFMMJOH IUUQ XXX HJTBHFOUT CMPHTQPU DPN 0QFO"#. 0QFO "HFOU #BTFE .PEFMJOH $POTPSUJVN IUUQ XXX PQFOBCN PSH Three free agent-based modelling and simulation platforms:
(*-#&35 / , ( 530*5;4$) Simulation for the Social Scientist. .JMUPO ,FZOFT 0QFO 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT 4FDPOE &EJUJPO (MBTHPX (*-#&35 / Agent-based Models. Series: Quantitative applications in the Social Sciences 4BHF 1VCMJDBUJPOT -POEPO 4$)&--*/( 5 $ .PEFMT PG 4FHSFHBUJPO The American Economic Review "NFSJDBO &DPOPNJD "TTPDJBUJPO 1JUUTCVSHI 64" 5"*--"/%*&3 1 0 5)&30/% # ("6%06 " OFX #%* BHFOU BSDIJUFDUVSF based on the belief theory. Application to the modelling of cropping plan decisionNBLJOH JO *OUFSOBUJPOBM &OWJSPONFOUBM Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs -FJQ[JH (FSNBOZ 53&6*- +1 " %30(06- + % ;6$,&3 ModÊlisation et Simulation à base d’agents. %VOPE *3% &EJUJPOT 1BSJT
Exchanges‌
/FU-PHP IUUQ DDM OPSUIXFTUFSO FEV netlogo/ 3FQBTU 4JNQIPOZ IUUQ SFQBTU TPVSDFGPSHF net/ ("." IUUQ HBNB QMBUGPSN HPPHMFDPEF com. Publications: ".#-"3% ' % 1)"/ ModÊlisation et Simulation multi-agents : applications pour les Sciences de l’Homme et de la SociÊtÊ. )FSNÒT &EJUJPOT 1BSJT $300,4 " 5 $POTUSVDUJOH BOE *NQMFNFOUJOH BO "HFOU #BTFE .PEFM PG Residential Segregation through Vector (*4 International Journal of Geographical Information Science 5BZMPS 'SBODJT -UE 0YPO &OHMBOE
Claude de Miras * EJEO U VOEFSTUBOE UIF BTTFSUJPO BDDPSEJOH to which the individual scale did not JOUFSGFSF JO UIF ĂśOBM TJUVBUJPO * VOEFSTUPPE your presentation as being the contrary demonstration of the impact of implicit JOEJWJEVBM DIPJDFT UIBU PODF DPMMFDUJWFMZ BHHSFHBUFE QSPEVDF UIF SFTVMU ZPV IBWF EFTDSJCFE :PV JOTJTUFE PO UIF TDJTTJPO JO the passage between the individual and UIF HMPCBM BT CFJOH B SVQUVSF XIFSFBT UIF EFNPOTUSBUJPO JT GPVOEFE PO UIF DPOUSBSZ on the continuity of these two scales. Catherine Baron Which social sciences and which approaches are you evoking when you speak about the implantation of social science metaphors in
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
computer science? Would a change in your TPDJBM TDJFODFT BTTVNQUJPO IBWF BO JNQBDU BOE JG TP XIBU How do you integrate the new work and research in economics into the rationality PG UIF BHFOUT 'JOBMMZ JO SFMBUJPO UP ."&-*" how do you integrate the conflicts that often modify existing rules and result in the emergence of new ones? How does this modelling allow us to account for these aspects in a dynamic fashion? Alexis Drogoul *O UIF SFTVMUT PCUBJOFE BU TJNVMBUJPO MFWFM UIFSF XBT TPNFUIJOH XIJDI XBT OPU JOUVJUJWF the individuals with a preference rate of POMZ GPS OFJHICPVST PG UIF TBNF DPMPVS öOJTIFE CZ DSFBUJOH B TZTUFN XIJDI XBT TFHSFHBUFE 5IF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO individual preference and the result obtained was not intuitive. Claude de Miras *U JT BO BTTVNQUJPO UP BóSN UIBU JU JT OPU intuitive. Is there not an implicit understanding UIBU NFBOT UIBU JO TPDJFUBM QSBDUJDF XF LOPX that if we have one neighbour in three of such B DPMPVS XF BSF HPJOH UP IBWF B QIFOPNFOPO a perception and a representation of an exceeded limit? There is perhaps a societal intuition that determines this type of FWPMVUJPO 8IBU CPUIFST NF JT UIF BóSNBUJPO PG UIF BTTVNQUJPO UIBU UIJT JT OPU JOUVJUJWF 5IJT OFFET EFNPOTUSBUJOH $POTFRVFOUMZ UIJT SBJTFT UIF RVFTUJPO PG IZQPUIFTFT XIJDI IBT not been addressed. The hypotheses in the choices that allow us to go from the system UP UIF NPEFM EFUFSNJOF XIBU UIF NPEFM XJMM produce; however no allusion has been made to this.
Alexis Drogoul The construction of a model always OFDFTTJUBUFT IZQPUIFTFT 5IFZ BSF FWFSZXIFSF even if they are not necessarily explicit. I believe that in computational approaches XF UFOE UP TQFMM UIFN PVU CFUUFS BOE UIFZ BSF all the more necessary in computer science as they are part of operational constraints. 3FHBSEJOH UIF TPDJBM TDJFODFT NFUBQIPS JO UIF T UIFSF XBT B WFSZ CJH JOøVFODF GSPN UIF JOEJWJEVBMJTU BDUJPOJTU BQQSPBDIFT from the sociology of organisations. A certain number of representations of economic systems were perfectly attuned to the vision PG UIF OFP MJCFSBM XBWF PG UIF T BOE T 8F OFWFSUIFMFTT IBWF UP RVBMJGZ UIJT BT the vision computer scientists have of social TDJFODFT JT FYUSFNFMZ CMVSSFE (SPVQT PG researchers have built concepts that we later VTF CZ RVFTUJPOJOH BOE iUXJTUJOHw UIFN -FU VT UBLF BOPUIFS FYBNQMF GSPN DPNQVUFS science. The networks of neurones are particular representations that allow a computer system to learn from examples. This JT DBMMFE B OFUXPSL PG OFVSPOFT CVU IBT HPU nothing to do with the biological metaphor of the original models that were themselves B TJNQMJöDBUJPO PG SFBMJUZ 5IF NFUBQIPS allows us to construct the concept or the NFUB DPODFQU UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF FMFNFOU UIBU will allow us to construct the concept of the model. We can then represent any theory of UIF TPDJBM TJODF UIF TDBMF JT OPU öYFE BOE XF BSF JOUFSFTUFE JO FNFSHFODF QIFOPNFOB CVU OPU FYDMVTJWFMZ JO #FOPJU (BVEPV T FYBNQMF UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBM TZTUFN JO BMM JUT SJDIOFTT BOE XJUI B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG OPSNT JT JNQPTFE on players in an absolutely non-emergent manner. Expressivity is not limited by the initial use of the metaphor.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
How can we integrate the envisaged SBUJPOBMJUZ JO FDPOPNZ *NQMJDJUMZ UIF JOJUJBM QMBZFST CFMPOHFE BT NVDI UP BSUJÜDJBM intelligence as they did to economy. A large QBSU PG UIF UIFPSZ DPODFSOJOH UIF SBUJPOBMJUZ PG BHFOUT JO FDPOPNZ TUFNT GSPN BSUJÜDJBM intelligence. Then we moved away from this because we cannot assume the rationality of QMBZFST JO UIF TBNF XBZ BT XF DBOOPU BTTVNF the homogeneity of their representations. Rationality is not necessarily an assumption PS BO PSJHJOBM IZQPUIFTJT *G XF CFHJO GPS FYBNQMF UP CVJME TZTUFNT UIBU DPOUBJO RVBMJUBUJWF EBUB PG JOEJWJEVBM OBSSBUJWFT BCPVU UIF XBZ QFPQMF QFSDFJWF UIF XPSME UIJT NBZ not be rational. We can perfectly imagine a player who makes random decisions. The models that we are building are not models that we must believe. They are models that are used as a support for discussion or negotiation between players. Very few predictive models exist. Benoit Gaudou -FU VT SFUVSO UP DPOøJDUT 0VS NPEFM POMZ proposes a prefect who issues a decree forbidding irrigation when water levels drop beneath a certain threshold. All the prior OFHPUJBUJPO QSPDFTTFT CFUXFFO UIF EJòFSFOU QMBZFST BCPVU UIF RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS UP CF used are not modelled. We would have to be able to determine a process that generates decisions. The catchment area council is made up of about two hundred people who IBWF UP HFU UPHFUIFS BOE EJTDVTT UIJOHT which necessitates a certain knowledge that we have not yet modelled. Trainee Is the model a decision-making aid that helps farmers choose the most economically viable crop?
Benoit Gaudou For this model we need geographical data UP LOPX UIF MPDBUJPO PG UIF IPMEJOHT XIJDI BSF UIPTF UIBU VTF JSSJHBUJPO BOE XIJDI EPO U and the type of crop. We also have data about crops that have been grown on a plot over the last ten years. We implement our farmer agents and calibrate over this ten-year period. 8F USZ UP ĂśOE DPIFSFOU SFTVMUT CZ VTJOH UIF QSFDFEJOH SFTVMUT /FYU BGUFS UIJT DBMJCSBUJPO QIBTF XF DPOTJEFS UIBU XF BSF HPJOH UP MFU the model evolve. This model in particular will not predict what it is necessary to plant or IBSWFTU PO UIF ĂśFMET *U XJMM IPXFWFS JOEJDBUF what will happen if water supplies dwindle. Jean-Pascal TorrĂŠton +VTU B SFNBSL UIBU HPFT JO UIF TFOTF PG what Alexis is saying about the limits of simulations and their capacity to reproduce complex phenomena. In the domain of FYQFSJNFOUBM̓ TDJFODFT * TFF TJNVMBUJPOT as the representation of an experimental system used to test hypotheses. In CJPMPHZ JO PDFBOPHSBQIZ PS JO TDJFODF PG UIF FOWJSPONFOU XF BSF MFE UP DBSSZ out experimentations that are extremely TJNQMJĂśFE BOE DSJUJDJTFE GPS UIJT GPS FYBNQMF when we wish to evaluate the influence of climate change on the way oceans function. 5IFSFGPSF * DBOOPU TFF BOZ GVOEBNFOUBM EJòFSFODF XJUI UIF EFĂśOJUJPO PG BO experimental system by simulation. Catherine Baron )PXFWFS JU TFFNT UP NF UIBU XIFO XF BSF studying human societies and the economic TUBLFT MJOLFE UP UIFN UIF RVFTUJPOT XF BTL BSF PG B EJòFSFOU PSEFS
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Alexis Drogoul 3FHBSEJOH UIF EJòFSFODF CFUXFFO B simulation in marine biology and a simulation JO TPDJBM TDJFODFT B NBDSP NPEFM UIBU represents a population is not only interested in individuals. We ignore any heterogeneity
PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO BOZ JOEJWJEVBM DIPJDF PS EFDJTJPO 0O UIF DPOUSBSZ * TFF BMM UIF approaches I have presented here as attempts to bring to the fore the dignity of all points of WJFX .PEFMT TJNQMJGZ BOE SFEVDF CVU JT UIBU not the limit of all models?
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
4ZOUIFTJT PG 1MFOBSZ Sessions François Roubaud – IRD-DIAL
"T JT PVS DVTUPN JU JT UJNF GPS UIF IBMG UJNF restitution of our work; an on-the-spot TVNNBSZ PG UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT POF of the many aims of which is to put into QFSTQFDUJWF XIBU XF IBWF IFBSE JO PSEFS to shed some light on the coming week of XPSLTIPQT BU 5BN å˽P -FU NF öSTU UIBOL UIF +5% PSHBOJTJOH UFBN QBSUJDVMBSMZ 4UÏQIBOF -BHSÏF XIP IBT HJWFO NF UIF IPOPVS PG NBLJOH UIJT TIPSU TQFFDI *U JT BO IPOPVS ZFT CVU BMTP B DIBMMFOHF HJWFO UIF RVBMJUZ PG my predecessors in this role. Ever since this USBEJUJPO CFHBO JO UIPTF DIPTFO IBWF CFFO JO PSEFS 1IJMJQQF 1BQJO JO TQFBLJOH BCPVU QPWFSUZ 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS JO XIP TQPLF BCPVU UIF DPODFQU PG USBOTJUJPO BOE öOBMMZ NZ DPMMFBHVF +FBO 1JFSSF $MJOH UP whom I send my regards as he is absent for UIF WFSZ öSTU UJNF TJODF UIF DSFBUJPO PG UIFTF 4VNNFS 4DIPPM %BZT XIP TQPLF BCPVU TPDJBM EJòFSFOUJBUJPO BOE JOFRVBMJUJFT UIF PóDJBM UJUMF JO CVU BMTP BCPVU UIF VOEFSMZJOH more sensitive problem of discrimination. The time has come for me to throw myself in the water, BOE JO TQJUF PG UIF QSFTTVSF I remain optimistic about the outcome of UIJT GPSFUPME TIJQXSFDL VOEFS UIF GBNPVT TDJFOUJöD QSJODJQMF UIBU IBT CFFO UJNF BOE BHBJO SFBóSNFE EVSJOH UIF QSFWJPVT FEJUJPOT
PG +5% BDDPSEJOH UP XIJDI “any object immersed in a liquid will eventually be pushed back up to the surface”. I must confess that I was all the more worried to “have pulled PVU PG UIF IBUw UIJT ZFBS T UPQJD BCPVU i8BUFS and Its Many Issues” as not only am I far from CFJOH B TQFDJBMJTU JO UIF TVCKFDU CVU * XBT also initially very sceptical about this theme XIJDI TFFNFE UP NF UP CF UPP TQFDJöD OPU WFSZ BUUSBDUJWF BOE JO NZ PQJOJPO BU UIBU UJNF lacking any real development issues. I must TBZ UIBU GPS NF XIP BN BCPWF BMM B DJUJ[FO PG B EFWFMPQFE DPVOUSZ XBUFS JT OPUIJOH NPSF UIBO B MJRVJE UIBU øPXT PVU BVUPNBUJDBMMZ XIFO ZPV UVSO UIF UBQ UP ESJOL XBTI PS XBUFS your plants. 0G DPVSTF * IBE IFBSE BCPVU JU BT POF PG UIF .JMMFOOJVN %FWFMPQNFOU (PBMT .%(T PS BHBJO BU UIF *3% XIFSF NPSF UIBO B UIJSE PG the laboratories are carrying out research into UIJT RVFTUJPO GSPN POF BOHMF PS BOPUIFS BT +FBO 1BTDBM 5PSSÏUPO SFQSFTFOUBUJWF PG UIF *3% pointed out in his speech; but here it is above all “hard” science and only very marginally IVNBO BOE TPDJBM TDJFODFT 4JODF UIFO B MPU PG XBUFS IBT øPXFE VOEFS UIF CSJEHF BOE * WF had to water down a few of my opinions. 'JSTU PG BMM BOE B CJU CZ DIBODF * XBT BTLFE by the AFD to study the feasibility of the
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
implementation of a statistical protocol assessment for the evaluation of a water BEEVDUJPO QSPKFDU JO UIF QFSJQIFSBM OFJHICPVSIPPE PG ,JOTIBTIB DBQJUBM PG the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). *̓XBT NVDI NPSF JOUFSFTUFE JO UIF TDJFOUJöD RVFTUJPO PG JNQBDU BTTFTTNFOU XIJDI BT you know is in fashion at the moment and presents some frightening methodological DIBMMFOHFT FYQFSJNFOUBUJPO TBNQMF HSPVQT USFBUNFOU HSPVQT FUD 4P JO +VOF I went there on a mission and had a revelation.
water user associations around issues of general interest.
5IF QSPKFDU JO RVFTUJPO DPOTJTUFE JO ESJMMJOH IPMFT JOTUBMMJOH QVNQT BOE CVJMEJOH DJTUFSOT and public water fountains to provide drinking water to impoverished populations who had been used to getting water from the SJWFS EFFQ JO UIF DPVOUSZTJEF GBS GSPN UIFJS IPNFT JO PSEFS UP NBOBHF UIF TZTUFN XBUFS user associations – one of the most common TDIFNFT GPVOE JO SVSBM [POFT JO EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT CVU B MPU SBSFS JO DJUJFT o IBE CFFO DSFBUFE * öSTU PG BMM SFNBSLFE UIBU UIF öFME of possible impact was extremely wide and EJWFSTJöFE -FU NF HJWF GPVS FYBNQMFT
I even went a little further in my reflections and came to the conclusion (a hypothesis that needs testing) that in the context of B GBJMJOH 4UBUF BT JT UIF DBTF JO UIF %3$ o JO UIF BSFBT * N UBMLJOH BCPVU UIFSF JT OPU POMZ BO BCTFODF PG XBUFS CVU BO BCTFODF PG QVCMJD TFSWJDFT TDIPPMT CBTJD IFBMUI̓DFOUSFT – the association of water users was the best means of triggering a process of general basic development that went well beyond B̓ TJNQMF RVFTUJPO PG XBUFS *OEFFE * DBO UIJOL̓PG OP PUIFS PCKFDU UIBU FWFSZCPEZ OFFET JO FWFSZEBZ MJGF XIBUFWFS UIFJS BHF " TDIPPM QSPKFDU XJMM JOUFSFTU BCPWF BMM UIF QBSFOUT PG DIJMESFO PG TDIPPM BHF B IFBMUI DFOUSF UIF JMM FUD 8BUFS IPXFWFS JT MJGF OPU POMZ GSPN B QIZTJPMPHJDBM QPJOU PG WJFX CVU BMTP B social one. Once the associations are up and XPSLJOH GPS RVFTUJPOT PG XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU they can serve as a springboard for other BDUJWJUJFT XBTUF NBOBHFNFOU BDDFTT UP FMFDUSJDJUZ NJDSPDSFEJU TPDJBM BOE SFDSFBUJPOBM BDUJWJUJFT FUD
*NQBDU PO NBUFSOBM BOE JOGBOUJMF IFBMUI particularly through the reduction of diarrheal illnesses; *NQBDU PO WJPMFODF UPXBSET XPNFO JOEFFE XIFO HPJOH GBS UP HFU XBUFS BU JUT TPVSDF JO UIF FBSMZ NPSOJOH PS MBUF BU OJHIU women and girls were often attacked; - Impact on household economies and BMUFSOBUJWF BDUJWJUJFT UIF NBOZ IPVST OPU TQFOU HPJOH BOE RVFVJOH GPS XBUFS DPVME allow the girls to go to school and the women to start working (probably in the informal sector); 'JOBMMZ BO JNQBDU PO MPDBM HPWFSOBODF BOE TPDJBM DPIFTJPO JO UIF OFJHICPVSIPPET through the structuring of inhabitants by
I was already completely convinced of this XIFO * BSSJWFE BU UIF +5% CVU BGUFS UIFTF two days of plenary sessions I am even more DPOWJODFE -FU VT IBWF BOPUIFS MPPL BU XIBU UIF QBSUJDJQBOUT IBWF SFWFBMFE UP VT -FU VT begin with Olivier Tessier and his dive into the deep waters of eight centuries of hydrological EFWFMPQNFOUT JO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB #FZPOE the superb illustrations which impressed VT BMM WFSZ NVDI * TFF IFSF UIF QSPPG PG UIF central role of water in the construction of the 7JFUOBNFTF 4UBUF BOE UIVT UIF JOEJTQVUBCMF SFMFWBODF PG UIF UIFNF GPS UIJT DPVOUSZ BOE probably for the whole region. Water is not POMZ BO JTTVF SFTFSWFE GPS UIF EFTFSU [POFT PG UIF 4BIFM UIF .JEEMF &BTU PS FMTFXIFSF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
7JĚ?U̓/BN XBT CVJMU BSPVOE UIF NBTUFSJOH PG XBUFS IFSF UIF 3FE 3JWFS BOE JUT TXFMMJOHT It was true during the imperial and colonial QFSJPE BOE UBOHJCMF USBDFT BSF TUJMM WJTJCMF today. To understand the current economic TVDDFTT PG 7JĚ?U /BN POF NPTU QSPCBCMZ IBT to go and look at the foundations of that strong State – understood in the positive TFOTF PG B TUSVDUVSFE 4UBUF BO FOEPHFOPVT 4UBUF BOE OPU BO JNQPSUFE POF BT JU IBT manifested itself in other regions of the world; and not in the sense of a repressive State – GPSHFE BSPVOE UIJT RVFTUJPO PG XBUFS NBTUFSZ accompanied by this accompanying body PG DJWJM TFSWBOUT UIF iDFMFTUJBM CVSFBVDSBDZw XIJDI &UJFOOF #BMB[T < > referred to when talking about China and which Marx had used for one of his foundations in his “Asiatic Production Modelâ€?.< > 8IBU T NPSF * NBEF UIF SFøFDUJPO VTJOH NZ NPEFTU MJOHVJTUJD UBMFOUT UIBU JO 7JFUOBNFTF UIF XPSE iOË?Ě™Dw OPU POMZ NFBOT iXBUFSw CVU BMTP iDPVOUSZw PS i4UBUFw XIJDI TFFNT UP DPOĂśSN UIF JNQPSUBODF PG UIJT FMFNFOU JO UIJT DPVOUSZ 5JĚ‹O POF PG UIF GBJUIGVM +5% JOUFSQSFUFST TPNFPOF XIP JT WFSZ DVMUJWBUFE BOE XJUI XIPN * TQPLF EVSJOH UIF CSFBL DPOĂśSNFE UP NF UIBU UIJT MJOL UP XBUFS XFOU NVDI GVSUIFS UIBO UIBU It is an intimate part of the Vietnamese soul, and of the language and culture of every one of its citizens. +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF T QSFTFOUBUJPO JT EJSFDUMZ MJOLFE UP 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS T BT JU TQFBLT about the same thing – the Red River Delta – but moves forward in time to the postDPMPOJBM QFSJPE BOE GPDVTFT NPSF EJSFDUMZ PO POF PG XBUFS T NVMUJQMF VTFT BHSJDVMUVSBM
management. I shall single out two salient points in his presentation. 'JSTU UIF DPNQMFYJUZ PG UIF JOTUJUVUJPOT PG UIF players and the social interaction associated with water management. Even when the collectivisation period is excluded – which JODJEFOUBMMZ BQQFBST UP NF UP CF TVQFSĂśDJBMMZ USFBUFE JO B VOJGPSNMZ CMBOE CMBDL BOE OFHBUJWF XBZ BOE XIJDI EFTFSWFT UP CF treated in a way that goes beyond the typical stereotypes in order to give it all the subtlety granted to later periods – the following period and the one that brings us up to today show us to what extent the multiplication of EFDJTJPO NBLJOH CPEJFT CPUI BU OBUJPOBM BOE MPDBM MFWFM SFOEFST PCTPMFUF UIF USBEJUJPOBM bipolar division of the State-Market debate. How this Russian doll of decision-making CPEJFT QPMEFS EJTUSJDU DPNNVOF WJMMBHF GBSNFST TVDDFFET JO DPPSEJOBUJOH JUTFMG VQ to what point the central State intervenes CFGPSF̓ EFMFHBUJOH SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ JT B LFZ RVFTUJPO UP CF BOTXFSFE JG XF XJTI UP understand the alchemy (more or less TVDDFTTGVM PG UIF TZTUFN T GVODUJPOJOH *U BMTP DMFBSMZ TIPXT UIBU UIF UFDIOJDBM DPOTUSBJOUT which must have been his initial angle of BQQSPBDI BT BO BHSPOPNJTU BSF FNCFEEFE JO B TPDJBM FOWJSPONFOU XIJDI ĂśOBMMZ GBTIJPOT and conditions the parameters that will EFDJEF XIFUIFS UIF ĂśOBM PVUDPNF IFSF JSSJHBUJPO JT B TVDDFTT PS B GBJMVSF 5IF TFDPOE QPJOU XIJDI BQQFBST FTTFOUJBM UP NF DPODFSOT UIF SFTFBSDI RVFTUJPOT +FBO Philippe Fontenelle raised in his conclusion. If they are probably partly due to the fact that IJT SFTFBSDI EBUFT CBDL B GFX ZFBST XIJDI
< > #BMB[T & -B CVSFBVDSBUJF DĂ?MFTUF 3FDIFSDIF TVS M Ă?DPOPNJF FU MB TPDJĂ?UĂ? EF MB $IJOF USBEJUJPOOFMMF &EJUJPOT (BMMJNBSE -JCSBSZ PG )VNBO 4DJFODFT 1BSJT < > 4FF GPS FYBNQMF .BSY , BOE ' &OHFMT 5SPJT MFUUSFT Ă‹ QSPQPT EV NPEF EF QSPEVDUJPO BTJBUJRVF <-FUUFST QSFTFOUFE BOE DPNNFOUFE CZ #FSU + ' &35> -B 1IPDJEF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
NJHIU BQQFBS UP CF B XFBLOFTT UIFZ DBO on the contrary be considered an asset in UIF +5% GSBNFXPSL *T JU OPU UIF WFSZ BJN PG this summer school to present new research QFSTQFDUJWFT UP UIF ZPVOHFS HFOFSBUJPOT that is to say those present here today? In UIF QSFTFOUBUJPO CZ +FBO 1IJMJQQF * DBO TFF JO DFSUBJO BSFBT BT NBOZ EPDUPSBM TVCKFDUT BT UIF JTTVFT IF SBJTFE BOE * POMZ IPQF TPNF PG them will be taken up. 'PS UIF TBLF PG CBMBODF UIF PSHBOJTFST BMTP HBWF VT B HMJNQTF PG UIF 4PVUI BOUJDJQBUJOH UIF RVFTUJPO SBJTFE CZ "MFYJT %SPHPVM XJUI /HVZฬ O .BOI )VOH T QSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF (SFBUFS .FLPOH BOE UIF QPUFOUJBM DPOรธJDUT JU NJHIU DBVTF )FSF UPP GPS UIF TBLF PG CBMBODF BOE DPODJTJPO * TIBMM single out two salient points. While the two preceding presentations made us familiar with the subtle and sometimes violent games played between the central HPWFSONFOU BOE MPDBM QPXFST UIF .FLPOH JTTVFT BSF PO B DPNQMFUFMZ EJรฒFSFOU TDBMF that is to say they have a regional dimension. It is only on this scale that a whole load of RVFTUJPOT MJOLFE UP XBUFS o FOFSHFUJD XJUI EBNT รถTIJOH XBUFS TVQQMZ GPS NBO BOE BHSJDVMUVSF FUD o DBO CF BEESFTTFE 8JUI TJY OFJHICPVSJOH DPVOUSJFT UIF TUSBUFHJD BOE HFPQPMJUJDBM TUBLFT JO TIPSU iIJHI QPMJUJDTw JO UIF DPNNVOJUZ PG OBUJPOT BSF FOUFSJOH on the scene. We fully understand here that UIF QPXFS TUBLFT TVSSPVOEJOH UIF SJWFS CPUI VQTUSFBN BOE EPXOTUSFBN POF TVQFSQPXFS $IJOB BOE รถWF iTNBMMw 4PVUIFBTU "TJBO DPVOUSJFT CFHJO UP IBWF B SFBM NFBOJOH &WFO though the abundance of the resource seems VOUJM OPX UP IBWF MJNJUFE UIF DPOรธJDUT UIF NFUBQIPS PG B CBMBODF XIJDI XFJHIT IFBWJFS PO POF TJEF UIBO PO UIF PUIFS XIFSF BMM รถWF DPVOUSJFT BSF UPHFUIFS FTDBQFT OPCPEZ
4FDPOEMZ /HVZฬ O .BOI )VOH XBT UIF รถSTU UP PรฒFS VT B TFB WPZBHF BOE JU XBT OP QMFBTVSF DSVJTF (MPCBM XBSNJOH JT NPTU QSPCBCMZ going to have a devastating impact on the .FLPOH %FMUB " GFX รถHVSFT IBWF CFFO QVU GPSXBSE UP PG UIF BSFB XJMM disappear under water; several million people XJMM CF EJTQMBDFE BOE UIJT XJMM CFDPNF UFOT of millions on a regional scale. We were SFNJOEFE UIBU 7Jฬ U /BN XJMM CF BMPOH XJUI #BOHMBEFTI BOE B GFX PUIFS DPVOUSJFT POF PG UIF รถWF NPTU BรฒFDUFE DPVOUSJFT JO UIF XPSME 5IFSFGPSF XBUFS FWFO XIFO JO QMFOUJGVM TVQQMZ JT B UISFBU BOE B DPNCBU )FSF BHBJO UIFSF JT B NJSSPS FรฒFDU XJUI 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS T presentation. There is nothing new here. The รถHIU BHBJOTU OBUVSBM DBUBTUSPQIFT BOE UIF taming of nature has been a constant theme JO UIF SFHJPO UIF CJH EJรฒFSFODF OPX CFJOH UIF JOUFOTJUZ BOE OBUVSF PG UIF UISFBU UIJT time man is wholly responsible for the threat โ nature thus plays no part at all. Debates have for the most part been about forecasts. The TFB MFWFM XJMM SJTF IPX NBOZ NFUSFT BOE CZ XIFO 8IBU BSF UIF VOEFSMZJOH hypotheses? Can they be believed? What might their implications be and what action can be taken to prevent them? The very RVFTUJPO PG NFUIPE UIBU MJFT BU UIF IFBSU PG UIF GPVOEJOH QSPKFDU PG UIF +5% 5IF iGBDUTw BSF never facts. Olivier Tessier had to delve into the archives UP DPVOU POF CZ POF UIF รธPPET GBNJOFT BOE SFCFMMJPOT +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF IBE to establish an inventory to deconstruct UIF PรณDJBM XFC PG QPMEFST $BUIFSJOF #BSPO WPJDFE IFS EPVCUT BCPVU PรณDJBM รถHVSFT PO UIF FWPMVUJPO PG UIF .%(T 8IBU JT NFBOU CZ iESJOLJOH XBUFSw iEJTJOGFDUFE TPVSDFTw B RVFTUJPOJOH UIBU JT BMTP WBMJE GPS VSCBOJTBUJPO IPX DBO XF EFรถOF B DJUZ 'JOBMMZ "MFYJT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Drogoul alerted us about the necessity of breaking down the hypotheses behind the öHVSFT BOE UIF NBSHJOT PG VODFSUBJOUZ 5IFZ have convinced us that there is no purely UFDIOJDBM TPMVUJPO UP EFWFMPQNFOU CVU UIBU JU JT BCPWF BMM B RVFTUJPO PG NBO OBUVSF PS NBO climate interactions. 5IF "'% öMN XIJDI XBT TIPXO BCPVU UIF SFDPOTUSVDUJPO PG B QPMEFS JO $BNCPEJB BOE FTQFDJBMMZ UIF DPNNFOUBSJFT CZ +PTÏ 5JTTJFS BOE +FBO 1IJMJQQF 'POUFOFMMF NBHOJöDFOUMZ JMMVTUSBUFE UIJT TVCKFDU 0OF LFZ DPODMVTJPO seems to emerge from the screening and our EFCBUF UIBU PG UIF RVFTUJPO PG UJNF BOE UIF fundamental gap between the time of the QSPKFDU o TIPSU B GFX ZFBST o BOE UIBU PG TPDJBM DIBOHF XIJDI JT DPVOUFE JO EFDBEFT 'JOBMMZ BOE QBSBEPYJDBMMZ UIF BCTFODF PG BOZ QSJPS UFDIOJDBM GFBTJCJMJUZ TUVEZ FWFO UIPVHI JU NBZ IBWF EFMBZFE XPSL JT QFSIBQT UIF SFBTPO CFIJOE UIF QSPKFDU T TVDDFTT BT JU BMMPXFE them to give time for the consolidation of the CPU in order to tackle head on the management of the totality of works VOEFSUBLFO CZ UIF QSPKFDU B DPOEJUJPO XIJDI was paramount for the balance of the system. 8JUI +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS T QSFTFOUBUJPO World Maritime Issues, we not only really set sail, but PODF BHBJO XF DIBOHFE TDBMF HPJOH GSPN /HVZ̎O .BOI )VOH T TVC SFHJPOBM MFWFM UP a scale that is truly global. From this rapid PWFSWJFX PG UIF IJTUPSZ PG NBSJUJNF MBX GSPN JUT CJSUI BU UIF FOE PG UIF 4FDPOE 8PSME 8BS BOE PG JUT QSJODJQBM DPOUFNQPSBSZ DIBMMFOHFT I shall again single out two salient features. 0O UIF POF IBOE UIF JTTVF PG QPUFOUJBM conflicts on the Mekong became a real threat with tensions rising to breaking point in certain areas – skirmishes and the beginnings of armed conflict – and that international
law did its best to defuse; but this was BDDPNQMJTIFE XJUI POMZ MJNJUFE FóDJFODZ given the lack of supranational coercion power at its disposal. 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE XIBU DMFBSMZ BQQFBST JO +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS T QSFTFOUBUJPO JT the intrinsic interaction between “hard” TDJFODF BOE FDPOPNJD BOE QPMJUJDBM TUBLFT I was impressed to see that two of our legal experts had to try their hand at geology and mathematics in order to calculate the PóDJBM MJNJU PG FDPOPNJD FYDMVTJWF [POFT BOE UIF̓ DPOUJOFOUBM TIFMG 'JOBMMZ UIJT TBMMZ BQBSU +FBO 1JFSSF DMFBSMZ TUBUFE UIBU JOUFSOBUJPOBM MBX̓ JT TUJMM MBHHJOH CFIJOE JU is always necessary for crises to appear for it to react. He concluded on a pessimistic note by speaking about the demise of the NFSDIBOU OBWZ CFDBVTF PG UIF QSFTTVSF PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM̓ öOBODF BOE DVQJEJUZ )PXFWFS his message is also one of hope when he says UIJOHT BSF QSPHSFTTJOH 8IBUFWFS UIF DBTF BOE GSPN UIF QPJOU PG WJFX PG UIF +5% UIJT intrusion into the domain of “hard” science DMJNBUPMPHZ HFOFUJDT NBSJOF öTIFSZ BOE QSPTQFDUJWF TDJFODF DPOUJOVFT XJUI GPS UIF öSTU UJNF UIF QBSUJDJQBUJPO PG B UFBN of computer scientists from the world of NBUIFNBUJDT CPUI JO UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT BOE JO UIF XPSLTIPQT +VTU POF NPSF UIJOH BCPVU +FBO 1JFSSF #FVSJFS T QSFTFOUBUJPO XIBU TFFNT UP NF UP CF MBDLJOH QFSIBQT is the more active implication of social TDJFODFT JO UIJT NBSJUJNF FRVBUJPO BT GPS FYBNQMF TPDJPMPHZ BOE QPMJUJDBM TDJFODFT UP understand better the huge hiatus between the de jure (what the law says) and the de facto UIF XBZ JO XIJDI JU JT BQQMJFE EFQFOEJOH on the power relationships at work). After these incursions into inland waters BOE UIFO NBSJUJNF POFT $BUIFSJOF #BSPO
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
and Claude de Miras addressed another big JTTVF UIBU PG VSCBO XBUFST BOE UIFO NPSF TQFDJöDBMMZ QFSJ VSCBO XBUFST 5IFZ TIBSFE UIF UBTL JO B SBUIFS DMBTTJDBM NBOOFS $BUIFSJOF FYQSFTTFE UIF EFNBOE BOE UIFO $MBVEF QSPQPTFE UIF PòFS 0G DPVSTF * GFFM WFSZ DMPTF UP UIFJS TVCKFDU BT * NFOUJPOFE XIJMF PO UIF TVCKFDU PG NZ SFDFOU FYQFSJFODF JO UIF öFME JO ,JOTIBTB What struck me about their introduction to the workshop is the idea of turning upside EPXO UIF DMBTTJDBM BQQSPBDI o öSTU UIFSF XBT UIF UFDIOJDBM JTTVF BOE UIFO PQUJPOBMMZ that of governance – by postulating that HPWFSOBODF UIF TPDJBM NBOBHFNFOU PG XBUFS NVTU CF BQQSJTFE öSTU PG BMM BHBJOTU UIF CBDLESPQ PG UIF GPMMPXJOH QSJODJQMF “describe or forge the social contract around water, and I will tell you what technical solution may emerge”. I will go a step further by suggesting UIBU UIFJS QBSBEJHN TIJGU JT EPVCMF UIBU GSPN XIBU * IBWF KVTU TQPLFO BCPVU CVU BMTP GSPN UIF QPJOU PG WJFX PG SFTFBSDI JU JT UISPVHI RVFTUJPOT MJOLFE UP QFSJ VSCBOJTBUJPO BOE OPU UP UIF FTUBCMJTIFE DJUZ UIBU OFX QSPCMFNBUJDT BOE QFSIBQT FWFO B UIFPSFUJDBM SFBQQSBJTBM will emerge. 'JOBMMZ * E MJLF UP SFNBSL UIBU UIF "GSJDBO experience – the north for Claude and Sub4BIBSBO GPS $BUIFSJOF o XJMM CF BT JU IBT CFFO proved during the preceding editions of UIF +5% B HSFBU BTTFU GPS UIF XPSLTIPQT UP propose a comparative study of the situations in the region. Alexis Drogoul and his team are undoubtedly UIF "NFSJDBO TUBST PG UIFTF +5% 8IBU UIFZ so brilliantly demonstrated appears to be in some way the miraculous solution UP UIF DPNQMFY RVFTUJPOT XF IBWF CFFO BTLJOH 5IBOLT UP IJT BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMT
TUFNNJOH GSPN IJT BSUJöDJBM JOUFMMJHFODF SFTFBSDI BOE DFMMVMBS BVUPNBUB IF BOE IJT team seem capable of taking into account all the concepts we have put forward. We have spoken about “dealing with the complexities” and here we believe that we can do so by DPOUJOVBMMZ QVTIJOH CBDL GSPOUJFST UIBOLT to the power of computing and our powers PG DPODFQUVBMJTBUJPO 'VSUIFSNPSF BOE UIJT JT B WFSZ BUUSBDUJWF JEFB XF DBO SFBMMZ EFBM XJUI UIFTF RVFTUJPOT UPHFUIFS UIFNBUJDJBOT and computer scientists. We have attached much importance to the role of the players BOE IFSF QSFDJTFMZ XF DBO NPEFM BO JOöOJUF OVNCFS PG BHFOUT PG BMM UZQFT CZ BUUSJCVUJOH UP UIFN NPSF PS MFTT DPNQMFY CFIBWJPVST FWPMWJOH XJUI UJNF XJUI QPTTJCMF MFBSOJOH NFDIBOJTNT BOE XF DBO EP UIJT BU EJòFSFOU MFWFMT PG BOBMZTJT NJDSP NFTP NBDSP What more could we wish for? We get that IFBEZ TFOTBUJPO UIBU BOZUIJOH JT QPTTJCMF that we can solve all our problems. This is what you will undertake next week in 8PSLTIPQ 'PVS "O FYDJUJOH QSPTQFDU 'PS NF JU JT FWJEFOUMZ QSPHSFTT CVU BU UIF TBNF UJNF * N XPSSJFE BCPVU UIF NBE IPQFT JU NJHIU JOTQJSF 8F TIPVME BWPJE UIJT BT XF IBWF KVTU demonstrated that science is not the answer UP FWFSZUIJOH BOE UIBU HPWFSOBODF BOE social interaction are at least as important as science. We could thus get stuck in the TBNF SVU CZ CFMJFWJOH UIBU UFDIOJRVF IFSF DPNQVUFS TDJFODF BGUFS FOHJOFFSJOH JT HPJOH UP TPMWF BMM PVS QSPCMFNT B SFUVSO JO TPNF XBZT UP TDJFOUJTN /POFUIFMFTT * UIJOL Alexis Drogoul was very clear. He claims that UIF NPEFMT IBWF UXP VTFT QSFEJDUJPO GPS XIJDI JU JT CFTU LOPXO CVU BMTP BOE GPS NF perhaps especially) feeding and stimulating TDJFOUJöD EFCBUF 8F EP OPU UIJOL BCPVU UIJT PGUFO FOPVHI BOE ZFU JU JT UIF DFOUSBM
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
SPMF PG TJNVMBUJPOT XIJDI JNQMJFT EJTDVTTJOH UIF IZQPUIFTFT XIJMF TJUUJOH BSPVOE B UBCMF which is what we are about to do in Tam ฤ แบฃo. The issue of water is well adapted to this exercise. )FSF XF BSF BU UIF FOE PG UIJT PWFSWJFX UIF pertinence and the suitability of the theme PG XBUFS UP UIF +5% TDJFOUJรถD QSPKFDU TFFNT today to have been perfectly demonstrated. .PSF CSPBEMZ UIFTF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPOT BOE UIF XPSLTIPQT XIJDI BSF WJTJCMF PO UIF IPSJ[PO SFJOGPSDF UIF JEFB UIBU UIFTF +5% BCPVU XBUFS GVMรถM UIF GPVOEJOH NJTTJPO UP XIJDI UIFZ have been assigned. They fall under the seal of a methodological approach; in order to NBOBHF UIF DPNQMFYJUZ PG EFWFMPQNFOU only a diversity of approaches to research will FOBCMF VT UP SFTQPOE 5ISPVHI NVMUJEJTDJQMJOBSJUZ BHSPOPNJTUT FDPOPNJTUT IJTUPSJBOT QPMJUJDBM TDJFOUJTUT BOUISPQPMPHJTUT MFHBM FYQFSUT HFPHSBQIFST and even this year computer scientists and NPEFMMFST *O UIJT EPNBJO UIF +5% BMXBZT HPFT B MJUUMF GVSUIFS BT XF BSF QSPHSFTTJWFMZ witnessing a blending of genres. The plenary sessions and the workshops are not POMZ UIF KVYUBQPTJUJPO PG NPOP EJTDJQMJOBSZ TFTTJPOT CVU EJรฒFSFOU QPJOUT PG WJFX DSPTT QBUIT XJUIJO UIFN MFHBM FYQFSUT BOE FDPOPNJTUT XPSLTIPQ BOUISPQPMPHJTUT IJTUPSJBOT BOE FDPOPNJTUT XPSLTIPQ UP mention but a few; 5ISPVHI UIF NPCJMJTBUJPO PG EJรฒFSFOU UZQFT PG EFWFMPQNFOU QMBZFS BOE SFTFBSDI titular researchers from principal research JOTUJUVUJPOT VOJWFSTJUJFT *3% $/34 FUD SFTFBSDIFST GSPN UIF XPSME PG /(0T UIJT ZFBS (3&5 PS FWFO EPOPST "'% *O UIJT SFHBSE * TIPVME MJLF UP DPOHSBUVMBUF UIF "'% GPS JUT TJHOJรถDBOU QBSUJDJQBUJPO OPU POMZ JO รถOBODJOH UIF +5% CVU BMTP GPS JUT
implication through the mobilising of its FYQFSUT BOE JUT QSPEVDUT UIF รถMN TIPXO to us this year follows others which were TIPXO EVSJOH QSFWJPVT +5% FEJUJPOT BOE for doing this without straying from the CBTJT PG TDJFOUJรถD EFPOUPMPHZ QSJODJQMFT โ guaranteeing the independence of research. This is something rare enough to deserve mention; - Through the multiplication of scales of BOBMZTJT NJDSP TPDJBM BOE MPDBM OBUJPOBM regional and global. In a world where the division of labour and specialisation is becoming more and more TPQIJTUJDBUFE CFZPOE UIF JOJUJBM FYDJUFNFOU JO QBSUJDVMBS JO UIF XPSME PG SFTFBSDI XF BSF DMFBSMZ SPXJOH BHBJOTU UIF DVSSFOU )PXFWFS JU BMTP TFFNT UP NF UIBU UIBOLT UP JUT รถWF ZFBST PG TVDDFTT UIF +5% TFSWFT BT BO JNQPSUBOU example and will continue to do so. In this second to last edition of the contract CFUXFFO UIF +5% QBSUOFS JOTUJUVUJPOT JU JT OPX OFDFTTBSZ UP MPPL UP JUT GVUVSF JUT DPOUJOVBUJPO and institutionalisation. I think I am right in saying that a reflection in this sense has BMSFBEZ CFFO JOJUJBUFE BOE * TIBMM BEE UIBU UIF i1ร QJOJร SF EPDUPSBMw QSPKFDU UIBU JT DVSSFOUMZ CFJOH TFU VQ BOE BCPVU XIJDI 0MJWJFS (BSSP UIF EJSFDUPS PG UIF "6' GPS UIF "TJB 1BDJรถD SFHJPO TQPLF EVSJOH IJT PQFOJOH TQFFDI JT B QSPKFDU UIBU HPFT JO UIJT EJSFDUJPO BT UIF +5% have been asked to play a pivotal role in this SFHJPOBM QSPKFDU *O DPODMVTJPO BMNPTU UIPVHI XF BSF RVJDL UP say a whole range of things about structures BOE JOTUJUVUJPOT BU UIF IFBSU PG UIFTF MJF JOEJWJEVBMT :FT JU T NFO BOE XPNFO XIP DPVOU 0O UIJT QPJOU XJUIPVU B TIBEPX PG B EPVCU 4Uร QIBOF -BHSร F BOE #VJ 5IV 5SBOH XIP BSF UIF MZODIQJOT UIF NBTUFSNJOET
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
CFIJOE UIF +5% -FU VT OPU CF TDBSFE PG TBZJOH JU XJUIPVU UIFN UIFTF +5% XPVME CF taking in water and would probably sink to the bottom. A round of applause is called for. )FSF XF BSF JU JT OPX UJNF UP QSFQBSF UP set sail for 5BN å˽P :PV BSF HPJOH UP TFQBSBUF into four groups that stem directly from the plenary sessions. The latter have allowed you UP CFDPNF GBNJMJBS XJUI UIF JTTVFT BOE UIF
NFUIPET UP SFTQPOE UP UIFTF RVFTUJPOT XJMM CF EFWFMPQFE UIFSF 'SPN UIJT QPJOU PG WJFX nothing is yet decided. Water can constitute B UISFBU -FU NF SFNJOE ZPV UIBU JO DMBTTJDBM NZUIPMPHZ JU XBT B SJWFS UIF 4UZY XIJDI led to the gates of Hell. Water can also be a CMFTTJOH EP XF OPU CBUIF JO IBQQJOFTT JO )FBWFO #FUXFFO UIFTF UXP QBUIT JU JT NBO XIP XJMM NBLF UIF EJòFSFODF UIBU JT UP TBZ you starting next week!
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
1BSU Workshops
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
4FB 3JTLT BOE (PWFSOBODF Jean-Pierre Beurier – Honorary professor, University of Nantes, Pierre Cariou – Euromed Management, Marseilles Business School, Patrice Guillotreau – University of Nantes, Yves Perraudeau – University of Nantes
Multiple human activities are increasingly EFQFOEFOU PO UIF TFB ÜTIJOH BRVBDVMUVSF USBOTQPSU BOE USBEF NBSJOF FOFSHJFT FUD BOE man-environment activities must be better understood in order to envisage governance that both attenuates the risks run and renders activities more sustainable. This workshop sets out to analyse the legal and economic issues of the exploitation of resources and maritime space by seeking indicators of sustainable EFWFMPQNFOU SFBM MJGF TJUVBUJPOT BOE UIF analysis grids of some maritime activities CJP FDPOPNJD NPEFMT DPNQFUJUJWF BOBMZTJT FòFDUT BQQSPBDI DPOUJOHFOU WBMVBUJPO FUD *O UIF DBTF PG UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG ÜTIFSJFT BOE BRVBDVMUVSF CBTJD OPUJPOT PG CJP economic modelling are introduced and completed by the search for indicators of the sustainable management of resources. Aspects of international trade and framework
policies for the exchange of ocean produce are also discussed. In the case of maritime USBOTQPSU B HBNF TJNVMBUJOH DPNQFUJUJPO JO UIF OFUXPSL PG SFHVMBS TFB SPVUFT XJUI HSPVQT DPNQPTFE PG TUVEFOU UFBNT BMMPXT VT UP CFUUFS VOEFSTUBOE TUBLFIPMEFST TUSBUFHJFT and particularly the implementation of strategic alliances in this sector. In the case PG UIF TUVEZ PG UIF NBSJOF FOWJSPONFOU the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model serves as a framework for the analysis of man-nature interactions and contexts of environmental change; this model is applied to several cases of local ecosystems by the trainees. Indirect methods of evaluation of non-market environmental goods are proposed. The uses of the sea are analysed with regards to the multiplying FòFDUT FOHFOEFSFE CZ MPDBM FDPOPNJFT
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
(Transcript) Day 1, Morning of Monday 16th July Introduction of trainers and trainees (see trainers’ biographies, list of trainees inserted at the end of the chapter); explanations by Yves Perraudeau of Saturday’s feedback objectives. [Patrice Guillotreau] From the introductions and expectations of everyone here I have singled out three UIFNBUJD JOQVUT DPBTUBM QPQVMBUJPOT o NFBOT PG TVCTJTUFODF DPBTUBM BDUJWJUJFT ÜTIJOH climate change and sustainable development; issues of conflict and regulation. Talking about risk means addressing both natural risks – such as climate change – and man-made risks that may be linked to tensions that have not yet boiled over in a domain of competition related to the use of a resource for example. 'SPN B HPWFSOBODF QPJOU PG WJFX XF BSF going to look at institutional and regulatory issues. How can we create institutions that are adapted to dealing with natural and man-made problematics including climate change?
2.1.1. Sustainable Management of Fish Resources [Yves Perraudeau] 'JTIJOH BOE BRVBDVMUVSF DPSSFTQPOE UP UXP EJòFSFOU UZQFT PG CFIBWJPVS BOE FDPOPNZ *O UIF ÜSTU DBTF XF USBEJUJPOBMMZ UBML BCPVU UIF HBUIFSJOH FDPOPNZ XIJDI SFGFST CBDL UP UIF traditional activity in which man took what
he found. In this type of behaviour nothing JT BOUJDJQBUFE BT NBO MJLF B IVOUFS XIFO IF TFUT PVU EPFT OPU LOPX XIBU IF JT HPJOH ÜOE and take away. 8JUI BRVBDVMUVSF XF ÜOE PVSTFMWFT JO B EJòFSFOU QSPEVDUJPO MPHJD PG SFBSJOH BOJNBMT behaviours are then traditionally those of producers and enterprise managers. We are ÜSTU HPJOH UP SFTUSJDU PVSTFMWFT UP ÜTIJOH BOE XF TIBMM SFUVSO UP BRVBDVMUVSF UPNPSSPX Yves Perraudeau succinctly describes the different fishing gear used in France – the trawl, drift netters, seine net fishing, trap fishing, lines and pulleys, dragging –, criteria of size and number of days per year they are allowed to take to the sea. By referring to the case of Europe, the distinction between four types of fishing is highlighted: smallscale fishing – carried out along the coast for period generally shorter than one day; coastal fishing – three days at sea; off coast fishing – between fifteen and three weeks at sea; deep-sea fishing – boats longer than forty metres. Finally, several types of fishing economy are identified, notably according to the statute of the head of enterprise: owner, non-owner, aboard, not aboard. The objective here is to differentiate artisanal fishing – boats of less than twenty-five metres in length, owner aboard – from semi-industrial and industrial fishing for which bigger boats are used, more than twenty-five metres, and on which the owner is not aboard. $BO ZPV VTJOH UIFTF GFX DSJUFSJB DIBSBDUFSJTF ÜTIJOH JO ZPVS DPVOUSZ PS SFHJPO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[Patrice Guillotreau] We must also take into account the criteria PG FOHJOF TJ[F XIJDI BSF PGUFO UIF DSJUFSJB VTFE UP NFBTVSF öTIJOH DBQBDJUZ PS BHBJO PSHBOJTBUJPOBM DSJUFSJB TVDI BT UIF EVSBUJPO of tides.
5IFSF̓ JT BMTP PG DPVSTF UIF JNQBDU PG WBMVBUJPO ̓ UIF WBMVF PG UIF DBUDI JO WBMVF JOEVTUSJBM öTIJOH QSPEVDF JT DMFBSMZ MFTT WBMVBCMF UIBO öTI DBVHIU CZ BSUJTBOBM CPBUT UP Phạm Trương Hương Giang
"SF ZPV BXBSF PG UIF FYJTUJOH DMBTTJöDBUJPOT JO OBUJPOBM öTIJOH TZTUFNT 8IBU XPVME CF UIF SFMFWBOU DSJUFSJB UP TVCEJWJEF UIF EJòFSFOU categories of activity?
"SUJTBOBM öTIJOH IBT MPOH CFFO B USBEJUJPO JO 7J̏U /BN öSNMZ BODIPSFE JO UIF MJWFT of coastal populations. This activity is progressing slowly.
Huỳnh Thị Bích Phụng
Võ Hữu Hòa
5P NZ LOPXMFEHF JO 7J̏U /BN UIF MPDBM QPQVMBUJPO JEFOUJöFT UXP UZQFT PG DMBTTJöDBUJPO JOEVTUSJBM BOE BSUJTBOBM öTIJOH XIFSF öTIFSNFO VTF TJNQMF SVEJNFOUBSZ UPPMT TVDI BT MBSHF CBTLFUT
*O DPVOUSJFT XIFSF UIF öTIJOH FDPOPNZ JT EFWFMPQFE JOEVTUSJBM öTIJOH JT JO UIF IBOET PG CJH FOUFSQSJTFT BOE UIF QSPEVDF DBVHIU will serve the transformation industry. In Việt /BN UIJT JT OPU UIF DBTF &OUFSQSJTFT BSF GBNJMZ ones. However there are cooperatives that support this system.
Phạm Tuấn Anh "SUJTBOBM öTIJOH PDDVQJFT B MBSHF QMBDF JO 7J̏U̓ /BN *OEVTUSJBM öTIJOH NBLFT VTF PG NFEJVN TJ[FE CPBUT BOE MFTT UIBO POF month is spent at sea. Could you specify for us the weight of the French maritime industry in the economy? [Yves Perraudeau]
'PS PòTIPSF öTIJOH UIF DSJUFSJPO PG DMBTTJöDBUJPO JT FOHJOF QPXFS MFTT UIBO IQ FRVBM UP PS NPSF UIBO IQ BOE B NBYJNVN̓PG PS IQ [Yves Perraudeau] Here we shall suppose that boats of less than IQ BSF BSUJTBOBM
Fishing is of minimal weight in the French FDPOPNZ .PTU PG UIF 'SFODI öTIJOH TFDUPS JT BSUJTBOBM JOEVTUSJBM öTIJOH DPODFSOT WFSZ GFX vessels and its economic weight is very light. 0OF FYDFQUJPO JT UVOB öTIJOH DBSSJFE PVU JO UIF *OEJBO BOE "UMBOUJD PDFBOT Pò UIF DPBTUT of Africa.
"SF UIFSF BOZ QPMZWBMFOU öTIFSNFO UIBU JT UP TBZ öTIFSNBO XIP BMTP IBWF PUIFS KPCT
*G XF DPOTJEFS 'SBODF PS &VSPQF JUT DPOUSJCVUJPO̓SFNBJOT CFMPX PG UIF (SPTT /BUJPOBM 1SPEVDU (/1 /PUBCMF SFHJPOBM EJòFSFODFT NBZ FYJTU *OEVTUSJBM öTIJOH SFQSFTFOUT GFX CPBUT BOE GFX KPCT CVU QSPEVDFT UP PG öTIJOH WPMVNF
Huỳnh Thị Bích Phụng
[Patrice Guillotreau]
'VSUIFSNPSF EP UIFZ öTI POF PS TFWFSBM EJòFSFOU TQFDJFT 8F NVTU CFBS JO NJOE UIBU JU JT QPTTJCMF UP DMBTTJGZ öTIJOH BDUJWJUJFT according to modes of human organisation.
*O UIF DPBTUBM DJUZ PG /IB 5SBOH JO UIF DFOUSF PG 7J̏U /BN öTIFSNFO POMZ DBSSZ PVU UIJT POF
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
activity; they do not specialise in catching POF UZQF PG รถTI [Yves Perraudeau] %P รถTIFSNFO CFOFรถU GSPN 4UBUF BJE GPS UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG UIFJS CPBUT JO JOEVTUSJBM PS BSUJTBOBM รถTIJOH *T UIFSF BOZ EJSFDU BJE GSPN UIF QVCMJD QPXFST CF JU UIF 4UBUF PS UFSSJUPSJBM communities? Nguyแป n Xuรขn Lรขm #BOLT PรฒFS MPBOT BU TQFDJBM SBUFT XJUI MPOH SFJNCVSTFNFOU QFSJPET BJNFE BU JOEVTUSJBM รถTIJOH JO UIF IJHI TFBT #VU UIJT TZTUFN DBNF VQ BHBJOTU UIF EJรณDVMUZ PG SFJNCVSTFNFOUT (SBOUT BDDPVOU GPS CFUXFFO BOE PG UIF TFDUPS T (/1
Figure
7
[Patrice Guillotreau] 5IJT รถHVSF BMTP DPSSFTQPOET UP รถTIJOH subsidation rates throughout the world. Lรช Thแป Hแบฑng Giang We can also mention a decision by the Prime .JOJTUFS JO DPODFSOJOH HSBOUT GPS QPPS IPVTFIPMET XIFSF รถTIFSNFO BSF FYQMJDJUMZ referred to. This decision granted aid to รถTIFSNFO GPS UIF QVSDIBTF PS CVJMEJOH PG B vessel โ vessels whose engines are bigger UIBO IQ 5IF HSBOU BNPVOUFE UP 7/% . QFS WFTTFM QFS ZFBS o UIBU JT UP TBZ BCPVU &63อ อ [Yves Perraudeau] -FU VT UBLF B MPPL UPHFUIFS BU UIF NBJO USFOET TVSSPVOEJOH DBUFHPSJFT PG รถTIJOH CZ VTJOH international data.
Sustainable Development of Fishing Resources (1950-2010)
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
.BOZ รถTIJOH [POFT DBNF PVU PG B QFSJPE PG biological rest following the Second World 8BS BT NBOZ DPVOUSJFT SFTVNFE รถTIJOH BDUJWJUJFT $BUDI JODSFBTF EBUFT CBDL UP T o BSPVOE UP NJMMJPO UPOOFT โ after which it began to stagnate. On the PUIFS IBOE BRVBDVMUVSF XIJDI XBT UPUBMMZ JOFYJTUFOU BGUFS UIF XBS CFHBO UP QSPHSFTT JO UIF T FTQFDJBMMZ GSPN UIF T XIFO BRVBDVMUVSF IFMQT FYQMBJO UIF DPOUJOVBUJPO PG
Figure
8
catch-farming production growth. We can of course see this progress when we look at the SFTQFDUJWF TIBSFT PG รถTIJOH BRVBDVMUVSF JO BOE UPEBZ JO [Patrice Guillotreau] 8IFO XF SFGFS UP XPSMEXJEF DPOTVNQUJPO XF RVPUF BO BOOVBM DPOTVNQUJPO PG BSPVOE อ LH QFS JOIBCJUBOU
Principal Fishing Countries in 2009
Source: FAO.
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
[Yves Perraudeau] 8IJDI DPVOUSJFT IBWF UIF CJHHFTU öTIJOH fleets?
Table
5
0G DPVSTF $IJOB JT POF PG UIFTF CVU XF BMTP öOE NBOZ DPVOUSJFT TJUVBUFE PO UIF 1BDJöD 3JN QBSUJDVMBSMZ "TJBO DPVOUSJFT
Catch by Species Group in 1950 and 2009
Source: FAO.
%FNFSTBM EFFQ TFB öTI MJWF BU UIF CPUUPN PG UIF TFB QFMBHJD öTI BSF GPVOE BU NJE EFQUI SFMBUJWFMZ DMPTF UP UIF TVSGBDF 5IF diadromous species makes up the third group. The latter lives both in salt and fresh XBUFS o̓BOE JODMVEFT TBMNPO FFMT BOE DFSUBJO types of shrimp.
A decrease in the weight of the demersal DBUDI̓ JT DVSSFOUMZ CFJOH PCTFSWFE XIJMF QFMBHJD öTI o TVDI BT UIF BODIPWZ PS sardine – are the biggest catch. This points UP B QIFOPNFOPO PG PWFSöTIJOH PG EFNFSTBM öTI
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[Patrice Guillotreau] (FOFSBMMZ EFNFSTBM öTI BSF QSFEBUPST PG UIF QFMBHJD TQFDJFT XIJDI BSF DPOTJEFSFE UP CF GPSBHF öTI )FSF XF DBO PCTFSWF B SFMBUJWF EFDMJOF PG UIF EFNFSTBM TQFDJFT BOE B SFMBUJWF rise in the pelagic species. 5IF FYQSFTTJPO PG UIF BMJNFOUBSZ DIBJO PS PG UIF USPQIJD POF XPVME TIPX UIF CJHHFS QSFEBUPST EPXO UP QIZUPQMBOLUPO QBTTJOH CZ GPSBHF öTI BOE TQFDJFT PG [PPQMBOLUPO UIBU TFSWF BT GPPE UP UIFTF GPSBHF öTI BOE which themselves feed on phytoplankton.
Figure
9
The work of Daniel Pauly and his colleagues IBT EFNPOTUSBUFE EFFQFS BOE EFFQFS öTIJOH in the trophic chain (Pauly et al. (FOFSBMMZ TVQFSJPS öTI IBWF B IJHIFS WBMVF BOE BSF UIF QSJPSJUZ UBSHFU PG öTIFSNFO 8F DBO UIFO PCTFSWF B USJDLMF EPXO FòFDU UIF MFOHUI PG UIF GPPE DIBJO BT öTIJOH CFDPNFT NPSF JOUFOTJWF 5PEBZ UIJT EZOBNJD MFBET us to consider the eco-system rather than UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG öTI TUPDLT TQFDJFT CZ species. The average fall in the trophic index is FTUJNBUFE UP CF CFUXFFO BOE FWFSZ ten years.
Analysis of the Trophic Level: World Catches are Being Carried Out Deeper and Deeper in the Trophic Chains
Source: Pauly et al. (1998).
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Diagram 23 Fishing and Sustainable Development
Source: Authorโ s construction.
8IBU DPOTUJUVUFT TVTUBJOBCMF รถTIJOH 8IBU JOEJDBUPST DBO CF EFรถOFE UP NFBTVSF UIF TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ PG รถTIJOH We can refer to the three traditional pillars PG TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU UIF FDPOPNZ UIF FOWJSPONFOU BOE TPDJFUZ BOE JOUFHSBUF RVFTUJPOT PG HPWFSOBODF "T GBS BT TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU JT DPODFSOFE PCKFDUJWFT DBO CF DFOUSFE PO B SJTF JO MJWJOH TUBOEBSET QSJDF JODSFBTFT UP BMMPX รถTIFSNFO UP FBSO IJHIFS TBMBSJFT DPTU NBSHJOT WBMVBUJPO PG co-products and the commercial threshold GPS FYQPSUJOH DPVOUSJFT TVDI BT 7Jฬ U /BN or Thailand for example. In the social EPNBJO XF TIBMM FYBNJOF UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG QSPรถUT oอ UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF TVSQMVT DSFBUFE CZ UIF รถTIJOH TFDUPS UIF DSFBUJPO PG KPCT
TVCTJTUFODF QSPCMFNT XIFO รถTIJOH JT B GPPE TPVSDF CBMBODF JO /PSUI 4PVUI SFMBUJPOT etc. The environmental dimension may have BT BO PCKFDUJWF UIF QSFTFSWBUJPO PG UIF FDP TZTUFN UIF NBJOUBJOJOH PG UIF TUBUF PG UIF SFTPVSDF CVU BMTP UIF NPOJUPSJOH PG UIF IFBMUI RVBMJUZ PG QSPEVDF PS UIF DPOUSPM PG carbon dioxide emissions emanating from sea vessels. In order to reduce the tensions MJOLFE UP UIFTF PCKFDUJWFT BTQFDUT PG HPWFSOBODF BSF DSVDJBM SVMFT GPS UIF BDDFTT PG QPQVMBUJPOT UP SFTPVSDFT TIBSJOH PG NBSJUJNF TQBDF CFUXFFO EJรฒFSFOU VTFST NBOBHFNFOU PG SVOOJOH DPTUT BU WBSJPVT MFWFMT DPNNVOJUZ OBUJPOBM FSBEJDBUJPO PG VOSFQPSUFE BOE VOSFHVMBUFE รถTIJOH
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
The aim of this day for us is to reflect together on the indicators that correspond UP UIF EJòFSFOU EJNFOTJPOT PG UIF TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU PG öTIJOH [Yves Perraudeau] Price is also an indicator of sustainable EFWFMPQNFOU *O UFSNT PG JODPNF JU JT satisfactory on the economic level and interesting on the social one.
Figure
If high prices are interesting on an economic BOE TPDJBM MFWFM UIFZ DBO BMTP MFBE UP UIF JOUFOTJöDBUJPO PG UIF DBUDI BOE CFDBVTF PG UIJT IBWF B OFHBUJWF FòFDU PO B CJPMPHJDBM level for example. Until the beginning of UIF T UIF QSJDF JOEFY GPS DBVHIU öTI XBT̓ JOGFSJPS UP UIBU PG BRVBDVMUVSF UIFO the gap between the two price indexes narrowed. The fall in price of farmed produce DSFBUFE EJóDVMUJFT GPS öTI GBSNJOH JO &VSPQF o XIJDI FYQMBJOT UIF EJóDVMUJFT PG NBJOUBJOJOH öTI GBSNJOH JO &VSPQF
10 Price-Cost Margin by Fishing Method in the World
Source: Lam et al. (2011).
Wide gaps can be observed between certain BDUJWJUJFT -BOEFE DPTUT HSFBUMZ FYDFFE UIF BWFSBHF DPTU BOE GPS PUIFS BDUJWJUJFT UIF opposite is true. This sometimes necessitates
JOUFSWFOUJPO B TPSU PG DPNQFOTBUJPO 8IBUFWFS UIF TZTUFN UVOB öTIJOH BQQFBST UP CF QBSUJDVMBSMZ QSPöUBCMF
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Table
6
Table / Indicators “Sustainable Fishing� in France (2009)
Source: RÊseau d’informations comptables et Êconomiques sur la pêche (RICEP), using data from the Data Collection Framework (DCF), the Direction des pêches maritimes (DPMA) and the Centre de gestion de la pêche artisanale (CGPA).
[Patrice Guillotreau] :PV IBWF B ĂśSTU JOEJDBUPS UIBU TIPXT UIF average energy consumption per kilo of MBOEFE ĂśTI 5IF MFTT FOFSHZ DPOTVNJOH specialties will be better positioned than others. This indicator is interesting because it allows us compare the price of a litre PG EJFTFM XJUI B LJMP PG ĂśTI UIJT JOEJDBUPS HJWFT VT JOGPSNBUJPO BCPVU QSPĂśUBCJMJUZ and greenhouse gas emissions caused by ĂśTIJOH 5IF OVNCFS PG KPCT QFS UIPVTBOE UPOT PG DBUDI SFWFBMT BOPUIFS SFBMJUZ BOPUIFS QFSGPSNBODF MFWFM UIJT UJNF SFMBUJWF UP UIF social level of sustainable development. Another reading of the activity is again given by the economic result per tonne of landed ĂśTI 5IF MBTU JOEJDBUPS DPODFSOT GPPE TBGFUZ JTTVFT XIJDI JT BO FTTFOUJBM QPJOU XIFO JU concerns the sustainable development of a TPDJFUZ EFQFOEFOU PO ĂśTI QSPUFJOT
-FU VT OPUF UIBU UIF MFBTU WJSUVPVT ĂśTIJOH HFBS on an environmental level will best cater for needs in food. 8F BSF HPJOH UP BTL ZPV UP ĂśMM JO UIF HSJE PG JOEJDBUPST CZ TVCEJWJEJOH UIF XPSLTIPQ JO groups according to the three main pillars of sustainable development and aspects of HPWFSOBODF 5P IFMQ ZPV UP EP UIJT ZPV IBWF articles that have already been handed out (c.f BSUJDMFT RVPUFE JO SFBEJOH UFYUT 1BSU PG the data is accessible for everyone on the FAO site by downloading the FishstatPlus software programme. Patrice Guillotreau introduces the software programme to the workshop.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
-FU VT QVSTVF PVS BJN CZ VTJOH XIBU JT perhaps a more conceptual approach and UBLJOH B MPPL BU ÜTIJOH UIFPSZ 5IF FWPMVUJPO of stock in a virgin area can be simply
Figure
SFQSFTFOUFE TUPDL DBO CF TFFO BT BO JOWBTJWF species colonising a new environment that will develop before reaching maximum capacity in its milieu.
11 Growth According to Stock
Source: Schaefer (1954).
(SPXUI EFQFOEJOH PO TUPDL JT SFQSFTFOUFE BT B NBUIFNBUJDBM GVODUJPO UP XIJDI DBO CF given several forms and which is represented by “ΔXw o i9w CFJOH UIF CJPNBTT UIF TUPDL PG ĂśTI 5XP DMFBSMZ NBSLFE QPJOUT JEFOUJGZ [FSP HSPXUI XIFO UIF QPQVMBUJPO TUPDL is exhausted and is no longer capable of reproducing; when the global growth of the TUPDL XIJDI DBO CF NFBTVSFE JO UPOOFT PG CJPNBTT JT BMTP [FSP o UIF NBYJNVN QPTTJCMF WPMVNF PG B TQFDJFT IBT CFFO SFBDIFE MJLF
the growth of vegetation on an island for FYBNQMF XIJDI IBT OP NPSF TQBDF UP TQSFBE 5IF CJPMPHJDBM PCKFDUJWF DPOTJTUT JO SFBDIJOH UIF NBYJNVN HSPXUI SBUF PG UIF TUPDL which corresponds to half the maximum QPTTJCMF TUPDL WPMVNF UIJT QPJOU JT SFGFSSFE to as Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) BOE will represent a target decided at the Earth 4VNNJU JO +PIBOOFTCVSH JO XIFSF BO .4: GPS XBT BOUJDJQBUFE
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Box
7
Evolution of the Population with Catches
Let Ht be the level of catch, G(Xt) the fonction of growth and Xt the population level at the moment t: Xt+1 = Xt + G(Xt) – Ht Growth of stock with catches: Xt+1 – Xt = G(Xt) – Ht Desired balance (sustainable): Xt+1 – Xt = 0 <=> G(Xt) = Ht
5P NBJOUBJO UIF TUBCJMJUZ PG B TUPDL UIBU JT UP TBZ DPOTUBOU GSPN POF ZFBS UP UIF OFYU B QFS period catch level may thus be targeted (Ht)
Figure
UIBU FRVBMJTFT TUPDL HSPXUI <( 9t)] at each period.
12 Relation Catch (H) / Fishing Effort (E)
Source: Author’s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Here the curve is represented with the maximum and minimum levels of stock. We BQQMZ EJòFSFOU MFWFMT PG FòPSU UP UIF TUPDL JUTFMG UIF HSFBUFS UIF MFWFM PG FòPSU UIF steeper the line X will be. If we make this level PG DBUDI DPJODJEF XJUI UIF OPUJPO PG HSPXUI we shall obtain the level of sustainable catch. 0O BMM UIF QPJOUT PO UIF DVSWF UIF DBUDI MFWFM XJMM CF TVTUBJOBCMF )PXFWFS UXP EJòFSFOU MFWFMT PG FòPSU NBZ DPSSFTQPOE UP UIF TBNF MFWFM PG DBUDI XJUI DPOTFRVFODFT PO UIF CJPNBTT UIBU XJMM CF EJòFSFOU o & MFWFM PG IJHI DPOTFRVFODF & MFTT DPOTFRVFOU MFWFM etc. *O & UIF FòPSU MFWFM JT IJHI BOE UIF CJPNBTT MFWFM JT OFBS UP JUT NJOJNVN UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF CJPMPHJDBM FYUJODUJPO UISFTIPME "OE UIFO PO the right of the graph (in E XJUI B IJHIFS
Figure
DBUDI MFWFM CVU XJUI QFSDFQUJCMZ MFTT FòPSU UIF TUPDL MFWFM JT IJHIFS *G FòPSU JT GVSUIFS reduced (in E XF DBO PCTFSWF UIBU XF öOE PVSTFMWFT BU TMJHIUMZ JOGFSJPS DBUDI MFWFMT CVU these will be achieved with much superior CJPNBTT MFWFMT &òPSU NBZ CF NFBTVSFE JO EJòFSFOU XBZT OVNCFS PG EBZT BU TFB OVNCFS PG CPBUT FUD 5IFSF JT UIVT B HJWFO MFWFM PG FòPSU TVDI UIBU UIF .4: MFWFM XJMM CF reached; this theoretical level corresponds to maximum capacity divided by two. There we have the management target set by most NBKPS JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPOWFOUJPOT BO BCPWF BMM biological target to once again maximise the BNPVOU PG UIF SFTPVSDF UIBU DBO CF DBVHIU while allowing its permanent renewal over a UIFPSFUJDBMMZ JOEFöOJUF QFSJPE
13 What Target(s) for Sustainable Fishing?
Source: Author’s construction.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
-FU VT NPWF PO UP UIF FDPOPNJD TQIFSF to compare the catch level (vertical axis) in SFMBUJPO UP รถTIJOH FรฒPSU 5IF GVSUIFS UP UIF SJHIU PG UIF HSBQI XF BSF UIF NPSF XF BSF MPPLJOH BU EFQMFUFE MFWFMT PG TUPDL "U [FSP FรฒPSU XF รถOE B NBYJNVN CJPNBTT JO UIF XBUFS 5P FOUFS JOUP UIF FDPOPNJD TQIFSF MFU VT NVMUJQMZ TPNF QIZTJDBM EBUB UPOOBHF PG รถTI CZ B QSJDF -FU VT JOUSPEVDF UIF DPTU PG UIF FรฒPSU * LOPX UIF DPTU GPS FYBNQMF PG B EBZ BU TFB รถTIJOH PS PG B CPBU PS UIPVTBOET of hooks. I will now be able to consider this DPTU QSPQPSUJPOBM UP FรฒPSU XJUI B MJOF UIBU XJMM SFQSFTFOU UIF UPUBM DPTU PG รถTIJOH #Z EPJOH UIJT XF EFUFSNJOF BO FDPOPNJD UBSHFU NBYJNJTJOH UIF EJรฒFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF SFWFOVF UIBU DBO CF FBSOFE GSPN รถTIJOH BOE UIF UPUBM DPTU UP รถY B NBYJNVN FDPOPNJD ZJFME 8IBU JT JOUFSFTUJOH JT UIBU UIF FรฒPSU MFWFM JT MPXFS UIBO UIBU PG UIF .4: BOE UIVT with levels of stock higher than necessary for biological balance. This balance is only possible if access to resources is regulated โ if XF IBE KVTU POF PXOFS GPS FYBNQMF JU XPVME be the only target they would seek to achieve. *O UIF BCTFODF PG SFHVMBUFE BDDFTT UIF QSPรถU incentive is going to encourage others to FOUFS UIF รถTIFSZ XIJDI XJMM QSPHSFTTJWFMZ EJTTJQBUF QSPรถUBCJMJUZ 5IF XIPMF USBHFEZ PG DPNNPO HPPET JT SFQSFTFOUFE IFSF QSPรถU JT individual but the cost is social; it is shared by all the members of the community. 5IFSF BSF UISFF QPTTJCMF UBSHFUT FDPMPHJDBM JO XIJDI DBTF B MFWFM PG FรฒPSU BU QPJOU & JT SFDPNNFOEFE UIF .4: JT UBSHFUFE FDPOPNJD IFSF XF BSF BU UIF QPJOU & BT MPOH BT XF DBO SFHVMBUF BOE MJNJU BDDFTT TPDJBM JG this time the target to be achieved is the NBYJNJTBUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS PG KPCT JO รถTIJOH IFSF XF BSF BU UIF QPJOU & BMMPXJOH FWFSZPOF
UP FOUFS UIF JOEVTUSZ IPQJOH UIBU XF XJMM OPU approach stock extinction. Lรช Thแป Hแบฑng Giang 8IZ EPFTO U & SFQSFTFOU B IJHIFS UBSHFU [Patrice Guillotreau] #FDBVTF UIBU XPVME CF BOUJ FDPOPNJD SFOU would be entirely dissipated. We could thus produce more using less of both human and OBUVSBM DBQJUBM 5IF รถTIFSNFO XPVME OPU CF FODPVSBHFE UP FOUFS UIF รถTIFSZ 8F DBO HP BT GBS BT SFOU EFQMFUJPO BOE OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ BT GBS BT TUPDL FYUJODUJPO FYDFQU JG รถTIJOH JT TVCTJEJTFE HSFBUMZ SFEVDJOH PQFSBUJPO DPTUT (see st (SBQI OFYU QBHF If we represent a listao tuna catch level in UPOOFT รถTIFE QFS ZFBS BOE DPNQBSF JU UP UIF รถTIJOH FรฒPSU NFBTVSFE JO รถTIJOH IPVST QFS ZFBS XF PCUBJO B DVSWF UIBU BMMPXT VT UP TJUVBUF UIF JOUFOTJUZ PG FรฒPSU JO SFMBUJPO to available stock. An abundance indicator would consist in dividing catch level by unit FรฒPSU o DBUDI QFS VOJU FรฒPSU 5IJT DBO QSPWJEF an approximate estimate of the available CJPNBTT $BUDI MFWFM XJMM EFQFOE PO FรฒPSU PO TUPDL CVU UIF QBSBNFUFS PG UIF DBUDIBCJMJUZ DPFรณDJFOU NBLFT UIF TJUVBUJPO NPSF DPNQMFY #JPMPHJTUT PGUFO EJTUJOHVJTI OPNJOBM FรฒPSU UIBU XF DBO NFBTVSF VTJOH UIF OVNCFS PG IPPLT CPBUT CBTLFUT รถTIJOH UJNF FUD BOE FรฒFDUJWF FรฒPSU ' UIBU DPSSFTQPOET UP UIJT OPNJOBM FรฒPSU NVMUJQMJFE CZ B รถTIJOH QPXFS DPFรณDJFOU 8F DBO UIVT IBWF UIF JMMVTJPO PG NBJOUBJOJOH DBUDI QFS VOJU FรฒPSU TJNQMZ CFDBVTF รถTIJOH HFBS JT CFDPNJOH NPSF BOE NPSF FรณDJFOU 'PS FYBNQMF FMFDUSPOJDT POCPBSE WFTTFMT BMMPX VT UP EFUFDU รถTI wherever they are; this is going to increase รถTIJOH QPXFS VTJOH UIF TBNF OPNJOBM รถTIJOH FรฒPSU MFWFM see ndอ (SBQI OFYU QBHF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Figure
14 Estimation of the Relation Catch-Effort in the Listao Fishery by European Seine Fishermen (Atlantic Ocean)
Source: Author’s construction according to data from the Tuna Observatory – Centre IRD, Sète (France).
Figure
15 Free Access Offer Curve
Source: Copes (1970).
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
&DPOPNJTUT SFBTPO VTJOH B QSJDF RVBOUJUZ diagram to consider the supply and demand CBMBODF )FSF ZPV DBO TFF UIF DBUDI FòPSU diagram. The relation between stock and FòPSU XJMM IBWF B OFHBUJWF BTQFDU UIF IJHIFS UIF FòPSU UIF NPSF EFQMFUFE UIF TUPDL 5IFSF is also negative relation between price and TUPDL UIF NPSF BCVOEBOU UIF TUPDL BOE QSPEVDUJPO DPTU UIF MPXFS UIF QSJDF 'SPN UIFTF UISFF EJBHSBNT BO PòFS DVSWF DBO CF DPOTUSVDUFE UIBU JT WFSZ TQFDJBM JO ÜTIJOH UIFPSZ (FOFSBMMZ JO FDPOPNZ PòFS DVSWFT BSF
Figure
DPOTUBOUMZ QPTJUJWF 5IF IJHIFS UIF QSJDF UIF CJHHFS UIF RVBOUJUJFT PòFSFE XJMM BMTP CF The problem of unregulated free access is that ZPV DBO JODJUF ÜTIFSNFO UP FOUFS UIF ÜTIFSZ JO HSFBUFS OVNCFST DPOTUBOUMZ JNQSPWF UIFJS ÜTIJOH FòPSU BOE HP CFZPOE UIF .4: MFWFM GPS FYBNQMF XIFSF UIF PòFS DVSWF XJMM CFHJO UP SFUVSO UIF QSJDF XJMM DPOUJOVF UP SJTF CVU UIF RVBOUJUJFT CFZPOE UIJT QPJOU DBOOPU physically increase and will even decrease because there are too many and an excessive ÜTIJOH FòPSU
16 Free Access Offer Curve and Market Balance
Source: Author’s construction.
When consumer demand increases – because the price of meat has gone up or consumer incomes have risen – the
demand curve moves towards the right and the risk of a market balance beyond UIF̓.4: JODSFBTFT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 24 Dynamic Management: The Update Principle
Source: Authorโ s construction.
We have remained in a static balance; let us now introduce an updated principle. Dynamic management is also linked to UIF JOUFSFTU SBUF XIJDI TFSWFT UP SFWFBM sustainable development in so much as it shows a more or less large current preference โ and thus a more or less big concern for the future of natural resources. The principle is to ask what value should be given today to UIF รถTIJOH SFWFOVFT PG GVUVSF HFOFSBUJPOT 'SPN B TFMรถTI TUBOEQPJOU JU DPVME CF DPOTJEFSFE UIBU UIJT JT PG B UPUBMMZ [FSP WBMVF *O B TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU BQQSPBDI XF DPOTJEFS PO UIF DPOUSBSZ UIBU GVUVSF WBMVFT IBWF BT NVDI WBMVF BT QSFTFOU POFT *O B รถSTU BQQSPYJNBUJPO XF DBO DPOTJEFS UIF EJTDPVOU SBUF BT FRVJWBMFOU UP UIF JOUFSFTU SBUF -FU VT take an example. If I ask one of you to lend NF BOE * TBZ UIBU * MM HJWF JU ZPV CBDL BU UIF OFYU +5% ZPV BSF HPJOH UP TBZ i8IZ OPU w /BUVSBMMZ * MM HJWF ZPV CBDL B CJU NPSF UIBO UIJT BNPVOU * SFNVOFSBUF UIF TBDSJรถDF
UIBU ZPV BSF NBLJOH CZ SFOPVODJOH UIJT UPEBZ 8IBU XJMM CF UIF QSJDF PG UIJT TBDSJรถDF *G ZPV BSF SJDI JU XPO U DPTU ZPV NVDI ZPV XJMM BDDFQU UIBU OFYU ZFBS * MM QBZ CBDL NPSF 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE JG UIJT TVN PG NPOFZ JT JNQPSUBOU UP ZPV OPX ZPV BSF QFSIBQT HPJOH UP BTL NF UP HJWF CBDL PS more next year. This interest rate represents your preference for the present compared with the future value. The more you attach a QSFGFSFODF UP UIF QSFTFOU UIF NPSF ZPV SFGFS to a high interest rate. [Yves Perraudeau] $VTUPNFS SJTL DSFEJCJMJUZ BT XFMM BT UIF DVSSFODZ PG UIF MPBO FWJEFOUMZ IBWF BO influence on this rate. [Patrice Guillotreau] (FUUJOH CBDL UP UIF รถTIJOH JTTVF XF OFFE UP CF BCMF UP DPNQBSF TVNT BU EJรฒFSFOU QFSJPET
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
of time; the easiest way to compare them JT UP TFU UIFN JO UIF QSFTFOU 'PS FYBNQMF GPS B CBOLFS XIP MFOET XIBU XJMM ̓ SFQSFTFOU GPS IJN JO öWF ZFBST UJNF :PV TJNQMZ IBWF UP NVMUJQMZ UIJT TVN CZ UIF JOUFSFTU SBUF BU B QPXFS FRVBM UP UIF OVNCFS PG ZFBST *G UIF JOUFSFTU SBUF JT XJMM CF UIF FRVJWBMFOU PG JO öWF ZFBST 8IFO B GVUVSF WBMVF JT SFQSFTFOUFE UIJOHT are done in the exact reverse order. Instead PG NVMUJQMZJOH ZPV BSF HPJOH UP EJWJEF CZ UIJT TBNF WBMVF 8IBU XJMM PG öTIJOH revenues be worth that I am going to earn in öWF ZFBST UJNF TUJMM VTJOH B EJTDPVOU SBUF 5IF BOTXFS JT UPEBZ %FQFOEJOH PO UIF EJTDPVOU MFWFM B IJHI SBUF SFWFBMT B EFHSFF PG impatience and a preference for the present; UIF OFBSFS UIF SBUF JT UP UIF
Box
8
lower the current value of the sum that will be DPMMFDUFE JO öWF ZFBST UJNF Phạm Tuấn Anh Could you specify the bases according to XIJDI UIF TVN DPMMFDUFE JO öWF ZFBST UJNF XJMM POMZ SFQSFTFOU JO UPEBZ T NPOFZ [Patrice Guillotreau] 5IFSF JT B QVSF QSFGFSFODF GPS UIF QSFTFOU XIJDI JODJUFT ZPV UP CVZ B DPNQVUFS UPEBZ even though you can buy one cheaper in six NPOUIT UJNF ZPV OFFE POF UPEBZ BOE ZPV are going to buy it right now. There is also a SJDIFT FòFDU XF NBZ TVQQPTF UIBU ZPV XJMM CF SJDIFS JO öWF ZFBST UIBO ZPV BSF UPEBZ BT XFMM BT UIF GBDU UIBU JO öWF ZFBST B EPMMBS XJMM IBWF less relative value than it does today.
Optimal Management Dynamic: The Golden Rule
The solution for the dynamic exploitation of a stock of fish takes the form: G’(X) = i with H = G(X) This equation is referred to as the “basic equation of natural resources” or the golden rule: - If G’(X) < i, then depletion of resources - With a high discount rate i, if G’(X) = i, at a level inferior to Xlim then extinction
The golden rule in optimal stock NBOBHFNFOU JO UIJT EZOBNJD JT UP FRVBMJTF marginal stock production with the discount SBUF UIJT NFBOT DPNQBSJOH OBUVSBM SFTPVSDF yields with capital yields. What will the natural resource produce tomorrow if I leave the DBQJUBM UP UIF TFB UIBU JT UP TBZ BMMPX UIF resource to reproduce and multiply in the sea? I am going to compare this marginal yield of natural capital with what I could earn
in capital markets. If this stock productivity JT CFMPX UIF JOUFSFTU SBUF PS EJTDPVOU SBUF this means that it is in my interest to deplete stock now and place my money in a bank where it will earn me more. Certain stocks in the world have low productivity because öTI HSPXUI JT TMPX o MPOHFWJUZ JT TPNFUJNFT ZFBST BOE TFYVBM NBUVSJUZ BSSJWFT BGUFS ̓ZFBST
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[Yves Perraudeau] $PNNFSDJBM TQFDJFT JO EFFQ XBUFS TVDI BT UIF TDBCCBSE BOE FNQFSPS ĂśTI BSF BMNPTU JO this situation. [Patrice Guillotreau] We can thus imagine situations where the HPMEFO SVMF JT SFTQFDUFE #VU JG UIF EJTDPVOU SBUF JT FYUSFNFMZ IJHI UIFO XF DBO ĂśOE ourselves at exploitation levels that are too close to the biomass limit and correspond to extinction thresholds. -FU VT OPX UBLF B MPPL BU UIF JTTVF PG governance. What institutional solutions have been JEFOUJĂśFE -FU VT DPOTJEFS UIBU FòPSU o UIBU JT UP TBZ ĂśTI mortality – is the principal factor of pressure and species depletion. We are going to try BOE FMJNJOBUF BMM UIFTF MFWFMT PG FòPSU IJHIFS than the maximum level “Eâ€? for example. "̓SFHVMBUJPO QPMJDZ CZ FòPSU JT HPJOH UP BMMPX VT UP BUUBJO UIF .4: 5IF QSPCMFN JT UIBU UIJT FòPSU JT OPNJOBM UIBU JU EPFT OPU UBLF JOUP BDDPVOU UFDIOJDBM QSPHSFTT BOE ĂśTIJOH QPXFS UIBU NBZ JODSFBTF UIJT FòPSU "O FòPSU i'w TVDI BT ĂśTIJOH QPXFS DBUDIBCJMJUZ BOE OPNJOBM FòPSU JT EJĂłDVMU UP DPOUSPM UIF OVNCFS PG CPBUT JT MJNJUFE CVU JG UIFZ CFDPNF UPP JOEJWJEVBMMZ FĂłDJFOU UIF DVSWF TIJGUT BOE UIF RVFTUJPO JT OPU SFTPMWFE UIF MFWFM PG FòPSU JT HPJOH UP CF JOTVĂłDJFOU UP BEESFTT UIF problem of overcapacity. The other solution JT UP ĂśY UIF UPUBM BNPVOU PG UPUBM BMMPXBCMF DBUDI 5"$ BOE GPSCJE CPBUT GSPN DBUDIJOH more than this maximum authorised level. 5IVT̓UXP̓TPMVUJPOT BQQFBS BO FòPSU DPOUSPM QPMJDZ PS B QPMJDZ PG RVBOUJUZ QSPEVDFE Through which institutions can we attain this target?
8F BSF OPX BEESFTTJOH JTTVFT PG SFHVMBUJPO HPWFSOBODF BOE JOTUJUVUJPOT UIBU XJMM BMMPX VT to resolve this problem of free access. It is a general problem in economy that concerns NBOZ NPSF FOWJSPONFOUBM NBUUFST UIBO KVTU ĂśTIJOH &DPOPNJTUT BSF VTFE UP PQQPTJOH two institutions to regulate the problem of externalities – externalities are the impacts NBEF CZ DFSUBJO BDUJWJUJFT PO PUIFS BDUJWJUJFT XJUIPVU PòFSJOH BOZ DPNQFOTBUJPO GPS UIF damage incurred. &YBNQMF POF JOEVTUSZ UIBU QPMMVUFT B river upstream and another downstream UIBU TVòFST UIF FòFDUT PG UIJT QPMMVUJPO *O economy it is said that private cost does OPU DPSSFTQPOE UP TPDJBM DPTU BOE UIBU UIJT EJòFSFODF NBZ CF DPSSFDUFE CZ 4UBUF intervention and the imposition of a tax on polluting activities to incite them to reduce this activity or force them to reduce pollution levels. We can also imagine subsidising BDUJWJUJFT UIBU IBWF QPTJUJWF FòFDUT PO UIF FOWJSPONFOU o̓ UZQJDBMMZ B GPSFTUSZ BDUJWJUZ resulting in carbon dioxide capture. Another solution consists in organising meetings between the polluters and the polluted in order to strike a bargain and foresee compensation for the polluted activity – this JT XIBU 3POBME $PBTF B /PCFM 1SJ[F XJOOFS JO FDPOPNJDT XIP DPOTJEFST UIBU UIF QSPĂśU from one activity corresponds to the damage JOøJDUFE PO BOPUIFS QSPQPTFT 5IF DPTU PG exercising a right always corresponds to the MPTT TVòFSFE CZ TPNFPOF FMTF TVCTFRVFOU UP the exercise of this right. The challenge is to ĂśOE UIF QFSTPO XJUI XIPN UP OFHPUJBUF UP JOGPSN IJN UP FTUBCMJTI B QSPHSBNNF BOE UP verify that the latter is respected. 'JTIJOH JT B TQFDJBM DBTF UIF CFOFĂśDJBSJFT BOE UIPTF XIP TVòFS UIF FYUFSOBMJUJFT BSF UIF ĂśTIFSNFO UIFNTFMWFT UIF FYUFSOBMJUJFT
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
take place within the same community. That XIJDI JT รถTIFE CZ POF DBOOPU CF รถTIFE CZ the other. Individuals thus meet on a market of individual property rights where the NPTU FรณDJFOU BSF HPJOH UP CVZ UIF SJHIUT
Figure
UP QSPEVDF GSPN UIF MFBTU FรณDJFOU XIP XJMM receive compensation in counterpart. It is UIVT QPTTJCMF UP FRVBMJTF BMM UIF QSPรถUT PG รถTIFSNFO CFMPOHJOH UP UIF TBNF DPNNVOJUZ
17 External Cost of a Polluting Production
P: Production Source: Authorโ s construction.
Above you have a private supply curve UIBU DPSSFTQPOET UP UIF FRVBMJTBUJPO XJUI a demand curve. The level of output at FRVJMJCSJVN JOUFSWFOFT JO 2 #VU UIF QSJWBUF cost (CmP) is lower than the social cost $N4 BT JU EPFT OPU JODMVEF BMM UIF TPDJBM costs engendered by the output activity GPS FYBNQMF QPMMVUJPO DPTUT GPS TPDJFUZ 5IF FYUFSOBM DPTU NVTU UIVT CF JOUFSOBMJTFE
JODMVEFE FJUIFS CZ B UBY o TPMVUJPO QSPQPTFE by the State โ or by bargaining. The target is to bring output to a lower level in order to eliminate a part of the negative external FรฒFDUT *U JT PO UIJT DPOEJUJPO UIBU XF DBO PCUBJO QFSGFDU FRVBMJUZ CFUXFFO UIF QSJWBUF DPTU BOE UIF TPDJBM DPTU B OFX PQUJNVN corresponding to the social optimum.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Figure
18 External Cost of a Consumption
Bm = #ร Oร รถDF NBSHJOBM QSJWร (private marginal profit); BSm = #ร Oร รถDF NBSHJOBM TPDJBM (social marginal profit); Um = Utilitรฉ marginale privรฉe (Private marginal utility). Source: Sloman (2009).
5IJT UJNF JU JT UIF QSPรถU FYUSBDUFE GSPN a private consumption that exceeds the NBSHJOBM TPDJBM CFOFรถU #4N UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF CFOFรถU PG UIF MBTU DPOTVNFE VOJU BT for example the egotistical pleasure of a smoker engenders damage not only damage to his health (and society will have to pay UIF DPTU CVU BMTP UP UIF IFBMUI PG PUIFST "U UIF JOUFSTFDUJPO UIF NBSHJOBM QSPรถU UIBU corresponds to the interest we are going to HFU GSPN DPOTVNQUJPO GPS FYBNQMF JT HPJOH UP CF FRVBM UP UIF NBSHJOBM TPDJBM DPTU BU a consumption level that will be too high JOอ 2 *U JT OFDFTTBSZ UP CF BCMF UP SFEVDF UIJTอ DPOTVNQUJPO MFWFM CZ B UBYBUJPO QPMJDZ
GPSอ FYBNQMF JO PSEFS UP IBWF UIF NBSHJOBM social cost coincide with the marginal social QSPรถU *O UIF TBNF XBZ XF DBO EFUFSNJOF UIF optimal levels of pollution emissions. It is not necessarily interesting to eliminate all QPMMVUJPO BT UIF NBSHJOBM DPTU PG UIF BDUJPO may be high (e.g. eliminating new traces of oil pollution on a beach when cleaning work is already well advanced). There thus exists a tolerable pollution level that corresponds to NBSLFU FRVJMJCSJVN UP UIF FRVBMJTBUJPO PG UIF TPDJBM NBSHJOBM DPTU BOE TPDJBM NBSHJOBM QSPรถU gained from the depollution.
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
-FU VT SFUVSO UP UIF DBTF PG รถTIJOH 5XP FYUSFNFMZ EJรฒFSFOU QSPCMFNT BQQFBS 5IF DPNNPO HPPE JO PSEFS UP BWPJE SFOU EJTTJQBUJPO B NBYJNVN MFWFM PG PVUQVU JT รถYFE - Rent maximisation (minimising costs) โ a theoretical solution proposed by economists in the example of the carbon NBSLFU CVU BMTP FYDIBOHFBCMF JOEJWJEVBM SJHIUT GPS รถTIJOH #FUXFFO UIFTF UXP JOTUJUVUJPOBM TPMVUJPOT iBMM 4UBUFw PS iBMM NBSLFUw UIFSF JT B DPOUJOVVN of โ common ownershipโ solutions. These solutions have been studied by Elinor 0TUSPN B /PCFM 1SJ[F XJOOFS JO FDPOPNJDT JO 0TUSPN XIP FOWJTBHFT UISFF levels of intervention in the appropriation PG DPNNPO OBUVSBM SFTPVSDFT
Figure
-FWFM PG DPOTUJUVUJPOBM DIPJDF รถY UIF MFHBM GSBNFXPSL o PXOFS 4UBUF JOUFSOBUJPOBM organisation; -FWFM PG DPMMFDUJWF DIPJDF EFรถOJUJPO CZ VTFS BTTPDJBUJPOT QSPEVDFST PSHBOJTBUJPOT SVMFT PG BDDFTT UP SFTPVSDFT o QPXFS USBOTGFS EFMFHBUJPO DPODFTTJPOT NBOBHFNFOU SJHIUT NPEFT PG BDDFTT JNQSPWFNFOU PG FOWJSPONFOU FYDMVTJPO SJHIUT SJHIU PG BDDFTT USBOTGFS DPOEJUJPOT SJHIU PG alienation (to sell or concede one or two preceding rights); 0QFSBUJPOBM MFWFM BDDFTT BOE FYUSBDUJPO by users (referred to as โ appropriatorsโ by Ostrom). -FU VT FYBNJOF IPX UIFTF SVMFT XPSL PVU JO รถTIJOH NBOBHFNFOU DPNNJUUFFT BOE UIF means implemented to achieve these targets.
19 State of Stock in Practice
Source: FAO (2005).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
5IF '"0 IBT B DMBTTJöDBUJPO PG UIF FYQMPJUBUJPO level of stock from fully exploited or stock depleted – or recovering after a strong EFDMJOF o QBTTJOH CZ PWFSFYQMPJUFE PS OFXMZ exploited stock (even underexploited). In this precise case we have the example of "UMBOUJD CMVFöO UVOB %FQFOEJOH PO UIF catch percentage in relation to the historic NBYJNVN XF DBO DPOTJEFS XIFUIFS TUPDLT are more or less exploited. We can see that TJODF UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T UIF öHVSFT
Figure
MFBE VT UP CFMJFWF UIBU CMVFöO UVOB TUPDL JT becoming extinct and is in need of regulatory measures. Remember the target from the &BSUI 4VNNJU JO +PIBOOFTCVSH JO o c.f. öTIJOH TUPDLT BU .4: JO BOE OPUF UIF HBQ JO PG TUPDLT BSF EFDMBSFE GVMMZ FYQMPJUFE PWFSFYQMPJUFE FYIBVTUFE PS SFDPWFSJOH GSPN EFQMFUJPO POMZ PG TUPDLT are moderately exploited or underexploited. 5IJT DMBTTJöDBUJPO DPODFSOFE B TBNQMF HSPVQ PG ̓TUPDLT.
20 MSY Target in 2015
Source: FAO (2005).
0OF SFBTPO GPS PQUJNJTN JODSFBTFE awareness of the degraded states of stocks has greatly inverted the trend; the number of stocks underexploited or moderately exploited is in decline in Europe. [Yves Perraudeau] We have seen that it was necessary to regulate öTIFSJFT CVU IPX XBT UIJT QPTTJCMF
*O UIF NBSJOF EPNBJO UIFSF BSF BT JO UIF SFTU PG UIF OBUVSBM XPSME UXP CJH UZQFT PG SFTPVSDFT /PO SFOFXBCMF SFTPVSDFT GPS XIJDI exploitation corresponds to a fall in TUPDL QFUSPM HBT NJOFSBMT FUD 5IF intensity at which they are used gives us HMPCBMMZ̓ UIF̓ EVSBUJPO PG UIFJS FYQMPJUBUJPO TVCKFDU UP B DPSSFDU FWBMVBUJPO PG UIF TUPDL
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
FYBNQMF̓PG PJM BOE PòTIPSF FYQMPJUBUJPO JO particular); 3FOFXBCMF SFTPVSDFT GPSFTU öTI FUD GPS which management and reproduction aspects are essential. These common SFTPVSDFT IBWF TQFDJöD DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT UIFZ are at the same time subtractive (what is taken by some is not taken by others) and VOEJWJEFE EJóDVMU UP TIBSF BNPOH VTFST *G UIF QSJWBUF SFTPVSDF JT EJWJEBCMF JU JT FBTZ UP PCUBJO FYQMPJUBUJPO FòPSUT IPXFWFS JG
UIF SFTPVSDF JT VOEJWJEBCMF FòPSUT NBEF GPS POF SFTPVSDF NBZ FWJEFOUMZ BòFDU UIF PUIFS resources. 5IFTF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT MFBE UP EJòFSFOU approaches. The classical approach has BUUFNQUFE UP NBOBHF FBDI SFTPVSDF BOE NPSF SFDFOUMZ FDPTZTUFNJD BQQSPBDIFT IBWF EFöOFE HMPCBM NBOBHFNFOU JO PSEFS to preserve the links between diverse resources.
Diagram 25 What Targets and What Tools?
Source: Author’s construction according to Boncœur and Troadec (2003).
#FZPOE UIFTF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT UIBU JOEJDBUF UP̓ ZPV UIF PSJFOUBUJPOT PG öTIFSJFT NBOBHFNFOU ZPV OFFE UP LOPX XIBU the targets are and which tools we are HPJOH UP VTF UP NBOBHF öTIJOH 'JTIFSJFT
management can be globally carried out according to either the conservation of SFTPVSDFT PS QSPEVDUJWF DBQBDJUJFT XJUI JO CPUI DBTFT TQFDJöD QSPCMFNT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Table
7
Typology of Resource Access Regulation Instruments
Source: Boncœur and Troadec (2003).
'SPN UIFTF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT EJWFSTF TUSBUFHJFT BOE UBSHFUT JU JT UIFO QPTTJCMF UP QSPQPTF B UZQPMPHZ PG SFHVMBUJPO UPPMT XJUI HMPCBMMZ UXP NBJO DBUFHPSJFT SFHVMBUJPO UIBU öUT JOUP B SBUIFS OPSNBUJWF GSBNFXPSL PS BO FDPOPNJD framework with incentives. These tools OFDFTTJUBUF B GSBNFXPSL JU JT UIF SFBTPO GPS XIJDI UIFSF FYJTU öTIJOH PSHBOJTBUJPOT UIBU group together a large number of countries and that can be found on all the oceans – The Commission for the Conservation of Southern #MVFöTI 5VOB $$4#5 4PVUIFSO *OEJBO 0DFBO 'JTIFSJFT "HSFFNFOU 4*0'" FUD [Patrice Guillotreau] That is one way to resolve conflicts linked to öTIJOH öOEJOH B DPOTFOTVT BCPVU QPMJDJFT management measures and conservation. These organisations are often composed PG B TDJFOUJöD DPNNJUUFF BOE B QPMJUJDBM POF BOE UIF QPMJUJDBM PQJOJPO UIBU JT HJWFO EPFT OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ GPMMPX UIF TDJFOUJöD recommendations that have been made.
[Yves Perraudeau] -FU T UBLF BO FYBNQMF GSPN UIF &VSPQFBO Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) that is based VQPO GPVS EJTUJODU QJMMBST - The conservation of resources with evaluation work regarding the situation of öTI TUPDLT *O UIJT BYJT UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT BOE MJNJUBUJPOT PG öTIJOH HFBS UIF 5"$T BOE RVPUBT BMMPDBUFE UP FBDI DPVOUSZ CBTFE PO iIJTUPSJDBM SJHIUTw BSF TQFDJöFE 5IJT BYJT corresponds to the will to preserve stocks; - The Common Market Organisation (CMO) has a more social and economic aim vis-àvis the producer and the consumer and the öTIFSNBO T GBNJMZ *O UIF $PNNPO .BSLFU 0SHBOJTBUJPO UIF SVMFT GPS B DPNNPO JEFOUJöDBUJPO PG QSPEVDUT BSF öYFE 3VMFT BSF JTTVFE BCPVU RVBMJUZ UIF TQFDJöD OBUVSF of the product (price and revenue policy with a system of withdrawal prices in order to maintain a guaranteed revenue for sea öTIFSNFO 5IF FòFDU PG QSJDF DBQT DBO CF seen here; " GPSFJHO QPMJDZ &VSPQF JNQPSUT NPSF UIBO IBMG PG JUT DPOTVNQUJPO TP XF IFSF EFöOF öTIJOH BHSFFNFOUT DPODFSOJOH öTIJOH
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
BSFBT PVUTJEF UIF &VSPQFBO NBSJUJNF [POF through negotiations with the countries concerned. There are also trade agreements with reduced customs duty and other (FOFSBM 4ZTUFNT PG 1SFGFSFODFT (41 UIBU are also part of EU development aid policy. " TUSVDUVSBM QPMJDZ UP IFMQ TFB öTIFSNFO PSHBOJTF UIFJS öTIJOH BDUJWJUZ UIJT JT
Box
9
FTTFOUJBMMZ BJNFE BU JOWFTUNFOU UIBU JT UP TBZ TVCTJEJFT HSBOUFE UP öTIJOH WFTTFMT PS BRVBDPMF FOUFSQSJTFT UIJT QPMJDZ NBZ encourage or discourage the activity. 5IF JOTUJUVUJPOT UIBU SFHVMBUF öTIJOH BSF totally integrated at a European level.
Indicators of Sustainable Fishing
- Level indicators: Absolute values of some key indicators (fishing capacity, biomass, revenues, job, number and seriousness of conflicts, etc.) - Indicators of change: indicate the direction and variation rates of the key indicators - Indicators of structure (or institutional ones): Functional elements of the system (management targets, management measures, control and monitoring)
[Patrice Guillotreau] :PV BSF HPJOH UP IBWF UP UIJOL BCPVU TVTUBJOBCMF öTIJOH JOEJDBUPST BOE DPNQBSF UIFN GPS FYBNQMF XJUI TVTUBJOBCMF BRVBDVMUVSF (JWFO UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG ZPVS DPVOUSZ PG ZPVS SFHJPO XIBU XPVME the criteria regarding the sustainability of the FYQMPJUBUJPO PG öTIFSJFT PS BRVBDVMUVSF CF
8JUI UIF IFMQ PG B EPDVNFOU CZ 4FSHF (BSDJB (c.f. SFBEJOH UFYU UIF JOEJDBUPST BSF DMBTTJöFE JOUP UISFF DBUFHPSJFT BOE UIJT BOBMZTJT HSJE XJMM CF VTFE UP BQQSFDJBUF UIF FòFDUT PG climate change on a coastal population or a coastal activity. We can imagine some JOEJDBUPST PG QSFTTVSF PG TUBUF BOE PG UIF response by those accountable for these NPEJöDBUJPOT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Table
8
Example of Matrix of Overfishing Indicators
E = Effort Emsy = Level of effort corresponding to Maximum Sustainable Yield B = Biomass Bmsy = Level of biomass corresponding to Maximum Sustainable Yield Source: Garcia (1996).
*OEJDBUPST PG MFWFM DIBOHF BOE TUSVDUVSF BSF often distinguished. Indicators of level will CF JOEJDBUFE JO BCTPMVUF WBMVF CVU XF NBZ also imagine ratios with relative values – for FYBNQMF UIF DVSSFOU CJPNBTT MFWFM DPNQBSFE with the biomass level before exploitation may be an interesting indicator. If you wish to appreciate the level of governance of your system you can use the SBUF PG ÜOFT JNQPTFE PO ÜTIFSNFO XIP WJPMBUF UIF SVMFT #VU EPFT B SJTF JO UIJT SBUF SFWFBM B CFUUFS DPOUSPM PG UIF TZTUFN PS PO UIF contrary a multiplicity of infractions? We must remain prudent in our analyses. The indicators of change are at the same time going to indicate the direction and speed of change. Are we approaching or moving away from UIF ÜYFE UBSHFU
'JOBMMZ XF IBWF TUSVDUVSBM JOEJDBUPST institutional indicators about management UBSHFUT BOE JOEJDBUPST PG NFBTVSFT BOE FYJTUFODF PG DPOUSPMT FUD 5IF FóDJFODZ PG UIFTF JOEJDBUPST SBJTFT RVFTUJPOT BOE OPU UIFJS FYJTUFODF 'PS JOEJDBUPST PG TUSVDUVSF MFU VT RVPUF UIF SFEVDUJPO PG FòPSU QSPDFEVSFT (non)-limitation of catch and the (non)SFHVMBUJPO PG QSPKFDUT Try to be imaginative in the choice of your indicators while experimenting a reality principle according to what you know about UIF TUBUJTUJDBM TZTUFN BCPVU XIBU JU JT QPTTJCMF to collect in order to understand if a reference system can be implemented and monitored in the long term. The workshop is divided into four thematic groups: society, economy, ecosystem/ environment, and governance.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Day 2, Tuesday 17th July 2.1.2. Indicators of Sustainable Development in Aquaculture Feedback on group work on indicators of sustainable development. The exposĂŠs trigger debate on the following thematic areas/indicators: Group 1 - Society: level of debt, revenue of inhabitants, distribution of sales, distance from the family sphere, local cultural traditions, personal job satisfaction (education, number of holidays), etc.; Group 2 - Economy: resistance to risk, etc.; Group 3 - Environment: on board retention rate, quantity of pollutants, accessory catches, selectivity of fishing gear, quality of water (aquaculture), conversion index, etc.; Group 4 - Governance: bodies for conflict management, legal means of control and monitoring, judicial consequences, control of the sanitary quality of the produce, cost of managing and publication of indicators over time.
2.1.3. Competition in Maritime Transport [Pierre Cariou] /PU B MPU JT LOPXO BCPVU NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU FWFO UIPVHI JU SFQSFTFOUT UP PG merchandise exchanged in the world. I now propose to describe to you the characteristics PG UIJT NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU UP FYBNJOF UIF QSJODJQBM USFOET UIFO GPDVT PO NBSJUJNF container transport. +VTU MJLF GPS ÜTIJOH BOE BRVBDVMUVSF GPS maritime transport decision centres are shifting towards Asia (see Map next page). This shift has been particularly strong over UIF MBTU UXFOUZ ZFBST BOE DPSSFTQPOET UP UIF evolution of international trade. (see Diagram next page). *O UFSNT PG WBMVF UIF NPTU USBOTQPSUFE merchandise in the world is oil conveyed in UBOLFST PG XPSME WPMVNF *O NBSJUJNF transport this merchandise is referred to as iMJRVJE CVMLw JU JT GPMMPXFE CZ iESZ CVMLw 5IJT GBNJMZ HSPVQT UPHFUIFS OPUBCMZ JSPO PSF DPBM BOE DFSFBMT /FYU BSF DPOUBJOFST XIJDI SFQSFTFOU BCPVU PG UIF WPMVNF JO XFJHIU conveyed by the sea. 5IF DMBTTJÜDBUJPO FYQSFTTFE JO USBEF WBMVF JT WFSZ EJòFSFOU JO XPSME USBEF PJM OPX POMZ BDDPVOUT GPS BOE DPOUBJOFST *U JT the reason for which the bulk segments are generally measured in volume and container segments in value. The organisation of maritime markets is BOPUIFS DMBTTJÜDBUJPO 5P TJNQMJGZ UIJOHT XF identify bulk transport markets – or demand markets – and those referred to as regular routes that essentially transport containers.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Map
11 World Maritime Transport
Source: Stopford (1988).
Diagram 26 Maritime Transport Markets
Source: Mandryk (2009).
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
'PS FYBNQMF ZPV XJTI UP USBOTQPSU QFUSPM JO MBSHF RVBOUJUZ GSPN UIF 1FSTJBO (VMG UP 7JĚ?U /BN ZPV TFFL UP QSPDVSF B WFTTFM PO ZPVS own behalf. The system is similar to that of a taxi that you use to go from point A to point # :PV QBZ GPS UIF VTF PG UIF UBYJ GPS B HJWFO QFSJPE UFO NJOVUFT PS POF IPVS 5IJT NBSLFU JT DBMMFE UIF DIBSUFS NBSLFU *O UIF PUIFS DBTF ZPV XJTI UP USBOTQPSU B EP[FO 57 TFUT GSPN $IJOB UP &VSPQF :PV TJNQMZ XJTI UP VTF B TQBDF JOTJEF B WFTTFM 5IF TIJQ PXOFS PòFST B TFSWJDF XJUI CPBUT UIBU MFBWF BU HJWFO UJNFT o KVTU MJLF SBJMXBZ USBJOT )FSF XF UBML BCPVU regular routes transport.
An intermediate system would correspond GPS FYBNQMF UP UIF USBOTQPSU PG DBST XIFSF the carmaker works with a ship-owner who exports from Asia to Europe. He implements a semi-regular system. Today we are going to focus on the regular SPVUFT NBSLFU UIBU SFQSFTFOUT PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM USBEF WBMVF UIFO XF TIBMM present to you the Tralin game that will allow you to apply strategies to regular SPVUFT KVTU MJLF TIJQ PXOFST EP UIF SVMFT of the Tralin game can be found on the site www.tamdaoconf.com). The container is not NFSDIBOEJTF XIBU JT JNQPSUBOU JT XIBU JT found inside the container.
Diagram 27 Regular Route Maritime Transport
Source: Author’s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
What are the markets of the regular routes?
Diagram 28 Regular Route Maritime Transport (2)
Source: Global Insight, Danish Ship Finance.
*O BCPVU PG UIF NBSLFU DPODFSOFE exchanges between Asia and Europe; the
Figure
TFDPOE MBSHFTU NBSLFU JT UIF USBOTQBDJĂśD FTQFDJBMMZ GSPN "TJB UPXBSET /PSUI "NFSJDB
21 Regular Route Maritime Transport (3)
Source: Author’s construction according to reports from Drewry and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Review of Maritime Transport.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
In the graph above we can observe that two NBSLFUT IBWF QBSUJDVMBSMZ UBLFO Pò UIF "TJB UP /PSUI "NFSJDB NBSLFU BOE UIF "TJB UP &VSPQF POF 5IF VOJU JT JNQPSUBOU UIPVTBOET PG 5XFOUZ &RVJWBMFOU 6OJUT 5&6 o UIF TUBOEBSE DPOUBJOFS TJ[F "U UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T six million containers were counted each ZFBS JO JU IBE SJTFO UP TJYUFFO NJMMJPO containers. How can we explain the big reduction in the cost of transport? The principal explanation MJFT JO UIF HSPXUI JO UIF TJ[F PG WFTTFMT *O UIF CJHHFTU DPOUBJOFS DBSSJFS JO UIF XPSME DPVME DBSSZ B NBYJNVN PG containers; at present vessels can convey ̓ DPOUBJOFST
Figure
The advantage of investing in vessels twice UIF TJ[F GPS FYBNQMF JT UIBU UIF SJTF JO QFUSPM consumption is not proportional; you also do not need twice as many sailors. It is expected that maritime transport costs will continue UP GBMM XIJDI NJHIU GVSUIFS FODPVSBHF B delocalisation to Asia. The logic is clear but the implementation QPTFT DFSUBJO QSPCMFNT - Ports must be adapted to receive vessels – a OFX UFSNJOBM JO )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ JO - This logic holds if markets are growing. )PXFWFS TJODF XF BSF FYQFSJFODJOH a particularly strong economic crisis in &VSPQF BOE UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT XIJDI IBT led to a big reduction in imports.
22 Regular Route Maritime Transport (4)
Source: Author’s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
This crisis is today driving regular route ship-owners towards bankruptcy – a crisis of overcapacity. The crisis was all the more severe in the maritime sector as no one
Figure
QSFEJDUFE JU 0O UIJT HSBQI JO PG UIF XPSME øFFU XBT PO PSEFS EFNBOE IBT DPOUSBDUFE BOE BU UIF TBNF UJNF NBOZ OFX vessels have arrived on the market.
23 Regular Route Maritime Transport (5)
Sources: China’s Ministry of Commerce, Danish Ship Finance; Clarkson, Danish Ship Finance.
5IJT DSJTJT DBO CF TFFO JO UIF SFEVDFE QSPöU NBSHJOT PG FOUFSQSJTFT *O TIJQ PXOFST
IBE IJHI QSPöU NBSHJOT UIBU SFBDIFE MFWFM [FSP JO
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Figure
24 Liner Shipping Operating Profit Margins, 2006-mid 2011
Source: Author’s construction.
5IF CJH $IJOFTF DPNQBOZ $PTDPO IBT CFFO QBSUJDVMBSMZ BòFDUFE KVTU MJLF )BOKJO JO +BQBO 4JODF BMM DPNQBOJFT IBWF CFFO MPTJOH NPOFZ 5IF $." $(. HSPVQ JO .BSTFJMMFT BOOPVODFE &63 . PG EFCU GPS
Who are the big ship-owners that dominate regular maritime transport routes? What strategies have they adopted to cope with the crisis?
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Figure
25 Regular Route Maritime Transport (6)
Source: BRS โ Alphaliner.
"MUIPVHI UIF NBSLFU T DFOUSF PG HSBWJUZ IBT TXVOH UPXBSE "TJB USBOTQPSU DPOUSPM SFNBJOT JO UIF IBOET PG &VSPQFBO PQFSBUPST 5IF รถSTU XPSME PQFSBUPS "1. .BFSTL JT %BOJTI UIF TFDPOE .4$ JT 4XJTT *UBMJBO $." $(. JT UIJSE /FYU XF รถOE $IJOFTF "NFSJDBO BOE other Asian ship-owners. The Vietnamese
PQFSBUPS 7JOBMJOFT XJUI JUT NBSJUJNF CSBODI #PTDP JT OPU ZFU WJTJCMF .BFSTL PQFSBUFT อ WFTTFMT #PTDP POMZ How do small operators survive? As is the DBTF GPS BJSMJOFT TUSBUFHJD BMMJBODFT BSF CFJOH developed.
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
Diagram 29 Strategic Alliances
Source: Author’s construction.
4JODF OFX TUSBUFHJD BMMJBODFT have been implemented – an example is UIF GPSNBUJPO PG UIF ( JO B HSPVQJOH UPHFUIFS PG /FX 8PSME "MMJBODF BOE (SBOEF Alliance. One of the strategies is to thus form alliances with partners who were once competitors. *O JO GVMM DSJTJT .BFSTL GPS JUT QBSU SFEFÜOFE JUT TUSBUFHZ BMPOH UISFF BYFT i#F 0O Time�; make trade easier; and environmental FYDFMMFODF 5IF TUSBUFHZ i#F PO 5JNFw JT CBTFE VQPO QVODUVBMJUZ :PV OFFE UP LOPX UIBU POMZ WFTTFMT BSSJWF PO UJNF IPXFWFS BCPVU PG WFTTFMT BSSJWF B EBZ MBUF 5IJT JNQMJFT that the operator must take greater control of port terminals in strategic countries. *O PVU PG QPSU UFSNJOBMT OFBSMZ XFSF DPOUSPMMFE CZ QSJWBUF PQFSBUPST
"NPOH UIFTF JT $ĂˆJ .Ă?Q JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ 5IJT SBJTFT UIF RVFTUJPO PG HPWFSOBODF since investments are above all covered by the country while the port terminals are granted as a concession to private operators GSPN %FONBSL 'SBODF FUD 4JODF CFDBVTF PG UIF DSJTJT UIF USFOE IBT CFFO GPS TIJQ PXOFST UP MFBWF DPOTFRVFOUMZ B MBSHF QBSU PG UIF JOWFTUNFOU ĂśOBODFE CZ UBYFT JO 7JĂ?U /BN JT CFJOH VOEFSVUJMJTFE - Making trade easier. The idea is to follow the FYBNQMF PG BJS USBOTQPSU PO MJOF TZTUFNT (internet booking) where the Vietnamese JNQPSUFS GPS FYBNQMF NJHIU EJSFDUMZ reserve space on vessels without using his local agent; - Environmental excellence. The strategy is to reduce speed to lower fuel costs.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Table
9
New Strategies. Reducing Costs
Source: Author’s construction.
*O UIJT UBCMF ZPV IBWF UISFF DPOöHVSBUJPOT XJUI FJHIU OJOF PS UFO WFTTFMT UIBU BQQMZ UP TFSWJDF CFUXFFO "TJB BOE /PSUIFSO &VSPQF *O UIF SFHVMBS SPVUFT NBSLFU UIFSF JT B XFFLMZ service rule. If you slow your speed while LFFQJOH UIF TBNF OVNCFS PG WFTTFMT ZPV will no longer be capable of being in each QPSU PG DBMM FWFSZ XFFL 5IVT JG ZPV IBWF B øFFU PG FJHIU WFTTFMT USBWFMMJOH BU LOPUT BOE ZPV SFEVDF TQFFE UP LOPUT ZPV IBWF to add one vessel. The strategy is to decide if the gain is higher than the cost of adding a TVQQMFNFOUBSZ WFTTFM 4JODF BMM WFTTFMT have reduced speed; it is a common strategy of all ship-owners.
5IF FòFDU GPS DPVOUSJFT JT OPU OFVUSBM JG ZPV BSF B 7JFUOBNFTF FYQPSUFS UP &VSPQF ZPV NVTU OPX DPVOU PO BCPVU EBZT GPS ZPVS DPOUBJOFS UP BSSJWF JO &VSPQF DPNQBSFE UP before the crisis. #Z TMPXJOH WFTTFMT EPXO UIF TIJQ PXOFS gains in fuel consumption while the vessel JT BU TFB 'PS MPOH SPVUFT TVDI BT &VSPQF Asia when the vessel spends most of its UJNF BU TFB UIF HBJOT BSF IJHI BOE KVTUJGZ UIF adding of one more vessel to the fleet. On the DPOUSBSZ GPS USBOTBUMBOUJD SPVUFT UIJT TUSBUFHZ does not make sense as the ship-owner saves less than the cost of adding an extra vessel. "CPVU PG &VSPQF "TJB TFSWJDFT BSF TMPX TUFBNJOH XIFSFBT UIJT öHVSF JT POMZ GPS &VSPQF /PSUI "NFSJDB
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Day 3, Wednesday 18th July The first part of the morning is devoted to the Tralin game (see reading texts, www. tamdaoconf.com). [Pierre Cariou] In the Tralin HBNF JG EFNBOE JT SFEVDFE CZ IBMG PO BMM UIF SPVUFT ZPV BSF BMM HPJOH UP MPTF NPOFZ 'VSUIFSNPSF JG ZPV XJTIFE UP TFMM WFTTFMT OPCPEZ XPVME XBOU UP CVZ UIFN 5IJT virtual situation is today the reality for all shipowners. We are currently in an overcapacity crisis that will certainly continue for some ZFBST UP DPNF BT EFNBOE XJMM OPU JODSFBTF in the near future. The second interest of this game is to help you understand the JNQPSUBODF PG TUSBUFHJD JOUFSBDUJPOT UIF advantage of being able to cooperate to manage capacity. :PV IBWF B HSFBU EFBM PG JOUFSFTU JO UIF environmental impacts of maritime transport; * GPS NZ QBSU XBT TVSQSJTFE UP IFBS ZPV BMM talk about the impact of climate change on maritime activities. An example is the PQFOJOH PG QBTTBHF SPVUFT JO UIF /PSUI 8FTU Artic or the increase in insurance premiums GPS QPSU BDUJWJUJFT CFDBVTF PG UIF SJTL PG B SJTF in sea level.
2.1.4. Environmental Impact of Maritime Transport I should like to talk a little about the impact of maritime activities on climate change. In UIF GSBNFXPSL PG UIF *.0 B MPU PG EFCBUF IBT UBLFO QMBDF PWFS UIF MBTU UFO ZFBST OPUBCMZ about the impact of maritime transport and greenhouse gas emissions. * QSPQPTF UP QSFTFOU UIFTF EFCBUFT UP ZPV BT well as some existing solutions. 5IF QSJODJQBM FòFDU PG NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU PO the environment is linked to its use of fuel. 8IFO ZPV DPOTVNF GVFM ZPV BSF HPJOH UP emit a whole series of gases that may take the GPSN PG öOF QBSUJDMFT PS DBSCPO EJPYJEF 5IF MBUUFS IBT B HMPCBM JNQBDU UIBU UFOET UP BòFDU UIF P[POF MBZFS TFF 5BCMF OFYU QBHF .BSJUJNF USBOTQPSU KVTU MJLF BWJBUJPO SFQSFTFOUT BCPVU PG DBSCPO EJPYJEF FNJTTJPOT o HMPCBMMZ PG FNJTTJPOT DPNF GSPN USBOTQPSU -FU JU CF FNQIBTJTFE from the outset that maritime transport SFQSFTFOUT PG XPSMEXJEF USBEF UIF SBUJP tonnes-distance travelled represents very low FNJTTJPOT TFF̓(SBQI OFYU QBHF The most polluting mode of transport is by far the aeroplane. That is one of the reasons why UIF *.0 IBT CFFO IBWJOH EJóDVMUJFT öOEJOH B TPMVUJPO PWFS UIF MBTU UFO ZFBST TIJQ PXOFST BSHVF UIBU NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU QPMMVUFT MJUUMF BOE JU JT UIVT BCPWF BMM OFDFTTBSZ UP öOE B TPMVUJPO GPS BJS BOE SPBE USBóD
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Table
10 Greenhouse Gases
PM – Particulates; HM - Heavy metals; NH3 – Ammonia; SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide; NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen; NMVOC - Volatile Organic Compounds (hydrocarbons); CO - Carbon monoxide; CH4 – Methane; CO2 - Carbon dioxide; N2O - Nitrous oxide Source: Author’s construction.
Figure
26 Comparaison of Exhaust Gas Emissions
Source: Swedish Network for Transport and the Environment.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
" TUVEZ CZ "NFSJDBO +BQBOFTF BOE /PSXFHJBO̓ SFTFBSDIFST IBT DBMDVMBUFE UIBU because of maritime activities and the FNJTTJPO PG ĂśOF QBSUJDMFT BCPVU QFPQMF die each year from cancers and heart disease (Corbet et al " EJTUSJCVUJPO NBQ PG such cases shows that most of the people BòFDUFE MJWF BMPOH UIF DPBTU QBSUJDVMBSMZ OFBS to big ports or big maritime routes. It is clearly TFFO JO "TJB XJUI UIF IJHI OVNCFS PG EFBUIT JO [POFT TVDI BT 4IBOHIBJ GPS FYBNQMF
Figure
Studies of this type have led the IMO over the last decade to try to understand which activities and which vessels were at the source PG UIFTF DBSCPO EJPYJEF FNJTTJPOT DPOUBJOFS ships consume the most and it is evidently the fastest of these that pollute the most. Which countries are the sources of this pollution? Who monitors container ships?
27 Graph / Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Flag Carrier
Source: Cariou and Wolff (2010).
(FSNBOZ JT UIF DPVOUSZ UIBU DPOUSPMT UIF WBTU NBKPSJUZ PG DPOUBJOFS TIJQT BOE JT CFDBVTF PG UIJT UIF TPVSDF PG MBSHF DBSCPO EJPYJEF emissions.
The Vietnamese and Cambodian fleets count BCPVU WFTTFMT FBDI 5IF TUSVDUVSF PG UIFTF UXP øFFUT JT SFMBUJWFMZ TJNJMBS GFX DPOUBJOFS TIJQT BOE MPUT PG TNBMM TJ[FE CVML
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
carriers. The two countries logically emit very little carbon dioxide because of the small TJ[F PG UIFJS øFFUT *U JT BCPWF BMM EFWFMPQFE DPVOUSJFT 'SBODF &OHMBOE (FSNBOZ BOE %FONBSL FUD UIBU FNJU UIF NPTU How can we limit these emissions? There are UXP PQUJPOT UFDIOJDBM TPMVUJPOT 1JHPVWJBO tax) and market taxes (introduction of a DBSCPO EJPYJEF NBSLFU o 3POBME $PBTF T thesis).
Table
What is the cost of the technical solution and what is its impact in terms of energy FóDJFODZ 5IF CFTU TPMVUJPO IBT BMSFBEZ CFFO JNQMFNFOUFE SFEVDJOH UIF TQFFE PG vessels. We can also think about substituting QFUSPM XJUI CJP GVFM PS HBT UIF JNQBDU IFSF XPVME CF HSFBU CVU UIF FDPOPNJD DPTU JT OPU yet certain. The IMO recommends favouring research into these new types of fuel that will eventually allow us to reduce consumption.
11 Different Methods of Reducing C02 Emissions
Source: Gérard (2007).
-FU VT UBLF B MPPL BU UXP EJòFSFOU FDPOPNJD alternatives. 5IF JEFB PG UIF UBY JT UP BSUJöDJBMMZ JODSFBTF UIF price of fuel in order to oblige the ship-owner to adopt other methods of production. The EJóDVMUJFT PG JNQMFNFOUJOH UIJT TZTUFN BSF OVNFSPVT
8IBU TIPVME UIF MFWFM PG UIF UBY CF (JWFO UIBU UIJT JT B GVFM UBY FBDI TIJQ PXOFS XJMM IBWF UP QBZ BO BEEJUJPOBM UBY XIFSFBT UIF QSJDF PG GVFM UFOET UP øVDUVBUF o JO B UPOOF PG GVFM DPTU BSPVOE JG ZPV TFU B UBY BU UIFSF XJMM CF WFSZ MJUUMF JNQBDU - The cost of the transaction. It will be OFDFTTBSZ UP öOE BO BHFODZ SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF DPMMFDUJOH PG UBYFT )PXFWFS JG UIF DPTU
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
of collecting the tax is higher than the sum HFOFSBUFE CZ UIF UBY UIF UBY IBT OP TFOTF - What should be done with the money collected? There exists a certain consensus UIBU JU TIPVME CF VTFE UP ĂśOBODF UIF research into and development of new technologies; - Who should collect this tax? A priori the *.0 CVU DFSUBJO DPVOUSJFT EP OPU SFDPHOJTF 6/ BHFODJFT The second solution is that of Ronald Coase JO $PBTF 5IFPSFN XIJDI JU JT QPTTJCMF UP TVNNBSJTF JO UIF GPMMPXJOH GPSN “If trade in an externality is possible and there are no transaction costs, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of propertyâ€?. The regulator will say “I estimate that your activity has generated 80 tonnes of carbon dioxide, if next year you can reduce this to 70 tonnes, you will be able to sell 10 tonnes to someone else who needs itâ€?. This solution is also complex to implement for two reasons. - How can we calculate the number of tonnes of carbon dioxide that each PQFSBUPS JT HPJOH UP SFDFJWF HJWFO UIBU B private operator will tend to underestimate his needs in number of tonnes; *O DBTF PG DPOøJDU B NBOBHFNFOU USJCVOBM JT OFDFTTBSZ )FSF XF ĂśOE UIF USBOTBDUJPO DPTUT QSPCMFNBUJD JG UIF DPTU PG DSFBUJOH these agencies is higher than the expected QSPĂśUT UIF NFDIBOJTN IBT OP TFOTF
A role-play game is prepared within the workshop to be carried out the next day about the operating model of the IMO. Four groups are created. Groups 1 and 2: “You are representatives of Viᝇt Nam or Cambodia, your option is to do nothingâ€?. The groups prepare arguments presented in plenary sessions in order to demonstrate that economic type solutions cannot be implemented; Group 3 and 4, solution propositions: introduction of a tax, possible extension to the introduction of a market. The idea is to build a convincing argument about the importance of finding a solution for the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions.
Day 4, Thursday 19th July Presentation and debates about the arguments presented by each group. [Pierre Cariou] I should like to come back to two essential points that stand out from the debates and QSFTFOUBUJPOT PG UIF EJòFSFOU HSPVQT " HSFBU TDJFOUJÜD VODFSUBJOUZ SFNBJOT BCPVU UIF FòFDU PG USBOTQPSU PO DMJNBUF DIBOHF BOE JUT JNQBDU PO IVNBO BDUJWJUJFT This uncertainty is found when we have to determine the amount of the tax and RVPUBT FWFO UIPVHI XF BSF OPU ZFU DBQBCMF of measuring the emissions generated by transport. *U JT OFDFTTBSZ UP FNQIBTJTF UIF EJóDVMUZ JO SFBDIJOH BO BHSFFNFOU BCPVU RVFTUJPOT PG FRVJUZ BOE EFWFMPQNFOU 5IF MPHJD
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
EFGFOEFE CZ HSPVQT BOE โ We are victims and we demand that you payโ JT a powerful argument. Sidestepping this position is going back to the principle of a DPNNPO CVU EJรฒFSFOUJBUFE SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ JU JT OPU B RVFTUJPO PG BDDVTJOH POF country more than another; the response XJMM CF EJรฒFSFOUJBUFE EFQFOEJOH PO UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG UIF DPVOUSZ 5IF EJรณDVMUZ GPS EFWFMPQFE DPVOUSJFT PG XIJDI UIF NPTU QBSU QSFTFOUMZ XJTI UP BDU JT UIBU BO BHSFFNFOU NVTU CF FTUBCMJTIFE BOE UP EP UIJT B NBKPSJUZ JT OFDFTTBSZ UP BHSFF PO UIF principle. If an agreement is reached on a SFTPMVUJPO JU JT UIFO B RVFTUJPO PG SBUJGZJOH this agreement. This may take a long time. The last stage is transposing this agreement into national law. [Jean-Pierre Beurier] -FU VT CF DBSFGVM JO EJTUJOHVJTIJOH CFUXFFO UIF TJHOJOH SBUJรถDBUJPO BOE JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG BO JOUFSOBUJPOBM UFYU PS B USFBUZ " HPWFSONFOU TFOET BO PรณDJBM EFMFHBUJPO UP BO JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPOGFSFODF UP UIF 6/ GPS FYBNQMF XJUI B NJTTJPO 5IJT EFMFHBUJPO is composed of at least one plenipotentiary NJOJTUFS HFOFSBMMZ BO BNCBTTBEPS XIP JO BHSFFNFOU XJUI IJT HPWFSONFOU JT HPJOH UP sign the convention text at the end of the EJTDVTTJPOT -FU VT JNBHJOF UIBU IF TJHOT JU IF returns home with the signed text that has in a certain way committed his government. )PXFWFS JO PSEFS GPS UIJT BHSFFNFOU UP DPNNJU UIF TBJE DPVOUSZ JU JT OFDFTTBSZ GPS the parliament representing the people of this country to ratify the signed agreement. 'SPN UIF NPNFOU UIF BHSFFNFOU JT SBUJรถFE it must be published in the government KPVSOBM PG UIF DPVOUSZ #VU JG UIF UFYU JT OPU JO GPSDF JU DBOOPU CF BQQMJFE JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP
BXBJU B TVรณDJFOU OVNCFS PG SBUJรถDBUJPOT GPS the States participating in the convention to NBLF JU FOUFS JOUP GPSDF "U UIF *.0 PG UIF XPSME UPOOBHF NVTU IBWF SBUJรถFE JU PS JG * UBLF UIF FYBNQMF PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT $POWFOUJPO PO 4FB -BX SBUJGZJOH 4UBUFT BSF needed for it to enter into force. Once the text JT JO GPSDF JU JT IBOEFE UP UIF (FOFSBM 4FDSFUBSZ PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT BOE CFDPNFT QBSU PG international law. The States that signed and SBUJรถFE JU NVTU JNQMFNFOU JU 5IJT JNQMJFT UIBU each ratifying State should promulgate the MBXT EFDSFFT BOE PSEFST OFDFTTBSZ UP JODMVEF the articles in the substantive law of that State o BOE OPU KVTU CF TBUJTรถFE UP IBWF QVCMJTIFE the text of the convention in the government KPVSOBM Phแบกm Tuแบฅn Anh *T UIFSF B UJNF MJNJU GPS SBUJรถDBUJPO GPS 4UBUFT having signed an international convention? Can a State go back on its agreement to sign? [Jean-Pierre Beurier] 5IFSF JT B รถYFE UJNF MJNJU GPS UIF TJHOJOH PG B UFYU UIBU IBT KVTU CFFO QSPQPTFE JO HFOFSBM one or two years. Signed documents can CF IBOEFE UP UIF (FOFSBM 4FDSFUBSZ PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT PS UP BO BVUIPSJUZ UP UIF (FOFSBM 4FDSFUBSZ PG UIF *.0 GPS FYBNQMF GPS NBSJUJNF BรฒBJST PS UIF '"0 GPS BHSJDVMUVSF 0ODF UIJT UJNF MJNJU IBT FMBQTFE B OFX 4UBUF cannot sign. The State is sovereign; there is OP UJNF MJNJU GPS SBUJรถDBUJPO 5IFSF JT B NPSBM obligation of committal since the State has TJHOFE CVU UIFSF JT OP MFHBM PCMJHBUJPO "T GBS BT UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT DPOWFOUJPO PO TFB MBX XBT DPODFSOFE XF TIBMM IBWF UP XBJU UXFMWF years for sixty States to ratify it. $BO B 4UBUF DIBOHF JUT NJOE :FT CVU JU NVTU UIFO BEIFSF UP UIF DPOWFOUJPO #Z BEIFSJOH
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
UP JU JU DBOOPU NPEJGZ JU JO BOZ XBZ OPS TVCNJU any reservations. The Principle of Legal Responsibility and the Notion of Ecological Prejudice [Patrice Guillotreau] We are going to take a look at the problem of UIF JODJEFODF PG DMJNBUF DIBOHF QBSUJDVMBSMZ PO DPBTUBM BDUJWJUJFT CVU BMTP UIF EBNBHF TVòFSFE PG FJUIFS B IVNBO PS FOWJSPONFOUBM nature by coastal populations. What value can we give to the environmental “goodâ€? in general? 8IFO XF UBML BCPVU WBMVBUJPO XF BSF talking about attributing a monetary value to environmental assets. Why do we give a NPOFUBSZ WBMVF UP UIFTF HPPET PS PCKFDUT GSPN B MFHBM QPJOU PG WJFX XIJDI BSF OPU UIF PCKFDU PG DPNNFSDJBM FYDIBOHFT "WPJEJOH [FSP WBMVFT "CTFODF PG WBMVF BOE not charging at all is often the cause of the degradation of environmental goods. - Tragedy of pure collective goods. Here we UIJOL PG BJS BOE XBUFS RVBMJUZ BOE BCTFODF of noise. Several causes are at the origin of UIJT USBHFEZ JOEJWJTJCJMJUZ OPO FYDMVTJPO JU JT EJĂłDVMU UP FYDMVEF BOZCPEZ GSPN VTJOH air for example; non-rivalry (what I consume PG UIJT DPMMFDUJWF HPPE B MBOETDBQF GPS FYBNQMF JT OPU HPJOH UP EFQSJWF BOZPOF GSPN FOKPZJOH UIJT CFBVUZ OPCPEZ JT individually worried about the preservation of this good). - Converting into the same unit of NFBTVSFNFOU EJòFSFOU VOJUT OVNCFST UPOOF WPMVNFT TQBDFT DPTUT BSF FBTJMZ FTUBCMJTIFE QSPĂśUT B MPU MFTT *G XBUFS RVBMJUZ JT EFHSBEFE UIF DPTU PG UIF DMFBOJOH PG B
XBUFS DBUDINFOU BSFB DBO CF FTUJNBUFE GPS FYBNQMF 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE QVUUJOH JOUP ÜHVSFT BMM UIF QSPÜU UIBU DBO CF NBEF GSPN UIF TFB CFZPOE UIF TJNQMF SFTPVSDFT UIBU DBO CF FYUSBDUFE GSPN JU TVDI BT DBSCPO TFRVFTUSBUJPO TFSWJDFT JT B MPU NPSF EJóDVMU to give a monetary value to. - Compensating for damages. Once legal SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ IBT CFFO FTUBCMJTIFE XF must decide the amount of compensation GPS UIF EBNBHF TVòFSFE )PX NVDI NPOFZ DBO DPNQFOTBUF UIF EBNBHF TVòFSFE CZ coral reefs or the destruction of sea birds following an oil slick? We shall see how this awareness of damage and the necessity PG DPNQFOTBUJOH UIF EBNBHF TVòFSFE CZ nature are becoming more and more part of the principle of law. [Jean-Pierre Beurier] Faced with the degradation of the FOWJSPONFOU BOE B SFUSFBU PG 4UBUFT SFHBSEJOH FOWJSPONFOUBM EFHSBEBUJPO JMMVTUSBUFE CZ UIF TVDDFTTJWF GBJMVSFT PG $PQFOIBHFO BOE 3JP 4UBUFT BSF NPSF UIBO FWFS JOUFSWFOJOH UPP RVJDLMZ BOE UIFO OPU EPJOH enough. -FU VT BEESFTT UIF QSPCMFN PG DPNQFOTBUJOH for environmental damage. I shall introduce my argument by reminding you of the EJòFSFODF UIBU FYJTUT CFUXFFO B TVCKFDU PG MBX BOE BO PCKFDU PG MBX BOE PO UIF PUIFS IBOE XIBU BSF UIF PCKFDUJWFT PG MBX /BUVSBM BOE MFHBM QFSTPOT BSF TVCKFDUT PG law. The law has been established by them BOE GPS UIFN BOE UIFZ DBO BTL B KVEHF UP apply these rights to defend their position or impose an obligation on a third party. They are stakeholders of law.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
5IF PCKFDU PG MBX XJMM SFDFJWF B DFSUBJO MFHBM SFHJNF UIBU XJMM CF JNQPTFE VQPO JU DSFBUFE CZ NBO 5IFSF JT B SFHJNF GPS QSPQFSUZ GPS QFUT PS GPS XJME BOJNBMT )PXFWFS UIFTF PCKFDUT PG MBX DBO PCWJPVTMZ OPU EFGFOE themselves. - The aims of the law are to resolve relations CFUXFFO JOEJWJEVBMT PS SFMBUJPOT CFUXFFO individuals and society as harmoniously as QPTTJCMF *G JO TQJUF PG UIJT UIFSF JT B DPOøJDU then there will be compensation for the EBNBHF TVòFSFE CZ B WJDUJN 5IJT WJDUJN B TVCKFDU PG MBX XJMM UIFO CF BCMF UP HP CFGPSF B KVEHF BOE EFNBOE DPNQFOTBUJPO GPS EBNBHF TVòFSFE PO DPOEJUJPO UIBU T he has a personal interest in acting and T IF DBO QSPWF UIF EBNBHF TVòFSFE This is the problem with compensating FOWJSPONFOUBM EBNBHF )PX DBO KVTUJDF CF rendered since in the legal system invented CZ NBO UIF POMZ QPTTJCMF DPNQFOTBUJPO JT ÜOBODJBM 'PS B MPOH UJNF JO 'SBODF CFGPSF FOWJSPONFOUBM MBXT XFSF FTUBCMJTIFE POMZ anglers could go to court if river water was QPMMVUFE OPU CFDBVTF UIF SJWFS XBT QPMMVUFE but because the anglers had bought fry to QPQVMBUF UIF SJWFS BOE ÜTI JO JU BOE UIF GSZ IBE EJFE #FDBVTF UIFTF BOHMFST IBE B CJMM they wished to seek compensation for the ÜOBODJBM EBNBHF UIFZ IBE TVòFSFE 5IF ÜSTU QIBTF PG QSPHSFTT UPPL QMBDF BU UIF FOE PG UIF T JO UIF T BOE BU UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T EFQFOEJOH PO when individual States adopted important laws for the protection of the environment. 5IVT UIF 'SFODI MBX JT UIBU PG th +VMZ XIJDI SFDPHOJTFT JO JUT "SUJDMF UIBU OBUVSF JT PG HFOFSBM JOUFSFTU /PU POMZ DBO UIF 4UBUF attack the river polluter in the name of the HFOFSBM JOUFSFTU PG UIF OBUJPOBM DPNNVOJUZ
CVU TP DBO UIF -PJSF PS UIF (BSPOOF IJLJOH DMVCT GPS FYBNQMF CFDBVTF UIF BJN PG UIFTF BTTPDJBUJPOT JT UP QSPUFDU OBUVSF BOE FOKPZ JU 0O BO JOUFSOBUJPOBM MBX MFWFM UIF QSJPS TJUVBUJPO XBT FWFO XPSTF *OEFFE UIF 4UBUF JT sovereign; it does what it wants on its territory. A fundamental decree by the International $PVSU PG +VTUJDF JO DPODFSOJOH UIF BòBJS of the straits of Corfu dramatically changed UIJT XBZ PG UIJOLJOH 4UBUFT BSF MFHBMMZ FRVBM State A is sovereign and does what it wants XJUI JUT UFSSJUPSZ 4UBUF # JT BMTP TPWFSFJHO A does not have the right to do something UIBU NJHIU IBWF IBSNGVM FòFDUT PO # FWFO JG " T BDUJWJUZ JT MFHBM Imagine a cement factory that emits smoke that is carried away by the prevailing winds. 5IF PòFOEJOH 4UBUF JT HPJOH UP TBZ “It is perfectly legal to make cement, I need it for my economy. It is not my fault if the wind carries the smoke awayâ€?. The polluted country XJMM HP UP 4UBUF " T MFHBM DPVSU UP BTL GPS DPNQFOTBUJPO o DMFBOJOH PG QPMMVUFE SPBET MPTT PG IPUFM DMJFOUT FUD *O NBSJUJNF NBUUFST UIJOHT BSF NPSF DPNQMJDBUFE BT PO UIF POF IBOE NBSJUJNF USBOTQPSU XIJDI JT DPOTJEFSFE B SJTLZ BDUJWJUZ is granted the limits of responsibility of UIF TIJQ PXOFS PO UIF PUIFS IBOE UIF EBNBHF HFOFSBUFE CZ WFTTFMT QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIPTF USBOTQPSUJOH QFUSPM PS DIFNJDBM MJRVJE CVML BSF TP TFSJPVT UIBU UIFZ HP CFZPOE UIF ĂśOBODJBM NFBOT PG UIF FOUFSQSJTF 5IF international community thus adopted UIF #SVTTFMT $POWFOUJPO JO SFHBSEJOH DPNQFOTBUJPO GPS DJWJM EBNBHFT TVòFSFE CZ victims of oil slick pollution. The convention focuses responsibility on the ship-owner. #FZPOE UIJT MJNJU UIF 4UBUFT QBSUZ UP UIF #SVTTFMT DPOWFOUJPO DSFBUFE BO *OUFSOBUJPOBM Oil Pollution Compensation fund for the
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
victims of oil pollution (IOPC). Any economic QMBZFS USBOTQPSUJOH SFDFJWJOH PS SFöOJOH PJM o NPSF UIBO UPOOFT QFS ZFBS o NVTU DPOUSJCVUF UP UIJT GVOE UIBU XJMM CF UIFO VTFE BT TFDPOE QMBZFS UP DPNQFOTBUF BOZ EBNBHF exceeding the amount the owner is asked to pay. This system of cooperation and insurance unfortunately has a very low ceiling. It is QFSGFDU GPS TNBMM FWFOUT BU TFB BT UIF WJDUJNT are immediately compensated without any MFHBM QSPDFTT )PXFWFS XIFO GBDFE XJUI NBKPS NBSJUJNF EJTBTUFST UIF FòFDUT BSF disastrous. &YBNQMF 5IF "NPDP $BEJ[ XBT BO American-owned oil tanker flying the -JCFSJBO øBH 5IF WFTTFM MFHBMMZ CFMPOHFE to the Amoco Transport Company whose IFBERVBSUFST XFSF JO $IJDBHP *MMJOPJT CVU UIF SFBM PXOFS XBT UIF MJNJUFE DPNQBOZ "NPDP UIBU JT UP TBZ 4UBOEBSE 0JM *OEJBOB th .BSDI UIFSF XBT B TUPSN PG UIF DPBTU PG 'JOJTUÒSF JO 'SBODF 5IF "NPDP XIJDI XBT TBJMJOH VQ UIF /PSUI 4FB QBTTFE CZ UIF 'SFODI DPBTU MBEFO XJUI UPOOFT PG DSVEF " IZESBVMJD DZMJOEFS JO UIF WFTTFM T TUFFSJOH TZTUFN failed. The vessel was no longer steerable even though its engines were working well. - The vessel immediately put beam to the wind and swell and floated towards the French coast. - The captain did not warn the French authorities. He negotiated a contract with B (FSNBO IJHI TFB UVHCPBU XIJDI PòFSFE him a rescue contract that he asked the "NPDP -JNJUFE $PNQBOZ UP QBZ GPS - Amoco refused to sign the contract. 8IFO UIF WFTTFM T PXOFST SFBMJTFE UIF HSBWJUZ PG UIF FWFOU JO UIF NJEEMF PG UIF OJHIU JU XBT UPP MBUF UIF WFTTFM BUUFNQUFE
UP XFJHI BODIPS UIF DIBJOT CSPLF POF BGUFS BOPUIFS BOE UIF WFTTFMT öOJTIFE VQ SVOOJOH BHSPVOE PO UIF #SJUUBOZ DPBTU UPOOFT PG DSVEF PJM TQJMMFE PVU JOUP UIF TFB BOE POUP UIF TIPSF QPMMVUJOH km of coast. - It took months of work for the French BVUIPSJUJFT UIF BSNZ UIF öSF CSJHBEF UIF QPMJDF GBSNFST BOE WPMVOUFFST FUD UP DMFBO the environment. 'JTIFSNFO XFSF VOBCMF UP UBLF UP UIF TFB TIFMMöTI GBSNFST XFSF QVU PVU PG XPSL BOE hotels were empty. It was an economic and environmental disaster. - The French authorities realised the cost for the clean up and the damage caused was higher than the IOPC. It was necessary to deviate from the conventional framework BOE OPU BTL GPS JNNFEJBUF DPNQFOTBUJPO but to go before the courts to convict UIF TIJQ PXOFS )PXFWFS UIFSF XBT no convention for the enforcement of KVEHFNFOUT CFUXFFO 'SBODF BOE UIF United States. The representatives of all the aggrieved parties left for the United States UP FOUFS BO "NFSJDBO MFHBM QSPDFEVSF which caused de facto additional costs. - The trial lasted ten years. - The Chicago federal tribunal delivered two KVEHFNFOUT 5IF SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ PG UIF "NPDP -JNJUFE $PNQBOZ XBT FTUBCMJTIFE BOE OPU UIBU PG UIF GSPOU DPNQBOZ "NPDP Transport Company. In response to the argument regarding the limit of available DPNQFOTBUJPO GVOET UIF USJCVOBM SVMFE that there had been a gross fault nullifying UIJT MJNJU o OBUJPOBM BVUIPSJUJFT OPU BMFSUFE OPO SFTQFDU PG DBQUBJO T PSEFST BCTFODF PG tugboat. 5IF USJCVOBM BTLFE GPS UIF BNPVOU PG öOBODJBM MPTT JODVSSFE "MUIPVHI UIF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
4UBUF UIF DPNNVOJUJFT BOE FDPOPNJD TUBLFIPMEFST FBTJMZ KVTUJĂśFE UIJT TVN UIF situation for environmental associations was a lot more complicated regarding FDPMPHJDBM EBNBHF BT UIF NBSJOF ecosystem had no commercial value and could not for this reason be taken into account. &YBNQMF 5IF &SJLB XBT B TNBMM UPOOF deadweight oil tanker that was transporting QFUSPM GSPN %VOLFSRVF JO UIF /PSUI PG 'SBODF UP -JWPSOP *UBMZ 5IF WPZBHF XBT UP MBTU TFWFSBM days. - Fuel oil is a lot more dangerous product UIBO DSVEF PJM XIJDI FWFOUVBMMZ TFMG destructs. Fuel does not disappear over time and it is highly carcinogenic. - The French company Total was selling more UIBO UPOOFT PG GVFM UP *UBMZ 5PUBM EJE not possess any vessels; it had chartered the ship to transport the cargo. - The Erika was a substandard vessel. The SFBM PXOFS XIP XBT *UBMJBO IJE CFIJOE TJY MFWFMT PG GSPOU DPNQBOJFT BOE XBT VTJOH a vessel that should have been destroyed several years earlier. - The crew was Indian and not familiar with UIF /PSUI "UMBOUJD - The expedition took place in December BOE XBT IJU CZ B UFSSJCMF TUPSN EVSJOH the whole of the voyage. 0O th December the vessel broke in two. ̓ UPOOFT PG GVFM DBNF UP UIF TVSGBDF BOE QPMMVUFE LN PG DPBTUMJOF $POUSBSZ UP UIF "NPDP DBTF TPNF PG UIF victims asked the IOPC for compensation. 0G DPVSTF UIF *01$ DFJMJOH DPVME OPU DPWFS all the damages and some of the victims XFOU UP DPVSU UP TFFL KVTUJDF - For the victims who asked for direct DPNQFOTBUJPO UIF *01$ EFDJEFE OPU POMZ
to take responsibility for the compensation PG FDPOPNJD EBNBHF CVU BMTP BDDFQUFE to take responsibility for repairing damage to nature – replacing vegetation along UIF DPBTU GPS FYBNQMF *U EJE OPU IPXFWFS compensate ecological damage. The fund paid about half of the bill of the victims asking for compensation. - The other victims went before the tribunal EF (SBOEF *OTUBODF JO 1BSJT 5IF USJCVOBM DPNQFOTBUFE UIF economic victims and accepted to take responsibility for the restoration of the OBUVSBM IBCJUBU 'PS UIF MPDBM DPNNVOJUJFT UIF USJCVOBM BOOPVODFE “You set out to protect the environment, the fruit of your work was destroyed by the event, not only will the bills be paid, but we are furthermore going to grant you a lump sum for the damage incurred to the natural habitat in your commune or departmentâ€? 'PS UIF ĂśSTU UJNF JO 'SBODF B MVNQ TVN XBT HSBOUFE UP repair the natural habitat. - Total appealed against the ruling. The designated administrative court of BQQFBM JO 3FOOFT DPOĂśSNFE NPTU PG UIF MPXFS DPVSU T KVEHFNFOU "T GBS BT compensating ecological damage was DPODFSOFE UIF DPVSU XFOU FWFO GVSUIFS even for the communes or departments that had not invested in the protection of UIF FOWJSPONFOU UIF DPBTUMJOF IBE CFFO polluted. They too would receive a lump TVN JO DPNQFOTBUJPO JSSFTQFDUJWF PG UIFJS bills. " OFX SFGVTBM CZ 5PUBM XIJDI EJE OPU BDDFQU the appeal verdict. A challenge was put CFGPSF UIF $PVSU PG $BTTBUJPO UIF IJHIFTU court in French law. The general prosecutor EFMJWFSFE IJT WFSEJDU JO +VOF &WFSZPOF was stunned. The Total Company was not SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UFDIOJDBM EFUBJMT UIBU *
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
cannot go into here. All this demonstrates all too well the complexity of the situation and the number of obstacles that must be PWFSDPNF JO PSEFS UP PCUBJO KVTUJDF Other countries have made progress in the EPNBJO PG EFBMJOH XJUI FDPMPHJDBM QSFKVEJDF – the United States and Italy. Even the IOPC IBT HSBOUFE XJUIPVU TBZJOH TP DPNQFOTBUJPO higher than what was asked for by certain QBSUJFT GPS TNBMM FWFOUT #VU UIFSF JT TUJMM B long way to go before ecological damage will CF UBLFO JOUP BDDPVOU *O PVS TPDJFUJFT UIF environment remains in second place. Economic Value of Environmental Goods and Presentation of the Driver-PressureState-Impact-Response (DPSIR) [Patrice Guillotreau] The classical conception of the value of goods is linked to the incorporation of labour JO UIJT WBMVF JO UIF GBCSJDBUJPO PG HPPET o B conception of the pioneers of economy such BT "EBN 4NJUI %BWJE 3JDBSEP BOE ,BSM .BSY who considered the labour content of goods as the strong component of their value. Towards the end of the XIXth DFOUVSZ XJUI UIF SJTF PG UIF VUJMJUBSJBO DVSSFOU UIF TBUJTGBDUJPO that goods provide was considered more XIFO HJWJOH UIFN B WBMVF UIFO JO UIF XXth̓DFOUVSZ UIF OFP DMBTTJDBM DPODFQUJPO PG a good was adopted by the community of economists. They considered that the value of a good stemmed directly from the meeting PG PòFS BOE EFNBOE *U UIVT EFQFOET PO DPNNFSDJBM NFDIBOJTNT B NBSLFU QSPDFTT Environmental goods are not part of this NBSLFU UIFZ BSF OPU UIF PCKFDU PG BO PòFS PS a demand – think about free goods such as BJS PS XBUFS 5IFTF HPPET BSF OPU IPXFWFS EFWPJE PG WBMVF JO TQJUF PG UIFJS CFJOH GSFF
"OE UPEBZ UIF SFDPHOJUJPO PG UIF WBMVF PG the services provided by ecosystems has been adopted by the branch of economics concerned with the environment. The value of an environmental good is usually broken EPXO GSPN - Use value. It is easy to conceive uses for FYUSBDUFE SFTPVSDFT CVU XF DBOOPU UIJOL of more indirect use values such as coastal and seaside tourism; /PO VTF WBMVF &YJTUFODF WBMVF UIBU JT EJóDVMU UP RVBOUJGZ :PV DBO MJWF LN from the sea and simply be happy that the TFB FYJTUT JO JUT OBUVSBM TUBUF VOTVMMJFE CZ PJM pollution; )FSJUBHF MFHBDZ TVDI BT UIF DPOTFSWBUJPO of flora and fauna; 0QUJPO PS RVBTJ PQUJPO WBMVF 5IJT SFGFST UP the irreversibility of certain damage that OBUVSBM HPPET NJHIU TVòFS 5IJT WBMVF JT B cost of information (cost of opportunity) that is not generally taken into account JO UIF WBMVF PG B HPPE GPS FYBNQMF UIF construction of an upstream dam on the 3FE 3JWFS JG EFNBOE BU UFSN JT OPU TVóDJFOU it represents a cost by the non-possibility of another activity. These values overlap and cannot be aggregated. When we speak about FOWJSPONFOUBM DIBOHF BOE GPS FYBNQMF PG BO BMUFSBUJPO JO UIF RVBMJUZ PG B HPPE GPS BO BOUISPQPHFOJD SFBTPO PS PUIFS UIF WBSJBUJPO of well-being caused by the alteration of this good is measured. The concept of consumer TVSQMVT JT JOUSPEVDFE XIJDI SFøFDUT UIF XFMM being of consumers. The notion of surplus is introduced in order to identify what value society attributes to UIF FOWJSPONFOUBM BTTFUT TVDI BT B NBSJOF MBOETDBQF GPS FYBNQMF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Figure
28 Surplus and Consumer Well-Being
Willingness to pay (WTP) or to receive (WTR) to obtain (or avoid) a modification of an environmental good (notion of social benefit = surplus = sum of individual preferences). Source: Author’s construction.
It is necessary to have revealed to agents their preference and the utility gained GSPN UIF FYJTUFODF GPS UIF VTF PG B HPPE PG BHSFFNFOUT UP QBZ PS SFDFJWF EFQFOEJOH PO UIF NPEJĂśDBUJPOT JO RVBMJUZ PG BO FOWJSPONFOUBM HPPE -FU VT BTL PVSTFMWFT XIBU XF BSF XJMMJOH UP QBZ GPS IJHI RVBMJUZ water or receive as compensation for a future
degradation of a natural habitat following the CVJMEJOH PG B EZLF PS B QPSU GPS FYBNQMF 5IF notion of surplus is the sum of the individual preferences of the population concerned by UIF RVBMJUZ PG BO FOWJSPONFOUBM HPPE 5IF global gain for consumers is the aggregation PG UIF EJòFSFODFT CFUXFFO XJMMJOHOFTT UP QBZ for a good and what we really pay for it.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Figure
29 Surplus and Consumer Well-Being (2) Variation in well-being = modification of surplus
Source: Author’s construction.
Estimating variation in consumer well-being. *G UIF QSJDF SJTFT GSPN 1 UP 1 DPOTVNFS XFMM being is reduced by as much – if a beach JT QPMMVUFE XF BTL JOEJWJEVBMT IPX NVDI they are willing to pay to depollute it; if we JNBHJOF Pò TIPSF ESJMMJOH UIBU XPVME GPSDF ÜTIFSNFO UP EFQBSU IPX NVDI BSF UIFZ willing to receive in compensation for the IBSN TVòFSFE This has a direct impact on the construction of works at sea. 5IF EJóDVMUZ OPX DPOTJTUT JO SFGPSNVMBUJOH demand curves. This may be established by direct methods – by asking individuals for their agreement to pay from a proposed scenario – or indirect ones based on observation and behaviour.
- The damage function approach. It is OFDFTTBSZ UP FTUBCMJTI B RVBOUJUBUJWF MJOL of causality between two phenomena. We have seen for example that the passage of container ships had a direct influence PO UIF IFBMUI PG DPBTUBM QPQVMBUJPOT XJUI B RVBOUJĂśDBUJPO PG UIF OVNCFS PG EFBUIT 8F UIVT ĂśSTU FTUBCMJTIFE B EPTF SFTQPOTF GVODUJPO UIFO B NPOFUBSZ WBMVF UP UIF preceding link. What are the supplementary costs incurred on individuals in response to this public health problem? - Coverage provided following environmental degradation. If the water supplied CZ QVCMJD BVUIPSJUJFT CFDPNFT VOESJOLBCMF we have to buy bottles of mineral water instead of drinking tap water. What for FYBNQMF JT UIF QSJDF PG TPVOE RVBMJUZ *G BO BJSQPSU JT CVJMU OFBS UP SFTJEFOUJBM [POFT UIF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
DPTU PG TPVOEQSPPĂśOH IPNFT JT DBMDVMBUFE – the value of the noise can be directly calculated in relation to these protection expenses. - Hedonic price method. We assume that there is a direct link between the price of a good and its environmental characteristics. Imagine two houses of identical surface BSFB OVNCFS PG SPPNT BOE JOUFSJPS DPNGPSUT XIJDI BSF POMZ EJòFSFOU CFDBVTF one has a sea view. The price of this sea view can be calculated by the price EJòFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF UXP IPVTFT " UXP TUBHF BQQSPBDI JT GPMMPXFE UIF QBSU PG UIF environment in the gap between the two prices is calculated – the implicit price of UIF HPPE UIF DPTU PG UIF WBSJBUJPO JO XFMM CFJOH JO UIF GPSN PG B XJMMJOHOFTT UP QBZ by the consumer for the environmental characteristic. " TUVEZ DBMDVMBUFE TPVOE RVBMJUZ PG MJGF JO (FOFWB 4XJU[FSMBOE UISPVHI JUT JNQBDU PO SFOU QSJDFT BQBSUNFOUT FBDI XJUI B EJòFSFOU EFHSFF PG FYQPTJUJPO UP OPJTF were sampled. It is possible to statistically NFBTVSF UIBU UFO EFDJCFMT NPSF XJMM SFEVDF PO BWFSBHF SFOU QSJDFT JO (FOFWB CZ 8F DBO UIVT DPOTUSVDU B ĂśDUJWF EFNBOE GVODUJPO SFGFSSFE UP BT UIF IFEPOJD QSJDF GVODUJPO to determine willingness to pay for noise SFEVDUJPO #BSBO[JOJ BOE 3BNJSF[ - Transport costs method. An individual wishing to consume an environmental good is also obliged to consume other complementary commercial goods. For FYBNQMF JO PSEFS UP CFOFĂśU GSPN UIF CFBVUZ PG B QMBDF MJLF /IB 5SBOH BO JOEJWJEVBM MJWJOH JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J NVTU CVZ BO BJS UJDLFU B IPUFM TUBZ FUD 5IF JNQPSUBODF BOE WBMVF of a site can be evaluated from the total
transport costs and the number of people WJTJUJOH UIF SFTPSU 'SPN B RVFTUJPOOBJSF XF DBO FTUBCMJTI QFPQMF T XJMMJOHOFTT UP pay to visit a site that corresponds to the cost of each visit multiplied by the number of visits. The responses are aggregated to UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF UP PCUBJO B SBUF PG WJTJUT DPNJOH GSPN [POF ; DPNQBSFE UP UIF QPQVMBUJPO PG [POF ; *G XF SFQMBDF UIF additional cost of the trip with an admission GFF JU JT QPTTJCMF UP NFBTVSF UPUBM DPOTVNFS XFMM CFJOH BT UIF TVN PG UIF WJTJUPST willingness to pay. - Example assessment of damage caused by the pollution linked to the running BHSPVOE PG UIF &YYPO 7BMEF[ JO "MBTLB JO ÜTIJOH TJUFT QMFBTVSF CPBUJOH TJUFT IVOUJOH TJUFT IJLJOH TJUFT XFSF DPOTJEFSFE BOE QFPQMF TVSWFZFE The agents calculated the number of WJTJUT UP UIF EJòFSFOU TJUFT JO RVFTUJPO 5IF JNQMJDJU QSJDF PG UIF FOWJSPONFOUBM RVBMJUZ of each site was calculated using a demand function reconstituted from transport costs. The oil slick prevented individuals from visiting these sites; it is thus the well-being variation that constitutes the damage TVòFSFE CZ OBUVSF 5IF TVN BUUBJOFE CZ the total amount of willingnesses to pay XBT . )PXFWFS &YYPO .PCJM XBT ÜOFE CO PG XIJDI . XBT UP DPWFS KVTU FDPMPHJDBM MPTTFT 8F IBWF IFSF BO illustration of the limits of these economic methods used to assess the value of nature; the economy cannot replace law as far as ecological damage is concerned. - Contingent evaluation method. Assuming that we seek to explain to the individuals RVFTUJPOFE XF FTUJNBUF XJMMJOHOFTT UP QBZ so that the scenario may happen or not.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Table
12 Method of Contingent Evaluation
CAP: Willingness to pay ; CAR: Willingness to receive Source: Author’s construction.
Phấm Trưƥng Hưƥng Giang
[Yves Perraudeau]
-FU VT JNBHJOF UIBU B IPVTF IBT CPUI B TFB BOE B NPVOUBJO WJFX )PX DBO XF EJòFSFOUJBUF the share of the mountain view from that of the sea view?
*O UIJT FYBNQMF XF DBO BMTP TQFDJGZ UIF RVBMJUZ PG UIF TFB WJFX EP XF IBWF UP TUBOE PO B DIBJS UP TFF JU EP XF TFF JU UISPVHI UIF bay window in the living room? This will have an influence on the price.
[Patrice Guillotreau] In the demand function we have to take the maximum number of arguments to isolate the environmental component UIBU XF TFFL UP FNQIBTJTF (FOFSBMMZ UIJT JOWPMWFT TPQIJTUJDBUFE TUBUJTUJDBM UFDIOJRVFT – econometry – where we will select a TBNQMF PG PS IPVTFT PG XIJDI we shall describe all the characteristics that we believe to have an influence on the price of accommodation.
[Patrice Guillotreau] -FU VT BQQMZ UIF %14*3 NPEFM UP UIF vulnerability of the coastline and the populations that live there. This vulnerability QSFTFOUT UISFF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT - The exposure of a territory to risks; - The sensitivity of activities to risks. What is the economic and social dependency in relation to an activity that would be threatened if the risk became reality?
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 30 The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Model (DPSIR)
Source: Burkhard and Mรผller (2008).
- Capacity of adaptation to a new situation inherent to climate change. We enter the domain of governance and the capacity of institutions to propose a response QSPQPSUJPOBUF UP UIF SJTL SVO PS TVรฒFSFE The utility of the model presupposes at the PVUTFU B HPPE TDJFOUJรถD LOPXMFEHF PG UIF FOWJSPONFOU /FYU ZPV IBWF UIF iESJWFSTw phenomena of anthropic origin that will TFSWF BT B USJHHFS UP B TFSJFT PG DBVTF FรฒFDU phenomena throughout the analysis โ FYBNQMFT UIF SJTF JO QSJDF PG B TQFDJFT EFOTJรถDBUJPO PG UIF DPBTUMJOF JODSFBTF PG NBSJUJNF USBรณD FUD 5IFTF ESJWJOH GPSDFT XJMM CF SFรธFDUFE JO QSFTTVSF PO UIF FDPTZTUFN XJUI BO JODSFBTF JO รถTIJOH QPSUT FNJTTJPOT PG FรตVFOUT FUD 5IFTF QSFTTVSFT BSF HPJOH to cause a change in the state of the system
oอ EFHSBEBUJPO PG UIF TUBUF PG XBUFST JODSFBTF in the capture of resources. These changes will also have a feedback influence on DIBOHFT JO UIF TZTUFN o PO IVNBO IFBMUI HSFBUFS QPWFSUZ JO UIF DBTF PG JODSFBTFE FรฒPSU BOE B SFEVDUJPO JO UIF TJ[F PG DBQUVSFT XJUI B HSFBUFS OVNCFS PG CBOLSVQUDJFT FUD 5IFTF JNQBDUT IBWF B รถOBODJBM DPOTF RVFODF POอ QPQVMBUJPOT BOE SFTQPOTFT to these changes will be linked to the system of governance. Are there any examples of institutions responsible for UIF NBOBHFNFOUอ PGอ รถTIFSJFT PS NPSF MBSHFMZ SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF JOUFHSBUFE NBOBHFNFOU PGอ DPBTUBM [POFT 5IJT NBZ JOWPMWF NBOBHFNFOUอ QMBOT GPS รถTI TUPDLT JO PSEFS UP BEKVTU UP B WBSJBUJPO JO FOWJSPONFOUBMอ DPOEJUJPOT #VU TPNFUJNFT
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
climate change problems go beyond the framework of the action of these institutions. 5IF %14*3 NFUIPE XBT SFÜOFE CZ UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU Commission. The framework has been FYUFOEFE UP TJUVBUJPOT XIFSF NBO T BDUJPOT JOøVFODF UIF TZTUFN #FZPOE UIF EJòFSFOU DPNQPOFOUT JU JT QPTTJCMF UP DPOTUSVDU JOEJDBUPST UP NPOJUPS iESJWFSTw QSFTTVSFT DIBOHFT JO TUBUF PG UIF TZTUFN JNQBDUT BOE responses.
by the examination of the potential of IZESPHFO Q) PS UIF GSFRVFODZ BOE intensity of storms. What counts is that these changes in state are relatively reactive to pressures in order to establish a direct causal link between the pressures and changes in state. These variables must be able to be used for mitigitative measures to responses – the example of carbon dioxide emissions in maritime transport and speed reduction.
i%SJWFSTw DBO CF PG IVNBO PS OBUVSBM PSJHJO direct or indirect. An example of a direct “driverâ€? is demand for goods and services; an indirect “driverâ€? is demographic change that causes a rise in demand for these HPPET BOE TFSWJDFT GPS FYBNQMF *U JT EJĂłDVMU to put these changes in one box or the PUIFS CVU XIBU DIBSBDUFSJTFT iESJWFSTw JT UIF fact that they have low reactivity and have little flexibility to changes in the system. 1SFTTVSF JOEJDBUPST BSF UIF ĂśSTU JOEJDBUPST VTFE UP EFTDSJCF NBO T BDUJPO PO UIF OBUVSBM FOWJSPONFOU UIF QSJDF PG QSPQFSUZ or the utilisation rate of maritime or coastal TQBDF (FPHSBQIFST PòFS UPPMT TVDI BT geographical information systems to BTTFTT UIJT JOøVFODF 5IFZ BSF FBTJMZ RVBOUJ ĂśBCMF VTJOH FDPOPNJD PS FOWJSPONFOUBM databases. - Changes of state of the system. We can measure the proliferation of green algae linked to increased volumes of nitrogen for example. These algae destroy the oxygen in the sea. We can also monitor the extent PG̓ UIF BDJEJĂśDBUJPO PG UIF FOWJSPONFOU
-FU VT MPPL BU B DBTF TUVEZ PG PZTUFS HSPXJOH in France. The study concerns individual risk perception. Oyster farming has existed since at least the XIXth DFOUVSZ BOE QSPEVDFT BCPVU UPOOFT PG PZTUFST QFS ZFBS PS PG &VSPQFBO QSPEVDUJPO DPODFTTJPOT QMPUT PG DPBTUMJOF BSF SFOUFE PVU UP QSPEVDFST CZ UIF 4UBUF 5IJT SFQSFTFOUT BCPVU ̓ KPCT PS GBSNT *O UIF QSFDFEJOH EFDBEFT OVNFSPVT DSJTFT EFFQMZ BòFDUFE UIJT USBEJUJPOBM BDUJWJUZ UISFF PJM TMJDLT UIF sudden disappearance of oyster stocks following diseases that decimated the whole PG UIF TQFDJFT BOE CFUXFFO BOE BOE UIF TUPSNT -PUIBS BOE 9ZOUIJB PO UIF "UMBOUJD DPBTU JO 'FCSVBSZ 5IF +BQBOFTF PZTUFS (Crassostrea gigas) is currently replacing the Portuguese one (C. angulata) that was entirely wiped out JO 3JTJOH TFB UFNQFSBUVSFT NBZ CF the cause of the multiplication of viruses. The drop in pH over the last decades also plays a big role since the calcium shell is CFJOH BUUBDLFE CZ UIF BDJEJĂśDBUJPO PG UIF FOWJSPONFOU TFF̓#PY OFYU QBHF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Box
10 Impacts and Responses
Impacts: t &SPTJPO PG UIF TIPSFMJOF BOE MFTT QSPUFDUJPO PG EZLFT t 0WFS DBQUVSF PG TQBU PG GBSNFE PZTUFST BEEJUJPOBM DPTUT
t &QJ[PPUJFT e.g. OsHV-1 mVar: increased vulnerability of juvenile larvae due to the poor quality of shell and epizooties t *ODSFBTFE DPTUT IBUDIFSZ PWFS DBQUVSF
t #BOLSVQUDJFT Response: t *OUSPEVDUJPO PG OFX TQFDJFT $SBTTPTUSFB HJHBT
t 5FDIOJDBM *OOPWBUJPOT USJQMPJE IBUDIFSZ TQBU
t 0WFSTUPDLJOH PG ZPVOH GBSNFE PZTUFST t #BTJOT QSPUFDUFE BHBJOTU TXFMMJOH
I shall conclude with this recapitulative EJBHSBN PG ESJWFST QSFTTVSF JNQBDU TUBUF SFHSPVQFE JO BOPUIFS BOBMZUJDBM GSBNFXPSL
consisting in a socio-economic diagnostic and an evaluation of the given responses.
Diagram 31 Assessment/Diagnosis-Appraisal-Typology (ADApT)
Source: Author’s construction.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Day 5, Friday 20th July Group practical work on the DPSIR model. Thematics dealt with: salt production in the coastal zone of centre Viᝇt Nam; overcapacity conflicts between fishermen in Cambodia, Thailand and the Philippines; aggregates production activities in Central Viᝇt Nam (extraction of sand, granulates etc.); economic activities in the Thu Bᝓn river basin and the coastal zone of Quang Nam Province.
2.1.5. New Uses of Maritime Space Legal Briefing about Access Rights and New Uses of the Sea [Jean-Pierre Beurier] #FGPSF PCUBJOJOH SFDPHOJTFE GSPOUJFST PO MBOE States waged war with each other to obtain UFSSJUPSJFT BT WBTU BT QPTTJCMF "U TFB NBOZ conflicts have been resolved by diplomacy. In order for a human entity to be recognised as B 4UBUF UISFF FMFNFOUT NVTU CF QVU GPSXBSE B UFSSJUPSZ B OBUJPO BOE BO BENJOJTUSBUJWF organisation. The territory is then recognised BT B 4UBUF CZ UIF 6/ XIJDI GVSUIFSNPSF EPFT OPU BTL BOZ RVFTUJPOT BCPVU UIF FDPOPNJD viability of its new partner. Within proven BOE HVBSBOUFFE GSPOUJFST UIJT 4UBUF IBT UIF right to all the competences recognised by international law in terms of sovereignty. 5P BDRVJSF UFSSJUPSZ PO MBOE UIF 4UBUF NVTU prove its will to be master of a territory o̓QIJMPTPQIJDBM EJNFOTJPO o BOE JUT FòFDUJWF occupation of this territory – material dimension. The legal frameworks concerning
territory attribution accepted by the international community can be summed VQ̓BT - Discovery of new lands; "EKBDFODZ UIF PDDVQBUJPO PG B UFSSJUPSZ XJUIPVU NBTUFS UIBU JT BEKBDFOU UP territory A; &YDIBOHF PG UFSSJUPSJFT 5IJSUZ ZFBST BHP 4XJU[FSMBOE BTLFE GPS BO FYUFOTJPO PG JUT airport runway on French territory in order to be able to receive larger aircraft; an identical surface area of territory was given to France as compensation; 1VSDIBTF PG UFSSJUPSZ 'PS FYBNQMF VOEFS UIF 'JSTU &NQJSF UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT QVSDIBTFE -PVJTJBOB GSPN 'SBODF 8IBUFWFS UIF DBTF UIF XJMM FYQSFTTFE BOE UIF legal act promulgated by the State must be GPMMPXFE CZ UIF FòFDUJWF PDDVQBUJPO PG UIF UFSSJUPSZ B NJMJUBSZ PDDVQBUJPO JT OPU FOPVHI a normal human activity must be carried out o TFUUMFST BHSJDVMUVSF USBEF BENJOJTUSBUJWF NFDIBOJTNT IPVTFE JO CVJMEJOHT FUD Phấm TuẼn Anh 'SBODF QPTTFTTFT PWFSTFBT UFSSJUPSJFT IPX does it govern them? [Jean-Pierre Beurier] These are former colonies that wished to remain French and whose statutes were transformed either into department – like JO DPOUJOFOUBM 'SBODF UIFZ BSF QBSU PG 'SBODF BOE BSF KVTU MJLF BOZ PUIFS QBSU PG UIF territory from a legal point of view – or into PWFSTFBT DPNNVOJUJFT o TVDI BT 1PMZOFTJB BOE /FX $BMFEPOJB UIBU IBWF GBS SFBDIJOH autonomous regimes since the two territories have parliaments. The territories that do not have permanent inhabitants are governed
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
by a senior administrator who is responsible GPS TDJFOUJĂśD CBTFT o TVDI JT UIF DBTF PG UIF 'SFODI BSDIJQFMBHPT JO UIF 4PVUIFSO 0DFBO Adelia land. These territories are going to become extremely important with the development of sea law. International law is more comprehensive about the occupation of a territory with EJĂłDVMU NFUFPSPMPHJDBM DPOEJUJPOT 'PS FYBNQMF UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF IBT SFDPHOJTFE UIF GVMM TPWFSFJHOUZ PG /PSXBZ PWFS +BO .BZFO JTMBOE PO UIF th parallel /PSUI UP UIF &BTU PG (SFFOMBOE FWFO UIPVHI its presence is limited to weather stations. -FU VT UBLF UIF FYBNQMF PG $MJQQFSUPO *TMBOE GPS 'SBODF MPDBUFE JO UIF &BTU 1BDJĂśD BU ̓ ̓LN GSPN UIF .FYJDBO DPBTU 5IF 'SFODI took possession of this island in the second half of the XIXth DFOUVSZ 5IF JTMBOE JT LN XJEF BOE EFWPJE PG BOZ SFTPVSDFT FòFDUJWF PDDVQBUJPO JT EJĂłDVMU )PXFWFS QIPTQIBUFT and wrack seaweed were discovered. France decided to exploit it using Mexican workers. It XBT BU UIBU NPNFOU UIBU .FYJDP BOOPVODFE “The only permanent inhabitants of this atoll are Mexican, we claim Mexican sovereignty over Clippertonâ€?. The two States sought arbitrage. 5IF EFDJTJPO XBT BOOPVODFE JO “What counts is the will to be master of a territory. In an area that is difficult to accede to, a State can make do with minimum occupation. If there is no wish to occupy the territory, a State cannot lay claim to itâ€?. Mexico having never shown willingness cannot lay claim to this territory. &WFS TJODF FBDI UJNF B WFTTFM PG UIF 'SFODI OBWZ QBTTFT CZ UIF TBJMPST QSFTFOU BSNT CFGPSF B øBHTUBò PO B IJMM PO UIF JTMBOE 5IF French flag is raised and a commemorative QMBRVF IBT CFFO DFNFOUFE JO QMBDF 5IF
symbolic is considerably important in the attribution of territories. Whatever the conflict taking place between two or several States – but mainly for border DPOøJDUT o UIF 6/ PCMJHFT 4UBUFT UP VTF peaceful means of resolving the conflict. 5IFSF BSF ÜWF XBZT TFQBSBUFE JOUP UXP modes. %JQMPNBUJD NPEFT PG SFTPMWJOH EJòFSFODFT /FHPUJBUJPO 5IF BNCBTTBEPST PG CPUI States in conflict meet and attempt to negotiate. The conflict is either a minor POF BOE GPMMPXJOH OFHPUJBUJPOT UIF UXP ministers responsible will meet and resolve UIF QSPCMFN PS JU JT B TFSJPVT POF BOE JU XJMM be resolved by heads of government or heads of State; *G EJQMPNBDZ GBJMT UIF 4UBUFT HP UP B UIJSE QBSUZ GPS DPODJMJBUJPO o UIF (FOFSBM 4FDSFUBSZ PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT B XFMM LOPXO JOUFSOBUJPOBM MFHBM FYQFSU FUD 5IVT GPS FYBNQMF UIF GPSNFS "NFSJDBO QSFTJEFOU #JMM $MJOUPO IBT IFMQFE SFTPMWF numerous conflicts throughout the world. *G UIF DPOøJDU JT PG B NPSF TFSJPVT OBUVSF B KVSJTEJDUJPOBM BQQSPBDI NVTU CF BEPQUFE States do not much appreciate this method as it attracts a lot of media attention and the SFTVMU XIFUIFS JU JT BO BSCJUSBM BXBSE PS UIF WFSEJDU PG B DPVSU JT QVCMJTIFE 5ISFF QPTTJCMF NPEFT FNFSHF - Arbitrage. Either a single arbiter (most commonly preferred until the beginning PG UIF MBTU DFOUVSZ PS B TZTUFN PG UISFF arbiters is chosen. This method consists in FBDI 4UBUF JOWPMWFE EFTJHOBUJOH BO BSCJUFS the two latter then designate a third who will be master arbiter. All three will attempt to seek a solution in international law to
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
SFTPMWF UIF DPOøJDU UIFZ XJMM UIFO EFMJWFS the sentence which must be obeyed; 5IF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF 5IJT DPVSU XIPTF IFBERVBSUFST JT BU 5IF )BHVF is not there to sanction a State. Its role is to announce applicable international law; it thus refers the application of its decision to an agreement between the two parties. Up UP OPX JU IBT SFTPMWFE ĂśGUFFO PS TP DPOøJDUT DPODFSOJOH NBSJUJNF BòBJST *OUFSOBUJPOBM 5SJCVOBM GPS UIF -BX PG UIF 4FB *U JT DPNQPTFE PG UXFOUZ POF KVEHFT representing all the territories in the XPSME BMM TQFDJBMJTUT JO NBSJUJNF MBX 5IF USJCVOBM IBT KVSJTEJDUJPO UP NBLF TVSF UIF DPOWFOUJPO JT BQQMJFE XIBUFWFS UIF DBVTF PG UIF DPOøJDU o UFSSJUPSJFT BU TFB ĂśTIJOH QPMMVUJPO FUD -FU VT OPX UBLF B MPPL BU UIF ESBXJOH VQ PG borders. $POUSBSZ UP DPNNPO CFMJFG OBUVSBM GSPOUJFST such as rivers and mountains are rarely used. "OZ TZTUFN JODMVEJOH NFSJEJBOT BOE QBSBMMFMT may be used on condition that States reach BO FRVJUBCMF BHSFFNFOU 5XP QIBTFT DBO CF EJTUJOHVJTIFE JO UIF ESBXJOH VQ PG B CPSEFS %FMJNJUBUJPO XIJDI JT B MFHBM PQFSBUJPO BOE decides how the border will be drawn up; %FNBSDBUJPO XIJDI JT B NBUFSJBM PQFSBUJPO to physically trace the border by placing markers. "U TFB HSFBU DJSDMF DPPSEJOBUFT BSF VTFE o̓ QBSBMMFM UP UIF NFSJEJBOT BOE UIF coordinates are plotted on recognised marine charts. States are obliged by the Montego #BZ DPOWFOUJPO UP ESBX VQ UIFJS CPSEFST PO B marine chart in good faith; for nations that do OPU IBWF OBWBM IZESPHSBQIJDBM TFSWJDFT 4UBUFT can ask for this to be carried out in the big hydrographical circuits of marine States – the
three most reputed nations for world maps BSF UIF 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT and France. 8IBU JT BO JTMBOE JO MBX 5IF DPOTFRVFODFT of recognising an island are so big in the new convention that an entire article is devoted UP UIJT TVCKFDU "SUJDMF BOOPVODFT “An island is a natural stretch of land surrounded by water that remains above sea level at high tideâ€?. +VTU MJLF DPOUJOFOUBM MBOE BO JTMBOE IBT UIF SJHIU UP UFSSJUPSJBM TFB B DPOUJOFOUBM TIFMG BOE BO FDPOPNJD FYDMVTJPO [POF &&; )PXFWFS UIF HSPVQ PG DPVOUSJFT JO BO BUUFNQU UP MJNJU UIF FYUFOTJPO PG NBSJUJNF [POFT PG UIF HSFBU QPXFST IBE TVCQBSBHSBQI BEEFE that states “Rock that cannot be inhabited or have their own economic life do not have an economic exclusion zone, nor a continental shelfâ€? *O SFBMJUZ PODF UIF DPOWFOUJPO XBT JNQMFNFOUFE 4UBUFT TPVHIU UIF TNBMMFTU “rockâ€? where they could claim sovereignty and say that it was an island. The drawing up of a sea border is relatively simple; let us imagine a coast and a frontier CFUXFFO B 4UBUF " BOE B 4UBUF # *O UIF DBTF PG UXP CPSEFSJOH 4UBUFT the simplest solution is to extend the MBOE GSPOUJFS PVU UP TFB CZ QMPUUJOH UIF FRVJEJTUBODF MJOF BU TFB *O UIF DBTF PG UXP 4UBUFT GBDJOH FBDI PUIFS UIFSF BSF OPU UXP UFSSJUPSJBM TFBT B NFEJBO MJOF JT VTFE UIBU JT UP TBZ FRVJEJTUBOU QPJOUT in the distance of the territorial sea between the two States. "T GPS UIF FDPOPNJD [POF UIJT JT NPSF EJĂłDVMU to manage as there may be an area of shallow XBUFS XIFSF ĂśTIFSNFO GSPN 4UBUF # IBWF CFFO ĂśTIJOH TJODF UJNF JNNFNPSJBM CVU XIFSF 4UBUF " UIBU JT OPU B NBSJUJNF 4UBUF EPFT OPU HP " BOE # NBZ EFDJEF UP FYUFOE
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
the logic of a terrestrial border to a certain QPJOU # XJMM NBLF B QSPQPTJUJPO UP IBWF UIF frontier circumvent the shallow water by up UP NJMFT " NBZ PS NBZ OPU BDDFQU As for delimiting the continental shelf and UIFO UIF &&; UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF IBT EFWFMPQFE JUT KVSJTQSVEFODF UP IBWF PO UIF POF IBOE KVTU POF &&; BOE DPOUJOFOUBM TIFMG GSPOUJFS BOE PO UIF PUIFS UP ĂśOE BO FRVJUBCMF TPMVUJPO JO UIF TBNF spirit as for terrestrial borders. The origin of this development dates back to the famous WFSEJDU PG UIF *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF JO DPODFSOJOH UIF BòBJS PG /PSXFHJBO ĂśTIFSJFT PO UIF -PGPUFO JTMBOET /PSXBZ IBE – by decree and thus unilaterally – extended JUT NBSJUJNF CPSEFS UP UIF /PSUIXFTU DIBTJOH GPSFJHO ĂśTIFSNFO GSPN UIF ĂśTI SJDI XBUFST BSHVJOH UIBU UIF JOIBCJUBOUT PG UIF -PGPUFO JTMBOET XFSF JTPMBUFE EVSJOH UIF XJOUFS BOE UIBU ĂśTIJOH XBT UIFJS POMZ means of subsistence. An economic and social dimension entered the issue of border EFMJNJUBUJPO GPS UIF ĂśSTU UJNF -FU VT HP OPX UP UIF .FEJUFSSBOFBO UP UIF TPVUI PG -JCZB BOE UP UIF OPSUI PG UIF island of Malta. There happens to be a large terrestrial mass between the two countries. 'PS .BMUB UIF OBUVSBM FYUFOTJPO TUSFUDIFT UP UIF UIBMXFH 'PS -JCZB JUT NBSJUJNF UFSSJUPSZ thus becomes too small in relation to its terrestrial territory. The two States could not reach an agreement and went before the *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF UIBU EFMJWFSFE JUT WFSEJDU JO “The notion of a natural extension of terrestrial territory does indeed prove the existence of a continental shelf, but a basic principle is that land dominates sea. It is because a State is sovereign on land that it can claim an extension of its sovereignty at sea. We must take into account in all fairness
the continental mass of territories� )FODFGPSUI the notion of an extension of terrestrial territories is no longer the only basis and the relation between terrestrial masses is also taken into account. Jean-Pierre Beurier concludes his presentation with a few examples in the Oriental Sea, notably the islands referred to as the Paracels of marine charts that are claimed by Viᝇt Nam and China, and the Spratleys, also claimed by these two countries, but also by the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei and Taïwan.
The end of the day is devoted to group work in order to prepare Saturday’s feedback.
Reading texts (www.tamdaoconf.com) Cariou, P. (2007), “Liner shipping strategies: An overview�, Int. J. Ocean Systems Management, Vol. 1, pp.1–9, Sweden. Garcia, S. (1996), Indicators for Sustainable Development of Fisheries, Fishery Resources Division, FAO, Rome, Italy, Paper presented at the 2nd World Fisheries Congress. Workshop on Fisheries Sustainability Indicators, Brisbane, Australia. Tralin Game, Competition in regular line maritime transport. World Bank (2008), The Sunken Billions, The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform, Agriculture and Rural Development, Sustainable Development Network.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Selected Biography #BSBO[JOJ " BOE + 3BNJSF[ 7BMVJOH UIF *NQBDU PO /PJTF PO 3FOUT BO "QQMJDBUJPO PG UIF )FEPOJD "QQSPBDI UP (FOFWB Cahiers du dĂŠpartement d’Êconomie politique Oo̓ (FOFWB #PODPFVS + BOE + 1 Troadec Economic Instruments for Fisheries Management unpublished report to the OECD. #VSLIBSE # and F. MĂźller %SJWFS 1SFTTVSF 4UBUF *NQBDU 3FTQPOTF JO 4WFO &SJL +“SHFOTFO BOE #SJBO % 'BUI FET &DPMPHJDBM JOEJDBUPST WPM PG Encyclopedia of Ecology &MTFWJFS Cariou 1 BOE ' $ Wolff -B GVUVSF SĂ?HMFNFOUBUJPO EF M 0.* TVS MFT Ă?NJTTJPOT EF $0 MFT DPOTĂ?RVFODFT E VOF BQQSPDIF QBS UZQFT EF OBWJSFT Revue Maritime /ÂĄ Copes 1 5IF CBDLXBSE CFOEJOH TVQQMZ DVSWF PG UIF ĂśTIJOH JOEVTUSZ Scottish Journal of Political Economy /ÂĄ Corbett + + + + Winebrake & ) (SFFO 1 ,BTJCIBUB V. Eyring 7 " -BVFS .PSUBMJUZ GSPN 4IJQ &NJTTJPOT " (MPCBM "TTFTTNFOU &OWJSPONFOUBM Science & Technology 7PM ̓ '"0 État des stocks dans le monde Rome.
'"0 4UBUJTUJDBM :FBSCPPL XXX GBP PSH (BSDJB 4 Indicators for sustainable development of fisheries, 2nd World Fisheries Congress, Workshop on Fisheries 4VTUBJOBCJMJUZ *OEJDBUPST #SJTCBOF "VTUSBMJB -BN 7 8 - 6 3 Sumaila " Dyck % Pauly and R. Watson $POTUSVDUJPO BOE 'JSTU "QQMJDBUJPOT PG B (MPCBM $PTU PG 'JTIJOH %BUBCBTF ICES Journal of Marine Science Oxford. Mandryk 8 Measuring Global Seaborne Trade *OUFSOBUJPOBM .BSJUJNF 4UBUJTUJDT 'PSVN /FX 0SMFBOT Ostrom & Governing the Commons, The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT $BNCSJEHF Pauly % 7 Christensen + Dalsgaard 3 Froese F. Torres +3 'JTIJOH %PXO .BSJOF 'PPE 8FCT Science O¥ 8BTIJOHUPO Schaefer . # 4PNF "TQFDUT PG UIF Dynamics of Populations Important to the Management of Commercial Marine 'JTIFSJFT Bulletin of the Inter-American tropical tuna commission Sloman + &TTFOUJBMT JO &DPOPNJDT Pearson. Stopford . Maritime Economics -POEPO 6OXJO )ZNBO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
List of trainees Surname and first name
Institution
Field
Research theme
Chử Đình Phúc
China Research Institute
International Relations
Conflict in the Oriental Sea between Việt Nam and China
cdinhphuc@gmail. com
Environment
Adaptation to climate changes
vang.csrd@gmail. com
Sociology
Vulnerable groups and marine environment
vuphung27@yahoo. com
Development
North-South relations
udomkom@gmail. com
Centre of Studies and Development of Social Affairs Nha Trang College Huỳnh Thị Bích of Arts, Culture and Phụng Tourism Royal University of Kom Udom Economic Sciences (Cambodia) Hà Văn Vang
Lê Phương Thảo
Museum of Ethnology
Lê Thị Hằng Giang
Hồ Chí Minh Ville Polytechnic College Thủ Dầu Một Lê Thị Ngọc Anh University
Anthropology Economy of development Economic geography
Nguyễn Đặng Lan Anh
China Research Institute
International cultures
Nguyễn Diệu Hương
China Research Institute
Cultures
Nguyễn Thuỳ Linh
Nguyễn Xuân Lâm Ouk Lyna Phạm trương Hương Giang
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Social Affairs Studies Institute of Sustainable Development Studies of Centre Việt Nam National University of Hà Nội Institute of Sustainable Development Studies of Centre Việt Nam
Mores and customs Thanh Hoá and Quảng Ngãi fishermen Entrepreneuriat and sustainable development Dynamics of the environment and society Regional cooperation in non-conventional maritime security Maritime cultures and contemporary strategies in the Oriental Sea
phuongthaovme@ gmail.com pomelog@yahoo.fr anhltn@tdmu.edu.vn nguyendanglananh@ gmail.com dieuhuong.vnctq. vn@gmail.com
Development
Sustainable development
linhnguyen3887@ gmail.com
Economy
Economic dynamics
xuanlamkhxh@ gmail.com
Law
Employees’ rights
lynaouk@yahoo.com
Economy
Maritime economy
slim_river2505@ yahoo.com
Phạm Tuấn Anh
Lê Quý Đôn University
Law
Sripana Thanyathip
Chulalongkorn
Political science
Citizens’ rights and participation in State management Maritime conflicts in the South of China
phamtuananhvp@ yahoo.com sthanyat@hotmail. com
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Surname and first name Sun Dany Trần Thị Thu Huyền Võ Hữu Hoà
Institution Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie Institute of Sustainable Development Studies of Central Việt Nam Duy Tân University, Đà Nẵng
Field Law
Research theme
Legal framework and water dany.sun@ymail.com supply in Cambodia
Economy
Maritime economy
thuhuyentrankhxh@ gmail.com
Economic geography
Urban geography
vohoadl@gmail.com
Vũ Phương Nga
Museum of Ethnology
Anthropology
Economic and social life of coastal populations (Centre of Việt Nam)
phuongngavme@ gmail.com
Vũ Thị Ngọc
Institute of Sustainable Development of Central Việt Nam
Environment
Climate change and impacts on society
ngocvu1583@gmail. com
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
6SCBO (SPXUI 4PDJBM̓/FFET BOE 8BUFS BOE 4BOJUBUJPO 4FSWJDF 0òFST Catherine Baron – University of Toulouse, Aymeric Blanc – AFD, Christophe Cluzeau – Expert-Consultant, ClĂŠment Frenoux – GRET, Claude de Miras – IRD
(Retranscription) Day 1, Monday 16th July Introduction of trainers and trainees (see trainers’ biographies; list of trainees included at end of the chapter) [Catherine Baron] 5IF XFFL T QSPHSBNNF XJMM CF BEKVTUFE depending on your progress; here is an outline of the programme we would like to EFWFMPQ XJUI ZPV 5IJT NPSOJOH B MPPL CBDL BU UIF QMFOBSZ sessions and the role of the AFD in the water and sanitation sector; "GUFSOPPO JOUSPEVDUJPO BOE EFÜOJUJPO PG EJòFSFOU NFUIPET BOE NPEBMJUJFT PG NBOBHFNFOU o EFMFHBUFE NBOBHFNFOU HPWFSOBODF FUD o JMMVTUSBUFE CZ DBTF studies in Senegal and Cambodia.
5IVSTEBZ HSPVQ XPSL 'FFECBDL BOE debate about weaknesses and strengths of each of the models presented; case studies; concrete development situations. 8FEOFTEBZ NPSOJOH JO EFQUI MPPL BU case studies; concrete development situations. > Thursday and Friday morning will be devoted to a household survey and water and sanitation survey methodology. > The last afternoon will be devoted to UIF QSFQBSBUJPO PG 4BUVSEBZ T GFFECBDL presented by two trainees from this workshop. The trainees will list the interesting ideas addressed during the plenary sessions and the points that they would like to take another look at: - Reinforcement and optimisation of water management process - Elaboration of rules for domestic water management in an urban environment.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
- Correlation between consumption of drinking water and rise in living standards, thresholds - Water pricing, interest and substitution. Competition between urban and periurban areas. Equitable prices - Water shortages for natural reasons, absence of operators and because of consumer behaviour - Public monopolies and privatisation - Distribution and internal management of water in collective places - Human and spatial constraints linked to urban development and urban infrastructures - Governance and the role of public, private and non-governmental economic stakeholders - Examples of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), issues and difficulties - Management and governance - Environmental management and reuse of sewage water - Using rainwater - Demographic pressure and water management - Cost of water treatment, of its use and methods of monitoring wastage usage - Management exclusively by the community.
Box
[Claude de Miras] :PV IBWF XFMM VOEFSTUPPE UIF JNQPSUBODF PG QSJDJOH UIBU JT MJOLFE UP ĂśOBODJOH BOE XIJDI JT POF PG UIF ĂśSTU DPOEJUJPOT GPS UIF implementation of these infrastructures. :PV IBWF BMTP XIFO EJTDVTTJOH HPWFSOBODF TQPLFO BCPVU UIF NBKPS SPMF PG JOTUJUVUJPOBM players and their relations with operators in an increasingly complex urban environment.
2.2.1. The Role of the Donor [Aymeric Blanc] What is the role of the donor in an institutional DPOUFYU *O UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPO $MBVEF EF .JSBT QSFTFOUFE ZPV XJUI UIF i 5Tw UBSJòT taxes and transfers. In the last category we ÜOE 0óDJBM %FWFMPQNFOU "TTJTUBODF 0%" There are immense needs in the water and TBOJUBUJPO TFDUPS CJMMJPO QFPQMF IBWF OP BDDFTT UP TBOJUBUJPO NJMMJPO IBWF OP access to water. It is within this framework that ODA aims to contribute to the reduction of this gap.
11 Water: An Underfinanced Sector ODA largely insufficient - Assistance to sector: USD 5bn - Estimated needs: USD 70bn Political disengagement Decrease in the weight of this sector in ODA - 6% in 2000 - 4.5% in 2010
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
5IF XBUFS TFDUPS JT VOEFSöOBODFE 8F TQFBL BCPVU B öOBODJOH iHBQw BOE GVSUIFSNPSF we can observe a political disengagement and a decrease in the weight of water and TBOJUBUJPO JO UIF HMPCBM 0%" CVEHFU o JO
Box
DPNQBSFE UP JO *U JT OFDFTTBSZ UP öOE OFX TPVSDFT PG öOBODJOH FJUIFS MPDBM POFT UISPVHI UIF PUIFS i5Tw UBSJòT BOE UBYFT or by Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs).
12 Agence Française de Développement
t "'% NBJO PQFSBUPS PG UIF 'SFODI 4UBUF T 0%" BOE öOBODJBM QBSUOFS PG 'SFODI 0WFSTFBT Departments and Territories t "'% NJTTJPOT BDDPNQBOZJOH TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU JO EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT QPWFSUZ reduction (MDGs); in emerging countries: global public goods; in overseas departments and local authorities: support for public policies t &63 CO PG DPNNJUNFOUT JO JO "GSJDB JO "TJB t 1SFTFODF JO DPVOUSJFT BHFODJFT
t FNQMPZFFT JO BHFODJFT
The AFD is the main operator in the French 4UBUF EFWFMPQNFOU QPMJDZ OPU POMZ BCSPBE but also in the Overseas Departments and Territories. Its mission is to encourage TVTUBJOBCMF EFWFMPQNFOU VTJOH B EJòFSFOUJBUFE QPTJUJPOJOH BDDPSEJOH UP UIF [POF JO RVFTUJPO *O EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT JU JT B RVFTUJPO PG B NBOEBUF GPS QPWFSUZ SFEVDUJPO MJOLFE UP UIF .%(T *O FNFSHJOH DPVOUSJFT JU JT B NBOEBUF GPS UIF QSFTFSWBUJPO of global public goods. The sum committed in loans and grants stood at approximately &63 CO JO 5IF XBUFS TFDUPS SFQSFTFOUT &63 N PG BOOVBM DPNNJUNFOU XJUI BO JODSFBTFE TIBSF SFTFSWFE GPS TBOJUBUJPO XIJDI JT TMJHIUMZ CFIJOE UIF .%(T $POUSBSZ UP 0%" PO B XPSME TDBMF "'% DPNNJUNFOUT JO UIF “Water and Sanitation” sector are constantly JODSFBTJOH BOE SFQSFTFOU BQQSPYJNBUFMZ PG JUT BDUJWJUZ XIJDI JT IJHIFS UIBO UIF average share of other ODA sectors. Each year UIJT SFQSFTFOUT NJMMJPO QFPQMF XIP HBJO
BDDFTT UP XBUFS NJMMJPO XIP HBJO BDDFTT UP TBOJUBUJPO BOE NJMMJPO XIPTF TFSWJDF JT improved. Our strategy concerning water can be broken EPXO JOUP GPVS QPJOUT - Support for State public policies to help build a relevant framework and an FóDJFOU TFDUPSBM TUSBUFHZ #FTJEFT QIZTJDBM JOWFTUNFOUT UIBU BSF CFJOH öOBODFE the AFD is developing capacity building activities thanks to technical cooperation with its university and private partners o̓ TVQQPSU GPS .BTUFST DPVSTFT JO QVCMJD XPSLT USBJOJOH XJUI UIF Centre d’études financières, économiques et bancaires $&'&# in Marseilles and academic production with publications and research work; - Managing and protecting the resource JO B TVTUBJOBCMF NBOOFS OPUBCMZ GSBHJMF BRVBUJD FOWJSPONFOUT 5P EP UIJT UIF "'% is applying an integrated water resources management through an integrated vision of river basins. The strategy is implemented
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
VQTUSFBN PG QSPKFDUT TP UIBU BMM QBSUOFST DBO TIBSF B RVBMJUBUJWF BOE RVBOUJUBUJWF diagnostic of available resources and ways of using them. The diagnostic must favour debate between actors about water usage o EPNFTUJD BHSJDVMUVSBM BOE JOEVTUSJBM 8F are seeking solutions to optimise demand BOE รถHIU BHBJOTU XBTUBHF o UFDIOJDBM and commercial losses can be as high as 'JOBMMZ UIF "'% JT QSPNPUJOH UIF VTF and optimisation of non-conventional SFTPVSDFT SFDZDMJOH PG XBTUFXBUFS desalination โ particularly in countries on UIF .FEJUFSSBOFBO DPBTU TVรฒFSJOH GSPN B lack of water; - The AFD is contributing to the permanent TVQQMZ PG XBUFS GPS BMM CZ TFFLJOH UP CPUI reduce the average cost of supply and PQUJNJTF B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG MFWFST TVDI BT DPMMFDUJOH NPOFZ PXFE GPS CJMMT QSJDF PรฒTFUUJOH FUD *U TVQQPSUT MPOH UFSN investment plans through the coordination of the global institutional environment so UIBU QSPKFDUT BSF OPU BCBOEPOFE BGUFS B GFX months or years; 'JOBMMZ UIF MBTU TUSBUFHJD BSFB DPODFSOT UIF urban environment and the strengthening of sanitation infrastructures for waste BOE SBJOXBUFS QBSUJDVMBSMZ UISPVHI UIF conception of canals. 5IF "'% T NJTTJPO JO FNFSHJOH DPVOUSJFT is to preserve global public goods. The development of water management can have QPTJUJWF DPOTFRVFODFT PO B XPSMEXJEF TDBMF JO UIF รถHIU BHBJOTU DMJNBUF DIBOHF BHBJOTU communicable diseases and in the protection PG CJPEJWFSTJUZ XIJDI BMTP SFQSFTFOUT HMPCBM QVCMJD HPPET 5IVT BMM NFBTVSFT UIBU BMMPX VT UP JNQSPWF FOFSHZ FรณDJFODZ PS NBLF HPPE VTF PG HBT FNBOBUJOH GSPN TFXBHF QMBOUT TVDI BT NFUIBOF IBWF CFOFรถDJBM FรฒFDUT PO
UIF DMJNBUF 'VSUIFSNPSF TFXBHF USFBUNFOU will have an impact on both on health and biodiversity โ the reduction of stagnant XBUFST UP SFEVDF UIF SJTLT PG NBMBSJB BOE UIF monitoring of wastewater so as not to pollute wetlands. )PX JT B EFWFMPQNFOU QSPKFDU EFTJHOFE 8IBU BSF UIF EJรฒFSFOU DZDMFT PG JUT construction? 'JWF QSJODJQBM TUBHFT IBWF CFFO JEFOUJรถFE *EFOUJรถDBUJPO PG UIF QSPKFDU " QFSNBOFOU dialogue is put in place between those SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF QSPKFDU o UIJT NBZ CF UIF 4UBUF B MPDBM DPNNVOJUZ PS B QVCMJD enterprise โ and local agencies. The target is to determine needs and investment QSPKFDUT 5IF QSPKFDU NVTU DPNQMZ XJUI UIF sectoral policy of the contracting authority GPS UIF XPSLT BOE UIF "'% T TFDUPSBM QPMJDZ 5IFO B GPSNBM SFRVFTU JT GPSNVMBUFE UP UIF "'% UIBU FYBNJOFT UIF QSPKFDU BOE decides whether it is feasible. Feasibility JT B TUVEZ QIBTF UIBU EFรถOFT รถOBODJOH OFFET JO PSEFS UP PCUBJO รถYFE UBSHFUT BOE is often conducted in partnership with DPOTVMUBODZ รถSNT 5IF "'% DPOUSJCVUFT UP UIF รถOBODJOH PG UIFTF QSFMJNJOBSZ TUVEJFT in the form of standard local invitations to tender. These can be institutional and describe the regulatory and/or technical FOWJSPONFOU BOE DPODFSO EFNBOE QPQVMBUJPO SFTPVSDFT BOE รถOBODJOH *O PSEFS UP TUVEZ FDPOPNJD GFBTJCJMJUZ B economic rate of return is calculated to EFDJEF XIFUIFS UIF QSPKFDU JT WJBCMF 0GUFO UIF "'% รถOBODFT QSPKFDUT UIBU BSF OPU QSPรถUBCMF FOPVHI GPS B QSJWBUF CBOL CVU BSF OPOFUIFMFTT QSPรถUBCMF CFDBVTF UIFZ JODMVEF OPO NBSLFU FDPOPNJDอ CFOFรถUT o GPS FYBNQMF UIF QSFTFSWBUJPO PG HMPCBM public goods. Donors thus facilitate the
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
öOBODJOH PG DPNNVOJUJFT UIBU NJHIU FYQFSJFODF EJóDVMUJFT XIFO GBDFE XJUI the constraints of commercial banks. Another key point of these studies lies in UIF TUVEZ PG UIF UFDIOJDBM BOE öOBODJBM DBQBDJUZ PG UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO QSPKFDU JO order to guarantee the continuation of the QSPKFDU "OPUIFS FMFNFOU JT UIF TPDJBM BOE environmental study in order to evaluate UIF QSPKFDU T FòFDUT GPS FYBNQMF öOBODJBMMZ compensating displaced populations; 5IF FWBMVBUJPO WBMJEBUFT UIF QSPKFDU T WJBCJMJUZ BOE JUT SJTLT BOE JEFOUJöFT measures. These risk mitigation measures are sometimes accompanied by conditions UIBU NVTU CF NFU BU EJòFSFOU TUBHFT PG UIF QSPKFDU TVDI BT BU JUT TJHOJOH PS BU UIF EJTCVSTFNFOU PG GVOET *U JT GPS FYBNQMF possible to make aid conditional by asking B XBUFS QVSJöDBUJPO TUBUJPO UP CF DBQBCMF PG NFFUJOH SVOOJOH DPTUT TP BT OPU UP HP bankrupt and to assure the continuity PG UIF JOGSBTUSVDUVSF 5IVT JO &HZQU UIF UBSJò JT UXP DFOUT QFS DVCJD NFUSF PS POF tenth of the running costs that would be OFDFTTBSZ UP CSFBL FWFO öOBODJBMMZ *O UIJT IZQPUIFTJT "'% BJE DBO CF BDDPNQBOJFE by a condition of rate increases. These DPOEJUJPOT BSF OFHPUJBUFE XJUI BOE OPU JNQPTFE VQPO QBSUOFST 5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM MFWFST PO UIF i 5w UIBU BMMPX B DFSUBJO SPPN GPS NBOPFVWSF BOE DSPTT TVCTJEJFT with other services such as electricity and UFMFDPNNVOJDBUJPOT FUD NBZ FYJTU 5P HFU CBDL UP &HZQU UIF DPOUFYU PG UIF "SBC Spring does not allow the AFD to envisage a price increase; it has asked the government to commit to subsidising the operating EFöDJU PG UIF XBUFS DPNQBOZ XJUI XIJDI the AFD has a contract; - The fourth step is the presentation of the QSPKFDU UP "'% T #PBSE PG %JSFDUPST XIJDI
NBZ PS NBZ OPU BQQSPWF JU UIFO B MPBO PS grant agreement is signed; 'JOBMMZ UIF QSPKFDU JT JNQMFNFOUFE BOE UIF XPSLT XIJDI BSF EJWJEFE JOUP TFWFSBM MPUT BSF TVCKFDU UP JOWJUBUJPOT UP UFOEFS GPS construction enterprises. At each stage of UIF QSPDVSFNFOU QSPDFTT UIFSF BSF DPOUSPMT to verify that procedures for local invitations to tender are respected and check that the SFRVJSFNFOUT DPODFSOJOH USBOTQBSFODZ BOE competition are complied with. The AFD GPMMPXT FBDI TUBHF PG UIF QSPKFDU T QSPHSFTT UIBU MFBET VQ UP B öOBM ex post evaluation in order to verify that initial targets have been reached.
2.2.2. Service Management Methods 5ISPVHIPVU UIF XPSME XBUFS JT B TFDUPS GPS which public authorities are responsible – the State or local authorities. There are two NBJO MFHBM GPSNT FJUIFS UIF QVCMJD BVUIPSJUZ is directly responsible for the management PG UIF TFSWJDF PS JU JT EFMFHBUFE UP B QVCMJD or private enterprise. Delegation to a private TUBLFIPMEFS JT OPU UIF TBNF BT QSJWBUJTBUJPO as the water sector always remains a competency of the public services. In the DBTF PG EFMFHBUJOH UP QSJWBUF FOUFSQSJTF JU JT essential to regulate its “natural” monopoly – economic theory demonstrates that a multiplication of networks and players SFEVDFT FóDJFODZ BOE QSPöUBCJMJUZ o BT JU NJHIU CF UFNQUFE UP NBYJNJTF QSPöUT UP UIF detriment of public and community interests. )JTUPSJDBMMZ UIJT 4UBUF BOE QVCMJD BVUIPSJUZ monopoly is not so straightforward; PPPs EJE OPU öSTU BQQFBS JO UIF T *OEFFE JO the XVIIIth and XIXth DFOUVSJFT öSTU JO -POEPO UIFO JO 1BSJT QSJWBUF FOUFSQSJTFT DPODFJWFE networks of water distribution for private
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
houses – the case of Veolia or Lyonnaise des Eaux 8IFO UIFTF SFHVMBUPSZ JTTVFT BSPTF water management became public in NPTU DPVOUSJFT FYDFQU JO 'SBODF XIFSF JU remained for the most part private. In the TBNF XBZ XIFO %$T CFDBNF JOEFQFOEFOU they reappropriated responsibility for water services for reasons of national sovereignty. 5IF ĂśSTU NBOBHFNFOU NFUIPE JT HPWFSOBODF XIJDI JT EJSFDU NBOBHFNFOU CZ a State (“sovereignâ€? level) or a territorial public authority (“sub-sovereignâ€? level) that directly manages water services. There are three types PG HPWFSOBODF %JSFDU HPWFSOBODF HFOFSBM CVEHFU OP MFHBM QFSTPOBMJUZ PS ĂśOBODJBM BVUPOPNZ TUBò VOEFS QVCMJD DPOUSBDUT "VUPOPNPVT HPWFSOBODF BOOFYFE CVEHFU ĂśOBODJBM BVUPOPNZ OP MFHBM QFSTPOBMJUZ TUBò VOEFS QVCMJD DPOUSBDUT 1FSTPOBMJTFE HPWFSOBODF BOOFYFE CVEHFU MFHBM QFSTPOBMJUZ ĂśOBODJBM BVUPOPNZ TUBò under public contracts;
Box
*O BMM DBTFT JU JT BO FNBOBUJPO PG B 4UBUF or public territorial authority that directly provides the service. The second method is delegated management. The State or municipality remains responsible for the community but BTLT B UIJSE QBSUZ B QSJWBUF QVCMJD PS QSJWBUF public company) to carry out the mission with XIJDI JU JT FOUSVTUFE PGUFO PO UIF CBTJT PG B contract in which a certain number of targets BOE SFTQPOTJCJMJUJFT BSF TQFDJĂśFE 0GUFO when a mission is delegated to a private FOUFSQSJTF GPSNBMJTJOH UBSHFUT BOE UIF NFBOT PG BDIJFWJOH UIFN JO B DPOUSBDU DMBSJĂśFT UIF NJTTJPO HJWFT JU B DFSUBJO BVUPOPNZ BOE protects it from political influences. When delegated management is entrusted UP B QSJWBUF FOUFSQSJTF JU JT B DBTF JO B XJEFS TFOTF PG B QVCMJD QSJWBUF QBSUOFSTIJQ UIF public authority entrusting all or part of the management of a service handed over to third parties.
13 Role and Assets of Partners Public authorities
Enterprise
Prescriber and regulator
Taking investment risks and/or running risks that it can control
Definition of main targets of public service Programming of public service investments
Management efficiency motivated by profit
Choice of management methods Protection of consumers Protection of the environment Capacity to share risks and support exceptional risks Source: Author’s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Choice of methods
There is no one model for management or regulatory methods. An Anglo-Saxon vision PG SFHVMBUJPO BEPQUFE CZ UIF 8PSME #BOL SFDPNNFOET UIBU JU CF BO BVUIPSJUZ EJรฒFSFOU from the one responsible โ so that it may be autonomous and not influenced โ but UIFSF BSF BMTP FรณDJFOU FYBNQMFT XJUIPVU autonomous authority. France opted for regulation by contract without any external regulator โ contrary to the case in other sectors. The models must be adapted to local and national contexts in order to avoid BOZ SFKFDUJPO 'SFODI NPEFMT PS "OHMP 4BYPO POFT NBZ CF B TPVSDF PG JOTQJSBUJPO CVU NVTU be adapted to suit the local context. 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE BO FOUFSQSJTF NBOBHFT UIF TFSWJDF BOE UBLFT SJTLT XIJDI KVTUJรถFT QSPรถU The idea is to spread out water management risks between the public authority and the QSJWBUF TFDUPS TP BT UP TUSJLF B CBMBODF BOE FRVJUBCMZ SFXBSE UIF QSJWBUF TUBLFIPMEFS This delegated management is entrusted to QSJWBUF TUBLFIPMEFST UP BUUSBDU OFX DBQJUBM TVDI BT EJSFDU GPSFJHO JOWFTUNFOU JO PSEFS UP collect revenue from โ privatisationโ (or rather GSPN EFMFHBUFE NBOBHFNFOU UP CFOFรถU GSPN UIF PQFSBUPS T LOPX IPX o XIP NJHIU be a professional in the sector โ and place his technological innovations at the service of UIF DPNNVOJUZ PS DMBSJGZ SFMBUJPOT CFUXFFO the authority and the operator and limit QVCMJD JOUFSGFSFODF JO UIF XBUFS TFDUPS (JWFO UIBU JU JT PGUFO B DPOUSBDU UIBU รถYFT PCMJHBUJPOT UP QSPEVDF SFTVMUT UIJT NBLFT JU QPTTJCMF UP obtain performance indicators and more accurately follow the performance of the TFSWJDF *U JT IPXFWFS QPTTJCMF UP FTUBCMJTI performance indicators with a public enterprise. Choosing between a public and private enterprise is rather determined by ideological considerations.
The private stakeholder is motivated by the QSPTQFDU PG HFOFSBUJOH QSPรถU UISPVHI UIF intermediary of the enterprise that signs the contracts and its subsidiaries which may be involved in sub-contracting activities linked to the contract. The arguments that are sometimes used against PPPs are the loss of national sovereignty โ particularly when it is a RVFTUJPO PG GPSFJHO PQFSBUPST o PS KPC DVUT UP SFEVDF QSPEVDUJPO DPTUT QSJWBUF DBQJUBM DPTUT UIF DPNQMFYJUZ PG รถOBODJBM TDIFNFT FUD 'JWF QSJODJQBM UZQFT PG DPOUSBDU TPNFUJNFT IZCSJE BOE NPSF PS MFTT SJTLZ GPS UIF QSJWBUF operator โ and conversely for the public PQFSBUPS DBO CF JEFOUJรถFE -PHJDBMMZ UIF HSFBUFS UIF SJTL UIF MPOHFS UIF DPOUSBDU XJMM be so that the enterprise will have the time to QSPรถU GSPN JUT JOWFTUNFOUT t 4FSWJDF DPOUSBDU )FSF JU JT B TIPSU DPOUSBDU GPS WFSZ MJNJUFE TFSWJDFT TVDI BT TQFDJรถD UBTLT QJQF SFQBJST JOTUBMMJOH NFUFST FUD This contract is not for improving a service TVรฒFSJOH GSPN JOFรณDJFOU NBOBHFNFOU "O enterprise is paid in exchange for a service it QSPWJEFT CVU UIF BENJOJTUSBUJPO BOE QVCMJD authority continue to supply the main TFSWJDF BOE UP รถOBODF JU UISPVHI UBYFT t .BOBHFNFOU DPOUSBDU 5IJT DBSSJFT B greater part of responsibility for the private stakeholder; the length of the management contract is longer than the service contract. The private stakeholder occupies the key posts in the enterprise in order to run and maintain it. The remuneration of the enterprise is linked to performance targets that lead to an optimisation of performances unlike the service contract. Commercial risk is borne by the public authority. To transfer commercial risk to the QSJWBUF TUBLFIPMEFS JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP PQU GPS a lease agreement.
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
t 5IF MFBTF BHSFFNFOU 5IF QSJWBUF QBSUOFS QBZT B SFOU GPS QVCMJD TFSWJDFT infrastructures and runs and maintains UIFN 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE UIF NBJO QBSU of the investment comes from the public authority – except in the case where the MFTTFF NBLFT TNBMM JOWFTUNFOUT TVDI BT for renovation or the purchase of small FRVJQNFOU $PNNFSDJBM SJTL JT TIBSFE 5IF private operator pays a licence fee to the QVCMJD BVUIPSJUZ FJUIFS B MVNQ TVN PS B sum proportional to the volume sold (lease contract). The private enterprise is generally responsible for billing and collection; it is JO EJSFDU DPOUBDU XJUI VTFST 5PEBZ MFBTF DPOUSBDUT BSF XJEFMZ VTFE JO 'SBODF DPOUSBSZ to the XIXth century when the model of concession contracts predominated. There is a separation of roles between the public BVUIPSJUZ XIJDI NBLFT UIF JOWFTUNFOUT and a private stakeholder who manages it to the best of his ability. t 5IF DPODFTTJPO DPOUSBDU 5IF SJTLT BSF greater for the private operator because investment risk is transferred. The assets are granted for a determined period. The öOBODJOH PG JOWFTUNFOUT JT QSPWJEFE CZ the private enterprise. The bank is often a partner because the enterprise must raise capital. The private stakeholder hopes to CF iSFJNCVSTFEw UISPVHI UIF UBSJò JNQPTFE on consumers for the use of the service. 5IF RVFTUJPO PG QSJDJOH JT DFOUSBM UP UIJT UZQF PG DPOUSBDU 5IF DIBMMFOHF JT UP öOE B KVTU NFUIPE PG SFHVMBUJPO TP UIBU UIF QSJDF JT TVóDJFOUMZ QSPöUBCMF GPS JOWFTUPST BOE TBUJTöFT CPUI 4UBUF BOE DPOTVNFST
5IF #VJME 0QFSBUF 5SBOTGFS #05 JT B WBSJBOU +VTU MJLF GPS B DPODFTTJPO JOWFTUNFOU JT NBEF CZ B QSJWBUF QBSUOFS CVU JU JT HFOFSBMMZ SFTFSWFE̓ GPS UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG TQFDJöD XPSLT̓ (SFFOöFME o QPXFS QMBOUT XBUFS USFBUNFOU QMBOUT TFXBHF XPSLT FUD 0GUFO the works are accompanied by a buyingJO DPOUSBDU XJUI UIF QVCMJD BVUIPSJUZ 5IVT GPS FYBNQMF UIF QSJWBUF TUBLFIPMEFS CVJMET a plant and sells the water to a private QSPEVDFS UIJT JT TVQQPSUFE CZ UIF iUBSJòw PS the “transfer” (a direct subsidy from the State). Here is a summary table of the distribution of DPNNFSDJBM SJTLT JOWFTUNFOU NBJOUFOBODF PQFSBUJPOT BT XFMM BT UIF PXOFSTIJQ PG BTTFUT between public and private partners. The DPOUSBDUT SBOHF GSPN UP ZFBST UP VQ UP ̓ZFBST
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Table
13 A Continuum of Contracts‌
O&M: Operation and Maintenance. Source: Author’s construction.
Nguyᝅn Hải Loan
[Aymeric Blanc]
:PV TBJE UIBU QSJDJOH XBT UIF NPTU JNQPSUBOU element in the concession. How do you deal XJUI UIF DPOUSBEJDUJPO PG B UBSJò UIBU NVTU CF TVĂłDJFOUMZ IJHI UP DPWFS JOWFTUNFOU BOE BUUSBDU JOWFTUPST BOE B QSJDF UIBU IBT CFFO ĂśYFE JO BEWBODF CZ UIF 4UBUF BT JT UIF DBTF JO 7JĚ?U /BN
The enumerated models are highly SFQSFTFOUFE JO UIF /PSUI 5IFSF BSF IPXFWFS PUIFS NPEFT PG NBOBHFNFOU JO %$T OPUBCMZ management by user association committees. 4PNFUJNFT 4UBUFT UIBU IBWF GFX NFBOT PG intervening in this domain allow the private TFDUPS BOE BTTPDJBUJPOT UP GVMĂśM UIJT NJTTJPO 5IJT DBO SBJTF RVFTUJPOT DPODFSOJOH FRVJUZ and control of responsibilities.
[Aymeric Blanc] We have realised that in DCs where IPVTFIPMET PGUFO IBWF MJNJUFE SFWFOVFT UIF DPODFTTJPO JT OPU UIF CFTU BEBQUFE NPEFM contrary to leasing contracts. Today there are almost no concessions. Sapphud Mit Where are we with community management?
5IFTF NPEFMT BSF BQQMJFE UP UIF XBUFS TFDUPS CVU BMTP UP UIPTF PG FMFDUSJDJUZ USBOTQPSU BOE other public services. -FU VT OPX BEESFTT NPSF TQFDJĂśDBMMZ UIF water sector in DCs. What results can be established from the dissemination of these models over the last twenty years in DCs?
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Figure
30 Private Participation in Water in Developing Countries 1990-2007
Source: FAO.
0O UIJT HSBQI UIF CMBDL MJOF SFQSFTFOUT UIF OVNCFS PG OFX QSPKFDUT QFS ZFBS UIBU IBWF CFFO TJHOFE JO %$T /FBS UP [FSP JO JU SFBDIFE BMNPTU OFX QSPKFDUT JO The histograms represent the amounts of private investment in billions of dollars. Thus JO BSPVOE 64% CO XBT JOWFTUFE JO 111T PG XIJDI OFBSMZ TJY XFSF EFWPUFE UP KVTU POF QSPKFDU JO #VFOPT "JSFT Public We can note a contradiction between a SFEVDUJPO PG UIF JOWFTUNFOU BNPVOUT BSPVOE 64% CO JO BOE UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG B OVNCFS PG QSPKFDUT .PSF BOE NPSF DPOUSBDUT BSF CFJOH TJHOFE CVU JOWFTUNFOU commitments are lower and lower. Why?
Nguyᝅn Thᝋ Thanh Tâm Are contracts divided up according to TQFDJBMJTBUJPO o B DPOUSBDU GPS SFHVMBUJPO DPOTUSVDUJPO SVOOJOH FUD [Aymeric Blanc] 5IBU NJHIU CF BO FYQMBOBUJPO CVU UIF histograms represent the amount of all the investments of all the contracts in a given year. Phấm Hoà ng Phư᝛c "U UIF CFHJOOJOH JOWFTUNFOUT BSF IJHIFS BOE DPSSFTQPOE UP UIF IFBWZ JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT UIFO comes the construction of complementary networks or auxiliary services.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[Aymeric Blanc] *O UIF öSTU DPOUSBDUT QSJWBUF QBSUOFST XFSF asked to massively invest in order to develop OFX JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT *O UIF OFX QSPKFDUT UIF public stakeholder often takes responsibility for new infrastructures. Concession contracts decrease and leasing contracts rise. The private stakeholder manages the running but does not invest. "U UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T CJH DPODFTTJPO DPOUSBDUT XFSF TJHOFE CVU XFSF EFTUBCJMJTFE by the crisis and the devaluation of the peso UIF DBTF JO #VFOPT "JSFT 5IF CSFBLJOH PG UIJT DPOUSBDU USJHHFSFE UIF MPTT PG DPOöEFODF of private operators for heavy investments JO IJHI SJTL DPVOUSJFT TVDI BT EFWFMPQJOH countries. The current trend is to sign less SJTLZ DPOUSBDUT TVDI BT MFBTJOH DPOUSBDUT XJUI QVCMJD NBKPSJUZ JOWFTUNFOU PS #05T 5IF T UIFPSZ BDDPSEJOH UP XIJDI UIF öOBODJOH HBQ GPS UIF XBUFS TFDUPS DPVME CF öMMFE CZ UIF international private sector is an illusion that IBT DPNF UP BO FOE *U JT TJHOJöDBOU UIBU NBOZ PPPs are today signed in China where the public authorities have large sums of money for public investments. The national operators market in DCs has developed a lot because of the pulling out PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM JOWFTUPST GSPN /PSUIFSO DPVOUSJFT *O UIFJS TIBSF SFQSFTFOUFE PG UIF NBSLFU DPNQBSFE UP JO o UIJT JT OPUBCMZ UIF DBTF JO -BUJO "NFSJDB where many local enterprises have signed PPPs. The percentage of the urban population served by private operators has been constantly increasing over the last twenty ZFBST *U OPX SFQSFTFOUT NJMMJPO JOIBCJUBOUT JO BCTPMVUF UFSNT XIJDI JT SBUIFS
low when compared to the total population of DCs. The number of private operators is situated at CFUXFFO BOE PG UIF XBUFS NBSLFU JO %$T BOE JT IJHIFS JO EFWFMPQFE DPVOUSJFT UIF private sector is present in every country and is not really linked to political regimes. *O DFSUBJO DBTFT 111T IBWF BMMPXFE VT UP improve access to water and performances DPODFSOJOH TFSWJDF RVBMJUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ XIFSF technical and commercial losses – which at the outset were often very high – are concerned. )PXFWFS UIFSF IBWF CFFO NJYFE SFTVMUT 'PS IBMG PG 111T JU JT EJóDVMU UP HJWF BO opinion because of the lack of data or because the contract is too recent. For one RVBSUFS QFSGPSNBODFT BSF HPPE BOE GPS UIF MBTU RVBSUFS GBJMVSFT IBWF CFFO PCTFSWFE DPOUSBDUT UFSNJOBUFE BOE OPU SFOFXFE FUD "T GBS BT QSJDJOH JT DPODFSOFE JU JT USVF UIBU̓ UIFZ IBWF JODSFBTFE CVU UIJT BMTP corresponds to investments that have allowed the continuity of water services. The more global issue of access for the poor TFFNT UP NF UP CF NPSF JOUFSFTUJOH FTQFDJBMMZ in developing countries where there was very MJUUMF BDDFTT UP XBUFS BU UIF PVUTFU )PXFWFS we can often observe that the poor lose out because of underinvestment in relation to what is expected in terms of extension. For the new generation of contracts founded on B i1SP 1PPS 1PMJDZw XF NBLF TVSF UIF QSJWBUF sector is not “discouraged” from serving the QPPS OPUBCMZ JO UFSNT PG FYUFOTJPO o TP UIBU XF DBO CF TVSF UIBU UIF TPDJBM CFOFöU PG UIF QBSUOFSTIJQ EPFT OPU CFOFöU UIPTF XIP BSF already connected to the network.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
[Claude de Miras] There is no ideal recipe. For every target BTTJHOFE JO UIF DPOUSBDU UIF DIPJDF JT EFÜOFE CZ MFOHUI PG UJNF MFWFM PG QVCMJD JOWFTUNFOU MFWFM PG JNQMJDBUJPO PG UIF QSJWBUF TFDUPS FUD Case Study: Water Service in Senegal 4FOFHBM JT B 8FTU "GSJDBO DPVOUSZ XIFSF at the beginning of the XXth DFOUVSZ B private company managed water services. 5IFO OBUJPOBM NBOBHFNFOU XBT IBOEFE over to the SociÊtÊ nationale d’exploitation des eaux du SÊnÊgal 40/&4 *O UIF Senegalese government began a reform in order to relaunch an investment dynamic in the water sector by respecting a rise in QSJDJOH MJNJUFE UP QFS ZFBS JODSFBTJOH
the number of customers and linking the poorest households to the network. The State opted for a leasing contract leaving the management to a private stakeholder – based on an invitation to tender where the private enterprise had to propose the lowest iMFTTFF UBSJòw UP XJO UIF DPOUSBDU 5IF FOUFSQSJTF DIPTFO IBE TVCTDSJCFST QSPEVDFE NJMMJPO N of water and served ĂśGUZ PS TP VSCBO DFOUSFT XJUI ̓ NJMMJPO inhabitants. They chose to implement the same pricing on a national scale so that there XPVME CF iFRVBMJTBUJPOTw CFUXFFO UIF CJH DJUJFT BOE TNBMM POFT *O UIJT GSBNFXPSL B QVCMJD BTTFU IPMEJOH DPNQBOZ XBT DSFBUFE 40/&4
Diagram 32 Institutional Systems : SONES, State, ASDE Regulation “By Contract�. Existence of a Public Asset Holding Company Distinct from the State
Source: Author’s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
40/&4 TJHOFE B UIJSUZ ZFBS DPODFTTJPO contract with the State for the delegation PG QVCMJD NBOBHFNFOU "U UIF TBNF UJNF a leasing contract for a ten-year period was TJHOFE CZ UIF 4UBUF 40/&4 BOE UIF "4%& a private enterprise that was selected in the framework of the invitation to tender. There is no autonomous regulatory entity; regulation is done by contract. 5IF BWFSBHF QVCMJD UBSJò JT DPMMFDUFE CZ UIF "4%& XIJDI UIFO TIBSFT JU PVU POF QBSU is kept for the operation – “lessee priceâ€? PO XIJDI̓ JU CBTFE JUT PòFS BU UIF UJNF PG UIF JOWJUBUJPO UP UFOEFS BOPUIFS QBSU JT USBOTGFSSFE̓UP 40/&4 TP UIBU JU DBO SFDPVQ JUT investments. "GUFS NPSF UIBO ZFBST PG PQFSBUJPO SFTVMUT TIPX B SJTF JO UIF MFWFM PG TVQQMJFT PG UIF OVNCFS PG TVCTJEJTFE DPOOFDUJPOT BO JNQSPWFNFOU JO QFSGPSNBODF JOEFYFT notably the index for cubic metre water MPTT QFS LJMPNFUSF PG OFUXPSL FUD 5IF ĂśYFE targets in the contract in terms of loss have BMXBZT CFFO SFBDIFE CVU DBO CF JNQSPWFE :JFME IBT JNQSPWFE BMUIPVHI JU TUJMM SFNBJOT CFMPX UIF UBSHFU ĂśYFE
pay the same price for their water; internal ÜOBODJBM USBOTGFST UBLF QMBDF CFUXFFO EJòFSFOU DMBTTFT PG VTFST Fifteen years after the beginning of its DPOUSBDU XIJDI BMTP TJHOBMT JUT FOE UIF private enterprise has succeeded in putting the sector back on its feet by connecting B MBSHF OVNCFS PG OFX TVCTDSJCFST XJUI B XBUFS BDDFTT SBUF PG XIJMF BU UIF TBNF time limiting price increases. 5IF ÜOBODJBM FRVJMJCSJVN PG UIF TFDUPS PWFS UIF ÜSTU ZFBST XBT TBUJTGZJOH XJUI B DPOUSPMMFE SJTF JO QSJDJOH 'SPN IPXFWFS TFWFSBM factors have contributed to destabilising this FRVJMJCSJVN 5IF PQFSBUPS UBSJò IBT SJTFO because of energy running charges – no productivity gain; 5IF BTTFU UBSJò IBT TMJHIUMZ SJTFO BT B result of an increase in the administration UBSJò BOE BO JODSFBTF JO UIF SVOOJOH UBSJò pressures on investment capacity.
)PXFWFS UIF DPOTVNQUJPO PG QVCMJD administrations can be problematic as the latter do not pay and may become a source PG IJHI PWFSEVF SBUFT 4JODF IPXFWFS the consumption of water by administrations has remained relatively stable and its overall XFJHIU IBT CFFO JO DPOTUBOU EFDMJOF *O UIFJS DPOTVNQUJPO SFQSFTFOUFE PG UIF total billed volume.
*O OFX UFOTJPOT BQQFBSFE #FDBVTF PG UIF IJHI OVNCFS PG IPVTFIPMET DPOOFDUFE UIF BWFSBHF UBSJò GFMM BOE UIF MFTTPS UBY SPTF BEKVTUFE UP UIF DPTU PG FOFSHZ 5IF ÜOBODJBM FRVJMJCSJVN PG UIF QVCMJD BTTFU holding company was threatened. Instead PG JODSFBTJOH UBSJòT UIF 4FOFHBMFTF GSP[F UIFN GPS FMFDUPSBM SFBTPOT BOE NBEF UIF BENJOJTUSBUJPO CFBS UIF CSVOU PG UIF SJTF UIF price of a cubic metre was multiplied by ten JO XIFSFBT CFGPSF UIBU BENJOJTUSBUJPOT did not pay anything. This resulted in unpaid CJMMT BOE B DBTI øPX DSJTJT GPS 40/&4
Certain categories pay more and subsidise other classes of the population. This system of QSJDJOH CZ JODSFBTJOH CMPDL UBSJòT FNQIBTJTFT political willingness to create solidarity CFUXFFO DPOTVNFST /PU BMM DPOTVNFST
5IF 4UBUF UIF PQFSBUPST BOE UIF EPOPST SFOFHPUJBUFE B DPOUSBDU UP TBWF 40/&4 GSPN CBOLSVQUDZ 5PEBZ TUJMM UIJT DPOUSBDU JT CFJOH SFOFHPUJBUFE XJUI SFBEKVTUNFOUT JO QSJDJOH that might guarantee the continuity of
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
40/&4 PG UIF "4%& BOE PG UIF QVCMJD BTTFU holding company. 5IFTF DPOUSBDUT XIJDI DPOTUJUVUFE B NPEFM PG MFBTJOH JO "GSJDB TUJMM OFFE UP CF BEKVTUFE and need to have a regulation mechanism flexible enough to allow institutional TUBLFIPMEFST UP รถOE B TPMVUJPO 5IJT JMMVTUSBUFT UIF SPMF PG QPMJDJFT DPODFSOJOH UBSJรฒT *O 4FOFHBM B TPMVUJPO JT JO UIF QSPDFTT PG CFJOH GPVOE )PXFWFS JO .BMJ GPS FYBNQMF although there were commitments made during the presidential elections concerning UBSJรฒT UIJT SFTVMUFE JO UIF CSFBLJOH PG DPOUSBDU and the departure of private partners who could no longer intervene. The institutional FOWJSPONFOU JT B NBKPS DPOEJUJPO B mechanism is needed to install mutual DPOรถEFODF CFUXFFO QBSUOFST Case Study: Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA)
Context Cambodia is a country with thirteen million inhabitants. Its economy is driven by the UFYUJMF UPVSJTN BOE DPOTUSVDUJPO TFDUPST 4JODF JU IBT FYQFSJFODFE B HSPXUI SBUF PG BCPVU QFS ZFBS IPXFWFS UIF รถOBODJBM DSJTJT PG XBT HSFBUMZ GFMU JO UIJT FTTFOUJBMMZ SVSBM DPVOUSZ o PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO MJWFT JO rural areas. There are two autonomous State public enterprises (SPE) in Phnom Penh and Siem 3FBQ FMFWFO TUBUF TUSVDUVSFT NBOBHFE CZ UIF NJOJTUSZ OJOF 111T o QSJODJQBMMZ #05 BOE privatisations; two cities have no water supply. 5IF DBQJUBM 1IOPN 1FOI IBT NJMMJPO inhabitants. The story of the PPWSA State DPNQBOZ JT SFNBSLBCMF *O JU XBT JO B DSJUJDBM TUBUF XJUI WFSZ MPX XBUFS RVBMJUZ UIFSF XFSF GFX PรณDJBM DPOOFDUJPOT *O UXFOUZ PS TP ZFBST TQFDUBDVMBS QSPHSFTT IBT CFFO NBEF
[Clรฉment Frenoux] The PPWSA is a public company with an atypical form as it is a State enterprise.
Table
14 The PPWSA in a Few Figures, 1993-2008
Source: Authorโ s construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
System: An Example of 3T -FU VT HFU CBDL UP UIF 5 BOE UIF TUSBUFHZ PG UIF State enterprise. We are faced with a double QSJDF BEKVTUNFOU 8F IBWF BO JODSFBTJOH CMPDL UBSJò EFQFOEJOH PO DPOTVNQUJPO o̓ UIF IJHIFS UIF DPOTVNQUJPO UIF IJHIFS UIF UBSJò 5IJT JT BO FYBNQMF PG B TPDJBM UBSJò poor families that have little money pay a UBSJò UIBU JT CFMPX UIF QSPEVDUJPO DPTUT PG UIF FOUFSQSJTF 1SPöUT BSF VTFE UP SFöOBODF the cash component of poor households. 'VSUIFSNPSF B TFDPOE USBOTGFS UBLFT QMBDF CFUXFFO DPNNFSDJBM BOE EPNFTUJD UBSJòT
Table
*O UIF FOUFSQSJTF DSFBUFE B QSPHSBNNF to connect poor villages across the entire DJUZ o GVODUJPOBM DPOOFDUJPOT "U UIF PVUTFU UIF PQFSBUJPO XBT DBSSJFE PVU XJUIPVU 4UBUF JOUFSWFOUJPO BOE UIFO TVCTJEJFT XFSF progressively granted to the poorest families. *O USBOTGFS UFSNT UIF 4UBUF XBUFS DPNQBOZ CFOFöUUFE GSPN UIF IJHI MFWFM PG JOWPMWFNFOU PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM EPOPST PWFS UJNF -PBOT XFSF BMTP HSBOUFE OPUBCMZ GSPN UIF "'% UIF 8PSME̓#BOL BOE UIF "TJBO %FWFMPQNFOU #BOL
15 Sources of Financing, 1993-2009
Source: PPWSA 2009 Status.
)PX EPFT öOBODJOH XPSL *O PG 1184" DMJFOUT XFSF EPNFTUJD DPOTVNFST BOE XFSF DPNNFSDJBM DPOTVNFST $PNNFSDJBM VTFST DPOTVNF PG UIF UPUBM WPMVNF BOE EPNFTUJD POFT 5IF EPVCMF FRVBMJTBUJPO GVODUJPOT UIBOLT UP UIJT EJòFSFOUJBM *U JT OPU FOPVHI UP FTUBCMJTI B pricing grid; you also have to embed it in your DVTUPNFS EBUBCBTF DMJFOU QSPöMF EFQFOEJOH on numbers and volume.
5IF DJUZ PG 1IOPN 1FOI JT SBQJEMZ FYQBOEJOH XIJDI XJMM IBWF DPOTFRVFODFT PO UIF customer base in the near future because more and more investment will be necessary. What are the keys to success of this State enterprise? - Strong public leadership with a management style inspired by the world of enterprise and a policy of exemplarity (s/he XIP EPFT OPU QBZ JT EJTDPOOFDUFE XIBUFWFS UIF QFSTPO T TUBUVT $POUSBSZ UP UIF TJUVBUJPO JO 4FOFHBM BMM BENJOJTUSBUJPOT̓QBZ
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
4UBò SFTUSVDUVSJOH BOE USBJOJOH - Financial and technical standardisation accompanied by an in-depth rethinking of DPNNFSDJBM BOE ĂśOBODJBM QPMJDZ QSJPS UP B technical long-term investment strategy; - Financial support in donor time; - A “comprehensiveâ€? State attitude to autonomy and the choice of enterprise. Phấm HoĂ ng PhĆ°áť›c *O 4FOFHBM B TJOHMF UBSJò JT BQQMJFE UP QPPS and rich households. Is there not a pro-poor social policy? [Aymeric Blanc] *O 4FOFHBM B TJOHMF QSJDF JT BQQMJFE JO DJUJFT CVU JO UBSJò CBOET 5IFSF JT B TPDJBM CBOE UIBU JT BQQMJFE GPS B DPOTVNQUJPO PG MFTT UIBO ̓N ; UIF UBSJò JT MPXFS UIBO QSPEVDUJPO DPTUT 'VSUIFSNPSF TVCTJEJTFE DPOOFDUJPOT IBWF been made thanks to State aid. The perfect QPMJDZ EPFT OPU FYJTU UIVT DPNQSPNJTFT always have to be made. The increasing CMPDL SBUF JT PGUFO BQQMJFE CVU JU JT CBTFE PO the presumption that poor people consume MFTT XIFSFBT JO SFBMJUZ JU JT OPU TP TJNQMF -BSHF QPPS GBNJMJFT DPOTVNF MBSHF RVBOUJUJFT PG XBUFS BOE ĂśOE UIFNTFMWFT JO UIF IJHIFS CBOET 0UIFS TPDJBM QPMJDJFT NBZ CF BEPQUFE JO $PMVNCJB UBSJòT BSF EJWJEFE BDDPSEJOH UP TJY TUSBUB EFĂśOFE CZ JODPNF Nguyáť…n Hải Loan *O 1IOPN 1FOI XIBU NFBTVSFT IBWF CFFO taken to reduce the rate of technical and DPNNFSDJBM MPTT GSPN UP [ClĂŠment Frenoux] *O DMBOEFTUJOF DPOTVNQUJPO XBT counted as technical loss. The strategy of the State enterprise was to entirely change the network in the city centre. They opted
for a particular technological choice and a telemetry system and a monitoring of the management of losses to dissuade clandestine consumption. VĹŠ Tháť‹ Thu HĆ°ĆĄng *O 7JĚ?U /BN DFSUBJO IPVTFIPMET MFU UIF XBUFS drip drop by drop so it will not be registered by the meter. [ClĂŠment Frenoux] 5IJT QSBDUJDF JT OPU FĂłDJFOU BT JU BMMPXT BJS to enter into the pipes that will cause the meter to accelerate when the tap is turned PO )PXFWFS UIJT DBO DSFBUF EBNBHF UP UIF network and is not good for the operator. Nguyáť…n Tháť‹ HoĂ i HĆ°ĆĄng :PV FYQMBJOFE UIBU UIFSF BSF TFWFSBM UZQFT PG NBOBHFNFOU JO $BNCPEJB 4UBUF TUSVDUVSFT NBOBHFE CZ UIF NJOJTUSZ &&T FOWJSPONFOUBM FOUFSQSJTFT 111T *T BOZ POF NPEFM NPSF FĂłDJFOU UIBO UIF PUIFST $BO UIF 1IOPN Penh model be applied in other cities? The EPVCMF FRVBMJTBUJPO XPSLT CVU JU NJHIU OPU be relevant in other cities – too few rich to compensate the consumption of the poor. What are the other policies of the Cambodian government to help the poor? [ClĂŠment Frenoux] *U JT OPU QPTTJCMF UP USBOTGFS UIJT UBSJò HSJE to all the other cities – the second city in $BNCPEJB POMZ IBT JOIBCJUBOUT UIFSF JT OP JOEVTUSZ /PX UIFTF DJUJFT SFQSFTFOU UIF QSJODJQBM TPVSDF PG SFWFOVF /FYU UIF management capacity of small cities is not comparable to that of the State enterprise BOE UIF NVMUJ UBSJò CBOET EFNBOE B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG TQFDJĂśD DPNQFUFODFT %JòFSFOU models exist together.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Day 2, Tuesday 17th July The day is devoted to practical work around the following thematics: Is there a management method we should give priority to that will allow access to water to the greatest number of people? Facilitator: Catherine Baron Historical evolution of management methods for drinking water services, Facilitator: Aymeric Blanc Synthesise all the forms of equalisation that have been spoken about, Facilitator: Claude de Miras What is the current water management method in Tam Đảo? Facilitator: Clément Frenoux Two case studies are also being subjected to the analysis and reflection of the workshop: Case n° 1 Context You are responsible for a delegated management that signed, ten years ago, a thirty-year contract for the management of public water and sanitation services with a big agglomeration of four million inhabitants. The results of the delegated management are in line with the service indicators, although you have difficulty financing 100% of investment needs (annual average finance at 90%). - Bulk purchasing of drinking water from a national operator who raises a surtax for the State (50%) and represents a cost of 70% of your annual turnover - 95% of the urban population is supplied water 24/24, 7/7 - 20% of water not billed - Turnover: USD 400m - 1% non-recovery of sums.
What strategy? The local authorities ask you to include this national programme in your delegated management contract and to respect deadlines. The authorities decide to fix a social participation investment tariff for the inhabitants of the informal zone, which brings their contribution to 10% of the total amount of investment to be made over five years. You must prepare an interview with the mayor who wishes to meet the national authorities with you to discuss operational methods that must be taken into account and possible financial aid. Case n° 2 Context You manage an asset holding company that signed, ten years ago, a fifteen-year contract with a private lessee for the water service to a capital with two million inhabitants. The results of the PPPs are disappointing. - Service not far-reaching: only 25% of the city - Water 10-12 hours per day - 56% of water non-billed, - 30% not collected New private stakeholders have appeared in the city over the last twenty years, today there are 500 of them. - Drilling at 30 to 60 metres - Water tower - No water treatment - Household connections in PEHD “spaghetti network” - Meters - 23% of the peri-urban population covered What strategy? The government supervising your company has committed itself to attaining the target of providing water to half the city.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
You have been contacted by the association of small private operators who wish to negotiate a licence to operate and obtain subsidies and technical training You must define three strategies to prepare this interview.
governance. It is necessary to be capable of organising this governance through JOOPWBUJPO BOE JOTUSVNFOUBMJUJFT *OFóDJFOU HPWFSOBODF NBZ EFMBZ UIF FóDJFODZ PG UIF TUSVDUVSFT BOE TUBLFIPMEFST QPTUQPOF a certain number of decisions and incur recurrent expenses. Small Operators in Periurban Zones: The Case of Maputo, Mozambique
Day 3, Wednesday 18th July
[Aymeric Blanc]
[Claude de Miras]
5IF EBUB GSPN DBTF O¡ PO XIJDI ZPV IBWF worked are real and stem from the city of Maputo.
8IBU JT UIF EJòFSFODF CFUXFFO NBOBHFNFOU and governance? 4DIFNBUJDBMMZ TQFBLJOH XF TIBMM TBZ UIBU NBOBHFNFOU POMZ DPODFSOT POF FOUJUZ TVDI as an operator. The target of this operator is to provide B RVBMJUZ TFSWJDF CVU JU NVTU TBUJTGZ DPOEJUJPOT PG FRVJMJCSJVN BOE UIF MPOH UFSN DPOUJOVBUJPO̓ PG UIJT FRVJMJCSJVN JOWFTUNFOU conditions and the amortisation of its systems. (PWFSOBODF JNQMJFT B NVMUJQMJDJUZ PG stakeholders that appeared twenty or so years ago. The management of the city set in motion a group of stakeholders such as the 4UBUF EFDFOUSBMJTFE 4UBUF QPXFST HFOFSBM EFQBSUNFOUT PG NJOJTUSJFT MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT BHFODJFT EPOPST QSJWBUF PQFSBUPST JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPPQFSBUJPO EFDFOUSBMJTFE CJMBUFSBM PS JOUFSOBUJPOBM MPCCJFT DJWJM TPDJFUZ BTTPDJBUJPOT /(0T 5IF XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO sector rises to the challenge of making this governance work. There is all the more at TUBLF JO UIJT TFDUPS CFDBVTF PG UIF TJ[F PG JUT FOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM BOE SFBM FTUBUF GPPUQSJOU It is interesting to see how this governance is JNQMFNFOUFE JO EJWFSTJöFE VSCBO DPOUFYUT There are simple and complex models of
*O B MFBTJOH DPOUSBDU CFUXFFO UIF '*1"( BOE UIF DPNQBOZ "EF. "HVBT EF .PÎBNCJRVF XBT TJHOFE BO JOEFQFOEFOU SFHVMBUPS $3" XBT JEFOUJöFE "EF. was the source of a group of enterprises composed of Aguas de Portugal and Saur 'SBODF "GUFS TPNF ZFBST PG GVODUJPOJOH UIF QFSGPSNBODFT XFSF OPU TBUJTGBDUPSZ OPU FOPVHI DPOOFDUJPOT OFUXPSL POMZ BWBJMBCMF UP ̓ IPVST B EBZ PG XBUFS TFSWJDFT OPU CJMMFE OPO DPMMFDUJPO '*1"( BTLFE Aguas de Portugal to leave and proceeded with a redemption of shares; the structure then became both donor and service NBOBHFS XIJDI NBEF JU B WFSZ TQFDJBM 111 5IF SFTVMUT IBWF CFFO TQFDUBDVMBS *O XF DPVME DPVOU BMNPTU TNBMM QSJWBUF PQFSBUPST 410T o DPNQBSFE UP JO BOE JO Maputo is located by the sea and has two million inhabitants grouped together in UXP DPOOFDUJOH NVOJDJQBMJUJFT .BQVUP and Matola. The treatment plant is located BU &UB 6NCFMV[J BOE NPTU PG UIF OFUXPSL JT GPVOE JO UIF IJTUPSJDBM DPMPOJBM RVBSUFS o UIF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
city centre โ that is inhabited by a relatively rich population. This neighbourhood grew because of high demographic growth and UIF BSSJWBM PG JNNJHSBOUT TVCTFRVFOU UP UIF civil war. SPOs are omnipresent in peri-urban BSFBT FWFO UIPVHI UIFZ BSF TPNFUJNFT JO competition with AdeM. There are no SPOs near to the sea because of saline intrusions in the groundwater. 5IF UBSJรฒ QFS DVCJD NFUSF JT IPNPHFOPVT o BCPVU 64% 5IFSF JT NPSF WBSJBCJMJUZ BU UIF DPOOFDUJPO MFWFM XIJDI JT UIF PCKFDU PG competition between SPOs. The SPOs water UBSJรฒ JT IJHIFS UIBO UIBU PG UIF "EF. which is a reasonable price when compared with certain SPOs that can ask for ten times NPSF UIBO UIF UBSJรฒ JNQPTFE CZ UIF NBJO operator. Is dealing with SPOs a relevant alternative model? *O UFSN PG FDPOPNJFT PG TDBMF JU JT NPSF FรณDJFOU UP IBWF POF CJH FOUFSQSJTF UIBO TFWFSBM TNBMM POFT *O UFSNT PG TVTUBJOBCJMJUZ PG UIF SFรถMM DBQBDJUZ PG UIF HSPVOEXBUFS JT VTFE UIJT JT SFBTPOBCMF CVU DBMMT GPS DBSFGVM NPOJUPSJOH *O UFSNT PG RVBMJUZ UIFSF BSF TPNF CBDUFSJPMPHJDBM QSPCMFNT BOE OJUSBUFT OPUBCMZ JO UIF DFOUSF PG UIF DJUZ CFDBVTF PG UIF MPX RVBMJUZ PG UIF ESJMMJOH "GUFS IBWJOH CFFO JHOPSFE GPS B MPOH UJNF 410T XFSF SFDPHOJTFE JO UIBU JT UP TBZ รถGUFFO ZFBST BGUFS UIFJS รถSTU BQQFBSBODF through the intermediary of associations that established links between the authorities; the position of the authorities has progressively developed and has been inspired by the research of international experts who demonstrated the interest of cooperating XJUI UIF 410T UP BDIJFWF UIF .%( UBSHFU PG CFUXFFO BOE PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO
*O UIF NJOJTUFS EFDMBSFE UIBU 410T IBE UP CF NBEF PรณDJBM BOE OP MPOHFS GPVHIU against. After identifying and registering UIFTF PQFSBUPST UIF MBUUFS NVTU CF BCMF UP QSPWF XJUIJO POF ZFBS UIBU UIFJS XBUFS RVBMJUZ is good (laboratory analyses) in order to be granted a one-year licence. 'JOBMMZ OFHPUJBUJPOT EJE OPU TVDDFFE UIF SPOs considered the one-year period granted XBT JOTVรณDJFOU HJWFO UIFJS JOWFTUNFOU o UIFZ IBE BTLFE GPS รถWF ZFBST 5IFZ UIVT QSFGFSSFE to remain within the current (informal) status SBUIFS UIBO DPOรถSN B POF ZFBS MJDFODF 5FOTJPOT BOE QPXFS TUSVHHMFT GPMMPXFE the SPOs stopped supplying water for several days in order to put pressure on the HPWFSONFOU 5PEBZ UIF JTTVF PG SFHVMBUJOH SPOs has still not been resolved. "U UIF TBNF UJNF BO "'% QSPKFDU DPOTJTUT JO CVJMEJOH OFX TZTUFNT JO MJOF XJUI '*1"( BTTFU IPMEJOH DPNQBOZ TUBOEBSET BOE UIFO handing them over in leasing contracts to the SPOs on the basis of an invitation to tender and a selection according to price โ prices are regulated and standards are good. The QSJODJQBM EJรณDVMUZ DPODFSOT JOWFTUNFOU Today twenty or so new systems have been implemented in the north of the city that is OPU TFSWFE CZ '*1"( *O UFO PS TP ZFBST UJNF PO UIF PVUTLJSUT PG UIF DJUZ HPPE RVBMJUZ OFUXPSLT XJMM CF SFDVQFSBUFE CZ '*1"( according to the alienability of contracts principle. A component relative to poor populations was also foreseen in the framework of UIF QSPKFDU 1BSU PG UIF "'% รถOBODJOH XBT EFTUJOFE UP HJWF B 64% N TVCTJEZ PVU PG B UPUBM PG 64% N UP UIF DPTU PG connecting poor families โ to new systems but also to the old SPO systems in the city DFOUSF JO PSEFS UP JODSFBTF DPOOFDUJPOT 5IJT
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
system has worked well for connections to OFX TZTUFNT )PXFWFS SFHBSEJOH UIF PME TZTUFNT UIF 410T EJE OPU CFOFĂśU GSPN UIF TVCTJEZ FJUIFS CFDBVTF '*1"( EJE OPU XJTI UP NBLF UIFTF TZTUFNT XJUIPVU BO PĂłDJBM licence or because certain SPOs were not capable of producing for the new systems. The whole of the subsidy was used to cover UIF OFJHICPVSIPPET FRVJQQFE̓ XJUI OFX systems. SPOs constitute a transitory solution while UIF QSJODJQBM OFUXPSL JT EFWFMPQJOH CVU UIFJS SFHVMBUJPO SBJTFT RVFTUJPOT UIBU IBWF TUJMM OPU CFFO SFTPMWFE TVDI BT UIF DBTF EFTDSJCFE JO Maputo. Reabsorption and Restructuration Programme of Informal Neighbourhoods in the Greater Casablanca Region [Christophe Cluzeau] $BTF OÂĄ JT BMTP JOTQJSFE CZ B SFBM TJUVBUJPO CVU XJUI TPNF EJòFSFOU TUBUJTUJDT IPXFWFS UIBU CSJOH UPHFUIFS TPDJBM VSCBO BOE HPWFSOBODF issues. 0O UIF th .BZ ,JOH .PIBNNFE VI launched the Initiative Nationale du DĂŠveloppement Humain */%) XIJDI made the eradication of insalubrious housing and social exclusion a national QSJPSJUZ 5IF */%) BJNT BU CSJOHJOH UPHFUIFS in these targeted neighbourhoods on .PSPDDBO UFSSJUPSZ EJòFSFOU UBSHFUT PG FOWJSPONFOUBM TPDJBM̓ BOE FDPOPNJD EFWFMPQNFOU 5IBOLT UP̓ UIJT̓ JOJUJBUJWF JU is in a political and institutional context that is favourable to an intervention in JOTBMVCSJPVT OFJHICPVSIPPET̓ UIBU JO FBDI PG .PSPDDP T SFHJPOT UIF QVCMJD and private stakeholders concerned have launched action plans aimed at meeting
UIF UBSHFUT PG UIF OBUJPOBM̓ QSPHSBNNF under the monitoring and control of local authorities. Here is an extract from the royal speech of th .BZ i&ĂłDJFOU BOE TVTUBJOBCMF development can only be made concrete through integrated public policiesâ€?. Three QSJODJQBM BYFT XFSF ĂśYFE - Access to basic social services and FRVJQNFOU - Activities providing stable revenues; - Help to the most vulnerable. DPOTUJUVUFE B NBKPS ZFBS PG USBOTJUJPO GPS .PSPDDP #FGPSF UIJT EBUF QPWFSUZ JO VSCBO areas was addressed only through relodging – and not by the building of new dwellings. "GUFS BMM TUBLFIPMEFST IBE UP DPOTJEFS resettlement (allocating serviced plots to be built upon) and the maintaining populations in place that implied recognising poor populations. $BTBCMBODB IBT BSPVOE ĂśWF NJMMJPO JOIBCJUBOUT PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO MJWFT JO insalubrious conditions. The challenge for the operator was to bring water to the distant neighbourhoods on the outskirts and treat sewage water. 4JODF JO UIF SFHJPO PG (SFBUFS $BTBCMBODB UIF SFBCTPSQUJPO PG JOTBMVCSJPVT dwellings has been carried out according to two complementary programmes. 5IF ĂśSTU JT B QPQVMBUJPO EJTQMBDFNFOU programme through relodging and resettleNFOU o DPOTUSVDUJPO CZ UIF QPQVMBUJPO by the inhabitants. This programme DPODFSOT BCPVU JOIBCJUBOUT *O UIF GSBNFXPSL PG UIF */%) BU UIF FOE PG MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT EFDJEFE UP DSFBUF UIF *%."+ 4","/ MJNJUFE DPNQBOZ XJUI 4UBUF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
DBQJUBM XIJDI IBT B NJTTJPO UP öHIU BHBJOTU JOTBMVCSJPVT MJWJOH DPOEJUJPOT HJWF TPDJBM assistance to the households concerned CZ UIJT QSPHSBNNF TVQQPSU BOE NPOJUPS reabsorption operations initiated by public and private promoters and assist land owners for the liberation of their land occupied by JOGPSNBM EXFMMJOHT 5IF QSPHSBNNF JT DPTUMZ BO JOWFTUNFOU PG 64% N GPS ̓ JOIBCJUBOUT PG XIJDI JT GVOEFE CZ UIF CFOFöDJBSJFT BOE CZ UIF 4UBUF The second system is a programme to maintain communities in place and provide BDDFTT UP TFSWJDFT XBUFS TBOJUBUJPO BOE
Map
electricity). This programme concerns about JOIBCJUBOUT BOE XBT UIF TVCKFDU PG UIF TJHOJOH PG BO */%) GSBNFXPSL BHSFFNFOU between local authorities and the operator PG QVCMJD TFSWJDFT JO XBUFS TBOJUBUJPO BOE FMFDUSJDJUZ -ZEFD EFMFHBUFE NBOBHFNFOU The delegated management created the */%) */."& QSPKFDU NBOBHFNFOU XIJDI JT responsible for monitoring and has a mission UP öOE öOBODJBM BOE UFDIOJDBM TPMVUJPOT to bring services to the households of the communities concerned. Investment is 64%̓ N GPS JOIBCJUBOUT 'JOBODJOH JT EFöOFE CZ UIF PQFSBUPS
12 INDH Greater Casablanca: Two Programmes
Source: Author’s construction.
The city centre is composed of urban TIBOUZUPXOT PO FYQFOTJWF QSJWBUF MBOE JU JT UIF TVCKFDU PG UIF SFIPVTJOH BOE
resettlement programme; to the right of the map is the peri-urban part and the maintaining in place programme.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
The principles of the framework agreement PG th 4FQUFNCFS BSF öYFE BT GPMMPXT t 5IF PCKFDU JT BDDFTT UP XBUFS TBOJUBUJPO BOE electricity for households; t 5IF BVUIPSJUJFT WBMJEBUF FBDI PQFSBUJPO CFGPSFIBOE QFSJNFUFS CFOFöDJBSJFT FUD t 5IF PQFSBUJPOT CFOFöU GSPN UIF TVQQPSU and follow up of clients by the operator BOE B TQFDJöD GSBNFXPSL GPS öOBODJOH It anticipates a contribution from the CFOFöDJBSJFT PG 64% N QFS TFSWJDF with payment facilities granted from GPVS UP̓ TFWFO ZFBST BOE QBSU PG UIF XPSL TVCTJEJTFE 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF QSPKFDU T management costs are met by the PQFSBUPS PG UIF EFMFHBUFE NBOBHFNFOU an exemption from payment of dividends JT JOTUJUVUFE BOE UIF QSF öOBODJOH PG UIF CFOFöDJBSJFT DPOUSJCVUJPO JT UP CF CPSOF CZ the operator.
DPOTUSBJOUT JEFOUJöFE QFSJPEJDBMMZ NPOJUPSFE and referred to the authorities concerned.
The total amount of the maintaining in place QSPHSBNNF XBT FTUJNBUFE st December BU 64% N JODMVEJOH UBYFT PG XIJDI 64% N GPS UIF USFBUNFOU PG EJSUZ XBUFS 64% N GPS ESJOLJOH XBUFS 64% N GPS FMFDUSJDJUZ
#JMMJOH BOE DPMMFDUJPO BNPOH UIF QPPSFTU JT HPPE TFF #PY OFYU QBHF
5IF NBOBHFNFOU PG UIF QSPKFDU GPS UIF maintaining in place programme is based upon a structured method for the three TFDUPST XJUI - A contractual framework with the authorities (based on an agreement); %FöOFE UFDIOJDBM DIPJDFT 4QFDJöD DMJFOUFMF OPSNT " DPOUSPMMFE öOBODJBM GSBNFXPSL 5IFSF BSF UISFF DPOTFRVFODFT PG UIJT QBDLBHF B QFSNBOFOUMZ XFMM EFöOFE QSPKFDU CBTFE BQQSPBDI XJUI QBSUOFST commitments corresponding to the areas of expertise of the operator; all exogenous
st %FDFNCFS IPVTFIPMET PVU PG B UPUBM PG IBE BMSFBEZ CFFO PS XFSF JO UIF QSPDFTT PG CFJOH DPOOFDUFE PG PQFSBUJPOT IBE BMSFBEZ CFFO UIF TVCKFDU PG studies and were about to be launched. 4FWFSBM DPOTUSBJOUT XFSF JEFOUJöFE DPODFSOJOH governance (see Table next page). The key factors for success are principally CBTFE VQPO GPVS QSJODJQMFT - An institutional framework and political willingness; - An integrated approach; - A participatory approach with the population; (PWFSOBODF BOE QFSNBOFOU DPPSEJOBUJPO between stakeholders.
The payment method makes it possible to foresee whether a household will remain in QMBDF PS OPU OPUBCMZ GPS MBOE DPOEJUJPOT /P operation is launched before this aspect has been addressed. &WFSZ TFNFTUFS B SFQPSU JT USBOTNJUUFE UP BMM BVUIPSJUJFT NJOJTUFSJBM SFHJPOBM MPDBM DPNNVOBM BENJOJTUSBUJPOT VSCBO BOE TPDJBM BOE PUIFS QBSUOFST UIJT SFQPSU QSFTFOUT UIF DPOUFYU UIF QSJODJQMFT UIF TBMJFOU QPJOUT öOBODJOH BHSFFNFOUT TJHOFE CZ EPOPST NBQT LFZ öHVSFT NPWFNFOUT FUD 'JOBMMZ BO evaluation of constraints and blocking factors is carried out prior to the drafting of a note BCPVU UIFJS DPOTFRVFODFT BOE öOBODJOH developments.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Table
16 Programme of Maintaining in Place. Governance of Project
(1) The same household can be concerned by one or several constraints. Number of households in the maintaining in place programme 31st December 2010: 79 170. Source: Author’s construction.
Box
14 Maintaining in Place Programme. Billing and Collection
Connections billing: collection rate after 30 days - 95% Method of payment for connections: - Cash: 40% - Over 4 years: 50% - Over 7 years: 10% Consumption billing: - Average consumption: 7 m3/month - Average billing: USD 4.5/month - Collection rate after 30 days: 90%
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Day 4, Thursday 19th July 2.2.3. Conception of a Questionnaire for a Quantitative Survey [ClÊment Frenoux] 2VBOUJUBUJWF TVSWFZT BSF MBSHFMZ VTFE JO UIF ESJOLJOH XBUFS EPNBJO OPUBCMZ GPS UIF EJBHOPTUJD BOE FWBMVBUJPO PG UIF QSPKFDU There are three principal forms of survey. #FGPSF UIF TVSWFZ JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP PCTFSWF BOE RVFTUJPO UIF DPOUFYU BOE UIFO GPSNVMBUF hypotheses. There are often reference works BOUISPQPMPHJDBM TVSWFZT HFPHSBQIJDBM TVSWFZT FUD BOE TUVEJFT SFMBUJWF UP UIF [POF JO RVFTUJPO BOE PS TUVEJFT BMSFBEZ DBSSJFE PVU in the sector. Two types of information are BWBJMBCMF 1SJNBSZ JOGPSNBUJPO UIJT JT TQFDJÜD UP UIF TUVEZ [POF BOE BMMPXT VT UP DBSSZ PVU statistical breakdowns or gather together EJòFSFOU TPDJBM HSPVQT 4FDPOEBSZ JOGPSNBUJPO DPMMFDUJPO JO diverse reports previously produced on the TVCKFDU XIJDI HBUIFS UPHFUIFS TPVSDFT PG IZQPUIFTFT BOE RVFTUJPOT 5IJT EBUB NBZ be found in national institutes of statistics BOE JO NJOJTUSJFT FUD Surveys are tools that are conceived in EJòFSFOU XBZT EFQFOEJOH PO UIF BDBEFNJD EJTDJQMJOF UIF QVSQPTF UIF PCKFDUJWF BOE UIF XPSL IZQPUIFTJT - Economists study capacity/willingness to QBZ BOBMZTJT JO UFSNT PG SFWFOVF DPTUT subsidies; &OHJOFFST FWBMVBUF UIF RVBOUJUZ PS WPMVNF in order to give dimensions to the system; - Sociologists and anthropologists study perceptions and expectations (gender
EJNFOTJPO FRVJUZ DPOøJDUT MBUFOU BOE voiced needs) through semi-structured interviews – direct observations – and/or classical interviews. #FGPSF DPODFJWJOH UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF BOE TUSVDUVSJOH UIF RVFTUJPOT JU JT OFDFTTBSZ to determine and identify the research hypotheses. A survey is constructed – itinerary PG RVFTUJPOT o BSPVOE B GFX DFOUSBM RVFTUJPOT 5IFSF BSF TFWFSBM UZQFT PG RVFTUJPOOBJSFT BOE JOUFSWJFXT - Surveys about practices and usage of water and hygiene; - Surveys about demand analysis; 4VSWFZT BCPVU XJMMJOHOFTT o XIBU UBSJò EPFT the interviewee wish to pay? – and the capacity to pay (based on revenue or other services such as electricity); - Satisfaction surveys (much used for evaluations). 2VBOUJUBUJWF TVSWFZT BMMPX VT UP NFBTVSF PQJOJPOT CFIBWJPVST CVEHFUT SFWFOVFT and prices relative to a particular research PCKFDUJWF 5IFZ BMMPX VT UP EFTDSJCF UIF characteristics of a population having a particular opinion or behaviour. *O UFSNT PG DPMMFDUJPO NFUIPE UIF FOUJSF QPQVMBUJPO JT OPU JOUFSWJFXFE CVU POMZ B representative sub-group (sample). The law of averages provides the statistical representativeness of results. Several TUBUJTUJDBM QSPDFTTJOH UPPMT NBZ CF VTFE CBTJD TPSUJOH DSPTT TPSUJOH EBUB BOBMZTJT FUD *O RVBMJUBUJWF NFUIPET UIF TFNJ TUSVDUVSFE interview is currently used; it allows us to verify hypotheses and illustrate theories by bringing a reservoir of opinions and BOFDEPUFT *U JT OPU B RVFTUJPO PG LOPXJOH UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG B QPQVMBUJPO PG NFBTVSJOH NBKPSJUZ PQJOJPO PS TUVEZJOH TPDJP
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
demographic determinants of practices and SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT CVU PG HBUIFSJOH UPHFUIFS detailed and individualised testimonies. These two types of approach are often complementary. The surveys identify an intellectual attitude UIBU QSFTVQQPTFT DBVTBM FòFDUT BOE UIF IZQPUIFTJT PG OFVUSBMJUZ BOE PCKFDUJWJUZ 5IFSF are always some imperfections of measures and indicators – is a poor person someone XIPTF NPOUIMZ JODPNF JT MFTT UIBO 64%̓ PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO PS 64% PG UIF QPQVMBUJPO 'VSUIFSNPSF UIF TVSWFZ JT instantaneous; it does not take history into BDDPVOU JU HJWFT UIF TUBUF PG UIJOHT XJUI measurement indicators at a given moment in a particular context. An analysis of water consumption must take JOUP BDDPVOU UXP JOEJTTPDJBCMF DPNQPOFOUT - Observable practices (new and old); - Factors influencing these practices such as UIF TPDJP FDPOPNJD MFWFM PG IPVTFIPMET SFWFOVF MJWJOH DPOEJUJPOT FYQFOTFT QSJDF PG XBUFS DPOWFOJFODF QSPYJNJUZ BWBJMBCJMJUZ PG TFSWJDF BOE TZTUFN QFSDFQUJPOT BOE SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT PG XBUFS RVBMJUZ FUD 0GUFO JO %$T JU JT EJĂłDVMU UP FWBMVBUF CPUI GPSNBM BOE JOGPSNBM JODPNF 'PS XBUFS TVSWFZT JU JT not of capital importance. In Cambodia for FYBNQMF XF VTF UIF UZQF PG EXFMMJOH BOE expenses that are easier to measure than income. We assume these choices that simplify reality; the level of error remains acceptable. 5IF EJòFSFOU TPVSDFT PG XBUFS NVTU CF demonstrated as they partially determine JUT VTBHF XIJDI NBZ CF NVMUJQMF 5IF NBJO RVFTUJPOT UP CF SBJTFE BSF
- When? Do supply modalities change according to seasons or the time of EBZ *O $BNCPEJB GPS FYBNQMF UIFSF JT B QSPEVDUJPO EJòFSFODF PG PO B OFUXPSL of drinking water between the dry and the wet season – households mainly drink SBJOXBUFS *O -BPT QSPEVDUJPO JT B MPU NPSF TUBCMF *O XIBU RVBOUJUJFT 8IBU JT UIF WPMVNF PG consumption according to the source of water? - Hygiene practices. Which water sources are VTFE GPS XBTIJOH DMPUIFT TIPXFSJOH FUD - What motivates households to connect up to the network? *U JT FTTFOUJBM UP JEFOUJGZ JOøVFODJOH GBDUPST (FPHSBQIJDBM JOøVFODFT TFBTPOT BWBJMBCMF XBUFS SFTPVSDFT QPTJUJPO PG UIF IPVTFIPME in the neighbourhood; - Influence of economic level on choices of TVQQMZ BOE RVBOUJUJFT VTFE 8IP DPOTVNFT what? How and why? (Seasonal or constant SFWFOVF TPDJBM MFWFM FUD *OøVFODF PG XBUFS RVBMJUZ PO UIF DIPJDF PG access mode to the resource. What place IBT DIMPSJÜFE XBUFS JO DPOTVNQUJPO 8IBU BSF UIF DSJUFSJB PG RVBMJUZ *U JT JNQPSUBOU UP FNQIBTJTF UIF SFBM RVBMJUZ BOE UIF RVBMJUZ QFSDFJWFE CZ TUBLFIPMEFST 6QPO XIBU DSJUFSJB EP IPVTFIPMET RVBMJGZ XBUFS RVBMJUZ 5BTUF TNFMM DPMPVS - Influence of the level of service on the choice of mode of access to the resource FBTF PG VTF EJTUBODF DPOWFOJFODF TBWJOH time); - Influence of the price on the choice of supply. Another aspect concerns the measurement PG EFNBOE BOE JUT JNQBDU
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
$POTVNFS TBUJTGBDUJPO TFSWJDF RVBMJUZ relation with investors; )FBMUI FQJEFNJPMPHJDBM TVSWFZT 5PEBZ more than a direct link between water and IFBMUI XF TUVEZ UIF MJOL VOJUJOH XBUFS BOE the environment; - Changes in practice; &WFSZEBZ MJGF TBWJOH UJNF FUD -PDBM USBEF XIBU CFDPNFT PG UIF PUIFS water sellers?; 0UIFS SFTPVSDFT BCBOEPO PS OPU PG DFSUBJO resources; 5IF CFOFรถDJBSJFT XIP CFOFรถUT PS XIP XJMM CFOFรถU GSPN UIF QSFTFODF PG UIF OFUXPSL /FX OFFET TVDI BT TBOJUBUJPO GPS FYBNQMF This is not yet entirely integrated; the WPMVNF PG 0%" JT OPU ZFU FRVBMMZ TIBSFE CFUXFFO XBUFS BDDFTT BOE TBOJUBUJPO )PX DBO XF GPSNVMBUF UIF RVFTUJPOT 3FNBJO TJNQMF FWFO JG UIJT FOUBJMT BEEJOH NPSF RVFTUJPOT BU UIF CFHJOOJOH UIBU XJMM CF TVCTFRVFOUMZ EJTDBSEFE BU UIF NPNFOU PG UFTUJOH UIF RVFTUJPOOBJSF PS JOUFSWJFX &WBTJWF RVFTUJPOT TVDI BT i8IBU EP ZPV think about that?โ are to be avoided; *O UIF DBTF PG B RVFTUJPO BCPVU BQQSFDJBUJPO PS TBUJTGBDUJPO JU JT CFUUFS OPU UP HP JOUP
too much detail at the beginning โ are ZPV TBUJTรถFE SBUIFS TBUJTรถFE DPNQMFUFMZ TBUJTรถFE "U UIF UJNF PG B RVFTUJPOOBJSF T DPODFQUJPO JU is important to avoid the bias induced by the RVFTUJPOOBJSF JUTFMG o RVFTUJPOT JODMVEJOH UIF BOTXFS *O PSEFS UP BWPJE UIJT QJUGBMM TUBSUJOH BU UIF DPODFQUJPO QIBTF JU JT BEWJTBCMF UP be careful not to begin asking too hastily RVFTUJPOT BCPVU XBUFS 'SPN UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF JOUFSWJFX JU JT QSFGFSBCMF UP BTL iPQFOw RVFTUJPOT BCPVU SFQSFTFOUBUJPOT OFX OFFET RVBMJUZ BOE TBUJTGBDUJPO 'JOBMMZ JU JT JOEJTQFOTBCMF UP UFTU UIF TVSWFZ JO UIF รถFME CFGPSF EFWFMPQJOH JU PO B MBSHFS TDBMF " GFX RVFTUJPOOBJSFT BSF FOPVHI UP OPUJDF QSPCMFNT PG MBZPVU PS GPSNVMBUJPO 0GUFO JU JT OPU UIF RVFTUJPOJOH CVU UIF GPSNVMBUJPO UIBU does not make sense for the interviewee. The workshop is divided into work groups in order to begin work on the conception and analysis of a questionnaire about household water consumption at the Tam ฤ แบฃo hill station. The trainees are familiarised with the Sphinx Plus software programme.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
List of trainees Surname and first name
Institution
Field
Research theme
Boun Phet Vang
Academy of Social Sciences, Laos
Sociology
Urban society
phetvang@ymail. com
Bùi Văn Lập
Centre of Community Development
Management
Engineering and management of water supply works in rural environments
tulap44@gmail;com
Institute of Research Water supply and sanitation and Development Management in Hồ Chí Minh City of Hồ Chí Minh City Service of Culture, Lê Thành Nam Sports and Tourism, Socio-anthropology Urbanisation in rural zones Lao Cai Usage and management of water sources in the Institute of Anthropology Lê Thị Thoả border provinces between Anthropology Cambodia and Viet Nam Institute of Research Water management in Lương Ngọc and Development Urban management Hồ Chí Minh city Thảo of Hồ Chí Minh City Institute of Research Management of water Nguyễn Hải and Development Sociology supply networks in Hồ Chí Loan of Hồ Chí Minh City Minh City Water supply in new urban Nguyễn Thảo École Normale Urban planning agglomerations Hương Supérieure, Hà Nội Water supply and usage Institute of programmes of the Khmer Nguyễn Thị Hoài Research and Culture, society population in An Giang Hương Development of Hồ province Chí Minh City Institute of Research Clean water needs of the Nguyễn Thị and Development Anthropology population in the peri-urban Thanh Tâm of Hồ Chí Minh City zone of Hồ Chí Minh City Cooperation in the Greater Nguyễn Tuấn Institute of SouthEconomy Mekong Anh East Asia Research Institute of Access to water and the Phạm Hoàng Research and Urban planning poor population in Hồ Chí Phước Development of Hồ Minh City Chí Minh City Impacts of urbanisation on Phạm Quang Institute of Anthropology water resources usage Linh Anthropology Urban zones in the Greater Ubon Ratchanthani History Sapphud Mit Mekong University Sustainable developThái Thị Lan Clean water and sanitation University of Hà Nội ment Phương Water management in Institute of Economy Trần Thị Thu Việt Nam Highlands Research Hoàng Kim Oanh
oanhhk.hids@tphcm. gov.vn tnamxhh77@gmail. com lethoatq@gmail.com ngocthaoluong@ gmail.com loannguyenhai@ yahoo.com.vn thaohuongsphn@ yahoo.com.vn hoaihuong732002@ yahoo.com thanhtam74003@ yahoo.com nguyentuananh_ct@ yahoo.com.vn phamhoangphuoc87@gmail.com pqlinh@yahoo.com sapphud.mit@gmail. com thailanphuong@ gmail.com tranthu.tl88@gmail. com
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Surname and first name
Institution
Trần Văn Kiên
École Normale Supérieure, Hà Nội
Vilayvanh Oudom Vongnakhone Sayalath Vũ Thị Thu Hương
Academy of Social Sciences, Laos Academy of Social Sciences, Laos Institute of Research and Development of Hồ Chí Minh City
Field
Research theme
Water sources and management in the city of trankienedu@gmail. Hải Phòng during French com colonisation Foreign investments in urear2005@yahoo. Economy Vientiane com vnk_1972@hotmail. Linguistics Urban populations com Pollution of waterways, vuthuhuongnh03@ Urban management perception of the population yahoo.com in Hồ Chí Minh City Economic history
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
5SBJOJOH GPS 'JFME 4UVEZ Social and Economic Management of Water Pascal Bourdeaux – EPHE, Christophe Gironde – IHEID, Mireille Razafindrakoto – IRD; Olivier Tessier – ÉFEO
5IF PCKFDUJWF PG UIJT XPSLTIPQ JT UP GBNJMJBSJTF participants with the tools and methods PG JORVJSZ TQFDJöD UP TPDJP FDPOPNJD BOE anthropological research by carrying out B TIPSU öFME TUVEZ UIBU GPMMPXT UIF NBJO TUFQT PG TDJFOUJöD NFUIPE DPOTUSVDUJPO PG UIF PCKFDUJWF BOE SFTFBSDI RVFTUJPOT data collection through semi-structured JOUFSWJFXT EBJMZ TZOUIFTJT PG UIFTF JOUFSWJFXT processing and analysis of data collected at UIF FOE PG UISFF EBZT BOE UIF PSBM SFTUJUVUJPO of the study. The surveys are conducted in the WJMMBHF PG -ËOH )Ë JO UIF )̕ 4ˌO DPNNVOF situated at the foot of the Tam Đảo hills. The workshop takes place over six days. The öSTU EBZ JT EFEJDBUFE UP UIF QSFTFOUBUJPO PG̓ LFZ DPODFQUT BOE OPUJPOT GPS UIF TUVEZ ̓ UP UIF QSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF QSPCMFNBUJD of the economic and social management of XBUFS UIBOLT UP UXP QSFTFOUBUJPOT 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY i%FQJDUJPO PG UIF A'MVWJBM $JWJMJ[BUJPO JO UIF .FLPOH %FMUB UISPVHI UIF 4UVEZ PG B 7JMMBHF 'PVOEFE 4VCTFRVFOU UP UIF &YDBWBUJPO PG UIF 3BDI (JB )B 5JÐO $BOBM JO UIF Tw
$ISJTUPQIF (JSPOEF i5SBOTGPSNBUJPOT PG the Rural Economy”. A summary of the presentations highlights UIF LFZ DPODFQUT JOEJDBUPST BOE DSJUFSJB NFOUJPOFE XIJDI NJHIU CF VTFE EVSJOH UIF öFME TVSWFZ QIBTF 5IF EBZ FOET XJUI B QSFTFOUBUJPO CZ 0MJWJFS 5FTTJFS XIPTF BJN JT UP JOUSPEVDF ZPV UP JOUFSWJFX UFDIOJRVFT 5IF PCKFDUJWF PG UIF SFTFBSDI DPNNPO UP UIF GPVS XPSLJOH HSPVQT TVCEJWJEFE JOUP QBJST JT BQQSPBDIFE GSPN GPVS VOJRVF BOE DPNQMFNFOUBSZ BOHMFT - “Economic Management and Financial $POTUSBJOUT PG -PDBM )ZESPMPHJDBM "HSJDVMUVSFw UXP QBJSJOHT TVQFSWJTFE BOE NPOJUPSFE CZ .JSFJMMF 3B[BöOESBLPUP - “Social and Political Management of Hydrological Systems Using a Multi4DBMBS "QQSPBDI 7JMMBHF 5P %JTUSJDU w UISFF pairings guided and monitored by Olivier Tessier; - “Water Usage and Progress in Agricultural 4ZTUFNT %VSJOH UIF $PMPOJBM $PMMFDUJWJTU BOE 1PTU 3FOFXBM 1FSJPETw UISFF QBJSJOHT
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
guided and monitored by Christophe (JSPOEF - โ Water and its Uses in Popular Culture and 1SBDUJDFT -JUFSBSZ %FQJDUJPOT BOE 4ZNCPMJD 3JUVBMT PG A8BUFS JO UIF 4PDJBM BOE /BUVSBM &OWJSPONFOU w UXP QBJSJOHT HVJEFE BOE NPOJUPSFE CZ 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY %VSJOH UIF GPMMPXJOH UISFF EBZT +VMZ th th UIF EJรฒFSFOU HSPVQT EJWJEFE JOUP QBJST DPOEVDU JOWFTUJHBUJPOT JO UIF WJMMBHF PG -ร OH )ร VOEFS UIF TVQFSWJTJPO PG POF PG UIF รถFME trainers. Each trainer is in charge of a group that accompanies them throughout the three days; each group is divided into two or three QBJST GPMMPXFE JO UVSO CZ UIF รถFME USBJOFS 5IF PCKFDUJWF JT UP GPMMPX TUFQ CZ TUFQ QSPHSFTT PG the work that culminates each evening with the organisation of a synthesis meeting. 5IF รถGUI EBZ JT EFEJDBUFE UP UIF QSPDFTTJOH and analysis of the data collected during the three days of surveys and to the preparation of B SFTUJUVUJPO PG UIF TUVEZ GPS UIF CFOFรถU PG UIF participants and trainers of other workshops (plenary session). This day is organised as GPMMPXT *O QBJST J JOWFOUPSZ PG DPMMFDUFE EBUB JJ DMBTTJรถDBUJPO PG EBUB BDDPSEJOH UP B DPNNPO HSJE XJUI PS QBJST GSPN UIF group; #Z HSPVQ J TZOUIFTJT PG EBUB JJ HSBEJOH PG the data sets according to research topic; 'JOBMMZ UIF GPVS HSPVQT DPNF UPHFUIFS GPS i) a brief presentation by each group of the NBJO HSBEFE SFTVMUT BOE JJ JEFOUJรถDBUJPO of coherent cross-cutting links between the themes addressed by each of the GPVS HSPVQT BOE PG BOZ EJTDSFQBODJFT BOE contradictions.
The work of the trainers is organised in three QIBTFT #FGPSF UIF UISFF EBZT PG TVSWFZ JEFOUJรถDBUJPO PG DPODFQUT PG UIF BOBMZUJDBM framework and of theories and debates related to research; %VSJOH UIF UISFF EBZT PG TVSWFZ observation of and assistance to trainees/ interviewers in the carrying out of their surveys (choice and control of investigative UFDIOJRVFT JOUFSBDUJOH XJUI UIF QFPQMF TVSWFZFE FUD %BJMZ NPOJUPSJOH PG POF or more pair(s) and the end of the day meeting allow a progressive construction/ SFDPOTJEFSBUJPO PG UIF SFTFBSDI TVCKFDU BT UIF JOUFSWJFXT VOGPME QSFMJNJOBSZ DPOรถSNFE EJรฒFSFOU DPOUSBEJDUPSZ SFTVMUT FUD BOE UIF JEFOUJรถDBUJPO PG PWFSMBQT from brief daily feedback by each pair. The aim is to show participants that the รถFMEXPSL QIBTF JOWPMWFT TJNVMUBOFPVT data-processing work on the information HBUIFSFE "U UIF FOE PG UIF EBJMZ NFFUJOHT the elements collected help the research PCKFDUJWF UP BEWBODF XJUIPVU IBWJOH UP XBJU GPS UIF รถFME QIBTF UIF SFMFWBODF PG UIF JOJUJBM BTTVNQUJPOT BOE GSBNFT PG JORVJSZ are evaluated at these daily meetings. The purpose of the research is thus gradually built using a dynamic inductive method; 6TF PG UIF SFTVMUT JOWPMWFT UIF QVUUJOH UP VTF PG UIF รถFME TVSWFZ SFTVMUT CZ IBWJOH the pairings interact within a group to familiarise the participants with how a cumulative process works. A special feature of this workshop is thus to TIBSF UIF USBJOFFT EBUB BOE BOBMZTFT XJUIJO UIF GSBNFXPSL PG B TVNNBSZ SFQPSU BOE to integrate the trainer into the group as
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
BO BDUJWF NFNCFS BOE OPU KVTU BT B NFSF observer. The interaction between groups JT OPU B QSJPSJUZ EVSJOH UIF öFME QIBTF CVU JT UIF PCKFDUJWF PG UIF EBZ EFWPUFE UP UIF preparation of the feedback – seeking to establish links between the data and the analyses of the four groups. The result is a SFBM UJNF SFOEFSJOH PG UIF QBSUJDJQBOUT PXO KVEHFNFOU PG UIFJS BQQSPBDI BOE QSPHSFTT PWFS UIF EBZT TQFOU JO UIF öFME JOUSPTQFDUJPO and evaluation of the understanding of the NFUIPET BOE JOWFTUJHBUJWF UFDIOJRVFT
(Retranscription) Day 1: Morning of Monday, July 16th [Olivier Tessier] 'PS öWF ZFBST OPX XF IBWF CFFO PSHBOJTJOH UIJT öFME TUVEZ USBJOJOH XPSLTIPQ XJUIJO the framework of Tam Đảo social sciences TVNNFS TDIPPM +5% 'PVS USBJOFST XJMM MFBE our workshop. I shall present briefly the structure of the workshop and then everyone around the table will briefly introduce themselves. The challenge consists in breaking down all UIF QIBTFT PG B öFME TUVEZ JO TJY EBZT TP UIF aim is to introduce you in a very short time UP BO FYFSDJTF UIBU VTVBMMZ SFRVJSFT TFWFSBM months of work. 5IJT NPSOJOH UXP QSFTFOUBUJPOT EJTDVTTJPOT XJMM CF MFE CZ 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY BOE $ISJTUPQIF (JSPOEF BSPVOE UIF UIFNF PG water management. They will be based on öFME TUVEJFT DBSSJFE PVU JO 7J̏U /BN JO PSEFS UP UBLF B MPPL BU UIF EJòFSFOU UZQFT PG EBUB GSPN UIF öFME 8F TIBMM UBLF UJNF UP EJTDVTT UIF GPSN BOE DPOUFOU PG UIFTF QSFTFOUBUJPOT GPDVTJOH PO UIF TQFDJöDJUJFT PG UIF öFME
SFTFBSDIFS T SFQPSU 5IFO XF TIBMM TFQBSBUF into four groups of four to six people to EFWFMPQ UIF öFME PG JOWFTUJHBUJPO BOE UIF content of the study that we are going to develop during the week. These sub-groups will themselves be divided into pairs to conduct the investigations in the village that will begin tomorrow morning. We shall spend UISFF EBZT JO UIF WJMMBHF PG -ËOH )Ë MPDBUFE in the foothills of the mountain range. Each sub-group will meet in the evening to discuss the information collected during the day; the BJN CFJOH UP BEKVTU PVS BTTVNQUJPOT BOE generate new avenues of research based PO UIF JOGPSNBUJPO DPMMFDUFE "U UIJT TUBHF UIF PCKFDUJWF JT OPU UP DPNQBSF UIF SFTVMUT obtained by each of the four sub-groups; JOEFFE UIF XPSL TIBSJOH QIBTF XJMM UBLF place upon our return to the station. There we shall summarise the data collected to assess those which still remain hypotheses and those that show themselves to be DFSUBJOUJFT UP DPNQBSF UIF SFTVMUT PCUBJOFE by each of the sub-groups and prioritise the key elements of answers that feed and enrich our initial problematic. 5IF NBJO PCKFDUJWF PG UIF XPSLTIPQ JT UP UFBDI QBSUJDJQBOUT IPX UP CVJME BOE BEKVTU UIF PCKFDU PG SFTFBSDI BDDPSEJOH UP TVSWFZ EBUB UP BDRVJSF B DFSUBJO BVUPOPNZ vis-àvis UIF SFTFBSDI PCKFDUJWF UIBU JT UP TBZ OPU to hesitate in transforming or expanding on UIJT PCKFDUJWF JO DPOTFRVFODF PG XIBU XBT MFBSOFE EVSJOH UIF EBZ JU JT JOEFFE JNQPSUBOU to have our study progress over the course of UIF öFME QIBTF Introduction of trainers and trainees (see biographies of trainers, and trainees’ list inserted at the end of the chapter)
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
2.3.1. Evocation of the “Fluvial Civilisationâ€? in the Mekong Delta Through the Study of a Village Founded Just After the Excavation of the Rấch GĂa-HĂ TiĂŞn Canal in 1930 and the Issue of Hydrology in the Literary Work of SĆĄn Nam [Pascal Bourdeaux] * TIPVME MJLF UP NFOUJPO B ĂśFME TUVEZ UIBU * DPOEVDUFE JO UIF QSPWJODF PG ,JĂ?O (JBOH ĂśWF ZFBST BHP 5IJT TUVEZ XBT EFWPUFE UP UIF development of hydrological agriculture in UIF .FLPOH %FMUB BOE UP NJHSBUJPO BOE UIF simultaneous and consecutive foundation of new villages. I shall present some aspects of this monograph. My presentation is based on B TVNNBSZ PG UIF TVSWFZT * DBSSJFE PVU BOE UXP QBQFST QSFTFOUFE JO BOE JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ BOE 4JFN 3FBQ Olivier Tessier and I organised a workshop on hydrological agriculture in Paris a few EBZT BHP BU UIF FOE PG +VOF *U BJNFE UP MBZ the foundations for a research programme that we want to be part of the framework GPS UIF MBVODI PG BO &'&0 QSPKFDU JOJUJBUFE
JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ 5IJT QSPKFDU JT EFWPUFE to the study of the culture and history of the Mekong Delta viewed from the angle of hydrology and water management issues. 'JOBMMZ UIF MBTU FMFNFOU PO XIJDI UIJT presentation is based is a meeting with UIF XSJUFS BOE SFTFBSDIFS 4ËŒO /BN XIP spoke to me about his perception of the Mekong Delta and from whom I learned a lot. I used as keyword and concept of reflection a neologism he created in IJT XSJUJOHT iWÇŠO NJOI TĂ™OH OË?Ě™Dw UIBU can be translated “fluvial civilisationâ€?. I should like to emphasise the importance of history when reflecting on theoretical developments and attempting to understand the evolution of contemporary world issues. 'JOBMMZ JU JT CZ VTJOH B DPODSFUF DBTF TUVEZ concerning the founding of villages in the GPSNFS QSPWJODF PG 3ËźDI (Ă“B UIBU XF TIBMM EJTDVTT RVBMJUBUJWF JOUFSWJFX UFDIOJRVFT BOE the relation that history and anthropology have with oral surveys. Two avenues for SFøFDUJPO XJMM CF EFWFMPQFE QPQVMBS DVMUVSF through the reading of the landscape and environmental history particularly that TQFDJĂśD UP DMJNBUF
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Box
15 Summary of Case Study
The study presents the results of research conducted in the main Vietnamese coastal province on the Gulf of Siam. It is devoted to the study of the “villageâ€? in the Mekong Delta during the colonial era, and focuses specifically on the history of the founding of SĂłc SĆĄn, renamed Nam ThĂĄi SĆĄn subsequent to diverse administrative boundary changes (District Hòn Ä?Ẽt, KiĂŞn Giang Province). A series of surveys allowed me to collect the testimonies of the first migrants who came to settle on the banks of the Rấch GĂa - HĂ TiĂŞn canal (excavated between 1926 and 1930), more precisely at its junction and along one of the secondary canals (Tri TĂ´n canal) between 1927 and 1942. These interviews allow us to trace the foundation process (irrigation schemes, migration, land clearance, hydrological agriculture) and examine the shaping of the material and spiritual culture of SĂłc SĆĄn (solidarity networks, rice, forest and river activities, popular forms of worship). After recalling the role of water as a vector of migration and the singularity of the migration process - the “simultaneous meetingâ€? of spontaneous local peasant (Mekong Delta) and planned inter-regional (Red River plain) migration - the presentation discusses the specificities of the development of the village until 1945 (transfer of agricultural techniques, adaptation to ecology and to the local economy). It finally speaks about the concept of the “fluvial civilizationâ€? that characterises Mekong Delta society, specifically in this coastal area where it is a continual determining factor in the development of the region. Sources: Bourdeaux (2004).
Presentation of the Monograph: The Foundation of a Village at the Junction of Two Canals created in the Province of KiĂŞn Giang (1930) The monographic survey aims to trace the GPVOEBUJPO PG B WJMMBHF JO UIF DPMPOJBM FSB JU consists in tracing back the origins of the WJMMBHF PG /BN 5IĂˆJ 4ËŒO JO PSEFS UP - Study the causal link between the foundation of the village and the excavation of the Rấch GiĂĄ - HĂ TiĂŞn $BOBM JO - Understand how the current development PG /BN 5IĂˆJ 4ËŒO JT EJSFDUMZ SFMBUFE UP
the public management of hydrological BHSJDVMUVSF JO PUIFS XPSET IPX JU JT MJOLFE UP UIF FòFDUJWFOFTT PG UIF QMBO BHBJOTU øPPEJOH JO UIF i-POH 9VZĂ?O̓ 2VBESBOHMFw 5Ě HJĂˆD -POH 9VZĂ?O The foundation of the village allows us to VOEFSTUBOE IPX UIF XBUFSXBZT OBNFMZ UIF 5SJ 5Ă™O $BOBM BOE JUT KVODUJPO XJUI UIF 3ËźDI (Ă“B )Ă‹ 5JĂ?O $BOBM XFSF BOE TUJMM BSF B structural element of the local society and an essential vector for development.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Map
13 Cochin China (Administration)
This map indicates the provinces: their capitals and administrative posts. The bold lines indicate the approximate limits of the three regions: East, Centre, and West. Sources: Brenier, (1914).
Map
14 Administrative Map of the Hòn Dất District
Sources: Map photographed in 2006 in the office of the head of the popular committee of Nam Thai Son commune Kiên Giang province (by Pascal Bourdeaux).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
5IJT PME NBQ TIPXT UIF 3ËźDI (Ă“B )Ă‹ 5JĂ?O $BOBM UIF NBOHSPWF BOE UJEBM [POFT 5IF DVSSFOU NBQ PG )Ă›O %ËžU %JTUSJDU QSFTFOUT UIF USVOL DBOBM BOE BMM JUT GFFEJOH DBOBMT XIJDI XFSF FYDBWBUFE JO UIF T The development of canals has structured UIF EJòFSFOU WJMMBHFT 5IFSF BSF WJMMBHFT IFSF UIBU IBWF B WFSZ TQFDJĂśD NPSQIPMPHZ XIJDI JT HSFBUMZ EJòFSFOU GSPN UIF TPDJBM SFBMJUJFT PG WJMMBHFT JO $FOUSBM BOE /PSUI 7JĚ?U /BN BOE even in certain parts of the Mekong Delta. What are the historical and TQFDJĂśDJUJFT PG UIJT NPOPHSBQI
cultural
The village was essentially founded in the FBSMZ̓ T UISPVHI UIF WPMVOUBSZ BOE political settlement of migrants from the /PSUI PG 7JĚ?U /BN FTQFDJBMMZ GSPN UIF QSPWJODFT PG 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI BOE /BN ĂĽĚ‘OI *O ten years after the creation of the trunk canal BOE JUT EFWFSTJOH DBOBMT GBNJMJFT TFUUMFE in the still virgin area to found new villages with the initial help of the colonial authorities. 4VSWFZT JO UIJT WJMMBHF OBNFE i5IF 5POLJO 1PMEFSw EVSJOH UIF DPMPOJBM FSB XFSF BO PQQPSUVOJUZ UP EJTDVTT XJUI UIF ĂśSTU NJHSBOUT UIF DIJMESFO PG UIJT ĂśSTU QIBTF PG NJHSBUJPO and migrants from the South who settled
near the village and ended up by founding an PSJHJOBM WJMMBHF DVMUVSF o BU UIJT QFSJPE JU XBT the only noticeable case of contacts between GBSNFST JO UIF /PSUI BOE 4PVUI 5IJT DSFBUJPO of a special village culture can be found in NBOZ EPNBJOT TVDI BT DPPLJOH TJOHJOH SJDF HSPXJOH BOE PG DPVSTF JO UIF SFMBUJPO between rice and hydrology. -FU NF TBZ B GFX XPSET BCPVU IZESPMPHJDBM agriculture as a vector of migration. 5IF ĂśSTU NBKPS IZESPMPHJDBM QSPKFDUT JO UIJT SFHJPO CFHBO JO UIF th century – this JODMVEJOH UIF FYDBWBUJPO PG UIF 5IĚ’BJ )Ă‹ $BOBM MJOLJOH -POH 9VZĂ?O UP 3ËźDI (JĂˆ BOE UIF 7ÇĄOI 5Ě‹ $BOBM MJOLJOH $IÉV ĂĽĚ”D JO )Ă‹ 5JĂ?O XIJDI QMBZFE B WFSZ JNQPSUBOU IJTUPSJDBM SPMF )PXFWFS UIF JNQSPWFNFOUT XFSF OPU JOUFOTJWF QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF BSFB PG UIF -POH 9VZĂ?O̓RVBESBOHMF UIF DPOUBJONFOU of the marshy plain was not followed by a drainage plan to develop irrigated agriculture PO MBOE FYDFQU PO UIF EFXBUFSFE MBOE (giáť“ng) and along the riverbanks and the arroyos (rấch, vĂ m). It is true that during the colonial era the region remained underpopulated due to natural swamps and sanitary conditions.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Table
17 Summary of Population Growth in Rấch Giå Province, 1878-1926
Sources: Population census for Rach Giå Province in 1926 (ANVN-II, SL-313), Viêt Nam National Archives, centre n° 2 in Hô Chi Minh Ville, Local services fund, dossier 313.
A slow rise in the population followed by a faster one can thus be observed in the former QSPWJODF PG 3ËźDI (JĂˆ GSPN UIF T *O UIJT SFHJPO UIF JTTVF PG XBUFS JT USFBUFE JO B UPUBMMZ EJòFSFOU XBZ UIBO JO UIF OPSUI PG UIF DPVOUSZ where the population density reached record heights and where the policy of containment of the Red River was an imperative. In the .FLPOH %FMUB IPXFWFS UIF FOWJSPONFOU IBE UP CF DPOUSPMMFE UIF QPQVMBUJPO JODSFBTFE BOE XBUFS XBT OPU DIBOOFMMFE CVU PO UIF DPOUSBSZ FWBDVBUFE )FSF BSF TPNF CFODINBSLT GPS UIF 3BDI (JB )B 5JFO $BOBM QSPKFDU BOE FYDBWBUJPO QSFMJNJOBSZ TUVEZ GPS UIF XJEFOJOH PG UIF 3ËźDI (JĂˆ )Ă‹ 5JĂ?O̓$BOBM UIF QSPKFDU JT BQQSPWFE EFMBZ EVF UP UFDIOJDBM BOE ĂśOBODJBM JTTVFT 4FQUFNCFS th *OBVHVSBUJPO PG UIF canal.
%JòFSFOU BTQFDUT DPVME CF TUVEJFE JO UIF context of the hydrological development of UIF SFHJPO GPS FYBNQMF XIP BSF UIF XPSLFST who came to dig the canal? How much were they paid? Did the people who went to work there stay? Once the canal had been excavated – that is to say the trunk canal and four perpendicular running canals used to evacuate water into UIF (VMG PG 4JBN o UIF RVFTUJPO PG QPMEFST independent systems of irrigation or drainage UIBU ÜYFE UIF MJNJUT PG IPNPHFOFPVT SJDF HSPXJOH TQBDFT BSPTF Within the framework of this territorial development using peasant migration from UIF /PSUI B DMFBSMZ EFÜOFE TQBDF CFUXFFO the canals emerged. An enclosed space XPVME EFÜOF UIF GPVOEBUJPO PG UIF WJMMBHF 0O UIF WJSHJO MBOE PO UIF PUIFS TJEF PG UIF DBOBM farmers in the South settled spontaneously and came into direct or indirect contact with UIFTF NJHSBOU QPQVMBUJPOT FTQFDJBMMZ XIFO
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
small market – factors of economic and social exchanges began to appear. "U UIF FOE PG GBNJMJFT UIBU JT UP TBZ BCPVU QFPQMF IBMG PG XIPN XFSF DIJMESFO MFGU UIF UXP QSPWJODFT PG /BN ĂĽĚ‘OI BOE 5IĂˆJ #Ă–OI 5XP QPMEFST XFSF EFĂśOFE UIF 4Ă˜D 4ËŒO BOE 5IĚ– 4ËŒO SFGFSSFE UP BT UIF “Reserveâ€?) polders identifying the origin of the migrants in both provinces. The desire to re-found villages using village traditions and UVUFMBSZ TQJSJUT XBT BĂłSNFE 5IF HFPHSBQIJDBM locations that depended on the canal thus SFTVMUFE JO EJòFSFOU NPEFT PG MJWJOH UIBU faded away with population movements and the underlying social and cultural diversity. Tri Ton Canal, A Place of Convergence and Exchanges Heads of families continued digging secondary canals - arterioles between each plot cleared. All started planting rice with the TFFET UPPMT BOE ESBGU BOJNBMT TVQQMJFE UP them. "U UIF JOUFSTFDUJPO PG 5SJ 5Ă™O (nga ba Tri TĂ´n, UIF KVODUJPO PG UIF 3ËźDI (Ă“B )Ă‹ 5JĂ?O $BOBM B IBNMFU B øPBUJOH NBSLFU BO BENJOJTUSBUJWF post and a mooring point for boats sprung up. &DPOPNJD MJGF UIFO TUBSUFE BSPVOE UIF 5SJ 5Ă™O $BOBM - Cochin China farmers continued cultivating rice in clearings in the middle of the trĂ m forest and on lands containing low levels of BMVN 5IFZ TPXFE SJDF CZ IBOE BOE CVSOFE stalks and reeds to form a layer of ash. They recovered the charred wood to sell it; *O UIF 5POLJO 1PMEFS FBDI GBNJMZ ĂśSTU SFDFJWFE TFFET BHSJDVMUVSBM UPPMT BT XFMM BT PYFO BOE CVòBMPFT UP CF TIBSFE CZ
several families to plough individual plots of about two hectares. The Cochin China farmers shared their seeding methods with UIF OFX BSSJWBMT PòFSFE UIFN OFX WBSJFUJFT of rice (including lĂşa náť•i or floating rice) and informed them about the agricultural cycle; .JHSBOUT GSPN UIF /PSUI NBZ IBWF OPUJDFE UIBU UIFZ EJEO U VTF B TJDLMF (liáť m) but a wishbone shaped tool (lưᝥi hĂĄi) that was NVDI NPSF FĂłDJFOU 'PS IVTLJOH TPVUIFSOFST VTFE B IBOE IFME pestle and a wooden mortar that were also more convenient than the foot pestle and mortar made of stone or clay used in the /PSUI *O TVNNBSZ UIF SJDF HSPXJOH QSPDFTT GSPN UIF QMBOUJOH PG TFFEMJOHT UP DPOTVNQUJPO was homogenised using the rural customs from two distinct regions. .JHSBOUT BMTP EJWFSTJĂśFE UIFJS BDUJWJUJFT following the example of the inhabitants PG UIF QSPWJODF MPHHJOH JO UIF USĂ‹N GPSFTUT UJNCFS BOE CVOEMFT PG XPPE GPS GVFM LFFQJOH̓ PG IPOFZ CFFT IVOUJOH BOE SJWFS ĂśTIJOH nĆ°áť›c mắm̓ FOUFSQSJTFT QFQQFS QMBOUBUJPOT CBTLFUSZ DSBGUT NBLJOH NBUT from rushes) and pottery (cĂ rĂ ng). $POWFSTFMZ migrants began growing market vegetables TXFFU QPUBUP TRVBTI CFBOT PO JOEJWJEVBM plots of land and introduced new cultural QSBDUJDFT JOUP UIF SFHJPO TPOHT UVUFMBSZ TQJSJUT QBSUJDVMBSMZ QSJWBUF DFSFNPOJFT Water Management *O UIF 5POLJO 1PMEFS BO PSHBOJTBUJPO XBT RVJDLMZ TFU VQ UP SVO UIF TFDPOEBSZ OFUXPSLT - Extension of the ten canals running perpendicular to the Tri Ton Canal;
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
&YDBWBUJPO QBSBMMFM UP UIF 5SJ 5Ă™O $BOBM PG B supply canal three kilometres away (kĂŞnh ba ngĂ n); - A network of small arteries (mĆ°ĆĄng) and arterioles (mĆ°ĆĄng phèn) between the plots of land for rice cultivation. Contrary to what was happening generally JO̓ UIF øPPEQMBJO PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS NJHSBOUT found themselves not having to contain XBUFSXBZT CVU SBUIFS IBWJOH UP DSFBUF a network of flow canals to facilitate the evacuation of rainwater and the flow of fresh water using the ebb and flow of the tides. 5IFSF SFNBJOFE UP CF TFUUMFE UIF RVFTUJPO PG the supply and storage of drinking water for FWFSZEBZ DPOTVNQUJPO FTQFDJBMMZ EVSJOH UIF dry season. The canal water was brackish and ferruginous and the inhabitants dug ponds on their land or went into the forest to fetch water that they stocked in locally produced earthen pots. 5SJ 5Ă™O $BOBM XBT UIF TJUF PG JOUFSDVMUVSBM SFMBUJPOT BOE IBE B WFSZ TQFDJĂśD MPDBM DVMUVSF Hydrological Issues in the Writing of SĆĄn Nam Biographical Elements of a Writer Researcher 4ËŒO /BN JT GSPN UIJT SFHJPO 5IF GBDU UIBU * mention him today is not only because of my JOUFSFTU JO IJT XPSL CVU BMTP CFDBVTF IF MJWFE BOE XPSLFE JO )Ă™O ĂĽËžU JO 3ËźDI (Ă“B QSPWJODF T FDPOPNJD TFSWJDF JO UIF MBUF T o CFGPSF IJT IBTUZ EFQBSUVSF GPS UIF NBRVJT *O IJT NFNPJST IF SFDPVOUT IJT USBWFMT JO UIF Mekong Delta and takes a whole section of PSBM IJTUPSZ o TBZJOHT PSBM USBEJUJPOT QMBDF OBNFT OBNFT SFMBUFE UP IJTUPSJDBM FWFOUT BOE popular customs. The writing and “popular
ethnographyâ€? is found in his novels and short TUPSJFT i)Ë?ËŒOH SĚĄOH $Ă‹ .BV UĚ‚Q USVZĚ?Ow B DPMMFDUJPO PG TIPSU TUPSJFT *O BEEJUJPO UISPVHI IJT JNQSFHOBUJPO PG UIF DVMUVSF BOE EBJMZ MJGF PG MPDBM QFPQMF IF XBT able to incorporate into his writings a number PG FMFNFOUT PG QPQVMBS DVMUVSF UP ĂśOBMMZ present historical processes and cultural constructions. 5IF XSJUJOH PG 4ËŒO /BN NBZ UIFSFGPSF CF relevant and useful to our understanding PG XIBU UIF .FLPOH %FMUB JT BOE JU TFFNT relevant to emulate this method to describe and analyse the original region. The Notion of “Văn Minh SĂ´ng NĆ°áť›câ€? This concept may constitute an element of reflection if we are to understand what a “fluvial civilisationâ€? is. It can be used as input UP TUVEZ TQFDJĂśD IJTUPSJDBM DVMUVSBM TPDJBM BOE UFDIOJDBM BTQFDUT PG 4PVUI 7JĚ?U /BN *O PUIFS XPSET IPX EP IZESPMPHZ BOE UIF network of piping systems play a central SPMF JO UIF FDPOPNZ DPNNVOJDBUJPO EBJMZ MJGF BOE NBUFSJBM BOE JNNBUFSJBM FYDIBOHFT )PX EPFT UIJT EFĂśOJUJPO PG TQBDF CSJOH UIJT delta closer to exchange dynamics and to 4PVUIFBTU "TJB T OFUXPSLT Methodological Developments: Some Thoughts on the State of Research into the History of Climate and Environment in France I should like to conclude with some SFøFDUJPOT UIBU BMMPX VT UP DPOOFDU IJTUPSZ BT BO BDBEFNJD EJTDJQMJOF UP FOWJSPONFOUBM BOE climate issues. 5IF 'SFODI IJTUPSJBO &NNBOVFM -FSPZ -BEVSJF JT POF PG UIF GPVOEJOH BVUIPST PG
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
DMJNBUF IJTUPSZ IF XSPUF BU UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIF T B IJTUPSZ PG DMJNBUF TJODF UIF ZFBS one thousand. This work raises a number of NFUIPEPMPHJDBM RVFTUJPOT IPX DBO XF UIJOL about climate change and the environment in B IJTUPSJDBM XBZ $BO B ĂśFME PG TUVEZ UIBU MPPLT at climate from a historical point of view be DSFBUFE $BO XF DSFBUF BO BVUPOPNPVT ĂśFME PG SFTFBSDI *G TP CZ VTJOH XIJDI TPVSDFT BOE in what way? How reliable are the analyses? What does “environmental historyâ€? mean? 5IF BOTXFST UP UIFTF RVFTUJPOT HFOFSBUF methodological and ideological divisions between the U.S. studies that were very JOOPWBUJWF BT FBSMZ BT UIF T BOE MBUFS TUVEJFT JO &VSPQF XIFSF UIF BQQFBSBODF PG B DMFBS TFOTJUJWJUZ UP FDPMPHZ FWFO QPMJUJDBM FDPMPHZ DBO CF PCTFSWFE *O UIF KPVSOBM i.PEFSO BOE $POUFNQPSBSZ )JTUPSZw QVCMJTIFE JO BO BSUJDMF CZ 'SĂ?EĂ?SJD Thomas about the Indochinese Forest opens XJUI UIF GPMMPXJOH RVFTUJPO UP XIBU FYUFOU can this type of research be adapted to and EFWFMPQFE JO 7JĚ?U /BN 8IBU TPVSDFT BSF available? Can elements that allow us to GPSFDBTU NBKPS NPOTPPOT øPPET PS OBUVSBM disasters be found in the annals? The historical study of these natural events provides us with fundamental elements to better understand the underlying political dynamics and socioFDPOPNJD USBOTGPSNBUJPOT *O TIPSU JU JT B ĂśFME PG IJTUPSZ UIBU IBT TUJMM OPU CFFO FYQMPSFE and that could help us better understand the issues and challenges of water management JO UIF .FLPOH %FMUB BT XFMM BT JO BOZ PUIFS SFHJPO PG 7JFU /BN
2.3.2. Transformation of the Rural Economy [Christophe Gironde] 5IF PCKFDUJWF PG UIJT QSFTFOUBUJPO JT UP familiarise you with some concepts and EFĂśOJUJPOT BOE UP SFøFDU PO UIF TVSWFZT UIBU we shall conduct together. My presentation is based on research that I conducted in the 3FE 3JWFS %FMUB CFUXFFO BOE UIFO NPSF JOUFOTJWFMZ JO JO UIF QSPWJODF PG )Ë?OH :Ă?O * TIBMM OPU TQFOE NVDI UJNF discussing the historical dimensions so as to focus more on the economic and productive BTQFDUT PG UIF DPOUFNQPSBSZ QFSJPE GSPN UIF Ä‘áť•i máť›i reforms. 5IF QFBTBOU FDPOPNZ DBO CF EFĂśOFE BT B NPEF PG QSPEVDUJPO MBOE MBCPVS UPPMT FUD that is organised around the family from an initial transfer of capital and know-how (social reproduction through parents to children inheritance). Agricultural activities are at the centre of the family economy; they are TVQQMFNFOUFE CZ USBEF PS DSBGUT GPS FYBNQMF Nguyáť…n TuẼn Minh Migration dynamics must also be considered. [Christophe Gironde] This indeed shows that there are other EZOBNJDT BT XFMM BT BHSJDVMUVSF 'PS NJHSBOUT the issue of water is then perhaps not central. VĹŠ Tháť‹ Thu Háşąng Has the cultural dimension of the village had an impact on agricultural practices? The central issues around water may gradually disappear with the process of urbanisation of the countryside.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
[Christophe Gironde] This dimension will indeed be studied EVSJOH PVS TVSWFZT "T BO FDPOPNJTU NZ ĂśSTU RVFTUJPO XPVME CF i8IZ EP ZPV DPOUJOVF UP grow rice when this activity generates so little QSPĂśU w Nguyáť…n Tháť‹ Thu ThĂşy I suggest that we also take an interest in the FNFSHFODF PG OFX TFSWJDFT JO SVSBM BSFBT UIF EJTTFNJOBUJPO PG OFX BHSJDVMUVSBM UFDIOJRVFT and their impact on practice. [Christophe Gironde] 5IJT RVFTUJPO DPODFSOT BHSJDVMUVSBM QSPEVDUJPO TZTUFNT XIBU JT QSPEVDFE BOE how? We also need to look at the issue PG 4UBUF̓ TFSWJDFT TVDI BT UIPTF SFMBUFE UP JSSJHBUJPO 8F OFFE UP BTL i8IP XPSLT JO UIF SJDF ĂśFME w 5IFSF JT B UFOEFODZ JO QFSJPET PG agricultural transition towards a feminisation of work because the husband goes to work away from the village. Another trend is the ageing of farmers. This poses practical problems in connection with the physical hardship of the work. The demographic dimension is fundamental. -FU NF TBZ B GFX XPSET PO UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ between agricultural production and water. 5IF TPJMT BOE NJDSP UFSSPJST BSF UIF ĂśSTU UIJOH UP JEFOUJGZ 8F NVTU HP UP UIF ĂśFME UP understand concretely how the hydrological network is organised. Families identify types PG MBOE BDDPSEJOH UP BMUJUVEF TMPQF CVU BMTP according to containment (“land outside dykesâ€?). 8IBU FòFDU EPFT XBUFS VTBHF IBWF PO QSPEVDUJPO "OE JO SFUVSO XIBU JT JUT JNQBDU Water may become scarce and polluted due UP UIF VTF PG DIFNJDBMT GPS FYBNQMF )BWF
farms still got enough water in this period of VSCBOJTBUJPO XIJDI JT BDDPNQBOJFE CZ UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG HPMG DPVSTFT IPUFMT FUD "GUFS EFDPMMFDUJWJTBUJPO QSPEVDFST CFHBO UP EFWPUF NPSF FòPSU UP UIFJS DSPQT NPSF XPSL PG B CFUUFS RVBMJUZ 5IFZ BMTP UPPL NPSF JOJUJBUJWFT EJWFSTJĂśDBUJPO PG DSPQT BOE̓ MJWFTUPDL ̓ EFWFMPQNFOU PG non-agricultural activities and activities outside of the commune. As far as the MPDBM BVUIPSJUJFT BSF DPODFSOFE BU UIF NVOJDJQBM MFWFM FòPSUT̓ IBWF GPDVTFE PO JNQSPWJOH IZESPMPHJDBM FRVJQNFOU o SFQBJST NBJOUFOBODF QVSDIBTJOH PG QVNQT FUD %VSJOH NZ TVSWFZT JO )Ë?OH :Ă?O * EJTDPWFSFE UIBU B NBKPS DPOTUSBJOU GPS GBSNFST XBT the uncertainty about their ability to sell UIFJS QSPEVDUT HVBSBOUFFJOH PVUMFUT GPS agricultural products – knowing where to TFMM LOPXJOH UIF CVZFST CFJOH BCMF UP USVTU UIFN GPS EFGFSSFE QBZNFOUT FUD 8BUFS BWBJMBCJMJUZ JT BOPUIFS DPOTUSBJOU 'JOBMMZ UIFSF BSF ĂśOBODJBM DPOTUSBJOUT GPS BEWBODFT UP CVZ DSPQT BOE MJWFTUPDL JODSFBTFE MBOE QSJDFT BOE TPDJBM TQFOEJOH TVDI BT IFBMUI PS FEVDBUJPO * DBSSJFE PVU BCPVU TVSWFZT GPS UIJT research that allowed me to establish a typology. I calculated how the total cultivated acreage under cropping systems EVSJOH UIF ZFBS XBT EJWJEFE PVU UXP SJDF DSPQT EJWFSTJĂśFE DSPQT NFEJDJOBM QMBOUT BOE GSVJU USFFT "U UIF FOE PG UIF T of agricultural production was devoted to rice; farms had already begun an “exitâ€? strategy from agriculture (specialising in nonagricultural activities). Annual revenues were BCPVU EPMMBST QFS IFDUBSF BOE SPTF UP CFUXFFO BOE EPMMBST GPS IPNFT that were “out of agricultureâ€?.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Table
18 Division of Cultivated Surface Areas According to the Cropping System (Tân Dân, 1997)
Annual income per hectare (USD): group 2 = USD 2 761; groups 4 and 5 = USD 1 000. Sources: Author’s construction.
Figure
31 Rise in Non-Agricultural Work 1997-2009, Tân Dân Commune
In 2009, one out of two active workers was employed full time in non-agricultural activities. Two thirds of 26-35 year olds and 36-45 year olds; three quarters of under 26 year olds. Sources: Author’s construction.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
* SFUVSOFE JO UP POF PG UIF UPXOT XIFSF I had conducted surveys for my thesis in * SFOFXFE UIF TBNF TVSWFZT *O all homes had arable land - except those of DFSUBJO PĂłDJBMT PS GBNJMJFT TQFDJBMJTJOH JO USBEF *O OFBSMZ IBMG PG UIF IPVTFIPMET IBE OP DVMUJWBUFE MBOE ZFBS PMET BOE ZFBS PMET XFSF NBJOMZ PDDVQJFE JO non-agricultural activities; a large part of
Table
them lived outside the village. There had CFFO BO JNQPSUBOU TPDJBM USBOTGPSNBUJPO GPS ZPVOH QFPQMF JO UIF DPVOUSZ POF OP MPOHFS CFDPNFT BO BEVMU CZ CFDPNJOH B GBSNFS but by migrating and working years outside agriculture. Respondents explained to me that they had sometimes lived ten years in other provinces and only returned to live in their native village “upon retirement�.
19 Permanent Residence of Parents in 2009 and in 1997
Average age 2009 sample: 40 years; in 1997: 44.4 years. Sources: Author’s construction.
Surveys show that for one third of the QPQVMBUJPO UIF QSJODJQBM QMBDF PG SFTJEFODF JT PVUTJEF UIF WJMMBHF PG PSJHJO GPS UIF ZPVOHFTU UIJT ĂśHVSF XBT CFUXFFO IBMG BOE UXP UIJSET
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Day 1: Afternoon of Monday, July 16th [Olivier Tessier]
2.3.3. Survey Techniques: Advice and Recommendations Olivier Tessier introduces the elements of technical surveys presented at workshops in 2010 and 2011: common base of all interviews, two levels of data recording, canvas of questions and avenues of research, adaptation of the researcher’s questions to questions asked in the field, attitude to adopt during the interview, outside intervention. For these developments, we refer the reader to our edition Bourdeaux, D, E. Pannier, O. Tessier (2011), “Training in Methods of Investigation and Field Practice in Social Anthropology: Issues, Tensions and Conflicts Over Appropriation and Use of Land”, in S. Lagrée (Editor), Op cit., P. 277-281. Also available on the website of the AFD, EFEO www.tamdaoconf. com A half-day is devoted to preparing for fieldwork. The trainees are divided into four groups of four to six people accompanied by a trainer. The theme of “water” is addressed from four different angles: Economic management and financial constraints of the local running of agricultural hydrology – two pairings guided and monitored by Mireille Razafindrakoto; Social and political management of hydrological systems using a multi-scalar approach (village to district) - three pairings guided and monitored by Olivier Tessier;
Water use and changes in agricultural systems during the colonial collectivist and Renewal periods – three pairings guided and monitored by Christophe Gironde; Water and its uses in popular culture and practices (literary evocations, and symbolic ritual of the “water” element in social space and the natural environment) - two pairings guided and monitored by Pascal Bourdeaux. The work consists in identifying an initial problematic specific to each sub-group’s research axis, in defining hypotheses and avenues of research related to the themes of each sub-group and in reformulating the researcher’s questions into questions to be asked in the field.
Days 2, 3 and Morning of the Fourth Day The workshop moves to the village of Làng Hà in the Hồ Sơn commune to conduct the surveys prepared in class and collect the data necessary to address the common problematic and the specific research axes of each sub-group. Interviews with local authorities and villagers are conducted in pairs; trainers accompany the pairs for whom they are responsible.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
2.3.4. Organisation, Classification and Data Analysis Day 4: Afternoon of Thursday, July 19th Return to Tam Ä?ảo Hill Station. The afternoon is devoted to work in small groups in order to identify, classify and organise the data collected in the village. Each group accompanied by their field trainer performs a first level of processing of the information gathered according to the theme and the specific problem. The objective is to prepare a synthetic oral restitution for the next morning in order to present the results obtained to the entire workshop.
Day 5: Friday, July 20th Presentation of the information collected by each sub-group: a designated person in each group will present an oral summary of the data. [Olivier Tessier] I have been impressed by the ability you have shown in mastering and reformulating UIF SFTFBSDI PCKFDUJWFT :PV IBWF TIPXO that you are capable of continually adapting UISPVHIPVU UIF ĂśFMEXPSL CZ BMMPXJOH UIF JOJUJBM QSPCMFNBUJD GPDVTJOH PO UIF JTTVF PG XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU UP USBOTGPSN JUTFMG JOUP a more unexpected but central problem for GBSNFST UIF QSPEVDUJPO BOE NBSLFUJOH PG Susu.
Viᝇt Nam “Susuâ€? The plant Sechium edule Sw belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Originally from Mexico, this robust monoecious vine is now cultivated in many other tropical countries. It produces pear-shaped fruits that mainly go by the name of christophine, chayote or chouchou. Low in calories and rich in minerals, these fruits are interesting from a diet point of view. Under certain conditions, the plant also develops starch-rich tubers. Production: Christophine is generally grown under an arbour in humid zones and at moderate temperatures. It is not difficult to grow and gives a high productive return. Fungal and worm attacks can be avoided by applying the necessary treatment. Development: the principal block to its export and industrial exploitation is its conservation after harvest. If packed under a plastic film at a temperature of close to 10°C, it can be conserved for 40 to 50 days. These results can be further improved by using irradiation Îť. Conclusion: nowadays the different parts of the plant are used on a homegrown basis for cooking and medicinal purposes. The transformation to an industrial scale of christophine production would require research into the varieties producing homogeneous quality fruits that are resistant to illnesses and give a good yield of fruit, young stalks and roots. 4PVSDFT %PSOJFS . . 3FZOFT 4FF BMTP 5SBO 5 5 . 'JHVJĂ? - 4JSJFJY 1 ̓.PVTUJFS
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
We have been “inundatedâ€? with data over the last three days and you have had the FYQFSJFODF PG SFTFBSDI XPSL XIJDI DPOTJTUT in selecting principal ideas and abandoning PUIFST :PV IBWF MFBSOFE IPX UP PSHBOJTF your data in order to give form to it. This was a learning target that was essential to this workshop. The session is devoted to the collective identification of the cross-cutting axes of the different sub-themes, with the view to beginning a critical analysis of the data and establishing a plan for the restitution of the essential results. Through a dialogue between the trainees led by the field trainers, four cross-cutting axes have been identified: - The current functioning of the hydrological system and the irrigated perimeter: description, observation and current state of affairs; - The conditions and modalities of the system’s implementation: role, presence and weight of the State and the Statesociety dialectic; - Progress in the system from its construction in 1992 up to today: presentation of the different groups of players (State, semiprivate management company, peasants, traders) and analysis of the conditions having favoured this progress (which conditions favoured this progress?) - Conclusions: question of the economic, technical, ecological and social (development of inequalities) sustainability of the system. [Christophe Gironde] :PV JNQMJDJUMZ SFGFSSFE UP UIF RVFTUJPO PG LOPXJOH BCPVU XIP JT QSPĂśUJOH GSPN UIF DVSSFOU FDPOPNJD EFWFMPQNFOU XIJDI SBJTFT
UIF CJH JTTVF PG JOFRVBMJUJFT BSF JOFRVBMJUJFT growing? Are they changing? At this stage of the training we have not yet enough material UP BOTXFS UIJT RVFTUJPO CVU JU JT QBSU PG UIF social sustainability and development mode RVFTUJPO :PV BMTP SBJTFE RVFTUJPOT BCPVU UIF MJOLT CFUXFFO UFDIOJRVF JOGSBTUSVDUVSF BOE the social management of water. We could FOMBSHF PO UIJT CZ BTLJOH XIBU BSF UIF MFWFST of development in this commune? Here we ĂśOE UIF RVFTUJPO UIBU XBT BMTP SBJTFE BCPVU UIF 4UBUF T SPMF 5P XIBU FYUFOU JT EFWFMPQNFOU linked to the technical dimension and to JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT BOE JOTUJUVUJPOT BOE UP UIF TPDJBM EZOBNJTN PG UIF 4UBUF 5IJT RVFTUJPO is part of the problematic concerning the relationship between the State and local populations. Ä?áť— Tháť‹ Ngân Concerning the social management of the JSSJHBUJPO TZTUFN ZPV FNQIBTJTFE UIF DFOUSBM role of the State in assuring the sustainability PG UIFTF XPSLT CVU * BN QV[[MFE CZ UIF QMBDF PDDVQJFE CZ UIF GBSNFST XIP XFSF BCTFOU EVSJOH UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG UIF EZLF JO UIF works and their supervision. Is it not important to have the local population participating in order to assure their sustainability? [Olivier Tessier] This strong and directive State intervention and absence of participation by the farmers in the decision-making process and in the DBSSZJOH PVU PG UIF XPSLT JT JOEFFE BO important aspect. The farmers were not BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF EFDJTJPO NBLJOH QSPDFTT they were not asked their opinion. During the surveys we got the impression that they were very unconcerned about the works. They use the system but let the State takes care of repairs and even the cleaning of the
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
secondary canals. They adopt a very passive approach. The abolishment of taxes for the use of the irrigation system has made the system totally free of charge; it is the “welfareâ€? State that takes charge of everything and the consumer pays nothing. [Pascal Bourdeaux] We are in a multi-ethnic situation about which we have been able to single out a few innovative elements relating to cultural MJGF UIBU JT UP TBZ DPMMFDUJWF BDUJWJUJFT 8F BMTP have some data concerning the existence of a temple and a tutelary deity linked to the source. It would be interesting to look deeper into this aspect. As a complement UP UIJT XF DPVME TUVEZ JO HSFBUFS EFUBJM UIF cultural dynamics and practices linked to the DPNNVOBM IPVTF ĂĽĂ–OI [Christophe Gironde] The families surveyed do not want their children to follow their example and become farmers; all the more so as the new generation IBT UIF PQQPSUVOJUZ UP NBLF CJH QSPĂśUT through the sale of Susu. [Olivier Tessier] "T GPS UIF RVFTUJPO PG UIF TPDJBM PSHBOJTBUJPO PG GBSNFST BO PCTFSWBUJPO OFFET UP CF NBEF the central intervention of the State and the non-participation of the users in the running PG UIF IZESPMPHJDBM TZTUFN BOE UIF ĂśOBODJOH of the service do not go in the same sense BT UIF TUSVDUVSJOH PG B GBSNFST PSHBOJTBUJPO
capable of managing the system; the dam and the irrigated perimeter have not resulted in the emergence of any social organisation. 5IF GBSNFST BTTPDJBUJPO JT QBTTJWF BOE EPFT not have a clear stance vis-à -vis the running of the dam. We can thus wonder to what extent social organisation constitutes an essential element for the sustainability of the system. Nguyᝅn TuẼn Minh I think we should also be interested in all the other challenges and opportunities created by FDPOPNJD EFWFMPQNFOU "T GPS PQQPSUVOJUJFT we could talk about the production and sale of Susu and tourist development; as for the DIBMMFOHFT XF DPVME UBML BCPVU EFNPHSBQIJD HSPXUI FTQFDJBMMZ UIF QSFTTVSF JU JT DSFBUJOH PO MBOE UIF QSPCMFN PG PVUMFUT DBQJUBM BOE workforce and development strategies for UIF DPNNVOF XIJDI BJNT BU SFEVDJOH UIF TIBSF PG BHSJDVMUVSBM BDUJWJUJFT $POTFRVFOUMZ RVFTUJPOT DPODFSOJOH UIF SPMF PG GBSNFST BOE the authorities are raised. [Mireille Razafindrakoto] 8F IBWF KVTU DBSSJFE PVU QSF ÜFMEXPSL PWFS the last three days. We have discovered a WJMMBHF BOE SFEFÜOFE PVS SFTFBSDI PCKFDUJWF This aspect of the training is essential and is part of the exercise. This work has raised a DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG SFTFBSDI RVFTUJPOT UP XIJDI we have no answer and might in the future CF UIF TVCKFDU PG B 1I % PS .BTUFS T UIFTJT *U JT necessary to point out the importance of this TUBHF JO UIF TDJFOUJÜD NFUIPE UIBU DPOTJTUT JO ÜOEJOH UIF SJHIU RVFTUJPOT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
By basing ourselves on the results of the trainees’ confrontations and exchanges, an initial feedback plan is suggested: - Presentation of site, of the hydrological system, of the dam and the irrigated perimeter (groups 2 and 4); - Factors and conditions of the implementation of the system: description of its running and the State’s intervention (group 2); - Factors and conditions of the system’s development from the 1990s till today by confronting the positions and points of view of the different players (groups 1, 3 and 4); - Ecological, socio-economic (sharing of profits, social inequalities, State control, outlets, product labelling, land pressure, etc.) and technical (maintenance and repair, management services) sustainability of the system, including future reflections and research on this theme. The objective is to start a process of collective analysis for the final restitution.
Reading text (www.tamdaoconf.com) Tessier, O., J.P. Fontenelle (1997),  L’appropriation paysanne de l’hydraulique agricole du delta du Fleuve Rouge : processus et limites , in revue Autrepart, n° 3, Paris, pp. 25-43.
Selected Bibliography #063%&"69 1 ²UVEF E VOF confluence migratoire dans le delta du .�LPOH Ë M �QPRVF DPMPOJBMF
1SFNJFST QBT WFST M IJTUPJSF EF MB GPOEBUJPO EFT WJMMBHFT EF 5IĚ– 4ËŒO FU 4Ă˜D 4ËŒO EJTUSJDU EF )Ă›O ĂĽËžU QSPWJODF EF ,JĂ?O (JBOH JO “Vietnam on the Road to Development and *OUFHSBUJPO 5SBEJUJPO BOE .PEFSOJUZw PSBM DPNNVOJDBUJPO )P $IJ .JOI $JUZ th +VMZ #063%&"69 1 j 3Ă?øFYJPOT TVS MB OPUJPO EF j DJWJMJTBUJPO øVWJBMF x FU TVS M IJTUPJSF EV EFMUB EV .Ă?LPOH DPOTJEĂ?SĂ?T Ă‹ USBWFST RVFMRVFT BTQFDUT EF MB GPOEBUJPO EV WJMMBHF EF 4Ă˜D 4ËŒO ̓ x DPNNVOJDBUJPO QSFTFOUFE BU UIF $,4 IIAS “Water in Mainland Southeast Asiaâ€? TZNQPTJVN 4JFN 3FBQ th /PWFNCFS nd December. #3&/*&3 ) &TTBJ E BUMBT TUBUJTUJRVF EF M *OEPDIJOF GSBOĂŽBJTF *EFP )BOPJ Q ̓ %03/*&3 . . 3&:/&4 Fruits ̓ '0356/&- ' $ (*30/%& 5SBOTJUJPOT agraires et recompositions sociales en Asie EV 4VE &TU JO j %ZOBNJRVFT EFT FTQBDFT SVSBVY EBOT MF NPOEF x . (VJCFSU BOE : +FBO FET 1BSJT "SNBOE $PMJO DPMMFDUJPO 6 QQ (*30/%& $ - Ă?WPMVUJPO EF M Ă?DPOPNJF GBNJMJBMF EBOT MF EFMUB EV 'MFVWF 3PVHF JO j̓-F 7JFUOBN Ă‹ M BVCF EV 99*e TJĂ’DMF o #JMBO FU QFSTQFDUWFT QPMJUJRVFT Ă?DPOPNJRVFT FU TPDJBMFT x $ (JSPOEF BOE + - .BVSFS FET 1BSJT ,BSUIBMB QQ 53"/ 5 5 . '*(6*& - 4*3*&*9 1 .0645*&3 -FT QSPEVJUT EF UFSSPJS WJFUOBNJFOT̓ QPJOUT EF WVF EFT DPOTPNNBUFVST MPDBVY 8PSLJOH 1BQFS 6.3 .0*4" *3% 6/&4$0 ./)/ $*3"% JOUFSOBUJPOBM TZNQPTJVN ÂŤÂ Localiser les produits : une voie durable au service de la diversitĂŠ naturelle et culturelle des Suds ? Âť 1BSJT th th +VOF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
List of Participants Surname and first name
Institution
Field
Institute of Population and Sociology Society Institute of Social Economic History Cao Tuấn Phong Science Training University of Châu Thị Thu Social and Human Geography, Thuỷ Sciences Hồ Chí Environment Minh City Cultures, Sports and Anthropology and Đinh Thị Hồng Tourism service, Ethnology Thơm Lào Cai Northern Institute Sustainable Đỗ Thị Ngân of Sustainable Development Development Đoàn Trúc Lào Cai Library Cultures Quỳnh Royal University of Heng Lina Law and Economic Law Sciences Hoàng Thị Academy of Politics Politics Quyên and Administration Bùi Thị Hạnh
Leav Meng
University JeanMoulin Lyon 3
University of Nguyễn Ngọc Resources and Trinh Environment Hồ Chí Minh City
Research theme
Population and reproductive health
buihanh83@gmail. com
Environment and sustainable development
caotuanphong@ yahoo.com
Use and protection of water huongthugl2005@ sources in the mountain yahoo.com provinces (Việt Nam) Pa Gí ethnic minorities in Lào Cai
dinhhongthom@ yahoo.com
Sustainable development in mountain rural areas
ngan.isdn@gmail. com
Giáy culture in Lào Cai (Việt Nam)
doantrucquynhlc@ gmail.com
Protection measures for water sources in Cambodia
lina.heng@yahoo. com
Mores and customs in the Red River Delta Financing small and medium-sized entreprises in Cambodia
hoangquyenhv4@ yahoo.com
Law
Environment
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Socio-economic development and water sources
meng_sciencepo@ yahoo.com nguyenngocvt2000 @yahoo.com
Surname and first name
Institution
Field
Research theme
Institute of Human Development Immigration and State Research anthropology management Centre of Expropriation, Phước Hoà Nguyễn Thị Mai Community Sociology hydrological station Hương Development Research Institute of Economic anthropolSubsistence of fishing Nguyễn Thị Tám Anthropology ogy villages Impacts of climate change Nguyễn Thị Thu University of Thủ Anthropology and ethnic minorities in the Thuỷ Dầu Một Mekong sub-region Nguyễn Tuấn Institute of Sociology Informal sector Minh Sociology National University Law Ny Pagna of Hà Nội Human development index, Phạm Thu Institute of Human Sociology sustainable development Hương Research Institute of Anthropology Thái local knowledge Trần Thị Mai Lan Anthropology Southern Institute Sustainable developUse and protection of Võ Dao Chi of Sustainable ment catchment areas, Development Civil society and human Institute of Political philosophy Vũ Thị Thu Hằng rights Philosophy Nguyễn Thị Lê
E-mail nguyenle3105@ gmail.com maihuong_xhh@ yahoo.com.vn hongtam.ls89@ gmail.com thuthuy0072@ yahoo.com nguyentuanminh80 @gmail.com nypagna@yahoo. com huongpham251288 @gmail.com lantran1008@yahoo. com vodaochi@hotmail. com anhhang1984@ gmail.com
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
1SBDUJDBM "QQSPBDI 5P̓"HFOU #BTFE .PEFMMJOH Alexis Drogoul – IRD, Benoit Gaudou – University of Toulouse, Arnaud Grignard – University of Paris 6, Patrick Taillandier – University of Rouen, VĂľ Ä?ᝊc Ă‚n – MSI-IFI
Representing a real system in all its complexity JO PSEFS UP NFBTVSF JUT QPTTJCMF FWPMVUJPOT or to conceive development solutions that BSF BEBQUFE UP JU JT POF PG UIF DIBMMFOHFT PG DVSSFOU DPNQVUFS NPEFMMJOH QBSUJDVMBSMZ PG BHFOU CBTFE NPEFMMJOH 5IJT BQQSPBDI XIJDI DPNQMFNFOUT DMBTTJDBM BOBMZUJDBM NFUIPET allows us to incrementally conceive models whose dynamic is the result of interactions between computer representations of UIF FOUJUJFT JO B NPEFMMFE TZTUFN QMBZFST JOTUJUVUJPOT BOE FOWJSPONFOU CJPMPHJDBM PS abiotic entities). These models are then used to support a “virtual� experimental method – making use of simulations – where the resulting dynamics can be studied with all the OFDFTTBSZ EFUBJMT BOE XIFSF JOUFSBDUJPO XJUI the user is encouraged. 5IJT XPSLTIPQ JT PSHBOJTFE BSPVOE UIF ("." NPEFMMJOH QMBUGPSN Gis and Agent-Based Modelling Architecture TFF IUUQ HBNB QMBUGPSN HPPHMFDPEF DPN EFWFMPQFE CZ UIF IRD and its partners and a tutorial developed from a role-playing game about water NBOBHFNFOU i8BU " (BNFw EFWFMPQFE
CZ UIF $*3"% TFF IUUQ TJUFT HPPHMF DPN site/waghistory/home. Its aim is to allow trainees to discover agent-based modelling BOE JUT QPUFOUJBMJUJFT CZ DPODFJWJOH BOE progressively improving a group of more BOE NPSF DPNQMFY NPEFMT XIPTF TVCKFDU JT XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU CZ B UFBN PG QMBZFST BENJOJTUSBUPST XBUFS VTJOH BDUJWJUZ NBOBHFST NPOJUPSJOH TFSWJDFT FUD %JòFSFOU TVCKFDUT BSF QSPHSFTTJWFMZ BEESFTTFE GSPN UIF JOTUBMMBUJPO PG ("." UP UIF DPODFQUJPO PG EJòFSFOU iSFBMJTUw IVNBO CFIBWJPVST BHBJOTU B CBDLHSPVOE PG UIF coupling of heterogeneous social and FOWJSPONFOUBM EBUB BMMPXJOH VT UP HFOFSBUF rich and complex scenarios. A part of the workshop is devoted to the conception and XSJUJOH PG UIFTF NPEFMT CVU B MBSHF QBSU JT SFTFSWFE GPS EFCBUF QBSUJDVMBSMZ BCPVU UIF choices of conception and representation made during the proposed tutorial. The last EBZ BMMPXT QBSUJDJQBOUT UP QSPQPTF UFTU BOE DPNQBSF EJòFSFOU SFQSFTFOUBUJPO TPMVUJPOT PG the decision mechanisms in the model.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
(Transcript) Day 1, Monday 16th June 2.4.1. Modelling Applied To Water Management [Alexis Drogoul] We are going to work together on the building of agent-based models devoted to an application of water management. We shall UBLF TPNF UJNF FYQMBJOJOH PVS PCKFDUJWFT UP you and how we are going to achieve them. /FYU XF TIBMM BTL ZPV UP JOUSPEVDF ZPVSTFMWFT BOE TQFDJGZ ZPVS SFTFBSDI TUVEZ PCKFDUJWFT and the reasons for your participation in this workshop. We should like to know which TJUVBUJPOT ZPV XPVME MJLF UP NPEFM BOE whether or not you have had any previous computer programming experience. Presentation of trainers and trainees (see trainer biographies, list of trainees inserted at end of chapter) :PVS FYQFSJFODF BOE FYQFDUBUJPOT JO NPEFMMJOH UFSNT BSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ WBSJFE CVU GFX PG ZPV BSF GBNJMJBS XJUI UIJT UFDIOJRVF We are going to accompany you gradually so as to allow you to call upon your own SFTFBSDI QSPCMFNBUJD 5P EP UIJT XF BSF going to follow agent-based methodology that allows incremental modelling. It entails building models by beginning with basic FOUJUJFT BOE QSPHSFTTJWFMZ BEEJOH UP UIFN DPNQPOFOU BEEJUJPOT BOE NPEJÜDBUJPOT GPS existing components in order to obtain more complex models.
"GUFS B HFOFSBM QSFTFOUBUJPO XF TIBMM TUBSU building our models this afternoon. Our ambition is to immerse you directly into the QSBDUJDF TP UIBU ZPV XJMM CFDPNF BVUPOPNPVT as the week progresses; you are going to have to learn to use computer tools and language. :PV DBO JNBHJOF UIBU UIF NPEFM JT B QMBZ XJUI TDFOFSZ BDUPST TDFOBSJPT BOE JOUFSBDUJPOT 5IF UXP ĂśSTU EBZT XJMM CF EFWPUFE UP UIF CVJMEJOH PG UIF TDFOFSZ /FYU XF TIBMM introduce the actors who will have their PXO CFIBWJPVS BVUPOPNZ BOE NBZCF knowledge. The roles of these actors will not be completely written; you will intervene on the models using computer tools to describe UIF BDUPST CFIBWJPVST GPS FYBNQMF QMBOOJOH BOE TUSBUFHJFT JO TVDI B XBZ BT UP CF BCMF carry out experimentations and compare UIFN "U UIF FOE PG UIJT XPSLTIPQ ZPV XJMM certainly not all have the same play or the same scenario. Two volunteers amongst you will be responsible for the feedback on your work PO̓ 4BUVSEBZ UBLJOH OPUFT PG UIF USBJOJOH DPOUFOU DPMMFDUJOH PG PUIFS USBJOFFT impressions and particularly problems that may not have been voiced. The GAMA programme is installed on the trainees’ computers. The training sheets and the geographical information dossiers are transmitted to the participants. #FOPJU (BVEPV JT OPX HPJOH UP HJWF ZPV B TVDDJODU QSFTFOUBUJPO PG UIF ("." QSPHSBNNF BOE UIF i8BU " (BNFw NPEFM which was not originally a computer model.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Box
16 Introduction to GAMA
Sources: Authors’ construction.
[Benoit Gaudou] 5IF ."&-*" QSPKFDU QSFWJPVTMZ TQPLFO BCPVU JO UIF QMFOBSZ TFTTJPO BMTP VTFT UIF ("." QMBUGPSN XIJDI BMMPXT VT UP DBSSZ PVU BHFOU modelling using spatially explicit models. It is a generic platform that may be used to deal XJUI EJWFSTF UZQFT PG QSPCMFNT "MFYJT TQPLF about issues of segregation; I presented a RVFTUJPOJOH PG XBUFS øPXT CVU XF DPVME BMTP have spoken about problematics concerning land development or the propagation of illnesses for example. We are going to focus upon water management. 0OF PG ("." T DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT JT UIBU JU JT BO iPQFO TPVSDFw QSPHSBNNF :PV DBO EPXOMPBE
UIF TPVSDF DPEF UIBU JT UP TBZ UIF XIPMF programme that allows the elaboration PG UIF TPGUXBSF :PV IBWF UIF QPTTJCJMJUZ of adapting and improving it depending on your needs. This software programme was developed to be used by individuals who have not yet completely mastered the classical programming languages; it contains B TJNQMJĂśFE MBOHVBHF BEBQUFE UP UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG NVMUJ BHFOU NPEFMT (".- (Gama Modelling Language). :PV BSF HPJOH UP XSJUF ZPVS PXO NPEFM and try to make it match reality as much as possible.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Box
17 Introduction to GAMA (2)
Sources: Authors’ construction.
8IBU BSF ("." T TUSPOH QPJOUT One of the targets of the programme is to CVJME DPNQMFY NPEFMT UIBU BMMPX VT CZ UBLJOH PO CPBSE OVNFSPVT EBUB UP BQQSFDJBUF UIF behaviours of the developed agents and observe the realist models. The integration of geographical data and the method for developing the multi-scale models remain relatively simple – each
level can correspond to agents or to entities FOEPXFE XJUI CFIBWJPVST ("." BMMPXT VT to easily manage the interactions between UIFTF EJòFSFOU MFWFMT With the aim of making more complex BOE FYQSFTTJWF NPEFMT UIF QSPHSBNNF JT FOEPXFE XJUI UPPMT GSPN NBUIFNBUJDT TUBUJTUJDT BOE BSUJÜDJBM JOUFMMJHFODF *U OPUBCMZ includes clustering and decision algorithms.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Figure
32 Brief History
Sources: Authors’ construction.
" öSTU WFSTJPO PG ("." XBT EFWFMPQFE JO XJUI B NPSF TUSVDUVSFE BOE MFTT JOUVJUJWF MBOHVBHF 5IF (FPHSBQIJDBM *OGPSNBUJPO 4ZTUFNT (*4 XFSF BEEFE JO BOE UIF NVMUJ MFWFM BQQSPBDIFT BOE OFX NPEFMMJOH MBOHVBHFT JO
5P DPODMVEF UIJT JOUSPEVDUPSZ QBSU MFU us indicate a certain number of available SFTPVSDFT XIFSF ZPV DBO EPXOMPBE EJòFSFOU WFSTJPOT BOE SFDVQFSBUF ("." TPVSDFT
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Box
18 More Information
KWWS JDPD SODWIRUP EORJVSRW IU
KWWS FRGH JRRJOH FRP S JDPD SODWIRUP
KWWS FRGH JRRJOH FRP S JDPD SODWIRUP ZLNL 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ
KWWSV JURXSV JRRJOH FRP IRUXP "IURPJURXSV IRUXP JDPD SODWIRUP KWWSV JURXSV JRRJOH FRP IRUXP "IURPJURXSV IRUXP JDPD GHY Sources: Authors’ construction.
The aim of this tutorial is to make you familiar XJUI ("." CZ NPEFMMJOH B XBUFS DBUDINFOU BSFB UIF XBUFS EZOBNJD BOE JOUFSBDUJOH human activities. It will then be possible to evaluate the influence of these activities GSPN B RVBOUJUBUJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF QPJOU PG WJFX QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UFSNT PG QPMMVUJPO *O UIJT water catchment area scene we shall imagine EJòFSFOU XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU BDUJWJUZ NBOBHFNFOU BOE QPMJDZ TUSBUFHJFT FUD
To do this we have chosen a rather simple NPEFM i8BU " (BNFw IUUQT TJUFT HPPHMF com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Box
19 WAT-A-GAME: Introduction
Sources: https://sites.google.com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
i8BU " (BNFw 8"5 JT B HBNF UIBU BMMPXT öFME QMBZFST UP SFQSFTFOU UIFJS DBUDINFOU BSFB BOE UP JOUFSBDU UP TFF IPX UIF XBUFS flows and examine how to implement management policies. The game consists PG TDIFNBUJD FMFNFOUT TUSFBNT BOE SJWFST
NVMUJQMF BDUJWJUJFT FUD 5IF JEFB JT UP IBWF B base on which any catchment area may be represented and to allow a representation BOE B VTF PG UIF HBNF BU EJòFSFOU TDBMFT GBSNFST BTTPDJBUJPOT JOTUJUVUJPOT
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Box
20 WAG: Ideas and Objectives
Sources: https://sites.google.com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
This game stems from the participative modelling approach ComMod – a method used by researchers at the Centre de coopÊration internationale en recherche agronomique pour le dÊveloppement (CIRAD) who gathered together people from the same DPNNVOF JO XIJDI UIFSF XFSF GPS FYBNQMF conflicts surrounding land use. This entailed IBWJOH UIF EJòFSFOU QMBZFST QBSUJDJQBUF JO UIF building of their model so that they could become aware of the management issue dynamics of their environment – creating a game on paper or blackboard for example.
The aim is to be able to generalise this approach through the development of an FYQSFTTJWF UPPM TP UIBU JU NBZ CF VTFE JO B great number of situations with bigger groups PG QBSUJDJQBOUT BMMPXJOH MPDBM QFPQMF UP NBLF the tool their own by building themselves their own catchment areas in order to discuss it together.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Diagram 33 WAG Principles
Sources: https://sites.google.com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
There is a great deal of symbolical representation work with numerous activities. The idea is to build an abstract base into which individuals can integrate their own modelling concepts concerning the catchment area in RVFTUJPO 4VSSPVOEJOH B TUSFBN PS SJWFS GPS FYBNQMF there will be geographical areas in which TQFDJĂśD BDUJWJUJFT XJMM CF JEFOUJĂśFE BHSJDVMUVSBM [POFT JOEVTUSJFT FUD 5IFTF BDUJWJUJFT BSF BMTP UIF TPVSDF PG QSPĂśUT GPS UIFJS PXOFST BOE BSF going to be more or less socially accepted.
The participants are going to play on the structure after having built it. This stage is important in obtaining a common structure of the catchment area. The principle being UIBU BDDPSEJOH UP EJòFSFOU IVNBO BDUJWJUJFT water will be drawn from the source of the DBUDINFOU BSFB BOE B DFSUBJO RVBOUJUZ PG NPSF PS MFTT QPMMVUFE XBUFS XJMM CF SFKFDUFE
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Diagram 34 Application Examples of WAG: Fogera Basin, Ethiopia
Sources: https://sites.google.com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
Here is a catchment area created in Ethiopia. The streams and rivers and all activities can CF SFDPHOJTFE 0UIFS UIBO CBTJD DPODFQUT UIF QSPCMFNT GBDFE BSF MBDL PG DVMUJWBCMF
[POFT QSFTFODF PG VOEFSHSPVOE XBUFS 5IJT example illustrates the possibility of including concepts to make the catchment area closer to reality.
Diagram 35 Application Examples of WAG: Diga Basin, Ethiopia
Sources: https://sites.google.com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
In order to take into account their local QSPCMFNT UIF QBSUJDJQBOUT JODMVEFE JO this example many supplementary stages
MJOLFE UP UIF QSPQBHBUJPO PG UFSNJUFT UIFJS EFWFMPQNFOU FUD
Diagram 36 Application Examples of WAG: Niger Central Delta, Mali
Sources: https://sites.google.com/site/waghistory/wag-courses.
)FSF UIF QSPCMFNT BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF catchment area were linked to land use. How is the water catchment area managed with WAT? The manager(s) must manage the water catchment by taking multiple aspects JOUP BDDPVOU TPDJBM EJBMPHVF FRVJUZ FOWJSPONFOUBM QSBDUJDFT FDPOPNJD EBUB (viable policies). 4PNF QFPQMF XJMM SFQSFTFOU GBSNFST PUIFST XJMM CF SFTQPOTJCMF GPS QPMJDJFT o DPODSFUFMZ
the catchment area manager may manage the dams according to the current and future situation he/she anticipates; he/she proposes or imposes management policies. 5IF NBOBHFS NBZ NFBTVSF UIF XBUFS VTFE JNQPTF UBYFT QSPQPTF öOBODJBM JODFOUJWFT FUD 5P TVN VQ UIF EJòFSFOU JOGPSNBM NFBTVSFT JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP TUBSU B EFCBUF to advise the participants by proposing alternatives to crops that consume too much XBUFS GPS FYBNQMF
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Phan Ä?inh PhĆ°áť›c I clearly remarked the brick diagram SFQSFTFOUJOH XBUFS RVBOUJUZ *O PSEFS UP EFUFSNJOF UIF RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS DPOTVNFE by each of the activities in a water catchment BSFB ZPV CBTF ZPVSTFMWFT VQPO TUBUJTUJDBM EBUB CVU PO XIJDI JOGPSNBUJPO EP ZPV CBTF ZPVSTFMWFT GPS SFKFDUFE XBUFS JO PSEFS UP NFBTVSF UIF RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS BOE XIFUIFS or not it is polluted? [Benoit Gaudou] 5P CFHJO XJUI B RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS JT QMBDFE BU UIF DBUDINFOU BSFB T TPVSDF BOE UIJT RVBOUJUZ may vary. These models are made with the DPMMBCPSBUJPO PG ĂśFME QMBZFST XIP XJTI UP TUVEZ UIFJS DBUDINFOU BSFB UIFZ IBWF B HPPE LOPXMFEHF PG UIF RVBOUJUZ BOE RVBMJUZ PG UIF XBUFS VTFE BOE SFKFDUFE CZ EJòFSFOU BDUJWJUJFT [Alexis Drogoul] :PV BSF RVJUF SJHIU UP QPJOU PVU UIBU EBUB BSF OPU BMXBZT BWBJMBCMF FTQFDJBMMZ XIFO JU T B RVFTUJPO PG QPMMVUJPO 0OF PG UIF NPEFM T important parameters is the perception society has of an activity. Part of the decision in the models is based on perceptions rather than on real data. We are developing an economic tool that XJMM BMMPX VT QSPWJEF BO FRVJUBCMF UFDIOJDBM management of the environment. How can XF NFBTVSF UIF RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS VTFE CZ DPOTVNFST BOE UIF RVBOUJUZ SFKFDUFE 'PS households this is easy to calculate thanks UP XBUFS NFUFST BOE BT GPS SFKFDUFE XBUFS XF DBMDVMBUF JU BT PG DPOTVNFE XBUFS *U JT EJĂłDVMU UP PCUBJO SFMJBCMF TUBUJTUJDT GPS JOEVTUSZ BT UIFSF BSF UXP TVQQMZ TPVSDFT the supply company and direct drilling to consume underground supplies. It is
therefore impossible to obtain exact data GPS UIF RVBOUJUZ PG XBUFS VTFE BOE GPS UIF RVBOUJUZ BOE RVBMJUZ PG XBUFS SFKFDUFE [Alexis Drogoul] Regarding this access problem and the SFMJBCJMJUZ PG EBUB * XJTI UP TQFDJGZ UIBU JU JT possible to diverge from these models and add a hidden water abstraction point for any interested group. An abstraction that does OPU FYJTU BOE XIPTF EBUB XF EP OPU QPTTFTT but which is going to have an impact on HFOFSBM XBUFS SFTPVSDFT 5IJT JT OPU EJĂłDVMU to integrate. We can take interest in activities that have both a hidden and a visible part in UFSNT PG BCTUSBDUJPO BOE SFKFDUJPO PG XBUFS It is possible to estimate them and even calibrate them depending on our knowledge of groundwater. Nguyáť…n Ngáť?c Minh Is there any way of testing whether the model gives an accurate picture of reality? [Benoit Gaudou] The diagrams are very far from the real environment. The strength of these models JT UIBU JU JT UIF ĂśFME QMBZFST UIBU SFQSFTFOU the catchment area depending on their perceptions and according to the issues in RVFTUJPO VĂľ Quáť‘c Thanh When you measure the density of branches PG SJWFST BOE TUSFBNT EP ZPV VTF TUBUJTUJDBM data or a hydrodynamic model? It seems to me that WAT is more a water resources FRVJMJCSJVN NPEFM %PFT UIJT NPEFM FWPMWF with time versus the rhythm of the seasons?
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[Alexis Drogoul] Hydrodynamic and statistical water flow NPEFMT EFQFOE UPUBMMZ PO UIF QBSUJDJQBOUT perceptions. Technical knowledge and thus a precise hydrodynamic model may exist. It is also possible to obtain measurements about the flow of water according to time and periods of high and low water.
Box
#FGPSF UIF USBJOJOH XF EJTDVTTFE XJUI UIF +5% T PSHBOJTFST JO PSEFS UP EFDJEF XIFUIFS we were going to use a real water catchment BSFB XJUI SFBM EBUB JEFOUJĂśFE QMBZFST FUD or depart from an abstract base. We have chosen the abstract base with the idea that you can more easily generalise what you have MFBSOFE 0VS PCKFDUJWF JT UIBU ZPV MFBWF IFSF with a vision that is above all methodological.
21 Steps to Build the Complete Model
Sources: Authors’ construction.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
The presented stages correspond to sixteen EJòFSFOU NPEFMT 5IFSF JT B QSPHSFTTJPO in modelling and technical terms. Each of UIF NPEFMT BMMPXT VT UP JOUSPEVDF ("." GVODUJPOBMJUJFT &BDI TUBHF JT BO FYFSDJTF B QBSUJDVMBS PCKFDUJWF JT TFU B DFSUBJO OVNCFS PG GVODUJPOBMJUJFT UIBU BMMPX UIJT PCKFDUJWF UP CF SFQSFTFOUFE BSF JOUSPEVDFE UIF NPEFM JT UIFO JNQMFNFOUFE BMMPXJOH B WFSJÜDBUJPO PG the understanding elements before we move PO UP BOPUIFS NPEFM 0VS PCKFDUJWF JT GPS ZPV to become autonomous when using this UPPM TP UIBU ZPV XJMM CFHJO UP SBJTF RVFTUJPOT concerning your future practices.
2.4.2. Practical Works And Methodological Input The practical work took up the first three and a half days, from Monday morning to midday Thursday. Days 1 and 2 allowed for the implementation of the “scenery� of the model serving as a base for the training, that is to say the creation of a minimal water catchment area with a simplistic flow dynamic; this was the moment for the participants to get acquainted with GAMA and more generally with computer programming. Because of their varying profiles, many of the trainees had embarked upon this workshop with a certain apprehension concerning the “computer tool� in general, and this led the trainers to devote an entire afternoon (Day 2, Tuesday afternoon) to explanations in Vietnamese, so as not to add linguistic difficulties to computer ones. From Wednesday onwards, the modelling work became more interesting for most of the trainees, as the modelling of human
behaviours began to be addressed (those of the managers of activities within the catchment area, those of the area’s administrator), which triggered numerous discussions about the best way to tackle this issue. This sequence finished at midday on Thursday when all the participants had succeeded in obtaining a same basic “neutral� model capable of being used for the study of more concrete questions closer to everyone’s concerns – that is to say only describing certain dynamics considered to be “objective�: the water cycle, pumping and rejection of water through activities, their economic cycle, their water needs, etc. The incremental construction of more and more complex and finalised models is one of the fundamental methodological inputs of agent-based modelling methods as it allows us, amongst other things, through the use of a same basic model enriched with “new� agents (economic, social, environmental, etc.), to evaluate and measure the impacts of these additions on the dynamics of the global system. From a didactic point of view, this was reflected during the workshop by a clear separation between the construction of the basic model – used to also introduce GAMA and its concepts – and a second, shorter part in which participants were encouraged to individually carry out their own additions to this model in response to a particular question. A list of questions that could be addressed with the help of such a model was thus submitted to the participants to choose from, whom were then asked to form four independent work groups, each working on one question within the framework of a specific scenario.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
(SPVQ TDFOBSJP iIPNF PXOFST BSF confronted with a rise in sea level�. The rise of sea water along the river is a potential source of activity disruption. Here it is OFDFTTBSZ UP NPEFM PXOFST CFIBWJPVST JO response to this disruption. (SPVQ TDFOBSJP iUIF PXOFST BSF GSFF UP OPU QBZ UBYFT XBUFS QPMJDF TFSWJDF JT JOUFHSBUFEw 5IF DBUDINFOU BSFB NBOBHFS T strategy is modelled to face this problem. (SPVQ TDFOBSJP iBEEJUJPOT PG TPDJBM behaviours for owners�. The owners make decisions according to their activities but BMTP BDDPSEJOH UP PUIFS PXOFST CFIBWJPVS %FÜOJOH JO XIJDI PSEFS UIF EJòFSFOU BHFOUT BSF HPJOH UP BDU JT BO JNQPSUBOU BTQFDU BU which moment the decisions are made will CF EFÜOFE (SPVQ TDFOBSJP iøPPET BT B TPVSDF PG EJTSVQUJPOw )PX UIF øPPET BòFDU PXOFST BDUJWJUJFT JT NPEFMMFE 5IF RVFTUJPO BCPVU PXOFST CFIBWJPVS XIFO GBDFE XJUI UIF SJTL of flooding is raised. The trainees are divided into four groups with the support of a trainer. Practical work is constructed following two distinct stages: an analytical and reflective phase concerning the scenario with a first feedback discussed (synthetic approach by identifying how to integrate the data into the existing models; the computer is not used); after validation of each approach by the whole workshop there is a phase of technical implementation on the GAMA programme. A methodological briefing is proposed about these two stages of the work.
Group 1 8IJDI NPEJĂśDBUJPOT OFFE UP CF NBEF UP UIJT model? 'JSTU XF BSF HPJOH UP BEE UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJD “salt waterâ€? to the unit of clean and polluted XBUFS BOE UIFO XF TIBMM NPEFM UIF JOUSVTJPO of salt water in the modelled hydrological network by using the sea as a starting point (see next diagram). A new activity based on the growing of TBMU SFTJTUBOU SJDF XJMM CF EFĂśOFE 'JOBMMZ UIF DBUDINFOU BSFB T BENJOJTUSBUPS NBZ encourage owners to adopt this strategy. The building of a dyke and drainage system JT KVEHFE UP CF UPP DPTUMZ BOE DPNQMFY TP XF PQUFE GPS B QVNQJOH TZTUFN JO UIF ĂśFMET to reduce salt levels. We shall simplify our approach by only taking into account the impact of salt water on agriculture. 5IF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO TUBHFT JO UIF NPEFM BSF "EEJOH PG TBMU XBUFS JO UIF OPEFT UIF DMPTFS UIF IZESPMPHJDBM OFUXPSL UP UIF TFB UIF higher the salt levels; - Our hypothesis is that salt content does not DIBOHF GSPN POF OPEF UP BOPUIFS GSPN BO JOJUJBM WBMVF PG XF FTUJNBUF UIF DMPTFTU OPEF XJMM CF UIFO FUD - Introduction of a new type of salt-resistant rice; - Two scenarios appear depending on the TBMU XBUFS BDDFQUBCJMJUZ UISFTIPME JG UIF UISFTIPME JT IJHIFS UIBO POF GBSNFST DBO continue traditional cropping by pumping salt-free water; if the level is beyond UIF UISFTIPME BOPUIFS BDUJWJUZ XJMM CF envisaged;
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Diagram 37 Salt Water Intrusion
Sources: Trainees’ construction.
5IF DBUDINFOU BSFB T BENJOJTUSBUPS may grant a bonus to owners who have NPEJÜFE UIFJS DSPQQJOH TZTUFNT Nguyᝅn Ng�c Minh How do you intend to pump water to dilute salt levels? On which source are you basing yourselves? Group 1 8F IBWF EFÜOFE UXP UFDIOJDBM NFBOT GPS GSFTI XBUFS EJHHJOH PG XFMMT GPS HSPVOEXBUFS and adding chemical products to lower salt levels. Nguyᝅn Tân Dan #FDBVTF PG TBMU XBUFS JOUSVTJPO UIF groundwater will be contaminated; the introduction of chemical products comes at a cost. Have you integrated these two aspects? 'JOBMMZ JU TFFNT JNQPSUBOU UP NF UP SFNBJO JO UPVDI XJUI SFBMJUZ JO UIF .FLPOH %FMUB OP variety of rice is salt-resistant.
[Arnaud Grignard] $FSUBJO WBSJFUJFT PG SJDF BSF CFJOH EFWFMPQFE even though we must evidently take into account the economic dimension. Another BHFOU NJHIU CF JOUSPEVDFE UIF QVNQJOH PG salt water for prawn farms. [Alexis Drogoul] :PVS UXP QPTJUJPOT JMMVTUSBUF JO B DFSUBJO XBZ the debates that have been going on since JO DPNQVUFS NPEFMMJOH JT JU OFDFTTBSZ to be as realistic as possible or can we TJNQMJGZ SFBMJUZ UP UIF CFOFĂśU PG JOEVDUJPO BOE reflection? Everyone would like to have realist NPEFMT CVU XF NVTU SFNBJO BXBSF UIBU UIF computer tool has its limits; the answers supplied by the platform lead us into an abstract world.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Group 2
Diagram 38 Owner’s Freedom To Not Pay Taxes (1)
Sources: Trainees’ construction.
Diagram 39 Owner’s Freedom To Not Pay Taxes (2)
Sources: Trainees’ construction.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
Our module is a support tool for the decisionNBLJOH PG UIF DBUDINFOU BSFB T NBOBHFS 5IFอ NPEFM JT CBTFE VQPO PXOFST BUUJUVEFT Which policies does the administrator implement? What are the attributes of the water police? 'JSTUMZ XF JEFOUJGZ QPMMVUJPO MFWFMT BOE EJรฒFSFOU MFWFMT PG UBY UP CF QBJE EFQFOEJOH PO QPMMVUJPO DBVTFE CZ BDUJWJUJFT /FYU JU JT OFDFTTBSZ UP EFรถOF NFBTVSFT JO UIF DBTF where the payment of this tax is refused.
Group 2 The criterion determining the payment or non-payment of the tax is the pollution level. 5IF IJHIFS UIF MFWFM PG QPMMVUJPO UIF MFTT UIF activity owners will be inclined to pay the tax. [Alexis Drogoul] Do you envisage simplifying the model? Do you wish to represent everything in the BENJOJTUSBUPS T CFIBWJPVS Group 2
Each owner must have a bank account containing an amount of money higher than the tax to be paid.
The diagram presented gives us a glimpse PG UIF QSPCMFNBUJD JU XJMM CF TJNQMJรถFE XIFO implemented.
[Patrick Taillandier]
[Alexis Drogoul]
%P BMM UIF PXOFST CFIBWF JO UIF TBNF XBZ particularly regarding the tax payment? Which factors determine whether they pay the tax or not?
" MPU PG UIJOHT BSF OPU TQFDJรถFE BOE BSF HPJOH UP CF EJรณDVMU UP NPEFM VOMFTT XF PQU GPS TJNQMJTUJD IZQPUIFTFT "U UIF TBNF UJNF ZPV appear to have a clear idea of what you are EPJOH * UIJOL UIJT NPEFMT รถUT XFMM XJUI XIBU has been discussed during the week.
Diagram 40 Give to Owners a Social Behaviour (Observation and Imitation of Neighbours)
Sources: Traineesโ construction.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
Group 3
Group 3
What happens if the activity is in a state of disruption?
We worked on the technical stages for the JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG ("." 8F BSF OPU HPJOH to introduce new information. On the other IBOE OFX BHFOUT BSF HPJOH UP CF EFĂśOFE Who are the neighbours? What needs to be implemented by the owners?
8IFO GBDFE XJUI B EJTSVQUFE TJUVBUJPO UIF owner observes his neighbours actions before making a decision. Two types of OFJHICPVSIPPE BSF DPOTJEFSFE VQTUSFBN and downstream. Why is the activity disrupted? 'PVS UZQFT PG JOGPSNBUJPO BSF FYBNJOFE )BT the owner paid his taxes? Does he receive help from the administrator? Has he got enough water for his activities? What is the nature of these activities? 5IF GPMMPXJOH RVFTUJPOT BSF BTLFE BCPVU UIF OFJHICPVSIPPE 8IBU JT UIF OBUVSF PG the activities? Are the activities disrupted? If TP UIF FOWJTBHFE TDFOBSJPT BSF UIF BDUJWJUZ JT SFQBJSFE UIF BDUJWJUZ JT NPEJĂśFE o JT UIF activity then more lucrative? In order to make the decision to repair or DIBOHF BO BDUJWJUZ UIF PXOFS CBTFT IJT EFDJTJPO PO IJT OFJHICPVST TJUVBUJPOT BOE DIPPTFT GSPN UIF UISFF GPMMPXJOH DSJUFSJB - Comparison of income generated by activity; - Pollution from the activity; - Financial capacity in case of change in activity. DĆ°ĆĄng HĂ´ng HuĂŞ 8IJDI BHFOUT XJMM CF DSFBUFE PS NPEJĂśFE JO PSEFS UP BUUBJO UIFTF PCKFDUJWFT
Group 4 0VS RVFTUJPOT DPODFSO UISFF EJTUJODU QPJOUT )PX DBO XF EFÜOF UIF JNQBDU PG øPPEJOH What measures can be taken to combat øPPEJOH 8IP JT ÜOBODJOH UIFTF NFBTVSFT 8F IBWF EFÜOFE UXP SBUFT PG JODPNF MPTT o BOE 6QTUSFBN BDUJWJUJFT TVòFS more damage than downstream ones. The rates of income loss for each activity owner are determined according to water flow. The choice of adaptation measures depends PO UIF UZQF PG BDUJWJUZ GPS JOEVTUSJFT UIBU BSF EJóDVMU UP SFMPDBUF EZLFT BSF CVJMU BHSJDVMUVSBM BDUJWJUJFT NBZ BMTP CF NPEJÜFE o B DIBOHF UP BRVBDVMUVSF GPS FYBNQMF
Methodological Briefing (1) [Alexis Drogoul] These presentations are extremely interesting because they are situated between two XPSMET UIF SFBM POF BOE UIBU PG NPEFMMJOH Many constraints from the real world have been proposed even though they were not included in the suggested scenarios – for FYBNQMF UIF DPTU PG UIF CVJMEJOH PG B EZLF PS the relocation of a factory. :PVS IZQPUIFTFT JEFOUJGZ GPVS WFSZ EJòFSFOU ways of approaching modelling. This is explained by the diversity of the proposed
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
TDFOBSJPT BOE UIF QSPรถMFT PG UIF HSPVQ NFNCFST * IBWF DMBTTJรถFE UIF GPVS HSPVQT (SPVQ IBT BEPQUFE B WFSZ PQFSBUJPOBM approach. It is a presentation of modelling UIBU JT TQFDJรถD UP ("." BOE SFTQFDUT UIF constraints of the tool. The implementation JT BMNPTU DPNQMFUF XF BSF JO UIF UPPM UIF NPEFM T IZQPUIFTFT BSF TP GBS GSPN SFBMJUZ that they give rise to debate; (SPVQ IBT BEPQUFE BO FTTFOUJBMMZ descriptive method. Hypotheses that must have been there are reflected but are not presented. Theirs is a rather normative EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF TZTUFN T GVODUJPOJOH UIBU does not necessarily connect up with the operational constraints of the simulator; 5IF QSFTFOUBUJPO PG (SPVQ JT IZQPUIFUJDBM BOE IJOHFT PO RVFTUJPOT 5IF MJOL XJUI UIF NPEFM T JNQMFNFOUBUJPO JT PVUMJOFE 8IBU JT CSPVHIU UP UIF GPSF JT UIF RVFTUJPOJOH without necessarily bringing any answers. The method consists more in asking RVFTUJPOT BCPVU XIBU POF XJTIFT UP NPEFM UIBO JO EFรถOJOH UFDIOJDBM TPMVUJPOT UIBU may be implemented in the programme; (SPVQ T NFUIPE DPSSFTQPOET UP B NPEFMMFST POF 5IFSF JT B EFTDSJQUJPO PG UIF NPEFM UIBU JT OPU UIBU PG UIF SFBM TZTUFN which is based on the preceding model XJUIPVU NBLJOH BOZ TQFDJรถD SFGFSFODF UP ("." *U JT BO FTTFOUJBMMZ DPODFQUVBM NPEFM that might have been produced in any other computer tool. (SPVQT BOE CBTF UIFJS NPEFM PO B hypothetical method by bringing reality into RVFTUJPO UIF UXP PUIFS HSPVQT TMJQQFE JOUP the world of the model. 'SPN UIFTF GPVS HSPVQT XF BSF MVDLZ UP IBWF GPVS EJรฒFSFOU XBZT PG DPODFJWJOH NPEFMMJOH GPS B TDJFOUJรถD BQQSPBDI UIBU รธVDUVBUFT
between the constraints of reality and those of the computer tool. I have no worries about your modelling BCJMJUJFT BT UIF HSPVQT XIJDI IBWF HPOF UIF furthest in the implementation are raising RVFTUJPOT BCPVU UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ XJUI SFBMJUZ whereas the groups nearest to reality have better elaborated hypotheses and will thus IBWF MFTT EJรณDVMUZ JNQMFNFOUJOH UIFN
Day 5, Friday 20th July Implementation work of groups in GAMA
Methodological Briefing (2) [Alexis Drogoul] :FTUFSEBZ (SPVQ HBWF B WFSZ PQFSBUJPOBM QSFTFOUBUJPO MJOLFE UP ("." 8IJMF SFNBJOJOH PQFSBUJPOBM UIF QSFTFOUBUJPO XBT NPSF EFTDSJQUJWF NBLJOH QBSUJDVMBS use of realist data from the geographical JOGPSNBUJPO รถMF (SPVQ XBT WFSZ EFTDSJQUJWF BMNPTU normative. The presentation highlighted the functioning of the system with numerous command lines. The diagram used to represent the conceptual solution at the PVUTFU TFSWFE BT B TVQQPSU UP TVCTFRVFOUMZ FYQMBJO UIF NPEFM T GVODUJPOJOH These two groups started from two distinct QPJOUT CVU IBWF BSSJWFE BU B EJTDPVSTF UIBU describes the model and shows how it was JNQMFNFOUFE JO ("." 5IF QSFTFOUBUJPO PG (SPVQ XBT CBTFE PO RVFTUJPOJOH UIBU XBT WFSZ OFBS UP SFBMJUZ CVU GBS GSPN UIF NPEFM 5PEBZ UIF RVFTUJPOT
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
IBWF CFFO EFMFUFE IZQPUIFTFT IBWF CFFO NBEF BOE MJOFT PG DPEF EFTDSJCF UIF XPSME VTJOH SFMBUJWFMZ BEWBODFE UFDIOJRVFT compared to what we learned this week. The group moved from the real to the virtual world; 5IF QSFTFOUBUJPO PG (SPVQ XBT BCPWF BMM conceptual in the modelling domain but without references to any implementation. -JLF UIF PUIFS HSPVQT UIFZ öOJTIFE XJUI B descriptive presentation. The extension is UXPGPME PQFSBUJPOBM BOE SFBMJTU BT POMZ UIJT HSPVQ SFGFSSFE UP UIF SFBMJUJFT TQFDJöD UP UIF .FLPOH BOE UP UIF CFIBWJPVS PG UIF EFMUB T inhabitants.
Selected Bibliography 5"*--"/%*&3 1 % " 70 & ".063069 " %30(06- i("." " 4JNVMBUJPO 1MBUGPSN UIBU *OUFHSBUFT (FPHSBQIJDBM *OGPSNBUJPO %BUB "HFOU #BTFE .PEFMJOH BOE .VMUJ 4DBMF $POUSPMw JO 1SJODJQMFT BOE 1SBDUJDF PG .VMUJ "HFOU 4ZTUFNT QQ -FDUVSF /PUFT JO "SUJöDJBM *OUFMMJHFODF Springer-Verlag. 53&6*- + 1 " %30(06- + % ;6$,&3 .PEÏMJTBUJPO FU TJNVMBUJPO Ë CBTF E BHFOUT FYFNQMFT DPNNFOUÏT PVUJMT JOGPSNBUJRVFT FU RVFTUJPOT UIÏPSJRVFT FET %VOPE 1BSJT Q
'JOBMMZ JO B WFSZ TIPSU UJNF XF IBWF IFSF four comparable discourses in terms of representation and abstraction relating UP UIF̓ XPSME BOE JNQMFNFOUBUJPO :PV BMM converged and the models are described as TNBMM DMPTFE XPSMET 5IFSF BSF TPNF SFGFSFODFT UP UIF SFBM XPSME but the discourse essentially concerns the NPEFM JU JT B NBUUFS PG BHFOUT FOWJSPONFOU and interactions. In spite of the virtual EJNFOTJPO ZPV IBWF B EJTDPVSTF PG SFBMJTU JOUFSQSFUBUJPO QSPKFDUJOH PO UP UIF NPEFMT properties of the real world – versus the SFBMJTN̓ PG NFBTVSFT UP öHIU BHBJOTU TBMU NFDIBOJTNT PG QPMJDF DPOUSPM FUD 5IF PCKFDUJWFT PG UIJT FYFSDJTF IBWF CFFO BTTJNJMBUFE UIF NPEFM JT VTFE BT BO FMFNFOU on which a description or representation of what we should like to see in the world is based.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
List of trainees Surname and first name
Institution
Field
Chu Thị Vân Anh
Vĩnh Phúc School Of Higher Education
Anthropology
Dương Hiền Hạnh Dương Hồng Huệ
Lê Văn Tình Nguyễn Hùng Mạnh Nguyễn Ngọc Minh
University of Thủ Dầu Một University of the Environment and Resources, Hồ Chí Minh City University of the Environment and Resources, Hồ Chí Minh City Lào Cai services for sports, tourism and culture Polytechnic School of Hồ Chí Minh City
Southern Institute of Sustainable Development Nguyễn Thị University of Sài Tuyết Nam Gòn University of the Phạm Thị Diễm Environment and Phương Resources, Hồ Chí Minh City University of Human Phạm Thị Thuỳ and Social Sciences, Trang Hồ Chí Minh City
Nguyễn Tấn Dân
Phan Đình Phước Quách Đồng Thắng Quách Thị Thu Cúc Roeungdeth Chanreasmey
Anthropology Environmental modelling
Research theme
Local knowledge of the Tày in the use and protection vananh_dth@yahoo. of natural resources in the com.vn district of Ba Bể, Bắc Kạn duonghien1972@ Immigration policies yahoo.com Quality of the environment in environmental duong2111@yahoo. management and sociocom economic development
Cartography, geography, natural catastrophes
Application of teledetection and GIS for flood management in Hà Nội
letinh301@yahoo. com
Development anthropology
Urbanisation in Nghĩa Đô, province of Lào Cai
manhnguyenvn@ gmail.com
Mathematical modelling of the aquatic environment
Hydrology, water quality and hydrography
ngocminh@hcmut. edu.vn
Environment
Use and protection of environmental resources
tandan1974@yahoo. com
Environment
Water and the environment
tuyetnam85@gmail. com
Environmental management
Risk analysis, observation, and management; phuongpham1910@ evaluation of environmental yahoo.com impacts Pollution and water resources management
Sociology
GIS Community development Water resources
phamthuytrang1810 @gmail.com
Management of infrastructures: fresh dinhphuoc_ds@ water supply and sewage yahoo.com.vn treatment Design and development quachdongthang@ of GIS, infrastructures yahoo.com management Aquatic environment and quachthucuc@gmail. population subsistence com along canals (Cần Thơ)
Institute of Research and Development, Urban management Hồ Chí Minh City Service of Sciences and Technology, Hồ Chí Minh City Southern Institute of Sustainable Development Cambodia Institute of Technology
Hydropedology, Tank model reasmey@itc.edu.kh
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Surname and first name Trần Thanh Hồng Lan Trương Chi Quang Võ Quốc Thành
Institution Centre for the Improvement of Living Conditions University of Cần Thơ University of Cần Thơ
Field
Research theme
Sociology
Urban planning and urbanisation
lantran2@gmail.com
GIS Management of water sources
Agent-based modelling of land dynamics Applied hydrological modelling
tcquang@ctu.edu.vn vqthanh07@gmail. com
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
#JPHSBQIJFT of Teachers
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
$BUIFSJOF #"30/ Email: $BUIFSJOF CBSPO!VOJW UMTFM GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS 2VBMJÜFE GPS UIF QPTU PG VOJWFSTJUZ QSPGFTTPS JO UIF th section of development of public space and urban planning. "DDSFEJUBUJPO UP TVQFSWJTF SFTFBSDI (habilitation à diriger des recherches, HDR), 6OJWFSTJUZ PG #PSEFBVY 5IFTJT JO &DPOPNJD 4DJFODFT 6OJWFSTJUZ PG #PSEFBVY "ZEBMPU 1SJ[F QSJ[F GPS B UIFTJT JO regional and urban economy attributed by the Association de science rÊgionale de la langue française.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING I have been a university professor of the development of public space and urban QMBOOJOH TJODF BOE IBWF CFFO UFBDIJOH TJODF NPTUMZ BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5PVMPVTF MF .JSBJM JO UIF EFQBSUNFOU PG &DPOPNZ BOE .BOBHFNFOU 'VSUIFSNPSF I teach at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques (IEP) in Toulouse where I am responsible GPS UIF DP EJSFDUJPO PG UIF .BTUFS T DPVSTF “International Cooperation and Economic Development�.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH .Z SFTFBSDI TVCKFDU JT BCPVU BDDFTT UP CBTJD services (particularly water and sanitation) JO EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT JO UPXOT CVU BMTP
JO TFNJ VSCBO [POFT PS JO UIF DPVOUSZTJEF The method I favour falls within the framework of institutionalist economics and analyses in terms of local governance. My current research into this theme is TUSVDUVSFE BSPVOE UISFF SFTFBSDI QSPKFDUT "O "/3 Les Suds, which I coordinate and XIJDI JT FOUJUMFE i" 'SBHNFOUFE 1VCMJD Policy. Production and institutionalisation of public policy in the water and real FTUBUF TFDUPST #FOJO #VSLJOB 'BTP BOE /JHFSw "11* *U JT CBTFE VQPO DPMMBCPSBUJPO XJUI QPMJUJDBM BOBMZTUT development anthropologists and TPDJPMPHJTUT QBSUJDVMBSMZ UIF -BTEFM /JHFS BOE #FOJO UIF $JUJ[FOTIJQT -BCPSBUPSZ #VSLJOB 'BTP UIF -". *&1 #PSEFBVY UIF *)&"% (FOFWB BOE UIF 6.3 1BSJT 5IF "/3 "11* QSPQPTFT UP BOBMZTF UIF construction process of multi-actor public QPMJDZ JO 8FTU "GSJDBO DPVOUSJFT TVCKFDU UP JODFOUJWF TDIFNFT UISPVHI UIF TUVEZ PG UXP QBSUJDVMBS TFDUPST MBOE BOE ESJOLJOH water. In order to document this process BOE BOBMZTF UIF GBDUPST UIBU MFBE PS OPU UP UIF JOTUJUVUJPOBMJTJOH PG QVCMJD QPMJDZ UIF ÜFME TUVEJFT FYBNJOF UISFF DPVOUSJFT #FOJO #VSLJOB 'BTP BOE /JHFS "O FNQJSJDBM BOE constructivist perspective and community comparative studies are the favoured methods. " $BOBEJBO SFTFBSDI QSPKFDU $34) (Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada- UniversitÊ d’Ottawa, 2011-2013). 5IJT QSPKFDU XBT TFU VQ JO QBSUOFSTIJQ XJUI 4 1BRVFSPU EJSFDUPS *U JT DPODFSOFE XJUI i8BUFS NBOBHFNFOU IPX UP SFDPODJMF
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
human rights with economic stakes�. Part of UIF QSPKFDU BJNT BU BOBMZTJOH UIF DPNQMFY SPMF PG /PO (PWFSONFOUBM 0SHBOJTBUJPOT JO UIF #VSLJOB 'BTP XBUFS TFDUPS BOE TUVEZJOH the participative processes they convey in their discourse and practices. Another more theoretical part addresses the problematic of rights to water. "OPUIFS SFTFBSDI QSPKFDU UIBU * DPPSEJOBUF BOE XIJDI JT ÜOBODFE CZ UIF "'% JT FOUJUMFE i*NQSPWJOH DPOEJUJPOT PG BDDFTT UP XBUFS BOE TBOJUBUJPO BOE QPWFSUZ and vulnerability reduction in the poorer
OFJHICPVSIPPET PG /JBNFZ 0VHBEPVHPVw 5IJT QSPKFDU JT DPODFSOFE XJUI UIF analysis of the modes of access to water and sanitation in the neighbourhoods referred to as “poorâ€? in African capitals 0VBHBEPVHPV JO #VSLJOB 'BTP BOE /JBNFZ JO /JHFS 5IF DPNQMFY MJOLT CFUXFFO UIF ĂśHIU BHBJOTU QPWFSUZ BOE BDDFTT UP CBTJD TFSWJDFT BSF TUVEJFE QBSUJDVMBSMZ CZ VTJOH household surveys and interviews with the JOTUJUVUJPOBM BDUPST QSJWBUF PQFSBUPST BOE /(0T
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
+FBO 1JFSSF #&63*&3 - Protection of the maritime environment. - Protection of the underwater historical heritage. -FHBM SJHIUT GPS QSPGFTTJPOBM IZQFSCBSJD diving.
Email: KQ CFVSJFS!VOJW OBOUFT GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS 1SPGFTTPS &NJSJUVT PG -BX 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SPGFTTPS PG -BX -FDUVSFS PG -BX
Awards
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING * BN DVSSFOUMZ DBSSZJOH PVU SFTFBSDI JOUP - The domains of legal systems for maritime TQBDF JUT FYQMPJUBUJPO BOE QSPUFDUJPO 4UBUF DPNQFUFODFT JO EJòFSFOU NBSJUJNF spaces. - Systems of exploitation of living and nonliving natural resources.
Officier des Palmes AcadĂŠmiques, Chevalier du MĂŠrite Maritime, Permanent guest of the AcadĂŠmie de Marine.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
"ZNFSJD #-"/$ Email: CMBODB!BGE GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS &DPMF /BUJPOBMF EFT 1POUT FU ChaussĂŠes. &DPMF 1PMZUFDIOJRVF
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 1SPKFDU NBOBHFS GPS UIF XBUFS BOE ESBJOBHF EJWJTJPO %FQBSUNFOU PG 4VTUBJOBCMF %FWFMPQNFOU BU UIF "'%
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH 'PS ĂśWF ZFBST * NBOBHFE B work programme about Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructures in the Research and Development Department at the AFD. The research programme attempted to assess the results of two decades of PPPs in Developing Countries (DCs) by studying the delegated NBOBHFNFOU DPOUSBDUT FYBNJOJOH particularly their economic dimension
(What is the optimal outline for the provision of services given the macro-economic DPOTUSBJOUT PG B DPVOUSZ UIFJS DPOUSBDUVBM dimension (What incentives should CF GPSFTFFO QBSUJDVMBSMZ GPS UIF UBLJOH charge of poor populations by the private TFDUPS UIFJS JOTUJUVUJPOBM EJNFOTJPO (Which regulation should be implemented UP FOTVSF BO FRVBM EJTUSJCVUJPO PG UIF resources generated by productivity HBJOT BOE UIFJS QBSUJDJQBUJWF EJNFOTJPO (How can we ensure the adhesion of civil society to these reforms?). It also transpired that a socio-political analysis was necessary to understand the reality of PPPs in so much as the latter are an integral part of political HBNFT QPXFS TUSVHHMFT BOE QSBDUJDFT PG QPMJUJDBM PS FDPOPNJD EPNJOBUJPO JO UIF same way as they indubitably embrace a societal dimension which goes beyond the TJNQMF RVFTUJPO PG BDDFTT UFDIOJDBM BOE FDPOPNJD UP CBTJD TFSWJDFT UIVT SBJTJOH CJH RVFTUJPOT BCPVU UIF TFOTF PG QVCMJD policies.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
1BTDBM #063%&"69 Email: QBTDBM CPVSEFBVY!HTSM DOST GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS 1I % JO IJTUPSZ VOEFS UIF HVJEBODF PG /HVZĚŽO 5IĚ‹ "OI Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes &1)& %FQBSUNFOU PG )JTUPSJDBM BOE 1IJMPMPHJDBM 4UVEJFT VOBOJNPVTMZ IJHIMZ DPNNFOEFE CZ UIF KVSZ 1BSJT 4PSCPOOF
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING -FDUVSFS BU UIF &1)& %FQBSUNFOU PG 3FMJHJPVT 4DJFODFT TJODF 4FQUFNCFS
5FBDIJOH EJTQFOTFE -FTTPOT GPS .BTUFS T i*OJUJBUJPO UP UIF SFMJHJPOT̓ PG 4PVUIFBTU "TJB BO epistemological and historiographical approach�; 4FNJOBS i3FMJHJPOT PG 4PVUIFBTU "TJBw socio-historical approaches to the new religious movements; introduction to the history connected to Protestantism JO 4PVUIFBTU "TJB th o CFHJOOJOH th centuries).
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH 5IF ĂśSTU SFTFBSDI XPSL CZ 1BTDBM #PVSEFBVY̓ DPODFSOFE UIF IJTUPSZ PG )Ă›B )BP #VEEIJTN BO FYQSFTTJPO PG religious modernity and of culture in UIF 4PVUI PG 7JĚ?U /BN .Z ĂśFME TUVEJFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ JO UIF ,JĂ?O (JBOH QSPWJODF aimed to analyse contemporary social BOE DVMUVSBM TQFDJĂśDJUJFT QPQVMBS CFMJFGT #VEEIJTU SFOPWBUJPO TPDJBM TUSVDUVSFT MPDBM traditions) in the Mekong Delta in order
to understand on the one hand what the “fluvial civilisationâ€? (văn minh sĂ´ng nĆ°áť›c) EFTDSJCFE CZ 4PO /BN SFBMMZ JT BOE PO UIF PUIFS IBOE IPX UIF MBUUFS ĂśUT JOUP o JO UIF continuum of colonial and post-colonial TJUVBUJPOT o UIF GSBNFXPSL PG UIF /BUJPO A research mission to Cambodia allowed me to study colonial period sources /BUJPOBM "SDIJWFT PG $BNCPEJB XIJDI proved useful for the cultural history study PG 4PVUI 7JĚ?U /BN 5P DPNQMFNFOU NZ QFSTPOBM SFTFBSDI * participated in the “Valeaseâ€? (Valorisation of UIF 8SJUUFO 8PSE JO 4PVUIFBTU "TJB QSPKFDU JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ )Ă‹ /Ě˜J BOE 1IOPN Penh. I especially assisted in the elaboration and coordination of the FSP cooperation QSPKFDU i3FMJHJPVT .PEFSOJUZ BOE 3FOFXBM UIF SFDPOĂśHVSBUJPO PG #VEEIJTU BOE $ISJTUJBO MBOETDBQFT JO 7JĚ?U /BN w &1)& *OTUJUVUF PG 3FTFBSDI JOUP 3FMJHJPOT 7"44 .Z UFBDIJOH BOE SFTFBSDI QSPKFDU XIJDI * CFHBO JO BHBJO QMBDFE UIF TUVEZ PG Vietnamese religious phenomena in the sphere of “religions of Southeast Asiaâ€?. The DFOUSBM BYJT B TPDJP IJTUPSZ PG DPOUFNQPSBSZ SFMJHJPTJUJFT JT OPX DPODFSOFE XJUI B comparative study of new religious NPWFNFOUT XJUI EJWFSTF XBZT PG FYQMPJUJOH BOE SFHVMBUJOH SFMJHJPVT QSBDUJDF BOE XJUI phenomena of the transnationalisation of religion. 5IF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG B .BTUFS T DPVSTF (“Initiation to the Religions of Southeast "TJB IJTUPSJPHSBQIJDBM BOE FQJTUFNPMPHJDBM approachesâ€?) further incited me to
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
conceive an intellectual and cultural history of “religious sciences” (categories and representations of the religious) in the Indochinese peninsula.
In order to give back to contemporary FWBOHFMJTN B IJTUPSJD EFQUI * BN DVSSFOUMZ devoting myself to a cross-cutting and connected history of Protestantism in Southeast Asia (XIXth - mid-XXth centuries).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
Pierre CARIOU Email: QJFSSF DBSJPV!FVSPNFE NBOBHFNFOU com
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS 1I % JO &DPOPNZ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT ̓ XJUI UIF VOBOJNPVT DPOHSBUVMBUJPOT PG UIF KVSZ FOUFSFE GPS 1I % QSJ[F BOE BXBSEFE XJUI B HSBOU GPS publication.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING "TTPDJBUF UFBDIFS TJODF 4FQUFNCFS BU &VSPNFE .BOBHFNFOU B #VTJOFTT school in Marseilles. Professor at the World .BSJUJNF 6OJWFSTJUZ JO 4XFEFO -FDUVSFS JO &DPOPNZ BU the faculty of Economic Sciences and .BOBHFNFOU JO /BOUFT
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH (FOFSBMMZ TQFBLJOH NZ SFTFBSDI problematic is concerned with maritime BOE QPSU FDPOPNZ 'JSTU PG BMM JO UIF continuation of a thesis about “strategic alliances in the maritime transport on regular shipping servicesâ€? concerning agreements between ship owners and their impact on competition; then my six years as a professor at the World Maritime 6OJWFSTJUZ VOEFS UIF BFHJT PG UIF 8PSME .BSJUJNF 0SHBOJTBUJPO MFE NF UP EFWFMPQ B TQFDJĂśD FYQFSUJTF BCPVU JTTVFT PG NBSJUJNF TFDVSJUZ BOE TBGFUZ QBSUJDVMBSMZ BCPVU UIF JEFOUJĂśDBUJPO PG TVC TUBOEBSE WFTTFMT as well as the analysis of acts of piracy. My latest research work concerns emissions of carbon monoxide linked to maritime USBOTQPSU BDUJWJUZ 'JOBMMZ B MBTU BYJT PG research is the analysis of port systems.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
$ISJTUPQIF $-6;&"6 Email: DMV[FBV DISJTUPQIF!HNBJM DPN
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %JQMPNB GPS QPTU HSBEVBUF TUVEJFT JO economy and management. Centre d’Êtudes supÊrieures en Êconomie et de gestion, Ecole Nationale SupÊrieure du pÊtrole et des moteurs (Institut français du pÊtrole) RueilMalmaison.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING I began my career in Madrid in the petrol TFDUPS &MG "RVJUBJOF BT UIF QFSTPO responsible for economic studies (mergers BOE CVZ PVUT * UIFO KPJOFE UIF (SPVQF -ZPOOBJTF EFT &BVY 46&; JO QPTJUJPOT PG FYQMPJUBUJPO NBOBHFNFOU JO 'SBODF #VFOPT "JSFT BOE 1VFSUP 3JDP *O * KPJOFE -:%&$ B .PSPDDBO enterprise managing the public services of FMFDUSJDJUZ BOE ESJOLJOH XBUFS EJTUSJCVUJPO collection of sewage water and public lighting in Casablanca and its region JOIBCJUBOUT o DPNNVOFT̓ o UVSOPWFS &63 . o FNQMPZFFT as a member of the general management committee and was particularly given the responsibilities of “Contract Manager� BOE %JSFDUPS PG UIF */%) */."& QSPKFDU -ZEFD JT B TVCTJEJBSZ DPNQBOZ PG (%' SUEZ. As “Contract Manager� I created the department of delegated management contracts and was responsible for contract management with the municipal BOE SFHJPOBM BVUIPSJUJFT $PNNVOFT 1SFGFDUVSFT 8JMBZB BOE UIF .JOJTUSZ GPS
)PNF "òBJST BOE UIF NBOBHFNFOU PG TQFDJĂśD DPOUSBDU ĂśMFT TUSBUFHZ JOWFTUNFOUT UBSJòT QVCMJD BVEJUT SFHJPOBM BDDPVOUJOH PĂłDFT BOE UIF ĂśSTU DPOUSBDU SFOFXBM XIJDI MBTUFE UISFF ZFBST BOE XBT UFSNJOBUFE PO th .BZ "T */%) */."& QSPKFDU NBOBHFS * DSFBUFE the department and am in charge of UIF QSPKFDU BDDPSEJOH UP UIF QSPWJTJPOT PG UIF GSBNFXPSL BHSFFNFOU */%) (Initiative Nationale pour le DĂŠveloppement Humain) TJHOFE PO th 4FQUFNCFS XIPTF UBSHFU JT UP ĂśHIU BHBJOTU VOTBGF housing (relocations or staying put with DPOOFDUJPOT UP XBUFS ESBJOT BOE FMFDUSJDJUZ GPS BQQSPYJNBUFMZ ̓ JOIBCJUBOUT JO UIF SFHJPO PG HSFBUFS $BTBCMBODB #FUXFFO BOE * NBOBHFE B UFBN PG whose task was to develop a provisional JOWFTUNFOU QSPHSBNNF PG &63 . * DSFBUFE NBOBHFE BOE EFWFMPQFE EJòFSFOU QBSUOFSTIJQT JO PSEFS UP ĂśOE BOTXFST UP EJòFSFOU RVFTUJPOT SFHBSEJOH UIF governance of operations in the informal [POF BOE UP QSPWJEF UIF ĂśOBODJOH UP NBLF UIFN QPTTJCMF QBSUOFSTIJQT XJUI *%."+ 4","/ B QVCMJD FOUFSQSJTF SFTQPOTJCMF for the eradication of shanty towns in UIF HSFBUFS $BTBCMBODB SFHJPO XJUI UIF Ministry of Housing and Urbanism within the framework of a FSH (housing solidarity fund of the Ministry for Housing and 6SCBOJTN ĂśOBODJOH BHSFFNFOU XJUI UIF .JOJTUSZ GPS )PNF "òBJST XJUI UIF 8PSME #BOL JO UIF GSBNFXPSL PG (10#" (MPCBM 1BSUOFSTIJQ PO 0VUQVU #BTFE "JE XJUI the International Association of French-
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
4QFBLJOH .BZPST BOE /(0T 'VOEBDJPO CEAR). Thanks to the initiative of Claude de .JSBT BO FDPOPNJTU BU UIF *3% BO BHSFFNFOU XBT TJHOFE JO CFUXFFO UIF *3% BOE -:%&$ XJUI B WJFX UP UIF conducting of the capitalisation study GPS UIF */%) */."& QSPKFDU 5IJT TUVEZ IBT UXP FTTFOUJBM PCKFDUJWFT PO UIF POF hand to capitalise by synthesising the PSJHJOBM BQQSPBDI EFWFMPQFE CZ UIF */%) */."& NBOBHFNFOU JO UIF GSBNFXPSL PG UIF */%) BOE PO UIF PUIFS IBOE UP DPOUSJCVUF QBSUJDVMBSMZ CZ UIF BOBMZTJT PG ĂśOBODJOH NPEBMJUJFT BOE DPTU TUSVDUVSFT PG UIF */%) */."& QSPKFDU UP UIF SFTFBSDI QSPKFDU TJHOFE CZ UIF *3% BOE UIF *%%3* 'PVOEBUJPO JO .BZ PO UIF TVCKFDU “Financing the urban services of drainage BOE ESJOLJOH XBUFS JO EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT modalities for the long-term global cost sharing between playersâ€?. The international recognition of the .PSPDDP QSPKFDU CFDBVTF PG UIFJS FYQFSJFODF JO TPDJBM JODMVTJPO 6/ )BCJUBU QSJ[F BOE UIF JOOPWBUJWF QMBO QSPKFDU NBOBHFNFOU BOE NVMUJ QMBZFS HPWFSOBODF JNQMFNFOUFE JO UIF (SFBUFS Casablanca region within the framework PG UIF */%) CFUXFFO UIF *%."+ 4","/
BOE UIF */%) */."& QSPKFDU MFE UP UIF participation of Abderrahmane Ifrassen %JSFDUPS (FOFSBM PG *%."+ 4","/ $ISJTUPQIFS $MV[FBV BOE $MBVEF EF .JSBT JO XPSLTIPQT IFME JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ GSPN th UP th %FDFNCFS XIPTF TVCKFDU XBT i6SCBO JODMVTJPO DSFBUJOH B DJUZ BOE JUT OFUXPSLT (PWFSOBODF BOE ĂśOBODJOH drainage and drinking water servicesâ€?. The organisers of this event were the 1SPWJODF )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ XJUI UIF )*%4 )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ *OTUJUVUF GPS Development Studies). These workshops were the occasion to develop South4PVUI DPPQFSBUJPO CFUXFFO UXP DPVOUSJFT 7JĚ?U̓ /BN BOE .PSPDDP UXP FNFSHJOH contexts with rapid economic and urban HSPXUI XIJDI NVTU DPODJMJBUF VSCBO BOE human development (the force of the urbanisation process and the political response and how it will it be implemented). I am continuing my participation and work developing studies and research linked to the implementation of complex TPDJBM QSPKFDUT UIBU SFRVJSF TQFDJĂśD approaches and methods (multi-player HPWFSOBODF JOGPSNBM TFDUPST DPNNJUNFOU of stakeholders and the respect of particularities).
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Claude de MIRAS Email: DMEFNJSBT!ZBIPP GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS &DPOPNJTU 3FTFBSDI %JSFDUPS *3%
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH I was posted to Morocco in September UP DBSSZ PVU B SFTFBSDI QSPHSBNNF concerning the governance of basic urban TFSWJDFT .Z ĂśSTU XPSL XBT JO DPMMBCPSBUJPO XJUI UIF (FOFSBM %JSFDUPSBUF for local authorities for the Moroccan .JOJTUSZ GPS )PNF "òBJST EFTJHO PG B NVMUJ QMBZFS EJBHOPTUJD PG UIF VSCBO TFDUPS T QVCMJD IZHJFOF BOE TBOJUBUJPO 'SPN UP NZ TFDPOE QSPKFDU JOWPMWFE UIF DBQJUBMJTBUJPO PG UIF */%) */."& 1SPKFDU -ZPOOBJTF EFT &BVY $BTBCMBODB GPS access to water and drainage in the poorer OFJHICPVSIPPET PG (SFBUFS $BTBCMBODB $VSSFOUMZ JO DPMMBCPSBUJPO XJUI UIF /BUJPOBM *OTUJUVUF PG 6SCBO %FWFMPQNFOU JO 3BCBU I am involved in the development of the problematic and analysis for mastering UIF QSPKFDU NBOBHFNFOU PG CBTJD TFSWJDFT in the agglomeration of Casablanca (the 6$-( (0-% 1SPKFDU 4JODF this research has developed within the framework of “Financing urban services for drinking water and sanitation in developing DPVOUSJFT NPEBMJUJFT PG HMPCBM MPOH UFSN cost sharing between playersâ€? supported by the IDDRI. The general research problematic aims to analyse the implementation of urban governance in the domain of urban services
of water and sanitation. Over the past two EFDBEFT UIF OVNCFS PG TUBLFIPMEFST UIF 4UBUF EFWPMWFE BVUIPSJUJFT UFSSJUPSJBM BVUIPSJUJFT QVCMJD BHFODJFT QSJWBUF PQFSBUPST DJWJM TPDJFUZ 111T ÜOBODJBM backers) who participate in urban decisionNBLJOH IBT NVMUJQMJFE 5IF RVFTUJPO PG the coordination and synchronisation PG JOUFS JOTUJUVUJPOBM FóDJFODZ BOE PG the search for the optimisation of this TIBSFE QVCMJD QSPKFDU IBT CFDPNF B DFOUSBM JTTVF *OEFFE USBOTBDUJPO DPTUT and delays generated by a composite NVMUJ QMBZFS NVMUJ TFDUPS BOE NVMUJ MFWFM EFDJTJPO NBLJOH IBWF JODSFBTJOHMZ BòFDUFE UIF SFBM DPTU PG VSCBOJTBUJPO BOE most probably have become a burden on its dynamism and tenability. The analysis of the development conditions of basic VSCBO TFSWJDFT PG XIJDI UIF TPDJBM ÜOBODJBM BOE MBOE JNQSJOU JT DPOTJEFSBCMF MFBET NF UP DPOTJEFS UIBU BT XFMM BT UIF TPDJBM FOWJSPONFOUBM BOE FDPOPNJD UFOBCJMJUZ the institutional tenability today constitutes a bottleneck for the mastering of urban planning for expanding metropolises. #Z DPNQBSJOH UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG VSCBO XBUFS TBOJUBSZ SBJOGBMM BOE FMFDUSJDJUZ QSPKFDUT JU JT QPTTJCMF UP CSFBL EPXO UIF process of the formation of the costs of urbanisation by going beyond the costs PG FRVJQNFOU BOE UIF JOUFSOBM DPTUT PG management announced ex ante. An ex post approach allows us to bring to light the constitutive elements of the total cost of the urbanisation addressed by the networks. Mastering the hidden DPTUT JOEVDFE CZ B QFSGFDUJCMF NVMUJ
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
QMBZFS DPPSEJOBUJPO UPEBZ BQQFBST UP CF B strategic component of the sustainable city. 5IF *%%3* UIF 0&$% UIF 'SFODI "MMJBODF GPS $JUJFT BOE 5FSSJUPSJBM̓%FWFMPQNFOU CitésUnies and local governments testify to the
JNQPSUBODF PG UIF RVFTUJPOT FNFSHJOH from territorial development and to which TDJFOUJöD SFTFBSDI JT SFTQPOEJOH JO B NFUIPEPMPHJDBM BOBMZUJDBM BOE UIFPSFUJDBM manner.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
"MFYJT %30(06Email: BMFYJT ESPHPVM!JSE GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS "DDSFEJUBUJPO UP TVQFSWJTF SFTFBSDI XPSL $PNQVUFS 4DJFODFT 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1BSJT 1I % UIFTJT JO $PNQVUFS 4DJFODFT 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1BSJT
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 3FTFBSDI %JSFDUPS TJODF %FDFNCFS BU UIF *3% "TTPDJBUF 3FTFBSDIFS TJODF BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $หฟO 5Iห 7Jฬ U /BN 1SPGFTTPS PG $PNQVUFS 4DJFODF BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1BSJT -*1 MBCPSBUPSZ $PNQVUFS 4DJFODF -FDUVSFS BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1BSJT -"'03*" -*1 laboratories.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH My general research problematic concerns UIF DPODFQUJPO PG UPPMT PG BSUJรถDJBM intelligence to help with the modelling BOE TJNVMBUJPO PG DPNQMFY TZTUFNT XJUI a great desire to facilitate interdisciplinary work and extract multi-domain crossDVUUJOH DPODFQUT 0O UIFTF HSPVOET * XBT BMSFBEZ QBSUJDJQBUJOH JO JO UIF EFรถOJOH of certain basic concepts of โ agent-based NPEFMMJOHw BOE BU UIF TBNF UJNF XPSLJOH JO parallel on numerous thematic applications
JO FUIPMPHZ IZESPMPHZ HFPHSBQIZ SPBE USBรณD UP NFOUJPO CVU B GFX 'SPN BU the crossroads of the domains of computer TDJFODF FYQFSJNFOUBM FDPOPNZ BOE QBSUJDJQBUJWF DPODFQUJPO * XPSLFE NPSF TQFDJรถDBMMZ PO QBSUJDJQBUJWF TJNVMBUJPO BOE NPEFMMJOH NFUIPET XIJDI BMMPX VT UP involve social players in the conception of models which showed themselves to be particularly adapted to the management of conflicts concerning the users of shared resources; they have been successfully BQQMJFE JO UIF รถFME JO #IVUBO 7Jฬ U /BN 5IBJMBOE BOE .FYJDP *O * CFDBNF UIF designer and one of the principal architects of the modelling and simulation platform ("." IUUQ HBNB QMBUGPSN HPPHMFDPEF DPN XIJDI UP SFDBQJUVMBUF ZFBST PG SFTFBSDI JO UIF EPNBJO BJNT UP QVU BU UIF disposition of non-computer scientists UPPMT PG DPODFQUJPO GPS TQBUJBMMZ FYQMJDJU NVMUJ TDBMF BOE NVMUJ GPSNBMJTN NPEFMT BT well as allow an โ intelligentโ exploration (by simulation and optimisation) of the space PG UIFJS QBSBNFUFST *O QBSBMMFM UIF UIFNBUJD QSPKFDUT JO XIJDI * IBWF CFFO QBSUJDJQBUJOH GPS NPSF UIBO รถWF ZFBST OPX รถSTU JO )ร /ฬ J UIFO BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $หฟO 5Iห JOWPMWF EFDJTJPO TVQQPSU JO UIF QPMJDZ PG รถHIUJOH against environmental catastrophes (the SJTF BOE TBMJOBUJPO PG UIF .FLPOH XBUFST CJPMPHJDBM JOWBTJPOT BWJBO รธV FQJEFNJPMPHZ urban catastrophes).
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
+FBO 1IJMJQQF '0/5&/&--& Email: GPOUFOFMMF!HSFU PSH
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS 1PTU HSBEVBUF EPDUPSBUF JO "HSPOPNZ VOEFS UIF HVJEBODF PG 1 ̓ .BUIJFV 4PDJPMPHJTU BOE 1 %FGPVSOFZ EJSFDUPS "HSPOPNJTU $BUIPMJD 6OJWFSTJUZ PG -PVWBJO MB /FVWF “Agrarian dynamics, irrigation and institutions in the Red River Delta (Viᝇt Nam): a multi-scale analysis of the agricultural management of waterâ€?.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 0QFSBUJPOT %JSFDUPS PG UIF (SPVQF EF 3FDIFSDIF FU E &DIBOHFT 5FDIOPMPHJRVFT (3&5
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH My research problematic concentrates on the agricultural management of water. 5P UBDLMF JU * VTF B TPDJBM NBOBHFNFOU PG water approach. It is a multi-disciplinary approach that combines tools from exact science with tools from human and social TDJFODFT 5IJT BQQSPBDI EFSJWFE GSPN UIF TZTUFNJD BQQSPBDI XIJDI XBT EFWFMPQFE CZ BHSPOPNJTUT EVSJOH UIF T DPOTJEFST XBUFS NBOBHFNFOU BT B DPNQMFY PCKFDU PG SFTFBSDI XIJDI JT BU UIF TBNF UJNF B
IJTUPSJDBMMZ DPOTUJUVUFE HFPHSBQIJDBMMZ MPDBUFE UFDIOJDBM FDPOPNJD BOE TPDJBM GBDU XIPTF BOBMZTJT SFRVJSFT UIF VTF PG DPNQMFNFOUBSZ UPPMT GSPN SVSBM IZESBVMJDT BHSPOPNZ HFPHSBQIZ IJTUPSZ TPDJPMPHZ etc. My academic and professional career has led me to implement and manage research groups for the social management of water JO NBOZ DPVOUSJFT 'SBODF "GSJDB &UIJPQJB BOE 4PVUI "GSJDB BOE "TJB $BNCPEJB .ZBONBS /FQBM 5IBJMBOE BOE 7JĚ?U /BN My most in-depth work was carried out in 7JĚ?U /BN XJUIJO UIF GSBNFXPSL PG UIF 3FE 3JWFS 1SPHSBNNF B DPPQFSBUJPO QSPKFDU MFE JO QBSUOFSTIJQ XJUI UIF 7"44 XIFSF * XBT UFDIOJDBM BTTJTUBOU GPS (3&5 CFUXFFO BOE .Z XPSL DPODFSOFE UIF evolution of the agricultural management of water in the Red River Delta at a pivotal period of economic transition in the Vietnamese countryside. This work resulted JO B EPDUPSBUF JO BHSPOPNZ JO BT XFMM as in numerous publications. 0WFS UIF MBTU ĂśWF ZFBST UIF BNPVOU of research I have been carrying out has greatly diminished owing to the responsibilities I have taken on within the NBOBHFNFOU PG (3&5
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
$MÏNFOU '3&/069 &NBJM DMFNFOU GSFOPVY!ZBIPP GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS 1I % $BOEJEBUF JO &DPOPNJD Sciences. Laboratoire d’étude et de recherche sur l’économie, les politiques et les systèmes sociaux -&3&14 6OJWFSTJUZ $BQJUPMF 5&4$ doctoral school. 4DJFODF PG 5FSSJUPSJFT .BTUFS T Development Economy and Territorial %FWFMPQNFOU 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1JFSSF .FOEFT 'SBODF 61.' &DPOPNZ 4USBUFHZ BOE &OUFSQSJTF &4& (SFOPCMF
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING Doctoral student in economic sciences VOEFS B $*'3& DPOUSBDU -&3&14 (SFU responsible for Water and Sanitation study/ QSPKFDU BU (3&5
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH * XPSLFE BU (3&5 GPS FJHIU ZFBST UISFF PG XIJDI XFSF TQFOU JO 1BSJT BOE öWF JO $BNCPEJB NBOBHJOH BOE NPOJUPSJOH B öFME QSPKFDU &6 6/*$&' 8# ."& "'% FUD JO DPOTVMUBODZ DPPSEJOBUJPO PO CFIBMG PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM öOBODJBM CBDLFST 8# (BUFT 'PVOEBUJPO 841 "'% JO $BNCPEJB BOE -BPT BOE JO 4PVUIFBTU "TJB *OEPOFTJB 7J̏U /BN 1IJMJQQJOFT * BMTP XPSLFE JO .BVSJUBOJB #VSLJOB 'BTP 4FOFHBM )BJUJ BOE 1FSV PO UFDIOJDBM BTTJTUBODF BOE QSPKFDU monitoring missions. As a specialist in the public sector services for the supply of ESJOLJOH XBUFS BOE QSPWJTJPO PG TBOJUBUJPO NZ BSFBT PG FYQFSUJTF JODMVEF
'JOBODJBM BOE JOTUJUVUJPOBM EFTJHO JOTUJUVUJPOBM PSHBOJTBUJPOBM SFHVMBUPSZ studies within the framework of the introduction and participation of the private TFDUPS TUVEJFT JOUP öOBODJBM NPEFMMJOH concerning access to credit and grants; - Market analysis (socio-economic and EFNBOE DPODFQUJPO BOE BOBMZTJT PG TPDJP FDPOPNJD TVSWFZT EFNBOE BOBMZTJT BOE market analysis; .BOBHFNFOU BOE UFDIOJDBM FYQFSUJTF EFöOJUJPO BOE DPODFQUJPO PG JOGSBTUSVDUVSFT management and regulation methods; &WBMVBUJPO BOE QSPHSFTT NPOJUPSJOH realisation of development programme FWBMVBUJPO EFöOJUJPO BOE JNQMFNFOUBUJPO of monitoring and evaluation tools for QSPKFDUT 5SBJOJOH BOE BVEJU UFDIOJDBM DPNNFSDJBM BOE öOBODJBM USBJOJOH PG MPDBM PQFSBUPST BOE JOTUJUVUJPOT UFDIOJDBM BOE öOBODJBM BVEJUT PG drinking water services. 4JODF * IBWF CFFO QSFQBSJOH B EPDUPSBUF JO FDPOPNJD TDJFODFT BU -&3&14 BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5PVMPVTF PO UIF emergence of small private operators in the water sector on the basis of iJOTUJUVUJPOBMJTUw HSJET /PSUI 8JMMJBNTPO Ostrom) and recently on those stemming from works into innovation and FOUSFQSFOFVSTIJQ 4DIVNQFUFS ,OJHIU 5IJT SFTFBSDI QSPCMFNBUJD DPODFSOT - The study of “alternative” forms of DPPSEJOBUJPO GPS UIF öOBODJOH BOE management of drinking water and sanitation; - The influence of the interaction between institutional environment institutions and
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
organisations on social and economic management performances and the regulation of local natural monopolies;
- The role and dynamic of innovation and entrepreneurship in the urban service network sector.
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
#FOPJU ("6%06 Email: CFOPJU HBVEPV!VOJW UJTFM GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %PDUPSBUF UIFTJT JO BSUJĂśDJBM JOUFMMJHFODF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 5PVMPVTF
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING *O BGUFS DPNQMFUJOH UXP QPTU doctorate years at the Institut de la Francophonie pour l’Informatique (IFI) in )Ă‹ /Ě˜J * UPPL VQ B QPTU BT MFDUVSFS JO UIF computer science faculty at the University PG 5PVMPVTF $BQJUPMF I am carrying out my research within the Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse *3*5 JO UIF i4ZTUĂ’NFT .VMUJ Agents CoopĂŠratifsâ€? (SMAC) team.
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH (FOFSBMMZ TQFBLJOH NZ SFTFBSDI XPSL concerns the formal or non-formal NPEFMMJOH PG EJòFSFOU OPUJPOT PDDVSSJOH in human cognition and decision-making QBSUJDVMBSMZ DPOÜEFODF BOE FNPUJPOT and the integration of these models within multi-agent simulations. This research is currently part of two SFTFBSDI QSPKFDUT 5IF .BFMJB QSPKFDU .VMUJ "HFOU GPS &OWJSPONFOUBM /PSNT *NQBDU "TTFTTNFOU TVQQPSUFE CZ UIF 353" 45"& 5IF ."&-*" QSPKFDU DPOTJTUT JO NPEFMMJOH UIF TPDJP environmental impacts of the governance and management norms of renewable natural resources and the environment.
It aims at developing a modelling and simulation platform of the direct/indirect and expected/unexpected impacts of norms on a territory whose resources are CPUI TVCKFDU UP DPNQFUJUJWF DPNQFUJUJPO concurrent exploitation and are dependent on physic-bio-geochemical variations. The preferred domain of application is water NBOBHFNFOU JO UIF "EPVS (BSPOOF CBTJO 5IF "/3 &NP5&4 QSPKFDU &NPUJPOT JO 4PDJBM *OUFSBDUJPO UIFPSZ FYQFSJFODFT MPHJDBM and computerised studies). The aim of the &NP5&4 QSPKFDU JT UP TUVEZ UIF TP DBMMFE TUSBUFHJD FNPUJPOT TVDI BT HVJMU SFNPSTF FOWZ BOHFS BOE NPSBM TBUJTGBDUJPO XIJDI may arise in a strategic interaction context UIBU JT UP TBZ XIFO UIF VUJMJUZ PG BO BHFOU T choice also depends on what other agents are going to decide to do) under the triple QPJOU PG WJFX PG QTZDIPMPHJDBM UIFPSJFT logical formalisation and simulation. The aim is to integrate strategic emotions into UIF CFIBWJPVS PG BHFOUT PO UIF 4PD -BC (simulation platform of organisations based PO UIF GPSNBMJTBUJPO PG $ 4JCFSUJO #MBOD BOE 1 3PHHFSP PG 4PDJPMPHJF EF M "DUJPO Organisee) platform. I am also involved in several other thematic networks supported by the /BUJPOBM /FUXPSL PG $PNQMFY 4ZTUFNT XIPTF OFUXPSLT BSF 4JN5PPMT /FUXPSL MAPS (Multi-agent modelling applied to spatialised phenomena) and METISSE (Methods and Theories for an Engineering of Socio-Environmental Systems). 'JOBMMZ * am participating in the development of the ("." QMBUGPSN GPS NVMUJ BHFOU NPEFMMJOH and simulation.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
$ISJTUPQIF (*30/%& SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
Email: DISJTUPQIF HJSPOEF!HSBEVBUFJOTUJUVUF DI
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %PDUPSBUF JO %FWFMPQNFOU 4UVEJFT (SBEVBUF *OTUJUVUF PG %FWFMPQNFOU 4UVEJFT *6&% 6OJWFSTJUZ PG (FOFWB UIFTJT entitled “Rehabilitation and Transformation PG 'BNJMZ &DPOPNZ JO /PSUI 7JĚ?U /BN - Village Activity Systems and Relation /FUXPSLT JO UIF 3FE 3JWFS %FMUBw
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING Responsible for teaching and research at UIF *6&% (FOFWB
My research has essentially focused on the processes of transformation of rural economies and societies. It concerns the ĂśFME PG QPMJUJDBM FDPOPNZ BOE JT CBTFE PO ĂśFME SFTFBSDI BNPOH DPNNVOJUJFT BOE representatives of local authorities. .Z XPSL DPODFOUSBUFT PO 7JĚ?U /BN based on doctoral research conducted BU UIF FOE PG UIF T * UPPL B QBSUJDVMBS interest in the evolution of the productive BDUJWJUZ TZTUFN PG DPNNVOJUJFT JO TPDJBM EJòFSFOUJBUJPOT JO UIF QSPDFTT PG institutional transition toward a so-called market economy and in the role of local authorities in these transformations. .PSF SFDFOUMZ * IBE UIF PQQPSUVOJUZ UP XPSL BT B DPOTVMUBOU PO UIF RVFTUJPOT PG DPNNVOJUZ QBSUJDJQBUJPO JO UIF EFĂśOJUJPO and implementation of anti-poverty QSPHSBNT JO 7JĚ?U /BN BOE JO .BMJ
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
"SOBVE (3*(/"3% Email: BHSJHOBSE!HNBJM DPN
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %JQMPNB JO &MFDUSPOJD &OHJOFFSJOH Telecommunications and Computer 4DJFODF &4$1& -ZPOT (Ecole SupĂŠrieure de Chimie Physique Electronique). 1SFQBSBUPSZ DMBTTFT UP FOUFS BO FOHJOFFSJOH TDIPPM $1& -ZPOT "EWBODFE and Specialised Mathematics (Maths SupMaths SpĂŠ)
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 'PS UXP ZFBST * XPSLFE XJUIJO UIF 3IÙOF Alpins Institute of Complex Systems as B SFTFBSDI FOHJOFFS BU UIF &/4 -ZPOT I participated in the development of a modelling and simulation platform and more particularly in the visualisation and
graphic edition of complex systems. This platform was used on an epidemiological NPEFM XJUIJO B &VSPQFBO '1 %ZOBOFUT QSPKFDU 8F TUVEJFE UIF EZOBNJD PG NVMUJ scale networks by concentrating on the propagation of a virus on a human scale (i.e. within a city) then on an urban scale (i.e. CFUXFFO EJòFSFOU DJUJFT * BN DVSSFOUMZ JO UIF ĂśSTU ZFBS PG NZ doctorate in an international doctorate programme organised by the University 1BSJT JO UIF 6..*4$0 MBCPSBUPSZ This thesis is directed by Alexis Drougoul BOE JT JO DP TVQFSWJTJPO XJUI 7JĚ?U /BN The thesis aims to study and produce new visualisation tools that will allow the representation and interpretation of a multi-agent system. These new tools are being developed thanks to real data BDRVJSFE CZ EJòFSFOU UFBNT BUUBDIFE UP the IRD.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
1BUSJDF (6*--053&"6 Email: 1BUSJDF HVJMMPUSFBV!VOJW OBOUFT GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS "DDSFEJUBUJPO UP TVQFSWJTF SFTFBSDI 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT 1PTU EPDUPSBUF TUVEJFT BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1PSUTNPVUI 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN CEMARE (Centre for the Economics and .BOBHFNFOU PG "RVBUJD 3FTPVSDFT %PDUPSBUF UIFTJT JO &DPOPNJD 4DJFODFT 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 3FOOFT
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 4JODF 4FQUFNCFS VOJWFSTJUZ MFDUVSFS accredited to be a senior research supervisor JO FDPOPNJDT $/6 BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT 3FTFBSDIFS BU UIF -BCPSBUPSZ PG &DPOPNZ BOE .BOBHFNFOU /BOUFT "UMBOUJRVF -&./" &" 4JODF BTTJTUBOU EJSFDUPS PG UIF SFTFBSDI GFEFSBUJPO BU UIF $/34 Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral *6.- XIJDI HSPVQT UPHFUIFS TFB BOE DPBTU SFTFBSDIFST JO /BOUFT
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH 4JODF NZ SFTFBSDI XPSL IBT CFFO concerned with the maritime economy BOE NPSF QBSUJDVMBSMZ XJUI UIF รถTI QSPEVDU TFDUPS #Z VTJOH BO BQQSPBDI UIBU NJYFT input from the natural resource economy XJUI UIPTF GSPN UIF JOEVTUSJBM FDPOPNZ my research attempts to better understand UIF JOEVTUSJBM PSHBOJ[BUJPO CBTFE PO UIF FYQMPJUBUJPO PG SFOFXBCMF OBUVSBM
and common resources. The biological DPOTUSBJOUT BEEFE UP UIF TUPDL FYUFSOBMJUJFT XIJDI DIBSBDUFSJTF UIJT UZQF PG FYQMPJUBUJPO led to some particular forms of collective organisation (development of property SJHIUT BVDUJPO NBSLFUT UP TFMM QSPEVDUJPO WBMVF BOE USBOTGPSNBUJPO DIBJO DP รถOBODJOH PG BDUJWJUJFT BHSFFNFOUT PO SFTPVSDF BDDFTT FUD "NPOH UIF SFDFOU UIFNFT XIJDI SBJTF RVFTUJPOT BCPVU UIF PSHBOJTBUJPO PG NBSJUJNF TFDUPST IFSF BSF B GFX FYBNQMFT * XPVME MJLF UP QSFTFOU - Formation and transmission of prices along the value chain (measure and origin of the TQBUJBM EJTQFSTJPO PG QSJDFT EFUFSNJOBOUT of consumption and of international USBEF PG TFB QSPEVDUT SPMF PG FDP MBCFMT structural changes and asymmetry in QSJDF USBOTNJTTJPO JODJEFODF PG FMFDUSPOJD auctions and selling at distance on the QSJDF PG รถTI - Organisational changes in the world tuna NBSLFU UIF FรฒFDU PG WBSJBUJPOT TVDI BT &M /Jร P BOE UIF WVMOFSBCJMJUZ PG TNBMM JOTVMBS FDPOPNJFT UP DMJNBUF DIBOHF UIF TUVEZ PG รถTIJOH TUSBUFHJFT SFMBUJWF UP ESJGUJOH 'JTI "HHSFHBUJOH %FWJDFT IJTUPSZ PG DBOOJOH GBDUPSJFT HMPCBMJTBUJPO PG NBSLFUT JNQBDU PG QJSBDZ PO รถTIJOH - Regulation of access to natural resources and maritime space (negotiation of the EU "$1 'JTIJOH BHSFFNFOUT JOEJWJEVBM BOE DPMMFDUJWF QSPQFSUZ SJHIUT BOBMZTJT PG VTFS conflicts of marine space and resources).
July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
[ ]
/HVZ̎O .˼OI )áOH Email: OHVZFONBOIIVOH!WBTT HPW WO
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %PDUPSBUF UIFTJT JO 1PMJUJDBM 4DJFODFT BOE *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3FMBUJPOT 6OJWFSTJUZ PG %FMBXBSF 64" .BTUFS T JO *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3FMBUJPOT %JQMPNBUJD "DBEFNZ PG 7J̏U /BN .JOJTUSZ PG 'PSFJHO "òBJST
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING Researcher at the Institute of World &DPOPNZ BOE 1PMJUJDT 7"44
-FDUVSFS JO UIF %FQBSUNFOU PG &DPOPNJD %FWFMPQNFOU 6OJWFSTJUZ PG &DPOPNZ BOE 'PSFJHO "òBJST /BUJPOBM 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 7J̏U̓/BN
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH *OUFSOBUJPOBM 3FMBUJPOT UIFPSFUJDBM BQQSPBDIFT JOUFSOBUJPOBM QPMJUJDT BOE FDPOPNZ JOUFSOBUJPOBM EFWFMPQNFOU OPO DPOWFOUJPOBM TFDVSJUZ HPWFSOBODF "OBMZTJT PG 1VCMJD 1PMJDJFT EFWFMPQNFOU QPMJDJFT GPSFJHO QPMJDZ DPPQFSBUJPO development and non-conventional security in the Mekong region.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
:WFT 1&33"6%&"6 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH
Email: ZWFT QFSSBVEFBV!VOJW OBOUFT GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %PDUPSBUF VOEFS UIF HVJEBODF PG 1S 1JFSSF #BVDIFU BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1BSJT̓ o 4PSCPOOF 5IFTJT i&YBNJOJOH UIF Problematic of the Redeployment of French *OEVTUSJBM %FFQ 4FB 'JTIJOH BO FYBNQMF JO UIF ,FSHVFMFO *TMBOETw BXBSEFE UIF IJHIFTU IPOPVST PG UIF KVSZ "XBSET Chevalier de l’ordre des Palmes Académiques, 'FCSVBSZ Officier de l’ordre des Palmes Académiques, February
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING I am a senior lecturer at the University PG /BOUFT BOE IBWF CFFO UIF EJSFDUPS PG UIF /BOUFT *"& *OTUJUVUF PG &DPOPNZ BOE .BOBHFNFOU TJODF * BN BMTP responsible for cooperation with Southeast "TJB OPNJOBUFE CZ UIF 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BOUFT * IBWF CFFO SFTQPOTJCMF GPS B .BTUFS T JO i'JOBODF BOE *OUFSOBUJPOBM #VTJOFTTw specialty “International Finance and .BSJUJNF -PHJTUJDTw TJODF #FGPSF UIJT I was the Director of the Centre d’observation et de recherche sur les ressources aquatiques et industries du littoral * BN currently a researcher at the Economy BOE .BOBHFNFOU -BCPSBUPSZ /BOUFT "UMBOUJRVF
As well as doing traditional teaching in NBDSP FDPOPNZ BOE FDPOPNJD IJTUPSZ * UFBDI NBSJUJNF öTIJOH FDPOPNZ JO UIF NVMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSZ .BTUFS T i*OUFHSBUFE Management of Coastal Zones” at the HFPHSBQIZ GBDVMUZ JO /BOUFT BOE NBSJUJNF geo-strategy in the “international Finance BOE .BSJUJNF -PHJTUJDTw .BTUFS T "T GBS BT SFTFBSDI JT DPODFSOFE NZ XPSL FTTFOUJBMMZ DPODFSOT UIF öTIJOH BOE BRVBDVMUVSF FDPOPNZ 5IJT XPSL CFHBO at the time of my thesis and led to my CFDPNJOH GSPN UP B NFNCFS PG UIF 4DJFOUJöD 5FDIOJDBM BOE &DPOPNJD Committee of Fishing (CSTEP) of the &VSPQFBO 6OJPO o UIF (FOFSBM %JSFDUPSBUF PG .BSJUJNF "òBJST o GSPN UP 4JODF * IBWF CFFO SFTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF TDJFOUJöD QBSU PG UIF SFTFBSDI DPOUSBDU i/BUJPOBM QMVSJ BOOVBM programme for the collection of socioeconomic data concerning maritime öTIJOHw XIJDI JT QBSU PG UIF &VSPQFBO 3FHVMBUJPO 'SBNFXPSL PG th +VOF * IBWF BMTP IBE UIF TDJFOUJöD SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ GPS TFWFSBM QSPHSBNNFT QBSUJDVMBSMZ “Study of risk management of the price PG TFB QSPEVDUT UIFPSFUJDBM GFBTJCJMJUZ PG B EFSJWFE NBSLFUw .JOJTUSZ 0'*.&3 BOE i*NBHF BOE TPDJBM WBMPSJTBUJPO PG UIF NBSJUJNF öTIJOH TFDUPSw &VSPQFBO $PNNJTTJPO &VSPQÐDIF * IBWF CFFO B NFNCFS PG UIF 4DJFOUJöD $PVODJM PG UIF (SBOE 1PSU .BSJUJNF PG /BOUFT 4BJOU /B[BJSF TJODF
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
.JSFJMMF 3";"'*/%3",050 Email: SB[BĂśOESBLPUP!EJBM QSE GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS $FSUJÜDBUJPO GPS %JSFDUJPO PG 3FTFBSDI Paris-Dauphine University. %PDUPSBUF JO &DPOPNJD 4DJFODFT École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris (EHESS). With highest honour and DPOHSBUVMBUJPOT GSPN UIF KVSZ (Summa cum laude). 4UBUJTUJDJBO &DPOPNJTU &OHJOFFS EJQMPNB GSPN UIF &/4"& $&4% 1BSJT (École Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Économique, Centre europÊen de formation des statisticiens Êconomistes des pays en dÊveloppement) Valedictorian.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 3FTFBSDI %JSFDUPS *OTUJUVUF GPS %FWFMPQNFOU 3FTFBSDI *3% 3FTFBSDI %*"- %FWFMPQNFOU *OTUJUVUJPOT BOE -POH Term Analysis) Unit. 1PTUFE JO 7JĚ?U /BN BU UIF (FOFSBM 4UBUJTUJDT 0ĂłDF (40 TJODF +VMZ 3FTQPOTJCMF GPS UIF JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PG UIF %*"- SFTFBSDI QSPHSBN JO 7JĚ?U /BN
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH .Z QSFTFOU XPSL QBSUJDVMBSMZ GPDVTFT PO the links between well-being and the living DPOEJUJPOT PG IPVTFIPMET JOFRVBMJUJFT BOE HPWFSOBODF KPC TBUJTGBDUJPO DPSSVQUJPO BOE QPWFSUZ BT XFMM BT UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG UIF impact of public policies. The research on
7JĚ?U /BN DPODFSOT B QSPHSBN PO UIF iJTTVFT and constraints of the economic transition TJODF ĂĽĚ–J .Ě™Jw 5IJT SFTFBSDI UBLFT B NVMUJ EJTDJQMJOBSZ WJFX DPNCJOJOH RVBOUJUBUJWF BOE RVBMJUBUJWF BQQSPBDIFT BOE VTFT UIF perspective of comparison with other developing countries. It is carried out BDDPSEJOH UP UISFF DPNQMFNFOUBSZ BYFT 5IF SPMF PG UIF JOGPSNBM TFDUPS PO UIF labour market and its impact on the living conditions of households. Starting from the BOBMZTJT PG UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG UIJT TFDUPS XF USZ UP ĂśOE PVU JO XIBU XBZ JU DPOUSJCVUFT to the improvement of the standard of MJWJOH BOE UP UIF SFEVDUJPO PG JOFRVBMJUZ 8IBU BSF UIF TQFDJĂśDJUJFT PG UIF JOGPSNBM sector that should be taken into account in public policy? 'PMMPX VQ BOE FWBMVBUJPO PG UIF JNQBDU PG QVCMJD QPMJDJFT JO QBSUJDVMBS JO EJTUSJCVUJWF UFSNT 0O UIF POF IBOE JU JOWPMWFT UIF analysis of the influence of the commercial PQFOJOH VQ PG 7JĚ?U /BN OPUBCMZ UIF TPDJBM DPOTFRVFODFT PG 7JĚ?U /BN KPJOJOH UIF WTO (ex ante approach by resorting to NJDSP NBDSP NPEFMT 0O UIF PUIFS IBOE UIF PCKFDUJWF JT UP NFBTVSF UIF FĂłDJFODZ of the political battle with poverty that is taking place in the mountain regions where ethnic minorities live (ex post FWBMVBUJPO BOBMZTJT PG DBVTBMJUJFT TQFDJĂśD NFUIPET GPS evaluating impact); 5IF SPMF BOE UIF QFSGPSNBODF PG institutions in the transition process. This involves exploring the links between governance (role and functioning mode PG QVCMJD JOTUJUVUJPOT UIF WBMVF TZTUFN PG
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
UIF TPDJFUZ UIF FDPOPNJD EZOBNJD BOE the living conditions of the population. 5IF BOBMZTFT BSF PO BNPOH PUIFST UIF NVMUJQMF EJNFOTJPOT PG QPWFSUZ TVCKFDUJWF
XFMM CFJOH FNQMPZNFOU DPOEJUJPOT TPDJBM QBSUJDJQBUJPO BOE FYDMVTJPO DPOEJUJPOT GPS BDDFTT UP QVCMJD TFSWJDFT FUD
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
'SBODPJT 306#"6% Email: SPVCBVE!EJBM QSE GS
SUMMARY Of RESEARCH
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS
"T B EFWFMPQNFOU FDPOPNJTU NZ XPSL GPMMPXT UXP MJOFT PG SFTFBSDI
%PDUPSBUF JO &DPOPNZ 1BSJT 9* 6OJWFSTJUZ o /BOUFSSF 8JUI IJHIFTU IPOPVST BOE DPOHSBUVMBUJPOT GSPN UIF KVSZ (Summa cum laude) DBOEJEBUF GPS UIFTJT QSJ[F BOE publication. %JQMPNB PG 4UBUJTUJDJBO &DPOPNJTU École Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Économique &/4"& 1BSJT
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 3FTFBSDI %JSFDUPS *OTUJUVUF GPS %FWFMPQNFOU̓ 3FTFBSDI *3% %*"- %FWFMPQNFOU *OTUJUVUJPOT BOE -POH 5FSN "OBMZTJT 6OJU 1PTUFE JO 7JĚ?U /BN (FOFSBM 4UBUJTUJDT 0ĂłDF (40 *44 JO 4FQUFNCFS 3FTFBSDI 1SPHSBNNF on the Economic and Social Transition in 7JĚ?U̓/BN
4UBUJTUJDBM TVSWFZ NFUIPEPMPHZ EBUB QSPDFTTJOH - Development of mixed survey methods (households/enterprises) and creator of TVSWFZT GPS TUBUJTUJDBM NFBTVSJOH BOE BOBMZTJT PG UIF JOGPSNBM TFDUPS QSPKFDUT JO "GSJDB -BUJO "NFSJDB BOE JO "TJB - Development of modules “Multiple %JNFOTJPOT PG 1PWFSUZw i(PWFSOBODFw BOE i%FNPDSBDZw QSPKFDUT JO "GSJDB BOE JO -BUJO America); - Support for national statistics institutes in the implementation and analysis of survey results. &DPOPNJD 'VODUJPOJOH PG MBCPVS NBSLFU JOGPSNBM TFDUPS VSCBO EZOBNJDT BOE UIF JNQBDU PO living conditions; -JOLT CFUXFFO HPWFSOBODF EFNPDSBDZ new dimensions of poverty and the process of economic development; - Analysis of public policies in developing DPVOUSJFT TUSVDUVSBM BEKVTUNFOU QSPHSBNNFT BOUJ QPWFSUZ TUSBUFHJFT follow-up and evaluation of impact.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
1BUSJDL 5"*--"/%*&3 Email: 1BUSJDL UBJMMBOEJFS!VOJW SPVFO GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %PDUPSBUF UIFTJT JO (FP *OGPSNBUJPO 4DJFODF UniversitĂŠ Paris-Est, carried out BU UIF $0(*5 MBCPSBUPSZ PG UIF *(/ “Automatic revision of knowledge guiding UIF JOGPSNFE FYQMPSBUJPO PG SFQPSU USFFT applied in the context of the generalisation of geographical dataâ€?.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING (FPHSBQIZ MFDUVSFS BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 3PVFO o 6.3 *%&&4 i*EFOUJUZ BOE EJòFSFOUJBUJPO PG 4QBDFT UIF &OWJSPONFOU BOE 4PDJFUJFTw o .5( .PEFMMJOH BOE HSBQIJD QSPDFTTJOH JO (FPHSBQIZ -BCPSBUPSZ )PMEFS PG B $IBJS PG &YDFMMFODF BU UIF $/34
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH My research work concerns the computerised modelling and simulation of complex systems. I am particularly interested in modelling based upon the agents of socio-environmental systems. In this framework I am involved in three SFTFBSDI BYFT - Integration of geographical data in agentbased models. The aim of this axis is to provide modellers with tools to integrate and manipulate data coming from HFPHSBQIJDBM JOGPSNBUJPO TZTUFNT (*4 JO simulations;
%FĂśOJUJPO PG DPHOJUJWF BHFOUT JO TJNVMBUJPO There exist today many platforms that aim to help modellers create their own models. /FWFSUIFMFTT XJUIJO UIF GSBNFXPSL PG UIF modelling of complex entities such as IVNBO CFJOHT UIFTF QMBUGPSNT BSF PGUFO very limited. I am therefore interested JO EFĂśOJOH UPPMT UIBU XJMM BMMPX VT UP compensate for this. An important case of application for this axis concerns the NPEFMMJOH PG GBSNFST CFIBWJPVS - Analysis and calibration of agent-based models. Agent-based models are generally very complex. Understanding their dynamic and being able to calibrate them is most PG UIF UJNF WFSZ EJĂłDVMU * BN UIFSFGPSF working on the development of models UIBU BMMPX XJUI UIF IFMQ PG UFDIOJRVFT GSPN BSUJĂśDJBM JOUFMMJHFODF UIF BOBMZTJT PG the automatic calibration of models. I am also involved in the software development of two agent-modelling QMBUGPSNT ("." QMBUGPSN B QMBUGPSN UIBU incorporates a rich modelling language and a more thorough management of geographical data. This platform is being developed in part with Vietnamese partners (Institut de la Francophonie pour l’Informatique, University of $ËżO 5IËŒ ."(FP QMBUGPSN B QMBUGPSN UIBU JT EFTJHOFE for geographers and modellers without any programming experience. This platform PòFST B HSBQIJD NPEFMMJOH JOUFSGBDF CBTFE on the use of “boxesâ€?.
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
+PTĂ? 5*44*&3 Email: UJTTJFS!BGE GS
TITLE AND DIPLOMAS Agro-Engineer and Agro-Economist.
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING I have been working in agricultural EFWFMPQNFOU GPS NPSF UIBO ZFBST After spending some years doing my military DPPQFSBUJPO JO 5VOJTJB UIFO TQFOEJOH UJNF BT B TIFQIFSE JO 1PJUPV $IBSFOUFT * TQFOU UIF ÜSTU QBSU PG NZ QSPGFTTJPOBM career working principally in professional organisations in France (Chambre d’Agriculture, $PSSÒ[F JO UIF EFQBSUNFOU PG agricultural utility – breeding and economy and management) where I was responsible for development or applied research (Institut Technique de l’Elevage), before
HPJOH UP /FX $BMFEPOJB UP XPSL JO B QVCMJD administration department responsible for land reform (Office Foncier de NouvelleCalĂŠdonie) and in local authorities where I was responsible for regional economic EFWFMPQNFOU /PSUIFSO SFHJPO SFGFSSFE UP as “Fabius-Pisaniâ€?). *O BU UIF BHF PG * KPJOFE UIF Caisse Francaise de DĂŠveloppement where I successively occupied posts where I was responsible for rural and agricultural EFWFMPQNFOU JO PĂłDFT JO :BPVOEĂ? 3BCBU BOE 0VBHBEPVHPV "U UIF FOE PG * KPJOFE UIF IFBERVBSUFST PG UIF "'% JO Paris to work in the rural and agricultural EFQBSUNFOU BT IFBE QSPKFDU FOHJOFFS "U UIF CFHJOOJOH PG * CFDBNF %FQVUZ Director of this same department.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
Olivier TESSIER &NBJM PUFTTJFS !ZBIPP GS
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS %PDUPS PG "OUISPQPMPHZ 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "JY .BSTFJMMF “The Native Country is a Sweet Star Fruitâ€?. Social Roots and Spatial Mobility: Essay to Define a Local Social Space in the North of Viᝇt Nam. Academie d’Aix-Marseille, UniversitĂŠ de Provence (Aix.BSTFJMMF %FQBSUNFOU PG "OUISPQPMPHZ "SUT BOE )VNBOJUJFT 4FDUJPO %FDFNCFS Q Q BOOFYFT &OHJOFFS PG "HSPOPNJD 5FDIOJRVFT JO 8BSN 3FHJPOT TQFDJBMJTJOH JO 4PDJBM .BOBHFNFOU PG 8BUFS Centre National des Etudes Agronomiques en Regions Chaudes $/&"3$ .POUQFMMJFS
SUMMARY OF RESEARCH After studying to become a tropical agronomic engineer and spending four years in charge of development QSPHSBNNFT #VSLJOB 'BTP )BJUJ * CFHBO B EPDUPSBUF JO BOUISPQPMPHZ JO (University of Aix-Marseille) for which the ĂśFME XPSL XBT TJUVBUFE JO UIF OPSUI PG 7JĚ?U̓ /BN QSPWJODF PG 1IĂž 5IĚ’ 8IJMF XSJUJOH NZ UIFTJT XIJDI * EFGFOEFE JO̓ * BUUFNQUFE UP EFNPOTUSBUF UIF ,JOI PS 7JFU SVSBM TQBDF HFOFSBMMZ DPODFJWFE and described as the aggregation of total and exclusive units represented by the WJMMBHF XIJDI UBLFT PO B EJòFSFOU BTQFDU when envisaged through the angle of FYDIBOHFT PG UIF EZOBNJDT PG DPOTUJUVUJPO and transformation of social and political TQBDFT 5IF QFBTBOUT MFHFOEBSZ UJFT UP UIF
“land of their ancestorsâ€? have been replaced CZ B NPSF DPNQMFY BOE CVSHFPOJOH SFBMJUZ that of a mobile population always ready to move to wherever opportunities present themselves. $P FEJUPS PG i-F 7JMMBHF FO RVFTUJPOw UIF GSVJU of a multi-disciplinary research programme DPOKPJOUMZ DBSSJFE PVU GSPN UP CZ UIF DFOUSF &'&0 JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J BOE UIF 7"44 I also coordinated my own research at UIF TBNF UJNF UXP TDJFOUJĂśD DPPQFSBUJPO QSPHSBNNFT GPS UIF $BUIPMJD 6OJWFSTJUZ PG -PVWBJO JO UIF NPVOUBJOPVT QSPWJODFT PG 4ËŒO̓-B BOE )Ă›B #Ă–OI %VSJOH UIF TBNF QFSJPE * QBSUJDJQBUFE JO FYQFSU missions for international organisations &VSPQFBO 6OJPO 8PSME #BOL 'JOBMMZ GSPN̓ +BOVBSZ UP 4FQUFNCFS * EJSFDUFE UIF '41 QSPKFDU i3FTFBSDI Support on Economic and Social Transition *TTVFT JO 7JĚ?U /BNw XIJDI XBT ĂśOBODFE CZ UIF .JOJTUSZ GPS 'PSFJHO "òBJST BOE JNQMFNFOUFE CZ UIF &'&0 DFOUSF JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J In the framework of my posting at the &'&0 BT B MFDUVSFS 4FQUFNCFS I pursued my research into the key RVFTUJPO̓ DPODFSOJOH UIF FWPMVUJPO PG UIF relationship between the “State – peasant communitiesâ€? throughout the XIXth and XXth centuries by looking at them from a water NBOBHFNFOU BOE IZESBVMJD WJFXQPJOU the omnipresence of which shaped the countryside and permeated human DVMUVSF *O DPODSFUF UFSNT JU JT BEWJTBCMF UP FYBNJOF UIF FDPOPNJD QPMJUJDBM BOE social conditions of the implementation of large-scale hydraulic infrastructure in
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
UIF 3FE 3JWFS BOE .FLPOH 3JWFS EFMUBT UP envisage the possibilities of controlling IVNBO BDUJWJUZ BOE MBOE PòFSFE CZ TVDI B MBZJOH PVU PG TQBDF UP UBLF BO JOUFSFTU JO UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO UFDIOJRVFT XIJDI IBWF progressively resulted in the remodelling PG UIF UFSSJUPSZ BOE ĂśOBMMZ UP BOBMZTF the modalities of water management implemented by peasant communities on UIF POF IBOE BOE CZ UIF 4UBUF UISPVHI JUT TQFDJBMJTFE DPSQPSBUJPOT XIJDI BSF WFSJUBCMF UFDIOJDBM TFSWJDFT PO UIF PUIFS As head of the EFEO-VASS archeological DPPQFSBUJPO QSPHSBNNF * DPPSEJOBUFE EJòFSFOU QSPKFDUT JO PSEFS UP TVQQPSU UIF Institute of Archaeology in its mission of conservation – cultural heritage development of the site. At the same UJNF GPS UXP ZFBST * DBSSJFE PVU BSDIJWF CBTFE SFTFBSDI JO 7JFU /BN BOE 'SBODF JOUP UIF IJTUPSZ PG )Ă‹ /Ě˜J $JUBEFMMF EVSJOH the XIXth̓ DFOUVSZ #BTFE PO 7JFUOBNFTF imperial annals and on the abundant written and iconographical sources QMBOT NBQT QIPUPHSBQIT QSPEVDFE EVSJOH UIF̓ DPMPOJBM QFSJPE UIJT IJTUPSJDBM reconstitution work resulted in the
organisation of several lectures and an exhibition. A written publication is currently being drafted. 'JOBMMZ PWFS UIF MBTU UXP ZFBST * IBWF CFFO DPPSEJOBUJOH UIF FTUBCMJTINFOU QSPKFDU GPS B TVC EJWJTJPO PG UIF &'&0 JO )Ě• $IĂ“ .JOI $JUZ 5IF QSPKFDU T PSJHJOBMJUZ MJFT JO the creation of a special partnership that PSHBOJDBMMZ BTTPDJBUFT BO &'&0 TDJFOUJĂśD centre and the local representation of the AFD. This centre is forecast to open in 0DUPCFS 5IF FMBCPSBUFE SFTFBSDI QSPHSBNNF JOWPMWFT UXP BYFT - Evolution Dynamics of the Mekong Delta (XVIIIth – XXIst DFOUVSJFT 1BSU o 'SPN UIF %FMUB UP UIF 4UBUF OBUJPOBM JOUFHSBUJPO MPDBM EZOBNJDT 1BSU o 5IF .FLPOH GSPN UIF river to the future of the Delta; - Culture and Social History in the South of 7JĚ?U /BN 9*9th-XXth DFOUVSJFT SFTFBSDI JOUP GBNJMZ BOE WJMMBHF DVMUT -ĚžD 7ÉO 5JĂ?O JMMVTUSBUFE CZ /HVZĚŽO ĂĽĂ–OI $IJĚ?V BOE publication in French of the “social scienceâ€? XSJUJOHT CZ 4PO /BN DPODFSOJOH UIF Mekong Delta.
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
7Âż ĂĽĚ D ÂŹO Email: WPEVDBOWO!ZBIPP DPN
TITLES AND DIPLOMAS .BTUFS T JO $PNQVUFS 4DJFODF double diploma from the Institut de la francophonie pour l’informatique (IFI) and GSPN UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG -B 3PDIFMMF $PNQVUFS FOHJOFFS 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4DJFODFT )VĚ‹ 7JĚ?U /BN
PRESENT PROFESSIONAL POSTING 4JODF +VMZ * IBWF CFFO XPSLJOH JO the MSI-IFI team as trainee/engineer. I am participating in the development of the agent-based simulation and modelling QMBUGPSN ("." IUUQ HBNB QMBUGPSN googlecode.com). This platform is used
to develop several agent-based models JO EJòFSFOU BQQMJDBUJPO EPNBJOT TVDI BT FQJEFNJPMPHZ BJE NBOBHFNFOU GPMMPXJOH OBUVSBM EJTBTUFST JOTFDU JOWBTJPOT FUD 4JODF 4FQUFNCFS * IBWF CFFO TUVEZJOH̓ GPS B EPDUPSBUF ĂśOBODFE CZ UIF Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie under Alexis Drougoul (Director of 3FTFBSDI *3% * BN DVSSFOUMZ XPSLJOH JO UXP SFTFBSDI̓MBCPSBUPSJFT .4* *'* JO )Ă‹ /Ě˜J BOE BU UIF *3% JO #POEZ 'SBODF 5IF BJN of my thesis is to propose an agent-based modelling language in order to develop multi-level agent-based models. The defense of my thesis is forecast for the end PG
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
Acronyms and Abbreviations "%# AFD AIRD AUF AWWF #05 $(1" CIRAD $/&"3$ $/34 $16 DC DCF DIEPA DPMA DPSIR DRC EEZ ²'&0 EPAP EPHE '"0 '41 4 (".- (%1 (*4 (.0 (3&5 )*%4 HSF *$+ ICPS IEP IFI
"TJBO %FWFMPQNFOU #BOL Agence Française de Développement Agence Inter-Etablissements de Recherche pour le Développement Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie Alternative World Water Forum #VJME 0QFSBUF 5SBOTGFS Centre de Gestion de la Pêche Artisanale (France) Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement Centre National des Etudes Agronomiques en Régions Chaudes Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique $PNNVOJUZ PG 1PMEFS 6TFST 1SFZ /VQ $BNCPEJB
Developing Country Data Collection Framework International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade Direction des Pêches Maritimes (France) Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (model) Democratic Republic of Congo Exclusive Economic Zone École Française d’Extrême-Orient l’Eau Potable et de l’Assainissement, du Pluvial (secteur de) École Pratique des Hautes Etudes 'PPE BOE "HSJDVMUVSF 0SHBOJTBUJPO PG UIF 6OJUFE /BUJPOT Fonds de Solidarité Prioritaire en Sciences Sociales (BNB .PEFMMJOH -BOHVBHF (SPTT %PNFTUJD 1SPEVDU (FPHSBQIJD *OGPSNBUJPO 4ZTUFNT (FOFUJDBMMZ .PEJöFE 0SHBOJTN Groupe de recherche et d’échanges technologiques )̕ $IÓ .JOI $JUZ *OTUJUVUF GPS %FWFMPQNFOU 4UVEJFT Housing Solidarity Fund *OUFSOBUJPOBM $PVSU PG +VTUJDF Industrial and Commercial Public Services Institut d’Etudes Politiques Institut de la Francophonie pour l’Informatique (Việt Nam)
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
*/3" IOPC IRD IUED IWRM +0 +5% -&3&14
."&-*" ."3% .#$ .%(T MoU .4: MWRM /(0 /*%) OCDE 0%" OMI PPP PPWSA RICEP RoW SPOs 43& TAC 6/ 6/&1 7"44 7*"4 WHO WWF
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund Institut de Recherche pour le DĂŠveloppement Institut Universitaire d’Etudes du DĂŠveloppement Integrated Water Resources Management Journal officiel JournĂŠes de Tam Ä?ảo Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches sur l’Economie, les Politiques et les Systèmes Sociaux .VMUJ BHFOU GPS &OWJSPONFOUBM /PSNT *NQBDU "TTFTTNFOU .JOJTUSZ PG "HSJDVMUVSF BOE 3VSBM %FWFMPQNFOU 7JĚ?U /BN
.POUFHP #BZ $POWFOUJPO .JMMFOOJVN %FWFMPQNFOU (PBMT Memorandum of Understanding .BYJNVN 4VTUBJOBCMF :JFME Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology /PO (PWFSONFOUBM 0SHBOJTBUJPO /BUJPOBM *OJUJBUJWF GPS )VNBO %FWFMPQNFOU Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 0ĂłDJBM %FWFMPQNFOU "TTJTUBODF International Maritime Organisation Public-Private Partnership Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority RĂŠseau d’Informations Comptables et Economiques sur la PĂŞche Representation of World Small Private Operators 8BUFS 3FTPVSDFT 4FSWJDF 7JĚ?U /BN
Total Allowable Catches 6OJUFE /BUJPOT 6OJUFE /BUJPOT &OWJSPONFOU 1SPHSBNNF 7JĚ?U /BN "DBEFNZ PG 4PDJBM 4DJFODFT 7JĚ?U /BN *OTUJUVUF PG "HSPOPNJD 4DJFODFT World Health Organisation World Water Forum
July 2013 / 5BN ü˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / Š AFD
[ ]
What is AFD ? 5IF "HFODF 'SBOร BJTF EF %ร WFMPQQFNFOU "'% JT B QVCMJD EFWFMPQNFOU รถOBODF JOTUJUVUJPO UIBU IBT CFFO XPSLJOH UP รถHIU QPWFSUZ BOE GPTUFS FDPOPNJD HSPXUI JO developing countries and the French Overseas Communities for seventy years. It FYFDVUFT UIF QPMJDZ EFรถOFE CZ UIF 'SFODI (PWFSONFOU AFD is present on four continents where it has an international network of seventy BHFODJFT BOE SFQSFTFOUBUJPO PรณDFT JODMVEJOH OJOF JO UIF 'SFODI 0WFSTFBT $PNNVOJUJFT BOE POF JO #SVTTFMT *U รถOBODFT BOE TVQQPSUT QSPKFDUT UIBU JNQSPWF QFPQMF T MJWJOH DPOEJUJPOT QSPNPUF FDPOPNJD HSPXUI BOE QSPUFDU UIF QMBOFU TVDI BT TDIPPMJOH GPS DIJMESFO NBUFSOBM IFBMUI TVQQPSU GPS GBSNFST BOE TNBMM CVTJOFTTFT XBUFS TVQQMZ USPQJDBM GPSFTU QSFTFSWBUJPO BOE UIF รถHIU BHBJOTU DMJNBUF DIBOHF *O "'% BQQSPWFE รป CJMMJPO UP รถOBODF BDUJWJUJFT JO EFWFMPQJOH DPVOUSJFT BOE UIF 'SFODI 0WFSTFBT $PNNVOJUJFT 5IF GVOET XJMM IFMQ HFU NJMMJPO DIJMESFO JOUP QSJNBSZ TDIPPM BOE NJMMJPO JOUP TFDPOEBSZ TDIPPM UIFZ XJMM BMTP JNQSPWF ESJOLJOH XBUFS TVQQMZ GPS NJMMJPO QFPQMF &OFSHZ FรณDJFODZ QSPKFDUT รถOBODFE CZ "'% JO XJMM TBWF OFBSMZ NJMMJPO UPOT PG DBSCPO EJPYJEF FNJTTJPOT BOOVBMMZ
www.afd.fr
"HFODF 'SBOร BJTF EF %ร WFMPQQFNFOU SVF 3PMBOE #BSUIFT o 1BSJT $FEFY 5FM o XXX BGE GS $PQZSJHIU rd RVBSUFS *44/
[ ] July 2013 / 5BN รฅหฝP 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / ยฉ AFD
July 2013 / 5BN å˽P 4VNNFS 4DIPPM 8FFL / © AFD
[ ]
TRI THUC PUBLISHING HOUSE 53 Nguyễn Du - Hà Nội - Việt Nam Tel: (844) 3945 4661; Fax: (844) 3945 4660 Email: lienhe@nxbtrithuc.com.vn
Various authors Water and its Many Issues Methods and Cross-cutting Analysis “Tam Đảo Summer School Week” (Việt Nam) (Nước và các vấn đề liên quan Phương pháp và tính đa ngành trong phân tích) Publications Director: CHU HẢO Editor: Trương Đức Hùng Design and layout: Tomorrow Media Cover: Tomorrow Media
In partnership with Việt Nam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS) Agence Française de Développement (AFD)
500 copies printed, format 17 x 25.5 cm by Ha Vinh Ltd. Address: Khu 2A, xã Phú Diễn, Từ Liêm, Hà Nội. Licence No. 803-2013/CXB/3-15/TrT, Publication decision 32/QĐLK – NXB TrT by the Director of Tri Thuc publishing house, signed the June 24, 2013. ISBN: 978-604-908-805-6. Registration of copyright: 3rd quarter of 2013.
Water and its Many Issues Methods and Cross-cutting Analysis
08 July 2013
The Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), the Agence Française de Développement (AFD), the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), the University of Nantes, the École française d’Extrême-Orient (ÉFEO) and the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) have decided to give their support to the Regional Social Sciences Summer University, referred to as “Tam Đảo Days”, in the framework of the 2010-2013 partnership agreement.
Water and its Many Issues
Stéphane LAGRÉE French School of Asian Studies, ÉFEO fsp2s@yahoo.fr Virginie DIAZ Research Department, AFD diazv@afd.fr
/ July 2013 /
CONTACTS
Methods and Cross-cutting Analysis
Regional Social Sciences Summer University “Tam Đảo Summer School Week” (Việt Nam) July 2012
Conférences & Séminaires
This work contains a verbatim account of the presentations and debates from the plenary sessions and workshops that took place from 13th to 21th July 2012 in Hà Nội and in the Tam Đảo Hill station on the topic of “Water and its Many Issues”. Four main areas of reflection are prioritised in the framework of the thematic workshops: sea, risks and governance; urban growth, social needs and water and sanitation service offers; field survey training in the framework of social and economic water management and a practical approach to agent-based modelling.
Water and All its Issues
This partnership has the objectives of developing a multi-disciplinary training of excellence, creating a platform for debate, and attracting a wide academic and non-academic audience from across Southeast Asia.
1+¬ ;8Ҩ7 %Ҧ1 75, 7+Ӭ&