26 • Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal Limited (ADBL) • Asian Development Bank • Butwal Power Company Limited • Clean Energy Nepal • German Embassy • German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) • Hydrosolutions • Indian Embassy • International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) • Kathmandu University • Nepal Alternative Energy Promotion Center • Nepal Electricity Authority • Nepal Hydroelectric and Water Tariff Commission • Nepal Ministry of Energy • Nepal Power Tech Company Limited • Nepal Yentra Shala Energy • South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) • South Asian Institute of Technology • Stockholm Environmental Institute • United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Nepal • United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Renewable Energy Development Program • United States Agency for International Development (USAID) • Whitehouse Institute of Science and Technology • World Bank Nepal
1. Sovacool, BK and MA Brown. “Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: An International Review,” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35 (November, 2010), pp. 77–108. 2. Clemens, Elisabeth, Kamal Rijal, Minoru Takada, Adonai Herrera-Martinez, and Megha Shukla. 2010. Capacity Development for Scaling Up Decentralised Energy Access Programs (Kathmandu: UNDP, AEPC, and Practical Action Publishing). 3. World Bank. 2007. Technical and Economic Assessment of Off-Grid, Mini-Grid and Grid Electrification Technologies. ESMAP Technical Paper 121/07. 4. Ete, Mibi and Frieda Prochaska. 2009. “Determinants of success and failure of community based micro hydro projects.” Proceedings of the Energy and climate change in cold regions of Asia Seminar, April 21–24, Ladakh, India, pp. 33–35. 5. We have since tried to address this gap not only by this report but the publication of Sovacool, BK, S Dhakal, O Gippner, and MJ Bambawale. “Halting Hydro: A Review of the Socio-Technical Barriers to Hydroelectric Power Plants in Nepal,” Energy 36(5) (May, 2011), pp. 3468–3476; and Sovacool, BK, MJ Bambawale, O Gippner, and S Dhakal. “Electrification in the Mountain Kingdom: The Implications of the Nepal Power Development Project (NPDP),” Energy for Sustainable Development (in press, 2011). 6. See Sovacool et al. 2011; Dhakal, Shobhakar and Anil K. Raut. 2010. “Potential and Bottlenecks of the Carbon Market: The Case of a Developing Country, Nepal,” Energy Policy 38: 3781–3789; and Nepal Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Population and Environment. 1997. Nepal Power Development Project Sectoral Environmental Assessment Volume 1 (Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, April 25). 7. Source: Nepal Electricity Authority. The top chart shows national energy production, the bottom shows national energy consumption. 8. For more on the history of hydropower in Nepal, see Cromwell, Godfrey. 1992. “What Makes Technology Transfer? Small-Scale Hydropower in Nepal’s Public and Private Sectors.” World Development 20(7), pp. 979–989; and Pandey, B.R. and G. Cromwell. 1989. “Cost-Effective Monitoring of Technology Transfer: Case Studies from Nepal,” Appropriate Technology Journal 16(4), pp. 101–111.