Thesis 2020-3

THE CARBON COLLECTIVE CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND SOCIAL EQUITY DESIGN REPORT REPORT DESIGN LIU KANG KANG MARCUS MARCUS || SUPERVISOR: SUPERVISOR: DR. DR. ZHANG ZHANG YE YE LIU

etween 1990 - 2010 240%

Land-use

185%

Time

Increase in CO2 emissions from fossil fuels between 1990 - 2010 Southeast Asia South Asia

185%

East Asia and Pacific

150%

Middle East + North Africa

145%

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe

FORESTATION Planted trees capture CO2 as they grow. The t carbon remains sequestered as long as forests are not cut down

60%

Latin America + Caribbean North America Nor

BIOFUEL CROP GROWTH Fast-growing plants are harvested and burned to make energy. Exhaust carbon is captured and piped underground

240%

45% 10%

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE CO2 in air is sequestered and the filters are re-used after releasing pure CO2 which can be re-used or stored underground

-5%

BIOCHAR/SOIL SEQUESTRATION SEQUESTR Charring biomass stores carbon in soil by making it resistant to decomposition. Altered tiling practices enhance CO2 storage climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/

MANILA

Cost

QUESTION SOCIAL CARBON

Runaway climate change is seen as Land-use inevitable, with emissions steadily rising with just years away from a point of no return. However, studies show that BIOFUEL CROP GROWTH climate change alongside mitigation Fast-growing plants are harvested and disproportionately impacts poorer burned to make energy. Exhaust carbon is communities the most. As such, the captured and piped underground project explores how carbon dioxide can benefit poor communities instead of making them more vulnerable, FORESTATION through carbon sequestration1 and Planted trees capture CO2 as they grow. The t recycling carbon remains sequestered as long asCO2, can be harnessed as forests are not cut down a force to help the poor and as an effective measure against carbon emissions.

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE CO2 in air is sequestered and the filters are re-used after releasing pure CO2 which can be re-used or stored underground

1

BANGKOK MANILA Increase in CO2 emissions from fossil fuels between 1990 - 2010 Southeast Asia

240%

South Asia East Asia and Pacific

150%

HO CHIH MINH

OCEAN FERTILISATION/STORAGE Injection of nutrients for phytoplankton blooms to absorb CO2, or injecting carbonate directly into deep sea

145%

Sub-Saharan Africa

60%

Latin America + Caribbean

Europe

Land-use

185%

Middle East + North Africa

North America Nor

ENHANCED WEATHERING When spread across fields or beaches, sp wetted and crushed silicate materials naturally absorb CO2

45%

Negative emissions through carbon capture

BIOCHAR/SOIL SEQUESTRATION SEQUESTR from the atmosphere through the use of Charring biomass stores carbon in soil by filters which capture ambient CO2 where it is converted for use or stored in the earth. making it resistant to decomposition.

Altered tiling practices enhance CO2 storage

ENHANCED WEATHERING When spread across fields or beaches, sp wetted and crushed silicate materials BIOFUEL CROP GROWTH absorb CO2 Fast-growing plants are harvested naturally and burned to make energy. Exhaust carbon is captured and piped underground

OCEAN FERTILISATION/STORAGE FORESTATION Planted trees capture CO2 as they Injection grow. The of nutrients for phytoplankton t carbon remains sequestered as long as blooms to absorb CO2, or injecting forests are not cut down

10% -5%

KUALA LUMPUR

carbonate directly into deep sea

SINGAPORE

Re-emitted

BIOCHAR/SOIL SEQUESTRATION SEQUESTR Charring biomass stores carbon in soil by making it resistant to decomposition. Altered tiling practices enhance CO2 storage

BANGKOK MANILA

JAKARTA HO CHIH MINH

KUALA LUMPUR

Megacities (>10m) in SEA and Singapore, 2030 55% of the world resides in 2% ofthe world 70% of emissions concentrated in cities

Storage

ENHANCED WEATHERING When spread across fields or beaches, sp wetted and crushed silicate materials naturally absorb CO2

OCEAN FERTILISATION/STORAGE Injection of nutrients for phytoplankton blooms to absorb CO2, or injecting carbonate directly into deep sea

Re-use

SINGAPORE

JAKARTA

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE CO2 in air is sequestered and the filters are re-used after releasing pure CO2 which can be re-used or stored underground

Megacities (>10m) in SEA and Singapore, 2030 55% of the world resides in 2% ofthe world 70% of emissions concentrated in cities

Time

Cost

FOCUS

NORTH JAKARTA

From a social perspective, the potential of carbon capture as a public good to build community resilience is explored. The project scrutinises how it could alleviate social inequality by helping poorer communities improve their position, through collaboration, carbon neutrality and cohesion in both their environment and urban communities they live in.

Slums are often located in high risk, unwanted and polluted spaces, facing the brunt of pollution alongside disruptions from climate change. With rapidly growing populations and economies, SEA has been identified as the fastest growing carbon emission region. Therefore, we will look at sequestration in slums of SEA, zooming in on a slum in Jakarta as a case study.

CARBON CAPTURE IN FACILITATING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE

Building for Collaboration

Resiliency is built upon community cohesion and collaboration

Zero-carbon Environment

Carbon re-use and negative carbon in communities reduces health issues, improving quality of life while reducing emissions.

Public-Community Cohesion

Urban areas increasingly at risk from flooding with erratic weather - yet slum evictions have failed: cooperation is key to regularise waterways and improve standards of living.

Slum Connectivity: Major slum clusters form in unwanted areas - near industries, ports or infrastructure.

Yet relocation efforts displace communities, reducing social capital and opportunities.

POLLUTION AND SLUMS

ANALYSIS

SITE SPECIFIC OPPORTUNITIES Residents do not travel far and adapt to stay in place, with each slum adapting to different industries and nearby resources In Jakarta, Southeast Asia’s most densely populated and polluted megacity; slums are commonly located in highly polluted and flood risk areas along rivers.

Dwellers typically work informally, and there is a constant threat of eviction from river regularisation or relocation. Most dwellers are concerned with baseline needs, relying on agriculture, aquaculture, or leaning on local markets as a cottage industry.

CONCERNS No common ground

LACK OF PUBLIC PLATFORMS Little public space, institutions in slums LACK OF COMMON IDENTITY Frequent evictions, migrant population, scattered demographics and industries

Need for collective action

jakartaglobe.id/vision/life-inside-jakartas-swelling-slums/

FLOOD RISK Climate change, sinking ground, groundwater reliance result in immediate problems for the continuity of the community EVICTION RISK River flooding, lack of waste management result in conflict with city population and authorities

jakartaglobe.id/vision/life-inside-jakartas-swelling-slums/

Common goal

DESIRE OF RESIDENTS TO STAY IN PLACE Looking at slum communities highlights a lack of common ground, and increasing threats of inundation and eviction In a at-risk settlement with little individual resources to spare, there is urgent need for collective action to achieve their common hopes to keep their homes. Interventions should pull together common solidarity in order to build a resilient community that can hold its own in a volatile environment.

SLUM COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP WITH GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

CROWDFUNDING + COLLABORATION Ground-up approach Communal fund for purchasing materials and equipment.

Interventions should be taken with a ground up approach, with support of key stakeholders such as the government and the private industry. Government grants Community maintains river/coast + Carbon sequestration through re-use Governments support by recognising slums as partners in maintaining environmental stewardship, in exchange for grants for slum development with money saved on eviction, maintenance and relocation.

Work Credits Work within community-led production is rewarded in a credit system Private industry invests into slums directly or providing carbon capture technology, in exchange for carbon credits to offset their own carbon emissions.

These credits are similarly used to trade between slum communities and partners.Â

Conjointly, this collaboration, together with credit sharing, incentivises slums to take over environmental stewardship, forming a closed loop economy stemming from CO2 reuse. This way, all three parties stand to benefit with the slums attaining stability and meeting their primary needs.

Carbon capture together with the upgrading of slums can be envisioned as a phased development, triangulating on opportunities presented by the site for carbon re-use.

Zooming in on the Penjaringan slum as a case study in developing a phased intervention, with nodes inserted into left-over space, residents are encouraged to participate in the communal endeavour. As these nodes spill-over into the public space, they grow and impact more people over time.

INTERVENTION Nodes are inserted into left-over wasted

spaces, encourage nearby communities to participate. These nodes are envisioned to expand through edges and spill-over spaces, impacting more people over time.

Centrally located and close to waste resources, slums like Penjaringan are envisioned to be hubs of carbon reuse, developing an ecosystem around it to empower communities while reducing emissions to build such community resilience we look at 3 phases in the program;

Phase 1 focuses on collectives, tapping on leftover space and carbon for resource sharing and participation.

Phase 2 expands on commoning, creating shared working spaces for further production and skill transfer between residents within the community Phase 3 expands on community itself, expanding nodes with external industries or communities to collaborate for economies of scale, allowing residents more flexibility to upgrade and prepare for inundation in the near future.

The nodes are laid out strategically in order to link communities with existing and untapped resources and developed according to phases.

For instance, existing waste allow the siting of algae farming and waste management for recycling and compost, allowing mussel farming later on in areas with less resources in the second phase.

Such allows income distribution from initial resource-rich nodes, enabling different parts of the program to flourish.Â

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATED DECK PLAN

TYPICAL + NEW DAILY SCHEDULES

Interlinked networks between the nodes is also key. Tapping on opportunities that resources such as algae farming and sequestration provide, the spaces between them eventually develop over time to better serve the community as it grows.

Interventions must interlink with the daily rituals of residents to enhance their existing way of life naturally, rather than adding a completely new ritual into their lives.

Firstly looking at the starting point of carbon capture, an anchoring program in the first node of waste management and sequestration allows it to serve as a communal space, providing a common ground for residents to convert their waste into CO2 for reuse or other useful materials.

WASTE MANAGEMENT HUB

WASTE MANAGEMENT Building over existing dumping grounds Existing community out of reach of municipal waste disposal Sort out recyclable wastes, organic waste for composting PASSIVE CARBON SEQUESTRATION Use of mechanical + powered filters for efficiency not feasible in slums Operable pulleys ensure community participation and easily maintenance

Out of reach from the city’s waste disposal services, Penjaringan has to manage their own waste. With the program, besides composting waste to emit CO2 to be absorbed by filters at the sides, recyclable waste can also be used productively. Passive sequestration using cost effective operable pulleys builds a foundation of communal participation. By removing the existing waste pile standing between two sides of the community, it allows space for the waste hub, reclaiming wasted spatial and social potential.

CONNECTING BRIDGE

CONNECTING CLUSTERS Deck serves as bridge between a separated community Enables existing waste picking community with dedicated space CO2 and compost link other nodes and communities together

The waste hub functions as a connecting bridge, connecting waste pickers to the other side of the community, while increasing visibility of the work, empowering them in their contributions to the community.

CONNECTING SPACE

PRODUCTIVE SOCIAL SPACES Community-run waste disposal and management site Improves hygiene and provides source of income Adjacent public spaces for recreation

Spatially, a double-volume work space for waste sorting serves as a central space of the hub to work in, where regular interactions occur between waste sorters and the community that deposits waste, while also allowing the waste sorters a more hygienic and safer place to work in.

Situated by the river and the hub, the slum have both wastewater and sequestrated CO2 for algae growth. Collective farming ensures food security through tapping communal resources, allowing economies of scale and distribution of work. This inculcates mutual reliance and a sense of community.

COLLECTIVE FARM + HOUSING

ALGAE FARMING Taps on wastewater from reservoir + CO2 from sequestration Collective farming and profit sharing from surrounding communities COMMUNAL HOUSING Lack of living spaces within existing housing Increased lack of living space from climate change inundation

1.5 Litres plastic bottle Each household projected to need 6L/day (4 bottles a family / day) x ~500 households: 2 000 Litres a day

208 Litres standard oil drum 34 households will fill one barrel a day, which settles in 24h = 14 barrels

As the site is expected to flood by the next decade, living space are reduced further, making communal housing necessary. By putting farms and housing together, algae farming is linked to families’ daily routines of collecting water and waste disposal. Along a linear spine, the corridor is divided into 3 sections - public social corridor, semi public spaces and private housing area, demarcated through algae bottles, creating visibility and privacy by varying algae density. However, given the need for algae to be exposed to light for growth, a more productive typology with lesser space to traverse is used for regular efficient production, located adjacent to the algae settling towers.

SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES

THRESHOLD AREAS Mezzanines and more private spaces are closer to houses Serves as flexible program spaces – education, social gathering Privacy buffer and spill-over space for residential activity + public use

In threshold areas, mezzanines and semi-public spaces are closer to houses, serving as buffers from the social corridor. Furthermore, they serve as spillover space for residential activity and public use during other times of the day. These serve as flexible program spaces, such as for teaching in the day, or social gatherings of elderly during the evenings.

SOCIAL CORRIDOR

PUBLIC THROUGHFARE Common corridor for community to traverse through Links wider community to activities in semi-public area Greater chance interactions and communing

The social corridor serves acts as the main transportation spine throughout the algae farms, linking the wider community to activities within semipublic spaces, increasing chances for interaction and commoning between residents within the community.

Linked to both algae farms alongside the waste management hub, the hawker and produce market is situated along the main road to tap on existing way of living.

HAWKER + PRODUCE MARKET

HAWKERS External workers nearby source of community income Consolidate existing road-side + home-based community stalls PRODUCE MARKET Taps on existing F&B and supermarkets nearby – leftover/unwanted produce Use by hawkers, community and donated to the needy

This consolidates activities into one space, providing a platform for leftover produce and food from the fresh produce market and hawkers nearby, while allowing hawkers and grocers in the community to sell to visitors as well.

PUBLIC GATEWAY

ENTRANCE TO THE COMMUNITY Soft green edge and open spaces to invite visitors Weekend bazaar and public-facing programmes Interaction between internal and external communities

The hawker center serves as a gateway, bringing communities together. Green edges and an open space, alongside the carpark as a weekend bazaar creates an inviting space for visitors Hanging produce on beams also borrows from traditional market culture, reflecting a commonality embraced between both internal and external communities through its typology.

COLLECTIVE AGRICULTURE

COMMUNITY GARDENING Bridging programming between produce market + composting Common area for community empowerment and bonding Supplements food sources for residents

On the other side, community garden serves as a green commoning space for residents of the slum, linking produce market with composting.

This allows for empowerment and social bonding, while also functioning as a supplement food source.

Lastly, we rethink the marketplace to incorporate both production and community, working as a participatory space for local crafts made from recyclables. Furthermore, its south wing extends down to the river taxi dock, linking Penjaringan to other slum communities by the river.

PRODUCTION MARKETPLACE

PRODUCTION SPACE Recyclables from waste management or reservoir Crafts, furniture, textiles to building materials MARKETPLACE Dedicated space for existing cottage industry + production space products Expansion over time and shifting of existing marketplace above deck

Within the marketplace, waste is recycled to produce textiles and other materials to be sold at the marketplace, alongside local crafts. Furthermore, in preparation for flooding, the marketplace is projected to expand, moving an existing grocery market on ground level to expand southwards on the deck.

PRODUCTION

WORKSHOP AND MAKERSPACE Dedicated material collection point for community Provision of workshop equipment to attract cottage industries Training of craft industry and technical skills

In the production space, the dock serves as a collection area for recyclables collected from river clean-up, leading to a central workshop space above, with storage in the left wing. The workshop allows for common equipment to be used to produce crafts and process materials, with training of craft making skills.

MARKETPLACE

SHOWCASE AND DIVERSITY Local recycled products attract residents + external visitors Taps on existing wet market by increasing diversity of products Expansion of marketplace across edges over time

The marketplace adjacent provides sheltered, open spaces for vendors; where commuters can observe both the production process while viewing the products. This enhances the existing wet market and opens connection emphasising the carbon-neutral approach of the community.

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