MAGAZINE OF CULTURE AND HERITAGE IN SABAH

LECTURER'S NAME : DR. AIKAL LIYANI BINTI MOHD RASDI

TRADITIONAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

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TAWAG BULUH

The tawag buluh is a plucked tube zither made from betong bamboo with three to four bamboo strings on the outer layer of the instrument. The number and tuning of tawag buluh are based on the hanging gongs in the gong ensemble of the Lundayeh. A hole for resonance is carved out in the middle of the bamboo tube. Tawag buluh is usually played for personal entertainment as well as during social functions.

SUNDATANG

Sundatang is very popular among Sabah's indigenous people, especially from the Rungus tribe This musical instrument is a traditional hare musical instrument categorized in the chordophone type Sundatang is a musical instrument made of stringed wood and usually there are only 2 strings used to make a Sundatang musical instrument In the past, this musical instrument was played a lot when there was a death in the immediate family

The wood to be used to make Sundatang should also use hard wood so that the Sundatang produced will be more durable, and usually use wood called tembailing or can also use jackfruit wood

To change the rhythm of the sound to match the rhythm is by turning the wooden screws at the end of this musical instrument, which is more or less like correcting the rhythm of a harp guitar When the rhythm is correct, you can play this musical instrument by plucking the strings or also called tali loyang

SEKAFI

The sekafi is a short-necked plucked lute similar to the sape of the Iban community. It is a strummed lute with three brass or wire strings Like the tafe, its body is made from the soft wood of the jackfruit tree trunk The surface of the instrument is painted withspecial designs, which reflect Lundayeh art.

Some inter-influence between the sape of the Iban in Sarawak and the sekafi could have occurred as they share similarities in terms of shape and their strummed lute. Their differences, however, are in the design and decorative motifs on their body, these aspects portray the individual creativity of the musical instrument makers Sekafi is usually performed solo for personal entertainment or as dance accompaniment.

BUNGKAU

Bungkau is one of the traditional musical instruments in Sabah that is usually used by the Kadazan Dusun tribe This instrument is included in the aerophone category and there is no set size to make it but usually people will make it in 7 to 8 inches depending on the person who wants to make or play this musical instrument

This musical instrument is made of polod and lampakid wood while the cover is made of bamboo The body part is made from the outer skin of the coconut which is also known as polod by the Kadazan Dusun tribe To make this instrument, the person who makes it must have high skills in order to be able to shape this musical instrument more perfectly in order to produce a good rhythm of sound

To play this musical instrument is to vibrate the end of this musical instrument using the thumb and it will automatically make a sound but slower, but the music or the sound will be loud when the person who plays it puts this musical instrument close to their mouth which will make a louder sound

SULING

Suling, a side-blown mouth flute with six holes and made from sebiling bamboo, can be played solo by either men or womenfolk. The tuning of the instrument is similar to the western diatonic scale. Among the Lundayeh, it is also known as lun suling and usually played in a pipe band known as Rurum Lun Suling. The Rurum Lun Suling were six-holed side-blown flutes played by women and 14 bamboo horns (bas) played by men.

TONGKUNGON

Tongkungon is a traditional musical instrument found in the state of Sabah. Tongkungon is also a type of traditional stringed musical instrument and it is always played to get rid of boredom or when there is free time The length of Tongkungon is usually 70 cm or about two feet It is also categorized in chordophone musical instruments.

Part of this bamboo is left with holes or splits to allow the echo of the sound produced to be large and the sound pitch is also higher. Tongkungon strings are usually taken from the bamboo skin which is pinched out to produce seven strings whose tone is adjusted using small pieces of bamboo called pomodu or ponodul and inserted under the strings

SOMPOTON

Sompoton is a traditional musical instrument in Sabah that is most popular among the people of Sabah, especially on the West Coast of Sabah. Sompoton is also the most popular musical instrument among the Murut and Kadazan-Dusun tribes.

Sompoton is widely used and played when celebrating a public event, celebration and official ceremony. Sompoton will be played by people who have mastered using it so that the sound or rhythm produced is not damaged or discordant.

To produce this musical instrument, the pumpkin will be pierced with a hole that can make 8 small bamboo sticks that will be arranged in different lengths and then tied using rattan. 1 of the 8 reeds will act as a clamp on the other reeds to balance them.

KULINTANGAN

Kulintangan is one of Sabah's traditional musical instruments. It is widely used and played by the Bajau and Kadazan-Dusun tribes when celebrating public gatherings, festivals or official events. Kulintangan usually has 8 to 9 small gongs arranged in a row and when played they will make different sounds from each other by using two small wooden beaters.

Nowadays, many jewelry are made using zinc This is because it is easier to form and the price of zinc is also cheaper when compared to using iron or copper. In Sabah, many of these musical instruments are produced in the Kudat district where there are factories or places to make gongs to be marketed throughout Sabah.

DUSUN LEBOU

TRADITIONAL CLOTHES

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A subethnic group of the Kadazandusun called Dusun Lebou (or Lobu) resides in Sook (in Keningau district of Sabah interior). Their large woven cloth, known as Binaduan, is weaved over the course of a month and features a variety of Rungus themes, as well as some Dayak motifs from Borneo's southern region. The front and back covers of the outfit are made from two pieces of woven Binaduan that have been stitched together. Also used in skirts is binaduan. It is truly astounding how large, intricate, and complex Binaduan is. Inambau is a finer theme used in men's clothing. Sadly, the last person who could weave inambau is no longer alive. Although Dusun Lebou's traditional outfit is intricate and unique, this art form is susceptible to extinction

In the past, it was forbidden for married women with children to work as Binaduan weavers. According to the tale, a mother mistakenly starved her child because she spent all day weaving binaduan. She was devastated and prohibited married women from weaving binaduan. Later, the restriction was loosened to allow more people to carry on this tradition.

KADAZAN PENAMPANG

The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazandusun, while the largest subethnic group is the Kadazan Penampang. The Kadazan Penampang outfit includes simple embroidery and decorations and may appear uninteresting However, as with the Vietnamese Ao Dai and Chinese Cheongsam, simplicity is beautiful. Although it is a sarong kebaya-inspired exquisite cloth, it has comparatively few shiny ornaments and accessories. Young women wear a long cylindrical wrap skirt and a sleeveless top called a Sinuangga, both of which are embellished with gold trims that run around the openings for the head and arms, as well as along the seams at the side and along the centre of the back.

To bring awareness to the curve, brass ring belts (tangkong) and silver dollar chains (himpogot) are worn in sets of two to three around the hip and waist. Men in Kadazan Penampang wear jackets and pants with Chinese influences. They cover their heads with siga, which is a square piece of headgear that has been handwoven or embroidered and is folded to resemble Mount Kinabalu's top.

DUSUN LOTUD RUNGUS

Many Sabah tribes utilise the embroidered panel known as linangkit, which is woven by Dusun Lotud, to embellish their skirts, sashes, and pants. Sabah's traditional clothes would be far less colourful without linangkit. Dusun Lotud pair dressed for a formal occasion. Linangkit is also known as tapestry weave or needle weaving. An approach closely approaches European frivolite or tatting. Various indigenous tribes embellish and sew together the seams of their clothes with strips of linangkit

Different ethnic groups have distinctive linangkit designs and hues. Whether it's the short-sleeved version or the longsleeved ceremonial garb, Dusun Lotud's traditional clothing is very stunning. In fact, during Kaamatan, this outfit is a favourite among competitors in the Unduk Ngadau beauty competition (Harvest Festival Queen) (Sabah Harvest Festival). The sundi, or headdress, that the man is wearing may be folded in several directions. The weaver has two spouses if two points stand out, and so on.

Among all the indigenous peoples of Sabah, the Rungus of northern Sabah are regarded as being the most "traditional" and distinctive tribe. Women from the Rungus race don a dark bandeau with beautiful hand-stitched motifs, a knee-length tube skirt to match, and a slipover that resembles sleeves. The women's hair is pulled back neatly into a bun and embellished with rampai, sisingal, and titimbok, a thin band of beads wound around the forehead and a multicoloured floral headgear (a hairpin which has two or three rows of folded pieces of colourful cloth strung together and which float down to the nape).

Costume of a rungus woman with unique accessories. Two pinakol, beaded shoulder bands worn diagonally across the chest, and a hip band looped with brass rings and vintage beads known as orot. As they walk or dance, the numerous tiny brass bells affixed to the skirt's bottom hem make lovely tinkling noises, making the dress "musical" as well. Some older Rungus women dress in leggings and a thick brass ring necklace. It's a dwindling disguise. Men use colourful Kain tinohian (also known as kain pis), a four-month-long weaving process that features elaborate embroidery of mythical animals, as their headwear.

MURUT TAGOL

The majority of Sabah's third-largest indigenous community, the Murut, who call themselves "People of the Hill," dwell in the interior. In the past, they were dreadful headhunter, and men still wear their wild warrior attire now (they prefer proper shirts anyway). There are about 15 different ethnic groups in Murut, with Murut Tagol being the most skilled in weaving. Murut women dress in a long, black skirt and a black, sleeveless shirt that is embroidered with colourful bead designs of commonplace items like ferns, flowers, insects, and animals

Women's skirts have hip belts fashioned of Job's Tears plantcollected white round seeds on chains (Coix lacryma-jobi). Even more intriguing is the man's costume. They have a vest with flaps on the front and back made of tree bark. To make the fabric, the bark of the tarap or tamarang (timadang) trees (Artcocarps tamaran) is first scraped from the trunks and immersed in a stream for days to soften it. After that, it is crushed, cleaned, and rinsed. Long Great Argus Pheasant tail feathers can be used to embellish Murut's headdress

While most Kadazandusun and Murut people utilise black as a basic colour, Bajau uses vibrant colours including yellow, red, green, and blue This is also shown in their multi colored and ornate floral themes in their crafts, which are heavily influenced by Islam Because of their horse riding prowess, the Bajau of Kota Belud are also known as the Cowboys of the East

Sarempak, a two pieced head adornment in the shape of a ship made of gilded silver or a contemporary equivalent, is a peculiar headpiece worn by Bajau women Garigai are the little decorations that hang from the ends of the Sarempak The next item is the satin blouse in a vibrant hue, generally yellow

Beautiful mandapun, a flat collar ornament emphasising the neckline embellished with stylized leaves in silver, goldleaf, or an alternative, is worn by Bajau women to cover the front from below the neck to the waist Their long, black wrap skirt is sewed with a long, broad band of linangkit embroidered panels (called berangkit in Bajau) to offer extra colour Bajau men wear the traditional headgear called kain dastar, which is also used in women skirt

TRADITIONAL CLOTHES

Fatin Izani Binti Che Mat

The design of Kadazan Papar so cute and “flowerish” especially the girls costume looks neat and modern. Kadazan Papar ladies wear a short jacket with gold or silver buttons over a white top, and their knee-length black skirt is embellished with a horizontal and vertical cross-stitched panel bordered with gold thread. The seams are trimmed in gold or silver.

The small conical hat is composed of fine bamboo strips and has coloured feather-down or fake flowers on top to indicate the wearer's marital status. Flowers for the lonely lady and feathers for the married woman Another clue is the silver belt (ancient British trade dollar), which unmarried women wear four and married women wear two. If no feather or flower, the woman is widowed, grandmothers or elderly ladies then.

KADAZAN PAPAR

Dusun Tindal influenced by culture of Bajau Sama in the same district Dusun Tindal is also the most colourful Kadazandusun sub ethnic group For example, we can look at the girl costume which has 3 color slashed and flared sleeves from the elbows, rainbow like beads girdle around the hips, and embroidery on their arms and skirt hem To add extra colour, they also wear sunduk, a multi colored hood with an embroidered border, for ceremonial occasions.

Lines and lines of gold or silver trimmings and sequins are sewn into their blouse and skirt, two to four Himpogot (or Simpogot) silver dollar chain belts are worn around the waist, and one or more kuapu (a round embossed silver tobacco container made by the Bruneis) are worn around the neck on a silver chain. Dusun Tindal has elevated the inventiveness of indigenous fashion to new heights. Dusun Tindal collects fibre from a wild banana or pisang lanut (Musa textilis) and processes it into a coarse yarn for weaving their skirts, jackets, and hats

While the West Coast of Sabah's Bajau Sama has the greatest horseback riding skills, the East Coast's Sea Bajau (or Suluk) is a nautical master. The Sea Bajau, also known as the Sea Gypsies, spent the most of their time on the boat, sailing across the South East Asian seas. They are no longer as migratory, and many have made Sabah their home. Sea Bajau, like Bajau Sama, is a devotee of vivid colours. Their costumes are nearly entirely covered in vibrant designs, as well as gold and silver trimmings, sequins, and embroidery.

To demonstrate their fingers dance, Sea Bajau dancers wear long gold or silver fingercovers. The Sea Bajau dance, accompanied by drumming and kulintangan (little brass gong) music, is one of the most captivating in Borneo. They shake and move every part of their bodies, which they mix with complex facial expressions to enchant you, even to the point of seduction. Don't miss the Lepa-Lepa Festival in Semporna in April to see more of Sea Bajau.

SEA BAJAU

The majority of Sabah Lundayeh reside in Sipitang, Tenom, and Long Pasia. Unlike other groups who predominantly wear black, the Lundayeh women' characteristic attire is a white shirt and a black skirt. Lundayeh men wear kuyu talun coats made of tree bark.

Every Lundayeh lady wears a bead headdress made completely of beads (which might be glass, carnelian, or other materials). Previously, only upper-class females could wear bead caps. Multi-strand necklaces, silver waist belts, and a colourful bead girdle wrap around the hip are other significant accessories. Overall, this is a really clean and fashionable traditional outfit.

TRADITIONAL FOOD

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AMBUYAT

Ambuyat is a dish that comes from the trunk of the sago tree. Ambuyat is a regional dish that is popular in Malaysian states like Sarawak and Sabah. It is also a specialty of the Federal Territory of Labuan. Brunei Darul Salam also enjoys ambuyat as a dish. Ambuyat is a meal that may be served at wedding feasts and even during the Bisaya people's holiday season. This meal originally had a form and appearance similar to flour, however after cooking it takes on a white appearance and a texture similar to glue.

Ambuyat is consumed by wrapping the starch around the garland and dipping it into the kettle using a bamboo fork known as a candas. Users may also using standard cutlery. The powerful ambuyat can twist and turn on the stick by using this chanda. Rice is substituted for the ambuyat as a noon meal. Fish meals, such as grilled fish, boiled fish, and various side dishes, are frequently served with ambuyat. With sambal belacan, it tastes the finest.

HINAVA

One of the traditional meals of Sabah is hinava, sometimes referred to as hinava ginapan. It is a dish that the Kadazan Dusun tribe typically eats. Hinava is frequently provided to welcome or celebrate special occasions like weddings, feasts, engagement parties, the Kaamatan or Tadau Kaamatan Festival, and others.

Additionally, the Kadazan Dusun tribal tribe regularly offers this dish as a supplementary item to whet the appetite before meals. Hinava can also be offered in ordinary eateries or in hotel restaurants to expose Sabah's traditional ethnic cuisine to visitors from neighbouring states and international visitors.

Usually Hinava is made using fresh fish filling and the fish filling that is usually used is Yu fish filling and also Tenggiri fish filling.It depends on each person's taste, though, therefore different fish can also be utilised. It may be argued that any filler can be utilised as long as it is still fresh seafood in Sabah, where certain towns also serve this meal with a squid or prawn filling.

BAMBANGAN

Bambangan famous in Sabah. The fruit known as "bambangan" is really a wild mango with a thick brown skin that is in season only. However, the inside of the mango is bright yellow when ripe, and like other mangoes, it may be eaten uncooked. The sour flavour of bambangan is what causes natives to pickle it with salt, shredded bambangan seed, and chilies. The bambangan is frequently prepared with fish or pickled. Bambangans are often "Pinasakkan" (steamed) with fish when they are unripe, and they are fried with salted fish when they are mature. Ideal with meals made with white rice or seafood. Since the bambangan is a seasonal fruit, it isn't available all year. However, you may find them in your neighbourhood wet markets when they are in season.

AKAN

Pinasakan is a traditional food for the Kadazan Dusun tribe and is very famous in Sabah. This dish is a kind that includes sautéed Basung fish combined with other ingredients such Bambangan fruit, takob akob, salt, turmeric, and other seasonings.

It is also a type of long lasting meal that may be kept for a few days.

When combined with hot rice or with Ambuyat, a classic dish that is equally well-known in Sabah, pinasakan is wonderful. This dish may be obtained in Sabah from eateries or street vendors selling authentic Sabah Bumiputera fare. Leading hotels in Sabah, including Kota Kinabalu, have also begun offering Pinasakan to acquaint visitors with the cuisine.

TUHAU

TRADITIONAL FOOD

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Tuhau is one of the most popular traditional foods in Sabah. Tuhau is scientifically known as etlingera coccinea, and is endemic to Borneo. It is a wild ginger that grows in the Borneo forests of Sabah, and it can be found mostly in the interior of Sabah which is Tambunan, Keningau, and Ranau where there are major Kadazandusun communities Therefore, tuhau is a popular food among the Kadazandusun community

Tuhau is not a kind of dish, but it can be made into a dish by cooking it. Therefore, it is made into a dish in traditional dishes. It is a flexible food because it can be cooked in various cooking methods depending on one's taste, origin, and creativity. One of the methods of cooking tuhau is, it can be eaten as an appetizer.

In addition to its distinctive smell and delicious taste, tuhau is believed to have medicinal benefits It contains very high fiber content, antioxidantsa and antibacterial properties. Therefore, tuhau can clean dirty blood, as well as reduce high blood pressure. Because of this, it is what makes tuhau a special food for health.

LATOK

Our country is not only made up of various races, but also various tribes This makes Malaysia rich with a variety of unique foods that have their own special features and values. For the people in peninsular Malaysia, food called 'latok' may be a bit strange and not commonly eaten However, for those who live in Sabah, latok is a traditional food, especially for the Bajau and Sulu communities

Usually, this latok is eaten as a side dish with chili sauce The people of Sabah prefer to eat it with rice, as well as other side dishes such as vegetables and fish dishes. In fact, it becomes a popular dish when the Ramadan season arrives in Sabah It sells hard in Ramadan bazaars In Sabah, it is a traditional food of the Bajau and Sulu communities. It tastes a bit salty and is accompanied by the freshness of the sea

NOONSOM

Noonsom is a traditional food and a special dish for the Kadazan Dusun tribe Noonsom is a type of food in the form of oranges Noonsom also has three types, namely Noonsom Sada which is based on fish, Noonsom Bambangan which is based on fruit and Noonsom Tuhau which is based on plants

Fish based Noonsom Sada usually uses fresh water fish that has been cleaned and pickled with pangi fruit, rice and salt. These ingredients will be put in a container and left for about 1 week to 2 weeks before serving.

Fruit-based Noonsom Bambangan usually uses the contents of sliced Bambangan fruit and then mixed with grated Bambangan fruit seeds and a little salt Noonsom Bambangan is usually pickled in a container or bottle for about 1 week before serving.

For Noomsom Tuhau, it uses the contents of the tuhau tree, which is a type of plant that is finely sliced and pickled with vinegar, salt and red chilies It is then put into a container and left for a few minutes before serving

NOONSOM SADA

NOONSOM BAMBANGAN

NOONSOM TUHAU

Linapot or also called Linopot is one of the traditional foods in Sabah. It is a traditional food for the Kadazan Dusun tribe which is also a traditional food from generation to generation until today. Linapot in the language of the Kadazan Dusun tribe means 'Packer'. Linopot is food in the form of rice that is tightly packed using large sized leaves that are usually like tarap leaves or doringin leaves.

Traditionally, the rice that is commonly used in making this dish is hill paddy because in the past most of the people worked as farmers and some grew hill paddy. They then make this dish to be used as supplies when they go to work such as in the fields, rice fields or as fishermen.

LINOPOT

DANCE IN SABAH

Sabah's iconic dance is Sumazau and a well liked traditional folk dance in Sabah. It is a customary dance that the Kadazan Dusun people performed Sumazau dances are typically performed at cultural gatherings and festivals, most notably around the May harvest festivities

Sumazau typically performs in couples or mixed gender ensembles Dancers, both male and female, are typically from farmer and dress in traditional black and red attire

Then, Sumazau have are typically six gongs of various sizes and drums with a certain rhythm, cause the dancers to move in time by the pace Each country and location has its own variations in Sumazau's length and pace

Uniquely, the Sumazau dance was influenced by an eagle soaring pattern witnessed by farmers resting in the fields during the harvest season Each dancer must do a series of movements while staying just a few millimeters away from the other without touching.

The Mangunatip, Sabah's most well known traditional dance, combines precision, agility and skill Mangunatip is one of the most well known traditional dances in Sabah, also referred to as the Bamboo Dance. The word “apit”, which denotes pressi between two surfaces, is where the name Mangunatip originate Dancers must have quick reflexes and ample time to position their feet between the clap of the reed pole without tripping over them.

Mangunatip Dance must match the musical pace to produce a fun The speed of bamboo clapping will be faster as will dancer heartbeat Dancer will follow to the speed of the movement and the audience will likewise be astounded by the intriguing ending dance Other than that, Mangunatip used to be a warrior dance to welcome back Murut headhunters Bamboo dances are typically performed today for entertainment and socialisation purposes at cultural events and festivals

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A traditional Rungus dance from the Kudat and Pitas areas is called Sumundai. Sumundai dance is represented by female dancers The Sumundai dance also represents dancers from the Rungus during certain ceremonies. The certain ceremonies is, after receiving a prosperous harvest, this dance is typically performed to express thankfulness and gratitude to the gods. Today, this dance is nevertheless also shown in events like weddings and Sumundaia Dance celebrations in Sabah

The sumundai dance is typically accompanied by the gongs being beaten by a shy gong, which consists of six or seven musicians Gongs are still used today as the Rungus' traditional musical instruments. There are seven different varieties of gong in the Rungus community: coritikon (canang), sandangau (canang), pompom, soludon, tongikon (tavag), hungkodonan (tavag), and guiding (Tavag)

In Kota Belud District, the traditional Bajau dance known as Limbai Pairs of the opposing sexes execute this dance together Women's basic dance steps involve waving their hands left and right Male dancers imitate rotating or swinging wrists in their motions. A set of culinary musical instruments called a "tetawak", which resembles gongs but produces various sounds, is used to accompany the Limbai dance. The dancers must move to the beat played, and the musical beats can be sped up

The dance was presented as a special occasion to celebrate the arrival of the bride and groom marching to the bride's house. The bride's home is greeted with a Limbai dance as the groom's procession arrives The procession stops when the groom gets there and the bride is then presented with a Limbai dance Then, the bride will be accompanied into the house by the rhythm and language dance group The dancers' head coverings were waved as an indication of happiness and invitation It is a unique event because it serves as an invitation to the bride to perform a legally binding Islamic wedding ceremony inside the home

KAAMATAN HARVEST FESTIVAL

The Kaamatan Festival is a rice harvest festival in Sabah known by the Kadasan, Dusun and Murut tribes This festival has formed the largest indigenous ethnic group in Sabah This festival is also one of the grandest festivals celebrated in Sabah, and culminates at the state level which is celebrated on 30-31 May every year.

The Crop Festival, also known as Tadau Kaamatan, is significant in the spiritual life of the Kadazandusun because it serves as a time to honor the rice spirit known as Bambaazon and express gratitude to Kinoingan (God) for the abundant rice harvest that ensured the Kadazandusun’s survival. Additionally, it is a chance to uphold comradery and brotherhood among the populace in Sabah

Kaamatan Harvest Festival is one of the remaining relics of Sabah’s former tribal way of life, Kaamatan dates back to a time when the majority of its tribes practiced animism May is dedicated to the festival, which concludes with two days off from work.

Kaamatan festival is a time for offering thanks for the abundant harvest as well as for a get together, a feast, and the reinvigoration of social ties The event features numerous representatives from each district, many of whom are dressed in traditional attire to highlight Sabah’s rich and varied cultural heritage.

tuan nurul asiah binti tuan isa

According to the traditional beliefs of the Kadazandusun people, Kinoingan is the creator God of the whole. Kinoingan also has a wife and a daughter. His wife was named Suminundu (the holy and miraculous), while his daughter was named Huminodun (the transfigured sacrifice). To feed the people Kinoingan created, he had to sacrifice his only daughter and planted the various parts of her body on the land as if they were seeds.

From his flesh come plant life, like a rice plant that could give them life. In addition, part of the planted spirit body, became a rice spirit called Bambaazon. This spirit is believed to be responsible for the growth and well being of the rice plant, because it can protect against natural hazards such as pests and floods. Since the Kadazandusun people are completely dependent on the abundant rice harvest to survive, then the rice spirit played a central role in their spiritual life.

Therefore, they have to keep Bambaazon happy, by performing various ceremonies and celebrations. Some of these celebrations were called Monogit, Magavau, and Moginakan. The celebrations in monogit and magavau last a few days, but in moginakan this celebration normally lasts for about forty days. The rituals and ceremonies performed in the Harvest Festival celebrations are related to the magavau celebrations.

The Kadazandusun believed that the spiritual world was in habited mainly by five different spirits, namely: (i) Kinoingan = God the Creator (ii) Koduuduvo or sunduvan = the soul of the living person (iii) Tombiivo or Hozop = the spirit of the dead person (iv) Rusod = spirits of all living things apart from humans (v) Logon = evil spirits

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ETHNICITIES

They were the first to be influenced by Christian missionaries, originally from the Penampang region, which is adjacent to the state capital Kota Kinabalu, and the Papar region. The Kadazan of the coastal regions were so educated as early as the 1850s, and education brought political consciousness. Only much later, when the British North Borneo Chartered Company was already well established,

were the numerous Dusun communities in the north (such as the Rungus of the Kudat area), the interior (Tambunan area), and along the slopes of Mt Kinabalu "found." The weekly open-air marketplaces, or Tamu, continue to be highly significant to everyone in Sabah, including the Dusun. The tamu is still more than just a place to trade food and other items; it's a social setting where you may meet people and form new friendships while exchanging news and gossip.

KADAZANDUSUN

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TAMU

Although they are located in central Sabah all the way up to Keningau, the Murut, sometimes known as "people of the highlands," have never farmed the plains. In the past, the Murut lived in longhouses, and their settlements were often located on hillsides close to sizable rivers. The Dusun originally lived in longhouses as well, but only the Rungus and some Murut in the north still do.

murut

Despite this, the Murut have an incredibly vibrant cultural legacy that has begun to slowly come into being as a result of a renewed sense of cultural identity. As with customs practised all over the world, it appears necessary for a tradition to have a strong economic justification in order to endure in the modern world. The Murut have begun to realise that their culture does actually have a monetary worth as ecotourism progressively spreads throughout their territory, and some efforts have been made.

The Murut harvest festival, or Pesta Kalimaran, is now a mainstay of the Sabah Yearly Calendar of Events. The Tenom Murut Cultural Center comes to life with traditional sports and dances around May, when it is also celebrated. The guys magnificently adorn themselves with Argus peasant and hornbill feathers, and the Murut traditional clothes are typically highly embroidered with tiny glass beads.

BAJAU

The Bajau, also known as the Lipalipa, used to spend their entire lives aboard boats, which is why they were originally referred to as the sea -gypsies. They were real nomads who had mastered maritime navigation despite their small, elaborately adorned boats having no compass.

The only reasons the Bajau came to shore were to gather firewood, obtain water, and bury their dead. However, some Bajau have relocated to the main land over the past several hundred years, mainly along Sabah's west coast. Additionally, whereas the families of sea Bajau are often small, those of land Bajau have grown larger. A Bajau house is typically big and roomy even now. They continue to be mostly fisherman, and they frequently erect their homes on stilts into the sea or rivers, such as the Bajau of Kg Mengkabong.

Bajau boy in traditional attire

PESTA LEPA-LEPA

Pinakol

HANDICRAFT

The Pinakol consists of two sets of bandoleer type flat beaded belts worn crossed over the back and chest Over the heads are two bands of beadwork with looped abstract and human figures crossed The Rungus are readily differentiated from the other ethnic groups of Sabah by this beadwork and its designs.

The making of Pinakol with the beads hung on warp threads only ( there are no weft threads), the Rungus use an off –loom technique. The warp threads are fixed to a dowel and can be placed into a strong ceramic jar to hold it in place between the toes or the stick.

Rattan is a family of climbing palms found in tropical regions, and is used for a variety purposes, including the making of furniture and handicrafts, and as building materials The name “rattan” refers to the stem of the climbing palm, and is believed to have originated from the Malay word “rotan”, meaning “to pare” Rattan is also sometimes known as “cane”

Rattan makers would conceptualise designs based on clients’ requests and needs, such as estimating a chair’s dimensions and depths according to the size of the human body.

Rattan

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Rinago is a handwoven craft product of the Rungus community of Kudat, Sabah The fern used for weaving rinago product is fromlingkong (Rungus term) or ribu ribu, scientifically known as lygodium The ribu ribu, grown wildly in the district,is woven with rattan wicker fibre or rotanpulur to produce rinago craft.

Rinago is also used as containers for storing the traditional dress of the Rungus. These products consist of items such as Gadul, Tinompok, Binokirat, Gadul Kitangkal and Kampil

Rinago

Serdang handicraft have been produced in Kota Belud, Kuala Penyu and Papar districts in Sabah for a long time However, it wasn’t until 2004 that Malaysian Handicraft recognised this project as a One District, One Industry project, with its base in Kota Belud. The Bajaus are renowned for being a colourful, joyful, and musical people with a rich legacy that should be preserved Additionally, their crafts are a part of that To protect this legacy, Malaysian Handicraft has been working nonstop The promotion and sales of the Bajaus' Serdang crafts by Malaysian Handicraft have aided in increasing the expansion of this intricately woven craft's production Malaysian Handicraft also gives local craft business owners the chance to develop their abilities and those who are curious to learn by providing management, advertising, and marketing courses.

Serdang Woven

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