NUS LANDSCAPE: REWILDING SINGAPORE

REWILDING SINGAPORE

NUS School of Design and Environment | Department of Architecture LA4701 MLA Studio Quarter, 9 Aug - 22 Nov 2019 Bargotra Poornima | Cheng Jing | Chin Carissa | Dhuri Ruiee | Feng Zihan Han Cong | Lim Wenfa | Lyu Jiawei | Rakholiya Ekta | Shao Zhongran Tanaka Mamiko | Wang Haobo | Xiao Xinyan | Zhang Bingqian | Zhang Bingyi Zhang Yifei | Zhong Yixin | Zhou Xianfeng |Zhou Zuyuan Tutors: Hwang Yun Hye | Endo Kenya

As a studio product which is not censored, it may contain mistakes or deficiencies, and proposed ideas may not represent the positions of NUS.

Published by CASA Centre of Advanced Studies in Architecture Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 Fax: +65 67793078

Copyright Š 2020 Hwang Yun Hye and Endo Kenya (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-14-4217-9

THE THIRD SERIES OF REWILDING SINGAPORE Hwang Yun Hye

REWILDING SINGAPORE studios pay attention to the ecological role of landscape architects in greening of Singapore beyond tidy appearance and maintainability. The series of studios began with an understanding of spatial and temporal characteristics of the primary tropical rain forest – one of the most complex and exuberant ecosystems in the world – made up 99% of our island just a century ago. In the context of the compact tropical city, massive urban developments, disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems are not avoidable but the urban environment alternative design strategies integrating forest ecology into the built environment.

IN THE STUDIO described in this book, 19 graduate students in the Landscape Architecture program, part of the National University of Singapore, worked to develop rewilding strategies for 12 landscape typologies within 1km radius of Central Catchment Nature Reserves (CCNR) over a 14-week period (Aug – Nov 2019). Work included preliminary research to understand theory eld trips to identify opportunities and challenges within the assigned typology, and design activities visualizing relevant concepts and operational systems.

MANY THANKS to the following collaborators: Dr. Shawn Lum (Nature Society (Singapore)) who framed the studio at the initial stage and guided us in CCNR through multiple eld trips; Dr. Tan Puay Yok (NUS), Ms. Boo Chih Min (Camphora), Dr. Anuj Jain (BirdLife International) who provided fundamental understanding of the forest ecosystem of Singapore; Landscape architect, Ms. Evi Syariffudin, Ms. Liu Huei Lyn (PUB), Mr. Alfred Lee (STX), Mr. Ryan Shubin (RSD), and Mr. Tan Yit Chuan (NParks) for technical and practical advice to the projects; Dr. Jessica Diehl (NUS) and Dr. Ervine Lin (NUS) who gave guest criticism and offered valuable advice.

THIS BOOK is a compilation of work from the studio. The first half of the book documents the sequential studio process with the studio chronology and the group’s site analysis to explain the context and motivate subsequent design topics. It goes on to describe eld trips and ends with design suggestions. 12 design outcomes appear in the second half of the book under the following headings: WILDLIFE MATRIX, COMMON GROUND, WILDING STREETSCAPE, CONNECTED LANDSCAPES, CLIMATE SENSITIVE TAGORE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, SHOPPING IN THE FOREST, MIMIC A FOREST EXPERIENCE, TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS, FRAMING TIMELINE, RECONCILED LANDSCAPE IN HDB, WILDLIFE IN THE YARDS, and REFLOWING NATURE. ections on the process. We hope the book will launch new discussions of alternative design approach of urban greening to address long-term ecological sustainability.

STUDIO INTRODUCTION CHRONOLOGY PRELIMINARY RESEARCH PROPOSALS REFLECTIONS

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STUDIO INTRODUCTION Hwang Yun Hye and Endo Kenya

The tropical ecosystem is both highly diverse and structurally complex; 90 per cent of the world’s known species are found in the equatorial zone. The vibrant and exuberant landscape results from a combination of geological conditions, historical geography, complex interactions between abundant flora and fauna, and a humid climate [i]. In theory, a rich tropical rainforest can be grown from bare fertile soil within a century [ii]. From early Victorian naturalists to modern-day ecologists, investigators have highlighted the optimal tropical conditions of the Southeast Asian region for seed propagation and plant growth, and its complex interactions that result in an abundance and diversity of species. Yet this aspect of the landscape has been de-emphasized and underappreciated in the contemporary landscape architectural industry and practice of the region.

St Situated 1° north of the equator, Singapore is a biodiversity hotspot despite its small size of 719.1 km2. In his documentation of Singapore’s history, Moore talks about the vivid, full-of-life landscape of the early twentieth century, when the vegetation growth seemed almost perceivable ‘in every single moment’ [iii]. However, the intended and unintended consequences of drastic land transformation during the periods of colonization and rapid economic development heavily eroded the coverage and diversity of greenery across the city-state [iv]. As a consequence, primary rainforest remains on only 0.16 per cent of the total land cover [v]. The ever-shrinking remaining secondary forest is also being usurped by swathes of manmade nature, which is highly engineered and heavily managed. Open lawns and single-tiered vegetation with biotic homogenization constitute the majority of urban greenery in Singapore. These tidy forms of greenery are the by-product of the deliberate greening policy established by the nation in the 1960s—the Garden City vision—which emphasized giving visitors and investors a clean and favourable impression of the country [vi]. Regrettably, with the loss of the biodiversity of the rainforests, ecological services have been heavily diminished, to the detriment of the city. Urban greenery has been noted, however, to have the capacity to be an important determinant of the ecology of a city [vii], and the utilization of urban greenery in this manner is essential in space-scarce, compact cities.

and ecological landscape.

m, is a means of restoring both the physical ven now, the cityscape is not as homogeneous as it may appear. Ingo

high biological richness occurs across a wide variety of novel ecosystems in cities ecological, environmental, and social values of urban wilds have been detailed in some studies and others note that wild greenery plays multiple roles in urban landscapes and is temporally and spatially dynamic e that as it may, the process of its creation is less documented and less accepted by the general public, given the current predisposition for manicured urban greenery ban space.

Sites I Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) is selected as a "Landing" site and serves as a point of reference for all design activities ー sites selected should be inspired by findings from the forest/wetlands and its surrounding context. Students should choose his/her own site in one of green spaces typologies in Singapore, based on problem statements and topics arising during the research period, aided by the various design exercises and input sessions.

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Design questions | How can we accumulate ecological value for existing urban green space aside from simply pledging areas for green? Can we be more actively involved in selecting more ecologically valuable landscapes through multiple scale analysis? Given the city’s development requirements, how could initial landscape planning be guided towards a more ecologically sustainable direction? Can landscape architects propose design prototypes that can infuse greater ecological functions and diversity into the urban context? How can design promote a healthier lifestyle that is closer to nature for city dwellers? The studio seeks to answer these questions by devising new strategies and design applications of ecological principles, predicated on deep awareness of the multi-faceted nature of our city landscape and the intricate feedbacks between social and ecological factors in the city.

Design principles and approach | The studio aims to highlight the value of natural resources and ecological services, and propose ways to integrate them into our urban environments. We capitalize on the academic nature of the studio to develop ideas and schemes free of restrictions commonly faced in the practice, and beyond any constraints of political correctness. Multiple issues such as identity, multifunctionality, and livability will be examined. Students are also expected to develop their ability to read existing landscapes, to assess the environmental impact of design and planning decisions, and to convert their vision into a feasible landscape architectural form. In this studio, we also emphasize the importance of designing with reference to principles. Specifically, we look to the field of urban ecology to provide guidelines and tenets for formulating design strategies and proposals. As a starting point, we present a set ecological urbanism concepts and their design implications proposed by Spirn [xii]; Cities are habitats; Cities are ecosystems; Urban ecosystems are connected and dynamic; Every city has a deep structure or enduring context. However, these are not meant to serve as design restrictions and limitations, and students are encouraged to also read and reference other materials to guide their project Studio structure I This is the first studio in Master programme of Landscape Architecture with participants from fourth year in NUS architecture and graduates from other universities in bachelor of Landscape architecture or associated fields. The 14-week period consists of 3 weeks of preliminary research to understand site context, with in-depth input sessions from professionals and field trips to identify problems and challenges. The next 3 weeks are devoted to applied research activities (including site observation & measurements, interviews with residents and other relevant persons, and detailed mappings) to acquire relevant knowledge while building design strategies. The last 8 weeks focus on design application, which will culminate in a convincing design solution for the issues identified by the individual designers. A group of experts including ecologists from the Nature Society Singapore and National Parks Board, housing planners from URA, and NUS MLA lecturers will assist students in avoiding the pitfalls of shallow and superficial interventions in this academic exercise. Students will be tasked to work as individuals and in groups according to the requirements of each stage of the studio. Designers may end up with an individual project or small group projects after discussing with tutors.

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There are two exercises; 1) Exercise 01_ Infographics of tropical forests: based on the given theory of urban ecology, translating your understanding of the scientific knowledge into artistic drawings of tropical forests Refer to what a Prussian geographer, Alexander von Humboldt did xiii . The knowledge must be based on published data and information. B/W, 1 A0 posters; 2) Exercise 02_Landscape typologies as potential design sites: collective understanding of various landscape typologies in terms of contexts, functions, and systems.

There are two important reviews 1 Interim review to assign typology and to finalize issues 2 Final review to assess design tactics and development. Submission format and requirement will be announced prior to one week in advance of each submission

i Peter Shaw Ashton,

n the Forests of Tropical Asia Lest the Memory Fade Richmond Kew, 201 .

ii M. Poffenberger and B. McGean eds. , Communities and Forest Management in

ast Kalimantan Pathway to

nvironmental

Stability, Centre for Southeast Asia Studies, Research Network Report no. 3 (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1993). iii

onald Moore and oanna Moore, The First 1 0 ears of Singapore

iv

eow Chin Wee and Richard Corlett, The City and the Forest Plant Life in Urban Singapore Singapore Singapore University

etroit

onald Moore Press, 1

.

Press, 1986). v Alex Thiam Koon ee et al., ‘The egetation of Singapore an Updated Map’, Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore

2 2011 , 20

212.

vi Neo Boon Siong, une Gwee, and Candy Mak, ‘Growing a City in a Garden’, in une Gwee ed. , Case Studies in Public Governance Building Institutions in Singapore (London: Routledge, 2012), 11– 64. vii Marina Alberti, ‘The ffects of Urban Patterns on cosystem Function’, International Regional Science Review 2 2 200 , 1 1 2 Mary L. Cadenasso and Steward T.A. Pickett, ‘Urban Principles for

cological Landscape

esign and Maintenance Scientific

Fundamentals’, Cities and the Environment (CATE) 1/2 (2008), 4–16. viii Ingo Kowarik, ‘Urban Wilderness Supply, emand, and Access’, Urban Forestry

Urban Greening 2

201 ,

.

ix Norbert K hn, ‘Intentions for the Unintentional Spontaneous egetation as the Basis for Innovative Planting esign in Urban Areas’, Journal of Landscape Architecture 1/2 (2006), 46–53; Peter Del Tredici, Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010); Michael McKinney, Ingo Kowarik, and Dave Kendal, ‘The Contribution of Wild Urban Ecosystems to Liveable Cities’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29 (2018), 334–335. x Caragh G. Threlfall and ave Kendal, ‘The istinct cological and Social Roles That Wild Spaces Play in Urban cosystems’, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 29 (2018), 348–356. xi

oanne

u Ting Khew, Makoto okohari, and Toshinori Tanaka, ‘Public Perceptions of Nature and Landscape Preference in

Singapore’, Human Ecology 42/6 (2014), 979–988. xii Spirn, Anne Whiston. ‘ cological urbanism A framework for the design of resilient cities 201 .’ The ecological design and planning reader. Island Press, Washington, DC, 2014. 557-571. xiii

on Humboldt, A.,

Bonpland, A. 2010 . ssay on the Geography of Plants. University of Chicago Press.

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CHRONOLOGY 15 August-22 November 2019

The studio started off with the orientation of studio “Re-wilding Singapore” by tutor, Ms. Hwang Yun Hye, associate professor and Mr. Endo Kenya followed by intorduction to the entire semester’s schedule.

Introductory seminar was provided by Dr. Tan Puay Yok throwing insights into vegetation cover and ecological networks in Singapore. This learning was further more enahnced by Ms. Boo Chih Min (Camphora) who provided us the in-depth understanding of Forest dynamics vs Manicured landscapes.

15 August Studio Orientation

19 August CCNR Orientation and Field Trip Dr. Anuj Jain provided insights into Biomimicry and gave a presentation on the Human and wildlife interactions followed by introduction of Ecological Design Projects by studio tutor. After the presentation, eld trip with Dr. Shawn Lum, President of the Nature Society Singapore, to learn more about forest ecology.

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The students had a pin-up of their group works for the Exercise 01, presenting work-in-progress drawing of four major topics covering Topography & Soil, Habitat, Water - Nutirent Cycle and Human Activity.

26 August Exercise 01 pin ups & discussion

2 September Exercise 01 & 02 presentation The students had a pin-up of Exercise 01 presentation and Exercise 02 group screen presentation for the typology study.

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14

15

The students spend time to have a longer discussion with studio tutors regarding project direction towards mid-review preparation.

9 September Issue & site selection presentation

16 September Mid-review preparation

In preparation for the upcoming mid-review,each studnet had a series of personal consultations with our tutor; which included typology studies, sites and design approach.

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Four guest reviewers were invited for the Mid Review, namely, Dr. Anuj Jain (BirdLife International); Dr. Shawn Lum (Nature Society Singapore); landscape architect Ms. Evi Syariffudin; Dr. Tan Puay Yok, Dr. Ervine Lin (NUS) . The reviewers gave us advice in diverse aspects regarding our typology research, site selection and design approaches.

24 September Mid Review

30 September Site visit with the tutor We divided the design site of buffer area into two parts, and conducted site vist led by Ms. Hwang Yun Hye and Mr. Endo Kenya respectively

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The groups shared their problem statements, design approach and physical model. This was followed by more in-depth site analysis being presented during each studio session. Each person or group was to come up with their individual problem statements with regards to the site and data gathered.

1 October-3 November Design development

4 November Interm review Each of students had a 5-mins presentation with site introduction (with models) and plans with overall plan (master plan), supportive materials and narrative. Some guest reviewers were invited to give technical and practical advice to the projects; Ms. Liu Huei Lyn (PUB), Mr. Ryan Shubin (RSD), and Mr. Alfred Lee (STX).

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consultation.

5-21 November Individual consultation

22 November Final Review During the Final Review, 5 external reviewers were invited. They were Mr. Tan Yit Chuan (Nparks); Ms. Boo Chih Min (Camphora); Dr. Tan Puay Yok, Dr. Jessica Diehl, Dr. Ervine Lin (NUS).

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INFOGRAPHIC OF TROPICAL FORESTS Based on the given theory of ecology, translating understanding o e scientific knowledge into interpretative drawings of tropical forests.

Topics investigated into were Topography & Soil Habitats Water & Nutrient cycle Human activities

TOPOGRAPHY AND SOIL SOIL IN DIFFERENT FORESTS

Comparison Humidity

. .

.

.

Particle big small

Forests Condition Humus branch big leaf small leaf animal

3.near

t

p fores

n

ark(ma

gleaf p

5.sprin

4.swam

made)

t

y fores

primar

1

beige

very loose and can processed into any sh 3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

one hour later

24

2

one day later

1

muddy

5 Springleaf Nature Park

1 Carpark

2

4

3

Central Catchment Nature Reserve

est

ary for

econd

re s 2.matu

)

nmade

ark(ma

1.carp

Soil Analysis

branch, big leaf samll leaf animal

Texture

soil 2

black

3

dark brown

4

dark brown

5

brown Touch Sense

n't be hape

Upper Seletar Reservoir

loose and sticky can be processed into some shapes

Individual grains of sand are readily felt and seen

very loose and can't be processed into any shape

muddy

muddy

clean

muddy

tratification

form a wet block and can be processed into any shape

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MICRO-ORGANISMS AND BACTERIAL COMMUNITY

26

27

SOIL AND TOPOGRAPHY FORMATION

Hindhede Quarry

Bukit Timah Hill

Riverbank

Flatland Forest

Topsoil thin topsoil Weathering slightly weathered Plant lithophytes Key factors human activities

Topsoil medium topsoil Weathering highly weathered Plant primary forest Key factors topography

Topsoil thick topsoil Weathering highly weathered Plant wetland manmade Key factors hydrology

Topsoil thick topsoil Weathering highly weathered Plant secondary forest Key factors organisms

Bukit Timah Hill

elev. 1

avg. depth m 42 m AMSL

m AMSL

Upper Peirce Reservoir

Upper Peirce Reservoir 30 m AMSL

Hindhede Quarry Singapore Quarry

Bukit T fault imah scarp km

0m

igneo us ro ck B km ukit T imah 2 km ring g granit ra e d es G C G I R omple esidu 1 km tely W al Soil GI GIII Highly eathere Mode d We Soil P surfa GII S rately Weathered rofile ce laye athere lightly r Weath e

Bukit

Tim

d l soil idua eathere Res w tely le p d Com there wea red line Highly athe e sync w ly d erate there Mod htly wea km Slig esh rock Fr km

Weath d e GI F red resh

topso il su paren tal m bsoil ateri bedro al ck

hori A horizon B horizon C horizon R horizon zon

ah G Age: ea ranite Rock rly to middle s: Tr Mine predominan iassic (250 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ralog tly y: quar granite; gr 235 my) Textu anod tz re: med (3 ium to 0%), feldspar iorite, adam el coarse graine (60-65%), bi lite, and dior d, light ite ot grey bu ite & hornbl ende (< t somet 10 imes pi nkish %)

-10 m -20 m -30 m -40 m

0

line

antic 1 km

km

km 2 km ariati

100

on of

0 0

the th

ickne

0 0

ss of

layers

0 0 0 20 10 0

0-5

5-10

10-15 15-20 G I thi ckness G thi

20-25 ckness 25-30 epth to rockhe ad

30-35 m

>35

Se fault s letar tructu

re

Surfa

ce Ty

polog prima y seconry forest wetla dary fore waternd forest st

28

fauNee lt s Soo tru n ctu re

Seletar fault structure

LANDFORM AND HYDROLOGY CONTOUR LINE

SLOPE

HILLSHADE

CCNR 0-2% 2-5% 5-8% 8-15% 15-30% 30-60%

CCNR 11 0.5 0

23

4

contour line

11 0.5 0

23

4

254 11 0.5 0

23

0

4

NATURAL RIVER LANDFORM

Initial Stage downward erosion and traceability

Medium Stage(1945) Downward erosion

Maturity Stage(2019) Side erosion

RIVER

POND

GOLLY

MEANDER

PLAIN

HILL

ALLUVIAL PLAIN

DAM

re

he

sp

mo

at

on

ti

ra

i sp

an

Tr

DOWNSTREAM

SOIL SOILHORIZON HORIZON

r te wa or p va

<0.2cm

O Organic A Surface

MIDSTREAM

0.3-1m

ll

y

ar ll pi r ca te wa

fa

in

ra

c

B Subsoil

pi

<1m

co r

os gr hy wate

C Substratum c

R Bedrock

pi

co r

os gr hy wate

Underground water

y

it

av

gr y

ar ll pi r te wa

UPSTREAM

ca

c

pi co r

os gr hy wate

l

na

io at it r te wa

av

gr

RIVER EROSION nd ou gr ter wa

bed load stream bed bed

WATER IN THE SOIL Hygroscopic Water Hygroscopic water pore

cohesion adhesion

MAN MADE RIVER LANDFORM

n a o nd soil particle na a a e o soil plants particle e n o e oe e ay

Capillary Water Capillary water adhesion

gravity

MATERIALS IN RIVER BANK COIR GEOTEXTILE

PILED STONE

BRUSH MATTRESS

GROUTED RUBBLE

ROOTED COMPOSITES

DRY RUBBLE

GARBION

ECOLOGICAL CONCRETE

CONCRETE

ECOLOGICAL BAG

water

e a a a e roots an a a

a n a e e o an ne o e ona

n

n o ae

a a ona aWater e Gravitational ee a e an e a o ed by plants d a n do n a d y into groundwater

WOODEN FRAME WALL

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NUTRIENTS AND ELEMENTS IN FOREST SOIL

30

NEE SOON SWAMP FOREST NNSF hectares approx.

Swampy area in NSSF： 0 hectares approx.

Species Distribution of streams in NSSF Richness

The NSSF is connected in the lower reaches two freshwater reservoirs Upper Seletar Reservoir and Lower Seletar Reservoir via spillways and canals, with the Upper Seletar Reservoir being the nearer reservoir.

MM U U L L L L 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3

Upper Seletar

Lower 1

A water pipeline linking the Upper Seletar Resevoir with the Lower Peirce Reservoir also runs through the NSSF. The vegetation in the NSSF consists of primary forest as well as mature secondary forest , with the plant community being adapted to the waterlogged and hypoxic substrate present. Canopy cover is generally high, except at the edges of the NSSF where there has been greater human influence.

Lower 2 Lower

Mid 1 Mid 2

Mid 3

Upper1 Upper2 Upper Peirce

Streams Water supply pipeline Firing range

Lower Peirce

DRYLAND FOREST

SLOW-FLOWING STREAM

evelopment freshwater swamp forest

DRYLAND FOREST Canopy cover

Rainfall 1 Avifauna 2

2

Spill-over of floodwater from adjacent rivers and streams Primary freshwater fish

Reptile

2 1

Amphibians

PH . - . ；mean .2 Water supply pipeline Above ground peat Coarse-grained sand wood dust Organic matter leaf silty rocks

2 5cm Silt substances —

Distance to Reservoir —

epth

Water supply pipeline Below ground 3

Mineral soil

PH .0- .

Groundwater fluctuations 3

20-40m

Bedrock

Waterlogged and anoxic soil

Lake muds Thin layer of peat

Width

Underground water Distance to Reservoir —

Aquatic Species: Periodical Flooding: NNSF contains of the primary freshwater fish, 1 of amphibians, 1 rainfall 2 spill-over of floodwater from adjacent rivers and streams 2 of the reptiles and of the avian fauna of Singapore.

Important species in terms of basal area were Pometia pinnata, 3 groundwater fluctuations Pala uiwn xanthochymum,Mangzfera griffithii, Gluta wallichii and Ph mesurement and Nutrients: Strombosia ceylanica. Corner Soil Composition: Coarse-grained sand； rganic matter leaf silty rocks peat wood dust.

Stream water and soil water lay in the range . - . , mean .2. With soil PH at cm depth to be lower, .0. .

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HABITAT

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FOREST Shorea spp.

@ M ACR

ITC

hii

wallic Gluta

HIE @ U PPE

R S ELE

p. nga sp Macara

e of undanc as An abtes suchs in Epiphyium nidusts Asplenary fore prim

TAR

oniaia Alstif ol angust

mosa dra duies Adinanon specnd ary Commin seco found forests

ande um gr

Syzygi

1819

y & bs densit High n of shru io variat

p. nga sp Macara

evecta teris Angiop evecta teris Angiop

Durio

PRI PRI MAR MEV ALY FOR SIN EST GAP N ORE PRE ATIV E

hyllea Anisop ha distic

inus

zibeth

m ppaceu ium la Nephel

tosum sarmen Piper

1960

1950

1900

DEV VE ELO GET PME ATI NT ON Mul SIN OF due to fortiple GAP leaves ition ORE emeest fl lay driedr decompos Usurgentoor,ers, lowes N A all la un com I E TRE rate y t yer der ple SET Ear ES: ree ! sto x s COV ly A rey tru s w NDADOMI Suc Art ngiop , c ctu ith ces RY NAT o ano re; WOO wa carputeris sio b i F p g y & DY lli s s eve OREED nal ger CL ch pp ct ST fru HUM SHRIMBERii, M ., Di a, An its AN UBS S: aca pte iso .

Lat Str P & U Frey rang roca pter e L ANT Suc NDE cin a s rpu a m butuctur Adi E p e R s ce e an ti p.

D F S S g tre les ally ORE ssion Bautum l elagiTnOREY:a sum, Shospp., istoca es. s d si hi at al el ST Ta atr rea Glu rp ABA Usu iver mila penDavalnia sifoli la wilcca iana v spp.,ta a, s a r N O i l t l e a l n lde te r dul ia mi um, y t y o to SED no gri sum um, de bifi Ar E ree f p Aba CON s w eme rimar ang ndo Pla ntic da v toca wii foliaatran NDD T L N r ith ge y f a ned , tyc ula ar. rpu ARP ellustifREES: n eri ta, se s d o t Y A s P r mal & A I lan ipt oli Ad est mib ada um FOT M D i l I a c i i t , A n e X i , a p c cor te fid h, RET C r f nop Nep OF BAND ation SHR a, R Cam andra STON ona ris a, Art OMMON h r y e u p h U FRU ONE its riu co Ble oca SPE Ram lium but lap borBS & odamnnosperdumos D .

I m, nju chn rpu CIE K T, amp an p LAN nee UND ia a, m Pte gat um s r S: fru aceum a P u D c E L ng nsi RS in aur Als it rid a, ori igi ANT LE Pla s, TOR ere icu ton ium Mac ent dus ATI FT nta Ani EY: a, i Loo ON TO aquarangale, , Asp sop Ag Syzlatum,a & k ou & N REG tion ili a s Cal len hyl ros ygi ATI ROW num pp. oph ium lea tis um Litse natrubbet for VE g , P , M yll ni t a r r i dis ach an ve edi ter oli um dus SPE t d y t r e a s i e b nd is ner sp , B cha CIE exoes! Ale fr S ens ia l p., acca tic ui ifo ati Cya ure Dur spemix ts rmi fol the a p io o c s, ia, a l arv z f i Dur i es.

Tae Op ate iflo ian bethi n b fru u nit hio ro ra, it s is glo sa, ble ssu chn m FRU oid es NepIT TR ORNheliuEES: camAMENTm la Duri companulAL Pppaceo zib segmutatata,LANTSum ethin uin um, Ag : S us, l p e, HelDiefafonemathod ea ico enb a nia ach Per spp ia of centa totSingage br al por eak lan e’s dow d a n Sou rea Bulrce: let Gar Veg in, den breetati Sin ’s gap andakdowon p e ore Sou BTNRn of rcent CCN age Socrce: R iet Nat y, ure Sin gap ore

PRIA TIM MAR E I Y & NE FORLS OF ESE TC SOND ARY

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AST E W CON OOD DAR LAN Y F D ORE ST

LA TY ND IN OF EXOSMALL TIC FR SPE AGME e o CIE NTS f a) Al S kee Warnbizia p d ing (F ist : alc anc The ata e! y r breia ak aci a a m aur alaoluccicul i , a f ain Mim na, orm m ply exosa Leucis, urp oti pig aen ure c s ra a um, pec Pan ies) icu : m

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ndarared to r the ore. secoco mp ant fo Singap gh it’s Althouspecies importally in ing”, right less still be, especi “green the lue ty n just choosing& add va ca iversi t y no od by it bi not is g is future divers CCNR mix of ldginfor thecreate a i w e of e a R gnin at can s du on is st ti si . re ta th de thus fo it s vege system specie The genuous,types ofention, forest. e ecos rv mo ie te to th t ho in mented en spec differhuman frag limits posed to a ex to ting ation ghly crea fragment& is hi it The ributionon. agment distn invasi to fr urba afford ot nn We ca r. furthe

20m

Cano

a use of e ical, therefor ies Histor tion nopy spece ca th planta in om ma fr the mnants re are

Panicu

nt YAYS EW y co they KA s, nerall forest on of TAKEy forestprs imge ary nservati co ain

LEA

ENRTE PREUSTU & F CCNR

of tion ca or lo ests al F er nm ei Gr ary P

FOR

EST

TYP

E

ABO

UT

IDE

NTI

FIC

KEY SPE

Timah Bukit Reserve Nature

CIE

ATI

S

ON

d mixe for lansercial/ m re p ea Futuing/coml r a houseationa in the son recrlopmenter Thom deveeen Upp betw to Line landCCNR s Is Crosthrough t cu

er uppetarir selervo res

rce pie r er voi lowreser

chie

MacRit

ED MENT FRFAOGRESTS

33

MAMMALS

34

35

FRESHWATER FISHES

Of the 8 000 or so freshwater species, over 1000 species are found in South East Asia, a very high density and richness by any standard. Of the many groups of fishes, only the bony fishes (as opposed to those with cartilaginous or â&#x20AC;&#x153;softâ&#x20AC;? bones like sharks and sting rays) are present in Singapore freshwaters. These fishes also have typical fins which have many spines and rays.

8000

freshwater species in the whole world

1000

freshwater species in South East Asia freshwater fishes present in Singapore

about 86

However, human activities have greatly affected the survival of aquatic animals. The introduction of alien species and the change of habitat environment brought by urban construction have led to the destruction of the numbers of the balance of species.

most of them living in

CCNR

Human Activities 9

10

About 10 kinds of animals

11

8

About 8 kinds of animals

7

About 86 kinds of animals 5

6 4

About 30 kinds of animals

2

1

About 30 kinds of animals 3

seconderyconsumers

tertiar consumers

Number of species

primar consumers

phytoplankton

normally situation

(The closer you get to the top the number of species decreas (The Species Numbers began and become unstable)

bacteria

producers decomposer & detritus feeders

36

When one of the var

seconderybacteria producers consumers tertiar conprimar phytodecomposer & sumers consumers plankton detritus feeders

Before 1900

Dissolved oxygen levels in water depend, in part, on the chemical, physical and biochemical activities occurring in the water. Oxygen has a limited solubility in water directly related to atmospheric pressure and inversely related to water temperature and salinity.

1940

canalization

1990

pollution

2019

poaching

competition from introduced non-natives

habitat-loss

theimpoundment of streams

large standing bodies of water

s

Before 1984

2019

Human

NP

Temperature

of the food chain, ses step by step)

riables changes to fluctuate

Nitrogen and Air Pressure phosphorus content in water

O2

Water dissolved oxygen

Large amphibian, carnivorous fish Died Fish

Therefore, humans should seek better ways to improve fish habitat to ensure the balance of species in the ecosystem, such as increasing the number of protected habitats, reshaping the wild and original habitat environment and finding scientific ways to reduce the impact of human activities on the ecosystem through scientific predation and planned human intervention

Shrimp, small fish

decomposer & detritus feeders & producers

Source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/biodiversity/wildlife-in-singapore/species-list/freshwater-fish 37 ESSAYS IN Z OOLOGY, by Chou Loke Ming & Peter K. l. Ng Local geographic range predicts freshwater fish,by Xingli Giam 1 *, Ting Hui Ng 2 , Alvin F. S. L. Lok 2 and Heok Hee Ng

BIRDS .

es

c pa . ce ies s ur t so ctivi rs. d o a at oo r f ying red nt. p se fl oi d es re tp - L imite natu res d L e or e an - M om -H

Prim

ary

For

est

1 2 bird species

Ma

cRit

chie

Diets - Fishes

Straw-Headed BulBul

Critically endangered

Crimson Sunbird

Common resident Rare resident

Brown-Chested ungle Flycatcher

Greater Racket-Tailed

rongo

ulnerable Migratory species

Rare resident

Diets - Nectar

Home

38

-R - M ich - L ore in fo Mac e ss flyin od s Ritc h o na g tu a ur ie c c P e r t e ar pre ivitie . k da s s tor pa s. ces .

ver the last 0 years, 1 2 species of birds have been recorded within the MacRitchie reservoir Forest. These make up of the total species recorded within central catchment nature reserves. ut of these 1 2 species, species are known to be nationally threatened. f these, the Brown-chested jungle Flycatcher is classified in The Singapore Red ata Book 200 as “vulnerable” U , 11 as “endangered N” and 2 as “critically endangered CR ”. The Straw-headed Bulbul being one of the twentyfive CR species is in the last stage prior to extinction.

Habitat - Primary Secondary for - Wooded areas

voir Park

Blue- ared Kingfisher

Parks Gardens Mac

Ritc

hie

Sec

ond

ary

Wetlands

Forests For

est

Forest ependent 21 bird species 36 Nationally threatened

MacRitchie Forest 1 2 bird species

CCNR 222 Bird Species Habitat - Parks and Gardens - Cultivated areas

ther parts of CCNR 0 bird species

Habitat - Moist lowland forest - Mangrove forest - Small streams Diets - Forest insects

ture Park

Windsor Na Diets chain

glea

Spri n ture

f Na Park

Diets - Forest berries - Fruits Distribution chain

U

r

ta

el e

pp er S

rest

Re se rv ar k

rP

oi

0 bird species Ch

est

The Blue-eared Kingfisher and the Greater racket-tailed rongo are two of the local rare resident species to be looked out for in CCNR. Common resident species such as the Crimson Sunbird is informally nominated by nature lovers as the national bird of Singapore since 2002, which can also be found in CCNR as well.

39

nu

tN

atu

re

Pa

rk

Lower Peirce Rese

WATER AND NUTRIANT CYCLE NUTRIANT CYCLE

Cycling nutrients include inorganic mineral salts from rocks and atmosphere. Inorganic salts will be absorbed turned back to inorganic salts by decomposers. From forest to urban vegetation, cycles are similar but the sp secondary forest are slower, leaving more leaf litter. In grassland and urban vegetation, leaves and nutrients

Legend Nitrogen Fixing Plants Leaf Litter Water Reservoir, Swamp, Stream Soil Layers Nutrient Flows

40

d by roots, cycling through the food chain,from plant to animals,then to dead organic material, and finally peed decreases. Cyclings in primary forest are fast, leaving less leaf litter and nutrients in soil. Cycling in will be carried away by wind and drainage, leading to nutrient lost and thinner cycling than forest.

41

GRASSLAND

EVAPORATION

SOIL

Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.

SURFACE RUNOFF

The vegetation transpiration in grassland is very small. The grass there has very short roots, which absorb so little water from the soil.

And the infiltration here is 0.07.32s per 100ml water.

Surface runoff (also known as overland flow) is the flow of water that occurs when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other sources flow over the Earth's surface.

LEAVES

6.5CM

10CM

MANMADE GRASSLAND

MANMADE GRASSLAND

Leaves in grassland are usually very small, which can cause interception losses and transpiration become very small

SECONDARY FOREST SOIL

LEAVES

S

S

S

S

15.6CM

32CM

13.3CM

36CM

INFILTRATION

10.6CM PIONEER SECONDARY FOREST

4.4CM

9CM MATURE SECONDARY FOREST

5.6CM

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences. The infiltration capacity is defined as the maximum rate of infiltration.

BASIC INFORMATION Fundamental analysis

Section

Changes during the peroid

The Cen Reserveis in Singa hectares in the ge city, it ho sites, inc the Nigh Safari, a facilities appreciat the HSBC The nat catchmen reservoi reservoi Seletar, Pe i rc e a reserve.

S oot ng ange Chestnut Avenue Water Works

42

ppe Selata mp ng Stat on

Kallang Service Reservoir

Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization.

TRANSPIRATION FROM VEGETATION Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization.

PRIMARY SWAMP

LEAVES

PRECIPITATION TO LAND

precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. .

35CM

ntral Catchment Nature s the largest nature reserve apore, occupying 2880 Forming a large green lung eographical centre of the ouses several recreational cluding the Singapore Zoo, ht Safari and the River as well as several newer built to encourage public tion of the reserve, such as C TreeTop Walk. t u re re s e r v e a c t s a s a nt area for the surrounding irs. The country's main irs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; MacRitchie, Upper Upper Peirce and Lower a re l o cate d w i t h i n t h e

WATER CYCLE

CONDENSATION

n the surface of

20CM PRIMARY SWAMP

SOIL

PRIMARY SWAMP FOREST 0.28.01

Water Flow Analysis This is the water flow simulation in 18 years,mainly shows the water changes during the peroid. As the topography is very flat, the water changes is very slow.

1month

2month

3month

4month

5month

6month

7month

8month

9month

10month

11month

12month

13month

14month

15month

16month

17month

18month

43

PLANT SUCCESSION

44

45

MICROCLIMATE Cause Of Microclimate 1.Canopy

.Soil Type The impact of soil type on microclimate is mainly reflected in the difference in soil moisture and water absorption, which leads to the impact on humidity.

The different openness of canopy in different part of the primary forest influence the passing rate of light, rainfall and wind, which influence the reflection of microclimate like tempeture, photon flux density, humidity, and wind speed.

Light, rainfall,wind

Pass by

Weaken

Intercept

Precipitation

Water amount

vaporation

Storage

2.Topogrpphy The influence of topography on the microclimate is mainly reflected in the change of wind direction and speed, which leads to the impact on humidity and tempeture.

Wind direction

Wind speed

.Water body The influence of water body on the microclimate is mainly reflected in absorbing the light and heat from canopy and evaporating water vapor, which leads to the impact on humidity and tempeture.

Light

vaporation

Effect On Forest The microclimate formed by different regions affects the species, growth and density of trees.

Moisture

Moisture

Less density More big arbors

Dense shrub More Biomass

Observation Data Of Microclimate

More herbs Complicated canopy

Less density More arbors

Less new-growth More herbs Complicated canopy

The data from primary forest are significantly different from the disturbed and the temperature rises extremely uickly within minutes in the disturbed area, while the humidity drops rapidly. The edge is cooler and drier than the interior. The valley is hotter than the hill and has a high humidity. It is the wettest area in the lowland forest. As the distance from the water increases, the temperature rises and humidity decreases.

46

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

DISSERVICES OF TROPICAL FORESTS

47

HISTORY AND CULTURE OF FORESTS

The anti uity of human occupation of Singapore is unknown but there is considerable evidence for a significant settlement before the rise of Temasik at the mouth of the Singapore River.

Temasik and its predecessors were probably largely coastal trading settlements with little impact on the forested interior of the island.

1200s

1300s

At the end of the 13th century, the Palembang prince Sri Tri Buana was on an expedition in Bentan Bintan when he spotted the white sandy coast of Temasik from a distance. He decided to relocate here and rename the island Singapura.

Singapore signed the Convention on Biological iversity along with 1 2 other countries to reaffirm its stand on the protection of animal and plant life.

1992

1400s

1819

1821

1846

After Temasik’s decline, some sort of

Many Malaccans followed William Far uhar when he moved here. The British ast India Company brought prisoners to build local infrastructure.

Therefore, diverse peoples from around the region and beyond came

settlement seems to have survived.

together.

The Garden City plan aimed to transform Singapore into a clean and green city. In subse uent years, thousands of trees and shrubs were planted throughout the island, not only including nature reserves, bot also in built-up areas and along roads.

1972

1967

In 1972, the Ministry of Environment was formed for the express task of creating a clean environment for the people. Singapore was one of the first few countries at the time with a ministry dedicated to environmental matters.

48

There were also populations of riverine boat-dwellers in the Kallang and Seletar estuaries, and perhaps elsewhere around the coast. These people grew no crops but must have had some impact on the forest products for subsistence and trade.

Pre- uropean human occupation may have contributed to the extinction of large vertebrates in Singapore but significant deforestation is unlikely.

Stamford Raffles and his entourage landed on the island，the island was almost entirely covered in rain forest, with a flora similar to the adjacent Malay Peninsula but a relatively depauperate vertebrate fauna.

The outlook of forest reserves in Singapore improved when control of the Bukit Timah reserve was given back to the Botanic Gardens to ensure its conservation. In the following year, mangrove forests at Kranji and Pandan were gazetted as forest reserves.

1942

1938

Bukit Timah reserve suffered severe damage during the apanese invasion of Singapore. The ensuing battle troops left its toll on the reserve trenches and caves were excavated, trees were felled, and mortar shells were strewn all over.

1936

Bukit Timah had become Singapore’s only forest reserve when the government decided to revoke all the other forest reserves, citing the afforestation efforts as “unjustifiable”.

Much of the primary forest was lost to indiscriminate deforestation. nce removed, primary vegetation is lost forever as it cannot regenerate on cleared land. ver time, much of the cleared land became overgrown with lalang, a weed that was very difficult to rid of. By 1 , it was reported that some 45,000 acres of land in Singapore had been abandoned.

A forest report commissioned that put together by Nathaniel Cantley, reported the “extensive deforestation” and“no sufficient attempts have been made to conserve the forest lands”.

1859

1883

1849

Along with the boom in trade, cultivation of cash crops for export also took off.Gambier and pepper, proved to be the most economically viable crops in Singapore. Thus their cultivation flourished due to an increasing demand for gambier by the dyeing and tanning industries, which had a detrimental effect on the primary forest.

1879

1886

Most of Cantley’s recommendations had been implemented. A total of 12 reserves were demarcated Blukang, Murai, Kranji, Selitar, Ang Mo Kio, Changi, Bukit Panjang, Military, Chan Chu Kang, Mandai, Sambawang, Bukit Timah, Pandan and urong.

There was no attempt to control the rate of deforestation yet. ohn F.A. McNair conducted a survey on the state of the timber forests in the Str aits Settlements. McNair s 1 report described the dismal scene in Singapore diminishing timber trees, indiscriminate deforestation, and an absence of legislation for forest protection.

Generations of human activity on the island have wreaked disastrous conse uences on the native fauna.

The objectives of the forest reserves were not for commercial exploitation but for absolute protection to provied areas for research, education, recrration and as samples of the country s biographic history and heritage. And this remained as the guiding policy of nature conservation to present times.

1935

The government paid heed based on Cantley’s recommendations, eight forest reserves, totalling about 8,000 acres, were carved up.

Land from the Seletar, Changi, Pandan and Bukit Timah reserves were used for the cultivation of vegetables. Part of the Changi reserve was also sacrificed for the construction of a naval base.

Land was cleared from Sembawang and Mandai reserves for military purposes.

1930

1927

Having lost their natural source of prey and the protection of thick forest cover, tigers ventured into the plantations and attacked workers. In response, the government offered rewards for the capture of tigers. The tiger population had shrunk drastically.

The last wild tiger was shot in Singapore in 1 0.

The Wild Animals and Birds Protection rdinance was founded.Apart from the protection of birds, the new legislation prohibited the killing and capture of wild animals.

1909

The Forest Ordinance enacted

which made it an offence to “trespass, pasture cattle and cut, collect or remove any forest produce” from a reserve.

Unfortunately, it was not effective in preventing further exploitation.

1904

1895

The control of the reserves was transferred from the Botanic Gardens to the Land ffice, which neglected the reserves even further as they were deemed unprofitable. ven with their protected status, the reserves suffered from further deforestation in the following decades.

49

CULTIVATED CULTIVATEDLANDSCAPES LANDSCAPESIN INFORESTS FORESTS

Tre e

AC Sp

Le Ac uc ac nih Falc aena ia au r ot a ca taria leuco iculif rth o ag mol ceph rmis en uc ala c es is ana ss p

Ma

Ar

toc

Tre e

m

Sp

ec

He My vea ris tic brasi af rag liens ran is s

ies

Sh

rub

Im

pe

rat

Sh

rub

sS

pe

ac

sS

pe

cie

ylin Ana dri nas ca (L. com ) B os ea us uv.

s

Un c Pi aria ga M per Ind anih sarm mbir i g Ela ofe ot es ento Rox b. eis cu s ra gu tinc lent um ine a t en oria sis

EV

OL

arp

Sp

Fruit Trees Orchard

ec

us Ne he t Ba phe Ave rrh erop liu cc em aure m lap oa b hyllu am s on pa ilim b c va o r. g tley eum i a ne mo na n

Gn

etu

Tre e

gn

ec

ies

ies

Sh

rub

Dic

ran

sS

pe

cie

op Sm teris ila x s linea eto ris sa

s

Rubber Plantation

UT

cie

IO

s

N

OF

Pineapple Plantation

Food Crops

PL

Productive Landscape

AN

TA TIO

PI N

N

EA

PL

OT

S

P PL E

P TA

IO C A -G

am

c pep ult per

Played an important role in sustaining estate owners, generally harvested 18 months after planting.

r gr

ow

s

CU The plant re uires a minimum of 1 years for deplected soil nutrients to recover.

50

bie

LT IVA TIO

NT

IM

EL

CK

F R UIT

A vast number of uses not just producing fruits. The leaves serves as traditional herbal medicine and the tree’s durable timber is a valuable commodity.

Poor Soil Conditions

Invasive shrubs species

NU

Forest Clearings

TM

EG

The “nutmeg canker” disease caused the nutmeg fruits to wither before they ripened, demise of nutmeg cultivation.

U M B TA N

RA

xotic Tree Species

Hainan Village Red-breasted parakeets were observed feeding on the ripe fruits of a rambutan, consuming only the seeds.

Nutmeg Trees Rambutan Plantation La

te

a Sec ex band ond oti c s one ary fo pe d a ve pr cie gri rest lon actic rexp cu tha s lo ge e ltu r s s re itati ral t hav du on up lan e b ce po o d, e f s rt e u are en r ffe the s nsus oft ege cti o t il f ain en n ve e a pro rtil do erate b mi du ity le ag -L na d on t cti ted inc abou on o lev ricu lud l r els tur by es ers in -H tha al la Ha the ain in t n an an co d rub -A u V V ld illa illa ber nam well g g n p e is e lan o ed -kno tatio ‘Sil wn loc -S ly F ha ate oon ns da un ina set afte lon Ga nes tled r, th gU rde e m into eg n’ ppe an villa ard r Th bou en ges ght om wa wh son - Th the sc ich nat e la onv Ro lan ura te a d e d rted and l ru x fro -R to a bbe m buil of S ubb t r. da he Ra ing er p Ru mb gar apo lan bbe uta den re’s tatio np r Tr exp Gamb lan ee eco ns b and ier t is a e n pro tion ed om cam the -A d a y r gra eas ma fter uctio in 1 e la sse w in s the 903 rge n s ith a our sca intr decli ce ban odu ned le a of c don ctio n r d a om ed turn n o pidly -C me p f ca ed lan and rcia in ash c t in n a nin l to a tion the apo rop g re a s w we ma in 1 pro - La r e d jo e in 888 uc fter re r pa t tiva rge pa intr v io it ade rt no odu tion tch e c d f a r pin by of g es o e a ced a eap sec am f for si nd p ple ond bie est nifi lan s ary r w we can ta hic re s t io h t h w cle rub trad n a sb a a g or in est s u red sua to por ricultu on virg t re t lly ma gro ke ook in s wn way oil, off in a fo new in sso r the ly c cia sh lea tion iftin red wit g fore h st

Mi

d1

0s

Grassland

arl

y1

0s

Ind

us

1

0s

Ag

ric

ult

ure

Ca

sh

Cr

tria

l

ev

elo

pm

Hu

ma

nH

ab

ita

1

0s

Ab

an

do

ne

dL

an

d

tio

n

en

t

op

s

LIN

E

51

SCENIC VIEWS IN FORESTS

52

53

LEARNING FROM FOREST

REWILDING SINGAPORE

What Can We Learn From Nature ?

Singapore is a city garden which has a large amount of green designs.

However, how many of them are actually useful for education What Can We Learn From Nature ducation is not only about indoor class, meanwhile, it not only targets young is a city garden could whichbe hasany a large amount of green designs. people.Singapore The teaching materials element in our forests, from leaves However, to differenthow types of trees, animals to cultivation lands.

All ages have many of them are actually useful for education? the opportunities lesson.

Educationtoistake notthis only about indoor class, meanwhile, it not only

?

targets young people. The teaching materials could be any element in our forests, from leaves to different types of trees, animals to cultivation lands. All ages have the opportunities to take this lesson.

JU ST

4F UN

4 yrs old Visits the forest on a field trip and plays in tree pods

54

JUST 4 UNDE

32 yrs old with 2 yrs old Attend the workshop about flora

74 yrs old Volunteers in the docent walk about disturance history during weekends

ERSTAND

secondary forest

JU

ST

4

M

ER

M

primary forest

O

R

IZ

E

CREDIT TO: XIAO Xinyan

55

LANDSCAPE TYPOLOGIES E

and iss

a e y oo e in d n i yin

s

ee

d ed y e o o n e o n e a on

d y un i n u

ys

i s y ana y in and n

n and

uni i s und s andin si

d issu s is

i din y d ns

URBAN PARKS • Use Size Shape vegetation density Physical features with urban fabric Immediate context Proximity to nature Physical features with urban fabric • Fragmentation Management practice • Time analysis Soil permiability • Issue statement

Legends Playgrounds 1Km Buffer Zone Golf Course All parks around CCNR URA SubZone

COMMERCIAL AREA COMMERCIAL AREA

Vegatation

Fajar Shopping Center

Green Ridge Shopping Center

Biodiversity

Bukit Panjang Hawker

Thomson Plaza

Upper Thomson Road South

Upper Thomson Road North

58

DEGRADED FOREST

Legends CCNR Site Boundary Building Abandoned Land Waste Woodland Forest Park Areas

N

Approx. 1km buffer away from CCNR, larger buffer patch for restoration

Less than 0. km buffer between the abandoned land and CCNR

CCNR Site Boundary

N

59

UNDERUTILIZED BUILT STRUCTURE Urban urban simplicity open

Greenland & urban complexity closed

Greenland & greenland simplicity open

0

0.

0.

1.2 km

Major roads Minor roads Parks Hydrology

Surrounding context

60

Vegetation density

Morphology Underpass context

Structure

Surrounding context

Vegetation density

Morphology Underpass context Structure

1

8

Bukit Panjang, BLK 436 Fajar 1. 20 , 10 .

Bishan, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 2 1. , 10 .

2

2

1.1 ha

. ha

2

Bukit Panjang, Bishan, BLK 2 1 Bangkit Sin Ming Avenue 1. 020 , 10 .

0 0 1.

0 , 10 . 1

Mostly large reserved sites with no public housing

0.

Upper Seletar Reservoir Sungei Kadut

9

ha

3

Sembawang

Bishan, Sin Ming Dr 1.

1 , 10 .

. ha

1

.

4

3

1.1 ha

5

5

7 Upper Pierce Reservoir

12

Dairy Farm, Almond Avenue 1. 0 , 10 .

8

1.

BISHAN & BRADDELL

9

ha, 1.

Bishan, Marymount Road 21 1.

1 , 10 . 01

ha

6 Dairy Farm, Petir Road 1. , 10 .

10

.2 ha

11 Macritchie Reservoir Bukit Timah

12 13

14

3

unused pocket green

13 Braddel, Braddel Road 1. 2 1 , 10 .

2

.2 ha, .1 ha

vacant land

7

14 Bishan, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 Braddel, 1. , 10 .

2 Thomson Road 1. 0 0, 10 . .2 ha 1.2 ha

1

patches of forested area Bukit Brown

2

0. ha, 1. ha

potential to create a network

SIZE

Large forested areas with mainly landed properties

1

ha

11

0. 0 ha

6

0

close to public housing

Bukit Panjang, Bishan, BLK 229 Pending Upper Thomson Road 1.

0, 10 . 1 10 1. 0 22, 10 .

2 4

public transport connectivity

10

Bukit Panjang, Blk 2 Bangkit 1.

21 , 10 .

BUKIT PAN ANG & DAIRY FARM

Proximity to CCNR

0. 0 ha

TYPOLOGY

Industrial area with low transport walking connectivity

CRITERIA

UNUSED OPEN SPACES

0. 0ha - 1ha 1ha - 4ha 4ha - 10ha

km

COMMON SPACE IN RESIDENTIAL AREA types of residential areas： Landed properties • Single household units • Privacy • Yards and fences used to dmarcate the house from the public streets H B flats high population density open parking lots • shared activity space accessible for public Condominiums

Comprehensive set of facilities and greenery • Accessible only for owners

61

WATER AND DRAINAGE

A Natural | Soft | Natural Lakeside | Permeable | Full Cycle

62

B Manual | Soft and Hard | Urban Vegetatio

A. Natural | Soft | Deep in Forest

B. Natural | Soft | High Accessibility to Water | Low impermeability

D. Manual | Soft & hard | Midium accessibility to water | Midium impermeability

C. Manual | Soft | High accessibility to water | Low impermeE. Manual | Hard | Midium accessibility to water| Midium impermeability

F. Manual | Hard | Low accessibility to water | High impermeability

F. Manual | Hard | Low accessibility to water | High imperme-

on | Semi-Permeable | Impeded

C Manual | Hard | Urban Vegetation | Impermeable | Severely Impeded

63

STREETSCAPE

BUKIT PANJANG RD & BKE

Petir Rd & D Rd & PCN

64

Daity farm

65

PROPOSALS Chin Carissa, Dhuri Ruiee P69 _

Rakholiya Ekta P

Cheng Jing, Lyu Jiawei P112 Feng Zihan, Zhou Zuyuan P1 Han Cong, Zhou Xianfeng P1 Zhang Yifei P210 ao

nyan

a o a oo n

a

en a ao on an

ao o

n an

an n y

on an n ana a

an a

o

68

WILDLIFE MATRIX

INJECTING BIODIVERSE HABITATS INTO DEGRADED LANDSCAPES Carissa Chin, Ruiee Dhuri

While the existing Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) forms the largest nature reserve in the geographical centre of Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mainland, the forested areas along the periphery of it are fragmented, resulting in multiple disturbed habitats as remnants of abandoned cultivations. How can landscape architects reconfigure this forest structure into a resilient and biodiverse habitats The primary intent is to investigate and chalk out possible future scenarios at conserving and enhancing the ecological richness of these patches of degraded forests within an area of 130 Hectare, while creating interactive canvases for different user groups including fauna, to benefit from. For fauna specifically, it is done by injecting relevant plant species to mimic or create habitats for the targeted wildlife. For humans, it is done by creating experimental inserts that magnify the habitat experience of the animal. These sites of intervention are bound together by grounded and arboreal connections, for all user groups, by means of planting as well as built structures.

The sites exist within the upper Thomson nature park and along the Tagore drive, towards the upcoming MRT station. With the CCNR on one side of the site and the Tagore industrial estate on the other, it makes for an interesting balance of challenges; both natural and urban. For the three different sites, the primary guiding approaches for design are on the basis of projected human activity and targeted fauna species.

The project aims at primarily restoring the ecological state of the landscape and then magnifying the experience of animal habitats for humans to engage and learn from. At a larger scale, it is envisioned that such fragments of degraded forests, with specific approaches and interventions, create sanctuaries for biodiversity as well as provide interactive spaces for the community island wide

DEGRADED FOREST Timeline

• Forest

• Forest • Cultivation • Residential

• Forest • Cultivation • Residential

• • • • •

Forest Residential Commercial Industrial Transport

• • • • • • •

Forest Residential Commercial Industrial Parks Sports & Recreation Reserved

• • • • • • • •

Forest Residential Commercial Industrial Parks Sports & Recreation Reserved Utility

Patches of Degraded Forest

151 Ha. of degraded forest patch.

Approx. 1km buffer away from CCNR

Proposed buffer parks as a part of the Forest Restoration Action Plan by NParks

0

70

1

2KM

PERIPHERY STUDY

Central Catchment Nature Reserve

• Larger cohesive patch of degraded forest on the CCNR buffer.

• Located on the water systems network connecting Lower Seletar Reservoir to CCNR

• Multiple patches of low vegetation index within a densely forested area • Located on the periphery of CCNR, surrounded by built areas that create a disconnect within the patches of dense vegetation

• Relatively lower density of population resulting in lower disturbance • MRT cutting through indicating potential future projections for development • Forms the urban interface of forested area putting it under threat of future developments

20 YEARS LATER

1 What Could...

Legend Reserve Site

Legend Residential

Legend Reserve Site

Legend Park

2 What If

0

1

2KM

Existing vs Interventions Land use

71

DESIGN APPROACH

Food Source Types and Plant Conditions

Habitat Potential Map

Cultivated Species

Remnants of plantation tree species + Invasive exotic plant species

Legend: Habitat Potential Map Palm Civet

Intermixed Pioneer Species Existing Soil Conditions

Topsoil Residual Soil Weathered Soil Granite Bedrock

N

I

IST

EX

NG

S

ON

ITI

ND

CO

Barriers for Fauna Movement

High rise Buildings Low rise Buildings

VISUAL

Legend: Habitat Potential Map Sunda Pangolin

Roads Fencing

N Human Activity

Source : Ecological network by ABDUL RAHIM BIN ABDUL HAMID Thesis Paper 72

PHYSICAL Physical and visual barriers

Canals

DESIGN APPROACH Existing Site Sections

CANOPY (30M) UNDERSTORY (17M) SHRUBS (5M)

Secondary 2 Lane Forest Road Scale 1:750

EMERGENT (>40M)

Abandoned Forest land (Old Palm Plantation)

Secondary Abandoned Forest land (Old Palm Plantation) Forest

CANOPY (30M) UNDERSTORY (17M) SHRUBS (5M)

Waste Woodlands

2 Lane Roadside Road Planting & Pathway

Scale 1:750 EMERGENT (>40M)

Existing Industrial Building (4 Storey)

CANOPY (30M) UNDERSTORY (17M) SHRUBS (5M)

Pathway 4 Lane 2m Road Scale 1:750

3 Lane Pathway Road 2m

Pathway 3m

Open Lawn

Waste Woodlands

SITE ANALYSIS

Existing and Interventions Land use

Legend Tagore Industrial Est.

Contour Slopes Water Flow

Restricted Area

Built

Open Patches

MRT Station

Thomson Nature Park

Pedestrian Access

Proposed Changes

Electric Substation

Existing Tree Canopies 73

OVERALL DESIGN STRATEGIES Food Source + Fauna Species

Road B

Enhancin as steppin serves as movemen

Node 01 Node 03

Soil :

Restoration of existing soil conditions to promote good foundations for speciďŹ c plant species to thrive in.

N

74

Node 02

Semi Urban Open Patch :

Developing a variety of protected niches on open patches of land serving as a refuge for wildlife

Barrier:

ng and utilising fast growing pioneer trees ng stone along the road side planting which s routes of connection across roads for fauna nt

Replacing unwated invasive planting species to re-establish a rich forest structure

Urban Open Patch :

Inclusion of fauna habitats in developed industral areas to enhance coexistence of wildlife and human interaction Maximise land use towards the transitioning of wildlife diuranlity and nocturnality.

Injecting a diversity of plant food sources strategically to increase and attract wildlife.

Forest Open Patch : Creating a network of forest core species that is regenerative and requires minimal maintainence.

Introducing plant species that provides suitable habitat conditions for fauna nesting Establish stepping stones to allow movement of interior fauna species between patches

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IDENTIFYING VALUABLE VEGETATION PATCHES Proposed Zoning Interventions Core Area Nee Soon Swamp Forest

Forest Endangered Transitioning Palmpsest Buffer Area Connectivity Species Habitat Interface Old Upper Thomson Road

Thomson Nature Park

Upper Thomson Road

Protected Area

Targore Drive

Connecting Tree Canopies

Current Issues Habitats Fragmentation

Projections

Process Eliminating Invasive plants

Invasive plants species

Injecting Native Plant Species

Habitat Expansion

Over-exploited Soil

Regenerating Soil

Soil Conditions

Soil Regeneration

Lack of Food Sources

Landscape Succession (Food Source)

Fragmented home range (Fauna)

Expansion of home range (Fauna)

Creating Interfaces and Enhancing Connectivity

Creating Human Nature Interface

Enhancing connectivity for movement of humans and wildlife

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Quality Habitation

Core Area Lower Seletar Reservoir

Native plant species Maturity

Food source for Biodiversity

Increase in Leaf Litter

10 ears Projection

High Nutrients Forest Floor

0 ears Projection

VEGETATION SPECIES MAPPING xisting Plant Identification Legend ROADSIDE TREES Samanea saman Tabebuia rosea Peltophorum pterocarpum Cacra cacauliflora Barringtonia recemosa Claxylon indicum Pterocarpus indicus Swietenia mahagoni Lagerstroemia speciosa Cyanometra ramiflora SECONDARY SUCCESSION Falcataria moluccana Spathodea campanulata Syzygium grande Terminalia catappa Vitex pinnata Andira inermis Cinnamomum iners Macaranga gigantea Ficus variegata Alstonia macrophylla FRUIT TREES Nephelium lappaceum Cocos nucifera Durio zibethinus

0

100

OLD PLANTATION

500m

Hevea brasiliensis Elaeis guineensis

Landscape Planting Typologies

RIPARIAN

Slow Growing Canopies

Understory

Legumes

Water Logging

SOIL STABILISATION

Ferns

Butterflyattracting

POLLINATORS

Fast Growing Canopies

Epiphytes

Grassland

Fruit Trees

Plantation

CONNECTIVITY

Epiphytes

FAUNA

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MASTERPLAN Landscape Projection

NO

DE

3

Wildlife Canopy Link

Underground Wildlife Culvert

Pangolin Sanctuary

Masterplanning Concept

78

Detention Pond

Forest Theater

NO

DE

Scale Pop up Squirrel Run

1

Butterfly Trail

Bird Hideout Elevated Crossover

The Idle Place

D

Net Rest

Lizard House Old Plantation Trail

2

The Niche

E

Existing Thomson Nature Park Trail

NO River Cross

79

NODE 1

Landscape Projection

Scale Pop up

Squirrel Run Bird Hideout

Butterfly Trail

Elevated Crossover

SPECIES A linear stretch connecting the upcoming Springleaf MRT station to the Thomson Nature park. The node sits along the urban edge that faces the Tagore industrial estate. The intent is to enhance habitats for certain species by planting appropriate flora and creating experiential spaces for humans to observe and interact with these species from a distance.

80

EXPERIENCES

ECOLOGICAL Node 1

A’

Fauna Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel

Hylopetes spadiceus Nocturnal Lives on tree tops/ holes in barks Feeds on flowers, fruits & leaves even cultivations

Planting palette Syzygium chloranthum Melastoma malabathricum Syzygium polyanthum Artocarpus heterophyllus

Lesser Harlequin

Laxita thuisto thuisto Shaded areas in the forests, fields, gardens, and grasslands Flower nectar, pollen, ripe/rotting fruits

Ardisia elliptica Alstonia angustifolia Baccaurea motleyana

Straw-headed Bulbul

0

A

01 - Section AA’

100m

Pycnonotus zeylanicus Scrubland and rainforest Found higher on tree trunks and holes within.

Feed on insects

Pterocarpus indicus Flacourtia inermis

Leea indica Archontophoenix alexandrae Bridelia tomentosa Ficus fistulosa Dillenia suffruticosa

KEY SECTION 01- Section AA’

Upper Thomson Road

Elevated Canopy Walk

Plan

Structure composition Look Out Point

Entrance

Axonometric Breathable Skin Lightning Protection Core 81

Artist Impression : Looking towards the bird hideout along the butterfly trail 82

83

NODE 2

Landscape Projection

Existing Thomson Nature Park Trail The Niche

Lizard House River Cross

Net Rest

Old Plantation Trail

SPECIES The niche is an activated landscape for both wildlife and humans with the means of planting strategy and structural intervention. A walkway that meanders through the various layers of landscape on site which includes creation of habitat for species that thrive in plantations. An attempt to scale up an element of a habitat, for humans to be able to experience it the way a species probably does.

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EXPERIENCES

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES Node 2

Fauna Monitor Lizard

Varanus nebulosus Inhabit terrestrial Scrubland and rainforest Found higher on tree trunks and holes within.

Feed on insects

Planting palette Ficus microcarpa Calophyllum inophyllum Artocarpus heterophyllus Averrhoa carambola

B

Palm Civet

Paradoxurus musangus Arboreal Found in secondary forests, fruit orchards Feed on fruits Nest in hollow trees Fully Nocturnal

Red cheeked Flying squirrel

0

100

Hylopetes spadiceus Nocturnal Lives on tree tops/ holes in barks Feeds on flowers, fruits & leaves even cultivations

B’

500m

Caryota mitis Nephelium lappaceum Coffea arabica L.

Syzygium chloranthum Melastoma malabathricum Syzygium polyanthum Artocarpus heterophyllus

01 - Section BB’

KEY SECTION Nutrients Cycle Flow

01 - Section BB’

Leaf Litter

Viewing Decks

Lizard House

Mound Walk

Decomposer

Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers

85

Artist Impression : Elevated pathway through the old plantations 86

87

NODE 3

Landscape Projection

Wildlife Canopy Link

Underground Wildlife Culvert

Pangolin Sanctuary

Detention Pond

Forest Theater

The primary approach on this site was to create arboreal and underground connections for expanding home ranges of threatened species. The creation of habitats utilises what the landscape offers and creating opportunities by mimicing their existing habitats. The forest theater is imagined to be an interactive spot which is not frequented by humans while the idle place, is a resting space derived from the structure of branching and serves as a hideout to view the monkeys in transition.

88

SPECIES

EXPERIENCES

ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES Node 3

Fauna C’

Banded Leaf Monkey

Ixonathes recticulata

Slow Loris

Bambusa multiplex

Sunda Pangolin

0

Manis javanica Found in forested habitats and plantations Feeds wholly on ants and termites.

Nest in burrows, treeholes & epiphytes.

100

Nephelium lappaceum

Presbytis femoralis Arboreal Feeds on New leaves and forest fruits. foraging areas are generally larger.

Rest on higher branches of trees Very shy in nature Nycticebus coucang Found on branches and tree holes.

Mainly inhabit pforests but adapt to orchards, plantations and bamboo groves.

Solitary in nature Arboreal

C

Planting palette Hevea brasiliensis

Adinandra Dumosa

Ficus fistulosa Artocarpus heterophyllus Elaeis guineensis

Asplenium nidus Caryota mitis Cyrtophyllum fragrans Syzygium myrtifolium

500m

01 Section CC’

KEY SECTION Section AA’

The Idle Place

Wildlife Canopy Link

Left : Creation of habitat for Pangolins Top : forest theater - design derived from anatomy of an epiphyte 89

Artist Impression : Forest Theater within enhanced habitat for Banded Leaf Monkey and Sunda Pangolin 90

91

WILDLIFE MATRIX

Proposed Patch, Corridor, Matrix Landscape Model uantification of Habitat xpansion

TOTAL NUMBER OF EXISTING DEGRADED FOREST PATCHES : 1327 Ha. EXISTING SIZE OF CENTRAL CATCHMENT NATURE RESERVE : 2880 Ha. 47.6% OF DEGRADED FOREST TO BE RESTORED 92

93

SITE IMAGES OR YOUR PERSPECTIVE IMAGES

94

CO-HABITABLE “COMMON GROUND” Ekta Rakholiya

Co-Habitable “Common Ground” is a project with the vision to re-define Golf Course as a conjunction of the Game of Golf and ecological habitat creation with larger emphasis on ecological processes related to water, vegetation and soil. The project is situated right at the base of Upper Seletar Reservoir where currently it functions as “Mandai Executive Golf Course (MEGC)” facility. It happen to be also situated on the location where it is said (and recently mapped) that once pristine Fresh Water Swamp Forest (FWSW) thrived.

Through in-depth study of the current condition at MEGC - in terms of Golf course use, management practice, flora-fauna and its relevance in a larger context of Nee Soon FWSF the issues identified are : heavy water consumption as well as contamination, forest fragmentation and degraded soil quality.

The fact that it has affected the area in adverse manners but at the same time provided recreational facility cherished by many; the design proposal focuses on the re-development of MEGC as an Eco-sensitive golf course that is ecologically sound and supports habitat enhancement. To create so the water-based challenges are tackled through firstly tapping into the potential of rainwater to meet the water needs, secondly improving the golf course drainage infrastructure through a network of a vegetated open dry/wet swells and lastly enhancing irrigation system to minimize water consumption. Forest fragmentation is addressed through introduction of forest patches on the golf course with careful layering of grass, shrubs and trees clustered to form continuous corridor.

An attempt is made to minimize the “Green” areas and increase natural vegetation with careful consideration of rules for the game of golf. Combination of both the strategies leads to decreased chemical-based maintenance of the course and adds to the improvement of soil quality.

With enhanced water-based infrastructure and introduction of appropriate flora-fauna, larger aim is to formulate right conditions so that Fresh Water Swamp Forest can once again thrive in this region.

An eco-sensitive golf course intrinsically adds to the challenge faced by a golfer during the game, hence provides them with an opportunity to master their short-range game. In a larger context, the whole proposal act as a buffer zone between forest and developed areas, which otherwise tend to have sharp edges without any provision of a niche for the forest edge species.

UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT

current locaiton of Mandai Executive Golf Course (Built in 1996)

1 Map showing major vegetation type (1819)

current locaiton of Mandai Executive Golf Course

2 Map showing major vegetation type (1994)

The site for the proposed design is Mandai Executive Golf Course (MEGC) which is situated right at the base of Upper Seletar Reservoir.

Not only it is adjacent to Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only surviving pristine secondary forest ecosystem, but it happen to be also situated on the ground where it is said (and recently mapped) that once Fresh Water Swamp Forest (FWSF) thrived.

The MEGC was constructed in 1992. Though it has served many golf enthusiast, but had contributed not only to the forest fragmentation but the regular use of pesticides and fertilizers has contaminated water and degraded soil.

1 & 2 // Historic account for spread of Fresh water swamp forest (Indicate site area) Source// Book A first look at Biodiversity in Singpaore 1 3 Candidate FWSF Areas superimposed on current land use and roads base map.

Source// Reserach paper : The freshwater swamp forest of Sungei Seletar catchment: A status Report

by Tony Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;DEMPSEY and CHEW Ping Ting

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Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.)

Meranti (Shorea spp.)

Sunda Pangolin critically (Manis javanica) endangered Raffles Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis)

Today, less than 0.5% of the original primary forest cover remains and it can only be found in small patches within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve and the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. An even rarer forest type in Singapore is the primary freshwater swamp forest, with the most significant remaining patch being the Nee Soon Swamp Forest in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve.1 The existing habitats are home to a magnificent diversity of plants.

References// 1. Central Catchment Nature Reserve. (2019, October 2). Retrieved from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/ parks-and-nature-reserves/central-catchment-nature-reserve.

Sembawang Country club

Orchid Country club

Site// Mandai Executive Golf Course

Singapore Island Country club Championâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public Golf Course

Singapore Island Country club Legend

Key Map// Site situation with respect to CCNR and all the golf courses In-and-around CCNR 97

EXISTING SITE CONDITION Mandai Executive Golf Course

Overview The Mandai Executive Golf Course is a 9-hole, Par 29 public course situated next to Upper Seletar Reservoir. Opened in 1993, the friendly course features a nice variety of par 3s and par 4s that allows golfers to use most of the clubs in their bag and is a perfect facility for beginners as well as experienced golfers who wish to sharpen their short game skills.

As a sport, from its beginning in Scotland, the game of golf has been connected to nature by playing and enjoying the game in natural surroundings. ver since it has evolved into a refined practice of molding landscapes in peculiar way in order to suit the game. The regular use of pesticides and turf management chemicals heavily impact the environment and ecology.

Management Practice

Hole 1

Hole 2

Hole 3

Irrigation and Drainage Average water requirement: 100,000 to 1,000,000 gallons (378.5 m3 to 3,785 m3) of water per week in summer to maintain healthy vegetation.

Hole 4

Irrigation system: is comprised of sprinklers, field controllers, central control systems and valves. These are the components of an automatic sprinkler system.

Watering program: is developed to determine the timetable for the watering and how much of water to use. Different plants need different watering timetables. Some plants do not need to be watered every day but some others require daily watering.

Turf Management/ Pitch care Mowing: though excessive mowing will compact the grass. During the growing season daily mowing is required.

Verticutting: to remove excessive thatch Scarification to remove moss and stop the collection of moisture on the green.

Grooming: to reduce the thickness of clumps.

Aerating: to remove excessive organic matter, modify the root zone composition, improve rooting and drainage Soil surfactants and wetting agents: to manage localized dry spot Turf type and required conditions Turf: Blue serangoon grass (Digitaria didactyla) Soil Re uirement Fairly wide tolerance but definite preference for lighter soils, tolerant of low nutrient levels.

Moisture: 900â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1,800 mm AAR, survives seasonal dry conditions and drought by losing all leaf.

98

Hole 5

Hole 6

Hole 7

Hole 8

Hole 9

Mandai Executive Golf Course - 9 holes course - Has varieties of Par 3s & 4s - 40 bays of Driving Range

Mandai Executive Golf Course, Base Map

Golf hole layout and area wise percent distribution 99

ISSUES IDENTIFIED Water based issues

Canalization of natural water streams contributes to break in the natural flow of nutrients and aquatic life. Through research and studies, it is evident that locating MEGC has contributed to the shrinkage of footprint of Neesoon Freshwater Swamp Forest

Forest Fragmentation

Lack of diverse fauna on the golf course. Out of 320 trees on the course, there are only 16 types planted repeatedly. List of tree speices on MEGC are:

100

Diagram illustrating vegetation fragmentation

1. Pink Poui (Tabebuia rosea) 2. Jemerlang Laut (Peltophorum ptrocarpum) 3. Callitris species (Cupressaceae) 4. Ordeal Tree (Erythrophleum suaveolens) 5. Royal Palm (Roystonea regia) 6. Kapok Tree (Ceiba Pentandra) 7. Bunga Tanjung (Mimusops elengi) 8.AmericanMahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) 9. Paper Bark Tree (Melaleua cajuputi) 10. Jenaris (Callerya atropurpurea) 11. Jambu Laut (Synzygium Grande) 12. Sena (Pterocarpus indicus) 13. Burma Padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) 14. Pakul Lima (Samenea saman) 15. Northern Banglow Palm (Archontophoenix Alexandrae) 16. Emang (Hopea mengarawan)

courses demands high maintance and usage of water. Frequent use of fertilizers Soil Degradation Golf and pesticides causes leaching and degrade water quality as water drains through regular irrigation. As water percumulates, it tend to absorbe pestiside residue eventually affecting soil quality and ground water quality.

Pesticide contamination mapping (lighter the shade, higher the accumulation tendency)

Presence of green in the canal indicates the fertilizer overdoze

White and black patches are indication of presence of weed and their resistance adoptation to the fertilizer based treatments.

Sharp edge between forest and Golf course boundary

Disconnected patches within golf course

The land was clearled in 1993 for the construction of Mandai Executive Golf Course cleared up the forest existing over there creating complete segregation between regenerated forest.

Within the Golf course, the lack of provision of continuous patches results into further forest fragmentation 101

MASTER PLAN Design strategies WATER BASED SOLUTIONS

Tapping into Rain water potentials Appropropriate Drainage Network Irrigation

INLET CONTROL// Bio-swale filteration strip,

RAIN WATE CATCHMEN

Shallow Po

25’Diameter no spary zone

VEGETATION

Creating continuous corridors Appropriate Plantation strategy Integrated Plant Management SOIL

Appropriate Turf Selection Decreasing Greens and allowing Natural vegetation Sound Management Practice

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Infilteration basin Infilteration

INLET CONTROL// Rain water run-off control , 25’ Diameter No-spray zone

O CON

Phytore

102

ER NT//

ond

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Shallow Pond

OUTLET CONTROL// Phytoremediation

OUTLET NTROL//

Zone

emediation Zone

RAIN WATER CATCHMENT// Bioretention area (Shallow wet land)

103

DESIGN STRATEGY - 1 // TENDING THE WATER Water based solutions

Existing network of Canal 104

INLET CONTROL To reduce the impacts of storm water on receiving water bodies, inlet control measures are designed to protect water quality by managing runoff before it is collected in the drainage system.

Vegetation Zone// Band of small trees and shrubs is used to reduce the velocity of storm water to promote infilteration into the soil and settling of solids.

Bio-swale filter strip// Bands of close growing vegetaion, usually grass, planted between pollutant source area and receiving water body to reduce pollutants such as sediment, organic matter many trace metals by filtering acttion of vegetation.

CATCHMENT Bioretention cum shallow wetland area// Shallow (6-9 inches of ponded water) storm water basins filled with porous soil mixture and then planted. With time, this area have tendency to acquire Fresh Water Swamp Forest ecosystem.

Infilteration Basin// Excaved trenches filled with stone aggregate used to capture storm water run-off.

OUTLET CONTROL Phytoremediation dry-wet swale Zone// Bands of small wetland at the edge of catchment basin as well as naturallised water canals to recover polluted soils, particularly those containing toxic organic substances and heavy metals.

105

DESIGN STRATEGY - 2 // “LET IT GROW” Plantation pallet and strategies Shrubs Flowering trees Legumes or Bean trees/ Fruit Trees Timber trees/ Rain trees Overstory Tall Timber trees

Understory Semidwarf Legumes / Fruit trees

TRANSFORMED LANDSCAPE

Ground cover Flowering Trees In Swales and Ground Range of grass cover

Tall Trees Predominantly one species along the row

EXISTING CONDITION

Short Trees Occasional inbetween new plantation

106

Canal Edge plantation Hardscape edge

Ground surface cover completely missing

Patch - Corridor - Matrix Model

Source// Book: Forman Science of Cities :Spatial Patterns & Mosaics

Patch// A relatively homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings.

Corridor// Narrow strip of land which differ from matrix on the either side of it.

Matrix// “Background ecological system” of a landscape with high degree of connectivity.

Combination of these three spatial elements are used to improve connectivity and movement from forest to the Golf course. The term “connectivity” here is defined as the measure of how connected or spatially continuous a corridor, network, or matrix is.

TREES RETAINED ON SITE

r

107

DESIGN STRATEGY - 3 // â&#x20AC;&#x153;LET IT FORMâ&#x20AC;?

Tending the soil

Existing

Plan view of a typical Golf Course

Out - of - play areas in proposed design (Opportunities for the use of native vegetation)

Vision Hole 2

Hole 3

Hole 4

Hole 5

Length: 250m

Length: 150m

Length: 150m

Length: 330m

Greens are decreased by 7%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs

Greens are decreased by 18%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs

Greens are decreased by 25%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs, water body and swale.

Greens are decreased by 5%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs and filteration strip.

EXISTING

Hole 1

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Length: 175m

Greens are decreased by 10%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs

Note: The length of the proposed course is kept as it is to meet the rules for 3s & 4s Par Golf Course design.

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MEGC - Course rating card A golf course of standard playing difficulty has a slope rating of 11 , and slope ratings range from a minimum of very easy to a maximum of 1 extremely difficult .

Currently, Slop rating of MEGC is between 82-87. With the proposed changes and ecological intervention, the difficulty level of the Golf course is expeted to rise upto 110 to 120.

Hole 6

Hole 7

Hole 8

Hole 9

Length: 130m

Length: 165m

Length: 110m

Length: 175m

Greens are decreased by 35%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs and water body.

Greens are decreased by 6%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs and filteration strip.

Greens are decreased by 20%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees and shrubs.

Greens are decreased by 18%, surrounded by continuous corridor of trees, shrubs, water body and swale.

Driving Range: 40 bays

Driving range is shortened to accomodate FWSF creation at the edge. Maintenance room is also relocated from its original location.

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VISION Before

110

After

111

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WILDING STREETSCAPE OF SINGAPORE Cheng Jing & Lyu Jiawei

With rapid urbanization, the transportation system has become very complex. The current road network is 3425km long in Singapore which has resulted in severe habitat fragmentation, disconnected waterways, single-tiered vegetation, and so on. Streets have the potential to be more than just transport corridors. With an aim to strengthen the flora and fauna dynamics, and introduce hydrologically sustainable streets, two sites are selected.

Located at the junction between CCNR and Pangsua Pond, the Bukit Panjang road flora species are monotonous and lack habitat connections. Petir Road is located in Bukit Panjang new town, and surrounded by CCNR and Bukit Timah nature reserve. Historically, many streams and wetlands existed here. At present, it faces the threat of increased runoff and habitat loss.

Bukit Panjang Road the first strategy is to enrich the variety and structure of roadside and buffer plant species. The planting strategy of trees is sparse or dense, giving consideration to the various stages of plant succession and the changes in the surrounding environment, providing diversity in space. The second strategy is to connect animal habitats by reducing barriers, which include infrastructure, hardscape slopes, and concrete canals. The strategy is divided into four parts- tree canopy connection, hydrophilic habitat construction, slope landscape formation, and infrastructure transformation, incorporated within the specific condition of each barrier.

Petir Road, a water-sensitive road design the first strategy is to reshape the waterway network in the site to lessen the increased runoff resulted from the new developments of residential along the street and improve water quality. The second strategy is to create a freshwater swamp ecosystem based on the swampy stream, which can provide a targeted habitat for woodland and aquatic animals that can adapt to the urban context, and combine human activity.

Our design envisions alternative streetscape by roadside greenery, and water sensitive road design which creates a continuum of habitats and improves the street environment. Meanwhile, it provides places for drivers, pedestrians, visitors and residents for recreation.

BUKIT PANJANG ROAD DESIGN

ERINCH THE DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF ROAD PLANTS

Conotonous landscape Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Mlayan Colugo (Cynocephalus variegatus) Greater Racket-tailed Drongo (Dicrurus paradiseus) Asian Fairy Bluebird (Irena puella) Cicadas(Purana spp.)

Branded Imperial Butterflies (Eooxylides tharis diatanti) Giant Forest Ants (Camponotus gigas)

Bukit Panjang Neighbourhood 5 Park

Otter Teerapins Fish Drafonflies

Pang Sua Pond

Olive-backed Sunbird Fiamebacke Wood Peecker Pink-necked Green Pigeon Long-tailed macaques Long-brand bushbrown butterfly Saquirrels Monitor lizards Changeable lizard Green crested lizard

Zhenghua park

Site trees Peltophorum pterocarpum

Associate trees

Khaya grandiflora

Phoenix roebelenii Phoenix canariensis

Casia fistula

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Flacourtia inermis

Garcinia cymosa forma pendula Lagerstroemia langkawiensis

Plumeria obtusa Bukit Panjang Butterfly Garden

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp

Building Etrance Fagraea crenulata

Grassland

Pometia pinnata Fagraea fragrance

Bridge

Leopard Butterfly Lime Butterfly Appias libythea Olive-backed Sunbird Asians Bee Parthenos sylvia Athyma

Khaya nyassica

Building Lophanthera lactescens

Road

Khaya senegalensis Tabebuia rosea

Water

Syzygium grande

Bukit Panjang Neighbourhood 2 Park

Livistona chinensis 0

25

50m

Nature of available landuse

114

Olive-backed Sunbird Flameback Woodpecker Pink-necked Green Pigeon the Greater Racket- tailed Drongo Long-tailed Parakeet the Arctic Warbler Blue-throated bee-eater the Oriental Dollarbird

BUKIT PANJANG ROAD DESIGN

ERINCH THE DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF ROAD PLANTS Site surface condition

Disconnection area

115

HABITAT LOCATION Bukit Panjang Rd

116

overview

STRATEGY 1——NATURALIZING CANAL Building Etrance

Barrier

Isolation Bridge

1、Infrastructure 2、Canal

Building Road Water Peltophorum pterocarpum

Road peripheral space type

Khaya grandiflora Casia fistula Plumeria obtusa Flacourtia inermis Sandoricum koetjape& Araucaria heterophylla Syzygium lineatum& Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.

Associate trees

Cinnamomum iners Pithecellobium dulce Brownea grandiceps

Phoenix roebelenii Phoenix canariensis

Climber, Vine & Liana, Shru

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Garcinia cymosa forma pendula

Mangifera indica

Lagerstroemia langkawiensis

Terminalia catappa

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp

Ficus tinctoria ssp

Fagraea crenulata

Artocarpus heterophyllus& Lagerstroemia tomentosa Musa sp.&Passiflora

Pometia pinnata Fagraea fragrance

Cocos

Khaya nyassica

Durio zibethinus L.

Lophanthera lactescens Khaya senegalensis

Artificial canal Naturalize canal

Tabebuia rosea Syzygium grande Livistona chinensis

0

25

50m

Animal movement

117

STRATEGY2——DESIGNING FOCAL POINTS Road peripheral space type

Wide green belt

Narrow green belt

Node design 1、Hardscape l sope 2、Canal

Road peripheral space type

Green belt with canal

Green belt with patch

118

Slope green belt

Design

STRATEGY3——UTILIZING LANDFORMS

Legend Text (Minimum 4pt)

119

STARTEGY 4 —— SOFTEN BARRIERS LRT

Road offset 5m

120

Overpass bridge

121

MASTER PLAN

Erinch the diversity and structure of road plants

122

123

PETIR ROAD——WATER- SENSITIVE ROAD DESIGN Site Location

Site Condition

Main Canals Flow Main Canals Underground Flow Driange Flow Surface Flow

Old Secondary Forest New Secondary Forest Scrubland+Low Regeneration Forest Grassland

Historical Topographic Change 1945

1985

Legend ≤-25.19 ≤-11.84 ≤-3.83

124

≤4.18 ≤12.19 ≤19.31

≤26.43 ≤33.55 ≤40.67

≤47.8 ≤55.81 ≤63.82

≤73.61 ≤86.07 ≤100.32

≤114.56 ≤128.80 ≤143.94

≤160.85 ≤184

2019

Reservoir Freshwater Swamp

OVERVIEW OF THE SITE

Strategy

Reshaping Waterway Establishing Habitat

Land Use Changes

Nature Reserve Urban Green Space Built Area Canal

Existing Boundary

New Design Boundary

Low-lying Area

125

MASTER PLAN

Retention Pond

Bukit Pajang Park

Vegetated Swale

C C N R

Rain Garden

Vegetated Swale

Narrow Canal Retention Pond

Swampy Stream Swamp Dryland

Human Active Place

Buffer Zone

New Residential

Forebay Diary Farm Natural Stream

0

Diary Farm Nature Park 126

25

50

100

STRATEGY 1——WATERWAY DESIGN

URA Master Plan

New Residential Layout

Watershed Division

2.1 1.4

1.4

1.4 2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

New Residential Development T

Watershed

Floor Area Plot

Increased Runoff Calculation: New Residential: Three Development Areas: 83150 46627 e 28717 According to LUSH 3.0, Minimum softscape requirement is 40 in developments Hardscape area in new residential: A1=49890 ; A2=27976 ; A3=17230 .

Q=CiA I(max)=248mm/d I(min)=110mm/d I=200mm/d (from SG government) C= 0.8

Runoff Coefficient: Green: Forest: 0.05 Grassland: 0.1 Urban Green: Manicured Lawn with Trees: 0.12-0.15 Manicured Lawn: 0.2 Playground: 0.3 Streetscape: Driveway/Walkway/Pathway: 0.7 Streets: 0.9

Increased Runoff: Q1=331.27m³/h Q2=185.76 m³/h Q3==185.76 m³/h New increased waterbodies: 702.79 m³ Water System Design

Internal Recycle Inflow

Foreba y Forebay Foreba y

Treatment Marsh

Swampy Streams

Retention Pond Outflow 127

STRATEGY 1â&#x20AC;&#x201D;â&#x20AC;&#x201D;WATERWAY DESIGN Existing Water Flow

Design Plan

Retention Pond

Swale

Rain Garden

Retention Pond

Stream

Main Canals Flow

BEFORE

Main Canals Underground

Main Canals Flow

Drinage Flow Surface Flow

Surface Flow

AFTER

Main Canals Underground Natural Swale/stream/Rain Garden

Plant Structure Canopy

Canal

1) Fragaea fragrans 2) Dillenia excelsa 3) Ficus variegata blume 4) Dillenia reticulata 5) Dillenia grandifolia

Sub-canopy

1) Cyrtostachys renda blume 2) Ficus celebensis corner 3) Ficus ruginervia corner 4) Ficus rumphii Variegata blume

Understorey

1) Melastaoma malabathricum 2) Costus curvibracteatus 3) Ficus grossulariodes 4) Bougainvillaea 5) Alpinia purpurata

Tree&Palm

1) Cyrtostachys renda blume 2) Thalia dealbata 3) Pouteria obovata

Vegetated Swale

Shurb

1) Bacopa monnieri 2) Melastoma malabathricum 3) Dillenia suffruticosa 4) Alpinia purpurata 5) Costus curvilbracteatus

Grass

1) Cyperus haspans 2) Pandanus pygmaeus 3) Arundo donax 4) Piper sarmentosum 5) Cana generalis

Emergents

Retention Pond

128

1) Arundna graminifolia (Don)Hochr.

2) Canna generlis L.H.Bailey 3) Costus speciosus (koenig) Smith 4) Cyperus haspan L.var.vivipurus 5) Cyrtostachys renda blume 6) Pandanus pygmaeus thouars 7) Ploiarium alternifolium (Vahl) Melchior 8) Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

9) Thalia dealbata Fraser. ex. Roscoe

Rheophytes

1) Nerium sp.

2) Osmoxylum lineare (Merr.)

3) Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.

STRATEGY 2——FRESHWATER SWAMP DESIGN

1. Topography Design

The slope of swamp is less than

, the flow of water through swamp is slow because of low

gradients and retarding effects of the vegetation.

Freshwater swamp plan

Slope Retention Pond

Swampy Stream Swamp

1. 2 . . 1 .

Topography

Dryland

Buffer Zone

Recreational Place

Forebay Diary Farm Nature Stream

-1 . 2

2 .

- .

.

.1

2.

12.1

0.

1 . 1

.

.

1

. 2

.0

1

. 1

0. 2

1

10 .

11 .01

129

STRATEGY 2——FRESHWATER SWAMP DESIGN 2. Water supply Stream Rainfall Ground water

Forming Process

3. Vegetation

Canopy Trees Pometia pinnata Palaquium xanthochymum Mangifera griffithii Gluta wallichii

·Development Without Intervention

The slow replacement and lack of turbulence

low rate of oxygen

Incomplete decay of organic matter

accumulation of the resistant fraction

Thin peat and humid acid to reduce PH

Targeted Aquatic Animal: Parathelphusa Caridina malayensis Macrobrachium Trichopsis Vittata Trichopodus Anabas Testudineus Dermogenys Aplocheilus Panchax Monopterus Clarias Batrachus Rasbora Einthoven Barbodes Parkysis longirostris Macrobrachium platycheles Virginia Creeper Cinnamon Fern*

130

·After Design

Strombosia ceylanica Pentace triptera Palaquium rostratum Santiria rubiginosa Mussaendopsis beccariana Gonystylus maingayi

Shrubs Ixora congesta Timonius wallichianus Dicranopteris linearis Vittaria ensiformis Davallia denticulate Macaranga hypoleuca Cyathea latebrosa Macaranga bancana Bauhinia semibifida var.

Macaranga gigantea semibifida

4. WIldlife

Amphibians: Calliophis intestinalis Eutropis multifasciata Fejervarya limnocharis Hylarana labialis

Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus Kaloula pulchra Leptobrachium nigrops Microhyla butleri Varanus nebulosus Limnonectes paramacrodon

Avifauna: Aethopyga siparaja Arachnothera longirostra Ceyx erithaca erithaca Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus

0

Chrysophlegma miniaceus Megalaima rafflesii Dendronanthus indicus Treron vernans Dicaeum trigonostigma Dicrurus paradiseus Ficedula mugimaki Gracula religiosa

5

10

15

20m 131

PERSPECTIVE

Buffer zone along residential area to slow the runoff rate that provide water source for 132 the swamp.

Timber walkway and viewing paltforms along the waterway.

Swampy stream to provide habitat for various aquatic and terrestrial species.

Swampy area

Dryland 133

CONCRETE PAVEMENT LAYER + 4M-16M

RAIN WATER FLOW TREE CANOPY LAYER + 6M-9M

SHRUBS LAYER + 3M-6M

O2

N2

GROUND LAYER 0M

N2

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

TO WATER COLLECTION STATION

GRAVEL CUSHION LAYER - 0.5M-0.8M

O2 INFILTRATION

N

S

HM

HC

SUB-GRADE SOIL

HC

P

TO OTHER BUFFER POOLS

CONNECTED LANDSCAPE FROM NEGLECT TO VALUE Feng Zihan & Zhou Zuyuan

As an important means of transportation for humans, viaducts have a wide range of social and economic value. However, Its concrete facade and linear architectural structures make it difficult for fauna to live in. Considering the potential and threats of it, our objective is to fully utilize the structure and the gray space under, making humans live in harmony with nature. Site one focuses on the more urban context. It is located in the southernmost part of the nature reserve, and the site has a viaduct with a width of about 32 meters and a height of about 10 meters. Due to the original design, planning reasons, and the perennial insufficient light conditions, the plant growth under the bridge is prolonged and lacks biodiversity. Site two has a more natural context. It is located right at the junction of Bukit Timah, Bukit Panjang, and Central Catchment Nature Reserve. For the potentials of the site, the isolated space creates a natural â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;shelterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for many animals. Also, relatively less light conditions facilitate the growth of shade-loving plants. The threats here include low fauna movement, fragmentation and noise and light pollution caused by the road.

The design strategies of MacRitchie viaduct are 1. Use the rainwater collected from the viaduct for domestic usage. 2. Transform the space under the viaduct into a wetland. 3. Add educational function to enhance public awareness of the protection of the birds. 4. The low-temperature area formed by abundant plants under the viaduct forms an outward cold airflow, which promotes the movement and reproduction of plant seeds and small insects thus expanding the range of gene exchange.

The strategy of BKE viaduct covers three aspects: 1. Transforming neglected areas into healthy habitat by soil modification and planting trees. 2. Redesign the water drainage system to provide a water source for animals and connect the three patches. 3.Building culverts, canopy bridges, and tunnels to help wildlife cross the road safely.

The project explores the use of existing urban structures to create habitats conducive to animal survival, attracting animals to use while transforming unused spaces to reduce the impact of urbanization on nature. As a rainwater collector, the landscape under the viaduct makes efficient use of water while adjusting the soil conditions of the neglected gray space, and will become a prototype to be applied to other similar areas of the city.

MAPPING OF THE ELEVATED BUILT STRUCTURE Analysis of flyovers in the 1km buffer area of CCNR

0

0.3 0.6

1.2 km

Major roads Minor roads Parks Hydrology Surrounding context

136

Vegetation density

Morphology Underpass context

Structure

Surrounding context

Vegetation density

Morphology Underpass context Structure

TYPOLOGY Urban & urban + simplicity + open

Greenland & urban + complexity + closed

Greenland & greenland + simplicity + open

FAUNA IN THE SITE Elevated expressway Road Building Recreation Commercial Building selection School Residential Hosipital Park Hydrology

BUKIT TIMAH Macaques Mammals Reptiles, amphibians Birds Fishes Decapod crustaceans Semi-aquatic bugs

ragonflies Stick insects Butterflies Moths Orthoptera Bees Spiders

BUKIT PANJANG Bukit Panjang

Old secondary forest Primary forest Mature secondary forest Young secondary forest Swampy forest

millipedes carpenter bees bird insects spiders CENTRAL CATCHMENT NATURE RESERVE amphibian birds chilopoda mammals reptiles Decapod crustaceans Semi-aquatic bugs ragonflies Stick insects Butterflies Moths Orthoptera Bees Spiders

Bukit Timah

SITE CHOOSEN Reason1: The problem is severe.(threat)

Reason2: Rich biodiversity (potential) Macaques Mammals Reptiles, amphibians Birds Fishes Decapod crustaceans Semi-aquatic bugs ragonflies Stick insects Butterflies Moths Orthoptera Bees Spiders

N Green land

0 0.07 0.15

0.3

0.45

0.6 km

137

FAUNA IN SITE AND THEIR HABITAT fruit trees

insects

flowers for nectar

small mammals

leaves

seeds

fish

amphibians

megabats microbats high-flying low-flying wild pig brown rat annan- lesser plantain long-tailed common malayan birds birds daleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rat mousedeer squirrel macaque palm clvet colugo

mangrove forests

parks & gardens

ponds

coastal

grassland

secondary forest

birds

asian green crest- masked colugo clvets honey bee ed lizard swamp frog

primary forest

cultivated areas

STRUCTURE AS BARRIER barrier

corridor

138

barrier

collision

reptiles

corridor

urban

VEGETATION ANALYSIS

TREES ALONG THE ROAD Alstonia angustiloba Calophyllum inophyllum Cyrtophyllum fragrans Elaeocarpus mastersii Khaya senegalensis Lagerstroemia speciosa Melaleuca cajuputi Pteleocarpa lamponga Shorea acuminata

Native & Non-native native: 30%

Sunlight Preference full sun: 39%

non-native: 70%

Alstonia an

Calophyllum

Cyrtophyllu

Elaeocarpu

Khaya sene

Lagerstroem

semi-shade: 11%

Melaleuca c

Pteleocarpa

NATIVE & EXOTIC ANALYSIS Native & Non-native

Shorea acu

Preference InSunlight Native Habitat or not

Ăź

native: 30%

Â

Â?

Â?

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Â? non-native: 70%

Â?

Â? Â? (Â? )

 �

Fauna Attracting in native habitat: 20% full sun: 39%

fauna attracting: 40%

( )

semi-shade: 11%

There are 54 species in the site, and 22species are fauna attracting Fauna Attracting Attracting fauna: in native habitat: 20% Attracting species: fauna attracting: 40%

In Native Habitat or not

Bird Bee: Butterfly Moth Ant Beetle Fly Thrip Wasp Bat Vertebrates

Mimosa pudica Ficus hispida Urostigma Lagerstroemia speciosa Baccaurea motleyana Campnosperma auriculatum Nephelium lappaceum Cyrtophyllum fragrans Khaya nyasica Durio zibethinus yera costulata

Pometia pinnata f. alnifolia Elaeocarpus mastersii Pteleocarpa lamponga Flacourtia inermis Saraca cauliflora Gardenia tubifera Hopea odorata Sterculia macrophylla Khaya nyasica Syzygium samarangense Bridelia tomentosa 139

SITE CONDITIONS LIGHT DENSITY ANALYSIS 2

1

Light density

Conditions to be utilized

1

Drainage Pipe Pathway To be used as corridor to con- To be used as irri- To be used as irrinect CCNR and Bukit Timah gation or the plants gation or the plants under the bridge under the bridge 2

Drainage To be used as corridor

Birdsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; nests Nesting place for birds, bats, etc

SUNLIGHT & WIND ANALYSIS Prevailing wind in December-March

Prevailing wind in June-September 140

Soil Need to change

HUMAN INTERVENTION

STAKEHOLDER MAP

HUMAN ACTIVITIES Human stakeholders STAKEHOLDERS

SENARIO picnic

hike go out for relax

take the bus

walk along the road

begin activity

do sports

FAMILY

the need for shelter

the need for shelter

hike take the bus

walk along the road

have meals

begin activity

the need for restaurant

TOURISTS

appreciate scenery

RESIDENTS

CHILDREN

take a walk

education

picnic

do sports

play

141

FLOW ANALYSIS

Heavy vehicle car park

3 1 Heavy vehicle car park

2

Car park B

Car park B

Dairy farm nature park

Bus stop

Secondary huSecondary human streamline man streamline Main human Main human streamline streamline Secondary human streamline Bus stop

Dairy farm nature park

Wallace Education Centre

Main human streamline

Landscape nodes

Landscape nodes Bus stop

0

5

Wallace Education Centre 20 km

10

Landscape nodes 0

5

10

20 km

ISSUE 1

The lack of pedestrain road

2

The path is too steep to pass

3

Physical barrier

Heavy vehicle car park

Car park B

Dairy farm nature park

Secondary human streamline

Main human streamline

Wallace Education Centre

Bus stop

Landscape nodes 0

142

5

10

20 km

VEHICLE STREAMLINE ANALYSIS

Heavy vehicle car park

Car park B

Secondary vehicle streamline Main vehicle streamline

Dairy farm nature park

Bus stop Landscape nodes Road edge effect

Wallace Education Centre

0

5

10

20 km

HARDSCAPE & SOFTSCAPE

LAND USE Residential School Greenland

143

N 0 25

144

50

100

200 km

Waer body

LAYER ANALYSIS Fauna crossing layer Culverts

Water system layer Water

Vegetation

Human activity layer Bench Air corridor Pathway

Vegetation layer

Human

Vehicle layer

Culverts

145

PLANTING MANAGEMENT HORIZONTAL DESIGN Vegetationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s function

Foraging place

Break the wind

Breeding place

Food source

N 0 25

146

50

100

200 km

PLANTING STRATEGY

Breynia disticha ‘Roseo-picta’

Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.

Carica papaya L.

Coffea arabica L.

Macaranga

Persea americana

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

Ficus spp.

Passiflora platyloba

Musa acuminata (AAA Group) ‘Dwarf Cavendish’

Mangifera indica. L.

VERTICAL DESIGN

147

HABITAT MANAGEMENT HABITAT PLAN

900 Habitat 2: Open stream 1.characteristic: Vegetation Species: Canopy Layer: Cordia ditchotoma G. Forst (Bird attracting) Ficus spp. ( Bird attracting, shelter for reptiles) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food source) (cypress)Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Understory layer: Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting) Forest floor: Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant) 2.Target species: Blue Helen Chocolate Grass Yellow Long-tailed parakeet Masked Swamp Frog Litter Frog plantain squirrel 3. Stream Light: Full light

Habitat 2: Half shaded stream 1.characteristic: Vegetation Species: Understory layer: Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attractin Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade Coffea arabica L. (Bird attracting) Forest floor: Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting) Bridelia ovata (variegated) Semishade 2.Target species: Blue Helen Chocolate Grass Yellow Long-tailed parakeet Masked Swamp Frog Litter Frog plantain squirrel 3. Stream Light: Semi-shade Nutrient design:

+00

Habitat 2: Large jackfruit forest 1.characteristic: Vegetation Species: Emergent Layer: Mangifera indica. L. (Bird attracting caterpillar food plant, monkey food source) Canopy Layer: Nephelium lappaceum L. (Bird attracting, caterpillar food plant) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food source) Understory layer: Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting) Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade Forest floor: Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting) Bridelia ovata (variegated) Semishade Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant) 2.Target species: Blue Helen Chocolate Grass Yellow Long-tailed parakeet Cave Nectar Bat Lesser False Vampire 3. Forest Light: Semi-shade Nutrient design:

Habitat 1: Pond & Forest edge 1.characteristic: Vegetation Species: Emergent Layer: Mangifera indica. L. (Bird attracting caterpillar food food source) Canopy Layer: (cypress)Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.

Ficus spp. ( Bird attracting, shelter for reptiles) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food Understory layer: Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attractin Forest floor: Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting) Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant) 2.Target species: Blue Helen Chocolate Grass Yellow Asian honey bee Long-tailed macaque Long-tailed parakeet plantain squirrel Masked Swamp Frog Litter Frog 3.Pond Light: Full light Nutrient design: +00

Habitat 2: Wetland swamp 1.characteristic: Vegetation Species: Canopy Layer: Nephelium lappaceum L. (Bird attracting, caterpillar food plant) Ficus spp. ( Bird attracting, shelter for reptiles) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food source) (cypress)Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. ( Squirrel attracting) Cordia ditchotoma G. Forst (Bird attracting) Understory layer: Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attracting) Coffea arabica L. (Bird attracting) Forest floor: Carica papaya L. ( Bird attracting) Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant) 2.Target species: Blue Helen Chocolate Grass Yellow Asian honey bee Long-tailed parakeet Masked Swamp Frog Litter Frog plantain squirrel 3. Swamp Light: Full light & Semi-shade Nutrient design:

Habitat 1: Pond 1.characteristic: Vegetation Species: Emergent Layer: Mangifera indica. L. (Bird attracting caterpillar food food source) Canopy Layer: Macaranga (Shelter for ants) Nephelium lappaceum L. (Bird attracting, caterpillar Cordia ditchotoma G. Forst (Bird attracting) (jackfruit)Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Bird food Understory layer: Passiflora platyloba ( Bee attracting, insect attractin Coffea arabica L. (Bird attracting) Pandanus tectorius cultivar Semishade Forest floor: Bridelia ovata (variegated) Semishade Breynia disticha (caterpillar food plant) 2.Target species: Blue Helen Chocolate Grass Yellow Asian honey bee Long-tailed macaque Long-tailed parakeet 3.Pond Light: Full light Nutrient design:

2200

900

N 0 25

148 Â? Â?

50

100

200 km

800

TYPOLOGY Arboreal- friendly habitat

Butterflies

Bees - friendly habitat

ng)

Bat- friendly habitat

Bird & mammals- friendly habitat

plant, monkey

source)

ng)

plant, monkey

Amphibian- friendly habitat

r food plant) source)

ng)

149

WATER MANAGEMENT 1

2

3

Drainage (used to be) Naturalized water system N 0 25

150

50

100

200 km

TACTIC01 NATURALIZE THE WATER DRAINAGE Natrualize the drainage system can create habitat for fauna species. For example, it can be water source for wildlife of or a shleter for animals to forage or breed.

Drainage surface used to be imperable surface

Site condition

Naturalize the water system

TACTIC02 RUNOFF WATER COLLECTION As the vegetation under the structure cannot get rainfall, the water pipes are modified to collect rainfall for plant watering.

Site condition

Pipe modification

TACTIC03 RUNOFF WATER COLLECTION Change the shape of water to connect the patches. In particular, for wildlife.

900

900

+00

+00

2300

2300

+00

+00

4500

4500

+00

+00

2200

900

2200

900

800

Previous water system Previous connection 800

Modified water system

Connection after modification 151

FAUNA CROSSING STRATEGY CROSSINGS’ POSITION

ü

‘

( )

( )

1

2

CROSSINGS’ SECTION 2

1

2 152

CROSSINGSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; SCALE & FUNCTION 1

Culverts under the bridge

2

Culverts under the bridge

Shelter from excessive heat, dryness and predators.

For reptiles, more rocks and logs should be placed in and around culvert entrances.

Most plants are a food source of native animals or attract food such as insects which other species feed on.

Important or preferred food strategically planted in corridor links can be used to tempt animals near or into crossing structures.

CROSSINGSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; PRINCIPLE

Already exist

As the already exist space are close to the road, it is more suitable for animals that are not shy.

Newly built

The newly built culvert is protected by trees and shrubs along the road, so they are more suitable for shy animals.

Culvert

Canopy bridge

Water connection

153

SOIL MANAGEMENT

2

1

SITE CONDITION

2

1

DECIDUOUS SOURCE Planting strategy

The decomposition process can generate insects to attract birds and bats. By this way, this site can be utilized as nesting place for birds and bats.

Another function of this site is education. The shrubs with shaded area can be used as education place thick and for people especially kids to learn knowledge about birds and bats. This function can enhance peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s awareness of wildlife protection. plant suitable vegetation for deposers

Collection from forest nearby

shrubs with thick and forest nearby collection deciduous from forest nearby

space under the structure plant suitable vegetation for deposers

collection deciduous from forest nearby

space under the structure

154

CONCEPT

FUCTION Habitat for birds, birds & amphibians

Education function

155

BUILDING HABITAT TIMELINE Phase1 2020 PHASE1

2025 PHASE

Take out the unresonable part of the site, etc, pathway. Naturalize the water drainage.

Phase2

food source

Breynia disticha 'Roseo-picta' Passiflora platyloba

host plant

Nephelium lappaceum L.

host plant

Ficus spp.

Macaranga Mangifera indica. L.

Introduce plants needed by fundamental fauna. Start to build culverts.

Phase3

pollinate

pollinate shelter food source food source

shelter

food source

food source

shelter

Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.

food source

Carica papaya L.

food source

Coffea arabica L.

food source

food so

shelter

introduce plants and create diverse habitats for different animals.

Phase4

Pandanus tectorius cultivar

shelter

Bridelia ovata (variegated) Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

food source food source

Improve infrastructure.

Human obligates Human associates and exploiters

take advantage of anthropogenic resource subsidies food supplied by human

156

PHASE1

PHASE2

More diverse animals and forest layers. Forming complete ecosystem.

2035 PHASE4

Begin to have some insects and birds, some shrubs, flowers, and groundcovers are planted

2030 PHASE3

E2

food source

ource

Have vegetation cover, but plant species are not diverse

r

Human avoiders Human adapters utilize human resources and survive in human dominated areas, but do not necessarily receive an added benefit from living with humans

PHASE3

not expected to use urban areas, but occasionally may find themselves amongst people when attempting to disperse or migrate

PHASE4

157

158

159

HABITAT VALUE & EDUCATION VALUE

160

161

VISION PERSPECTIVE

162

163

DESIGN OF UNDER MACRITCHIE VIADUCT SITE INTRODUCTION

Site one targets urban areas . It is located in the southernmost part of the nature reserve, and the site has a viaduct with a width of about 32 meters and a height of about 10 meters, which means that there is a large amount of soil no longer has normal surface runoff and becomes dry and barren.

164

SITE CONDITION SITE HUMIDITY SAMPLING

SITE TEMPERATURE SAMPLING

SITE WIND SPEED SAMPLING

SITE CURRENT HEAT DISTRIBUTION SECTION

165

SITE HISTORY

SITE STRATEGIES

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

166

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

INTRODUCE HUMAN ACTIVITIES

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

CREATE ECOLOGICAL CORRIDORS

167

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

SECTION 01/ TREE CANOPY CONNECTION

MACRITCHIE MACRITCHIE MACRITCHIE VIADUCT MACRITCHIE VIADUCT VIADUCT MACRITCHIE VIADUCT VIADUCT MACRITCHIE VIADUCT

‘CONNECT ‘CONNECT ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’ ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’ BRIDGE’ ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’BRIDGE’ ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’

‘CONNECT ‘CONNECT ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’ ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’ BRIDGE’ ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’BRIDGE’ ‘CONNECT BRIDGE’

BIRD BUTTERLFY

6-10M level

6-10M 6-10M level6-10M level6-10M level level 6-10M level

BAT SQUIRREL INSECT

3-6M level

3-6M level 3-6M3-6M levellevel 3-6M level 3-6M level

LIZARD SPIDER

Ground level MACRITCHIE PARK

LIZARD

GroundGround level Ground level Ground level Ground level level

32M

MACRITCHIE MACRITCHIE MACRITCHIE PARKMACRITCHIE PARKPARK MACRITCHIE PARK PARK Papilio polytes romulus

INSECT

RESIDENTIAL

Cyornis rufigastra

BUTTER FLY

SQUIRREL

BAT

32M Emballonura 32M32M monticola 32M 32M

Anthreptes simplex

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

White-rumped Munia

Chilasa clytia clytia

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL

58M

58M Taphozous 58M58Mmelanopogon 58M 58M

Yellow-breasted Bunting

Bronchocela cristatella Aeluroscalabotes felinus Calotes versicolor Aphaniotis fusca

LIZARD

Amyciaea lineatipes Cytaea oreophila Hygropoda sp.

Nephila antipodiana

SPIDER

BAT BAT BAT BAT BAT Bronchocela LIZARD LIZARD LIZARD LIZARD LIZARD SPIDER SPIDER SPIDER SPIDER Bronchocela Bronchocela cristatella Bronchocela cristatella cristatella Bronchocela cristatella cristatella Amyciaea Amyciaea lineatipes Amyciaea lineatipes Amyciaea lineatipes Amyciaea lineatipes lineatipes Emballonura Emballonura monticola Emballonura monticola monticola Emballonura monticola monticola Aeluroscalabotes Aeluroscalabotes Aeluroscalabotes felinus Aeluroscalabotes felinus Aeluroscalabotes felinusfelinus felinusCytaea Cytaea Anthreptes Anthreptes Anthreptes simplex Anthreptes simplex simplex Anthreptes simplex simplex Emballonura oreophila Cytaea oreophila Cytaea oreophila oreophila Cytaea oreophila Graphium Graphium sarpedon Graphium sarpedon Graphium luctatius sarpedon Graphium luctatius sarpedon luctatius sarpedon luctatiusluctatius Hygropoda Hygropoda Hygropoda sp. Hygropoda sp. sp.Hygropoda sp. sp.

CalotesCalotes versicolor Calotes versicolor Calotes versicolor versicolor Calotes versicolor White-rumped White-rumped White-rumped Munia White-rumped Munia White-rumped Munia Munia Munia Taphozous Taphozous Taphozous melanopogon Taphozous melanopogon melanopogon Taphozous melanopogon melanopogon NephilaNephila antipodiana Nephila antipodiana Nephila antipodiana Nephila antipodiana antipodiana ChilasaChilasa clytia Chilasa clytia clytia Chilasa clytia clytiaclytia clytia Chilasa clytia clytia clytia Aphaniotis Aphaniotis Aphaniotis fusca Aphaniotis fuscafusca Aphaniotis fusca fusca Yellow-breasted Yellow-breasted Yellow-breasted Bunting Yellow-breasted Bunting Yellow-breasted Bunting BuntingBunting

BUTTER FLY BUTTER BUTTER FLY FLY BUTTER FLYBUTTER FLY SQUIRREL SQUIRREL SQUIRRELSQUIRREL SQUIRREL Cyornis Cyornis rufigastra Cyornis rufigastra Cyornis rufigastra rufigastra Cyornis rufigastra

Papilio Papilio polytes Papilio polytes romulus Papilio polytes romulus polytes Papilio romulus romulus polytes romulus

INCREASED CONNECTIVITY

SECTION 02/ CONNECTION BY FOOTBRIDGE STRUCTURE MACRITCHIE VIADUCT

BAT

DRAGONFLY

INSECT

LIZARD

BIRD

BUTTERLFY

INSECT

SPIDER

5-7M level

32M 58M MACRITCHIE PARK

7m

13m 55m

CREATE HABITATS

EXISTING HABITATS

168

7-10M level

SPIDER

CREATE HABITATS

WETLAND UNDER VIADUCT

Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm.

Asplenium longissimumBlume

Adiantum raddianumC. Presl Delta Maidenhair Fern Dicranopteris linearis(Burm. f.) Underw.

Resam

Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus(Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Scheff.

Garcinia forbesii

Sterculia parvifloraRoxb

Cyathocalyx ramuliflorus(Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thoms.) Scheff.

Desmos dasymaschala(Blume) Safford

Bird attracting trees

WETLAND UNDER VIADUCT AND POTENTIAL ANIMALS

CREATE HABITATS

169

WATER COLLECTION

RESEARCH OF VIADUCT WATER RESOURCES

WATER COLLECTION

CREATE WATER COLLECTION STATION

170

CREATE HABITATS

WETLAND SYSTEM UNDER VIADUCT

DRAINAGE HOLES (COLLECT RAIN WATER)

DRAINAGE HOLES (COLLECT RAIN WATER)

HIGH WAY RUNOFF

DRAINAGE CHANNELS CREATE MICROBIAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN POPULATIONS

NATURAL DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE RUNOFF

CITYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DRAINAGE SYSTEM WATER FROM THE CENTRAL CATCHMENT

PRECIPITATION IS EVENLY DISTRIBUTED AROUND THE WETLANDS

RAINWATER COLLECTION AND UTILIZATION PROCESS OF VIADUCT

CREATE HABITATS

WETLAND SYSTEM UNDER VIADUCT AND ITS FUNCTION

CONCRETE PAVEMENT LAYER + 4M-16M

RAIN WATER FLOW TREE CANOPY LAYER + 6M-9M

SHRUBS LAYER + 3M-6M

O2

N2

GROUND LAYER 0M

N2

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

TO WATER COLLECTION STATION

GRAVEL CUSHION LAYER - 0.5M-0.8M

O2 INFILTRATION

N

S

HM

HC

HC

P

TO OTHER BUFFER POOLS

SUB-GRADE SOIL

171

MASTERPLAN

Legend Trees Elevated Road Buildings Groud Road Park Path (for people) Water Drainage Drainage Holes Water Collection System

1

Water Purification Station

N

0 10

30

60m

MacRitchie Reservoir Park

RAINFOREST

Rainforests grow on deeper, more fertile soils with moister soil conditions. They have a canopy greater than 30 m in height which is relatively closed (greater than 70 % canopy cover). Many rainforest plants produce fleshy-fruits and berries, which are a valuable food resource for a range of bird species, but particularly parrots and pigeons.

Cyornis rufigastra

Anthreptes simplex

White-rum ped Munia

Papilio polytes romulus

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

Chilasa clytia clytia

1 CAR PARK

Yellow-breasted Bunting

RAINWATER PURIFICATION AND STORAGE

PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS BIRD WATCHING PLATFORM

Sundasciuru Ratufa s tenuis affinis

R T

Iomys horsfieldii

WETLAND

Wetlands are low lying areas that are at least periodically inundated with water. It provide habitat for a range of species that are not present in other habitats.

Cyornis rufigastra

Papilio polytes romulus

Anthreptes simplex

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

Sundasciuru Ratufa s tenuis affinis

Emballonur a monticola

White-rum ped Munia

RESIDENCIAL

Yellow-breasted Bunting

Chilasa clytia clytia

Iomys horsfieldii

TREE

TREE 9

Taphozous melanopogon TREE 7

TREE 8

TREE 10

TREE 1

TREE 6

TREE 4

TREE 5

172

Sterculia parvifloraRoxb

Xanthostemon chrysanthus 'Variegata'

Elaeocarpus angustifolius Blume

Pritchardia pacifica

Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Roxb.) DC.

Alstonia angustiloba Miq.

Mangifera indica. L.

Garcinia forbesii

RAINWATER PURIFICATION AND STORAGE

RESIDENCIAL

FOREST

Forests are a habitat dominated by trees, with a canopy cover of between 30 % and 50 %.Wet-sclerophyll forests have a canopy that is taller than 30 metres and generally have a soft-leaved understorey, often including tree ferns. Dry-sclerophyll forests have a canopy between 10 metres and 30 metres tall, and generally have a hard-leaved understorey with wattles, peas and boronias.

Cyornis rufigastra

Papilio polytes romulus

COMMERCIAL

Anthreptes simplex

White-rum ped Munia

Graphium sarpedon luctatius

Yellow-breasted Bunting

Chilasa clytia clytia

Sundasciuru Ratufa s tenuis affinis

Iomys horsfieldii

PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS

Emballonur a monticola

Taphozous melanopogon

WOODLAND

Woodlands are a habitat type dominated by trees, but with a relatively low canopy cover of less than 30%. Eucalypts dominate the canopy and the understorey is relatively open, often containing native grasses.

Cyornis rufigastra

Anthreptes simplex

White-rum ped Munia

Yellow-breasted Bunting

RESIDENCIAL

2

Sundasciuru Ratufa s tenuis affinis

R WATE

RAINWATER PURIFICATION AND STORAGE

Iomys horsfieldii

INAG

DRA

Emballonur a monticola

E

TREE 3

Taphozous melanopogon

Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Lepisanthes alata (Blume) Leenh.

BIRD ATTRACTING

LITTLE MAMAL ATTRACTING

E2

3 BUFFER POOL

173

174

CLIMATE SENSITIVE TAGORE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Han Cong & Zhou Xianfeng

Located in the northeast of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, the Tagore Industrial Estate is 300 meters away from the nature reserve and covers an area of 32 hectares. Because of the high impervious paving ratio, insufficient shaded areas and high temperature, the thermal comfort of the industrial estate are not conducive for human well-being. Also, the low biodiversity and limited green space make the site unsuitable for fauna inhabitation. The project aims to mitigate microclimate to achieve enhancement of human thermal comfort and habitat creation.

The first strategy is to naturalize the drainage. Water features such as rain gardens, bio-swales and ponds can be introduced along the streets to slow down and infiltrate the rainwater while providing evaporation from plants to cool the area. The second strategy is to guide the wind to reduce temperature. The Micro topography based on existing topography is created to guide wind, bring different air pressure and create airflow. Trees along the road with proper planting methods in linear open space can guide and bring cool air to the surrounding areas. The third strategy is to reduce the hardscape and increase the softscape. This is done by selecting some existing areas with poor thermal comfort conditions and improving them - which includes building structures and linear green spaces. Consideration is given to keep valuable trees to maintain biodiversity and introducing fruiting and flowering trees to attract fauna. The fourth strategy is to add leisure and recreational spaces and replace linear green spaces with linear parks - which brings comfortable experience to users of the site.

After a series of interventions, the percentage of soft landscape of the site will increase from 15% to 40% while the average temperature will drop by 1.2 degrees. The Tagore Industrial Estate will be served as a healthy habitat to provide enhanced thermal comfort and recreational working spaces where animals can transit as well.

VEGETATION & BIODIVERSITY & DISTANCE Vegetation Analysis

Biodiversity Analysis

N

N 0m

1km

2km

vegetation density

0m

1km

2km

CCNR boundary

CCNR boundary

CCNR buffer_1km

CCNR buffer_1km

Distance Analysis CCNR boundary CCNR buffer_1km industrial building

Tagore Industrial Estate 300m

Sin Ming Industrial Estate 750m

Jln Pemimpin Industrial Estate 500m

N 0m

176

1km

2km

Ta g o r e I n d u s t r i a l E s t a t e i s c o v e r e d b y vegetation, but its ecological and biodiversity value is very low.

INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGY There are 6 types of basic industrial typology in the Tagore Industrial Estate.

Legend Warehouse Commercial and Manufacture Manufacture and Engineer Business Industrial Commercial

Legend Pavement 3 Grass Shrub Basketball Court Parking Space

Road Pedestrian Drainage ditch Pavement 1 Pavement 2

Business

N 0m

Commercial

100m

200m

Manufacture & Engineer

Underground Parking

Entrance Entrance

Garden Roof Garden

Parking

Garden Basketball Court

Entrance

Entrance Corridor Entrance

Entrance Entrance

Warehouse

Commercial & Manufacture

Industrial

Parking Entrance

Roof Greenery Entrance

Garden

Entrance Entrance

Parking

177

FLORA SPECIES ANALYSIS Native & Exotic 25

24 20

20 15 10 5 0

native

exotic

Slow-growing & Fast-growing 10

8

5 2

0

N 0m

100m

slow-growing

fast-growing

200m

Common & Endanger 25

25 20 15 10 5 0

8

7 4

critically endangered endangered vulnerable common

There are 44 tree species of trees in the industrial zone. Most are native, common and fastgrowing.

178

HARDSCAPE & SOFTSCAPE ANALYSIS Hardscape: Roads Roof Pedestrian Drianage ditch Pavement

Softscape: Herb layer only Herb layer and arbor layer Herb, shrub and arbor layer Relatively natural vegetation

N 0m

75m

150m

Softscape Type Herb layer only

Herb, shrub and arbor layer

Herb layer and arbor layer

Relatively natural vegetation

179

WATER FLOW ANALYSIS

Legend drainage

N

drainage flow

0m

75m

150m

underground flow surface flow

Drainage Type

180

TABULATIONS OF INDUSTRY SURVEY RESULTS Age

Nationality

20

30

20-25 25-30

25

30-35

15

35-40

20

40-45 45-50

10

15 10

5 5 0

0

Singaporean

Foreigner

Views on Greenery 50

good medium

40

poor

30 20 10 0

biodiversity

environment

recreation

aesthetics

health & well-being

Duration Spend in Outdoor Space

Types of outdoor activities

0-30min

sport

30-60min

rest

60-120min

shelter

120-240min

chat

>240min

amusement

0

5

10

15

Outdoor Comfort

20

25

0

10

20

30

40

50

The Demand for Outdoor Space

50

35

good medium

40

poor

30 25

30

20

20

15 10

10

5

0

0

temperature

humidity

wind

amusement rest

work

commute

181

WIND ANALYSIS Wind Speed & Wind Direction Map

Plant

air flows from the cold zone to the hot zone 14:00am, unit m/s

grass Prevailing wind in Nov Mar

Due to the its minimum air resistance, grassland has the best ventilation effect.

shrub

The shrub can reduce the wind speed.

tree Legend 1.6m/s-2.0m/s 1.2m/s-1.6m/s 0.8m/s-1.2m/s 0.4m/s-0.8m/s 0.0m/s-0.4m/s

Prevailing wind in Jun Sept

Annual wind rose (m/s)

Data from Changi Climate Station The arbor can make air circulation above the crown and lead air flow under the crown.

tree+grass

Building & Road As a guidance

type1

The temperature of the building area is much higher than the surrounding area.

type2

tree+shrub+grass

The greenery can cool down the air which can bring cooler air to the surrounding area.

type3

The good balance between the greenery and the building. The greenery becomes a cooling filter and brings cooler air to the building.

182

Trees along the road with proper planting methods in linear open space can bring cool air to the surrounding areas.

ROAD TYPOLOGY BASED ON WIND AND SHADE Road Typology

Shade Study Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sept

shadow study 10:00am 30% Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Type A Type B Type C Type D

N 0m

Type A

Type B

Type C

Type D

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the forest.

100m

200m

Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages.

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sept

shadow study 13:00am 15%

Prevailing wind in Nov - Mar

Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Wind is blocked by buildings.

Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages.

Prevailing wind in Jun - Sept

shadow study 16:00am 60% 183

THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS Temperature

N 0m

50m

100m

Legend 24-25℃ 26-27℃ 28-29℃ 29-30℃ 31-33℃ 34-36℃ 37-40℃

Humidity

N 0m

75m

150m

0m

75m

150m

N 0m

50m

100m

Thermal Comfort Level

Legend 48-50% 50-52% 52-54% 54-56% 56-58% 58-60% 60-62%

N

N 0m

50m

100m

Legend 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97

184

The areas with the worst thermal comfort conditions are six buildings and a linear green space. The buildings typologies are business, commercial,comercial and manufacture.

MASTERPLAN

Some Possible Places of Intervention

Rain garden Building structure 4 Bio-swale

Ventilated corridor

Building structure 1 Rain garden

Building structure 5 Building structure 2 Bio-swale

Building structure 6 Ventilated corridor Linear Park Building structure 3

N 0m

50m

100m

Legend road

grassland

drainage

sub-canopy tree

permeable pavement

bio-swale

canopy tree

shrub 185

FLORA SPECIES

186

STRATEGY 1 | NATURALIZE THE DRAINAGE

The water features such as rain gardens, bio-swales and ponds can be introduced along the streets to induce evaporative cooling to the surrounding.

Current

Proposed

N

N 0m

50m

100m

0m

50m

100m

greenery intervention drainage rain garden drainage flow bio-swale underground flow pond surface flow

greenery drainage drainage flow underground flow surface flow

STRATEGY 2 | GUIDE THE WIND

Creat micro topography and utilize trees to make a better ventilation to cool the spaces.

Current

Prevailing wind

N

Proposed

Prevailing wind

N 0m

50m

greenery drainage air flow

100m

0m

50m

greenery drainage air flow

100m

intervention air flow 187

SECTION A-A' Road type A Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the forest with no shadow.

188

189

SECTION B-B' Road type B Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages with a lot shadow.

190

191

SECTION C-C' Road type C Road direction is not parallel to the prevailing wind. Wind is blocked by buildings. There are not much shadow on the road.

192

193

SECTION D-D' Road type D Road direction is parallel to the prevailing wind. Roads are near to the drainages with a little shadow.

194

195

VISION 1 Drainage: The bio-swales and rain gardens are provided to naturalize the drainages, infiltrate the rainwater and cool the area.

196

Shaded Streets: Fruit and flower trees are used to cr street landscape for workers, bringing

reate a continuous visual enjoyment.

Leisure Space: As a social gathering space for workers from different factories.

197

VISION 2 Bio-swales Section Reference: https://www.asla.org/2019studentawards/684549_Monitoring_Design_Stormwater_Management_Process_Visualization_And_Evaluation.html

VISION 3

high wind medium low

Pond & Fountain

198

Continuity of the Tree Canopies

Ventilated Corridor

STRATEGY 3 | DECREASE HARDSCAPE AND INCREASE SOFTSCAPE Heat Study Category 01

Before

Solar radiation

Sensitive heat

Grassland Category 02

Solar radiation

Before Sensitive heat

Latent heat

N 0m

100m

200m

0m

100m

200m

After Scrubland Category 03

Solar radiation

Sensitive heat

Sparse forest Category 04 Solar radiation

N

Sensitive heat

Tall forest

Create more scrubland and sparse forest areas to slow down the effects of solar radiation to cool the whole industrial estate.

Hardscape: Roads Roof Pedestrian Drianage ditch Pavement Softscape: Grassland Scrubland Sparse forest Tall forest

199

BUILDING STRUCTURE

The strategy of this part is to increase patches on 1st storey ground to rise the softscape ratio and provide shaded area, add vertical greenery on bare walls and convert rooftop to green roof.

01Business 01Business Rooftop greenery

1st storey greenery

02Commercial

02Commercial Rooftop greenery

1st storey greenery

03Business

03Business

Rooftop greenery

Vertical greenery

1st storey greenery

04Commercial

04Commercial Rooftop greenery Vertical greenery

1st storey greenery

05Commercial

05Commercial

Rooftop greenery

Vertical greenery

1st storey greenery

06Commercial & Manufacture 06Commercial & Manufacture

1st storey greenery 200

Maximise Area and Maximise experience for the workers.

Before

1.Break the space limit to optimise the potential greeney area.

After

Legend Intervention Greenery space

Legend Intervention Potential space

Before 2.Relocate the carpark and 1st storage space to free up the area in front of the entrance.

Legend Carpark Greenery space

After

Legend Carpark Potential space

Before

3.Relocate the main entrance of the building to facilitate better connectivity and prolog experience of the workers.

Legend Entrance Greenery space

After

Legend Entrance Potential space

201

PLANTING STRATEGY Species Choose

Valuable Species

Valnerable/ Threatened: Dalbergia latifolia Planchonella obovata Cleistanthus sumatranus Diospyros buxifolia Endangered: Ficus religiosa Tristaniopsis whiteana Tarenna fragrans Cratoxylum cochinchinense Pometia pinnata Cratoxylum formosum Koompassia malaccensis Critically Endangered: Cynometra ramiflora Peltophorum pterocarpum Memecylon caeruleum Barringtonia racemosa Sterculia cordata Shorea bracteolata Tristaniopsis obovata Dillenia reticulata

Phase 1: Plant 01 pioneer species that can proviede shade for open space.

Phase 2: Than plant some emergents, 02 shrubs and groundcover.

Phase 3: The emergents grow quickly under the shade of pioneer species. Shade tolereant shrubs and groundcover are growing.

03

04

Phase 4: The emergent trees grow big enough and pioneer species die, remove them Plant Functions: and make way for 1.Physical Contact or Spatial Experience shade love plants. (Tempoary Relief from Work) 2.Supporting the Biodiversity (Experience of Forest-Link with Aurally Stimulating Bird Calls) 3.Visually Appealling,Smell-Stimulating

Fauna Attraction: 1.Habitat: Open Land

2.Habitat: Wooded Area

Grey-faced Buzzard

Sparrowhawk

202

White-shouldered Starling

Plaintive Cuckoo

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. Wrightia religiosa Teijsm. Nerium oleander L. ex Kunth & Binn.) Kurz

3.Habitat: Grassland

Barn Owl

Eastern Marsh Harrier

Barred Buttonquail

Savanna Nightjar

SPECIES CHOOSE PROCESS

Keep valuable trees including endangered, heritage and threatened species to maintain the species biodiversity.

Valnerable/ Threatened: Dalbergia latifolia Planchonella obovata Cleistanthus sumatranus Diospyros buxifolia Endangered: Ficus religiosa Tristaniopsis whiteana Tarenna fragrans Cratoxylum cochinchinense Pometia pinnata Cratoxylum formosum Koompassia malaccensis Critically Endangered: Cynometra ramiflora Peltophorum pterocarpum Memecylon caeruleum Barringtonia racemosa Sterculia cordata Shorea bracteolata Tristaniopsis obovata Dillenia reticulata

Enrich species through vegetation structure.

Large Canopy Trees: Acacia concinna Callerya atropurpurea Swietenia macrophylla Pterocarpus indicus Nephelium lappaceum Ficus microcarpa Ficus fistulosa Syzygium grande Terminilia catappa Calophylium putcherrimum Pellacalyx axillaris Acacia auriculiformis African tulip Adinandra dumosa Broad-leafed mahogany Samanea saman Dypsis leptocheilos Plumeria rubra Albizia saman

Choose different species due to various areas in the site.

Public Green: Durian Jackfruit Adenanthera pavoning Dillenia suffrutcosa Roadside and Garden Green: Peltophorum pterocarpum Cerbera manghas Fagraca fragrans Hymenaea courbaril Erythrina crista-gali Clerolandron deflexum Less Access Space: Eugenia grandis Pithecellobium dulce Teminalla catappa Syzygium zelanicum Albizia saman Imperata cylidrica

Edge of the forest: Oil fruit Teminalla catappa Saman saman Adinandra dumansa Acacia concinna Clerodendrum Durio zibethinus Ptercarpus indicus Syzygium cumini

Sub Canopy Trees: Deillenia suffrutcosa Cerbera manghas Eugenia grandis Imperata cylidrica Fagraca fragrans Syzygium cumini Clerodendrum Elaeocarpus mastersii Gymnacranthera forbesii Agerstroemia speciosa Cerbera manghas Hymenaea courbaril Pithecellobium dulce Syzygium zeylanicum Syzygium malaccense

Shrub: Erythrina crista-galli Plumeria obtusa Leea indica Dillenia suffruticosa Mimosa pudica Ardisa eillptica Calophyllum Pipturus Manihot carthaginensis Manihot esculenta Syzygium malaccense Kyllinga brevifolia Clerodendrum paniculatum Hevea brasiliensis Wild nutmeg

Plant flower and fruit trees to attract fauna.

Fauna predicted to attract according to the strategy.

Attracting Trees: Flower trees: Leea indica Nephelium lappaceum Ficus fistulosa Ficus variegata Syzygium grande Terminalia Catappa Fruit trees: Syzigium Durian Jackfruit Rambai Oil fruit

Avi Animals: Chestnut-belied Malkoha Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo Straw Head Bulbul Oriental Magpie-Robin Orange Belied Flowerpecker Red-legged Crake Emerald Dove White-throated Kingfisher Hill Myn Spiderhunter Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Aboreal Animals: Plantain Squirrel Black House Ants Pollinators: Bat Butterfly Bee

203

PLANTING STRATEGY

Different planting strategies according to different types of spaces between the industrial buildings.

Building Structure

Build Structure Big Trees: Eugenia grandis Bhesa paniculate Arn. Calophyllum pulcherrimum Wall. ex Choisy Medium Trees: Acacia mangium Cassia fistula Cinnamomuminers Baccaurea parviflora Clerodendrum laevifolium Microdesmis caseariifolia Grassland Species: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty Melinis nerviglumis (Franch.) Zizka Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Purple lea' Pennisetum x advena 'Rubrum' Wipff

204

Narrow Shady Space

Narrow Shady Palms: Caryota mitis lour.

Crytoschys renda Orange crownshaft palm Shade-loving Shrubs: Baccaurea parviflora Clerodendruminerme Ixoracongesta Melastoma malabathricum L.

Microdesmis caseariifolia Stachytarphetaindica Timonius wallichianus Shade-loving Fragrant Species: Cratoxylum cochinchinense(Lour.) Blume Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Uvaria grandiflora Lesch. ex C. Roxb.

Wrightia religiosa Teijsm. Binn. Kutrz

Wide Shady Space

Wide Shady Space Big Canopy Trees: Fargraea Fragrans

Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.

Timonius wallichianus

Shade-loving Trees: Baccaurea parviflora Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baillon Ardisia lanceolata Clerodendrum laevifolium Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.

Ficus heteropleura Blume Galearia fulva

Shade-loving Shrubs: Baccaurea parviflora Clerodendruminerme Ixoracongesta Melastoma malabathricum L. Microdesmis caseariifolia Stachytarphetaindica 205

VISION 4

Add vertical greenery on bare walls.

Convert rooftop to green roof o

Planting grasses and increase in shrubs and trees towards the building: As indication change in texture, smell, consistency.

206

or roof garden.

of slowing down and take in the

Planting flower trees and fruit trees to attract fauna.

Increase patches on Ist storey ground arround the building.

207

STRATEGY 4 | LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL SPACE According to our survey results, the users of the site reported a lack of leisure and entertainment space, which they were eager to incorporate into the design.

1.The linear green space is added with a pedestrian network and leisure and recreational platforms.

Before

Legend Pavement Greenery space Road Pedestrians

After

N 0m

50m

100m

2.In the buildings mentioned above, the roof and ground space were added with leisure and recreational space.

Legend Pavement Potential space Road Pedestrians Leisure and Recreational space

Before

Legend Pavement Greenery space

After

N 0m

208

50m

100m

Legend Pavement Potencial space Leisure and Recreational space

VISION 5 Keep valuable trees including endangered, heritage and threatened species to maintain the species biodiversity.

Planting flower trees and fruit trees to attract fauna.

The long and quiet garden pedestrian gives people a pleasant walking experience.

The design of several leisure entertainment platform, bring the excellent landcape experience to the site users.

VISION 6 Original

Building

Drainage Ditch Pedestrian

Less Access

Relatively Natural

15 - 30 years Rooftop Greenery Vertical Greenery

1st storey Greenery Sewage Treatment Vertical Greenery Roadside Greenery

Public Space

The edge of the forest 209

SITE IMAGES OR YOUR PERSPECTIVE IMAGES

210

SHOPPING IN THE FOREST Zhang Yifei

Commercial landscape is commonly decorative and manicured in Singapore. The indoor shopping space and outdoor greenery are completely divided with people going directly into the building rather than enjoying the outdoor landscape. Given the location within a few hundred meters distance from Central Catchment Nature Reserve and close to Bukit Panjang Park , 0 greenery rate and the unique building structure that allows multiple access to indoor and outdoor, Greenridge shopping center has great potentials to accommodate ecological functions. The project thus aims to create a new commercial prototype that integrates interior and exterior with the increased greenery and the design of nature-based commercial activities.

The first strategy is to increase greenery and enhance ecological profit. This is done by providing habitat for fauna and converting the front plaza to a complex habitat that can provide niche re uirements and food sources. This also forms a continuous canopy with Bukit Panjang Park and Central CCNR at a larger scale. Based on space user analysis, the second strategy is to design nature-based commercial activities which combine the needs of customers like dining, buying fresh fruits and vegetables, getting early childhood education, medical healing, with the function of the forest like producer of fruits, spices, pigments and outdoor classrooms for kids and natural therapists for people, inviting people to the outdoors. Based on these activities, spatial design elements are introduced - which include outdoor restaurants, community gardens, outdoor classrooms, and playgrounds to learn about fauna and flora, harvest gardens, and healing gardens.

Through the renovation of the Greenridge shopping center, the customers will achieve a new shopping experience here and have a better understanding of the importance of forest through the commercial and educational activities brought outdoors. Meanwhile, it also shows a good example of how to make good use of forests to get economic profit and add ecological values as the natural capital of the city.

MASTER PLAN

212

TARGET The project aims to create a new commercial prototype that integrates interior and exterior with the increased greenery and the design of nature-base commercial activities.

REASONS

1\DECORATIVE AND MANICURED COMMERCIAL LANDSCPAE IN SINGAPORE

Name

Westgate

IMM

Westgate

ION Ochard

IMM

Ngee Ann City

ION Ochard

Ngee Ann City

Paving Plaza

Paving Plaza

Bugis+

Bugis+

Marina Bay Sands

Marina Bay Sands

1st Floor

Road Greenery 1

Leisure Plaza

Road Greenery 2

Road Greenery 1

Paving Plaza

Interior

Indoor Shopping Street Greenery

Facade

Roof Greenery

Fascade Greenery

Roof Greenery

Roof Greenery

Fascade Greenery

Roof Greenery

Surrounding

Westgate 1st Floor

Interior

Roof Gardern

Fascade Greenery

1st floor is mainly road greenery and paving plaza.

The interior is separted with the outdoor, is mainly uses for ornament and rest.

The roof garden is occupied by a large number of artificial facilities 213

2\LOCATION ADVANTAGE Greenridge shopping center is within the few hundreds meter distance from Central Catchment Nature Reserve and has 40% greenery rate which is higher than any other commercial building in the buffer.

Greenridge shopping center is adjacent to Bukit Panjang Park where lots of birds living there.

There is an opportunity to work as a continuation of the park in the urban area.

Fruit and nectar

Pick necked green pigeon

Fauna in Bukit Pangjang Park

Greenridge shopping center

Bird

Fruit and nectar & Insect

Yellow-vented bulbul

Black-naped oriole

Olive-backed Sunbird

Insect Bukit Pangjang Park Pacific swallow

Spotted dove

Nuts&Twig&Fruit&Insect Park

214

Residential

Commercial

Place of Workship

Educational Institution

Park

Mam mal Squirral

Flameback Woodpecker

3\UNIQUE BUILDING STRUCTURE The unique building structure allows multiple access to indoor and outdoor.

Entrances (1F)

Entrances (2F)

Entrances (3F)

Car Entrances (2F)

Flow of people

Flow of car

STRATEGY Strategy 1: increase greenery and enhance the ecological profits of the greenery Strategy2: design nature-base commercial activities which combine the needs of customers with the function of forest, inviting people inside the building to the outdoors 215

STRATEGY1

Strategy 1 is to increase greenery and enhance the ecological profits of the greenery, providing habitat for the fauna .

Where

N

0 5

10

20

What

Planting statrgy

50

What

Forming a complex canopy

Emergent Layer (food source for birds)

Canopy Layer (form the canopy) Understory Layer (food source for butterflies and birds) Shrub Layer attuact butterflies

What

Forming a continuous canopy

What

Forming a continuous canopy large scale

Plant Species In The Surrounding Area

Citharexylum spinosum L. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Alstonia scholaris Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain

Overlapping

Green Ridge Shopping Center Fajar Shopping Center

Bukit Panjang Hawker

Azadirachta excelsa

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Citharexylum spinosum L.

Falcataria moluccana

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Hevea brasiliensis

Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.

Parashorea densiflora

Phoenix canariensis

Cassia fistula

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

STERCULIA FOETIDA

Azadira

Syzygium grande

Elaeocarpus mastersii

Cithare

Khaya senegalensis

Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp.

Syzygiu

KOPSIA FLAVIDA(K004)

Hopea odorata Roxb.

Alstonia angustifolia

Dyera costulata

Callerya atropurpurea

Sandoricum koetjape

Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain

Dalbergia oliveri

Dalbergia latifolia

Terminalia phellocarpa

Fagraea fragrans

Alstonia scholaris

Shorea leprosula

KOPSI

Carallia brachiata

Khaya senegalensis

Alstoni

Dryobalanops aromatica

TABEBUIA ROSEA(T002)

Callery

Maniltoa browneoides

Cinnamomum iners

Chryso

Lagerstroemia langkawiensis

KHAYA NYASSICA(K002)

Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth

Fagraea crenulata

Plant renewal in the further step

Caloph

Phoeni

Spathod

Syzygiu

Khaya s

Dalberg

Termin

Alstoni

Carallia

Dryoba

Manilto

Lagerst

Continuous Network Of Plants

Plant Species Which Can Attract Creatures BEE

BUTTERFLY

BIRD

Azadirachta excelsa Citharexylum spinosum L. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.

Syzygium grande Alstonia scholaris Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth Citharexylum spinosum L. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Cassia fistula Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp.

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

Syzygium grande Carallia brachiata Maniltoa browneoides Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth

Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain

Cassia fistula

Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F.Muell.) Benth

Fagraea fragrans

Elaeocarpus mastersii

Saraca thaipingensis Cantley ex Prain

Cinnamomum iners

Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp.

Alstonia scholaris

Fagraea fragrans

216

Xantho

STRATEGY2 Based on space-user analysis, strategy 2 is to design nature-base commercial activities which combine the needs of customers with the function of forest ,inviting people inside the building to the outdoors.

1F

“HAR

ST IN TH F R ST”

UT

R R STAURANT

N

Need Where 0

5

10

20

50

Food court

Food court

Need:dining Where: Ourdoor foodcourt renovation

What 6

Cook in the easiest way to enjoy the natural flavor

5

3 1

Find a place in the nature and share the natural food with frinds

Select freshest food and spices

4 2

Planting suggestion 1 2 3 4 5 6

Planting Pool Operation area Bar counter Rest lawn Bar counter Sepatate room

2F

“HEAL IN THE FOREST” NATURAL THERAPIST N

Need Where 0

5

10

What 20

Heal in the forest five sense

50

Hug A Tree

Measure The Height Of The Tree Snacks

Health care

Supermarket

Fashion wearing

Treasure Selestion

Treasure Wall(Touch)

Keeping The Treasure (Rubbing\Drying)

Need: health care, a place to relax Where Indoor space is limited backyard

Smell

217

F

"LIFE IN THE FOREST"

Need Where NEED: Buying fresh fruits and vegetables, getting early childhood education

Function\Flow of people\Hot spot of 2F

Supermarket

Education

Where: multiple access to indoor and outdoor (overwalk, canopy, rooftop)

Structure of the building

Hair

Connection between indoor and outdoor

Education(harvest in the forest): A. xtension to the canopy F I classroom Fragrant \Pigment\Nectar plant garden B.Large rooftop area F Education(Life in the forest): A.Rooftop next to the classroom F Butterfly B.Large ground area backyard through overpass

Commercial (harvest in the forest): A.Courtyard next to supermarket F

Food chain

community garden

"HARVEST IN THE FOREST" DIY CLASSROOM AND PICKING GARDEN

Outdoor DIY classroom perfume essential oil pigment fibre

Picking garden (Fragrant plants \ Pigment\ Nectar plant)

Outdoor Catwalk

Color in first floor

Harvest in the forest (Bee farm) 0

218

5

10

20

50

Smell in first floor

"LIFE IN THE FOREST" BUTTERFLY GARDEN

Connection between indoor and outdoor

Stage 1 Egg Stage 1 Egg

Stage 2 Caterpillars

Plan

Stage 2 Caterpillars

N

0

5

10

20

Plant suggestion

Stage 3 Chrysalis

Stage 3 Chrysalis Stage 4 Butterfly See the world like a butterfly

Stage 4 ButterďŹ&#x201A;y

Stage 4 Butterfly njoy the sun like a butterfly

"LIFE IN THE FOREST" CHILDREN PLAYGROUND

Bird Spy on the insects Monkey Swing between the trees

Insect Hide in the topography and plants

Squirral Zigzag walking Store food in the hole Monkey Swing between the trees Swing !

Squirral Zigzag walking Store food in the hole

Pangolin Live in the hole

Zigzag walking overwalk Watch tower Hide in the topography and plants Bird Spy on the insects

Insect Hide in the topography and plants

Pangolin Live in the hole N

0

5

10

20

219

I LOVE STUDYING HERE !

Because the classroom is no longer limited in the building!

I LOVE SHOPPING HERE !

Because I never see a show in the forest before, and the product selling here are environmental-friendly.

220

I LOVE DINNING HERE WITH MY FAMIL Because we can enjoy the beauty of nature here.We all enjoy the lemon grass tea we picked and drunk here.

BEFORE

Function of rd floor

Function of 2nd floor

Function of 1st floor

AFTER

"Life in the forest" play ground

"Harvest in the forest" DIYclassroom

"Harvest in the forest" T SHOW

"Harvest in the forest" picking garden

"Harvest in the forest" community garden

Life in the forest Butterfly garden

"Harvest in the forest" outdoor restaurant

b50068

221

MIMIC A FOREST EXPERIENCE XIAO Xinyan

In the overall analysis of all playgrounds within 1km buffer of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, almost all sites are found offering similar experiences and lack variety and creativity. Therefore, three sites with their own characteristics (in terms of functions and surrounding environmental conditions) are selected for a more detailed analysis.

Site 1 (Teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s estate playground) is close to the former Lentor forest which is rich in species, and surrounded by villas. In the future planning, a PCN will be built to connect the site with forests and Lentor forest will be replaced by new buildings. Site 2 (Thomson green playground) is only 10 minutesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; walk from Teacherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s estate playground, surrounded by villas as well, and will be used as a regular outdoor classroom by two private kindergartens. However, due to the limited materials available in the site, teachers do not use the playground for long. Site 3 (Soo chow walk playground) is very close to CCNR , surrounded by shops and villas. As there is no planned entrance for CCNR, nearby residents cannot enjoy being close to nature.

According to a previous research on forest and urban parks, there is an obvious difference found in experience between them. Forests are overwhelmed by the variety of flora, fauna and the rich spatial composition. People are likely to have multiple experiences in forest which are beneficial for both mental and physical health. Therefore, the following three design strategies will be proposed from my personal experience in nature, combined with the site conditions, and inspired by the restoration of forest in urban context.

For site 1, based on the existing terrain and trees, the features of the site are amplified, and different heights are designed in combination with the new structure, to change the way of experiencing fauna and flora by children. In site 2, specific plants and natural elements including fragrant, flowering, fauna attracting and productive flora will be inserted to create a different experience and awaken the five senses of children - aiding them to feel nature, different from traditional experiences. For site , through the contrast of lightness and darkness and the variations in spatial scale - the concept is to mimic mysterious and unpredictable experiences in the forest, allowing the surrounding residents to have a glimpse of nature even though it is a small patch.

The three sites are expected to provide people living in the urban environment (especially children) with a quick but valuable time to experience the forest. Additionally, the rewilding of these urban playgrounds are expected to create stepping stones for fauna in CCNR and raise awareness to protect existing forests.

ANALYSIS OF URBAN PARKS Overview of urban parks

There are official parks within this 1KM buffer. Most of them are tiny patches which are lack of creativity and variety serving neighbourhood areas.

Thus, in order to have better understanding of all of them, parks are divided into seven types according to the surroundings.

Distance & Size Analysis 23

7 1

2

>4 Hac

1-4 Hac

0.5-1Hac

<0.5 Hac

Classification of urban parks

1 roadside + 3 buildings

4 roadsides (isolation)

3 roadsides + 1 building

1 roadside + 3 open space

224

2 roadside + 2 buildings

4 buildings (surrounded)

1 roadside + 1 building + 2 open space

PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR THREE SITES Inspiration from site visits

During the early stage, some scenarios have offered inspirations.

Combined with users interviews and personal experience, some key words will play an important role in the further design.

HILL SHADOW DEEP CHANGE TUNNEL ADVENTURE SLOPE DARK PARASTITIC GAINT LEAVES MISTERIOUS NARROW WATER WEIRD SPECIES RATTAN CANOPY BIRD COLORFUL INSECT MULTIPLE FRAGRANCE MONKEY FALLEN LEAVES TASTY MUD LOG SOIL LIGHT

225

SITE SELECTION & CURRENT CONDITION Teacher's estate playground Size: 1.2 Hac Users: residentials> regular oldness

Thomson green playground Size: 0.76 Hac Users: school kids> teachers> residentials

Bus stop

Soo-chow walk playground Size: 0.83 Hac Users: residentials> customers> shop owners

Bus stop Plaza

CCNR

Trees Tebebula rosea Samanea saman Xanthostemon chrysanthus Syzygium myrtifolium Cocos mucifera Adonidia merrillii

Tagore forest (be cut out soon)

Kindergarten

Kindergarten

226

Trees Roystonea oleracea Syzygium lineatum Xanthostemon chrysanthus Cordia sebastena Callistemon citrinus Cassia fistula Terminalia mantaly Lagerstroemia speciosa Libidibia ferrea Plumeria rubra Citharexylum spinosum Xanthostemon chrysanthus Bauhinia x blakeana Magnolia x alb Mimusops elengi Cerbera odollam Tebebuia rosea Hopea odorata Dalbergia Tatifolia Pterocapus indicu

Shrubs & Herbs Lantana camara Brunfelsia latifolia Excoecaria cochinchinensis Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Loropetalum chinenese var. rubrum

Trees Rhodamnia cinerea Xanthostemon verdugonianus Dypsis decaryi Tabebuia rosea Sterculia rubiginosa Planchonella obovata Peltophorum pterocarpum Garcinia atroviridis Ficus benjamina L. Samanea saman Mangifera imdica Archontophoenix alexandrae Cyrtostachys renda Podocarpus rumphoo Lagerstroemia floribunda Cleistanthus malaccensis Araucaria excelsa Plumeria rubra Araucaria cunninghamii

Shrubs & Herbs Syzygium myrtifolium Pluchea Indica Dypsis lutescens Bougainvillea spectabilis Chinese ixora Duranta repens Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

Gardenia jasminoides

Phyllanthus urinaria Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.Asplenium nidus

Hamelia patens

STRATEGIES PROPOSED FOR THREE SITES

Crawl with fruits

Swing like monkeys

Run between trees

Shuttle in forests

Body Text - 8pt font size, 10pt leading space (Sentence Case)

Running through trees and animals makes me wanna forget computer games!!

I feel like becoming a monkey!

The fruits are just near my hands eh!

It feels amazing surrounded by fruits and birds!

Climb with monkeys

Lie on flora

Hide like bats

Legend Text (Minimum 4pt)

Explore in dark forest

Obseve in small hole

Performe in natural stage

It feels like I’m having an adventure!!

The forest show starts!!

It’s so different to observe outside in this hole!

HAHA! They can’t find me when I hide in this tunnel!

Follow light in long tunnel

Pass in shadow

Stand with weird leaves

Follow fragrance in maze

Create music whith flora

I never knew bamboo could sing!!

I’m gonna collect all the plants I like!!

Observe micro organism

Wow!! The leaves sound like burning fire!

Find gate in bamboo forest

Recognize plants by mouth

Touch nature-beings

Playing with mud is so interesting~

Tread on crispy leaves

Walk on different materials

227

TEACHER’S ESTATE PLAYGROUND Play with Height Large canopy tree Fruit tree

Log stair

0 20 50

100m

Brush pile

Kept tree Wooden hill Shrub&herb cluster Crawl web

Look-out house

Stream/ ditch Jogging trail

Nest house Monkey moving line

Bird gather point Topography

Cave

large canopy tree

Slide

Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr.

Ficus virens Aiton Falcataria moluccana Boardwalk Star fruit tree Rope tunnel

Spider web

Wooden platform Areca vestiaria

Muntingia calabura

Musa acuminata var. sumatrana

Averrhoa carambola L.

Bamboo Musa × paradisiaca ‘Ae Ae’ Dracaena porteri Baker Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv.

Dieffenbachia amoena

Pennisetum Wipff × advena ‘Rubrum’

Planting strategies

228

Point 1

DESIGN DETAILS Play with Height

0 10 20

50m

0

1

2

5m

A

Point 2 A B E D

C

A’

Point 2

Point 1

Tree net

20m 15m

6m 3m 1m A

B

C

4m 3m 1m

BrushEHill

Offer different levels for childeren to climb, meanwhile will attract birds to nest.

Children will have opportunities to encounter birds.

D

Stepping log

Using logs to create different distance and levels to enhance children’s balance ability.

Section A-A’ 229

SOO-CHOW WALK PLAYGROUND Play with Light & Shadow 0

10 20

50m

Body Text - 8pt font size, 10pt leading space (Sentence Case)

Shadow

Dark with light

Light

Shadow

Dark

Shadow Shadow

Large Canopy Tree Shrub & herb cluster

Wooden stage

Bamboo gate Large canopy tree Bamboo web corridor

Rock tunnel

Hanging shelf

Log barrier

Crawl web

Look up tower 1

Trail

Fagraea fragrans

Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. ex Buch.-Ham.

Fruit tree

Kept tree

Bamboo

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.

Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Stream Look up tower 2

230

Adenanthera pavonina

Adinandra dumosa Jack

Ficus virens Aiton Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr.

Falcataria moluccana Shrub & Herb Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum Hoya latifolia Piper porphyrophyllum Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb.

Homalomena rostrata Griff. ohannesteijsmannia magnifica . ransf.

Licuala triphylla Griff.

Adiantum hispidulum Bird nest fern Dracaena porteri Baker Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv.

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.

DESIGN DETAILS Play with Shadow & Light

Two main trails are designed for kids to experience different light condition and misterious atmosphere.

The continous and unpredictable small spaces will activate this tiny patch and stimulate their interst in exploring.

Trail 1

B

Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Light cage Rock tunnels to different adventure

Which road should I choose????

Section B-Bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Section of Trail 1

231

THOMSON GREEN PLAYGROUND Play with Five Senses

10

20

50m

C

0

Large Canopy Tree Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr.

Shrub & Herb

C’

Freycinetia angustifolia Blume Edible Scolopia macrophylla (W. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. & A.) Clos Uvaria grandiflora Lesch. ex C. Roxb.

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex W.Hunter Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex W.Hunter Flower Ixora congesta Tarenna fragrans Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum Aeschynanthus pulcher Foliage Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum Fagraea ceilanica Thunb.

Dendrobium crumenatum Sw. Hoya latifolia Poikilospermum suaveolens Piper porphyrophyllum (Blume) Merr.

Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb.

Homalomena rostrata Griff. ohannesteijsmannia magnifica . ransf.

Licuala triphylla Griff.

Adiantum hispidulum Bird nest fern Dracaena porteri Baker Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv.

Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.

Fragrant xyceros longiflorus Lam. T. amaz.

Volkameria inermis L. Uvaria grandiflora Lesch. ex C. Roxb.

Syzygium myrtifolium (Roxb.) Walp.

Large canopy tree

Deciduous tree

Deciduous tree

shrub&herb cluster

Bamboo shelf

shrub&herb cluster

Edible Tree

shrub&herb cluster Seed tree

Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.

shrub&herb cluster Tree with giant leaves shrub&herb cluster Fragrant tree

Edible tree

Bamboo

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Cave

Ixora congesta

Bamboo instrument

SMELL

TOUCH

SOUND

Kept tree

Plants loom

Sand

Singing seed

Slide

Seed plate

Mud

Grwoing house

Jogging trail

Observe point

Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. ex Buch.-Ham.

Bentinckia nicobarica

Rock hill

Log

Ficus microcarpa Linn. f.

Baccaurea motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg.

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Fagraea fragrans

Terminalia catappa

Adinandra dumosa Jack

Pterocarpus indicus

Fragrant tree

Seed tree

Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.

Hevea brasiliensis

VIEW TASTE

Stream

232

Corridor farm

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne

Adenanthera pavonina

DESIGN DETAILS

Sub Heading - 8pt (Sentence Case)

Sense of view Sense of smell

Sense of taste

Plants loom

Forest TV Forest TV

Sense of sound

Section C-C’ seat

Bamboo instrument

Singing seed

seed

Flora plate

Sense of touch

Bouea macrophylla Griff.

Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Gnetum gnemon L. Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. Uvaria grandiflora Lesch. ex C. Roxb.

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Piper sarmentosum Roxb. ex W.Hunter Ixora congesta Malayan Ixora, Jarum Jarum Musa yunnanensis Häkkinen & H.Wang Averrhoa carambola L

233

234

TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS Bargotra Poornima

Public housing in Singapore (Known as HDB’s) are usually designed as non-gated “vertical communities” with a significant amount of open space left for residents’ use. More often than not, these spaces are disconnected, stagnant and lack a sense of place. The chosen site is located in Bukit Panjang one of the oldest H B estates in Singapore and a special one due to its very close proximity to the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. This project aims to ameliorate the experiential and programmatic quality for the existing and future residents by proposing an intervention that uses the powerful magnitude of time as the main catalyst. It explores and magnifies the possibility of an everchanging and continuous dialogue between the users and the spaces that evolve over time.

Various strategies will be implemented to selectively introduce a “wild” aesthetic in a typically manicured landscapes of an HDB to encourage greater levels of public acceptance for less heavily managed landscapes This is done by introducing temporal interventions. The first strategy is to implement succession/dynamic planting schemes that allow changes in population and provides opportunities for more biologically diverse communities to develop over time. This then allows for a more appropriate planting approach and species selection which will be introduced in phases. This is done by learning from Singapore’s tropical forest succession and retrofitting it to the urban, dense residential context of the HDB estates.

The second strategy is to strengthen and improve the relationship of humans with nature by a process of dynamic programming of the various spaces. This is accomplished by periodically introducing structures, pathways and seating areas that are flexible in its form and materiality, allowing them to adapt over time through the phases. Programmatic activities will also begin to alter as time and nature progresses, carving out a temporal landscape in its true form. The third strategy explores the possibility of involving the residents in the entire process of the various interventions.

This is done by the introduction of community gardens, providing designated planting beds and instilling activities that educate people about the forest, plant species and its value. By offering people an active role in the shaping of their outdoor nature and sensory experiences, it enables the users to be emotionally connected with the neighborhood and its landscape.

Public housing in Singapore usually have a fixed lease period due to constant demands and rapid urbanization. As the lease expiry of the HDB estate approaches, a new landscape has already been established through the years and by the introduction of the various strategies. This now dictates the design of a new development a housing typology where “landscape comes first” done by directly and indirectly involving the residents who have witnessed a progressive change in the development of this dynamic landscape.

SITE HISTORY & PHOTOS

Understanding the site through historical analysis

Fig.1: Historical Map from 1945

Fig. 2: Historical Map from 1975

Fig. 3: Historical Map from1993

Fig. 4: Historical Map from 2005

Fig. 5: Map Showing Sites at Present

- Presence of rubber & gambier plantations -Natural water streams ďŹ&#x201A;owing accorss the sites -Presence of plantation estates due to cultivation lands

- New roads built due to rural towns getting developed - New housing developments along the roads - Plantations still persist

- Depletion of water streams - Roads are further developed with the presence of new highways (BKE built) - HDB estates are formed - High deforestation due to the development of a new town

- LRT line built for a better public transport connectivity in Bukit Panjang - Construction of moew HDBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s - More roads are set up for better connectivity

-Dense built up area, consisting mostly of public housing, community centers & markets -Introduction of park connectors to enhance the ecological corridors -Huge disconnect from adjacent CCNR

CCNR Focus Site Bukit Panjang 1

CCNR

0

1

2

0 0.1 0.2

4

2

0.4km

Legend Total Site Area: 5.6ha GPR: 2.8 (URA MASTER PLAN) Age of current development: 31 YEARS Lease term left: 68 YEARS Current no. of units: 992

CCNR Buffer (1km)

CCNR Boundary Line

Existing Parks

Roads

Unused Site Locations LRT Station

Water Bodies

Unused Spaces found on site:

Carpark Area

1

Vegetation Density Bukit Panjang, -Low to medium BLK 251 Bangkit 1.380208, 103.773040 Size: 0.65 ha 236

2

URA masterplan - Residential

Private Apartments HDB

LRT Line

Landed Properties Other Buildings Bukit Panjang Boundary

Vegetation Density Bukit Panjang, -Low to medium Blk 274 Bangkit 1.379213, 103.775396 Size: 4.4 ha

URA masterplan - Park

EXISTING HUMAN ACTIVITIES Existing circulation mapping HOME

CORRIDORS

LIFT LOBBY/ STAIRS

VOID DECK

NEIGHBORHOOD AREAS

PATHWAYS

External

Hawker

LRT Station

Carparks

Internal

Outdoor Fitness

Community Gardens

Playgrounds

Bus stop

Nearby markets

TOWN

Neighborhood Parks

Work Place

School

Weekend Entertainment

Human usage mapping high activity time

usage level

low activity time

high activity time

low activity time

high medium low

y

erl

eld

ts

adul

time

ren

child

gers

ena

& te

06:00

08:00

10:00

12:00

elderly socialising

going to school

elderly taking a walk

nearby shops & office workers going for lunch

14:00

18:00

16:00

20:00

22:00

00:00

routine activities families eating at nearby hawker

children back from school

going to office

adults evening jogs

targeted activities naturalist starts their tour

elderly using fitness

elderly using community gardens

children and teens playing

dog walkers

family picnics in the evening

Opportunity: Unused Open Spaces Between & Near HDB Estates

outdoor evening resting

naturalist starts their night tour to spot nocturnal animals

Opportunity for improved and exciting pocket gardens between HDB blocks

The need of space for residents to have their own private planting

Presence of exotic species on existing site Unused green areas in close proximity to HDB’s

The need for larger and more exciting community planting areas

The need for more attractive seating and resting spots in void decks

237

UNDERSTANDING HDB USERS REQUIREMENTS Acceptable noise level

Surface

soft

semi hard

loud

moderate

Acceptable crowd level

silent

populated

open

Acceptable cano

secluded

dense

m

TARGETED ACTIVITIES

AGE BASED Child (3 - 13)

Naturalist Desires

Desires

Requirements

Requireme

- Exclusive, designated zones where they can observe animals & birds

- Space to run around and play in after school - Learn about nature

Teenager (13 - 20)

Desires

Requirements

- Space to hang out with friends

Amateur Gardener

Desires

Family Picnic

Desires

- Outdoor quiet study spots

Requireme

- A quiet space to plant and escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life

-Outdoor play courts

Adults (20 - 55)

Desires

Requirements

- Space to enjoy a relaxed evening after work

- A quiet and soft space where families can bond with one another after a hectic week

- Outdoor ďŹ tness areas and jogging trails

Local elderly (55+)

Desires - Space to hang out with friends and play mahjong

Requirements

Exercise & Fitness

Desires

Dog Walkers

Desires

- Enjoy peace and quiet during off-peak hours

- Space to exercise with fresh air and forested zones

- A safe place to throw a ball around and let them be free

238

Requireme

Requiremen

opy cover

moderate

Nature of space

open

ents

exciting trails

active zones

seating areas

TARGETED ACTIVITIES

shelter

covered walkways

Couple Desires

Requirements

Desires

Requirements

Desires - A peaceful place for intimacy secluded from other people

- Exclusive, designated trails/paths for residents to enjoy a run

Outdoor Resting

exposed to tree shade the elements

TARGET GROUPS

Joggers

ents

ents

space to relax

Required cover

Family

- Exclusive spaces for people to rest outdoors amidst a green environment

Desires - A vibrant place for families to spend time together

Friends

Desires - A comfortable place for friends to catch up

nts

239

EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS

Understanding the site through site photos & their character

SPACE CHARACTER Flexible use Designated use

DESIGNATED USE

HUMAN ACTIVITY SPACES Active playgrounds Neighbourood green Nearby facilities Void decks

PLAYGROUNDS

NEIGHBOURH

FLORA & FAUNA Opportunistic Community gardens Neighbourood Parks Infrastructure green

COMMUNITY GARDENS

OPPOR

GEOLOGY & WATER History Topography Drainage Flow

HISTORY

TOPOGRAPHY

INFRASTRUCTURE Existing buildings Road network Public transport

EXISTING BUILDINGS 240

ROAD NE

HOOD GREEN

RTUNISTIC

ETWORK

FLEXIBLE USE

NEARBY FACILITIES

NEIGHBOURHOOD PARKS

VOID DECK

INFRASTUCTURE GREEN

DRAINAGE FLOW

PUBLIC TRANSPORT 241

EXISTING SITE ANALYSIS Existing Schematic Site Plan

Surface Car Park Blk 250

87m Blk 251

d Bukit Panjang Ring Roa

50m

110m 22m

Bangkit LRT Station Blk 252

Blk 254

Blk 255

Blk 253

Trees Identified in Zhenghua Park adjacent to CCNR: Syzygium polyanthum, Adinandra dumosa, Agathis borneensis, Carallia brachiata, Cinnamomum iners, Durio zibethinus, Hopea odorata, Neobalanocarpus heimii,Shorea leprosula Highlighted in red are the species are native primary or secondary forest species that thrive well in urban areas. These trees also attract birds and therefore, are important key flora species.

B. Panjang Ring Road

UNUSED LAND USE: RESIDENTIAL Gentle mounds

Small pathway with landscaped edges

B. Panjang Ring Road 0

242

25

B. Panjang LRT Station 50

Chosen Site Open Green Space (Carpark behind) 100m

Informal Pathway

UNUSED LAND USE: RESIDENTIAL Gentle mounds, between two HDB blocks

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

Chosen Site Open Green Space

Potential to create an Ecological Network

Zhenghua Park

BKE

CCNR

1

Pang Sua Pond

2 3

Zhenghua Park Petir Park

4

Chosen Intervention Sites Existing Public Parks Existing Water Bodies Ecological Network Small birds distribution range (200m)

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE) Zhenghua Park Surface Carpark & Road

UNUSED LAND USE: GREEN Gentle mounds Close to highway

Recreational park with secondary forest species

Surface Carpark & Road

Blk 253 4 floors

CCNR Boundary

Disconnection with HDB Spaces

Unused Open Green Space

Zhenghua Park

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)

CCNR

243

EXISTING SITE PLAN

Greenridge Secondary School

Plan showing existin trees, site drainage & activity areas

Blk 247

Blk 244

1

LEGEND 1 Existing Playgrounds 2 Existing Community Gardens 3 Unused Open Space 4 Unused Pocket Spaces Existing Trees in Zhenghua Park: Alstonia angustiloba

3

Carallia brachiata Cinnamomum iners

Pometia pinnata Adinandra dumosa Neobalanocarpus heimii Treed identified as roadside trees: Khaya grandiflora

1

Bangkit LRT

Bukit Panjang

Ring Road

Shorea leprosula

Khaya senegalensis Calophyllum soulattri

Blk 255

Blk 254

Trees identified on site: Caesilpinia ferrea (exotic species) Bucida molineti

Bangkit Road

Agathis borneensis Existing Site Drainage: Open Drain (600mm wide) Drain with grating cover (every 2.5m) Bukit Panjang Town Council

Underground Drain Connection

0

25

50

100m

THE CHOSEN SITE The chosen site is located in Bukit Panjang â&#x20AC;&#x201C; one of the oldest HDB estates in Singapore and a special one due to its very close proximity to CCNR. This project aims to ameliorate the experiential quality for the residents by proposing an intervention that uses the powerful magnitude of time as the main catalyst. It explores the possibility of an everchanging and continuous dialogue between the users and the spaces that evolve over time.

244

Small pathway with landscaped edges

B. Panjang Ring Road

B. Panjang LRT Station

Chosen Site Open Green Space (Carpark behind)

Informal Pathway

2 Blk 248

Blk 249

4

Central Catchment Nature Reserve

Blk 250

1 Zhenghua Park

Blk 251

4 Blk 252

Blk 253

2

Recreational park with secondary forest species

Chosen Site Open Green Space

CCNR Boundary

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

Surface Carpark & Road

Blk 253 4 floors

Unused Open Green Space

Zhenghua Park

Bukit Timah Expressway 245 (BKE)

CCNR

0-10 YEARS PLANNING STRATEGY

Greenridge Secondary School

Blk 247

Blk 244

4

5

LEGEND 1 Community Built Forest

Extension to LRT Station

4

Planting Beds

5

Fruit Tree & Event Planting Beds

6

Existing playground

7

Existing community gardens

8

Fruit Trees & Open Areas

9

Connection to Zhenghua Park

2 3

Ring Road

Open spaces for activities

3

1 4

Bangkit LRT

6

Bukit Panjang

2

Existing Site Drainage Open Drain (600mm wide)

Blk 255

Drain with grating cover (every 2.5m)

Blk 254

Underground Drain Connection

TREE SPECIES LEGEND

Bangkit Road

Pioneer Species Emergent Species Nitrogen Fixing Species Fruit Trees Bukit Panjang Town Council

Existing Trees

0

25

50

Amended topography

100m

0-10 YEARS - 1ST PHASE - PREPARE The first phase will focus on preparing the existing ground, by making amends to the existing conditions of the unused open spaces on site. This is done through learning from a primary forest succession and retrofitting it to the urban, dense residential context of Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s HDB estates. This phase will also focus on educating and training the residents.

246

B. Panjang Ring Road

B. Panjang LRT Station

Unused open space used as Community Forest

Informal Pathway

2 Blk 248

Blk 249

8 Central Catchment Nature Reserve Blk 250

1 Zhenghua Park

Blk 251

5 Blk 252

Blk 253

2

Unused site used as event planting beds with fruiting trees

CCNR Boundary

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

Surface Carpark & Road

Blk 253 4 floors

Unused Open Green Space

Zhenghua Park

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)

CCNR

10-20 YEARS PLANNING STRATEGY

Greenridge Secondary School

Blk 247

Blk 244

4

5

LEGEND 1 Community Built Forest Extension to LRT Station

4

Planting Beds

5

Fruit Tree & Event Planting Beds

6

Existing playground

7

Existing community gardens

8

Fruit Trees & Open Areas

9

Connection to Zhenghua Park

2 3

Ring Road

Smaller open spaces for activities

3

1 4

Bangkit LRT

6

Bukit Panjang

2

Existing Site Drainage Open Drain (600mm wide)

Blk 255

Drain with grating cover (every 2.5m)

Blk 254

Underground Drain Connection

TREE SPECIES LEGEND

Bangkit Road

Pioneer Species Emergent Species Nitrogen Fixing Species Fruit Trees

Bukit Panjang Town Council

Existing Trees

0

25

50

100m

10-20 YEARS - 2ND PHASE - FACILITATE The second phase will encourage the residents to facilitate the growth of native species by a timely planned out process and introduce activity areas that can benefit from this stage of the landscape. Boardwalks and pathways will be built after careful study of how the residents have been using the space in the first phase.

248

B. Panjang Ring Road

B. Panjang LRT Station

Unused open space used as Community Forest

Informal Pathway

2 Blk 248

Blk 249

8 Central Catchment Nature Reserve Blk 250

1 Zhenghua Park

Blk 251

5 Blk 252

Blk 253

2

Unused site used as event planting beds with fruiting trees

CCNR Boundary

HDB Block (11 floors) With Void Deck

Surface Carpark & Road

Blk 253 4 floors

Unused Open Green Space

Zhenghua Park

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)

CCNR

30 YEARS PLANNING STRATEGY

Greenridge Secondary School

10

Blk 244

6

15 4

LEGEND Connection to LRT Station

3

Elevated Boardwalk

4

Eco-Pond

5

Open Lawn Area

6

Event Based Planting Beds

7

Propagation Beds

8

Tree Grove

9

Community Play

1 Ring Road

Community Built Forest

2

Bangkit LRT

2

Bukit Panjang

1

11

10

10

10 Sky Bridge Garden 11 Pick Up Drop Off 12 Extended Community Gardens 13 Park Connections

Bangkit Road

14 Zhenghua Park Existing Trails

TREE SPECIES LEGEND

Tree species developed overtime Tree species introduced through propagation

Bukit Panjang Town Council

Existing Trees

0

25

50

100m

20-30 YEARS - 3RD PHASE - INVENT As the lease expiry of the HDB estate approaches, a new landscape has already been established through the years and by the introduction of the various strategies. This forest now dictates the design of a new development– a housing typology where “landscape comes fi r st” d one b y d irectly a nd i ndirectly involving the residents who have witnessed a progressive change in the development of this dynamic landscape.”

MSCP

B. Panjang Ring Road

B. Panjang LRT Station

Community built Forest kept untouched

Sky Bridge Gardens

12

10

11

10 9 Central Catchment Nature Reserve

5

Zhenghua Park

7

3 7

8

10

13

11

12

Sky Bridge Gardens

Elevated walkways that work around the existing trees

New Development

CCNR Boundary

6

13

Unobstructed connection to Zhenghua Park and CCNR

Zhenghua Park

Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE)

CCNR

PLANTING STRATEGIES

Planting fast growing sun tolerant pioneer species to provide shade for the propagation of emergent species

The emergent species soon project over the pioneers. Pioneer shrubs die back and make way for shrubs that are shade loving.

The emergent species grow under the shade of mature pioneer species, giving way to shade tolerant shrubs/ groundcover

Emergent species Pioneer species

Tree Species

Forest Type

Size at maturity

Longetivity

Dispersal

Dyera costula

Primary

> 30m

> 80 Years

Birds

Targeted Birds

Shorea leprosula

Primary

> 30m

> 80 Years

Birds

Koompassia malaccensis

Primary

> 30m

> 80 Years

Wind

Alstonia angustiloba

Primary, Secondary

> 30m

> 80 Years

Wind

Repels crows

Carallia brachiata

Primary, Secondary

> 30m

> 80 Years

Birds

Long Tailed Parakeet

Cinnamomum iners

Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Birds

Syzygium grande

Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Birds, Small Mammals

Crimson Sunbird

Syzygium lineatum

Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Bird, Small Mammals

Oriential Pied Hornbill

Syzygium polyanthum

Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Birds

Oriential Pied Hornbill

Macaranga bancana

Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Birds

Long Tailed Parakeet

Gnetum Gnemon

Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Birds, Small Mammals

Greater Racket Tailed Drongo

Litsea elliptica

Secondary

10 - 30m

`

Birds, Small Mammals

Cratoxylum cochinchinense

Secondary

<10m

<20 Years

Birds

Streblus elongatus

Primary, Secondary

10 - 30m

20 - 80 Years

Bird, Small Mammals

Fragrea fragrans

Secondary

> 30m

> 80 Years

Birds

Proposed Tree Species* Most are found in adjacent henghua Park and can be propagated on site.

252

TEMPORAL CONNECTIONS

Proposing activities that change overtime, with nature

Year 0

Year 30

“Watch a tree grow as you grow”

Year 0

Year 30

Community Gardens >> Community Forest

YEAR 0 - 10

YEAR 10 - 20

YEAR 20 - 30

YEAR 30

PHASE 01 PREPARE

PHASE 02 FACILITATE

PHASE 03 EXTEND

PHASE 04 INVENT

To prepare the ground by making amends to the existing conditions of the unused space

To facilitate growth of native species by a timely planned out process and with the help of the existing community

Propagation of species to other nearby developments and neighborhood parks in order to extend the habitat range

End of the existing HDB lease and the beginning of a new housing typology

Planting strategy in phases

253

0-10 YEARS

Pioneer Species in open conditions

planting beds

Designated planting areas

Materials that change overtime

254

ďŹ&#x201A;exible pavilions

open activity areas

Habitat logs from nearby parks movable benches

255

10-20 YEARS

Sightings of shade loving understorey

Logs from nearby felled trees Sighting of leaf litter

Materials that change overtime

256

ï¬&#x201A;exible pavilions

Mushroom picking

257

AT 30 YEARS

Fruit trees attracting avifauna

Pathways and boardwalks built following the TPZ of existing trees

Planting valuable fern species as undergrowth layer

258

New development follows landscape

Broken down habitat logs, now adding nutrients and structure to the soil

259

A DYNAMIC LANDSCAPE Introduced pathways Modular seating areas Undulating play areas

0-10 years 260

10-20 years

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Landscape Comes Firstâ&#x20AC;?

1. Re-use site resources such as top soil and plant materials and recycle what exists on site rather than transporting large quantities of material in and out.

2. Implement succession/dynamic planting schemes that allow changes in population and provides opportunities for more biologically diverse communities to develop over time.

3. Incremental development plans to avoid sudden erasure of an old landscape while meeting the needs of the new economy/population.

20-30 years

30+ years 261

262

FRAMING TIMELINE Lim Wenfa

Situated next to Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park (BAMKP) and opposite Lower Peirce Reservoir Park (LPRP), the 5ha site has great potential to home uncommon native avian and arboreal species but has failed in doing so because the ecosystem network is disconnected and degraded, even though they are physically close to each other. Predicted to be kept untouched till future residential development in 20 years, the site is home to large healthy fig trees that provide habitats to common fauna species. Fertile soil potentially can also be utilized as a natural resource for neighbouring/ own future development. The project hence aims to rewild the site with three development phases across a duration of 0 years. Injecting beneficial ecological values by proposing a landscapecome-first development model to challenge the current notion of land-use.

Given that the site is big enough to supply trees for reforestation at the degraded forest of LPRP, the site is developed into a tree nursery in the first phase. The siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing drainage system will be integrated with the design of the bio-detention pond as part of the nature irrigation system of the nursery. In the second phase, selectively remained trees from the nursery become mature and the site turns into a potential ecological hotspot, focusing on fauna movement and habitat creation. In the meantime, a segment of future residential housing development is constructed. The landscapecomes-first development model will give way to a design framework that proposes to keep at least half of the ecological hotspot untouched to provide strong ecological connectivity. The third phase is the completion of all residential developments after 30 years. Green and blue networks from the previous phase is integrated into the new residential development, offering active human-fauna interaction opportunities as part of their daily life experience.

The project envisions to enrich the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biological value by providing a healthier and wider pool of genetic diversity across the region. Human behaviour towards nature is also changed through the proposed timeframe. The proposal can serve as a prototype, duplicable to another temporary vacant state land as a sequential rewilding approach, rather than letting the land being temporarily unused.

263

ISSUES AND POTENTIALS

Lower Peirce Reservoir Park Degraded forest Area To Species Ratio

Unused State Land - Healthy fig trees - Fertile soil - Habitat to common species (mynas & crows) - Predicted to be untouched till residential development in 20 years.

Bishan, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1 1.367695, 103.833829 5.29ha 264

Existing Green Networks Disconnect Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West Nature urban park Potential Green Network Low Vegetation Density

Reserved Site 265

KEY TARGET SPECIES

266

PRIMARY FORESTS KEY MAMMALS: Lesser Mousedeer, Banded leaf monkey MATURE SECONDARY FORESTS KEY MAMMALS: Long-Tailed Macaque, Slow loris, Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Wild Pig, Sunda Pangolin KEY BIRDS: Greater Racke-Tailed Drongo, Dollarbird YOUNG SECONDARY FORESTS KEY MAMMALS: Long-Tailed Macaque, Slow loris, Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Wild Pig, Sunda Pangolin, Common Fruit Bat KEY BIRDS: Greater Racke-Tailed Drongo, Dollarbird, Long-tailed Parakeet, Oriental Pied-hornbill.

WETLAND KEY MAMMALS: Long-Tailed Macaque, Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Wild Pig KEY BIRDS: Greater Racke-Tailed Drongo, Dollarbird, Long-tailed Parakeet, riental Pied-hornbill, Collared kingfisher WETLAND MARSH KEY MAMMALS: Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Common Fruit Bat K BIR S Long-tailed Parakeet, riental Pied-hornbill, Collared kingfisher PARKS & GARDENS KEY MAMMALS: Plantain Squirrel, Common Palm Civet, Common Fruit Bat KEY BIRDS: Long-tailed Parakeet, Oriental Pied-hornbill, Collared kingfisher, Crimson Sunbird

“High Count” is the highest count of a species submitted on a single checklist within a specified date range and region.

SINGLE CHECKLIST: WEEKLY DATE RANGE: JANUARY 2019 - 19 SEP 2019 High Count Data Source: The CornellLab of Ornithology https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/about/

267

FAUNA BARRIERS Barriers analysis

TIMEFRAME

Historical maps and Landuse maps

Forested

Residential

Rubber plantation

School

Garden/Park

Vacant state land

268

Reserved Land

FRAMING TIMELINE

Landscape-comes-first, Strengthen human-nature connectivity Phase 1

Incubation Reforestation at LPRP - Fertile soil can be utilized as a natural resource.

- Improved degraded forest for wider range of fauna.

Construction of Waterbodies - Improve existing water system for self-sufficient.

- Primary stage for habitation.

Phase 2

Habitation Facilitate fauna movement - Develop forest fringe from previous phase.

- Pockets of shrubland created for fauna activity.

- Wetland created from previous waterbodies.

- New trees planted to connect existing trees.

First stage of residential developments - Landscape-come-first design framework - Nature closer to human by expanding waterbodies and more trees.

Integration Completion of residential developments plan - Landscape-come-first design model.

- Green and blue networks intergrated.

- Active humans-ature interaction opportunities.

269

FRAMING TIMELINE - INCUBATION Design Processes

Existing drain Existing drain Detention Pond (0.26ha, 3613L)

Ground level (GL: 0.00m)

Ground level (GL: -1.00m)

Vacant land (Size of 2.43ha)

Existing trees (Patch size of 1.37ha)

Existing Building (Patch size of 1.49ha)

Under-utilised state land (Total size of 5.29ha)

Degraded forest of LPRP (Degraded patch size of 3.86ha)

270

Retention Pond Irrigation for nursery (0.16ha, 1608.9L)

Planting grid (2500mm C-C)

271

PHASE 1 MA

Framing Timelin

272

ASTER PLAN

ne - Incubation

273

FRAMING TIMELINE - INCUBATION

A A

At the macro scale, trees from the nursery can be utilise to enhance the current green network First phase planting list (trees)

Tree Nursery

Section A-A

274

Bio-detention pond

Before

After

FIRST PHASE - KEY TARGET SPECIES First phase key target species Fauna species (urban adaptor)

Types

Ecological Status Status

Requirements

Habitat

high flyer

Common

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day / Disturbed Area

Active

BIRDS Asian Koel

Already there

Long-Tailed Parakeet

high flyer

Common

From BAMK park

Tall trees landing

Moist Lowland

Pink-Necked Green Pigeon

high flyer

Common

Already there

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day / Disturbed Area

Day

Crimson Sunbird

low flyer

Common

From surrounding parks

Nectar plants

Parks and Gardens Day

Yellow-Vented Bulbul

low flyer

Common

Already there

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day / Disturbed Area

Asian Glossy Starling

low flyer

Common

From LPR park

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day

Plantain Squirrel

Common

From surrounding parks

Woody vegetation

Parks and Gardens Day / Disturbed Area

Common Fruit Bat

Common

From surrounding parks

Food source

Parks and Gardens Night / Disturbed Area

Common Flying Lizard

Common

From surrounding parks

Woody vegetation

Parks and Gardens Day & night / Disturbed Area

Green Crested Lizard

Common

From surrounding parks

Woody vegetation

Parks and Gardens Day & night / Disturbed Area

Grasshoppers

Common

Already there

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day & night / Disturbed Area

Bees

Common

Already there

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day / Disturbed Area

Spiders

Common

Already there

Food source

Parks and Gardens Day & night / Disturbed Area

Food source

ARBOREAL ANIMALS/GROUD ANIMALS

INSECTS & AQUATIC ANIMALS

Seeds Germination

Drain

Saplings Zone

Tree Nursery Parks and Gardens Day / Disturbed Area

Butterflies

Common

Already there 0

Fruit Frog Red-eared tortoise Four-ridged Toad

Common Common

From surrounding parks Moist vegetation From surrounding parks Food source 10 From surrounding parks Moist vegetation

20

Moist Lowland Moist Lowland Moist Lowland

Day & night Day & night 40M Day & night

275

FRAMING TIMELINE - HABITATION Urban Adapters Species Key fauna species

Habtitats

Locations

High-Flying Birds Oriental Pied Hornbill Asian Koel Dollar Bird Long-Tailed Parakeet

Dense Mature Secondary Forest

Pink-Necked Green Pigeon Greater Racket Tailed Drongo Blue-Throated Bee Eater Straw-Headed Bulbul

Young Secondary Forest

Low-Flying birds Red Junglefowl Crimson Sunbird Blue-Crowned Hanging Parrot Primary Forest Common Flameback Collared Kingfisher Yellow-Vented Bulbul Shrubland Olive-Winged Bulbul Asian Glossy Starling Ground Animals Wild Pig Rat

Forest edge/ Forest fringe

Lesser Mousedeer Arboreal Animals Plantain Squirrel Long-Tailed Macaque Moist lowland/ Mangrove forest Common Palm Civet Malayan Colugo Common Fruit Bat Sunda Pangolin Banded Leaf Monkey

Park and Garden

Slow Loris Green Crested Lizard Common Flying Lizard Insects Butterflies Bees

276

Disturbed area

Diets

Key fauna species

Plant Diet Fruit/seed Bearing Plants

Musa acuminata Colla (Banana) Carica papaya (Papaya) Nephelium lappaceum (Rambutan) Artocarpus integer (Chempedak) Ficus benjamina (Weeping Fig) Ficus microcarpa (Malayan banyan) Ficus exasperata (Sandpaper Tree) Muntingia calabura (Indian Cherry) Ptychosperma macarthurii (Macarthur Palm) Syzygium grande (Sea Apple) Syzygium polyanthum (Salam) Leea indica (Red Tree-vine) Macaranga bancana (Common Mahang) Maesopsis eminii (Umbrella Tree) Archontophoenix alexandrae (Alexandra palm) Dillenia suffruticosa (Simpoh Ayer) Cinnamomum iners (Wild Cinnamon) Plants With Nectar Saraca (Yellow Saraca) Heliconia spp.

(Heliconias)

High-Flying Birds Oriental Pied Hornbill Asian Koel Dollar Bird Long-Tailed Parakeet Pink-Necked Green Pigeon Greater Racket Tailed Drongo Blue-Throated Bee Eater Straw-Headed Bulbul Low-Flying birds Red Junglefowl Crimson Sunbird Blue-Crowned Hanging Parrot Common Flameback Collared Kingfisher Yellow-Vented Bulbul Olive-Winged Bulbul Asian Glossy Starling Ground Animals Wild Pig Rat Lesser Mousedeer Arboreal Animals Plantain Squirrel Long-Tailed Macaque Common Palm Civet Malayan Colugo

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hibiscus) Etlingera elatior (Torch Ginger) Spathodea campanulata (African Tulip tree) Animal Diet Small Animals (Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Fishes)

Common Fruit Bat Sunda Pangolin Banded Leaf Monkey Slow Loris Green Crested Lizard Common Flying Lizard

Arthropods (Grasshoppers, Bees, spiders, ants, caterpillars, grubs, stick insects)

Insects Butterflies Bees

277

FRAMING TIMELINE - HABITATION Design Processes

Wetland

(Detention pond)

Shrubland Forest fringe (Nursery trees)

New trees

(Connecting existing trees)

Reforestation (From Nursery)

Degraded forest of LPRP

278

Enhancement to fauna movement

Directing nature closer to human (Further expansion of waterbodies and trees)

50% greens (2.65ha)

35% building footprint (1.85ha)

15% roads/pathways (0.79ha)

279

PHASE 2 MASTER PLAN

Framing Timeline - Habitation

280

281

FRAMING TIMELINE - HABITATION Urban Adapters Species

B

B

Before

Second phase planting list trees

High flyers movement

Ground fauna movement

Lower Peirce Reservior Park Upper Thomson Road

Section B-B 282

Drain

Forest fringe habitat

Shrubland

Moist lowland

Bio-dentention pond

d

After

SECOND AND THIRD PHASE - KEY TARGET SPECIES

SECONDphase AND THIRD - KEY TARGET SPECIES Second keyPHASE target species Types Fauna species (urban adaptor) Ecological Status Status

Requirements

Habitat

Active

Birds Fauna species (urban adaptor)

Types

Ecological Status

Status

Requirements

Habitat

Active

Birds Oriental Pied Hornbill

high flyer

From LPR park

Oriental Pied Hornbill

high flyer

Uncommon local resident Uncommon local

Dollar Bird

high flyer

resident Common

Dense vegetation Carnivore Dense vegetation

From LPR park

Woody area/ Parks Day and Gardens Woody area/ Parks Day and Gardens Woody area Day

Dollar Bird

high flyer

Common

From LPR park

Greater Racket Tailed Drongo

high flyer

Rare local resident

From LPR park

Greater Racket Tailed Drongo

high flyer

From LPR park

Common Flameback

low flyer

Common Flameback

low flyer

Rare local resident Uncommon local resident Uncommon local

Olive-Winged Bulbul

low flyer

resident Common

From LPR park

Carnivore Fruits eater

Olive-Winged Bulbul

low flyer

Common

From LPR park

Fruits eater

Uncommon local resident Uncommon local

From LPR park

Dense vegetation Omnivore, mainly fruits Dense vegetation

From LPR park

From LPR park From LPR park

Carnivore Tall trees landing Insects eater Tall trees landing

Woody area Insectsvegetation eater Dense Woody area Insects,vegetation fruits, nectar eater Dense Woody area Insects, fruits, nectar eater Woody area/ Parks Dense vegetation Carnivore and Gardens Dense vegetation Woody area/ Parks

Day Day Day Day

Day and Gardens Parks and Gardens / Day Disturbed Area Parks and Gardens / Day Disturbed Area

ARBOREAL ANIMALS/GROUD ANIMALS ARBOREAL ANIMALS/GROUD ANIMALS Long-Tailed Macaque Long-Tailed Macaque

resident Uncommon local resident Uncommon local

Common Palm Civet Common Palm Civet

resident Uncommon local resident Uncommon local

Otters Otters

resident

From LPR park From LPR park From LPR park From BAMK park From BAMK park

Snakes

Common

From LPR park

Snakes

Common

From LPR park

Omnivore, mainly fruits Dense vegetation Omnivore, mainly fruits Dense vegetation Omnivore, mainly fruits Wetland enviroment Carnivore Wetland enviroment Carnivore Dense vegetation Carnivore Dense vegetation Carnivore

Woody area/ Parks Day and Gardens Woody area/ Parks Day and Gardens Woody area Night Woody area

Night

Moist Lowland

Day

Moist Lowland

Day

Woody area/ Parks Day & night and Gardens Woody area/ Parks Day & night and Gardens

INSECTS & AQUATIC ANIMALS INSECTS & AQUATIC Copper-cheeked FrogANIMALS

From LPR park

Wetland vegetation

Moist Lowland

Day & night

Copper-cheeked Frog Four-lined Tree Frog

From LPR park From LPR park

Wetland vegetation Wetland vegetation

Moist Lowland Moist Lowland

Day & night Day & night

Four-lined Tree Frog

From LPR park

Wetland vegetation

Moist Lowland

Day & night

Forest fringe habitat

shruband

283

PHASE 3 MASTER PLAN Framing Timeline - Integration

284

285

FRAMING TIMELINE - INTEGRATION Design processes

-Void deck (Visually connected)

-Intermediate garden -Rooftop garden

Elevated buildings (9m above ground)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Landscape-comes-first Design development model

C

C

High flyers movement

Ground fauna movement

Lower Peirce Reservior Park Upper Thomson Road

Section C-C 286

Drain

Forest fringe habitat

Shrubland

Moist lowland

Bio-dentention p

pond

Before

After

Forest fringe habitat & shruband

287

FRAMING TIMELINE

Landscape-comes-first, Strengthen human-nature connectivity

Incubation

Habitation

- Reforestation at LPRP provides better fo

- All existing trees are retained and are uniďŹ ed wh

- Landscape-come-first development model enables humans-nature i

288

Integration

orest depth habitat for a wider range of fauna.

hole with habitats created to facilitate fauna movement.

interaction with minimum disturbances to established ecosystems.

289

CLOSE TO NATURE: RECONCILED LANDSCAPE IN HDB

SHAO Zhongran

Biophilia is an innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms. However, the unpredictable wild, including the undulating landforms, capricious animals and dense canopies can make people feel insecure. In the surrounding areas of Segar Road HDB, there is distinct segregation between forested areas and residential common spaces. The limited internal space of H B has formed a strong contrast with the openness of green space adjacent to it. The project aims at creating reconciliation between human intervention and ecology restoration by bridging the gap between humans and nature by bringing people closer to nature and making the wild less intimidating. This is done by introducing two main strategies.

The first is enhancing the visibility and accessibility of the wild to eliminate the segregation between buildings and open space as well as extend human movement into a larger loop. The topography of an area about 0.54 hectares is manipulated in the periphery of building blocks. The rooftop of a carpark, as well as Zhenghua Park, is transformed to replace the original activity space among the blocks. Series of trails and programs including a community garden are proposed across the site, providing visual guidance and physical entrances to the wild for both residents and existing pipeline trail hikers.

The second strategy is inserting natural habitats into HDB green spaces. Native low-growing species are selected to attract birds, butterflies and small mammals such as s uirrels on the current open grassland above the pipelines. Open activity spaces and greenery patches that are enclosed by the H B blocks will be aggregated for breaking the landscape homogeneity and forest flora species will be introduced.

By guiding people to get close to nature and enhancing the connection of the existing habitats, the project envisions an interwoven landscape as well as a biophilic lifestyle in an urban environment.

SITE ANALYSIS Site Selection

Vegetation

Biodiversity High: 6.7

Missing data

Vegetated area with low biodiversity Missing data

Positive correlation between vegetation and biodiversity

Vegetated area Low: 0

Unvegetated area

Negative correlation between vegetation and biodiversity

URA Planning The site is located in the northeast of Bukit Panjang,next to K BK . It is mainly composed of dense HDB blocks and open green space of ZhengHua Nature Park. A distinct differentiation between nature and urbanized space is shown here.

Residential

Sports & Recreation

Commercial & Residential

Waterbody

Open Space

Reserve Area

Park

Special Use

Distribution of Housing Types in Singapore

Area

292

1 hactares

High canopy (>10 m) Low canopy (<10 m) High shrubs (>3 m) Low shrub (>0.3 m) Lawn Drainage Open activity space Sheltered activity space Corridor Multi-storey car park Railing Barrier gate Informal trail

293

Existing Tree Species Undefined 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Native species Adinandra dumosa Alstonia angustifolia Calophyllum soulattri Cyrtophyllum fragrans Macaranga bancana Pteleocarpa lamponga Sandoricum koetjape Shorea leprosula Syzygium glaucum Terminalia catappa Tristaniopsis whiteana Vitex pinnata

Common Name Tiup Tiup Red-leaved Pulai Malang-Malang Tembusu Hutan / Tembusu Tikus Santol Lentang / Ketapang Pelawan Malayan Teak

Family Pentaphylacaceae Apocynaceae Calophyllaceae Gentianaceae Euphorbiaceae Boraginaceae Meliaceae Dipterocarpaceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae Myrtaceae Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Exotic species Agathis robusta Agathis borneensis Alstonia scholaris Artocarpus heterophyllus Callerya atropurpurea Dalbergia oliveri Delonix regia Dipterocarpus baudii Hopea odorata Khaya grandifoliola Khaya nyasica Khaya senegalensis Mimusops elengi Pentaspadon motleyi Saraca thaipingensis Schizolobium parahyba Shorea roxburghii Sterculia foetida

/ Malayan Kauri White Cheesewood Nangka Jenaris Black Rosewood Semarak Api Bulu Merawan Siput Jantan Benin Mahogany White Mahogany African Mahogany Bunga Tanjung White Pelong-Tree Talan Brazilian Fire-Tree Temak Kalupat

Araucariaceae Araucariaceae Apocynaceae Moraceae Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Meliaceae Sapotaceae Anacardiaceae Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Dipterocarpaceae Malvaceae

History Map

The site remained Road network formed. underdeveloped and Drainage system basically a natural state. established. Residential area emerged in the south of the site.

Segar Road HDB blocks were built up. Regional accessibility was enhanced.

More infrastucture was built up. The extension of Zhenghua Nature Park was yet to establish.

Condos and new HDB were built up. An extension of Zhenghua park was opened.

Survey and Interview

internal space of residence

extension of Zhenghua Park

linear corridor of Zhenghua Park 294

unsecured

Streamlines Residents streamline

Vehicle streamline

Waterflow

Visibility and Accessbility

295

296

Legend Barrier gate Shrubs Existing trees Castanopsis inermis Samanea saman Syzygium grande Rhopaloblaste singaporensis Ficus benjamina L. Cassia fistula L.

Lawn Roof Garden Sunken Square Public patio Treetop Walk Elevated Boardwalk Fitness area Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground Waterfront space Viewing deck Bridge Community Garden Platform under the expressway

297

DESIGN STRATEGIES

The overall goal of the design is creating reconciliation between human intervention and ecology restoration by bridging the gap between humans and nature to bringing people close to nature while making the wild less intimidating.

Strategy 1

Bringing people close to nature Enhancing the visibility and accessibility of the wild to eliminate the segregation between buildings and open space as well as extend human movement into a larger loop. Providing visual guidance and physical entrances to the wild for both residents and existing pipeline trail hikers.

1. Manipulating the topography The topography of an area about 0.54 hectare is manipulated in the periphery of building blocks, providing physical entrance to the residents.

298

2. Replacing The rooftop of a carpark, as well as Zhenghua Park, is transformed to replace the original activity space among the blocks, extending peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement into a larger loop.

3. Adding

Series of trails and programs including a community garden are proposed across the site, providing people with opportunities to experience in nature with different senses.

299

Strategy 2

Bringing nature close to people Inserting natural habitats into HDB green spaces.

1. Aggregating Open activity space and greenery patches that are enclosed by the HDB blocks will be aggregated for breaking the landscape homogeneity. Biodiversity and the area of public space will be increased.

Scattered Large patches & corridors

300

eggplant

marigold

castor

hibiscus

fennel

tomato

rosemary

ash gourd

ladyfinger

lemon grass

bitter melon

cauliflowe

2. Planting a . Native low-growing species are selected to attract birds, butterflies and mild mammals such as squirrels on the current open grassland above the pipelines. b). The drainage is softened from a concrete and railed up one into an accessible vegetated one. c). Native tree species extensively found on the other side of BKE are introduced into the space among the HDB blocks. Target bird species are supposed to be attracted.

Castanopsis inermis (Lindl. ex Wall.) Benth. & Hook.f.

Samanea saman Jacq.) Merr. (small leaves) Syzygium grande (Wight) Walp.

Rhopaloblaste singaporensis Ficus benjamina L. Cyrtophyllum fragrans (Roxb.) DC. Cassia fistula L.

mint

jasmine

Melastoma malabathricum

Schismatoglottis wallichii

Pluchea indica

rose

cucumber

Ixora congesta

Aglaonema nitidum

Tarenna fragrans

r

grape

guava

Tristellateia australasiae

Hanguana malayana

Panicum repens

er

coriander

holy basil

Acrostichum aureum

Leea rubra

Scleria ciliaris

301

302

303

304

WILDLIFE IN THE YARDS:

BREAK THE BARRIERS BETWEEN RESIDENCE AND WILD NATURE Zhong Yixin & Zhang Bingqian

Compared to other types of residential areas, the landed property is closer to the CCNR and has a higher green land rate per capita. Hence, land property residents might be more tolerant of wildlife.

The first site is a 12-hectare residential area on the north-east part of the CCNR 1-kilometer buffer, near endangered Nee soon swamp. The second site Windsor Park Property has a dynamic housing form that sits on an undulated terrain and surrounded by Windsor Natural Park. Having faced intense urban expansion pressure, biodiversity has decreased on the edges of these two residential areas. Therefore, the two projects explore how to reconnect the urbanized environment and nature, making the residents and wild nature live in harmony.

The first project focuses on encouraging wildlife movements and minimizing the disservices of wild nature by mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. The first strategy is to break the current barriers, by naturalizing the existing concrete canal, enlarging the road tree canopy, and de-fencing the private residential area. The second strategy is to design new housing typologies. Some mature plants will remain, while more animal-friendly plants will be introduced to provide a movement corridor.

Furthermore, new land properties will be built with a second-story viewing deck which is connected with a treetop boardwalk for residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to walk and observe wildlife.

The second project is to take advantage of the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s uni ue topography and create a rich vegetation landscape. The first strategy is to enable residents to experience the beauty of ecological gardens by the restoration of the public space(roads, edge, playground). The second strategy is to utilize the private spaces that are underutilized due to the complex terrain as a semi-public space that supports local habitats as well as recreational areas in daily life. Consequently, the last strategy is to suggest a better yards plan for residents and promote native and useful plants.

The projects aims to allow residents to appreciate the wild nature that is around them. As time goes by, residents or their later generations will invite nature to their home. It can be a typical module for further sustainable residential developments in Singapore and finally achieve the goal for Rewilding.

EXISTING SITE CONDITION Site location

The site is a 12-hectare residential area on the north-east part of the CCNR 1-kilometer buffer, near endangered Nee soon swamp.

URA planning Reserve site

Residential

Special use

Residential with commercial at 1st story

Park

According to URA planning, the current central green space in this residential area will be constructed into new land properties.

Existing site condition

Gardening plants Street tree Grass turf Scrubland

Nephelium lappaceum(Hairy Lychee)

Syzygium polyanthum

Musa acuminata(Banana)

Pterocarpus indicus(Sena)

Durio zibethinus (Durian)

Ficus benjamina Malayan Banyan

Cocos nucifera(coconut)

Cassia fistula Golden Shower

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)

Planchonella obovata (Menasi)

Adonidia merrillii (Christmas Palm)

Peltophorum pterocarpum (Jemerlang Laut) Neolitsea cassia

306

Canal Surfaceflow Underground drainge Semi-fence Contrete fence

1-storey house 2-storey house 3-storey house 4-storey house Residential area(URA) Land properties will be demolished

SURVEY AND RESEARCH Survey of the residential area

KINDS OF ENCOUNTERED ANIMALS

ACCEPTANCE LEVEL OF WILDLIFE

MAIN ACTIVITIES IN RESIDENTIAL AREA

ANIMALS CAN BE ACCEPTED

acceptable

slightly acceptable

stay at home

runnning

disinterest

monkey

boar

rooster

neutral

slightly unacceptable

walking to reservior

walking around

all

monkey

boar

rooster

birds

butterfly

lizard

snake

unacceptable

planting

dog-walking

butterfly

lizard

snake

birds

Research: Disservice elements in tropical forests

307

BARRIER ANALYSIS

Urban barriers for ground animals

High

Low

Building Fence Water High building

Hardscape

Low building Concrete fence Semi-fence Canal Surface flow

Concrete road Hardscape

308

Urban barriers for birds

High

Low

Building Fence Hardscape High building

Water

Low building

Semi-fence

Concrete fence

Concrete road Hardscape Canal Surface flow

Various barriers such as road, buildings, canal, fence have cut off the communication between wild nature and human, which resulted in a residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; low interest and affinity for nature.

309

CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT STREAM Canal-overground Canal-underground Surface flow Drainage-underground Pipeline Water direction

310

DESIGN VISION

Wildlife distribution (before)

Break the barriers between human and wild nature Wildlife distribution (after)

311

MASTER PLAN 1.Nee soon stream 2.Small pond 3.Nature fence in residential area 4.New land properties 5.2nd storey tree top broadwalk 6.Viewing deck 7.Community forest garden

Nephelium lappaceum(Hairy Lychee)

Artocarpus rigidus Blume

Ficus benjamina(Malayan Bany

Musa acuminata(Banana)

Syzygium polyanthum

Planchonella obovata(Menasi)

Durio zibethinus(Durian)

Pterocarpus indicus(Sena)

Peltophorum pterocarpum(Jem

Cocos nucifera(coconut)

Neolitsea cassia

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit)

Samanea saman(Rain Tree)

Adonidia merrillii(Christmas Palm)

Ficus microcarpa Cassia fistula(Golden Shower)

312

yan)

merlang Laut)

Syzygium cumini(L.)

Grass turf

Water

Ficus fistulosa

Scrubland

Underground drainge

Leea guineensis â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Burgundyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Shrub fence

Semi-fence

Chinnamomum iners

Gardening plants

New style fence Treetop walk Boardwalk 313

STRATEGY 01

NATURALIZE THE CONCRETE CANAL

Pavement

Pavement

House Private garden Canal

House

Road

Private garden

House

Hedge wall Natural stream Hedge wall Private garden

Private garden Underground canal

House

Haha wall

Private garden House

Natural stream Hedge wall Private garden

Pavement

Open green space

Canal

Open green space

Pavement

Open green space

314

Retention pond

Open green space

ENLARGE THE ROAD TREE CANOPY

Larger canopy tree Animal food tree Green roof Widen flower bed Green roof Walkway

DE-FENCING THE PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL AREA

House Haha wall Natural stream

Private garden

House Hedge wall Natural stream Private garden

Natural stream fence

Hedge fence

Fence with ferns

Shrub fence

315

BEFORE

AFTER

316

BEFORE

AFTER

317

STRATEGY 02

Design new housing typologies

1. Highlight the existing huge canopy trees and surface waterflow to be kept as a permanent green area.

2. Buffering the waterflow and existing planting species while introducing more valuable plant species to provide a movement corridor that can attract wildlife.

3. New land properties and some paths will be built on the remaining ground part.

4. Layouting the 2-story boardwalk for residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; walking and observation of the wildlife.

318

Water Underground drainge New style fence Treetop walk Boardwalk Grass turf Scrubland Shrub fence Gardening plants

Artocarpus rigidus Blume Syzygium polyanthum Pterocarpus indicus(Sena) Ficus benjamina(Malayan Banyan) Planchonella obovata (Menasi) Peltophorum pterocarpum(Jemerlang Laut) Neolitsea cassia Samanea saman(Rain Tree) Ficus microcarpa Cassia fistula(Golden Shower)

Syzygium cumini(L.) Ficus fistulosa Leea guineensis â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Burgundyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Chinnamomum iners

Nephelium lappaceum(Hairy Lychee) Musa acuminata(Banana) Durio zibethinus(Durian) Cocos nucifera(coconut) Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) Adonidia merrillii(Christmas Palm)

319

Gentle slope

320

Sparse planting

g

1. Forest species

6. Fence with fern species

2. 2-storey boardwalk

7. Fruit tree on yard

3. Community gathering space

8. New land property with French window

4. Gentle slope

9. Hedge fence

5. Natural stream

10. Green roof

321

DISTANCE BETWEEN CCNR AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

HISTORYLINE

WINDSOR NATURE PARK

VILLAS DEVELOPTED IN DIFFERENT TIME Originally, parks and grounds were planted secondary forests.After 50 years, the park has become a secondary forest with relatively complex ecological structure, but the site is a residential area with few trees and fragile ecology.

pine tree road tree pine tree shade tree shade

distribution villa_type 01 pavement villa_type 02 villa_type 03

322

POTENTIAL AREA FOR WILDLIFE FIND POSSIBLE PLACE TO BUILD HABITATS

POTENTIAL AREA=TOTAL AREA-HOUSES-ROADS-PAVEMENT -SWIMMINGPOOL-PUBLIC EQUIPMENTS MAINLY=PLAYGROUND+BACKYARDS+FRONTYARDS+ROADSIDES +UNDERUTILISED PLACES

POTENTIAL POTENTIAL

CONSTRUCTED CONSTRUCTED

CONSTRUCTED AREA IN SITE

ROADS HOUSES PATHWAY PAVEMENT SWIMMINGPOOL ROADSIDES ROADS MOTORROADS PATH

BUFFER AREA TREES

323

TREE ANALYSIS

AGE, HEIGHT, SPIECES NATIVE TREES COMPARISON

WINDSOR NATURE PARK NATIVE PLANTS SURVEY

12%

88%

4. Alstonia scholaris

5. Peltophorum pterocarpum 17. Ficus microcarpa

324

1. Lagerstroemia floribunda 2. Samanea saman 1 . Mangifera indica 13. Xanthostemon chrysanthus 14. Artocarpus heterophyllus 1 . Arfeuillea arborescens 23. Roystonea regia 2 . Carallia brachiata 2 . Syzygium grande 0. Sterculia oblongata 8. Dipterocarpus alatus 9. Cratoxylum cochinchinense 10. Magnolia champaca 12. Sterculia rubiginosa 1 . Adonidia merrillii 21. Rhodamnia cinerea 22. Adinandra dumosa 2 . Gardenia carinata 2 . Ficus celebensis 2 . Sterculia oblongata 3. Syzygium myrtifolium 6. Elaeocarpus mastersii . Terminalia buceras 11. Flacourtia rukam 19. Syzygium lineatum 20. Cocos nucifera 2 . Sterculia parviflora

NATIVE

NON-NATIVE

FUTURE PLAN

ROADS PLAN+EDGE PLAN+LANED HOUSE PLAN

Lagerstroemia floribunda Samanea saman Syzygium myrtifolium Alstonia scholaris Peltophorum pterocarpum Elaeocarpus mastersii Terminalia buceras Dipterocarpus alatus Cratoxylum cochinchinense Magnolia champaca Flacourtia rukam Sterculia rubiginosa Xanthostemon chrysanthus Artocarpus heterophyllus Mangifera indica Archontophoenix alexandrae Arfeuillea arborescens Ficus microcarpa Adonidia merrillii Syzygium lineatum Cocos nucifera Rhodamnia cinerea Adinandra dumosa Roystonea regia Sterculia parviflora Carallia brachiata Gardenia carinata Ficus celebensis Syzygium grande Sterculia oblongata Cerbera manghas Sterculia cordata

ROADS PLAN The road in the residential area is a two-way driveway with green belts and sidewalks on both sides and water flow under the surface.Rainwater flows into the sewer system through a drain in the tree pool.

BEFORE

AFTER

ROAD PLANTING

ROAD PLANTING

Landed House

Landed House

Landed House

Landed House GATE

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

RUBBISH BIN

Pavement Planting pool

Drainage pipe

Drainage pipe Drainage pipe

Drainage pipe

325

THE EDGE PLAN

THE EDGE BETWEEN WINDSOR NATURE PARK AND THE RESIDENTIAL AREA

Use the surrounding edge of the park to create an ecological garden, using the spontaneous planting to make people living in the surrounding area feel the power of nature.

1. MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE PLAYGROUND AND

2.

TO

OPEN SPACE OPEN PLAYGROUND

TARRAIN

open playground

10M

9M 8M

HERBS SLOPE

7M 6M

5M

BOTTOM

4M

3M 2M

1M

326

open space

ECOLOGICAL POOL

TREES

11M

bushes and shrubs

EAST DIRECTION

bo�om landscape

WINDSOR PARK PROPERTY

4. THE END OF THE EDGE

3. ENTRANCE TO RESTORATION PART

WINSDOR NATURE PARK

D PARK

ENTRANCE O THE PLAYGROUND AND PARK

2. MAIN ENTRANCE TO THE PLAYGROUND AND PARK

WINDSOR NATURE PARK TOURIST PATH slope plan�ng

SECTION OF THE EDGE PLAN open space Slope vegeta�on

Ecologically connected forest

WEST DIRECTION

327

UNDERUTILIZED SPACES Due to the site’s unique topography, there is much underutilized land. During the construction process, many of these slopes were created by the construction of the house platform. People can’t get there because of the steep slope, and the plants can not grow.

TYPE

1.

PATH BE FOR AN RESIDE AR

EST

OR YF AR ND

G

IN LIV EEN ES ETW SPAC B ILD ION ECT AND W NN CO AREA

O SEC

V WEEN LI TION BET CE CONNEC ND WILD SPA A EA R A

PATH BETWEEN FOREST AND RESIDENTIAL AREA

UNIQUE TYPOLOGY IN WINDSOR PARK PROPERTY LOCATION IN THE SITE

328

SLOPE MODIFICATION SCHEME

BY CREATING PLATFORMS AND STEPS FOR WATER TO STAY

SLOPES BETWEEN HOUSES

ETWEEN REST ND ENTIAL REA

VING ES

RAINFALL FLOW ORIGINAL MODEL OF THE SLOPE

LANDED HOUSES ON THE SAME PLATFORM

CHANGE MODEL OF THE SLOPE

SLOPE WITH PLANTS COVERING

VISION OF THE FUTURESLOPE 329

LANDED PROPERTY YARDS Sub Heading - 8pt (Sentence Case)

Plants can be used to make fences on unused slopes and edges in a proper way to form a

LOCATION IN THE SITE

330

PLANTING DETAIL

steps to build the nature fence LANDED HOUSE ON THE PLATFORM

TREE FENCE

PLANTING STRATEGY

SITE PHOTO

331

VISION OF EDGE

Sub Heading - 8pt (Sentence Case)

0~1years

0~1years

0~1years

332

Sub Heading - 8pt (Sentence Case)

BEFORE

Body Text - 8pt font size, 10pt leading space (Sentence Case)

50 years

AFTER

0~4years 50 years

0~2years

0~2years

333

VISION OF VILLAS

Legend Text (Minimum 4pt)

BEFORE 334

VISION OF THE UNDERUTILIZED PLACE connect residential area to nature

Legend Text (Minimum 4pt) 0~10years 0~10years

0~2years

0~2years

0~1years

0~5years

AFTER 335

336

RE-FLOWING NATURE IN WINDSOR NEIGHBORHOOD Wang Haobo & Tanaka Mamiko & Zhang Bingyi

Located in the south-western edge of CCNR where the freshwater swamp forest stream ends, 0ha Windsor residential area has great potential to be re-connected with forest flora and fauna.

Currently, urban fabrics interrupt the natural streamflow, distribution of green spaces are not ideal for wildlife movement, and increasing dense developments require engineered infrastructure with high impermeable concrete spaces and less human-nature interaction. The project thus attempts to re-flow nature in the neighbourhood as a part of a forest ecosystem that facilitates mutual growth of nature and neighbourhood.

The main design intent of this project is to design the flow, and two design strategies will be proposed - spatial increment and inventory evolvement. For rearranging and reshaping available spaces for a better flow, this design will reconfigure open spaces for interconnecting flows of nature water, flora, fauna and human traffic, pedestrian, recreation . Tracing from historical forest streams, the project restores and diversifies water flow by introducing recreational forest streams, historic stream and naturalized drainage, followed by improving fauna and flora movement, and human circulation along the waterways. All these flows become a dynamic network that intersects with built environments.

The first strategy is spatial increment. This design will improve the uality of existing spaces, such as widening roads aggregation of available spaces (private yards, ecological swimming pools, dismantling buildings of low price, and waterside naturalization or activity space) and improving the natural cycle. Space with different conditions (current space, new space, expanded space) will be designed according to context, function, and texture.

The second strategy is inventory evolvement for both human and nature over time. The intent is to optimize wildlife habitats, water uality, water level, and flowing speed which are key elements for aquatic habitats; and canopy cover, vegetation structure, and food resource will be considered for terrestrial habitats. The living environment and experience will be improved by diversified blue and green spaces.

Introducing forest elements into the residential area near CCNR, enhancing habitats based on water flow, the biodiversity, including uni ue flora and fauna - All these will provide an essential base for both human and wildlife communities in the Windsor neighborhood. The integration of the natural ecosystem with human activities will enrich the lives of both humans and nature.

DRAINAGE TYPOLOGY

0

338

50m

339

RODASIDE GREENERY TYPOLOGY

340

Typology 1

Typology 2

Typology 3

Typology 4

Typology 5

341

SITE ANALYSIS SUN PATH

0

25 50

100m

HARD AND SOFT MATERIAL

25 50

0

100m

HOUSE PROPERTY

FENCE

park gas station 1 storey 2 storey solid wall

3 storey 4 storey

fence

5 storey 6 storey

green slope | wall 0

25 50

100m

VALUABLE TREE

0

0

25 50

fruit trees

high canopy trees

water tolerant trees

low canopy trees

dry condition trees

shrub

fast growing trees

yard and grassland

25 50

100m

CURRENT HABITAT

100m

GREENERY CONDITION

0

25 50

100m

CURRENT FAUNA MOVEMENT

Olive-winged Bulbul Brown-throated Sunbird Plantain Squirrel Common Palm Civet 0

342

25 50

100m

0

25 50

100m

ELECATION AND WATER FLOW

SEED DISPERSE

LAND USE

343

DESIGN STRATEGY DESIGN PROPOSAL

esign the flow to re-connect Windsor residential area with forest, so that dynamic natural organisms, resource and energy will re-flow in this site.

BUILDING NEW WATERBODY

CHANGING WATERFLOW

344

DESIGNING THE FLOW DIAGRAM CONNECTING GREEN PATCHES

CONNECTING FAUNA MOVEMENT

PEDESTRIAN FLOW RE-ORGANIZATION Current Pedestrian Flow

Pedestrian Flow

Proposal Pedestrian Flow Pedestrian Flow Add and Improve Flow

CHANGING TRAFFIC FLOW

Current Traffic Flow

Traffic Flow

Traffic Flow

Parking Lots

Parking Lots

345

DESIGN STRATEGY - SPATIAL INCREMENT BUILDING

ROAD

SWIMMING POOL

346

YARD

AVAILABLE SPACE

0

50m

347

DESIGH VISION | WATER

0

348

50m

DRAINAGE BEFORE AND AFTER NATURALIZATION

349

DRAINAGE NATURALIZATION STRATEGY

THREE WAYS TO NATRUALIZE THE DRAINAGE

350

DRAINAGE NATURALIZATION STRATEGY

MATERIAL CHANGE A. COIR GEOTEXTILE

B. BRUSH MATTRESS

C.ROOTWAD COMPOSITES

WATER STORAGE AND FISH POND A.

B.

D.GARBION

C. rainwater collection

WATER PURIFICATION

351

SECTION AND STREETSCAPE LONG SECTION A-BEDORE

LONG SECTION A-AFTER

LONG SECTION B-BEDORE

LONG SECTION B-AFTER

352

353

NUTRIENT FLOW DESIGN Nutrient flow and cycle is significant but easy to be ignored for natural flows in this neighborhood.

Our design also cares about enhancing the nutrient cycles, connecting disrupted urban cycles to the natural forest cycle, connecting the flow and movement of soil organisms like fungi and decomposers , so that a healthy nutrient cycle will be rebuilt to support the flowing nature for our project.

NUTRIENT CYCLE-BEFORE

NUTRIENT CYCLE-AFTER

354

355

DATAILED NUTRIENT CYCLE

NUTRIENT FLOW AND CYCLE IN THE ROAD SCALE

356

STRUCTURAL SOIL

DETAILS OF STRUCTURAL SOIL

ROAD SECTION DETAIL

357

DESIGN APPROACH FOR HUMAN

358

359

KEY ACTIVITY SPACES_in ainy days

360

361

KEY ACTIVITY SPACES_in sunny days

362

363

364

365

UNDERSTORY DESIGN PLAN

366

367

DETAILED PLAN - HISTORICAL STREAM

4

5

2

1

0

368

16

48m

1

2

PERSPECTIVES

3

369

TARGET SPECIES

370

HABITAT SUCCESSION PLAN

0

50m

371

TARGET FAUNA SPECIES MOVEMENT

372

373

HABITAT DISTRIBUTION MAP

Recreation stream

Roadside shrub and tree corridor

Fish drainage

Roadside shrub

Upper historical stream

Disturbed secondary forest

Fresh swamp

Wild grassy slope

Flood plain

Urban remanent woodland

Fish pond

374

SCENERIES OF HABITAT

375

HABITAT MAP

376

377

378

REFLECTIONS

379

My undergraduate major is the environmental art design , so my ability of logical thinking on landscape design was very weak, I decided to study the master course because I had the awareness of my weakness. During this semester, I spent a lot of time on the site analysis and design strategy, which also reflects my sweaty and lack in this aspect. I was not good at group cooperation on design, and it took me a long time to adapt to this method of teamwork in landscape design. I had to change my typology from commercial area to industrial area on the halfway through the semester. The study process of this semester can be said to be full of challenges and setbacks, but I had overcame these and I will work harder in the further study.

Astrid Han Cong

The studio offered me with a more refreshing way of designing with ecology, especially after having had a few years of work experience prior to the MLA course. We were taught to think about every aspect and make the design solid through research, analysis and a thorough understanding of the sites chosen. The academic process started off with a rigorous research phase, where we visited parts of CCNR to get a better understanding of forests, how they function and their various complex layers. This helped and opened up various possibilities of how we can select our typologies and develop our design through the weeks. The importance of critical thinking, time management and prioritizing ideas are three major things I learned and hope to get better at. Though the process was intense and sometimes tough, I am excited to learn from this experience and apply it to future opportunities in the upcoming landscape studios.

Bargotra Poornima

Before having this studio, l havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t had clear clarification of ecology, l used to connect it to just green. But this period helps me to know more about fauna, flora, people, nutrient, etc. Every layer in nature has its function. I began to learn more about the in-depth knowledge of nature. My design is about connection. It is a design trying to deal with the fragments separated by viaducts. In the beginning, l was struggling because it seems impossible to utilize the gray space under the structure. The low light density and concrete facet make it hard for animals to use. But more essay readings and professorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; instructions help me to find a way. The issue is challenging but interesting. I hope to deal with all kinds of challenging problems and learn more in the future.

Brynn Zhou Zuyuan

380

This first MLA studio was indeed a fruitful experience for me. It gave me an entirely different perspective on the importance of landscape ecology and design. Through the entire studio experience, we were tasked to uncover the value of what Central Catchment Nature Reserve represents in Singapore’s landscape identity. Striking the balancing between landscape ecology and human experience to create various design proposal was challenging yet rewarding. I have come to appreciate the fact that wildlife is an essential part of the ecosystem and that landscape design plays a vital role in protecting wildlife and augmenting the human experience. The site visit arranged with Dr Shawn Lam in identifying existing plant species was very helping and enriching. I’ve gained many insights into tree identification methods and would continue to apply this knowledge in future projects. Overall, this studio taught me to be analytical throughout the whole planning process and be bold in exploring new landscape design ideas.

Carissa Chin Qiwei

At the beginning, I was not fully adapted to the graduate study method, which required me to research, discover and obtain results.For example, when I started exercise 01, I started to use my original conventional thinking to study the forest. In fact, this part requires me to observe forest and consult materials to understand the forest succession.

But then came the question of how do I present it, what kind of supporting material, to explain the succession of plants, the changes in species, soil and nutrients.At the end of the presentation, my Exercise assignment was not perfect.Back to my design project, streetscape.The first thing I need to do is to choose a road that fits with my exercise 01 project, plant succession.Therefore, I chose the relatively spacious Bukit Panjang Rd as my design site. Later, the multilateralism and complexity of this road brought me some troubles.I am constrained by my own ideas and hesitate to make design decisions.Rewilding’s theme is to be bold, to be brave.Maybe in the next studio, I will seek some more bold and innovative design methods.

Cheng Jing

Having background in Architecture since last six years, MLA definitely provided me with a very new perspective towards importance of knowledge regarding Landscape processes. Its integration with Built environment it very intricate. As part of “Re-Wilding Singapore” studio, we were asked to identify specific landscape typologies within 1KM buffer zone of CCNR and carry forward one of the area as study. My early exploration in Urban Park typology provided me an in-depth understanding of integral importance of their presence in an Urban Fabric. Further exploration of outdoor sports and recreational activities landed me into the world of Golf Courses and its impact. Through out the studio, as I explore golf courses in detail and make an attempt to strike a balance between its impact and importance as a buffer; it provided me with the insights related to various complex issues that a land goes through when transformed and molded to suit urban environments and recreational needs. Indeed, the exploration during the studio was a journey of life long learning and my very first foot into the world of Landscape Architecture. I am excited to push my limits and learn more in upcoming studios.

Rakholiya Ekta

381

Prior to this studio, which also happens to be my first encounter with landscape architecture formally, my approach to designing was more anthropocentric. As an architect, even though I was inherently sensitive towards the existing landscape while designing, I never really imagined giving fauna the centre stage and let it guide the creative process. The studio “Rewilding Singapore” has hence been an exciting and challenging journey which pushed me to understand other elements and user groups within a landscape and value them while designing. I really enjoyed the investigation into the real ecological value of green Singapore, and I feel we’ve barely scratched the surface but atleast it was a start!

The structure right from exercise 1 to the final design was well put out for us so we just seamlessly moved on from one stage to another. Right from selection of site to designing experiences, it has a been a very real and immersive experience.And I believe it has changed the way I conventionally looked at designing of landscapes.

Dhuri Ruiee

Learning in tropical city, and studying tropical forest, the first MLA studio “rewilding Singapore” gives me many opportunities as well as inspiration to understand tropical landscape in courter scale. I am a beginner in landscape architecture, yet I get myself devoted into the landscape design with the help of the instructions from exercise 01 to exercise 02, and to final project. I obtained a wide range of knowledge about tropical forest, including the process, fauna and flora species, animal behaviors, water and nutrients, which push me deeper and deeper in landscape project for Windsor Neighborhood.

I have a detailed and elaborate study of waterscape typology, drainage typology in our group, as well as the analyzing process of waterscape in a logical procedure. From major watershed of the whole island, to sub watershed in site, from major canals to tiny drains, from upper stream forest to down stream city, we learn about the water systems deeply and finish our project in order. Group work also gives me a different experience as we try to divide and organize each individuals’ responsibility. Moreover, the studio encourages to try new thoughts and ideas, which I will continue to learn in future study.

Wang Haobo

This semester had been enjoyable. I had learned about the importance of site research and how it helps to inform and shapes our design thinking process. To “design with time” is the main challenge I encounter this semester. As I had never done any time-related project in my previous studios, I am glad to be guided and allowed to learn something new this semester. Overall, I felt that this semester had been a tough one but with a rewarding learning journey. I am also glad the studio invites various guests with different areas of expertise to share with us their knowledge and views. It was an eye-opening experience to see things from their perspectives and receive comments from the guests.

Lim Wenfa

382

The first MLA studio has given me a brand new experience in this field which is so different from my undergraduate studies. During the early stage, the whole class spent a long time together to do research about the entire Singapore. We were divided into small groups and each group focused on different landscape typologies. The information and analysis I done played a critical role in my designing process. Additionally, the method and framework I learned from other courses such as Geodesign and biology has shaped my design to be more convincing eventually. Although I had a time struggling with dealing the conflict and transforming, I landed softly and my independent thinking is enhanced. I sincerely hope for the further explore in landscape, I could gain more.

Xiao Xinyan

The first studio in NUS ended, for me, it is a completely different field from my undergraduate study. I am delighted to have the opportunity to experience how to design a naturalized design with ecological knowledge in this semester. This is also the first time for me to use different layers for group operations, it is also a brand-new experience for me to learn how to complete this project from the macro and micro perspectives using the GEO Design. Of course, I still have shortcomings in many aspects. I hope I can continue to improve myself in the following study in the studio.

Zhang Bingyi

For me, the whole â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Rewildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; project is a relatively new field. The first studio in NUS focuses on more research, which is quite different from the study during my undergraduate period. From my perspective, the gradual process of the final project is derived from a plurality of different exercises. In the process, I have learned a lot of ecological knowledge, how to deduce my site in a convincing way and how to overcome the difficulties I encountered during the process. Furthermore, it is an excellent benefit for me to communicate with my classmates with different educational and cultural backgrounds, the different opinions and the way to solve the problems. I am ready to welcome the challenges to be posed for me in the next studio.

Zhong Yixin

383

This studio was an unforgettable start to my MLA program. Undeniably, working on these projects was difficult at the beginning, but after field research, material reading and tutorial guidance, I found that I could make my project more logical and reasonable step by step. It is a brand-new experience for me to complete a natural design under the guidance of ecological knowledge. I realized the importance of combining design with nature and trying to create a sustainable and resilient habitat for both humans and wildlife. Every moment spent on the studio is worthwhile because of the new things I could learn every step of the way. Finally, I really appreciate the help from tutors and classmates in the learning process.

Zhou Xianfeng The studio in this semester is really an enjoyable learning experience for me. It is different from the design I have done before in my undergraduate. Firstly, we had exercise 1 to research the interesting field we chosen and tried to learn more in it. The part I chosen is freshwater swamp forest, which guided my design later. Next, the exercise 2 we analyzed the different landscape typology, and our individual work was based on the analysis and research we have done. I learned that the independent and logical thinking is critical for a landscape architect. I used to focus on the some superfluous aspects, now I know learning deeper and careful about the site and the materials supported my design are very necessary. This is the first semester in my graduate, I hope to get better and further in the next steps.

Lyu Jiawei This studio makes me understand many aspects that I had not paid attention to in my previous study and work design and I began to pay more attention to the ecological value brought by the landscape and the intervention from the biological level required in the process of sustainable urban development. Although I encountered many challenges in the design process (such as solving the contradiction between plant growth and urban environment), these problems pushed me to think more deeply. I hope that I can keep my research direction in the future studio study, have a deeper understanding and thinking about the operation mode of the ecosystem, and apply it to my design.

Feng Zihan In this first semester of graduate study, I have learned to develop a design project in a brand-new approach compared to that in my undergraduate stage. The project started from a series of researches upon both CCNR and the selected landscape typologies. It was quite challenging for me, but it has extended my understanding of forest ecology and ecological design. When it came to the individual design project, based on a very detailed analysis of my site, I was inspired to come up with specific strategies. Then, the whole design process followed closely with my strategies, and all the previous research I had done became strong supports to the design. During these three months, I also learned about the importance of time managing and stress management. It was sometimes painful but finally turned out to be sweet. I am happy to learn from so many excellent professors and classmates in this studio.

Shao Zhongran

384

I’ve learned about how to make fully use of the data I gathered and find out the problems and the opportunities based on the comprehensive analysis of the data . In this way, I’ve learned about how to design more logically and scientifically .I enjoyed the working process here to study the site as a group and share the results with each other. In this way, I achieved a more comprehensive and deeper understanding of the site. I was amazed by the power of corporation.“Rewilding Singapore” is an interesting and challenging topic for me. I’ve learned about how to design with the consideration of the life of fauna and flora in the urban area, and tried to combine the outdoor and indoor the shopping mall with spatial design and design of natural-ba se commercial activities in my personal design which was a totally new try for me.

Zhang Yifei Rewilding Singapore is an exciting project. This topic deeply discusses the boundary that can be reached by the coexistence of humans and nature in modern cities. It not only broadens my horizon to see the world, but also continually changes my understanding of the relationship between man and nature through learning and recognizing new creatures. Singapore is a country with plenty of rain and the warm climate. The fauna and flora here show incredible vitality and life forms. In the process of learning food chain, plant growth law and other knowledge, I increasingly feel that nature has a complete structure of life. As a landscape architect, the way to genuinely wild Singapore, based on familiarity with plants, is to complicate and localize the structure of natural habitats constantly.That’s how landscape architects really design nature

Zhang Bingqian Looking back on the semester, the first day of the studio seems like yesterday. Honestly, the studio was too fast for me to keep up with my classmates. On the other hand, I tried to keep thinking about the relationship between humans and nature because my part was the scenery in CCNR for exercise 1, and the human flow in the Windsor neighborhood based on the water flow. Rewilding seems to be a concept opposite human activities.

However, through my research with the group members and seeing my classmates work, I realized the forest would give us the bleeding when we build a nutual relationship with a respectful attitude. It is significant to appreciate nature as the pioneers and the people in the old times used to feel when they initially developed Singapore. Finally, although it took a lot of time, I think that I was able to put the things which I captured in CCNR into my design, responding to the water flow and flora and fauna movement which my co-members worked on. I would like to pursue landscape in the region while improving my work speed.

Tanaka Mamiko

385

Editors: Bargotra Poornima Cheng Jing Chin Carissa Dhuri Ruiee Rakholiya Ekta Zhang Yifei Zhong Yixin Zhou Zuyuan

Copyright © 2020 Hwang Yun Hye and Endo Kenya (ed.)

ISBN: 978-981-14-4217-9

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