과학논술 및 논문 작성법

Essay and Writing in Science 과학 논술 및 논문 작성법

최완섭

최완섭 Study: 연세대학교, 한국교원대학교, 미국 뉴멕시코 주립대학교. 물리교육 박사 Work: 인천과학고등학교, 한국교원대학교, 춘천교육 대학교, 경인교육대학교 등에서 강의하였고, 현재 선 인고등학교와 인하대학교에서 강의하고 있다. 저서 : 『노벨상으로 본 과학과 창의성』, 『창의성과 과 학의 만남』, 『고급물리』, 『융합 물리학』, 『고교생을 위한 물리학』, 『청소년을 위한 물리학』, 『탐구형 물 리실험 Ⅱ』, 『영재들의 물리노트Ⅰ,Ⅱ』, EBS 방송 교 재 외 다수가 있다.

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Text 1. English Communication for Scientists. Nature. 2014 2. Writing in the Sciences. Stanford Online

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1. English Communication for Scientists. Nature. 2014

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2. Writing in the Sciences | Stanford Online

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Find lecture notes?

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1. Communicating as a Scientist

Communication Scientific writing styles • Effectively organize to communicate  Clarity  Precision  Logic  Cite source materials to avoid plagiarism

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Communication • Integral part of research • Formal papers and oral presentations  People from a variety of backgroundsis

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1.1 Understanding Communication Effective communication is centered on the audience • Idea you are trying to convey  Audience-friendly  Not focus on what you feel like telling • Audience's attention  Information means for the audience

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Distinguish between written and oral communication • Written communication  No need to read everything  Structure to enable selective reading • Oral communication  Less interested in details  Logically  Effectively  Interact through questions or discussion  Cogent arguments

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1.2 Identifying Your Purpose and Audience Makes sense to both • People may know the context • People may not know the context

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1.3 Writing or Speaking for Specific Audiences Convey early the motivation • Audiences can relate Writing or speaking for nonspecialists • Analogy • Visual material — drawings, photographs

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Writing or speaking for a mixed audience • For a document such as a report or paper  First level What everyone needs or wants to know Summary or abstract  Second level More detailed information Report or paper itself

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Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a fundamental concept in many areas of physics, including cosmology, particle physics and condensed matter1. An example is the breaking of spatial translational symmetry, which underlies the formation of crystals and the phase transition from liquid to solid.

Using the analogy of crystals in space, the breaking of translational symmetry in time and the emergence of a ‘time crystal’ was recently proposed2, 3, but was later shown to be forbidden in thermal equilibrium4, 5, 6. However, non-equilibrium Floquet systems, which are subject to a periodic drive, can exhibit persistent time correlations at an emergent subharmonic frequency7, 8, 9, 10. This new phase of matter has been dubbed a ‘discrete time crystal’10.

Here we present the experimental observation of a discrete time crystal, in an interacting spin chain of trapped atomic ions. We apply a periodic Hamiltonian to the system under many-body localization conditions, and observe a subharmonic temporal response that is robust to external perturbations.

The observation of such a time crystal opens the door to the study of systems with long-range spatio-temporal correlations and novel phases of matter that emerge under intrinsically non-equilibrium conditions7.

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What makes good writing?

What does it take to be a good writer?

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What makes good writing?

Takes having something to say and clear thinking.

– 1. Good writing communicates an idea clearly and effectively. •

2.

Good writing is elegant and stylish.

Takes time, revision, and a good editor!

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What makes a good writer?

• Inborn talent?

• Years of English and humanities classes?

• An artistic nature?

• The influence of alcohol and drugs?

• Divine inspiration?

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What makes a good writer (outside of poets, maybe):  Having something to say.  Logical and clear thinking.  A few simple, learnable rules of style (tools we’ll learn in this class) Clear, effective writing can be learned!

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Nine Qualities of Good Writing • Anticipates reader questions  Questions readers will have  Answers them • Grounded in data  Content in facts

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• Like good teaching  Clearer and make sense of our world • Tells a full story  Incorporate multiple perspectives • Comes on the rewrite  Cut the wrong words

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• Like math  Has logic and structure

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Good writing is simple Easily understood Reduce dead weight words and phrases Cut, cut, cut words Be specific

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Four questions in every sentence George Orwell • What am I trying to say?

• What words will express it?

• What image or idiom will make it clearer?

• Is this image fresh enough to have an effect?

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How much can you improve your writing in one short quarter?

• Write a lot • Other  Read, pay attention, and imitate  Writing habits  Talk about your research before trying to write about it  Search for the right word rather than settling for any old word

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Respect your audience—try not to bore them!

Stop waiting for “inspiration”?

Accept that writing is hard for everyone Revise Nobody gets it perfect on the first try  Never become too attached to your words  Find a good editor!    

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Principles of Effective Writing Examples: “To control infection with tuberculosis (TB), a robust cell-mediated immune response is necessary, and deficiency in this response predisposes an individual towards active TB.” 

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Principles of Effective Writing Examples: “To control infection with tuberculosis (TB), a robust cell-mediated immune response is necessary, and deficiency in this response predisposes an individual towards active TB.”  “Deficiency in T-cell-mediated immune response predisposes an individual to active TB.”

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Examples: This paper provides a review of the basic tenets of cancer biology study design, using as examples studies that illustrate the methodologic challenges or that demonstrate successful solutions to the difficulties inherent in biological research.

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Examples: This paper provides a review of the basic tenets of cancer biology study design, using as examples studies that illustrate the methodologic challenges or that demonstrate successful solutions to the difficulties inherent in biological research.

This paper reviews cancer biology study design, using examples that illustrate specific challenges and solutions.

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Examples: “As it is well known, increased athletic activity has been related to a profile of lower cardiovascular risk, lower blood pressure levels, and improved muscular and cardio-respiratory performance.”

“Increased athletic activity is associated with lower cardiovascular risk, lower blood pressure, and improved fitness.”

Or just: “Increased athletic activity is associated with improved cardiovascular health.”

Or, use verbs: Increased athletic activity reduces cardiovascular risk and improves cardiovascular performance.

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2. Writing Scientific Papers

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Scientist share research work in various forms • Scientific journal • Scientific achievements  Number of papers  Impact factor (IF)

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• Many scientific papers read only highly specialized readers • Why fail to communicate to audience  Focus authors or readers?  Impress or inform?  Fail to clarify the motivation for the work  Include unnecessary details Ex Tom goes to the door, unlocks it, turns the handle, enters the flat.

Need to know he unlocked the door or turned the handle?

Peter sits on a swing chair. He picks up a wine glass, sips, savors the excellent vintage. Adele enters, sits next to him, begins to sip her wine also.

Need to know Peter picks up the glass, sips or 'savors the excellent vintage'?.

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Continuous monitoring of spatial and temporal changes in key marine environmental parameters such as SST (sea surface temperature) near IORS (Ieodo Ocean Research S tation) is demanded to investigate the ocean ecosystem, climate change, and sea-air i nteraction processes. In this study, we aimed to develop the system for continuously measuring SST using a TIR (thermal infrared) sensor mounted at the IORS. New SST al gorithm is developed to provide SST of better quality that includes automatic atmosp heric correction and emissivity calculation for different oceanic conditions. Then, the T IR-based SST products were validated against in-situ water temperature measurement s during May 17-26, 2015 and July 15-18, 2015 at the IORS, yielding the accuracy of 0.72-0.85 R-square, and RMSE. This TIR-based SST observing system can be installed easily at similar Ocean Research Stations such as Sinan Gageocho and Ongjin Socheo ngcho, which provide a vision to be utilized as calibration site for SST remotely sense d from satellites to be launched in future. 이어도 종합해양과학기지(IORS, Ieodo Ocean Research Station) 주변 해역은 시 공간적으로 해양 환 경 변화가 심하여, 해양-대기교환 과정을 비롯하여 해양 생태계와 기후 변화 연구에 필수적인 해수면온 도(SST, Sea surface temperature) 자료의 지속적인 측정이 요구되는 해역이다. 본 연구에서는 이어도 종합해양과학기지에 열적외선 센서를 이용하여 해수면온도 연속 관측이 가능한 시스템을 구축하였다. 자동 대기 보정 및 해양 조건에 따른 방사율 계산이 가능한 해수면온도 추출 알고리즘을 개발하였고, 현 장측정 해수면온도 자료와의 비교 및 검증을 통해 정확도를 평가하였다. 2015년 5월 17일부터 26일, 그 리고 2016년 7월 15일부터 18일까지 기지에 체류하는 동안 열적외선 관측 시스템으로 측정된 해수면 온도와 기지 부착 CT (Conductivity-Temperature) 및 튜브 부착 수온 센서들을 이용하여 현장에서 측정 된 해수면온도 시계열을 비교하여 상호상관계수0.72-0.85, 평균제곱근 편차 의 정확도를 얻었다. 이 시스템은 이어도 종합해양과학기지뿐만 아니라 신안 가거초 및 옹진 소청초 등의 다른 종합해양과학기 지에도 쉽게 구축이 가능한 시스템으로써 향후 발사될 인공위성의 해수면온도 산출알고리즘 개발의 테 스트사이트나 검보정사이트로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

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이어도 종합해양과학기지(IORS, Ieodo Ocean Research Station) 주변 해역은 시 공간적으로 해양 환 경 변화가 심하여, 해양-대기교환 과정을 비롯하여 해양 생태계와 기후 변화 연구에 필수적인 해수면온 도(SST, Sea surface temperature) 자료의 지속적인 측정이 요구되는 해역이다. 본 연구에서는 이어도 종합해양과학기지에 열적외선 센서를 이용하여 해수면온도 연속 관측이 가능한 시스템을 구축하였다. 자동 대기 보정 및 해양 조건에 따른 방사율 계산이 가능한 해수면온도 추출 알고 리즘을 개발하였고, 현장측정 해수면온도 자료와의 비교 및 검증을 통해 정확도를 평가하였다.

2015년 5월 17일부터 26일, 그리고 2016년 7월 15일부터 18일까지 기지에 체류하는 동안 열적외선 관 측 시스템으로 측정된 해수면온도와 기지 부착 CT (Conductivity-Temperature) 및 튜브 부착 수온 센서 들을 이용하여 현장에서 측정된 해수면온도 시계열을 비교하여 상호상관계수0.72-0.85, 평균제곱근 편 차 의 정확도를 얻었다. 이 시스템은 이어도 종합해양과학기지뿐만 아니라 신안 가거초 및 옹진 소청초 등의 다른 종합해양과 학기지에도 쉽게 구축이 가능한 시스템으로써 향후 발사될 인공위성의 해수면온도 산출알고리즘 개발 의 테스트사이트나 검보정사이트로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

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Seasonal dynamics of kelp forest-forming algae, Ecklonia cava population formed following the largescale disturbance by Typhoon 'Bolaven' in August 2012 were investigated in Jeju Island, Korea.

Morphological characteristics, recruits density, mortality rate, total density and biomass were monitored bimonthly from June 2013 to June 2015. Total and longest blade lengths, and individual weight of E. cava showed distinct seasonal trends. Stipe length increased from winter to spring, but did not show increase or reduced from summer to autumn. This indicates that morphological characteristics of E. cava are mainly affected by the change of blades. The optimal temperature for E. cava growth was about 15-18°C during winter to spring while the growths were inhibited at the water temperature above during summer.

E. cava exhibited very low recruitment during 20°C spring-summer. However, high recruitment was observed on April 2015 when canopy cover was very low due to low density. This indicates that recruitment of E. cava was controlled not by seasonal effects but by physical factors such as canopy and space. The mortality rate of juvenile plants was highest due to their unstable settlement. By June 2015, 34 months after the disturbances, E. cava was almost recovered to the pre-disturbance population size structure. These results suggest that recovery of kelp forest following the large-scale disturbance requires a considerable period of time (more than three years). This study should provide valuable ecological information on management, restoration and protection of kelp species.

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대규모 교란현상 이후 형성된 대형갈조류 감태 개체군의 계절적 변동과 회복양상을 이해 하기 위해서 감태의 형태 학적 특성, 가입, 사망률, 밀도와 생물량을 2013년 6월부터 2015 년 6월까지 조사하였다. 감태의 전체 길이, 가장 긴 측엽의 길이와 개체당 무게는 뚜렷한 계절적 경향성을 보였다. 줄기부의 길이는 겨울부터 봄까지 증가하였으나, 여 름부터 가을까지는 변화가 없었다. 이 러한 결과는 감태의 형태적 변화가 주로 엽상부의 변화에 의해 나타난다는 것을 의미한다. 감태의 성장은 수온이 15~18 °C인 겨울부터 봄까지 매우 활발하게 일어나지만, 20 °C 이 상의 수온에서는 저해되는 것으로 나타났다. 가입은 실험이 진행되는 기간 동안 봄부터 여 름에 걸쳐 매우 낮았다. 그러나 2015년 4월 생 육밀도의 감소로 인해 감태의 피도가 매우 낮아진 시점에 대량의 가입이 발생하였으며, 이것은 감태의 가입이 계절 적 요인 보다는 공간과 차광효과 같은 물리적 요인에 의해 조절된다는 것을 시사한다. 어린 개체는 부착기질의 불 안정성으로 인해 매우 높은 사망률을 보였다. 태풍 ‘볼라벤’에 의한 교란 이후 34개월이 되는 2015년 6월에 이르러 개체군의 구조가 교란 이전 수준으로 회복되었다. 따라서 대규모 교란현상 이후 감태 개체군이 교란 이전의 개체군 구조로 회복 되는 데에는 3년 이상의 시간이 소요되는 것으로 판단된다. 이 연구는 해중림을 구성하는 대형갈조류의 관리, 복원 및 보호 전략을 수립하는데 매우 귀중한 생태학적 자료를 제공할 것이다.

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Pan-cancer analyses that examine commonalities and differences among various cancer types have emerged as a powerful way to obtain novel insights into cancer biology. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of genetic alterations in a pan-cancer cohort including 961 tumours from children, adolescents, and young adults, comprising 24 distinct molecular types of cancer. Using a standardized workflow, we identified marked differences in terms of mutation frequency and significantly mutated genes in comparison to previously analysed adult cancers. Genetic alterations in 149 putative cancer driver genes separate the tumours into two classes: small mutation and structural/copy-number variant (correlating with germline variants). Structural variants, hyperdiploidy, and chromothripsis are linked to TP53 mutation status and mutational signatures. Our data suggest that 7–8% of the children in this cohort carry an unambiguous predisposing germline variant and that nearly 50% of paediatric neoplasms harbour a potentially druggable event, which is highly relevant for the design of future clinical trials.

Nature 555 (7696), 321-327. 2018 Feb 28.

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Pan-cancer analyses that examine commonalities and differences among various cancer types have emerged as a powerful way to obtain novel insights into cancer biology.

Here we present a comprehensive analysis of genetic alterations in a pan-cancer cohort including 961 tumours from children, adolescents, and young adults, comprising 24 distinct molecular types of cancer. Using a standardized workflow, we identified marked differences in terms of mutation frequency and significantly mutated genes in comparison to previously analysed adult cancers. Genetic alterations in 149 putative cancer driver genes separate the tumours into two classes: small mutation and structural/copy-number variant (correlating with germline variants). Structural variants, hyperdiploidy, and chromothripsis are linke to TP53 mutation status and mutational signatures.

Our data suggest that 7–8% of the children in this cohort carry an unambiguous predisposing germline variant and that nearly 50% of paediatric neoplasms harbour a potentially druggable event, which is highly relevant for the design of future clinical trials.

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Effective scientific papers • Interesting and useful to many readers, including newcomers

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Help you write better • Select and organize content • Draft paper • Revise writing • Is useful to a broad audience — not just a few specialists

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2.1 Structuring Your Scientific Paper •    

Goal of Research paper Inform, not impress Readable Clear, accurate, and concise Cite by other scientists if they are helpful

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Essay structure Essay is a piece of writing about a particular topic.

• An essay has the three part • Consists of a group of connected paragraphs (more than three)  Explore, Discuss, Describe, Analyze, Compare

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Essay Introduction

Self-confidence means possessing a positive yet realistic view of one’s self and abilities. Self-confident people have trust and faith in their abilities.

This essay will argue that self-confidence develops through a complex interaction between a range of factors. Firstly, self-confidence will be defined, followed by an analysis of the interaction between the various factors that affect the confidence of an individual. In particular these are personality style, situational factors/life experiences, self-efficacy and selfesteem 2. Writing Scientific Papers-Oansup

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Self-confidence means possessing a positive yet realistic view of one’s self and abilities. Self-confident people have trust and faith in their abilities – Topic and Context This essay will argue that self-confidence develops through a complex interaction between a range of factors - Argument Firstly, self-confidence will be defined, followed by an analysis of the interaction between the various factors that affect the confidence of an individual. In particular these are personality style, situational factors/life experiences, self-efficacy and self-esteem – What will be covered

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Essay Body

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Topic sentence Tells what the paragraph is going to be about Supporting sentences Expand on the main point Define key terms Offer explanations Give additional examples Give detail

One factor within the team that seems to be important is the notion of team cohesiveness. Team cohesiveness enables a diverse group of individuals to work towards common goals. Maxwell (2010) stresses the importance of clearly identifying these goals and of each team member being valued for their contribution. A collaborative team working together is more likely to gain satisfaction by achieving the required outcomes (Xu 2011). For example, Singh (2009) found that where team members experienced positive morale and enthusiasm from working in a team this significantly increased the likelihood of successful completion of projects. Therefore, team cohesiveness enhances team effectiveness.

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One factor within the team that seems to be important is the notion of team cohesiveness.

Team cohesiveness enables a diverse group of individuals to work towards common goals.

Maxwell (2010) stresses the importance of clearly identifying these goals and of each team member being valued for their contribution.

A collaborative team working together is more likely to gain satisfaction by achieving the required outcomes (Xu 2011).

For example, Singh (2009) found that where team members experienced positive morale and enthusiasm from working in a team this significantly increased the likelihood of successful completion of projects.

Therefore, team cohesiveness enhances team effectiveness.

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• Connection between need and task  To confirm this assumption, we studied the effects of a range of inhibitors of connexin channels . . . on . . .  To assess whether such multiple-coil sensors perform better than single-signal ones, we tested two of them — the DuoPXK and the GEMM3 — in a field where . . .  To form a better view of the global distribution and infectiousness of this pathogen, we examined 1645 post metamorphic and adult amphibians collected from 27 countries between 1984 and 2006 for the presence of

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• Well-formed tasks.  To confirm this assumption, we studied the effects of a range of inhibitors of connexin channels, such as the connexin mimetic peptides Gap26 and Gap27 and anti-peptide antibodies, on calcium signaling in cardiac cells and HeLa cells expressing connexins.  During controlled experiments, we investigated the influence of the HMP boundary conditions on liver flows.  To tackle this problem, we developed a new software verification technique called oblivious hashing, which calculates the hash values based on the actual execution of the program.

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Essay conclusion

Self confidence is not engrained within individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors. The personality style of an individual can determine whether the individual is an introvert or an extrovert which will affect self confidence.

Life experiences and situational factors have large impact on the stability of personalities and confidence. Self efficacy and self esteem are major factors that can contribute to a lack of self confidence. Self confidence is essential for effective and positive engagement in all professional and personal activities 2. Writing Scientific Papers-Oansup

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• Self confidence is not engrained within individuals and can be influenced by a variety of factors. • The personality style of an individual can determine whether the individual is an introvert or an extrovert which will affect self confidence. Life experiences and situational factors have large impact on the stability of personalities and confidence. Self efficacy and self esteem are major factors that can contribute to a lack of self confidence. • Self confidence is essential for effective and positive engagement in all professional and personal activities

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Scientific Journal • Introduction  Clarifies the motivation  Prepares readers for the structure of paper •   • 

Materials and Methods Provides detail for other scientist Reproduce the experiments Results and Discussion Told what the results mean

• Conclusion  Higher level of abstraction than the Discussion  Relating findings to the motivation stated in the Introduction.

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Introduction •    

Write four paragraphs Provide context to readers who are less familiar with your topic Need for your work Indicate what you have done in an effort to address the need Preview the remainder of the paper

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• • •

Typically, introductions are ⅓ of the length of a paper.

Introductions provide a background of the field (system, facts, and technology) for the non-expert scientist.

The last paragraph of the introduction, should clearly state the problem, and explain how the paper will resolve it.

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• • • •

Introductions should not contain assumptions, methods, results, and discussion (except in the last paragraph) Cite all relevant references Introduction paragraphs are usually untitled Always one tense. Past or present

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Write four paragraphs: context, need, task, and object Thanks to the recent developments in observational technology, the study of cosmology today is often called precision cosmology. Nevertheless, present cosmology still involves a big mystery. That is, among the Universe's energy budget, cosmologists have known for some time that dark matter occupies 23% of the Universe, dark energy occupies 73%, and the baryon occupies the remaining 4%. That is, 96% of the Universe still remains a complete mystery. In the present work, therefore, we would like to present our current understanding of dark matter, as well as the puzzle associated with its existence. That the nature of dark matter in the present Universe still remains a complete mystery or puzzle is fair to say. In the present work, however, we challenge a brief, albeit reliable, summary of up-to-date observational evidence for the existence of dark matter and introduce the theories underlying it.

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 Thanks to the recent developments in observational technology, the study of cosmology today is often called precision cosmology.  Nevertheless, present cosmology still involves a big mystery. That is, among the Universe's energy budget, cosmologists have known for some time that dark matter occupies 23% of the Universe, dark energy occupies 73%, and the baryon occupies the remaining 4%.

That is, 96% of the Universe still remains a complete mystery.  In the present work, therefore, we would like to present our current understanding of dark matter, as well as the puzzle associated with its existence.  That the nature of dark matter in the present Universe still remains a complete mystery or puzzle is fair to say. In the present work, however, we challenge a brief, albeit reliable, summary of up-to-date observational evidence for the existence of dark matter and introduce the theories underlying it.

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•

Rewrite four paragraphs: context, need, task, and object

 재료를 코팅하는 것은 모재를 보호하거나, 코팅재료의 기능을 능동적으로 이용하기 위해서이다. 어떤 재료의 표면에 친수성(hydrophilicity) 및 소수성 (hydrophobicity)을 부가하고자 하는 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있으며, 친수 및 소수성으로 조절된 재료 의 활용 용도가 크게 확대되고 있다.  본 기고에서는 젖음에 관한 이론을 개괄적으로 살펴보고, 코팅 재료 중에서 그 용도 가 매우 다양한 실리카(silica) 코팅에서의 친수성 및 소수성 조절 기술을 간략히 소개 하고자 한다.

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Examples of start tasks

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Three examples of well-formed tasks • This paper discusses the need, issues, and solutions for automated monitoring of centrifugal process pumps.

•

This paper presents the results of an investigation of motor bus transfer (MBT) applications issues and considerations by a Working Group of the IEEE PSRC Rotating Machinery Protection Subcommittee.

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This paper discusses the theory behind oblivious hashing and shows how this approach can be applied for local software tamper resistance and remote code authentication

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Verbs express communication actions

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Another fun example…

• From an article in a chemistry journal: “These findings imply that the rates of ascorbate radical production and its recycling via dehydroascorbate reductatse to replenish the ascorbate pool are equivalent at the lower irradiance, but not equivalent at higher irradiance with the rate of ascorbate radical production exceeding its recycling back to ascorbate.”

• •

Is this sentence readable?

Is it written to inform or to obscure?

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Today’s introduction to writing well: Words: • Reduce dead weight words and phrases • Cut, cut, cut; learn to part with your words • Be specific Sentences: • Follow: subject + verb + object (SVO) • Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns • Eliminate negatives; use positive constructions instead

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Hunt down and cast out all unneeded words • Dead weight words and phrases as it is well known, as it has been shown, it can be regarded that • Empty words and phrases basic tenets of, methodologic • Long words or phrases that could be short muscular and cardiorespiratory performance • Unnecessary jargon muscular and cardiorespiratory performance • Repetitive words or phrases illustrate/demonstrate; challenges/difficulties • Adverbs very, really, quite, basically, generally 2. Writing Scientific Papers-Oansup

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“LHC 현대물리학의 최전선”을 읽으며 앞으로 이론 물리학자가 되어 ‘사물의 이 치’라는 물리의 말뜻처럼 세상을 설명하는 하나의 이론을 찾는데 일조 하겠다는 꿈을 가지고 있던 나에겐 입자물리학의 환원주의를 가지고 타 학문을 바라보는 것이 자연스러운 일이었다.

또 시대를 읽고 연구에 필요한 새로운 기술을 배우기를 주저하지 않는다면 CHARMM보다 훨씬 뛰어난 연구를 할 수 있지 않을까?

융합적인 사고방식을 가지고 과학을 공부해야 한다는 것을 알고 있는 사람은 많 았지만, 한국에서 그런 교육의 필요성이 실제로 주목받기 시작한 것은 최근의 일 이다.

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1. Reduce dead weight words and phrases

• I would like to assert that the author should be considered to be a buffoon. ďƒ The author is a buffoon.

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The expected prevalence of mental retardation, based on the assumption of a normal distribution of intelligence in the population, is stated to be theoretically about 2.3%. ďƒ The expected prevalence of mental retardation, if intelligence is normally distributed, is 2.3%.

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Dead weight words Words seldom add anything useful.

Try the sentence without them and see if it improves.

• Shop very for women's, men's and kids fashion plus furniture, homewares and electricals.

• The present really will surprise her.

• It was quite cold last night.

• Ice cream is basically milk and sugar.

• It is generally known that the Earth is round.

Very, really, quite, basically, generally

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Watch out for the verb “to be” Often “there are” is extra weight.

There are many students who like writing.  Many students like writing.

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• There is so many questions on this website. 

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Dead weight phrases •

In the event that any changes need to be made in the document, please call our office immediately.

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In the nature of things, old people spend much more time indoors

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It has been estimated that only about 30% of California residents have adequate earthquake supplies.

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Dead weight phrases •

In the event that any changes need to be made in the document, please call our office immediately.

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In the nature of things, old people spend much more time indoors

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It has been estimated that only about 30% of California residents have adequate earthquake supplies.

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For the most part, we like things that are familiar to us

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A wide marketing campaign was organized for the purposes of informing people about this new service.

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In my opinion, he is a disgraced doctor, despite the fact that he's in good standing with the American Association of Pain Medicine and the State Medical Society.

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In the case of the divorce in the USA

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For the most part, we like things that are familiar to us

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A wide marketing campaign was organized for the purposes of informing people about this new service.

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In my opinion, he is a disgraced doctor, despite the fact that he's in good standing with the American Association of Pain Medicine and the State Medical Society.

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In the case of the divorce in the USA

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•

It seems that your device does not support camera

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The point I'm trying to make is that I am the most unpleasant

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•

It seems that your device does not support camera

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The point I'm trying to make is that I am the most unpleasant

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A majority of the students are expected to vote in the class election most There are a number of problems with the log-in system. many General, I am of the same opinion as my colleagues agree At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one.  now •  •  •  •

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Wordy 3 am in the morning a person who is honest a total of 14 birds circle around completely unanimous consensus of opinion cooperate together each and every end result he is a man who in spite of the fact that in the event that period of four days personally, I think/feel shorter/longer in length

To the point 3 am an honest person 14 birds circle unanimous consensus cooperate each result he although if four days I think/feel shorter/longer

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2. Cut, cut, cut; learn to part with your words • Be vigilant and ruthless  After investing much effort to put words on a page Hard to part with word Fight seductive pull…

• Try the sentence without the extra words  Conveys the same idea with more power

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Constantly be on the lookout for extraneous words that crop up like weeds….

Most of the time, you’ll find you don’t need it!

Ask yourself, Is this word or phrase necessary?

What happens if I take it out?

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Example: Brain injury incidence shows two peak periods in almost all reports: rates are the highest in young people and the elderly.

ďƒ Brain injury incidence peaks in the young and the elderly.

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“This paper provides a review of the basic tenets of cancer biology study design, using as examples studies that illustrate the methodologic challenges or that demonstrate successful solutions to the difficulties inherent in biological research�

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As it is well known, increased athletic activity has been related to a profile of lower cardiovascular risk, lower blood pressure levels, and improved muscular and cardio-respiratory performance.

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Cut, cut, cut 영국에서 산업혁명이 일어나자 가장 득을 본 쪽은 미국의 목화농장주들이었다. 그러나 목화솜에서 일 일이 손으로 씨를 제거해야 하는 고생스럽고 느린 공정 때문에 수출할 수 있는 면의 수량은 제한적일 수 밖에 없었다. 이를 해결한 사람이 예일대학교의 엘리 휘트니였다. 그가 발명한 조면기는 노동자 1명당 씨를 뺀 목화를 하루 약 23만㎏까지 생산할 수 있었다. 이 때문에 미국의 목화 수출량은 열배까지 늘었 고 그 후 20년 동안 목화 수출은 72만㎏에서 1585만㎏까지 확대됐다. <아시아경제, 권대우>

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Cut, cut, cut 토머스 에디슨의 축음기는 현대의 가장 위대한 발명가가 이룩한 가장 독창적인 발명품이다.

1877년 에디슨이 최초의 축음기를 만들었을 때 그는 이 발명품이 소용될 만한 열 가지 용도를 제시하는 글을 발표했다. 거기에는 죽어가는 사람의 마지막 말을 보존하는 일, 시각 장애자들 이 들을 수 있도록 책을 녹음하는 일, 시간을 알려주는 일, 철자법을 가르치는 일 등이 포함되 어 있었다. 음악을 재생하는 일은 에디슨이 제시한 우선순위에서 상위권에 들지도 못했다. 그 리고 몇 년 후 에디슨은 자신의 발명품에 상업적인 가치가 없다고 조수에게 말했다. 그러나 다 시 몇 년 후에는 마음을 바꾸어 축음기 판매 사업을 시작했다. 그런데 그 용도는 사무용 구술 기계였다. 다른 기업가들이 축음기를 이용하여 동전을 넣으면 대중 음악이 흘러나오는 주크박 스를 만들어냈을 때 에디슨은 자기 발명품이 사무용이라는 중요한 용도를 벗어나서 그렇게 전 락하는 것에 반대했다. 그리고 20년이 흐른 후에야 비로소 에디슨도 축음기의 주된 용도는 음 악을 녹음하고 재생하는 일이라는 데 마지못해 동의했던 것이다. <재레드 다이아몬드,『총,균,쇠』에서>

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Cut, cut, cut 독일에서 핵분열이 최초로 관찰된 뒤 페르미를 비롯하여 미국에 망명한 유럽의 물리학자들은 루즈벨트 대통령을 설득하여 원자폭탄 개발을 위해 비밀리에 맨해튼 계획을 수립하게 된다. 당시 페르미는 연쇄 반응을 지속적으로 유지시키는 방법을 개발하는 일의 책임자였다. 페르미는 맨해튼 계획의 일환으로 시카고 대학에서 연쇄반응의 빠르기를 조절하는데 중성자를 흡수하는 물질인 카드뮴(Cd) 막대를 원자 로에 넣거나 빼는 방법을 이용하여 연쇄반응의 속도를 조절하였고 이 실험은 1942년 12월 시카고 대학 의 스쿼시 경기장에서 성공하였다.

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Cut, cut, cut

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Cut, cut, cut

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Cut, cut, cut

http://www.scienceessay.org/sciu.php?bbs=notice&id=1186&p=0

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우리나라의 급격한 경제성장은 사회문화적 환경의 변화와 함께 식생활에 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 특히 국민의 소득증가, 여성의 사회진출, 여가시간의 증가, 대기업의 외식시장 참여, 소비자 욕구의 다양화 등으로 끼니 섭취의 외식 의존도가 지속적으로 증가하여 전국 가구의 식료품 중 외식 비중이 2009년 47.3%로 조사되었다. 국민건강 영양조사에서 조사된 외식 빈도는 하루 1회 이상의 비율이 2008년 3세 이상 국민 전체의 23.6%이고, 만19~29세 성인의 경우 40.3%로 외식을 가장 많이 하고 있는 연령층으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 국내 외식산업도 크게 발전하여 규모가 2001년 약 34조원에서 2008년 약 64조원으로 1.9배 성장하였다. 이 중에서 특히 햄버거·피자점 및 유사음식점 업체의 경우 업체 수는 2007년 12,004개에서 2008년 11,799개로 줄었지만, 매출액은 2007년 1조 8211억원에서 2008년 2조 886억원으로 증가하였다. 햄버거, 피자 등 패스트푸드의 이용은 특히 젊은 층에서 높은 것으로 보고되었고,

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서울지역 대학생의 경우 햄버거 및 피자점 이용 빈도가 한 달에 한번 이용하는 비율이 각각 41.5%, 42.5%(Yoon & Wi 1994), 울산지역 대학생의 경우 한 달에 한번이 각각 41.4%, 48.1%로 나타났다(Kim 2009). 패스트푸드를 이용하는 주요 이유는 영양적인 균형보다 간편함, 맛, 적당한 가격을 고려하는 것으로 나타나 건강적인 측면을 간과하고 있다는 것을 알수 있다(Shin & Roh 2000; Kim 2009). 패스트푸드를 비롯한 외식은 한 끼 식사 열량에도 영향을 주어 성인 남성의 경우 점심으로 외식했을 때 평균 786 kcal의 열량을 섭취하여 가정식 563 kcal에 비해 39.6%나 높게 나타났고, 외식을 통한 지방 섭취율도 평균 열량의 23.7%를 차지하는 것으로 나타나 외식을 많이 하면 비만으로 이어질 수 있수 있음을 시사하고 있다. 또한 미국의 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 자료에 기초한 연구에서도 미국인의 열량 섭취 증가는 외식으로 인한 것이며, 이러한 외식증가가 미국인의 비만 증가에 기여하고 있는 것으로 보고되었다. 최근 우리나라 비만 인구는 지난 10여 년 동안 약 1.6배 증가하였고, 선국의 경험에 비추어 볼 때 앞으로 비만인구는 더욱 급속도로 증가할 전망이다. 비만은 여러 가지 만성퇴행성질환의 발병률을 증가시키며 따라서 총 의료비 중에서 비만 관련 질환 의료비가 차지하는 비중이 증가되고 있고 사회경제적 비용 또한 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다).

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3. Be specific •

Prefer the specific to the general, the definite to the vague the concrete to the abstract.-- Strunk and White

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Some words and phrases are blobs. – Zinsser

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Vague: • A period of unfavorable weather set in • He showed satisfaction as he took possession of his well earned reward • If the manners, customs, and amusements of a nation are cruel and barbarous, then the regulations of its penal code will be severe.

Specific: • It rained every day for a week • He grinned as he pocketed the coin.

• If men delight in battles, bullfights, and combats of gladiators, then they will punish by hanging, burning, and the rack.

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Vague Scientific Statements • Very high purity • Super high purity • It is hope that this work will stimulate further work in the field • Of great theoretical and practical importance • DNA 99％ same = DNA 100％ same  Most of any one person’s DNA, some 99.9 percent, is exactly the same as any other person’s DNA.

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4. Follow: subject + verb + object( Active voice) For now, just beat the following into your head…

“Subject verb object” or just…

“Subject verb” Example • My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.

I will always remember my first visit to Boston.

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â&#x20AC;˘

Flowers were bought by Mickey and given to Minnie.

Mickey received a kiss and a hug.

ď&#x192;ź Mickey bought flowers, and gave them to Minnie.

Mickey received a kiss and a hug.

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Active vs. passive voice Cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to children.

We designed the cigarette ads to appeal especially to children.

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There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground.

Dead leaves covered the ground.

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The sound of the falls could still be heard.

The sound of the falls still reached our ears.

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The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired.

Failing health compelled him to leave college.

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It was not long before he was very sorry that he had said what he had.

He soon repented his words.

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Avoid making one passive depend directly upon another. â&#x20AC;˘ Gold was not allowed to be exported.

It was forbidden to export gold (The export of gold was prohibited). â&#x20AC;˘ He has been proved to have been seen entering the building.

It has been proved that he was seen to enter the building.

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Active or passive voice?

• Which is better, active or passive voice?

Well, it depends: - Use passive voice for others. (It was determined…)

- Use active voice for yourself. (We determined…)

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5. Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns A sentence uses one main verb to convey its central action; without that verb the sentence would collapse.

The verb is the engine that drives the sentence. Dull, lifeless verbs slow the sentence down.

Action verbs reflect the action they were chosen to describe, and help bring the reader into the story.

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Compare: Loud music came from speakers embedded in the walls, and the entire arena moved as the hungry crowd got to its feet.

With: Loud music exploded from speakers embedded in the walls, and the entire arena shook as the hungry crowd leaped to its feet.

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Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns Pick the right verb!

The WHO reports that approximately two-thirds of the world’s diabetics are found in developing countries, and estimates that the number of diabetics in these countries will double in the next 25 year.

 The WHO estimates that two-thirds of the world’s diabetics are found in developing countries, and projects that the number of diabetics in these countries will double in the next 25 years.

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Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t kill verbs and adjectives by turning them into nouns.

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Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns Obtain estimates of

estimate

Has seen an expansion in

has expanded

Provides a methodologic emphasis

emphasizes methodology

Take an assessment of

assess

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6. Eliminate negatives; use positive constructions instead •

He was not often on time – He usually came late.

She did not think that studying writing was a sensible use of one’s time.  She thought studying writing was a waste of time.

•

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3. Writing Materials and Methods

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The body

Body of paper • Topic sentence  Prepare readers for contents  Allow readers for selective reading, • Sections  Materials and Methods  Results and discussion • Subsections

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Materials and methods Allow others to be able to repeat the investigations • Authors provide  Detailed instructions or descriptions  How the experiments were carried out Many names: • Experimental procedures • Methods • Computational methods • Methodology

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Materials and Methods • Most Materials and Methods sections are boring to read • To make this section interesting  Mention early in paragraph What is special unexpected, or different in your approach?  Gives clear idea of what the entire paragraph is about Using a table or schematic diagram than a paragraph of text.

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Materials and methods •

Always use the past tense.

•

Use subheadings

•

Provide enough details for reproducibility

 How much detail is too much? It depends...

•

Do not begin sentences with a number For long protocols use: First, Then, Followingly, and Finally

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Materials: quantity, (purity, purveyor, brand, machine type) Cell pellets were resuspended in 300 μl of SDS lysis buffer (1% SDS; 10 mM EDTA; 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.1), and agitated intermittently for 10 min on ice.

Protein samples were concentrated to 10 mg/ml (0.32 mM) in 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) and heated to 37 °C (310 °K).

Images were taken on a Zeiss Axiovert 200 microscope equipped with a Sensicam PCO camera and analyzed using Image Pro Plus (version 6.1).

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PHYS. REV. PHYS. EDUC. RES. 13, 020104 (2017) Logical Essay and Writing Chap 3 Oansup

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http://new.kcsnet.or.kr/ Logical Essay and Writing Chap 3 Oansup

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http://new.kcsnet.or.kr/ Logical Essay and Writing Chap 3 Oansup

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http://www.kps.or.kr/main/ Logical Essay and Writing Chap 3 Oansup

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연구방법

이론적 틀 각 정의가 갖는 관점을 파악하기 위해 본 연구는 과학적 개념을 물질적 관점과 과정적 관점으로 분류한 Chi 등의 생각을 토대로 이를 산-염기 개념에 적용한 백성혜의 분류틀을 근거로 분석하였다(Fig. 1). 이 틀에 따르면, HCl이나 CH3COOH는 Arrhenius의 개념에서 산으로 판단할 수 있다.

화학 교재 및 화학 교사들의 Brønsted−Lowry 산-염기 개념에 대한 분석

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More principles of news writing…

• • • • • •

Don’t use a complicated word when a simple one will do.

Avoid jargon, clichés, and euphemisms.

Don’t cram too much into one sentence.

Avoid redundancy and repetition.

Use active verbs and follow the usual conversational flow of words Use facts, not opinion.

Be specific.

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What scientific writers can learn from journalists…

• When you write news, you are trying to inform your reader  That a clear, succinct, informative writing style is best and…  That holding your reader’s attention matters!

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Has anyone ever counted the average number of letters per word in the newspaper?

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Each year, coffee manufacturers, restaurants, cafes and home brewers worldwide produce about six billion tons of coffee waste like the cakes in Mr. Broockerdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bin. If not rotting in a dump or fertilizing a garden, the grounds end up in animal feed and biofuels.

But researchers in Italy have found a new home for the stinky old coffee bits â&#x20AC;&#x201D; by infusing them into a porous foam that removes heavy metals from polluted water, according to a study published this month in ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering.

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Researchers use light to turn yeast into biochemical factories March 22, 2018 4:56 p.m.

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More principles of news writing…

• • • • • • •

Don’t use a complicated word when a simple one will do.

Avoid jargon, clichés, and euphemisms.

Don’t cram too much into one sentence.

Avoid redundancy and repetition.

Use active verbs and follow the usual conversational flow of words Use facts, not opinion.

Be specific.

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본 연구에서 사용하는 microemulsion system과 silica 전구체, 계면활성제는 적용되는 색소재료의 특성에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 친수성 색소재료 사용 시에는 reverse microemulsion system (Water in Oil)을 사용하며, 소수성 색소재료 사용 시에는 일반적인 microemulsion system (Oil in Water)을 사용한다. 또한 계면활성제는 양이온성, 음이온성, 비이온성 등 다양한 계면활성제를 사용할 수 있으나, silica 내부에 존재하는 색소재료의 분포는 계면활성제가 갖는 전하와 색소가 갖는 전하 사이의 charge-charge interaction에 영향을 받으므로 사용하는 색소재료가 갖는 전하에 따라 계면활성제를 선택적으로 적용하여야 한다. 물과 oil상 용액(cyclohexane)으로 구성된 혼합용액에 계면활성제를 첨가하면 self-assembly에 의해 계면활성제의 친수성 혹은 소수성 부분이 core를 향하고 있는 구형 micelle이 형성된다. 여기에 첨가되는 반응물인 silicate(silica 전구체)와 색소재료는 이미 형성되어 있는 micelle 내부로 이동하게 되며 친수성의 차이에 의해 silicate는 외부에, 색소재료는 core에 위치하게 된다. 이렇게 silicate 내부에 염료가 encapsulation된 형태를 갖춘 후 silicate의 가수분해에 의한 polycondensation 반응을 통해 견고한 외부 silica shell을 형성하게 되며, 일정 시간 경과 후 아세톤, 메탄올 등을 사용하여 계면활성제를 제거하면 silica에 의해 encapsulation된 나노미터 크기의 색소재료를 얻을 수 있다.

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Avoid clichés like the plague…

•

In a jiffy

•

The time of my life

•

At the speed of light

•

As old as the hills

•

Fit as a fiddle

•

A diamond in the rough

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풍부한 경험 혁신적인 동기부여가 된 결과 지향적인 검증된 경력 협동적인 활력있는 문제해결사 기업가적인 기질이 있는

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Euphemisms second class => business class third class => economy class used car or second-hand car => previously owned car lazy => motivationally deficient (동기가 불충분한) spendthrift => negative saver (소극적 절약가) unemployed => non-waged

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More principles of news writing…

• • • • • •

Don’t use a complicated word when a simple one will do.

Avoid jargon, clichés, and euphemisms.

Don’t cram too much into one sentence.

Avoid redundancy and repetition.

Use active verbs and follow the usual conversational flow of words Use facts, not opinion.

Be specific.

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This is a single sentenceâ&#x20AC;Ś Because septin filaments mark the site for cytokinesis, and because there is a specific cell cycle checkpoint that monitors the state of septin filament assembly, that we also discovered such knowledge may allow, ultimately, the development of therapeutic agents and clinically valuable strategies, on the one hand, to impose a permanent checkpoint arrest as a means of halting the growth of malignant cells in various cancers, including breast cancer, and, on the other, to overcome such checkpoints to re-activate proliferation of quiescent differentiated cells (for example, to stimulate multiplication of the residual beta-cells in patients suffering from Type 1 diabetes as a means to repopulate the pancreatic islets with insulin-producing cells).

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Avoid using two or more words that mean the same thing (redundancy).

The hero begins to behave strangely and in odd ways following his tryst with a witch he meets secretly at midnight. ď&#x192; The hero begins to behave strangely following his tryst with a witch he meets secretly at midnight.

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Do not repeat a word unless you need it again for clarity or emphasis (i.e., avoid repetition) When he was a student, his favorite classes were the classes that gave no homework. ď&#x192; When he was a student, his favorite classes were those that gave no homework.

When he was a student, his favorite classes gave no homework.

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Caveat: Keep your sentences short but not too short that they are choppy.

Example: (from Successful Science Writing)

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More principles of news writing…

• • • • • •

Don’t use a complicated word when a simple one will do.

Avoid jargon, clichés, and euphemisms.

Don’t cram too much into one sentence.

Avoid redundancy and repetition.

Use active verbs and follow the usual conversational flow of words Use facts, not opinion.

Be specific.

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MYTH: The passive voice is more objective.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not more objective, just more vague.

Active=claiming responsibility

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Passive: • To study DNA repair mechanics, this study on hamster cell DNA was carried out.

• Migraine was defined as a headache that lasts for more than 1 hour.  Active: direct, vigorous, natural, and informative • To study DNA repair mechanics, we carried out this study on hamster cell DNA. • We defined migraine as a headache that lasts for more than 1 hour.

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A note about breaking the rulesâ&#x20AC;Ś Most writing rules are guidelines, not laws, and can be broken when the occasion calls for it.

Sometimes it is appropriate to use the passive voice.

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For example

• When the action of the sentence is more important than who did it (e.g., materials and methods) Three liters of fluid were filtered through porous glass beads.

• To emphasize someone or something other than the agent that performed the action The Obamas were honored at the banquet.

• When the subject is unknown “The professor was assaulted in the hallways”– they do not know the perpetrator of this heinous crime.

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• STRONG VERBS carry the main idea of the sentence and sweep the reader along • Put your sentences on a “to be” diet…

Is are was were be been am…

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•

Calculation of solvent accessible surface was carried out using the DSSP program.

 • To calculate solvent accessible surface, the DSSP program was used.

• Solvent accessible surface was calculated using the DSSP program.

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There are many ways in which we can arrange the Petri dishes. ď&#x192; We can arrange the Petri dishes many ways.

There was a long line of bacteria on the plate. ď&#x192; Bacteria lined the plate.

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More principles of news writing…

• • • • • • •

Don’t use a complicated word when a simple one will do.

Avoid jargon, clichés, and euphemisms.

Don’t cram too much into one sentence.

Avoid redundancy and repetition.

Use active verbs and follow the usual conversational flow of words Use facts, not opinion.

Be specific.

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Use facts, not opinion Watch out for loaded words (which suggest an opinion): savage, primitive, conniving, lazy, superstitious, wily, crafty, docile, backward, bitter, pompous, working class, communist, eco-freak, others?â&#x20AC;Ś

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Be specificâ&#x20AC;Ś Police arrested Willie Deeds, an elderly man, after he used a note to rob the bank earlier this year.

Police arrested Willie Deeds, 72, after he used a note to rob the bank in January.

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What makes stories newsworthy?

• • • • • •

Impacts lots of people Breaking news Timeliness Conflict Trends Humor/Surprise

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Crucial Information Recall: The Five "W"s and the "H" â&#x20AC;˘ Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? Any good news story provides answers to each of these questions.

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Beware of these no/no’s…

• • •

Leave out names that mean nothing to the reader Never start with a quote unless it’s the President or the Pope speaking (or it’s as evocative as “Francis Crick is an idiot.…”)

Never “fool” your reader (i.e., start with something that you’re later going to retract or contradict).

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Another useful note…

•

It doesn’t matter how much time you spent writing. What matters is how much of it was uninterrupted.

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4. Writing Results

Results describe data Written form â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

Lysosomes contain enzymes for digestion of cellular contents Autophagosome engulfs the cell, before fusing with the lysosome

Figures and tables

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Nothing is self evident

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Results •

Findings

 Confirm or reject the hypothesis Our results confirm the hypothesis…

•

Helps

 Understand the problem  View the research problem from various perspectives.

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•

Include negative and control results

• Reporting percent change or difference than by quoting exact data 둑 내측과 외측의 저층수 내 메탄 농도는 각각 77~454 nM, 41~874 nM의 범위로 일부 지역(정점 7)에서 급격한 농도 증가를 보인 것을 제외하면 표층수와 마찬가지로 둑 내측에 서 증가하다 둑 외측에서 감소하는 공간 분포를 보였다(Table 1,Fig. 4c).

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•

Like the abstract

 Figures and tables should stand alone  Tell a complete story •

Be concise, using non-textual elements

 Figures and tables present more effectively

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•

Editors (and readers) look

 First (and maybe only) at titles, abstracts, and Tables and Figures!

•

Cite figures or tables that present supporting data

 Shown in figure 1 is

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Tables Format •

Model your tables from already published tables

•

Use three horizontal lines: one above the column headings, one below the column heading, and one below the data

•

Use a short horizontal line to group subheadings under a heading

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Figures Contains: 1. Brief title 2. Experimental details 3. Definitions of symbols 4. Statistical information

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Three varieties of Figures: • Primary evidence  Electron micrographs, photographs, etc.  indicates data quality

Logical Essay and Writing Chap 6 Oansup

http://www.mdpi.com/1424 -8220/13/4/4192/htm10

• Graphs  line graphs, bar graphs, scatter plots, boxplots, etc.

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• Drawings and diagrams  Illustrate experimental set-up  Indicate flow of experiments or participants  Indicate relationships or cause and effect or a cycle  Give a hypothetical model

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Do results belong in the text or in a table or figure? â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Both!

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http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/IS_mvpopo001P.do?method=multMain

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Summarize the data

물론 여름철은 수온과 담수 방류량 이 모두 높은 시기이므로 여름철 높아진 수층 메탄 농도가 수온의 효과 인지 담수에 의한 육상 메탄 공급의 효과인지 구별하는 것은 쉽지 않으나, 담수 유입이 육상에 존재하는 다양한 메탄 유입원을 물리적으로 이동시킬 가능성은 매우 높다고 할 수 있다. 육상은 하구보다 유기물이 많고 황산염이 적은 환경이므로 메탄생성반응이 더 잘 일어난다. 또한 유역에 존재하는 범람원, 산림 등은 메탄의 주요 공급원으로서, 이들 지역으로부터 높은 농도의 메탄은 강물 유량이 높을수록 지표 유출을 통해 하구로 많이 유입될 수 있다(de Angelis and Lilley, 1987; Richey et al., 1988; Rehder et al., 1998). 특히 여름철에는 높은 수온으로 인해 겨울철보다 더 많은 육상 메탄이 Logical추정된다.

Essay and Writing Chap 6 Oansup 16 생산되어 강물과 하구로 유입된 것으로

â&#x2020;&#x2019; The total suicide rate for Australian men and women did not change between 1991 and 2000 because marked decreases in older men and women (table 1) 17 Logical Essay and Writing Chap 6 Oansup were offset by increases in younger adults, especially younger men.

•

Use inverted pyramid style

•

Use subheadings Logical Essay and Writing Chap 6 Oansup

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→ 낙동강 하구 인근 하굿둑 내 외측에서 2014년 1월, 9월, 11월에 표층수와 저층수의 용존 메탄 농도를 Table 1에 나타내었다. 하굿둑 내측과 외측의 표층수 내 용존 메탄 농도는 각각 80~436 nM, 21~411 nM의 범위였으며, 여름인 9월에 가장 높고 겨울인 1월에 가장 낮았다. 저층수 내 용존 메탄 농도는 하굿둑 내측과 외측에서 각각 77~789 nM, 41~874 nM의 범위였으며, 둑 내측의 경우 9월에 가장 높았고 둑 외측의 경우 계절 간 유의한 차이가 없었다(t-test, p > 0.05).

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http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_archives_sub.htm?qpage=j_search&spage=b_jkcs&dpage=ar&year=201 7&vol=61&no=6 Logical Essay and Writing Chap 6 Oansup

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일반화학실험 활동 및 실험 이론의 이해에 대한 학생들의 인식 일반화학실험 활동과 실험 이론의 이해 측면에서 학생 들의 인식을 분석해 본 결과는 Table 6과 같다. 즉, 일반화학실험 활동에서 실험 수행의 수월성 영역은 거꾸로 교실 수업 집단의 평균 점수가 전통적 수업 집단의 평균 점수보다 높았고, 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 수업 후 실험 보고서 작성의 수월성과 일반화학실험 이론의 이해 영역은 거꾸로 교실 수업 집단의 평균 점수가 전통적인 수업 집단의 평균 점수보다 높았지만, 그 차이는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 설문 영역 별로 학생들의 인식을 살펴본 결과, 실험을 수행하는 과정에서의 수월성을 묻는 질문에 대해 거꾸로 교실 수업 집단이 3.72점, 전통적 수업 집단이 3.25점을 나타냈다. 즉, 거꾸로 교실 수업 집단의 학생들이 전통적 수업 집단의 학생들 보다 전반적인 실험 수행 과정을 좀 더 쉽게 인식한 것으로 나타났는데, 거꾸로 교실 수업 집 단의 학생들은 사전에 제공된 동영상을 통해 실험의 핵심 내용과 함께 실험 방법을 미리 학습할 수 있었고, 본 수업의 실험 세미나 과정에서 실험 과정이나 방법 등에 관해 다시 한번 자신들의 이해 정도를 높이는 기회를 가질 수 있었기 때문으로 생각된다. 실제로, 실험 세미나가 이루어지는 과정에서 세미나를 준비한 학생들과 그렇지 않은 학생들 사이에 다양한 질문과 답변이 오고 갔고, 학생들은 제공받은 동료의 피드백을 참고하여 실험 방법과 과정을 세밀하게 확인하는 모습을 확인할 수 있었다. 반면, 전통적 수업 집단의 학생들에게는 본 실험 수업이 있는 당일에 실험 과정과 방법에 대한 소개가 처음으로 이 루어졌고, 이에 실험 과정과 방법에 대해 충분히 숙지할 수 있는 시간이 부족했을 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 전통적 수업 집단의 학생들은 주로 자신들에게 주어진 실험 과정을 순차적으로 따라하는 형태로 실험 수업에 참여했을 것으로 생각되는데, 실험 과정과 맥락에 대한 충분한 이해 없이 매뉴얼대로 따라 하는 수업 과정이 전통적 수업 집단의 학생들에게는 불편하거나 어렵게 느껴졌던 것으로 해석된다 http://journal.kcsnet.or.kr/main/j_search/j_finaledit.htm?qpage=j_search&spage=b_jkcs&dpage=fd

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Writing Results: tense •

Use past or present tense. Don’t mix, except for… (next slide)

 We found that…  Women were more likely to…  Men smoked more cigarettes than…  Figure 1 shows…  Table 1 displays…  The data suggest

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Cohort Characteristics Figure 1A shows a flowchart of the methods for clinical data integration and analysis as well as derivation and evaluation of 4 major clinical outcome endpoints. We processed 33 initial enrollment data files and 97 follow-up data files for 11,160 patients across 33 cancer types. Table 1 shows the basic characteristics of each TCGA cohort. Primary tumor samples, not metastatic, were typically selected in each cohort for molecular characterization, with the exception of the skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) study, which allowed both.

A very limited number of metastatic tumors with matching primary tumors was also studied for other cancer types. Individual patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; detailed data are provided in Table S1, tab TCGA-CDR, and problems we identified when processing this dataset and the solutions we developed are described in the STAR Methods. http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30229-0

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Example Information was available for 7766 current cigarette smokers. Of these, 1216 (16%) were classified as hardcore smokers. Table 1 gives characteristics of all the smokers. The most striking difference was that hardcore smokers were about 10 years older on average and tended to be more dependent on tobacco.

Significantly more hardcore smokers had manual occupations, lived in rented accommodation, and had completed their full time education by the age of 16 years. There was no difference by sex. Jarvis et al. Prevalence of hardcore smoking in England, and associated attitudes and beliefs: cross sectional study BMJ 2003;326:1061 (17 May)

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•

Use active voice:

 more lively (i.e. we find…)  The data show…

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Example Using the same definition of hardcore smoking as adopted in the Californian study, we found a prevalence of 17% across all age groups and 19% among smokers aged 26 compared with a figure of 5% for this group in the US study. When we added the Californian requirement of 15 cigarettes a day to our criteria we found a prevalence of 10% among smokers aged 26, still twice the prevalence in California From : Jarvis et al. - Prevalence of hardcore smoking in England, and associated attitudes and beliefs: cross sectional study BMJ 2003;326:1061 (17 May)

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Punctuation, Parallelism, and the Good Sentence

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â&#x20AC;¢

Semicolon ;

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Colon : • Use after an independent clause  Introduce, explanation an amplification, or an illustrative quotation The bookstore specializes in three subjects: art, architecture, and graphic design.

• Do not use a colon when the listed items are incorporated into the flow of the sentence.

The bookstore specializes in art, architecture, and graphic design.(?)

The bookstore specializes in: art, architecture, and graphic design.(?)

The colon has more effect than the comma, less power to separate than the semicolon, and more formality than the dash.”--Strunk and White

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Example: They dramatically reduced the number of series in production: in 1935, fourteen series were circulating; in 1940, nine; by 1980, when the syndicate was in its final years, only four.

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Comma “ “ • Used to separate elements in a series “He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first base."

“The buffer solution contained 5 mM HCl, 10 mM TRIS, and 3 mM H2SO4.”

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Rarely if ever used in scientific papers Speech marks, questions mark, exclamation mark.

• The gentleman said: “Shall we dance?”.

• The lady replied: “Let’s!”.

-> The gentleman asked the lady if she would dance, to which she answered they should

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Parenthesis (parenthetical expression): â&#x20AC;˘

A word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation or after thought into a passage that is grammatically complete without it.

â&#x20AC;˘

Parentheses (always used in pairs) allow a writer to provide additional information

If you remove the material within the parentheses, the main point of the sentence should not change.

The president (and his assistant) traveled by private jet. â&#x20AC;˘

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5. Writing Discussion and Conclusion

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Introduction Identifies the problem Background/Literature Review Identifies whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s known whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not known Methods Identifies the who, when, how Results Identifies the what (found) Discussion Conclusion Logical Essay and Writing 7 Oansup

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Introduction and Background • What’s known

Critical literature review

• What’s unknown limitations and gaps in previous studies • Your burning question • Your experimental approach

• Why your experimental approach is new and different and important

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Tell a story: •

Write it in plain word, not tech-speak.

•

Take the reader step by step from what is known to what is unknown.

End with your specific question.

(KnownUnknownQuestion)

•

Emphasize what is new and important about your work.

•

Do not state the answer to the research question.

•

Do not include results or implications.

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IV. 결론 및 제언

한편, 운동 그래프 이해도가 낮은 학생들의 경우 텍스트 이해 단계에서 시간을 오래 소요하고 핵심 단어들을 잘 찾 이상에서 중학생의 ‘운동’ 관련 그래프의 문제 해결 지 못하는 학생이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이 는 본 연구에 과 정에서 나타나는 시선이동의 특징, 그리고 문제 서 제시된 문제 텍스트가 대부분 단문의 짧고 간단한 문장 해결 성패 여부 및 전체적인 운동 관련 그래프에 대 임을 고려하면 텍스트 읽기 능력 자체가 다소 낮은 학생들 한 이해도와 문제 해결 과정에서의 시선 이동과의 일 가능성이 높다. 텍스트 읽기에서 친숙하지 않거나 모르 관계를 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 시간-위치 그래프가 는 단어에 시선이 오래 머무름을 고려하면 운동 관련 단어 시간-속력 그래프보다 정답률이 약간 높은 경향이 들에 어려움을 겪는 학생들도 있었으나 그 수는 소수였다. 있었고, 학생들은 그래프에서 1차적으로 정보를 획 운동에 대한 그래프 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 텍스트 읽 득하여 해결할 수 있는 문제에서 높은 정답률을 보 기 능력, 운동과 관련된 기본 개념, 그래프 도식, 그래프를 였다. 한편, 시간-위치 그래프에서 속력의 변화를 파 운동 상황에 적용하여 해석할 수 있는 능력 등이 필요하다. 악해 야 하는 문제나 시간-속력 그래프에서 이동 거 본 연구에서는 중학교 운동 단원에서 많이 사용되는 그래 리를 구해야하는 문제 등 그래프로부터 2차적 정보 프 문제에서 정답률이 절반을 약간 넘는 수준을 보였으며, 를 도출해 내야 하는 문제에서는 정답률이 낮았다. 정답률이 낮은 학생들의 경우 텍스트 읽기 능력과 그래프 특히 시간-위치 그래프에서 속력의 변화를 고려해 도식 등 운동 맥락과는 별개로 기본적인 기능에서 어려움 야 하는 경우 가장 낮은 정답률을 보였으며, 심지어 을 겪고 있을 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 상위 집단의 학생들조차 해결하지 못하는 경우가 특정 지역의 제한된 학생을 대상으로 실시 하였으므로 결 많았다. 그래프 문제를 해결하는 동안 학생들의 시 과를 중학생 전체에서 나타나는 현상으로 확대하기에는 선을 분석해 본 결과 운동 그래프에 대한 이해도가 제한이 있다. 또한 58명이라는 비교적 적은 수의 피험자 높은 학생들은 텍스트에 비해 그래프에 더 오래 시 를 대상으로 하였으므로 통계적 결과 해석에 따른 제한점 선이 머무르고, 문제 해결에 핵심 정보를 담은 영역 역시 무시하기 어려울 것이다. 그러나 학생들 의 운동 관 을 찾아 효율적으로 문제를 해결하는 것으로 나타 련 그래프 문제 해결을 지도함에 있어 학생들의 읽기 능력 났다. 또한 문제 이해 단계에서 시간을 적게 소요하 에 대한 고려, 그래프 도식에 대한 수학 과목과의 연계가 고 있었다 어려운 정도로 필요함을 보여주는 결과라 여겨 Logical Essay and 간과하기 Writing 7 Oansup 5 진다.

IV. 결론 및 제언

한편, 운동 그래프 이해도가 낮은 학생들의 경우 텍스트 이해 단계에서 시간을 오래 소요하고 핵심 단어들을 잘 찾 이상에서 중학생의 ‘운동’ 관련 그래프의 문제 해결 지 못하는 학생이 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이 는 본 연구에 과 정에서 나타나는 시선이동의 특징, 그리고 문제 서 제시된 문제 텍스트가 대부분 단문의 짧고 간단한 문장 해결 성패 여부 및 전체적인 운동 관련 그래프에 대 임을 고려하면 텍스트 읽기 능력 자체가 다소 낮은 학생들 한 이해도와 문제 해결 과정에서의 시선 이동과의 일 가능성이 높다. 텍스트 읽기에서 친숙하지 않거나 모르 관계를 살펴보았다. 분석 결과 시간-위치 그래프가 는 단어에 시선이 오래 머무름을 고려하면 운동 관련 단어 시간-속력 그래프보다 정답률이 약간 높은 경향이 들에 어려움을 겪는 학생들도 있었으나 그 수는 소수였다. 있었고, 학생들은 그래프에서 1차적으로 정보를 획 운동에 대한 그래프 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 텍스트 읽 득하여 해결할 수 있는 문제에서 높은 정답률을 보 기 능력, 운동과 관련된 기본 개념, 그래프 도식, 그래프를 였다. 한편, 시간-위치 그래프에서 속력의 변화를 파 운동 상황에 적용하여 해석할 수 있는 능력 등이 필요하다. 악해 야 하는 문제나 시간-속력 그래프에서 이동 거 본 연구에서는 중학교 운동 단원에서 많이 사용되는 그래 리를 구해야하는 문제 등 그래프로부터 2차적 정보 프 문제에서 정답률이 절반을 약간 넘는 수준을 보였으며, 를 도출해 내야 하는 문제에서는 정답률이 낮았다. 정답률이 낮은 학생들의 경우 텍스트 읽기 능력과 그래프 특히 시간-위치 그래프에서 속력의 변화를 고려해 도식 등 운동 맥락과는 별개로 기본적인 기능에서 어려움 야 하는 경우 가장 낮은 정답률을 보였으며, 심지어 을 겪고 있을 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 상위 집단의 학생들조차 해결하지 못하는 경우가 특정 지역의 제한된 학생을 대상으로 실시 하였으므로 결 많았다. 그래프 문제를 해결하는 동안 학생들의 시 과를 중학생 전체에서 나타나는 현상으로 확대하기에는 선을 분석해 본 결과 운동 그래프에 대한 이해도가 제한이 있다. 또한 58명이라는 비교적 적은 수의 피험자 높은 학생들은 텍스트에 비해 그래프에 더 오래 시 를 대상으로 하였으므로 통계적 결과 해석에 따른 제한점 선이 머무르고, 문제 해결에 핵심 정보를 담은 영역 역시 무시하기 어려울 것이다. 그러나 학생들 의 운동 관 을 찾아 효율적으로 문제를 해결하는 것으로 나타 련 그래프 문제 해결을 지도함에 있어 학생들의 읽기 능력 났다. 또한 문제 이해 단계에서 시간을 적게 소요하 에 대한 고려, 그래프 도식에 대한 수학 과목과의 연계가 고 있었다 어려운 정도로 필요함을 보여주는 결과라 여겨 Logical Essay and 간과하기 Writing 7 Oansup 6 진다.

V. 결론 및 제언 본 연구는 과학고 학생을 대상으로 과학고 입학 이전의 물리 선행 학습의 실태를 조사하고, 선행 학습을 세 가지 변인(시작 시기, 문제 풀이 양, 경시대회)으로 설정하고, 이 변인들이 물 리 개념 수준과 물리 학업 성취도에 어떤 영향 을 주는지 분석 하였다. 연구 대상자들은 물리 선행 학습을 시작한 계기로 ‘과 학고 입시를 위해서’라고 응답한 학생이 53.3%로 가장 많았 고, 이는 상급학교 입시 시험이나 명문학 교 진학을 위해 선행 학습을 한다는 선행 연구의 결과와도 일치한다. 물리 선행 학 습을 시작한 시기로는 초등학교 6학 년부터 중학교 3학년까 지 다양하게 나타났는데, 가장 많은 수의 학생이 중학교 2학 년 1학기 때부터 시작하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 대상자들은 중학교 시절 평균 1,410문항의 물리 문제학업 성취도에는 1 번(1학년 1학기 기말고사)의 시험에서만 통계적으로 를 풀이 한 것으로 조사되었다. 물리 선행 학습이 학업 성취도에 영향을 미친다고 생각하는 학생의 비율은 61%였으며, 6개월 정도 그 효과가 나타난다고 응답한 인원이 가장 많았다. 선행 학습 시기는 물리 개념 수준 (FCI 검사 점수)에는 영향을 미치지 못했고, 유 의미한 차를 보였다. 물리 문제 풀이량은 2번의 물리 개념 검사 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 차를 보였고, 학업 성취도 에 있어서는 1학년 1학기 ∼2학년 1학기까지 유의미한 차를 보였다. 물리올림피아드 수상 여부는 표면상으로 앞의 두 변인 보다 영향력이 컸으며, 학업 성취도의 경우 2학년 2 학기까지 영향 을 주었다. 하지만 물리올림피아드 수상인원을 제외한 통계 분석에서는 물리 문제 풀이량의 영향이 줄어드는 모습을 보

여주었다.

본문에서도 밝혔듯이 물리올림피아드 수상 여부가 물리 개념 수준 및 학업 성취도와 상관 관계가 높은 것은 선행 학습의 효과보다 이 학생들이 가진 물리학에 대한 이해 도 등 잠재 능력이 높음에 기인할 수 있다. 이를 보다 명 확히 밝히기 위해서는 물리올림피아드 수상자(27명)에 대한 추 가 분석이 필요하다. 물리올림피아드 수상자 그룹이 선행 학습을 시작한 시기 는 1명을 제외한 나머지 학생들이 초6∼ 중2로 준비 그룹 이나 미준비 그룹과 큰 차이를 발견하기 어려웠다. 하지 만 이 학생들이 물리 선행 학습을 시작하게 된 동기를 살 펴보면 ‘과학고 입시를 위해서’가 11명이며, ‘물리를 좋아 해서’라고 답한 학생은 9명이다. 더불어 ‘물리올림피아드 입상을 위해서’라고 응답한 학생은 4명이었다. 물리 좋아해서 물리 공부를 시작한 학생의 비율이 다른 그룹에 비해 월등히 높다. 이는 학업 성취도에 영향을 주 는 것은 선행 학습을 일찍 시작하고, 더 많은 문제를 풀어 보는 것보다, 어떤 목적을 가지고 학습하느냐가 중요할 수 있다 는 것이다. 과학고와 같은 선호 학교 입학이 외적 동기로 작용하여 학습한 학생들은 일시적으로는 높은 학업 성취 도를 보 여줄 수 있으나, 물리학의 진정한 재미와 깨달음의 즐거 움을 아는 학생들은 보다 꾸준하게 좋은 학업 성취를 보 여줄 가능성이 높다. 학습 동기와 학업 성취도와의 관련 성에 대해서는 추후 심층적인 분석이 이루어져야 할 것 으로 보인다. 마지막으로 물리 과목을 포함한 과학 선행 학습 실태에 대해 과학고 교사, 교육 정책 관계자, 과학 교육 연구자들 의 관심과 고민이 필요하다. 자

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V. 결론 및 제언 본 연구는 과학고 학생을 대상으로 과학고 입학 이전의 물리 선행 학습의 실태를 조사하고, 선행 학습을 세 가지 변인(시작 시기, 문제 풀이 양, 경시대회)으로 설정하고, 이 변인들이 물 리 개념 수준과 물리 학업 성취도에 어떤 영향 을 주는지 분석 하였다. 연구 대상자들은 물리 선행 학습을 시작한 계기로 ‘과 학고 입시를 위해서’라고 응답한 학생이 53.3%로 가장 많았 고, 이는 상급학교 입시 시험이나 명문학 교 진학을 위해 선행 학습을 한다는 선행 연구의 결과와도 일치한다. 물리 선행 학 습을 시작한 시기로는 초등학교 6학 년부터 중학교 3학년까 지 다양하게 나타났는데, 가장 많은 수의 학생이 중학교 2학 년 1학기 때부터 시작하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 대상자들은 중학교 시절 평균 1,410문항의 물리 문제를 풀이한 것으로 조 사되었다. 물리 선행 학습이 학업 성취도에 영향을 미친다고 생각하는 학생의 비율은 61%였으며, 6개월 정도 그 효과가 나타난다고 응답한 인원이 가장 많았다. 선행 학습 시기는 물리 개념 수준 (FCI 검사 점수)에는 영향을 미치지 못했고, 학업 성취도에는 1 번(1학년 1학기 기말고사)의 시험에서만 통계적으로 유 의 미한 차를 보였다. 물리 문제 풀이량은 2번의 물리 개념 검사 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 차를 보였고, 학업 성취도 에 있어서는 1학년 1학기 ∼2학년 1학기까지 유의미한 차를 보였다. 물리올림피아드 수상 여부는 표면상으로 앞의 두 변인 보다 영향력이 컸으며, 학업 성취도의 경우 2학년 2 학기까지 영향 을 주었다. 하지만 물리올림피아드 수상인원을 제외한 통계 분석에서는 물리 문제 풀이량의 영향이 줄어드는 모습을 보

여주었다.

본문에서도 밝혔듯이 물리올림피아드 수상 여부가 물리 개념 수준 및 학업 성취도와 상관 관계가 높은 것은 선행 학습의 효과보다 이 학생들이 가진 물리학에 대한 이해 도 등 잠재 능력이 높음에 기인할 수 있다. 이를 보다 명 확히 밝히기 위해서는 물리올림피아드 수상자(27명)에 대한 추 가 분석이 필요하다. 물리올림피아드 수상자 그룹이 선행 학습을 시작한 시기 는 1명을 제외한 나머지 학생들이 초6∼ 중2로 준비 그룹 이나 미준비 그룹과 큰 차이를 발견하기 어려웠다. 하지 만 이 학생들이 물리 선행 학습을 시작하게 된 동기를 살 펴보면 ‘과학고 입시를 위해서’가 11명이며, ‘물리를 좋아 해서’라고 답한 학생은 9명이다. 더불어 ‘물리올림피아드 입상을 위해서’라고 응답한 학생은 4명이었다. 물리 좋아해서 물리 공부를 시작한 학생의 비율이 다른 그룹에 비해 월등히 높다. 이는 학업 성취도에 영향을 주 는 것은 선행 학습을 일찍 시작하고, 더 많은 문제를 풀어 보는 것보다, 어떤 목적을 가지고 학습하느냐가 중요할 수 있다 는 것이다. 과학고와 같은 선호 학교 입학이 외적 동기로 작용하여 학습한 학생들은 일시적으로는 높은 학업 성취 도를 보 여줄 수 있으나, 물리학의 진정한 재미와 깨달음의 즐거 움을 아는 학생들은 보다 꾸준하게 좋은 학업 성취를 보 여줄 가능성이 높다. 학습 동기와 학업 성취도와의 관련 성에 대해서는 추후 심층적인 분석이 이루어져야 할 것 으로 보인다. 마지막으로 물리 과목을 포함한 과학 선행 학습 실태에 대해 과학고 교사, 교육 정책 관계자, 과학 교육 연구자들 의 관심과 고민이 필요하다. 자

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Functions of Discussion Section A discussion cannot simply repeat the results • Go beyond the evidence  Not being merely contrary to current opinion • Reinterpret the significant of findings • Acknowledges limitations of methods • Identifies new areas for exploration and/or next steps

The Discussion Things to avoid in the discussion • Do not simply repeat what is in the Results • Do not try to explain every minor flaw • Do not attempt to explain away every unexpected result • Do not exaggerate or make extravagant claims • Don’t hedge

Discussion vs Results • Results are the facts of the findings, unedited and unqualified  Hard data (statistics, tables, figures) • Discussion is about what the results mean  Implications of the findings

The Discussion The Discussion is the section that…

• Gives you the most freedom • Gives you the most chance to put good writing on display • Is the most challenging to write

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The purpose of the discussion: • Answer the question posed in the Introduction • Support your conclusion with details (yours, others) • Defend your conclusion (acknowledge limits) • Highlight the broader implications of the work i.e., What do my results mean and why should anyone care?

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Rigid Formula vs Positing New Ideas “The ‘discussion’ should always refer back to the original conceptual framework and not introduce new ones (e.g., Zajonc’s mere exposure hypothesis and Sutherland’s theory of differential association). This diverts attention from the original purpose of the study and the actual answers to study questions...”

--Anonymous Reviewer

Follow your rules for good writing!

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Framework of the Discussion QUESTION TO ADDRESS

What’s the central finding?

Could it be wrong?

CONTENT Place in the context of other work Restate the finding.

Clearly state what’s new Identify and deal with threats to validity Consider alternative explanations for your findings given the study design BEFORE/AFTER Temporal trend Selection bias

What does it mean?

OBSERVATIONAL Loss to follow-up Low response rate Unmeasured confounding

RANDOMIZED TRIAL Inadequate blinding Ascertainment bias Loss to follow-up

Assess its generalizability, and speculate about its implications Suggest mechanisms Specify what you think should happen next

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Elements of the typical discussion section…

• Key finding (answer to the question(s) asked in Intro.)  Supporting explanation, details (lines of evidence)  Possible mechanisms or pathways  Is this finding novel?

• Key secondary findings  Context Compare your results with other people’s results Compare your results with existing paradigms Explain unexpected or surprising findings

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• Strengths and limitations • What’s next  Recommended confirmatory studies (“needs to be confirmed”)  Unanswered questions  Future directions • The “so what?”: implicate, speculate, recommend  Clinical implications of basic science findings • Strong conclusion (kicker!)

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What NOT to do! In discussion Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t start like this!!

This meta-analysis is subject to a number of limitations. The estimates of risk for melanoma subsequent to using sunlamps/sunbeds are based on published data in a series of 10 articles over a period of 20 years. A pooled analysis of original observations taken in the 10 studies would have provided a more powerful approach â&#x20AC;Ś

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Example

https://journals.aps.org/prper/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEdu cRes.12.020127

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Example

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본 연구에서는 NF-κB의 signaling pathway에서 Hsp70의 역할을 명확히 하기 위하여 Hsp70와 IKKγ의 상호연관성을 검토하였다. 그 결과 Hsp70와 IKKγ는 각각 NF-κB의 활성을 억제하였으며 이 억제작용은 Hsp70와 IKKγ를 동시에 overexpression 시켰을 때 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다. 그리고 IKKγ의 N-말단에 존재하는 IKKβ binding domain과 C-말단의 Leucine zipper 및 Zinc finger domain이 결손 된 mutant IKKγ의 존재하에서도 NF-κB에 대한 활성억제효과는 wild type IKKγ의 경우와 동일하게 나타남으로써 IKKγ는 IKKβ와 결합 하지 않은 상태로, 또한 고분자 복합체를 형성하지 않은 상태에서도 NF-κB를 억제할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 Hsp70 및 IKKγ의 NF-κB 활성억제작용이 실제 NF-κB의 target 유전자의 발현에도 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 RAW264.7세포를 이용하여 검토한 결과 Hsp70와 IKKγ의 overexpression이 COX-2의 발현을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 Hsp70와 IKKγ를 적절히 활용함으로써 NF-κB의 활성을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있으며, 이는 NFκB의 과다활성에 의해 나타나는 각종 암과 염증성 질환의 예방과 치료에 활용 될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. Hsp70와 IKKγ에 의한NF-κB활성억제의 구체적인 기전에 관해서는 Hsp70와 IKKγ의 결합여부, IKK complex 내에 Hsp70의 존재여부 및 역할 등을 검토하면 더욱 상세히 밝혀질 것으로 사료된다.

Journal of Life Science 2016 Vol. 26. No. 9. 991~998 Logical Essay and Writing 7 Oansup

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Example 미세아교세포의 활성화로 대표될 수 있는 신경염증반응은 신경퇴행성 질환의 주요원인으로 작용한다[4-6, 8, 12, 15]. 녹차 유래 polyphenol EGCG의 항 산화, 항 노화 효과에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다[7, 13, 16]. 본 연구에서는 EGCG를 이용하여 미세아교세포의 활성 억제를 확인하였다. LPS에의해 활성화된 미세아교세포에 서 NO의 생성과 pro-inflammatory cytokine 유전자의 발현을 확인하였다(Fig. 1, Fig. 2). 그러나 2 μM EGCG를 1시 간 전 처리한 미세아교세포에서는 LPS에 의한 활성이 억제되는 것을 알 수 있었다.

TLR-4는 세포막에 존재하는 LPS 특이적 수용체로 자극에 반응해 pro-inflammatory cytokines의 발현을 유도하는 것으로 알려져 있다[1, 2]. 본 연구에서 LPS에 의해 TLR-4의 mRNA 발현이 증가하였고, EGCG를 1 시간 전 처리한 경우 발현이 억제되는 것 을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 BV-2 미세아교세포에서 EGCG에 의한 NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines 의 억제는 TLR-4 수용체 억제에 의한 것임을 알 수 있었다. TLR-4 수용체의 발현을 제어함으로써 LPS에 의한 신경 염증반응을 억제하고 latex bead를 이용한 식균활성 확인 결과가 의미하는 것과 같이 EGCG에 의한 미세아교세포 의 활성이 억제되는것을 알 수 있었다(Fig. 4). 뿐만 아니라 미세아교세포의 배양여액을 이용한 조건배지에 대한 신 경세포의 생존율을 확인하였을 때, LPS를 처리한 조건 배지에서 신경 세포의 사멸이 유도되고, EGCG 1시간 전 처 리한 다음 LPS를 처리한 조건배지에서 신경세포의 생존율이 회복되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 EGCG를 이용해 미세아교세포의 활성과 식균 작용을 제어할 수 있고 더 나아가 신경염증반응에 의 한 다양한 신경퇴행성 질환의 진행에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 녹차 유래 polyphenol을 이용한 치료제 개발 에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다

Journal of Life Science 2016 Vol. 26. No. 6. 640~645 Logical Essay and Writing 7 Oansup

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Example This large prospective study shows that a traditional Mediterranean food pattern is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Interestingly, among participants with the highest adherence to the diet, there was a high prevalence of important risk factors for diabetes, such as older age, higher BMI, family history of diabetes, and personal history of hypertension and a higher proportion of ex-smokers. Therefore, we would have expected a higher incidence of diabetes among these participants. These higher risk participants with better adherence to the diet, however, had a lower risk of diabetes, suggesting that the diet might have a substantial potential for prevention. This finding is consistent with our previous report of an inverse association between a Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome.

The metabolic syndrome is closely associated with a generalised metabolic disorder of insulin resistance, which is one of the underlying causes of type 2 diabetes. Therefore a high biological plausibility exists to support the causality of our findings. In addition, a previous cohort study of survivors of myocardial infarction also reported that a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes, despite use of a relatively inaccurate tool for the dietary assessment. The inverse graded dose-response pattern and the significant inverse trend that we observed also support a causal relation.

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Example This large prospective study shows that a traditional Mediterranean food pattern is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. [answer to question asked] Interestingly, among participants with the highest adherence to the diet, there was a high prevalence of important risk factors for diabetes, such as older age, higher BMI, family history of diabetes, and personal history of hypertension and a higher proportion of ex-smokers. Therefore, we would have expected a higher incidence of diabetes among these participants. These higher risk participants with better adherence to the diet, however, had a lower risk of diabetes, suggesting that the diet might have a substantial potential for prevention. [â&#x20AC;&#x153;bonusâ&#x20AC;? finding/additional evidence] This finding is consistent with our previous report of an inverse association between a Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome.[fits with previous research]

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The metabolic syndrome is closely associated with a generalised metabolic disorder of insulin resistance, which is one of the underlying causes of type 2 diabetes. Therefore a high biological plausibility exists to support the causality of our findings. [biological mechanisms] In addition, a previous cohort study of survivors of myocardial infarction also reported that a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduction in the risk of type 2 diabetes, [fits previous research] despite use of a relatively inaccurate tool for the dietary assessment. The inverse graded dose-response pattern and the significant inverse trend that we observed also support a causal relation. [dose-response evidence]

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The Discussion: verb tense Verb Tenses (active!): Past, referring to study details, results, analyses, and background research • We found that • They lost more weight than • Subjects may have experienced • Miller et al. found Present, talking about what the data suggest …

• The greater weight loss suggests • The explanation for this difference is not clear.

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The Discussion: • The answer to the key question asked • What’s new • The context  How your results fit into, contradict, or add to what’s known or believed • Strengths and limits of the study • The “so what?”: implicate, speculate, recommend • Overall conclusion • Powerful finish

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6. Writing Abstract

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Abstract

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Write an abstract is not art!

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Abstracts • Overview of the main story • Gives highlights from each section of the paper • Limited length (100-300 words, typically) • Stands on its own • Used, with title, for electronic search engines • Most often, the only part people read

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This paper analyzes pre-post matched gains in the epistemological views of science students taking the introductory physics course at Beijing Normal University (BNU) in China.

In this study we examined the attitudes and beliefs of science majors (n=441 ) in four classes, one taught using traditional (lecture) teaching methods, and the other three taught with Peer Instruction (PI). In two of the PI classes, student peer groups were constantly changing throughout the semester, while in the other PI class student groups remained fixed for the duration of the semester.

The results of the pre- and post-test using the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey showed that students in traditional lecture settings became significantly more novice like in their beliefs about physics and learning physics over the course of a semester, a result consistent with what was reported in the literature.

However, all three of the classes taught using the PI method improved student attitudes and beliefs about physics and learning physics. In the PI class with fixed peer groups, students exhibited a greater positive shift in attitudes and beliefs than in the other PI class with changing peer groups. The study also looked at gender differences in student learning attitudes. Gender results revealed that female science majors in the PI classes achieved a greater positive shift in attitudes and beliefs after instruction than did male students.

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Abstract • Unstructured abstract  Single paragraph of between 100–250 words  Containing a very brief summary of main sections of paper • Structured abstract  Same as unstructured abstract  Divided into several short sections

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Abstract gives: • Background • Question asked  “We asked whether,” “We hypothesized that,”…etc.

• Experiment(s) done  Material studied (molecule, cell line, tissue, organ) or the animal or human population studied  The experimental approach or study design and the independent and dependent variables • Results found  Key results found  Minimal raw data (prefer summaries) • The answer to the question asked • Implication, speculation, or recommendation Logical Essay and Writing 9 Oansup

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Unstructured example Abstract

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Abstracts Empirical research with nonhuman primates appears to support the view that causal reasoning is a key cognitive faculty that divides humans from animals. The claim is that animals approximate causal learning using associative processes.

The present results cast doubt on that conclusion. Rats made causal inferences in a basic task that taps into core features of causal reasoning without requiring complex physical knowledge. They derived predictions of the outcomes of interventions after passive observational learning of different kinds of causal models. These competencies cannot be explained by current associative theories but are consistent with causal Bayes net theories.

Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):1020-2. Causal reasoning in rats. Blaisdell AP, Sawa K, Leising KJ, Waldmann MR.

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Abstract

본고에서는 차세대 보안통신기술인 양자암호통신에 대해 기 술 한다. 양자암호통신은 양자키 분배와 암호통신으로 이루어지는데 양자키 분배란 양자역학적 원리에 의해 비 밀키를 송/수신 자가 절대 안전하게 나누어 갖는 방법을 일컫는다. 나누어진 비 밀키를 이용하여 현대암 호 기법을 이용한 암호통신을 수행하면 도청으로부터 절대 안전한 보안통신 구현이 완성된다. 해외 에서는 양자암호통신의 가능성과 중요성을 인식하고 집중적인 투자를 통해 연구개발을 진행하고 있으나 아직까지 국내에서는 체계적인 연구개발 활동이 미약한 상황이다.

KIST는 2013년 25km 떨어진 송/수신자가 비밀키를 나누어가질 수 있는 BB84 양자키분배 프로토콜 기반 시스템 하드웨어를 구현하여 해외 학회에 전시 및 시연 했다. 추후 현대암호와의 융합연구 병행 기술개발을 추진한다면 조기에 양자암호통신 실용화가 가능할 것이 라 기대된다. 절대 안전한 차세대 보안통신의 실현은 직접 적으로는 국가적인 보안통신망의 확보를 가능하게 하고 간 접적 으로는 미래 초연결사회에서 활발한 지식 정보 교류를 가능하 게 하여 새로운 사회·문화적 변화를 이끌어 내는 기반 기술이 될 것으로 기대한다. 물리계층의 신개념 보안통신기술, 양자암호통신

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Abstract

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Abstract 1

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Abstracts 2

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Abstract 3 Avian H5N1 influenza viruses currently circulating in southeast Asia could potentially cause the next pandemic. However, currently licensed human vaccines are subtype-specific and do not protect against these H5N1 viruses. We aimed to develop an influenza vaccine and assessed its immunogenicity and efficacy to confer protection in BALB/c mice.

We developed an egg-independent strategy to combat the avian influenza virus, because the virus is highly lethal to chickens and the maintenance of a constant supply of embryonated eggs would be difficult in a pandemic. We used a replication-incompetent, human adenoviral-vector-based, haemagglutinin subtype 5 influenza vaccine (HAd-H5HA), which induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from people.

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â&#x20AC;˘Immunisation

of mice with HAd-H5HA provided effective protection fro m H5N1 disease, death, and primary viral replication (p<0.0001) agains t antigenically distinct strains of H5N1 influenza viruses. Unlike the reco mbinant H5HA vaccine, which is based on a traditional subunit vaccine approach, HAd-H5HA vaccine induced a three-fold to eight-fold increas e in HA-518-epitope-specific interferon-gamma-secreting CD8 T cells ( p=0.01).

Our findings highlight the potential of an Ad-vector-based delivery syste m, which is both egg-independent and adjuvant-independent and offers stockpiling options for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccin e.

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INTRODUCTION: Avian H5N1 influenza viruses currently circulating in southeast Asia could potentially cause the next pandemic. However, currently licensed human vaccines are subtype-specific and do not protect against these H5N1 viruses. We aimed to develop an influenza vaccine and assessed its immunogenicity and efficacy to confer protection in BALB/c mice.

METHODS: We developed an egg-independent strategy to combat the avian influenza virus, because the virus is highly lethal to chickens and the maintenance of a constant supply of embryonated eggs would be difficult in a pandemic. We used a replication-incompetent, human adenoviral-vector-based, haemagglutinin subtype 5 influenza vaccine (HAd-H5HA), which induces both humoral and cellmediated immune responses against avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from people.

FINDINGS: Immunisation of mice with HAd-H5HA provided effective protection from H5N1 disease, death, and primary viral replication (p<0.0001) against antigenically distinct strains of H5N1 influenza viruses. Unlike the recombinant H5HA vaccine, which is based on a traditional subunit vaccine approach, HAd-H5HA vaccine induced a three-fold to eight-fold increase in HA-518-epitopespecific interferon-gamma-secreting CD8 T cells (p=0.01).

INTERPRETATION: Our findings highlight the potential of an Ad-vector-based delivery system, which is both eggindependent and adjuvant-independent and offers stockpiling options for the development of a pandemic influenza vaccine Logical Essay and Writing 9 Oansup

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Abstracts 4 Higher intake of calcium and vitamin D has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in epidemiologic studies and polyp recurrence in polyp-prevention trials. However, randomized-trial evidence that calcium with vitamin D supplementation is beneficial in the primary prevention of colorectal cancer is lacking.

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 36,282 postmenopausal women from 40 Women's Health Initiative centers: 18,176 women received 500 mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate with 200 IU of vitamin D3 twice daily (1000 mg of elemental calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D3) and 18,106 received a matching placebo for an average of 7.0 years. The incidence of pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer was the designated secondary outcome. Baseline levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were assessed in a nested case-control study.

Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer.

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The incidence of invasive colorectal cancer did not differ significantly be tween women assigned to calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and those assigned to placebo (168 and 154 cases; hazard ratio, 1.08; 95 p ercent confidence interval, 0.86 to 1.34; P=0.51), and the tumor charact eristics were similar in the two groups. The frequency of colorectal-canc er screening and abdominal symptoms was similar in the two groups. T here were no significant treatment interactions with baseline characteris tics.

Daily supplementation of calcium with vitamin D for seven years had n o effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer among postmenopausal women. The long latency associated with the development of colorectal cancer, along with the seven-year duration of the trial, may have contrib uted to this null finding. Ongoing follow-up will assess the longer-term e ffect of this intervention.

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BACKGROUND: Higher intake of calcium and vitamin D has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in epidemiologic studies and polyp recurrence in polyp-prevention trials. However, randomized-trial evidence that calcium with vitamin D supplementation is beneficial in the primary prevention of colorectal cancer is lacking.

METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 36,282 postmenopausal women from 40 Women's Health Initiative centers: 18,176 women received 500 mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate with 200 IU of vitamin D3 [corrected] twice daily (1000 mg of elemental calcium and 400 IU of vitamin D3) and 18,106 received a matching placebo for an average of 7.0 years. The incidence of pathologically confirmed colorectal cancer was the designated secondary outcome.

Baseline levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were assessed in a nested case-control study.

RESULTS: The incidence of invasive colorectal cancer did not differ significantly between women assigned to calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and those assigned to placebo (168 and 154 cases; hazard ratio, 1.08; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.86 to 1.34; P=0.51), and the tumor characteristics were similar in the two groups. The frequency of colorectal-cancer screening and abdominal symptoms was similar in the two groups. There were no significant treatment interactions with baseline characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS: Daily supplementation of calcium with vitamin D for seven years had no effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer among postmenopausal women. The long latency associated with the development of colorectal cancer, along with the seven-year duration of the trial, may have contributed to this null finding. Ongoing follow-up will assess the longer-term effect of this intervention.

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Abstract 5 Antilock braking systems are designed to control the wheel slip, such that the braking force is maximized and steer ability is maintained during braking.

However, the control of antilock braking systems is a challenging problem due to nonlinear braking dynamics and the uncertain and time-varying nature of the parameters. This paper presents an adaptive neural network-based hybrid controller for antilock braking systems. The hybrid controller is based on the well-known feedback linearization, combined with two feedforward neural networks that are proposed so as to learn the nonlinearities of the antilock braking system associated with feedback linearization controller. The adaptation law is derived based on the structure of the controller, using steepest descent gradient approach and backpropagation algorithm to adjust the networks weights. The weight adaptation is online and the stability of the proposed controller in the sense of Lyapunov is studied. Simulations are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller under various road conditions and parameter uncertainties.

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Antilock braking systems are designed to control the wheel slip, such that the braking force is maximized and steer ability is maintained during braking.

However, the control of antilock braking systems is a challenging problem due to nonlinear braking dynamics and the uncertain and time-varying nature of the parameters.

Background This paper presents an adaptive neural network-based hybrid controller for antilock braking systems.

Methods The hybrid controller is based on the well-known feedback linearization, combined with two feedforward neural networks that are proposed so as to learn the nonlinearities of the antilock braking system associated with feedback linearization controller. The adaptation law is derived based on the structure of the controller, using steepest descent gradient approach and backpropagation algorithm to adjust the networks weights. The weight adaptation is online and the stability of the proposed controller in the sense of Lyapunov is studied.

Results Simulations are conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller under various road conditions and parameter uncertainties.

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Writing an abstract • After reading the abstract  Decide read the full paper  Prepare for the details presented in that paper • Abstract should present  What the readers interest  What the readers want to know

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• Typically, readers are primarily interested in  Paper's Introduction and Conclusion sections  Effective abstract focuses Motivation and outcome

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Abstract as having two distinct parts • The first part follow the same structure  Introduction section of the paper  State the context, the need, the task, and the object of the document • The second part  Mention your findings (the what)  Mention your conclusion

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• Structure of the abstract  Parallels the Introduction and Conclusion sections • Should be the least specialized part of the paper •       

Any scientist reading abstract should be able to understand Why the work was carried out Why it is important (context and need) What the authors did (task) What the paper reports about this work (object of the document) What the authors found (findings) What these findings mean (the conclusion) What the next steps are (perspectives) Logical Essay and Writing 9 Oansup

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• • •

An effective abstract stands on its own It can be understood fully even when made available without the full paper To this end, avoid referring to figures or the bibliography in the abstract

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<초록> 본 연구의 목적은 과학 분야에서의 집단의 창의적인 성취를 의미하는 ‘집단 과학창 의성’에 영향을 주는 요인을 선정하고, 학생들의 창의적 문제해결 과정에서 집단 과 학창의성이 어떻게 나타나는지 탐색하는 것이다. 집단 과학창의성 영향요인을 정하 기 위해서 선행연구를 바탕으로 과학교육에서 집단 과학창의성 영향요인 27개를 추 출하였고, 과학교육 및 영재교육 전문가들의 의견을 바탕으로 정리하였다. 학생들의 창의적 문제해결 과정에서의 집단 과학창의성 영향요인을 선정하기 위해서 72명의 영재학생들을 대상으로 1박 2일 동안 진행된 집단 문제해결과정을 분석하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 집단 과학창의성 영향요인으로 인적요인의 9가지 요 소(과학적 사고, 과학 지식, 과학 정보 처리 능력, 동기, 도전정신, 구성원의 나이 및 성별의 다양성, 구성원이 선호하는 과목의 다양성, 창의적 경험, 집단응집력), 결합요 인으로 4가지 요소(과학적 의사소통능력, 집단의 창의적 과정(과학적 탐구과정), 자 율성, 리더십), 환경요인으로 3가지요소(학습 환경, 교사유형, 외적 보상)를 선정하였 다. 둘째, 영재 학생들의 창의적 문제해결과정을 분석하여 집단 과학창의성 영향요인 들이 창의적 문제해결에 영향을 미치는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 바탕 으로 집단으로서 요구되는 창의적 특성을 신장시키기 위한 요인에 대한 추가적인 시 사점을 논의하였다. 한국과학교육학회, <한국과학교육학회지> 36권4호 (2016), pp.527-538

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<초록> 2009 개정 과학과 교육과정의 성취기준에서 사용되고 있는 서술어는 ‘안다(38%)’와 ‘이 해한다(46%)’가 80% 이상을 차지하고 있다. 많은 독자들은 ‘안다’, ‘이해한다’와 같이 포괄 적 의미의 서술어로 진술 된 문장의 의미를 해석하는 데 어려움을 가진다. 한편 수학·과학 성취도 추이변화 국제비교 연구(TIMSS)에서는 인지적 영역을 다양하고 구체적인 수준의 동사를 사용하여 서술하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2009 개정 과학과 교육과정의 성취기 준을 TIMSS 인지적 영역 평가틀을 중심으로 분석하였다. 3인의 교사가 분석에 참여하였 으며, 분석자별 해석 차이가 발생한 경우에는 연구자와의 면담을 통해 그 이유를 알아보았 다. 교사 3인의 분석 결과 구체적 의미의 서술어를 사용할수록 공통된 해석을 얻었고, 포괄 적 의미의 서술어를 사용한 경우 각기 다양한 인지적 영역으로 해석되었다. 특히 ‘안다’라 는 서술어로 진술된 성취기준은 ‘기술하기(Describe)(27%)’, ‘회상하기/인식하 기 (Recall/Recognize)(25%)’, ‘관련짓기(Relate)(17%)’ 등으로 해석되었고, ‘이해한다’라는 서 술어로 진술된 성취기준은 ‘설명하기(Explain) (37%)’, ‘관련짓기(Relate)(27%)’, ‘기술하기 (Describe) (21%)’등으로 해석되었다. 교사들이 성취기준을 해석하는 과정에서 의견이 불 일치한 경우는 ‘안다’, ‘이해한다’와 같이 포괄적인 서술어가 사용된 동시에 해당 학년에서 가르칠 개념의 수준과 범위를 모호하게 진술한 경 우로 해석된다. 성취기준이 뜻하는 바를 명확하게 표현하기 위해서 성취기준 문장의 서술어 진술 방식에 대한 논의가 지속적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다. 한국과학교육학회, <한국과학교육학회지> 36권 4호. 2016 pp.607-616 Logical Essay and Writing 9 Oansup

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Abstract Atmospheric water is a resource equivalent to ~10% of all fresh water in lakes on Earth. However, an efficient process for capturing and delivering water from air, especially at low humidity levels (down to 20%), has not been developed. We report the design and demonstration of a device based on a porous metal-organic framework {MOF-801, [Zr6O4(OH)4(fumarate)6]} that captures water from the atmosphere at ambient conditions by using low-grade heat from natural sunlight at a flux of less than 1 sun (1 kilowatt per square meter). This device is capable of harvesting 2.8 liters of water per kilogram of MOF daily at relative humidity levels as low as 20% and requires no additional input of energy.

Science 28 Apr 2017: Vol. 356, Issue 6336, pp. 430-434

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Abstract Mutual lattice orientations dictate the types and magnitudes of forces between crystalline particles. When lattice polarizability is anisotropic, the van der Waals dispersion attraction can, in principle, contribute to this direction dependence. We report measurement of this attraction between rutile nanocrystals, as a function of their mutual orientation and surface hydration extent. At tens of nanometers of separation, the attraction is weak and shows no dependence on azimuthal alignment or surface hydration. At separations of approximately one hydration layer, the attraction is strongly dependent on azimuthal alignment and systematically decreases as intervening water density increases.

Measured forces closely agree with predictions from Lifshitz theory and show that dispersion forces can generate a torque between particles interacting in solution and between grains in materials.

Science 28 Apr 2017: Vol. 356, Issue 6336, pp. 434-437 Logical Essay and Writing 9 Oansup

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Abstract Scientists and inventors can draw on an ever-expanding literature for the building blocks of tomorrow’s ideas, yet little is known about how combinations of past work are related to future discoveries. Our analysis parameterizes the age distribution of a work’s references and revealed three links between the age of prior knowledge and hit papers and patents.

First, works that cite literature with a low mean age and high age variance are in a citation “hotspot”; these works double their likelihood of being in the top 5% or better of citations. Second, the hotspot is nearly universal in all branches of science and technology and is increasingly predictive of a work’s future citation impact. Third, a scientist or inventor is significantly more likely to write a paper in the hotspot when they are coauthoring than whey they are working alone. Our findings are based on all 28,426,345 scientific papers in the Web of Science, 1945–2013, and all 5,382,833 U.S. patents, 1950–2010, and reveal new antecedents of high-impact science and the link between prior literature and tomorrow’s breakthrough ideas.

Science Advances 19 Apr 2017: Vol. 3, no. 4, e1601315 Logical Essay and Writing 9 Oansup

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7. Drafting Your Scientific Paper

Beginning the Academic Essay • Orient readers  Provide information and explanations or Will get lost and quit reading • Introduce readers  Know about the context  Know about the topic Narrow topic • Focus readers  Know what the central issue is  Know what question or problem will you be thinking about

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Opening Strategies • Start with specific information and facts • Relate to focus • Be as direct and specific as you can be

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• Has a logical flow of ideas and is cohesive  Links between sentences and paragraphs  Uses language to maintain a focus and to keep the reader on track Logical Essay and Writing 10 Oansup

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Logical (?)

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Ray of hope

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Keep the reader on track To persuade readers • Readable • Clear • Accurate • Concise To impress your audience • Unusual • Complicated • Overly formal ways

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To construct sentences • Is readable  Multiple ideas per sentence?  Express one idea per sentence • Sentence is the building block  Write with clarity  Construct logically

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•

Place the main idea in the main clause

•

Sentence includes several clauses

고혈압은 우리나라에서도 가장 흔한 병의 하나이며, 예로부터 많은 연구가 진행 되고 있으나 아직도 정확한 원인은 알려져 있지 않지만 그 중에서도 식사와의 관 계가 보다 명백하다는 것이 지적되고 있다.

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â&#x20AC;˘

Replace long phrases with shorter ones or eliminate words without loss of clarity or accuracy.

Example Smith College, which was founded in 1871, is the premier all-women's college in the United States. ď&#x192; Founded in 1871, Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the United States.

Recommending that a student copy from another student's paper is not something he would recommend. ď&#x192; He wouldn't recommend that a student copy from another student's paper.

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가족을 돌보면서 언제나 나의 마음 한구석에 자리하고 있는 새어머니에 대한 죄송스러움은 언제나 씻을 수 있을까?  가족을 돌보면서도 언제나 나의 마음 한구석에 새어머니에 대한 죄송스러움이 자리하고 있 었다. 언제나 그 죄송스러움을 씻을 수 있을까? 예전부터 시민들은 자기가 속해 있는 나라에서 어떤 일이 일어나고 있는지 알기 위해 정치에 참여할 수 있는 참정권을 얻기 위해 동서양을 막론하고 치열한 투쟁을 벌였다.  예전부터 시민들은 자기가 속해 있는 나라에서 어떤 일이 일어나고 있는지 알고 싶어 했다. 그래서 정치에 참여할 수 있는 참정권을 얻기 위해 동서양을 막론하고 치열한 투쟁을 벌였 다. 고혈압은 우리나라에서도 가장 흔한 병의 하나이며, 예로부터 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으나 아직도 정확한 원인은 알려져 있지 않지만 그 중에서도 식사와의 관계가 보다 명백하다는 것 이 지적되고 있다.  고혈압은 우리나라에서도 가장 흔한 병의 하나이며, 예로부터 많은 연구가 진행되고 있으나 아직도 정확한 원인은 알려져 있지 않다. 다만 그 중에서도 식사와의 관계가 보다 명백하다 는 것이 지적되고 있다.

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Verbs Strength of a clause comes from its verb.

• Choose an appropriate verb • Use an appropriate verb • Use verb. in the right tense • Choose carefully between active and passive voice • Avoid dangling verb forms

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Using the right tense Use the past tense • What happened in the past  Work done We collected blood samples from . . .

Groves et al. determined the growth rate of . . .

Consequently, astronomers decided to rename . . .  Work reported Jankowsky reported a similar growth rate . . .

In 2009, Chu published an alternative method to . . .

Irarrázaval observed the opposite behavior in . . .  Observations The mice in Group A developed, on average, twice as much . . .

The number of defects increased sharply . . .

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Use the present tense • General truths  Microbes in the human gut have a profound influence on . . .  The Reynolds number provides a measure of . . .  Smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease . . .

•   

A temporal facts This paper presents the results of . . .

Section 3.1 explains the difference between . . .

Behbood's 1969 paper provides a framework for . . .

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Use the future tense • What you will do in the coming months or years • Perspectives  In a follow-up experiment, we will study the role of . . .  The influence of temperature will be the object of future research . . .

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Choosing between active and passive voice The active voice focuses on the agent â&#x20AC;˘ John measured the temperature.(John is the subject of the sentence.)

The passive voice focuses on the object â&#x20AC;˘ The temperature was measured by John.(Temperature is the sentence.)

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Example

The main idea is the fact Ď&#x201E; scales linearly with length l not the fact that Figure 5a shows this dependency.

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Start by stating your main idea as a single clause, the samples studied were within the quasi-ballistic regime

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A main clause with the structure “it is…that” can often be replaced by a single adverb (or sometimes be erased altogether), as follows: It is clear that Clearly, It is evident that Evidently, It is remarkable that Remarkably, It is possibly that Possibly, It is a surprise that Surprisingly,

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Relegating idea to a subordinate clause, â&#x20AC;˘ Weaken idea â&#x20AC;˘ Make the sentence needlessly complex by adding a level in the hierarchy

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Reduce the complexity Split the sentence in two independent sentences Rewrite clauses

It is important to note that if autophagy is involved in the process of lysis, it will enable a complete mapping of these pathways because the mechanisms for the molecular regulation of autophagy are well described, which is not the case with lysis.

If autophagy is involved in the process of lysis, it will enable a complete mapping of these pathways. Indeed, the mechanisms for the molecular regulation of autophagy are well described, unlike those of lysis.

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When reporting your observations, focus on what happened rather than on the fact you observed it

However, in clear contrast to the observations at lower excitation, no oscillations of the diffraction signal occurred. Instead, it was observed that after reaching the maximum the diffraction signal decreased monotonically and reached a quasistationary level of 40% in approximately 10 ps.

In clear contrast to what it did at lower excitation, the diffraction signal did not oscillate: after reaching the maximum, it decreased monotonically and reached a quasi-stationary level of 40% in approximately 10 ps.

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I jumped up and down and started shouting, “Yes we can! Yes, we can!” But my mother was quick to correct me.

She told me, “Yes we did!” because Barack Obama had been elected the first Black president of the United States.

November 4, 2008, marked the beginning of my personal infatuation with politics. I was inspired that a Black man from humble beginnings could ascend all the way to the presidency. From that point on, I took up arms for the Democratic Party, interning for a litany of Democratic candidates in local elections.

During my internships, I heard many similar campaign promises from Democratic hopefuls. But as elected officials, those who were once hopeful fell flat on their political promises. I was disappointed with the political party that had previously inspired my political activism.

Until recently, I had never questioned my affinity with the Democratic Party. I realized that neither party was always "right," and soon thereafter, I realized that the weight of political identification requires a process of self-discovery that is thorough and complete. I desired to experience the full political spectrum.

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I jumped up and down and started shouting, “Yes we can! Yes, we can!” But my mother was quick to correct me.

She told me, “Yes we did!” because Barack Obama had been elected the first Black president of the United States.

November 4, 2008, marked the beginning of my personal infatuation with politics. I was inspired that a Black man from humble beginnings could ascend all the way to the presidency. From that point on, I took up arms for the Democratic Party, interning for a litany of Democratic candidates in local elections.

During my internships, I heard many similar campaign promises from Democratic hopefuls. But as elected officials, those who were once hopeful fell flat on their political promises. I was disappointed with the political party that had previously inspired my political activism.

Until recently, I had never questioned my affinity with the Democratic Party. I realized that neither party was always "right," and soon thereafter, I realized that the weight of political identification requires a process of self-discovery that is thorough and complete. I desired to experience the full political spectrum.

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I progressed along the onerous process of political identification during one memorable meal. For weeks, my friend, Chandler, was ecstatic about an upcoming spring break trip.

She invited some friends from the tennis team to her family vacation home in Horseshoe Bay, TX. Once we arrived at her vacation house, we unpacked our luggage and gathered around for some steak and potatoes. I went up to Chandler’s father at the grill and asked for a medium-well steak. I sat down, cut into the steak, and the myoglobin rushed out onto my plate. For the next few minutes, I ate my bloody steak in silence.

I knew that Chandler’s mother was a board member for the Harris County Republican Party. We had previously discussed issues like environmental regulations and tax policy, but I had never listened to the logic behind Mrs. Vrba’s opinions. Tonight's discussion was going to be different. Still sulking over my rare, soupy steak, I thought intently about which areas of political discussion would be featured on the menu. Regardless of the specific topic, I was ready to have a translucent dialogue, a free-flowing exchange of ideas.

In between bites of steak, Mrs. Vrba would ask about my views on various political matters. I would provide substantial responses based on my personal rationalization of the "standard" liberal position, and I was surprised whenever Mrs. Vrba would agree with my opinion. I'd never thought that a self-identified Republican would be both pro-choice and pro-marijuana.

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I progressed along the onerous process of political identification during one memorable meal. For weeks, my friend, Chandler, was ecstatic about an upcoming spring break trip.

She invited some friends from the tennis team to her family vacation home in Horseshoe Bay, TX. Once we arrived at her vacation house, we unpacked our luggage and gathered around for some steak and potatoes. I went up to Chandler’s father at the grill and asked for a medium-well steak. I sat down, cut into the steak, and the myoglobin rushed out onto my plate. For the next few minutes, I ate my bloody steak in silence.

I knew that Chandler’s mother was a board member for the Harris County Republican Party. We had previously discussed issues like environmental regulations and tax policy, but I had never listened to the logic behind Mrs. Vrba’s opinions. Tonight's discussion was going to be different. Still sulking over my rare, soupy steak, I thought intently about which areas of political discussion would be featured on the menu. Regardless of the specific topic, I was ready to have a translucent dialogue, a free-flowing exchange of ideas.

In between bites of steak, Mrs. Vrba would ask about my views on various political matters. I would provide substantial responses based on my personal rationalization of the "standard" liberal position, and I was surprised whenever Mrs. Vrba would agree with my opinion. I'd never thought that a self-identified Republican would be both pro-choice and pro-marijuana.

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Mrs. Vrba's disposition challenged many of the perceived notions and stereotypes that I held about the average conservative. She explained that her general political affiliation stems from her childhood experience. Growing up on a farm, Mrs. Vrba’s parents emphasized the absolute necessity to work hard for everything in life. Her humble background meant that, politically, she would be more concerned with maintaining a strong conservative view on fiscal issues rather than focusing her personal political capital on social issues, where she leans towards the political left.

“Republican” and “Democrat” are labels that we use to categorize and simplify our opinions. My experience with the 2008 election pushed me to label myself as a “democrat,” but I’ve come to realize that I maintain a few conservative values. And even when there are values with which I disagree, I’ve come to respect and understand the logical and emotional basis of the opposing viewpoints.

323 million Americans may never agree on every single issue, but we must come together. Mrs. Vrba and I had civil discourse over a rare steak, so maybe if we all sit for a meal, we may discover the intersections of our political affiliation and our living reality.

Humanity reigns over political identity because our identities are cumulative reflections of our life experiences, communities, and interactions.

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Mrs. Vrba's disposition challenged many of the perceived notions and stereotypes that I held about the average conservative. She explained that her general political affiliation stems from her childhood experience. Growing up on a farm, Mrs. Vrba’s parents emphasized the absolute necessity to work hard for everything in life. Her humble background meant that, politically, she would be more concerned with maintaining a strong conservative view on fiscal issues rather than focusing her personal political capital on social issues, where she leans towards the political left.

“Republican” and “Democrat” are labels that we use to categorize and simplify our opinions. My experience with the 2008 election pushed me to label myself as a “democrat,” but I’ve come to realize that I maintain a few conservative values. And even when there are values with which I disagree, I’ve come to respect and understand the logical and emotional basis of the opposing viewpoints.

323 million Americans may never agree on every single issue, but we must come together. Mrs. Vrba and I had civil discourse over a rare steak, so maybe if we all sit for a meal, we may discover the intersections of our political affiliation and our living reality.

Humanity reigns over political identity because our identities are cumulative reflections of our life experiences, communities, and interactions.

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8. Writing Correspondence

Written correspondence • Essential  Scientific practice  Relationships with colleagues

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How to write Correspondence • Scientists are often busy people  Letters and e-mail should be concise and specific  Use shorter paragraphs than in a formal scientific paper or report  Think about the audience and purpose of the communication

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Destination • Memos  Internal  Within a company • Letters  External  Outside the business • Email  Internal or external  Friends as well as business associates Logical Essay and Writing 10 Oansup

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E-mail Popular, easy way to contact with friends and family â&#x20AC;˘ Most likely informal

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Communicate with scientists â&#x20AC;˘ Show thoughtful and responsible Or Damage productive relationships

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Opening Phrases (salutation greet the recipient) • We are writing to inform • We are writing to conform • Please accept our apologizes for • We very much regret to say that • Thank for your email • Thank you for a prompt reply • Thanks for sending the references and drafts I need urgently

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Mail Body (subject line) • Most important part of e-mail • Write descriptive but succinct  Limit your message for one subject  Keep to a 15 line message if you can • Good idea to use bullets  Immediate attention  More time to answer

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Closing Phrases • We look forward to hearing from you soon • We are looking forward to your reply • We much appreciate your interest in the matter • The moment we will have a definite answer, we will contact you • We trust this information will be of assistance to you

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Example Dear Esteemed Sir, I very much enjoyed your recent paper in the Journal of Bacteriology.

Your results were impressive, and your methods were very solid. I have worked with P. aeruginosa in my Ph.D. research as well, and I would like to continue working in this area under your knowledgeable guidance. Would you kindly tell me whether you have any postdoctoral positions available in your highly regarded laboratory?

Thank you for your time, Pierre Raskolnikov

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Dear Esteemed Sir, I very much enjoyed your recent paper in the Journal of Bacteriology. Your results were impressive, and your methods were very solid. I have worked with P. aeruginosa in my Ph.D. research as well, and I would like to continue working in this area under your knowledgeable guidance. Would you kindly tell me whether you have any postdoctoral positions available in your highly regarded laboratory?

Thank you for your time, Pierre Raskolnikov

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Dear Sir, I enjoyed your recent paper in the Journal of Bacteriology. I have worked with P. aeruginosa in my Ph.D. research as well, and I would like to continue working in this area under your guidance. Would you please tell me whether you have any postdoctoral positions available in your laboratory?

Thank you for your time, Pierre Raskolnikov

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Example (E-mailing a peer) From: Stefan Kovič Subject: Gel box?

Heather: Do you know what’s up with the gel box? The leads aren’t staying in anymore. What should I do?

Thanks, Stefan

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From: Stefan KoviÄ?

Subject: Problems with the gel box leads Dear Kitty, When I was setting up the gel box yesterday, I noticed that the leads no longer fit properly. Should I try to fix them, or should we look into other options?

Thank you for your time, Stefan

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From: Stefan Kovič Subject: Problems with the gel box leads Dear Kitty, When I was setting up the gel box yesterday, I noticed that the leads no longer fit properly. Should I try to fix them, or should we look into other options?

Thank you for your time, Stefan • Subject line is detailed and specific.

• Formal salutation  Use Professor, Dr, or Ms. until the recipient grants you permission to use his or her first name.

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E-mailing a scientist you do not know • Without flattery • Respectful tone  Dear Esteemed Sir may be common  Dear Sir or Dear Professor are more direct • E-mails should be formal  Abbreviated language? cld i talk 2 u?  Emoticons? :)

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Considering audience, purpose, and tone • Why you are writing this e-mail • Establishing a respectful tone  Think about the person who will receive Professor Established researcher

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Example From: Jackson Lunk Subject: Postdoc?

Hey Prof. Smith, I’m finishing my Ph.D. this spring and am looking for a postdoc. I found your lab page and thought I’d ask if you have any positions open. If you could get back to me soon, that’d be great.

Hope to hear from you, Jackson Lunk

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From: Jackson Lunk Subject: Postdoc?

Hey Prof. Smith, I’m finishing my Ph.D. this spring and am looking for a postdoc. I found your lab page and thought I’d ask if you have any positions open. If you could get back to me soon, that’d be great.

Hope to hear from you Jackson Lunk

Appropriate salutation ("Dear Professor Smith") Enough information to show the purpose of the e-mail Respectful request Formal language Closing that thanks Professor Smith for his time Logical Essay and Writing 10 Oansup

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Example From: Kevin Li Subject: Positions for postdoctoral researchers?

Dear Professor Smith, My name is Kevin Li, and I am finishing my Ph.D. in biomedical engineering at Brown University in May. I heard your presentation at the BMES Annual Meeting, and my experience in kinesiology and mechanical design overlaps well with your current work on gait analysis and prosthetic development. Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d like to continue working in this area, and I wondered whether you might have any postdoctoral positions available in your laboratory. Are you currently hiring additional researchers?

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Establishing the context of an e-mail Early in message As we discussed last week . . . I wanted to follow up on yesterday's conversation about . . .

Don't know the reader personally Introducing yourself Explaining how you know of the recipient

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From: Ian McDean Subject: Possible meeting at AAAS conference?

Dear Dr. Hernandez, I am a graduate student in Dr. Emily Lenderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lab, where I am conducting research on artificial photosynthesis. I will be attending the upcoming AAAS conference, and Emily suggested that I contact you about possibly making an appointment to meet. While at the conference, would you be willing to meet with me to discuss my research?

Thank you for your time, Ian McDean Logical Essay and Writing 10 Oansup

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Memos and Progress Reports Memo or report structure and content • Format of a memo  Similar to that of an e-mail message  Contain information in their headers  Not include a salutation or a closing  Include headings, subheadings, or bullet points

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10. 3 Job Letters Structuring a job letter • Three main sections  Opening  Middle  Closing

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Opening • • • •  

Introduce yourself and your purpose for writing Identify the position State how you learned of the position Establish the minimum requirements Listing your specific academic degree Work experience.

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Middle Emphasize how your skills directly relate to the job advertisement.

Expand one or two of interesting, relevant, or impressive items Directly relevant to the needs listed in the job ad  Unique work  Internship experiences  Specialized courses • •

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Closing • • • •

Express your willingness to provide more information State that you are available for an interview Thank the reader for taking time to review your application Do not use your closing to impose a deadline for a response

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Joan Livingston Great Lakes Coastal Science Corporation 4241 University Avenue Rochester, NY 14605 January 1, 2010 Hello Ms. Livingston, I am pleased to respond to your job posting for a research chemist. I am finishing my master’s degree in chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, and I believe I am exactly the person Great Lakes Coastal Science needs to uphold its reputation for excellence. Allow me to explain why you should hire me.

My academic work has given me a strong background in water quality management. I have been working on a project that uses fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the amount of organic matter present in lake water — a project my supervisor says is innovative and novel. Indeed, I have presented my work at many national conferences and received many compliments from prominent researchers. Fresh water is our greatest resource, and I hold the key to preserving our lakes for the future.

I believe I will meet and exceed your expectations for this position. I look forward to talking with you in an interview. If I do not hear from you in two weeks, I will call you to track the progress of my application.

For more information, please refer to the enclosed résumé.

Sincerely, Jorge Jannsen

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I am pleased to respond to your job posting for a research chemist. I am finishing my masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, and I believe I am exactly the person Great Lakes Coastal Science needs to uphold its reputation for excellence. Allow me to explain why you should hire me.

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I am pleased to respond to your job posting for a research chemist. I am finishing my masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in chemistry at the University of Oklahoma, and I believe I am exactly the person Great Lakes Coastal Science needs to uphold its reputation for excellence. Allow me to explain why you should hire me.

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My academic work has given me a strong background in water quality management. I have been working on a project that uses fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the amount of organic matter present in lake water â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a project my supervisor says is innovative and novel. Indeed, I have presented my work at many national conferences and received many compliments from prominent researchers. Fresh water is our greatest resource, and I hold the key to preserving our lakes for the future

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My academic work has given me a strong background in water quality management. I have been working on a project that uses fluorescence spectroscopy to determine the amount of organic matter present in lake water â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a project my supervisor says is innovative and novel. Indeed, I have presented my work at many national conferences and received many compliments from prominent researchers. Fresh water is our greatest resource, and I hold the key to preserving our lakes for the future

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I believe I will meet and exceed your expectations for this position. I look forward to talking with you in an interview. If I do not hear from you in two weeks, I will call you to track the progress of my application. For more information, please refer to the enclosed rĂŠsumĂŠ.

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I believe I will meet and exceed your expectations for this position. I look forward to talking with you in an interview. If I do not hear from you in two weeks, I will call you to track the progress of my application. For more information, please refer to the enclosed rĂŠsumĂŠ.

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Joan Livingston Great Lakes Coastal Science Corporation 4241 University Avenue Rochester, NY 14605 January 1, 2010 Dear Ms. Livingston, I would like to apply for the research chemist position currently available with Great Lakes Coastal Science Corporation, as advertised on your website. I will receive my master’s degree in chemistry from the University of Rochester in May, and I believe my background in marine biochemistry, along with my experience designing experiments and supervising laboratory employees, will prove valuable to your company’s ongoing research on water quality.

For my master’s thesis, I am using chromatography to monitor algae blooms in inland lakes — a project that may ultimately help us predict when and where these blooms might occur. My work uses highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to assess the presence of certain pigments in lake water; because these pigments are associated with certain organisms, tracking pigment levels can help create an ecological profile of a certain sample. Though I have not yet finalized my model, my method shows promise for identifying increases in microbial populations before they reach toxic levels. My current research, therefore, has given me a solid background in marine biochemistry that I could apply directly to Great Lakes’ ongoing efforts to monitor and restore the water quality in Lake Ontario’s bays and inlets.

In addition to providing me with a strong background in assessing water quality, my research has also given me valuable experience in lab supervision and project management. At present, I oversee three undergraduate students who are working on smaller, individual projects related to my research. My responsibilities include training them in sampling methods and laboratory practice, setting project deadlines and goals, and discussing results and troubleshooting experiments at weekly meetings. My duties as a lab supervisor have impressed upon me the importance of working effectively as a team — experience that would be valuable in a collaborative, interdisciplinary setting such as Great Lakes.

In conclusion, I believe that my research in marine biochemistry, my experience designing experiments, and my past responsibilities as a laboratory supervisor will lend themselves well to your company’s efforts to maintain the water quality of Lake Ontario. I have included my résumé along with this cover letter. If I can provide any additional information in support of my application, please let me know. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Sincerely, Wei Li

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I would like to apply for the research chemist position currently available with Great Lakes Coastal Science Corporation, as advertised on your website. I will receive my masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in chemistry from the University of Rochester in May, and I believe my background in marine biochemistry, along with my experience designing experiments and supervising laboratory employees, will prove valuable to your companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ongoing research on water quality.

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For my master’s thesis, I am using chromatography to monitor algae blooms in inland lakes — a project that may ultimately help us predict when and where these blooms might occur. My work uses highper formance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to assess the presence of certain pigments in lake water; because these pigments are associated with certain organisms, tracking pigment levels can help create an ecological profile of a certain sample. Though I have not yet finalized my model, my method shows promise for identifying increases in microbial populations before they reach toxic levels. My current research, therefore, has given me a solid background in marine biochemistry that I could apply directly to Great Lakes’ ongoing efforts to monitor and restore the water quality in Lake Ontario’s bays and inlets.

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In conclusion, I believe that my research in marine biochemistry, my experience designing experiments, and my past responsibilities as a laboratory supervisor will lend themselves well to your company’s efforts to maintain the water quality of Lake Ontario. I have included my résumé along with this cover letter. If I can provide any additional information in support of my application, please let me know. Thank you for your time and consideration.

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9. Giving Oral Presentations

Oral presentations Audience • Convince your viewpoint through verbal and nonverbal delivery • Write effective • Ensue interaction Audience's view • Give a poor 15-minute presentation to an audience of 200 people Waste the equivalent of 50 hours of work

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Conferences • Three to four talks an hour • Eight hours a day over several days • Expose to presentations

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What fraction of the presentations did you find fascinating? â&#x20AC;˘ Simply provide a great deal of complicated information â&#x20AC;˘ Got your undivided attention from the first word to his or her last

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What fraction of the presentations did you find fascinating? â&#x20AC;˘ Simply provide a great deal of complicated information â&#x20AC;˘ Got your undivided attention from the first word to his or her last

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Structuring Your Oral Presentation

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Oral presentations • Share research • Convincing research is important, valid, and relevant • Emphasize both the motivation and outcome of research • Aim to inform, not impress Differences between oral presentations and papers • Localize in space and time • Impose a sequence and rhythm to the audience • Include some level of interaction

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To design your presentation

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Attention getter : Grab the reader's attention in an first sentence

Need : A difference between actual and desired situations Task : What I decided/was asked to do to address the need

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Main message : The one sentence I want my audience to remember Preview : A map of the body (ideally three points, max. ďŹ ve) 1 . . .

5 Review : A recap of the body, leading into the conclusion Conclusion : What the above means to the audience in the end Close : A way to end the presentation clearly and elegantly

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1. Structure of Opening Context (attention getter) • Get everyone's attention fast • Link the topic with what the audience already knows Object of the document • Outlines the body of the presentation • Preparing the audience for the structure of the body.

Opening of a presentation • State the presentation's main message • Main message is the one sentence you want your audience to remember

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John’s opening In 1966, two Belgian clinicians published a novel syndrome, which we call now hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome. It is characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia—you can see that on this picture, which was included in their case report—but on top of that all the patients developed kidney stones within the first decade of their life, mostly even multiple kidney stones, and they also displayed growth retardation.

Over the years, we have, in our hospital, collected a number of additional patients and, … … a few years ago, we have been able to identify the genetic cause of this syndrome.

What I will show you in the next 15 minutes is 1 how we came to identify the genetic cause of this disease and, 2 since one of the genes affected in this syndrome is a novel protein called prepl (prolyl endopeptidase-like), I will also show you the preliminary data that we have gathered in the characterization of this protein.

But let me start by giving you a bit more information about the syndrome itself Logical Essay and Writing 11 Oansup 12

John’s opening Attention getter Consists of a photograph depicting the syndrome Implicit need Namely, to identify the genetic cause of it Task What we did Main message What we achieved

In 1966, two Belgian clinicians published a novel syndrome, which we call now hypotonia-cystinuria syndrome. It is characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia—you can see that on this picture, which was included in their case report—but on top of that all the patients developed kidney stones within the first decade of their life, mostly even multiple kidney stones, and they also displayed growth retardation.

Over the years, we have, in our hospital, collected a number of additional patients and, … … a few years ago, we have been able to identify the genetic cause of this syndrome.

What I will show you in the next 15 minutes is Preview 1 how we came to identify the genetic cause of this disease and, Announces the structure 2 since one of the genes affected in this syndrome is a novel protein called and justifies the content prepl (prolyl endopeptidase-like), I will also show you the preliminary data that we have gathered in the characterization of this protein.

(Transition to body

But let me start by giving you a bit more information about the syndrome itself Logical Essay and Writing 11 Oansup 13

Marie’s opening I’m sure in your own field of research you have already noticed that things seem to go nano. We’ve seen a lot about nanomaterials in the presentations this morning, but I’m sure you’ve also heard about nanomedicine, nanorobotics, nanomechanics… even Apple has an iPod called nano My field of research is photonics, and this is everything that has anything to do with light. And the nano in nanophotonics indicates that we are working with light on a very small scale: we make very, very small photonics chips. We can imagine the structures on this chip are still larger than nanometers in size. So why do we call it nanophotonics?

Well, they have to be fabricated with nanometer precision. In my research group, we have an amazing fabrication tool: it has a very high resolution, but only over a very small area.

What we decided to do was to make an alignment procedure that allows us to use this resolution over the entire photonic chip.

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Marie’s opening Attention getter Starts from something the audience is familiar with

I’m sure in your own field of research you have already noticed that things seem to go nano. We’ve seen a lot about nanomaterials in the presentations this morning, but I’m sure you’ve also heard about nanomedicine, nanorobotics, nanomechanics… even Apple has an iPod called nano

Need Focuses progressively on the exact problem

My field of research is photonics, and this is everything that has anything to do with light. And the nano in nanophotonics indicates that we are working with light on a very small scale: we make very, very small photonics chips. We can imagine the structures on this chip are still larger than nanometers in size. So why do we call it nanophotonics?

Well, they have to be fabricated with nanometer precision. In my research group, we have an amazing fabrication tool: it has a very high resolution, but only over a very small area.

Task Main message

What we decided to do was to make an alignment procedure that allows us to use this resolution over the entire photonic chip.

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Preview Shows the logic of the structure

Before I can talk about this alignment procedure, 1 I’d like to introduce nanophotonics to you and 2 I’ll talk about the focused ion beam, which is the amazing fabrication tool that I just mentioned.

3 And then, in the third part I will explain to you how we developed the alignment procedure.

Finally, I’ll be able to show you in conclusion the waveguides that we made by focused ion beam stitching.

(Transition to body)

So first, let’s talk about nanophotonics

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Jean-lucâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opening You are scientists. The most tangible output of your work is papers and presentations.

To produce these papers, to produce the slides you use in your presentations, you need an appropriate software tool. One such tool is TEX. Surprisingly, few scientists have actually heard about TEX or about the variation on it called LATEX. And even fewer of those are actually using it. Yet, if you call yourself a scientist, you need to know what TEX is and what it can do for you.

Myself, I have been using TEX for over 20 years now: I discovered it as a PhD student at Stanford and Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been using it ever since.

Let me tell you. TEX is powerful. TEX is flexible. TEX is reliable

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Jean-lucâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opening You are scientists. The most tangible output of your work is papers and presentations.

To produce these papers, to produce the slides you use in your presentations, you need an appropriate software tool. One such tool is TEX. Surprisingly, few scientists have actually heard about TEX or about the variation on it called LATEX. And even fewer of those are actually using it. Yet, if you call yourself a scientist, you need to know what TEX is and what it can do for you.

Myself, I have been using TEX for over 20 years now: I discovered it as a PhD student at Stanford and Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been using it ever since.

Let me tell you. TEX is powerful. TEX is flexible. TEX is reliable

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Jean-lucâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opening Attention getter Focuses on the audience

You are scientists. The most tangible output of your work is papers and presentations.

Need To produce these papers, to produce the slides you use in your presentations, you need an appropriate software tool. One such tool is Is audience-oriented like the attention-getter TEX. Surprisingly, few scientists have actually heard about TEX or about the variation on it called LATEX. And even fewer of those are actually using it. Yet, if you call yourself a scientist, you need to know what TEX is and what it can do for you.

Task Shifts the focus to the speaker

Myself, I have been using TEX for over 20 years now: I discovered it as a PhD student at Stanford and Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been using it ever since.

Main message

Let me tell you. TEX is powerful. TEX is flexible. TEX is reliable

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Preview Includes the audience with a collective we

To see that, 1 letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s make sure that we first of all understand what TEX is.

2 That will help us understand the psychological barriers against using it.

3 But if we can get past those barriers, then we can reap the many benefits of TEX.

(Transition to body

But first, what is TEX?

Opening of an oral presentation is similar to the Introduction of a scientific paper, which providescontext, need, task, and object of the document, with three main differences:

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2. Structure of Body Main points and subpoints • Hierarchy • Tree rather than a chain • Two to five statements(subpoints)to support each main point • Main points and subpoints into a logical sequence

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3. Starting and ending forcefully Short • Focus the audience's undivided attention Audience-oriented • Audience is familiar with or cares about and the topic of the talk • My name is Irma Kodowski and I would like to talk to you today about . . . " (?)

Relevant and appropriate • Starting your presentation with a jokeence as irrelevant(?)

• Starting with a humorous anecdote directly related to the topic(?)

• Less specialized audiences(?)

• Specialized audiences(?)

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Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s closing So that brings me to the conclusions.

We have found a novel syndrome and we have been able to identify the genes causing this. And since slc3a1 causes isolated cystinuria type 1, we can conclude that PREPL is responsible for the hypotonia and the growth retardation. We also have shown that PREPL is an active serine hydrolase, but unfortunately we have not been able to find the physiological substrate of PREPL and hence we are not yet able at this stage to go back to the patient and try and explain why they have this syndrome as we observe it.

And with that I am afraid I have to leave you with more questions than answers, but if you have any of the answers that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been asking, please let me know.

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Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s closing (Transition from body)

So that brings me to the conclusions.

Review/Conclusion Concludes each point, implicitly recapping it

We have found a novel syndrome and we have been able to identify the genes causing this. And since slc3a1 causes isolated cystinuria type 1, we can conclude that PREPL is responsible for the hypotonia and the growth retardation. We also have shown that PREPL is an active serine hydrolase, but unfortunately we have not been able to find the physiological substrate of PREPL and hence we are not yet able at this stage to go back to the patient and try and explain why they have this syndrome as we observe it.

Close Encourages feedback from the audience

And with that I am afraid I have to leave you with more questions than answers, but if you have any of the answers that Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been asking, please let me know.

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Marie’s closing We solved the first problem by adjusting the beam rotation and we solved the second problem by adjusting the beam shift and this in total is our alignment procedure which allows us to make the structures as large as we want. So… 1 I’ve told you something about nanophotonics: the light is guided in the material with the highest refractive index.

2 And we can make nanophotonic structures with a focused ion beam, because it has a very high resolution.

3 Now, thanks to our alignment procedure, we can make these structures as large as we want, by stitching more parts together.

So now let me show you some waveguides that we made by focused ion beam stitching. Here you see an example of a waveguide that was stitched together with parts 80 m long, and in this cross-section you can see that the light will be guided down the middle. Around the markers you see that there is a slightly darker area: this is where the image was taken and damage was induced to our material; that’s what we want to avoid in the places where we have light. Here you see that the structures are really unlimited in size, except of course by the size of the sample itself.

So I have shown you we can do nanophotonics with a focused ion beam thanks to its high resolution. And thanks to our alignment procedure, we can do it as large as we want.

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Marie’s closing (Wrap-up of last main point)

We solved the first problem by adjusting the beam rotation and we solved the second problem by adjusting the beam shift and this in total is our alignment procedure which allows us to make the structures as large as we want. So…

Review Recaps the body’s three main points

1 I’ve told you something about nanophotonics: the light is guided in the material with the highest refractive index.

2 And we can make nanophotonic structures with a focused ion beam, because it has a very high resolution.

3 Now, thanks to our alignment procedure, we can make these structures as large as we want, by stitching more parts together.

Conclusion As a wrap-up, illustrates the achievements visually

So now let me show you some waveguides that we made by focused ion beam stitching. Here you see an example of a waveguide that was stitched together with parts 80 m long, and in this cross-section you can see that the light will be guided down the middle. Around the markers you see that there is a slightly darker area: this is where the image was taken and damage was induced to our material; that’s what we want to avoid in the places where we have light. Here you see that the structures are really unlimited in size, except of course by the size of the sample itself.

So I have shown you we can do nanophotonics with a focused ion beam thanks to its high resolution. And thanks to our alignment procedure, we can do it as large as we want.

Close Links to the attention

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Jean-luc’s closing So what to remember?

1 TEX is a markup programming language, 2 and that may very well scare you away, but if you get through the unavoidable learning curve, 3 then you get power, flexibility, reliability.

And you want to know one more thing? TEX is free. That’s exactly why so many of you have never heard of it: there is nobody out there to promote it commercially. But it means that, right after this presentation, you can all go back to your offices, download it, and install it.

If you call yourself a scientist, try it— chances are, you too will love it.

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Jean-luc’s closing (Transition from body)

So what to remember?

Review Recaps the body’s three main points

1 TEX is a markup programming language, 2 and that may very well scare you away, but if you get through the unavoidable learning curve, 3 then you get power, flexibility, reliability.

Conclusion Place the body’s discussion into a broader perspective

And you want to know one more thing? TEX is free. That’s exactly why so many of you have never heard of it: there is nobody out there to promote it commercially. But it means that, right after this presentation, you can all go back to your offices, download it, and install it.

Close Links to the attention getter

If you call yourself a scientist, try it— chances are, you too will love it.

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Creating Presentation Slides Creating slides is less important than planning the presentation, structuring it, and delivering it well

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Delivering Your Oral Presentation Delivering effective oral presentations • What you say • How you say it with your voice • Audience can see about you

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What you say (verbal) • Do not memorize full text of your presentation • Memorize the outline of your presentation  What to say next and find the most appropriate words to say • Slow down your speech  We naturally talk faster when we are nervous

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What you say (verbal) • Do not memorize full text of your presentation • Memorize the outline of your presentation  What to say next and find the most appropriate words to say • Slow down your speech  We naturally talk faster when we are nervous

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How you say it with your voice (vocal) • Calibrate the volume of your voice so that people in the back of the room can hear • Vocally, vary the tone, rate, and volume of your voice • Amplify your normal pattern • Avoid fillers, such as “Ah, uh, I mean, like, okay, um….

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Audience can see about you (visual) • Adopt a stable, confident position • Move only when you have a positive reason to do so • Use gestures to emphasize points • Engage the audience by looking them straight in the eyes Don’t turn your back to your audience

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Audience can see about you (visual) • Adopt a stable, confident position • Move only when you have a positive reason to do so • Use gestures to emphasize points • Engage the audience by looking them straight in the eyes Don’t turn your back to your audience

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• •  

Make your visuals readable and visually pleasing Try not to include too much text or too many images Spoken words and visual aid should work together Never divided between spoken words and visual aid

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Answering Questions The questions that arise after a presentation • Reinforce your main message • Correct any misunderstandings • Provide supplementary content

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To prepare for questions â&#x20AC;˘ Think of what your audience might want to know â&#x20AC;˘ Practice to colleagues and let them ask you questions

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Receiving a question • Do not rush into answering • Listen to the entire question to make sure you understand it • Make the other attendees understand the question • Take time to construct a concise

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10. Giving Poster Presentations

Giving Poster Presentations

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Creating poster Poster presentations • Prestigious as oral presentations?

• Opportunity to interact with other?

Create the poster • Crystallize your thoughts about research • Focus on essence of research

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Poster session • Full of posters, people, noise • Decide to stop in advance?

• Catches eyes or ears  Listening in on explanations given to other

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•   

May not be able to see each poster clearly Meter's distance Someone else's shoulder Not want to read much text on the poster

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Design poster â&#x20AC;˘ State each message as a short sentence, â&#x20AC;˘ Illustrate as visually as possible

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Presenter often feel obliged to include a large amount of information • Resist the temptation to…….

• Not interrupt the logical flow of content on the poster  Postal address, e-mail address, phone number, references, funding..

One-page handout Top-right corner or at the very bottom poster

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Presenting poster Add value to it through your explanations and answers • Well-designed poster stands on its own • Make sure visitors can link you to your poster  Standing shyly next to poster and waiting for questions?  Interact with visitors Make eye contact with the people who pass Smile, greet, inviting "hello" or "welcome."  Wrap up the exchange before they move on.

If you have any questions, I'll be happy to take them.

Would you like me to explain the poster?

• Strike a balance  Talking in more depth with a few people  Talking in less depth with more people Logical Essay and Writing 12 Oansup

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Promoting poster Make people curious about your work to come and see your poster â&#x20AC;˘ Prepare a short yet full-fledged presentation â&#x20AC;˘ With opening, body, closing

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Chairing Sessions Chairperson • Creates a sense of coherence throughout the presentations • Brings the speakers closer to the audience by introducing them warmly • Ensures that everything runs smoothly • Wraps up the session in a way that leaves everyone feeling good • Place yourself on one side rather than center stage

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Popular Chairing Sessions Formats • Introducing the session • Introducing the speakers • Managing time • Managing questions and answers • Wrapping up the session

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• Don't Let Things Overrun  Keep the meeting running on time •   

Let Speakers Know the Rules All the speakers know how you plan to run your session E-mail before the event Gather up the speakers just before the session

• Be Prepared to Give a Short Introduction  Course, Yourself  Summary of what will be presented •

Write Down the Actual Start Times of the Speakers

•

Do Have a Watch Logical Essay and Writing 12 Oansup

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• Get to the Venue Early and Be Audiovisually Aware  Where everything is, like pointers, microphones, projectors, and computers and who to turn to if it all goes wrong • Communicate How Much Time is Left to the Speaker  5 minutes to go or time is up • Don't Be Afraid to Move on Without Questions  If you are running over time • Prepare Some Questions in Advance  Few seconds to digest the contents of a talk and think of questions  Have one or two ready to ask • .Keep Control of the Question and Answer Sessions  It is difficult for the session chair to keep things on time Logical Essay and Writing 12 Oansup

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Panel Discussions Preparing for the panel Participating in the discussion Moderating the discussion

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Popular Panel Discussion Formats • Welcome • Panelist introductions • Panelist presentations/initial comments • Moderator-curated questions directed to the panelists • Questions from the audience directed to a panelist(s) • Summary • Thank you/administrative remarks

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