Urban Planning Internship Report "Knowledge city - Heidelberg: Spatial Strategy of the Knowledge"

Internship Report Model Project 2022 Bauhaus Universität Weimar Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Integrated Urban Development & Design Nursultan Tynchtykbek uulu metris architekten + stadtplaner

Knowledge city - Heidelberg: Spatial Strategy of the Knowledge city

Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

Table of Content

1. Introduction 2. Knowledge City 2.1 Definition 2.2 Concept 2.3 Benefits 2.4 Knowledge based Urban Development 2.5 Challenges 3. Internship Experience 3.1 metris architekten + stadtplaner 3.2 IBA Heidelberg 3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” 4. Reflective conclusion 5. References

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1. Introduction At the end of the last century, many cities began to strive to improve the quality of life, culture, and industry, realizing the importance of creating sound governance and an attractive city (Hu, Pan & Lin, 2021). Hu, Pan, and Lin pointed out that knowledge has become essential for economic and social development, promoting economic growth and competitiveness. And the challenge of the 21st century has become how to solve problems using knowledge and the value of facilitating the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge (Sassen, 2001).

Some cities that are scientific centers of their country and regions and even the world, choose Science as a basis for city development. And now, most cities across the globe see innovation, knowledge, and creativity as keys to economic prosperity and development and are increasingly adjusting their development strategies towards the ultimate goal of knowledge-based development (Knight, 2008).

This report will present the topic “Knowledge based City,” which is the knowledge that I got acquainted with, and I managed to learn in practice how theoretical knowledge was superimposed on practice. As the report title suggests, the definitions, concepts,

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and notions of Knowledge-Based Urban Development will be given here.

The benefits of the “Knowledge City” will be demonstrated. They will be allocated to specific factors such as economic and organizational, social and cultural, physical and environmental benefits. In the part of Knowledge-based Urban Development, the three main pillars will be given, which will provide a clear vision of Science against the backdrop of Urban Development. In addition, challenges which exist on such development ways will be demostrated as well.

The following is an example of a project that I took part in during my internship. The theme and base were the “ Knowledge City” as a strategy for the development of the city of Heidelberg. This practice showed how the strategy was developed, what important aspects were touched upon, and what visions in the development of the town of Heidelberg as a Knowledge City the work led to. In conclusion, a reflective conclusion will show the knowledge gained during the implementation of the practice and its study.

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2. Knowledge City 2.1 Definition

Since the basis for the development and economic growth of cities in the 21st century are the so-called knowledge cities, such cities should be considered cities that institutionally and physically combine the functions of a technopark with residential and civil functions. They offer one of the expected and desired paradigms for sustainable cities of the future (Yigitcanlar, 2005). It plays a fundamental role in knowledge creation, economic growth, and development (Yigitcanlar, 2005). Starting to search for the definition of the City of Knowledge, we are faced with a relatively large number of meanings that are pretty close in themselves in terms of combination. Thus, for example, the concept of a knowledge city is interchangeable with similar evolving concepts such as knowledge-based clusters (Arbonies & Moso, 2002) technopolis (Smilor et al. 1988a; Smilor et al. 1988b; Dvir & Pasher 2004).

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Moreover, the knowledge city is seen as an umbrella metaphor for geographic features set to create knowledge and encompass other areas of knowledge such as “knowledge corridors”, “knowledge villages”, “knowledge havens” and “knowledge regions” (Dvir, 2003). As Carillo (2015, p.1) singled out “in contemporary media, the association of the

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terms ‘knowledge’ and ‘city’ conveys the conglomeration of technological, academic, cultural, scientific, and innovation capabilities in cities and regions operating as engines of economic growth”. Earlier, Lever and Turok (1999, p. 792), “the degree to which cities can produce goods and services, which meet the test of wider regional, national, and international markets, while simultaneously increasing real incomes, improving the quality of life for citizens and promoting developments in the manner which is sustainable”.

Based on the given definitions by various authors, the Knowledge City can be called cities. Where they create, value, nurture and allocate financial resources to support the dissemination of knowledge and to use and discover knowledge to invent and develop products and services that add value and create wealth (Edvardsson, Yigitcanlar, Pancholi, 2016).

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2.2 Concept At this time, most of the world’s cities are facing the prospect of a vast transformation in development and growth as the world as a whole moves rapidly towards a global information order (Edvardsson, Yigitcanlar, Pancholi, 2016). In this century, rapid spatial and economic restructuring processes are radically changing the economy of cities.

For post-industrial territories that have suffered greatly from the social and economic consequences of the last structural changes, it is the knowledge that has become a precious regional and local resource (Edvardsson, Yigitcanlar, Pancholi, 2016). Because, for the formation and maintenance of society, economy and cultural development, knowledge has always been the most important source (Hu, Pan & Lin, 2021).

To remain competitive in the global economy and compensate for the loss of industrial monopoly power, the new international division of the urban workforce focuses on the development and creation of knowledge as the most important local and regional resource (Edvardsson, Yigitcanlar, Pancholi, 2016).

Coming to what knowledge is and how important it is for urban planning, cities’ development, and their envi-

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ronment. We conclude that at present, the complex and changing conditions of our age have a substantial and noticeable impact on our society, economy, natural, and built environment.

Nowadays, knowledge generation in all its forms, such as science, technology, mathematics, engineering, and art, is seen as a panacea for adapting to problem-solving and change (Edvardsson, Yigitcanlar, Pancholi, 2016). And it is the creation and development of a place and space, the purpose of which is the exchange, creation, and marketing of knowledge, that becomes a priority for most countries. The “knowledge city” concept was coined at the beginning of the century and has been widely practiced and researched ever since (Edvardsson, Yigitcanlar, Pancholi, 2016).

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Concluding the introduction of the Knowledge City concept, it is a city that moves towards development based on knowledge by encouraging the continuous creation, evaluation, exchange, and updating of knowledge (Yigitcanlar, 2005). Yigitcanlar (2005) highlights a need for

constant interaction between citizens and between residents of other cities to achieve such a goal. This will give a mutual exchange of knowledge, and also important is the appropriate design of the city, ICT networks, and competent infrastructure that will support all this interaction.

Fig. 1: Knowledge City Concept (Ergazakis et al. (2004: 8))

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2.3 Benefits The concept of a knowledge city has a large number of benefits, the following are Economic and organizational, social and cultural, Physical and environmental benefits.

Economic and organizational benefits • • • • • • • •

Creation of more rewarding and well-paid employment; Faster growth in community’s income and wealth; A more sustainable economy, by technological innovations and off-shore investment; Revitalization of traditional industries; A boost to the city’s pride and confidence for the reinvestment of local capital into the local economy; Promotion of measured risk taking that helps build an entrepreneurial culture; Creation and innovation are central elements of its development; Constant connection between universities, enterprise and creators.

Social and Cultural benefits • • • • • • •

Greater opportunities to share the wealth through investment in the public domain and better funding of social safetynets; Creation of knowledge communities that will provide ‘just-in-time’ knowledge when it is needed; Better education services and network of school connected; Creation of a tolerant environment towards minorities and immigrants; Leader in cultural production and the culture industry; Instruments that make knowledge accessible to citizen; Access to the new communication technologies for all citizens

Physical and environmental benefits • • • • •

Leader in the incorporation of premise of the digital area; An urban design and architecture that incorporate the new technologies; Uses and exploits its monumental, architectural and natural heritage as an attractiveness factor; Improved capacity to enhance and repair natural and built environmen; Greater community commitment to environmental decision making.

Table 1. Benefits of KCs (derived and adapted from Ergazakis et al. (2004) and Ovalle et al. (2004))

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Such a concept of a “knowledge city”, which has many advantages, is a complex subject, in order to achieve that you need to have specific ideas about the success factors that need to be achieved. And there are many such factors that affect the success of the Knowledge City, because of this, the creation of such a city is a complex and slow process (Yigitcanlar, 2005). According to Carrillo (2003) the following factors should be considered in initiatives: • • • • •

a leadership committed with the sustainable wellbeing of its community; a critical mass of change agents having a sufficient understanding of the qualitative differences of KC; a rigorous and transparent state of knowledge-based social capital; a series of strategic initiatives to reach an optimal capital balance, and feeding on the best global practices; an international network of relationships with leading entities in knowledge-based innovation.

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In addition, the more key success factors for the creation of knowledge city are the focus on skills, research excellence, networks of commercial influence, collaborative and competitive business culture, communication infrastructure, market access and awareness, as well as openness, culture and tolerance that are based on merit with an inclusive society (SGS

Economics and Planning, 2002). And Ergazakis et al. (2004) based on the factors listed above, regroup key success factors into six categories: political, financial, strategic, technological, social and environmental.

Fig. 2: Success factors related to the KC concept (Ergazakis et al. 2004: 8)

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2.4 Knowledge based Urban Development As cities now consider and aspire to the concept of Knowledge City due to its many benefits for city development . Moreover, because of the urban development which moved forward from manufacturing based development to knowledge-based development (Hu, Pan & Lin, 2021).

In this context, the concept of “Knowledge-Based Urban Development”, a strategic development management approach applicable to human settlements, has gained popularity as a strong strategy for sustainable economic development, social and urban growth, and post-industrial urban development (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008c).

In knowledge-based urban development process, knowledge-based assets play a vital role in providing a competitive advantage in the economy (Boisot, 1999; Yigitcanlar et al., 2008c). Concluding that, in an age where knowledge is at the forefront, sustainable economic growth and development are strongly linked to a knowledge-based economy (Metcalfe & Ramlogan, 2005).

Because Knowledge-Based Urban Development is concerned with the processes of knowledge production and its reflection in urban form and function, it opens up new perspectives for the development of creative urban regions (Yigitcanlar & Velibeyoglu, 2008a, b). Knowledge-oriented cities become attractive when their evolutions become oriented towards the incorporation of technolo-

gy and socio-economic activities into regional development . And thus, it is knowledge that becomes a factor in the development of the city (Hu, Pan & Lin, 2021). Knowledge-based urban development is considered to be a new strategic approach to development in the face of intense global economic competition. It also includes the management of value dynamics, capital systems and urban governance, planning, and development (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008a).

Knowledge-based urban development is a broad phenomenon that spans more than most social, economic, and urban policies and pursues these goals. Knowledge-based urban development is a strategic economic development that codifies technical knowledge to innovate services and products, including market knowledge urban services to understand changes in the economy (Lever, 2002). It also seeks to improve the knowledge and skills of residents and employees as a means of social, intellectual, and human development (Gonzalez et al., 2005).

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In addition, it aims to increase the quality of life by providing the necessary services for the development of society. Knowledge-based urban development creates close spatial relationships between urban development clusters to enhance the

knowledge diffusion effect, which leads to the creation and expansion of creative urban regions (Yigitcanlar et al., 2008a). Moreover, it aims at environmentally sensitive and sustainable urban development (Yigitcanlar, 2009).

Fig. 3: Three pillars of Knowledge based urban development. (Yigitcanlar & Velibeyoglu (2008b, p.298))

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2.5 Challenges Certainly, given how time-consuming and long-term it is to implement strategies like the Knowledge city, it has its drawbacks in the stages of work on it. Work and choices must be collective and long-term and carefully analyzed and planned, which implies that investment, new mechanisms, and new initiatives are required to put into practice such ideas and choices (Knight, 1995).

ing, which again emphasizes that it should be two-way. And it is precisely the one-way migration, that is, the loss of knowledge resources that is called the brain drain, that weakens the intellectual infrastructure of the city and lowers the city’s chances for development, which is based on the present and naturally in the future (Knight, 1995).

Since knowledge is intangible, accordingly, the decrease and increase in knowledge resources occur gradually and organically. Knowledge-based movements do not expand quickly and clearly like industrial activities, and therefore their decline is slow. Since, for example, the closure of factories or their deployment.

Knowledge as a resource is being lost because people are moving due to exhaustion, or the closure of firms, takeovers, the outflow of human capital, the loss of talents that will leave for more suitable conditions for them.

And it is worth emphasizing that migration is the norm, provided that it is bilateral, and this will already be an exchange and movement of talents, which is encouraged by cultural and scientific exchanges (Knight, 1995).

What shows the examples of the interaction between universities and companies, such as summer schools, seasonal exchanges of employees undergoing practice or train12

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3. Internship experience This section of the report will show information about the internship office and the project I managed to participate in. This project is a case study of the report topic “Knowledge-Based City” and shows the development strategies of Heidelberg as a Knowledge based City. IBA Heidelberg, since 2012 as a moderator of the development strategies under the motto “Knowledge creates a city,” has launched a process that should be transformed into a continuous, strategically oriented urban development.

The “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” project demonstrates how a strategy was developed that took into account the wishes and demands of all project participants, from universities to city administration, at the

levels of region-city, city-district, and district-house. And connecting scientific organizations at these levels, thus creating a single interconnected network and, at the same time, making them open and tangible for the population of the city, which are not connected with the scientific sphere.

Moreover, the city administration takes an active part in developing the strategy, representing the city’s population showing what requirements and wishes the city has. Thus, the project indicates that the goal of the strategy was also to find common visions, ideas, prospects, and achievements between the city and science for the joint development of the town along the path of “Science City”.

Mooswald+, Freiburg, urban framework concept, multiple commissions Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

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3.1 metris architekten+stadtplaner metris architekten+stadtplaner is an architectural and urban planning firm based in the city of Heidelberg. The team works in a wide range of projects, ranging from the scale of urban planning to interiors design, moderation, research, and teaching. Andreas Bartels und Thorsten Erl found this bureau and began to develop the work together with professional academic practices. Meaning a wide range of work refers to projects that include the development of strategies for the development and renovation of cities and regions, in which work is also carried out jointly with other related specialists.

Haus Bluntschli - conversion of a listed apartment building.

Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

Forest Meadows - Conversion Darmstadt South Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

Moderation-Assembly at Christ Church in Lörrach | workshop. Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

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3.2 IBA Heidelberg The IBA, which has been such a moderator and tool for organizing architectural and urban projects, has launched its “Knowledge Creates a City” program in Heidelberg since 2012. And since then, the IBA Heidelberg, the architectural and urban planning offices, and the citizens have been working together to solve complex urban and architectural problems (IBA Heidelberg, 2012). They are developing strategies and projects under this slogan to transform the city of Heidelberg into a “Science City”.

Thus, the next project, a joint work of Metris and IBA, played a significant role in developing a strategy for the city’s development in this direction.

It is worth noting that since 2012 IBA

Heidelberg has already achieved success by implementing big projects. The EMBL Imaging Center, Community Center with School in the new district of Bannstadt, the renovation of the Bergheim district, the Other Park, and the renovation of former military camps into a sustainable, climate-friendly quarter “Patrick-Henry Village”. All these projects are under the idea of IBA Heidelberg of “Knowledge creates City.” The goal was to create educational points for the city, and the project of metris architekten+stadtplaner is a part of the entity.

PHV Vision (Patrick-Henry Village) Source: www.kcap.eu/projects/8/phv-heidelberg

The Other Park (Park of Encounters) Source: www.studiovulkan.ch/project/park-ofthe-encounter-heidelberg/

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” Along the way, metris architeckten+stadtplaner developed the project “Spatial Strategies of the Sciences”, which advocates the idea and concept of a holistic perception of the city of Heidelberg as a knowledge landscape, expanding and transforming it into a knowledge city.

munication between the city and science and finding: Common - Visions, Ideas, Perspectives, Opinions and Goals. An important factor is showing science to everyone, thereby making the city’s development path visible to the citizens.

The project’s objective is to transform the city and reflect the idea of ​​the IBA Heidelberg theme “Knowledge creates a city”. One of the important parts of the development of the strategy was open and constructive com-

Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

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Moreover, in the case of the city’s economy, which is mainly based on science, due to the large number of major players in science, such as the University of Heidelberg, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, the Max Planck Institute, and other large organizations. In addition, an essential aspect of the strategy was to show how important science is for the city and how science affects the citizens.

Science City Illustration Source: IBA Heidelberg; IBA Magazin №5

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” Working areas

Working areas Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

The areas for the strategies are defined here. Located along the Neckar River: Oldtown, Bergheim and Neunheimer Feld, where scientific and administrative centers are located. In addition, the new project of the former military base “Henry Patrick Village”, which is also one of the projects of the IBA Heidelberg. And finally, the connection with the tourist trail,

which, in order to achieve the goal of opening science to the citizens, will be made as a tourist-scientific trail, which is also included in the scope of this strategy.

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” Interviews One of the first steps in developing the strategy was interviews with the city and the scientific community about the city’s spatial changes.

Based on the interviews and plenary discussions, and optional wish list of the city’s academic community was developed. Then the results of the first interviews were discussed with the city community, which led us to start developing interventions. In the

interviews, a variety of points of view and wishes were expressed, mainly, as can be seen on the map, these places were mentioned, which are shown in the largest sizes. It also considered what specific requirements and connections should be taken into account.

UNIVERSITIES

INSTITUTES

GASTRONOMIES

TRANSPORTATION

GREEN SPACES

CITY SPACES

Interviews Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” Working levels

REGION CITY

CITY Quarter

To cover all the requirements in the project, this project was divided into three different levels of work. They are City and District, City and Quarter, Quarter and House. The important point was to understand that we did not separate these levels because each level influences each other and is essential for the overall strategy of designing Heidelberg as a city of knowledge.

QUARTER Building

Connectivity + Accessibility

Usage + Offer

Mobility & Network

Use of Areas

Open Public Spaces For all

Main road networks Development

Work in whole Neighborhoods

Encounter of Citizens

Place Activation

Inner Neighborhood

Urban Space + Free Space REGION

Creating Landscape

CITY

CITY Quarter

QUARTER Building

Working levels Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA 20

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” Region and City level At the region and the city level, first essential to develop the regional landscape, increase mobility and strengthen multimodal networks. The Main Train Station of the city and the surrounding areas are the key transportation hubs of the city and the region. In addition, the creation of a cohesive alliance between scientific communities in the form of an alliance of health and life, and Bioengineering. This approach gives rise to

intensive regional interaction not only at the level of the Health and Science Alliance between Heidelberg and Mannheim but also from the Technical University Kaiserslautern to Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt Airport to TU Darmstadt and Karlsruhe Technology Institute, Heidelberg and Patrick Henry village.

Region and City Level Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” City and Quarter level At the city and quarter level, the expansion of Heidelberg’s scientific landscape as a “brand” requires an intensive integrated approach. The main priority is the perception and integration of all scientific institutions, their networking, and the possibility of testing in the urban space.

Concepts of Green spaces: Concepts of City spaces: • Landscape park • Science boulevard • Science forest • Green Spaces • (PHV park, The Other Park)

Concepts of Mobilty: • Science Bus+Science Tram • “New” Roman Bridge (Extension of the axis to Neunheimer Feld area)

City and Quarter Level Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA 22

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” City and Quarter level In addition, public spaces are vital at this level, all places that are close to and between scientific sites receive a special boost, it was also an important factor that residential areas can be connected through a strategy, developing along with scientific spaces.

Which led to the further development of their own programs and concepts, which will be described in detail.

Also, the existing mobility makes it possible to extend along the existing axes and also increase it towards the

Neunheimer Feld area through the IBA Heidelberg project - a bike and pedestrian path across the river Nekkar and through the western part of the Neunheimer Feld area. As mentioned above, the levels of work affect each other, it is possible to create a Landscape Park and activate all other green spaces.

Campus Existing/Planned houses Free green spaces City garden Historical axis Existing axis Future axis Regional axis

Existing network Future network Future river crossing Botanical gardens Scientific collections Network impulse Sciences impulse Usage impulse Free green space impulse

Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA 23

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” City and Quarter level In addition, the creation of the Scientific Boulevard is associated with the location of science facilities near the main streets. And, of course, Science Mountain is invisible due to height, distance, and insufficiently good pedestrian infrastructure, which gave us the idea of Mobility ​​ and Communication, which creates the Science Bus and Science Tram. In addition to this, an old Roman road that intersects with the river Neckar makes it possible to connect Neuenheimer Feld,

which will open the way to the University of Heidelberg. Also, two future paths to the Neuenheimer Feld area through bridges, which will include bicycle paths and pedestrian paths, will provide an opportunity to increase mobility. An important aspect was that there are scientific laboratories in the area that are equipped with susceptible instruments. It was decided not to consider the extension of tram roads but to solve the problem of mobility with bicycle infrastructure.

City and Quarter Level Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA ESSENTIAL IMPLULSES

DESIRABLE IMPLULSES

Train Station with Urban Space Corridors

Bridge Wislingen

Science forest

Meeting space on the river bank

Public transport S-hub

Ancient roman bridge

Patrik-Henry Village River bike and pedestrian crossing 24

Bike bridge

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” City and Quarter level

City and Quarter Level Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

The illustration of how the strategy is applied, including how the city has developed and will develop along the axes that, meeting with the old city, we directed towards the district of Neunheimer and towards the Patrick Henry village(PHV), which passes through the Bahnstadt area. How important scientific sites in the forest park will be connected to each other.

The main corridor of urban development (marked in yellow) runs along one of the central streets, while the buildings that exist and are planned are marked (filled in yellow). Which

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shows the direction of development towards a new center at the main train station. Two paths leading from it, one towards the Neuenheimer Feld, thus showing the transformation of the city of Heidelberg into a city going on the side of development as a city of Science. The second path is towards the Bannstadt and PHV, which are new places of vision for the development of the residential and public sectors.

It also shows how research centers located on the hill bond to tourist spots to create science-tourist trails within the forest itself.

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3.3 Project “Spatial Strategies of Sciences” Quarter and Building level Building owners should be responsible for usage of first floors during construction development on a Quarter and Building scale (IBA Heidelberg, 2021) . Event, conference, or seminar rooms, which third parties may also use, scientific collections, exhibitions, and libraries and cafeterias, can offer meeting opportunities at the interface with public space and thus enliven squares and front areas (IBA Heidelberg, 2021). The architectural openness and transparency of ground floor spaces to the public supports socially effective programs and activities of the scientific community

and makes them visible (IBA Heidelberg, 2021).

Creating an open space for the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences courtyard on Bergheimer Street creates a meeting place. It creates a welcoming area for the closed historic former hospital. These approaches open up and make Science visible to all, facilitating exchanges and reducing tensions within the space, creating not just a public space but an exchange of communities (IBA Heidelberg, 2021).

Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA

Source: metris architekten + stadtplaner BDA 26

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4.0 Reflective conclusion.

The internship, part of our IUDD study program, gave me a great opportunity to participate in such a project, “Spatial Strategies of Sciences”. I believe that participation in such a project showed me what strategies are being developed and considered at present.

And my reflective conclusion is based on my involvement in this project.

It is the knowledge that is becoming increasingly important compared to other intangible assets (Carrillo-Hermosilla, del Río & Könnölä, 2010), and cities are trying to navigate this path.

Being an intangible resource, knowledge only increases in value after use, unlike material resources (Laszlo & Laszlo, 2007). When choosing a transformation path from production-oriented, cities choose different paths, and many cities are oriented towards knowledge-based service delivery (Bontje, Musterd, Kovács & Murie, 2011; Hsieh, Chen, Wang & Hu, 2014). This project provides an excellent example of how such strategies to change the city’s development towards a knowledge-based city can bring significant benefits.

of knowledge-based development as a well-managed investment and form of capital has not yet been realized in developing countries (Atiqul Haq, 2012), which is an essential factor in gaining knowledge for me.

The IBA Heidelberg, the moderator and tool for organizing and supporting projects for the development of cities allocates ten years for the city, which raises the question of the execution of projects according to the plan since this year is the last one for the IBA in Heidelberg. Given that the city administrations, including urban planning, took part in the project, one can hope that the implementation of the project will be carried out in a quality manner. In my opinion, the initiative taken by some of the project participants will be a good guarantee for the quality of the project.

The strategy development project for Heidelberg and getting acquainted with transformation strategies showed exactly how such projects are worked on in the European context. Considering that knowledge-based development is an international phenomenon, the concept 27

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5.0 References Atiqul Haq, S. (2012). Knowledge-based Development and Its Relation to Economic Prosperity in Developing Countries. Asian Social Science, 8(12). doi: 10.5539/ass.v8n12p36 Boisot, M. (2011). Knowledge assets. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bontje, M., Musterd, S., Kovács, Z., & Murie, A. (2011). Pathways Toward European Creative-Knowledge City-Regions. Urban Geography, 32(1), 80-104. doi: 10.2747/02723638.32.1.80 Carrillo, F. (2003). A note on knowledge-based development. Monterrey, Mexico, Centre for Knowledge Systems, Tecnologico de Monterrey.

Carrillo-Hermosilla, J., del Río, P., & Könnölä, T. (2010). Diversity of eco-innovations: Reflections from selected case studies. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 18(10-11), 1073-1083. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.02.014 Carrillo, F. (2014). What ‘knowledge-based’ stands for? A position paper. International Journal Of Knowledge-Based Development, 5(4), 402. doi: 10.1504/ijkbd.2014.068067 Carrillo, F. (2015). Knowledge-based development as a new economic culture. Journal Of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, And Complexity, 1(1). doi: 10.1186/s40852-015-0017-5 Dvir, R., & Pasher, E. (2004). Innovation engines for knowledge cities: an innovation ecology perspective. Journal Of Knowledge Management, 8(5), 16-27. doi: 10.1108/13673270410558756 del Rosario González Ovalle, M., Alvarado Márquez, J., & Martínez Salomón, S. (2004). A compilation of resources on knowledge cities and knowledge‐based development. Journal Of Knowledge Management, 8(5), 107-127. doi: 10.1108/13673270410558819 Edvardsson, I., Yigitcanlar, T., & Pancholi, S. (2016). Knowledge city research and practice under the microscope: a review of empirical findings. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 14(4), 537-564. doi: 10.1057/s41275-016-0003-0 Ergazakis, K., Metaxiotis, K., & Psarras, J. (2004). Towards knowledge cities: conceptual analysis and success stories. Journal Of Knowledge Management, 8(5), 5-15. doi: 10.1108/13673270410558747 Hsieh, H., Chen, C., Wang, J., & Hu, T. (2014). Knowledge-Intensive Business Services as Knowledge Intermediaries in Industrial Regions: A Comparison of the Hsinchu and Tainan Metropolitan Areas. European Planning Studies, 23(11), 2253-2274. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2014.958133 Hu, T., Pan, S., & Lin, H. (2021). Development, Innovation, and Circular Stimulation for a Knowledge-Based City: Key Thoughts. Energies, 14(23), 7999. doi: 10.3390/en14237999 Iba.heidelberg.de. (2022). IBA Heidelberg - IBA_MAGAZIN N°5. [online] Available at: <https:// iba.heidelberg.de/de/dokumentationen/iba_magazin-n5> [Accessed 23 March 2022].

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Knight, R., (1995). Knowledge-based Development: Policy and Planning Implications for Cities. Urban Studies, 32(2), pp.225-260.

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Lever, W. and Turok, I., (1999). Competitive Cities: Introduction to the Review. Urban Studies, 36(5-6), pp.791-793.

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Velibeyoglu, K. and Yigitcanlar, T., (2010). An evaluation methodology for the tangible and intangible assets of city-regions: the 6K1C framework. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 14(4), p.343.

Yigitcanlar, Tan (2005) The Making of Knowledge cities: lessons learned from Melbourne. In: International Symposium on Knowledge Cities 2005, 28-30 November 2005, Saudi Arabia, Medina.

Yigitcanlar, T. and Velibeyoglu, K., (2008). Knowledge-Based Urban Development: The Local Economic Development Path of Brisbane, Australia. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 23(3), pp.195-207.

Yigitcanlar, T., Velibeyoglu, K. and Baum, S. (Eds) (2008c), Creative Urban Regions, Information Science Reference, London.

Yigitcanlar, T., O’Connor, K. and Westerman, C., (2008). The making of knowledge cities: Melbourne’s knowledge-based urban development experience. Cities, 25(2), pp.63-72.

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