GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
*OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD GRFHQWH LQ SHQVLRQH GL 6WRULD GHOOD )LOLRVRILD $QWLFD
*,86(33( 2''2 0HPRULDOH GL XQ YHFFKLR SRUWDEDQGLHUD 3URVSHWWLYDHGLWULFH
,R FUHGR FKH *LXVHSSH 2GGR OR VWRULFR DSSDVVLRQDWR GL WDQWL VWXGL VXO ULVFDWWR PDQFDWR GHOOH
PDVVH FRQWDGLQH VLFLOLDQH H VSHFLDOPHQWH GHOO¶HQWURWHUUD SDOHUPLWDQR DEELD GDWR LO PHJOLR GL Vp LQ
TXHVWR URPDQ]R ³VWRULFR´ LQ FXL OLEHUR GDOO¶HVLJHQ]D GL UHQGHUH FRQWR GHL IDWWL QHOOD ORUR QXGD
UHDOWj OL ID ULYLYHUH LQ XQD UHDOWj SL UDUHIDWWD PD IRUVH SURSULR SHU TXHVWR DQFRUD SL UHDOH TXDOH q
TXHOOD GHOO¶DXWRFRVFLHQ]D GHL VXRL SHUVRQDJJL 4XHVWL VRQR GHVFULWWL FRQ XQ WRFFR GL VHQVLELOLWj
DVVROXWDPHQWH SURIRQGD QHOOR VYROJHUVL GHOOD ORUR YLWD TXRWLGLDQD FRQ OH VXH FRQWUDGGL]LRQL L VXRL
HURLVPL H OH VXH YLJOLDFFKHULH H PHVFKLQLWj QHL ORUR JHVWL DQFKH LQ TXHOOL DSSDUHQWHPHQWH SL
LQVLJQLILFDQWL QHL ORUR PRGL GL IDUH GL DEELJOLDUVL GL SDUODUH GL FDQWDUH GL SUHJDUH H SHUVLQR GL
GLVSHUDUVL /R VWLOH GHVFULWWLYR FKH HJOL KD VFHOWR GL XWLOL]]DUH ULFFKLVVLPR GL YDULD]LRQL H GLUHL TXDVL
VWXSHIDFHQWH SHU SUHFLVLRQH OLQJXLVWLFD H GHQRPLQDWLYD VL DGDWWD EHQH DOOD PROWHSOLFLWj H YDULHWj GHL
FDVL QDUUDWL H D PLR DYYLVR QRQ VRYUDVWD PDL LO VXR FRQWHQXWR QRQ F¶q QHVVXQD FRQFHVVLRQH DOOD
UHWRULFD SXUD H VHPSOLFH QHVVXQ FHGLPHQWR DOOD GLYDJD]LRQH ± LQHYLWDELOH LQ XQ¶RSHUD GHO JHQHUH ±
FKH QRQ VLD ILQDOL]]DWD DOOD HYLGHQ]LD]LRQH HG HQIDWL]]D]LRQH GHO FDUDWWHUH GHL SHUVRQDJJL GHL IDWWL
UHDOL R SUHVXQWL GHO FRQWHVWR FRPSOHVVLYR QHVVXQD IXJD GHO OLQJXDJJLR
,Q TXHVWR VHQVR QRQ FL VRQR VWRULH SDUDOOHOH O¶RSHUD PL VHPEUD PRQROLWLFD H L VXRL
SHUVRQDJJL SHU OD PDJJLRU SDUWH DQFKH DQDOIDEHWL ± D SDUWH QDWXUDOPHQWH L %HQWLYHJQD /D 3RUWD
O¶DYYRFDWR )UDQFHVFR &ULVSL LO GRWWRU )ULVFLD H SRFKL DOWUL DFFXOWXUDWL ± WURYDQR LQ *LXVHSSH 2GGR LO
FDQWRUH ± PL YHUUHEEH TXDVL GD GLUH ± GLYLQDPHQWH LVSLUDWR GHOOH ORUR VSHUDQ]H GHOOH ORUR GHOXVLRQL
GHL ORUR WRUWL VXELWL GHL VHQWLPHQWL SURYDWL PD QRQ GHWWL H WDOYROWD QHSSXUH GLFLELOL GHO ORUR GHVLGHULR
GL ULVFDWWR VRFLDOH HG HFRQRPLFR PD DQFKH H IRUVH DQFRUD GL SL GL TXHOOR FXOWXUDOH H LQWHOOHWWXDOH
YG DG HV LO FDVR GHOOD ³JUDPPDWLFD JUHFD´ GL %DVWLDQHGGX D S
/H FKLDYL GL OHWWXUD GHO URPDQ]R SRVVRQR HVVHUH GLYHUVH D VHFRQGD GD TXDOH SXQWR GL YLVWD OR
VL YXROH FRQVLGHUDUH FKH VRQR WDQWL 9ROHQGR GDUH XQR VJXDUGR G¶LQVLHPH VLQWHWLFR GHOOD SHUVRQDOLWj
GHO SURWDJRQLVWD LR SUHIHULUHL YHGHUOR WHQHQGR SUHVHQWH OD /HWWHUD DO QLSRWH FKH PDVWUR &LFFLR LO
VHOODLR LO YHFFKLR SRUWDEDQGLHUD VFULYH DO QLSRWLQR GL FLQTXH DQQL DSSHQD &LFFLQR SRFKL DQQL SULPD
GL PRULUH SHUFKp PL VHPEUD FKH LQ SRFKH EDWWXWH QHOOD ORUR HQLJPDWLFD H DOOXVLYD VLQWHWLFLWj YL VL
WURYLQR ULDVVXQWL DOFXQL GHL FRQFHWWL GL EDVH FKH SRWUHEEHUR DYHUH LVSLUDWR QRQ VROWDQWR OD GHFLVLRQH
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
ILQDOH GL VFULYHUH LO 0HPRULDOH PD TXHOOL VWHVVL FKH QH DYUHEEHUR FRQWUDVVHJQDWR DQFKH LO PRGR GL
SHQVDUH H GL DJLUH GD HURLFR ULYROX]LRQDULR DQWLERUERQLFR SXU YHQHQGR VSHVVR GHOXVR GHL PRGL FRQ L
TXDOL VL DQGDYD GL IDWWR UHDOL]]DQGR OD ULYROX]LRQH
3$57( 35,0$
/D /HWWHUD DO QLSRWH VHFRQGD SDUWH S
,Q TXHVWD /HWWHUD FKH FRVD YXROH GLUH LO QRQQR &LFFLR RUPDL QHOO¶LQYHUQR GHOOD VXD YLWD DO
QLSRWLQR &LFFLQR FKH VL WURYD QHOOD SULPDYHUD GHOOD VXD TXDQGR ± FRP¶HJOL GLFH ± ³OD YLWD WULRQID
VXOOD PRUWH´ H FKH q OD VWHVVD VWDJLRQH LQ FXL ± FL WLHQH D VRWWROLQHDUOR ± DQFKH OXL q QDWR" 7UDODVFLR
SHU RUD OD SULPD SDUWH GHOOD OHWWHUD GRYH PDVWUR &LFFLR GLFH GL VHQWLUH &LFFLQR FRPH ³OD PDJOLD
IRQGDPHQWDOH GHOOD FDWHQD XPDQD FKH GD PH V¶q DOOXQJDWD FDSULFFLRVDPHQWH ILQR D WH´ SHUFKp
PHULWD XQD FRQVLGHUD]LRQH D SDUWH H VX FXL ULWRUQHUz SL ROWUH H PL DWWHQJR DOOD VHFRQGD GRYH HJOL
FHUFD GL SUHSDUDUH LO QLSRWLQR DOOD VXD ULYHOD]LRQH GL YLWD FRQ XQ DQHGGRWR LQWURGXWWLYR
,Q TXHVWR DQHGGRWR HJOL QDUUD FLz FKH JOL FDSLWz TXDQGR HUD EDPELQR FRPH OXL 8Q JLRUQR OD
PDPPD OR SRUWz DG XQD ILHUD D 6FLDFFD SUHVVR GHL SDUHQWL ,QWDQWR FKH VL DJJLUDYD WUD OH EDQFDUHOOH
ULSLHQH GL WDQWH FRVH EHOOH LQVLHPH DOOD PDPPD VHQWu TXDOFXQR ³XQ PDULQDLR GDOOD EDUED ELRQGD H
JOL RFFKL SLHQL GL OXFH´ FKH GLFHYD ³$ OLEHFFLR´ 7XWWL JXDUGDURQR D OLEHFFLR HG DQFKH OXL H YLGH
³XQ¶LVROD IXPRVD FKH EUXFLDYD YRPLWDQGR FHQHUH HG HIIOXYL GL ]ROIR´ FKH SHUz ± DVVLFXUz OD PDPPD
± SUHVWR VDUHEEH GLYHQWDWD ³XQ YHUR JLDUGLQR GL GHOL]LH´ 3RLFKp QHOOD VXD JUDQGH LQJHQXLWj FKLHVH
DOOD PDPPD GL FRPSUDUJOLHOD TXHVWD JOL ULVSRVH FKH O¶DYUHEEH IDWWR ³TXDQGR O¶LVROD IRVVH GLYHQWDWD
YHUGH´ /D VSHUDQ]D LQL]LDOH FKH XQ JLRUQR O¶DYUHEEH SRWXWD SRVVHGHUH H FKH OR DYHYD ULHPSLWR GL
IHOLFLWj YHQQH SURIRQGDPHQWH GHOXVD DO SXQWR GD IDUOR SLDQJHUH D GLURWWR TXDQGR YHQQH D VDSHUH FKH O¶LVROD HUD VSURIRQGDWD QHJOL DELVVL GHO PDUH GD GRYH HUD HPHUVD
4XDQGR UDJJLXQVH O¶DGROHVFHQ]D H FRPLQFLz D UHQGHUVL FRQWR FKH GL LVROH IHOLFL QHO VXR PDUH
QRQ QH VDUHEEHUR SL DIILRUDWH VHQWHQGRVL PDQFDUH ³LO WHUUHQR VRWWR L SLHGL´ VL EXWWz ³LQ PDUH DOOD
GLVSHUDWD´ H ± GLFH ± ³DSSURGDL LQ XQ¶LVROD GRYH UHJQDYD VRYUDQD O¶XWRSLD GHOOD OLEHUWj H GHOOD
JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH´ 0D DKLPq FRPH OD PDPPD QRQ IX LQ JUDGR GL DFTXLVWDUJOL O¶LVROD YHUGH GHOOH
GHOL]LH FRVu QHSSXUH LO VXR LPSHJQR FLYLOH SROLWLFR H GL FRVSLUDWRUH IX PDL LQ JUDGR GL IDUOR
DSSURGDUH QHOO¶DUFLSHODJR GHOO¶XWRSLD GRYH UHJQD YHUDPHQWH ³VRYUDQD´ OD OLEHUWj H OD JLXVWL]LD
VRFLDOH SHUFKp WXWWH ³OH LVROH LVRORWWL VFRJOL FRQWLQHQWL LQ PLQLDWXUD SULPD VRQR VWDWL RFFXSDWL GDL
SLUDWL H SRL VRQR VSURIRQGDWL QHJOL DELVVL´
)DWWD TXHVWD LQWURGX]LRQH H SUHSDUDWD FRVu O¶DWWHVD GHO QLSRWLQR H DQFKH OD QRVWUD LO QRQQR q
SURQWR DQFKH OXL D IDUJOL OD VXD ULYHOD]LRQH FRPH IRVVH XQ WHVWDPHQWR GL YLWD WXWWH OH LVROH VRQR VWDWH
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
LQJKLRWWLWH GDO PDUH JOL GLFH ©7XWWH WUDQQH XQD O¶LVROD GHOOD FRHUHQ]D H GHOOD SDVVLRQH YHUD LO VROR
DSSURGR VLFXUR SHU JOL VSLULWL OLEHUL H FUHDWLYL /¶LVROD GRYH YRUUHL YHQLVVL D YLYHUH DQFKH WX QLSRWLQR
PLRª
'RSR TXHO SUHDPEROR DPDUR GHOOH LVROH WXWWH LQJKLRWWLWH FL VDUHPPR SRWXWL DVSHWWDUH DQFKH
XQD FRQVHJXHQWH FRQFOXVLRQH DPDUD H LQ XQ FHUWR VHQVR OR q YHUDPHQWH PD SHU XQ DOWUR QRQ PL
VHPEUD DQ]L WXWWR LO FRQWUDULR q YHUR O¶LVROD YHUGH GRYH ³UHJQD VRYUDQD´ OD OLEHUWj H OD JLXVWL]LD
VRFLDOH QRQ HVLVWH q XQ¶XWRSLD H WDOH VL q ULYHODWD OD ULYROX]LRQH DQWLERUERQLFD SXU WXWWDYLD O¶ LVROD
GRYH ³UHJQD VRYUDQD O¶XWRSLD GHOOD OLEHUWj H GHOOD JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH´ HVLVWH YHUDPHQWH HG HVLVWH
LQQDQ]L WXWWR LQ QRL VWHVVL QHOOD QRVWUD PHQWH QHOOD QRVWUD FDSDFLWj DXWRFRVFLHQWH GL GHWHUPLQDUH FRQ
YLJLOH LQWHOOLJHQ]D LO QRVWUR PRGR GL YLYHUH H GL FRPSRUWDUFL LQ FRHUHQ]D FRQ L QRVWUL SULQFLSL GL
OLEHUWj H GL ULVSHWWR GHJOL DOWUL
/D /HWWHUD FRVu VL FRQFOXGH FRQ XQ PLVWR GL DPDUR VFRQIRUWR H GL VSLQWD SURSXOVLYD
DOO¶DXWRGHWHUPLQD]LRQH FKH VXRQD TXDVL FRPH XQ LQQR DOOD OLEHUWj DOOD FRHUHQ]D FRQ VH VWHVVL H DOOD
YRORQWj GL FRQWLQXDUH DG DSSDVVLRQDUVL SHU WXWWR FLz FKH PHULWD O¶LPSHJQR GHO QRVWUR ³VSLULWR
FUHDWLYR´ 0D FKH FRV¶q FKH PHULWD O¶LPSHJQR DSSDVVLRQDWR GHO QRVWUR ³VSLULWR FUHDWLYR´ SHU HVVHUH
YHUDPHQWH ³FUHDWLYR´" 1RQ FHUWR ± FUHGR ± TXHOOR GL IDUVL GD SDUWH H YLYHUH OD SURSULD YLWD LQ PRGR
VROLSVLVWLFR PD IRUVH SL SODXVLELOPHQWH TXHOOR GL QRQ UDVVHJQDUVL DOOD ILQH GHOO¶XWRSLD VDSHQGR LQ
SDUWHQ]D FKH VL WUDWWD DSSXQWR GL XQ¶XWRSLD H GL FRPEDWWHUH DQFRUD SHU HVVD FRQ WXWWH OH DUPL FKH VL
KDQQR D GLVSRVL]LRQH FRPH SRWUHEEH FRQIHUPDUH FUHGR DQFKH LO VHQVR GHO 3URORJR FKH DGHVVR
YHGUHPR H GHOOR VWHVVR 0HPRULDOH 6HQ]D XQ SHQVLHUR GHOO¶XWRSLD GLIILFLOPHQWH OH FRVH SRWUHEEHUR
FDPELDUH GD VROH VSHFLDOPHQWH TXDQGR VL WUDWWD GL JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH H FHUWR q XQ IDWWR FKH GDOOD
5HSXEEOLFD GL 3ODWRQH LQ SRL LO SHQVLHUR XWRSLFR GHOOD ³FLWWj IHOLFH´ KD VHPSUH FRVWLWXLWR LO PRWRUH GL
WXWWH OH ULYROX]LRQL H GHL ULYROJLPHQWL VRFLDOL LQ QRPH GHOOD JLXVWL]LD OD TXDOH SXUWURSSR QRQ WDQWR
IDFLOPHQWH VL q DWWHQXWD DL SULQFLSL LVSLUDWRUL GHOO¶LGHD GHO %HQH GHO VXR SULPR WHRULFR
,O 3URORJR
/¶LQWHUHVVH GL TXHVWR 3URORJR QRQ FRQVLVWH WDQWR QHO IDWWR GL PRWLYDUH OH UDJLRQL SHU OH TXDOL
PDVWUR &LFFLR VXO ILQLUH GHOOD VXD YLWD VL GHFLVH D VFULYHUH LO VXR 0HPRULDOH TXDQWR QHO IDWWR FKH LQ
HVVR VRQR DQFRUD SL YLVLELOL VLD L SULQFLSL LVSLUDWRUL GHO VXR PRGR GL VHQWLUH GXUDQWH OH YDULH
FRVSLUD]LRQL DQWLERUERQLFKH H VLD OD ORUR HIIHWWLYD PHVVD LQ RSHUD DQFKH QHOOD QXRYD VLWXD]LRQH
SROLWLFD YHQXWDVL D FUHDUH GRSR O¶XQLILFD]LRQH GHOOD 6LFLOLD FRQ O¶,WDOLD GD FXL HPHUJH ULQQRYDWD
O¶DPDUD FRQVWDWD]LRQH FKH L QXRYL SDGURQL VRQR VH SRVVLELOH DQFRUD SHJJLRUL GHL SULPL ³1HPPHQR
TXHO SRUFR GL UH %RPED HUD PDL DUULYDWR D WDQWR´ RVVHUYD VFRQIRUWDWR LO JHVVDLR &DQWDODQRWWH H FLRq
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
DOOD FDUQHILFLQD GHL IDVFLDQWL GL 0DULQq 0DULQHR ULXQLWL VRWWR OD EDQGLHUD GHO )DVFLR SHU FKLHGHUH
³SDQH´ S
4XDQWR DL SULQFLSL LVSLUDWRUL TXL GLYHUVDPHQWH GDOOD /HWWHUD D &LFFLQR VRQR FKLDUDPHQWH
HVSUHVVL H QXOOD YDOH PHJOLR D IDUFHOL FRQRVFHUH GHOOH VWHVVH SDUROH GL PDVWUR &LFFLR ©0DVWUR
/XFLDQR FH OD PLVH WXWWD SHU WRFFDUH OH FRUGH SL VHQVLELOL GHO PLR FXRUH 3DUOz GL JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH
OLEHUWj GHJOL RSSUHVVL ³IXWXUD XPDQLWj IRQGDWD VXOO¶XJXDJOLDQ]D H OD ILQH GHOOH VRSHUFKHULH´ 2UD
JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH OLEHUWj XJXDJOLDQ]D ILQH GHOOH VRSHUFKHULH HUDQR VHQ]D GXEELR SDUROH PDJLFKH FKH
P¶DYHYDQR VHPSUH LQILDPPDWR FRPH XQR ]ROIDQHOOR PD QHOOH PLH FRQGL]LRQL TXHO JLRUQR PL
VXRQDYDQR YXRWH LQVHQVDWH LOOXVRULH FRPH L VRJQL GHOOD QRWWH 8Q JKLJQR DPDUR TXDVL XQD VPRUILD
P¶DIILRUz DG XQ FHUWR PRPHQWR VXOOH ODEEUDª S
4XDQWR LQYHFH DOOD ORUR PHVVD LQ RSHUD VL GHYRQR GLVWLQJXHUH GXH PRPHQWL DXWRQRPL PD DOOD
ILQH LQWHUFRQQHVVL
D 1HO SULPR PRPHQWR VL WUDWWD GHO IDWWR FKH PDVWUR &LFFLR SUHJDWR GL IDUH GD SDGULQR DOOD EDQGLHUD
URVVD GHO IDVFLR WHUJLYHUVDYD VLD D FDXVD GHOOD VDOXWH PROWR SUHFDULD GDWD DQFKH O¶HWj GL DQQL SHU
O¶HSRFD DEEDVWDQ]D DYDQ]DWD VLD VRSUDWWXWWR SHU LO IDWWR FKH OXL HUD VWDWR LO SRUWDEDQGLHUD GHO
WULFRORUH H QRQ JOL VHPEUDYD DSSXQWR WDQWR ³FRHUHQWH´ DGHVVR FDPELDUH EDQGLHUD 3XU QRQGLPHQR
DG XQD SL DWWHQWD ULIOHVVLRQH VL UHQGHYD FRQWR FKH L SULQFLSL LVSLUDWRUL GHL IDVFLDQWL QRQ GLIIHULYDQR
SRL PROWR GD TXHOOL VRVWHQXWL GD OXL LQ SDVVDWR SHU FXL DG XQ ³FRPSURPHVVR´ VL SRWHYD FRPXQTXH
DUULYDUH ± FRPH OXL VWHVVR ULIHULVFH S &RVu LO PRPHQWR WHRULFR H TXHOOR GHOOD VXD WUDGX]LRQH
QHOOD SUDWLFD LQL]LDOPHQWH LQFRQFLOLDELOL FRPLQFLDQR DG DYYLFLQDUVL
/¶LGHQWLILFD]LRQH SUHFLSLWD DOORUTXDQGR PDVWUR &LFFLR YLHQH D VDSHUH GDO VXGGHWWR JHVVDLR GHOOD
FDUQHILFLQD GL 0DULQq $ TXHVWR SXQWR WRJOLH RJQL LQGXJLR H OXL VWHVVR VL ID SURPRWRUH GHO EDWWHVLPR
GHOOD EDQGLHUD URVVD GHL IDVFLDQWL PD VHQ]D LO ³FRPSURPHVVR´ GHO ILRFFR WULFRORUH 4XHVWH OH VXH
SDUROH HVDFHUEDWH ©,Q TXHO WXUELQRVR ULPHVFROLR GL VHQVD]LRQL VL SURILOz QHOOD PLD PHQWH XQD
GHFLVLRQH LPSURYYLVD DYUHL WHQXWR D EDWWHVLPR OD EDQGLHUD GHO IDVFLR GHL ODYRUDWRUL GL %HOODIUDWL 9LOODIUDWL 6HQ]D LO QDVWUR WULFRORUH D TXHVWR SXQWR 6DUHEEH VWDWR XQ RUSHOOR LQXWLOH H ILQDQFKH
RIIHQVLYR SHU OD PHPRULD GHL PDUWLUL GHO SDHVH YLFLQRª S
E ,O VHFRQGR PRPHQWR H XOWLPR VL YHULILFz QHO ¶ FRQ OD SURFODPD]LRQH GHOOR VWDWR G¶DVVHGLR LQ
WXWWD O¶LVROD GD SDUWH GHO JRYHUQR &ULVSL 2GGR ID ULIHULUH D PDVWUR &LFFLR O¶DUULYR D %HOODIUDWL GL XQD
FRPSDJQLD GL IDQWL GL EHUVDJOLHUL ³DUPDWL ILQR DL GHQWL´ FKH SURYYLGHUR DOO¶RFFXSD]LRQH PLOLWDUH
GHOOD ]RQD ILQR DL SULPL GL DSULOH TXDQGR VL WUDVIHULURQR D &RQLJOLRQH &RUOHRQH FRQ XQ WUHQR
VSHFLDOH DFFRPSDJQDWL GD ³XQ OXQJR FRGD]]R GL JDEHOORWL FDPSLHUL XVXUDL JXDUGLH FDPSHVWUL H
FDUDELQLHUL D FDYDOOR´ S
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
)UD JOL DOWUL VRSUXVL TXHOOR FKH IHFH DQGDUH PDVWUR &LFFLR OHWWHUDOPHQWH LQ EHVWLD IX O¶RUGLQDQ]D
FKH LPSRQHYD DL FLWWDGLQL LQ SRVVHVVR GL DUPL GL FRQVHJQDUOL HQWUR LO WHUPLQH SHUHQWRULR GL XQD
VHWWLPDQD (JOL LQIDWWL SRVVHGHYD XQR VFKLRSSR RUPDL DUUXJJLQLWR PD DO TXDOH HUD OHJDWD WXWWD OD
VXD YLWD GL ULYROX]LRQDULR ©PD SHU FDWHQDFFLR FKH IRVVH ± GLFH ± UHVWDYD VHPSUH LO PLR PLJOLRU
WURIHR WHVWLPRQH RUPDL VLOHQWH G¶LUUHSHWLELOL PRPHQWL GL JORULD ( GRYHYR SULYDUPHQH SHUFKp FRVu
DYHYD GHFLVR 6XD HFFHOOHQ]D )UDQFHVFR &ULVSL ,Q FRQGL]LRQL QRUPDOL ± FRQWLQXD ± PL VDUHL IDWWR
VWUDSSDUH HQWUDPEL JOL RFFKL SLXWWRVWR FKH DQGDUH D FRQVHJQDUH O¶DUPD DJOL VELUUL GHO UHJLPHª &RVu
GRYHWWH DQGDUH D FRQVHJQDUH O¶DUPD H DGHJXDUVL SXUWURSSR DOO¶DGDJLR FKH GLFH FDODWL MXQFX FD SDVVD
OD FKLQD LYL 4XHVWR OR EXWWz LQ XQD GHSUHVVLRQH WRWDOH
'D TXL GRSR XQ FHUWR WHPSR OD GHFLVLRQH ³TXDVL GL VFDWWR´ FRPH FRQWURUHD]LRQH DOOD
GHSUHVVLRQH GL ULWRUQDUH D ³GUL]]DUH OD VFKLHQD´ ± FRPH OXL GLFH ± H GL ³VEDQGLHUDUH DL TXDWWUR YHQWL
GL FKH SDVWD HUD IDWWR PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR´ H GXQTXH OD GHFLVLRQH GL VFULYHUH LO 0HPRULDOH 1RQ
SRWHQGR ± PD RUD DQFKH QRQ YROHQGR ± SL VYHQWRODUH DL TXDWWUR YHQWL OD EDQGLHUD WULFRORUH Qp OR
VWHVVR EDVWRQH VX FXL VL DSSRJJLDYD SHU UHJJHUVL LQ SLHGL EUDQGu ³DL TXDWWUR YHQWL´ O¶XQLFD FRVD FKH
DQFRUD SRWHYD OD SHQQD H SURSULR FRQWUR FRORUR FKH DYHYDQR WUDGLWR L SULQFLSL GL ULVFDWWR VRFLDOH GD
FXL HUD QDWD OD ULYROX]LRQH VLFLOLDQD D FRPLQFLDUH GDOO¶DYYRFDWR GRQ &LFFLR &ULVSL FKH RUD HUD GLYHQWDWR ³6XD (FFHOOHQ]D &ULVSL´ H VL HUD UHVR UHVSRQVDELOH GHO YLOH PDVVDFUR GHL IDVFLDQWL GL
0DULQq
(YLGHQWHPHQWH O¶LVROD IXPRVD FKH YRPLWDYD HIIOXYL GL ]ROIR QRQ q GLYHQWDWD Qp YHUGH Qp SLHQD
GL GHOL]LH PD QRQ q QHSSXUH VSURIRQGDWD QHJOL DELVVL GHO PDUH GD FXL HUD HPHUVD PD q DQFRUD Ou D
YRPLWDUH HIIOXYL GL ]ROIR R IRUVH PHJOLR q Vu VSURIRQGDWD PD DO VXR SRVWR QH q ULHPHUVD XQ¶DOWUD
H PDVWUR &LFFLR JXDUGDQGROD GL IURQWH D Vp FKH FRVD ID" 1RQRVWDQWH OH GHOXVLRQL JOL DFFLDFFKL ILVLFL
H O¶HWj DOOD ILQH ULDFFKLDSSDQGR GDO SURIRQGR GHOOD VXD FRVFLHQ]D ULOXWWDQWH LO VXR DQWLFR LGHDOH
XWRSLFR GL OLEHUWj GL FRHUHQ]D FRQ VH VWHVVR H GL JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH VL ODVFLD LQILDPPDUH DQFRUD
XQ¶HVWUHPD YROWD FRPH ³XQR ]ROIDQHOOR´ GDOO¶HQWXVLDVPR H GDOOD SDVVLRQH FRPH TXDQGR HUD JLRYDQH
H TXHVWD YROWD DQFRU SL GL SULPD EHQ FRQVDSHYROH GHOOH GLIILFROWj VH QRQ LPSRVVLELOLWj GHOO¶LPSUHVD
H VFULYH LO VXR 0HPRULDOH FRPH XOWLPD GUL]]DWD GL VFKLHQD
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
,O 0HPRULDOH
*HQHVL VYLOXSSR H GHFOLQR GL XQ LGHDOH XWRSLFR GHOOD JLXVWL]LD H GHO ULVFDWWR VRFLDOH
/D /H]LRQH GL YLWD GL PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH (UHR GHWWR &XGLGGD
'XH EDORUGL XQR GHL TXDOL HUD LO ILJOLR GL PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH FUHGHQGR FKH IRVVH OD IDPLJOLD
GHO JLRYDQH )UDQFHVFR %DUEHUD ± TXHVWR LO QRPH RULJLQDULR GL PDVWUR &LFFLR /D %DUEHUD ± OD
UHVSRQVDELOH GHO FROHUD FKH HUD VFRSSLDWR QHO &RPXQH GL 0HQIULFL RUD 0HQIL KDQQR DSSLFFDWR LO
IXRFR DG XQ ORUR JUDQGH PDJD]]LQR SLHQR GL WDQWLVVLPH PHUFDQ]LH SURYHQLHQWL GDOOD FDPSDJQD
PDQGDQGROD LQ URYLQD (VVHQGR VWDWL LGHQWLILFDWL O¶DPPLQLVWUD]LRQH ERUERQLFD QRQ HEEH QHVVXQD
HVLWD]LRQH D IDUOL IXFLODUH &Lz FKH LPSUHVVLRQz LO QRVWUR JLRYDQH SURWDJRQLVWD DOORUD XQGLFHQQH QRQ
IX WDQWR LO IDWWR FKH HUDQR VWDWL SXQLWL FRORUR FKH DYHYDQR FDXVDWD OD URYLQD ILQDQ]LDULD GHOOD VXD
IDPLJOLD TXDQWR LO IDWWR FKH L GXH VLDQR VWDWL IXFLODWL SHU IDWWL FHUWR JUDYL PD QRQ WDOL GD PHULWDUH XQD
SHQD FRVu VHYHUD 0D ± GLFH ± ©$G LPSUHVVLRQDUPL GL SL IX OR ]LR PRQVLJQRUH FKH VDOXWz O¶HYHQWR
VWXUDQGR XQD ERWWLJOLD GL FKDPSDJQH SHU EULQGDUH DVVLHPH D VXR IUDWHOOR ,OOXPLQDWR GHWWR
O¶DURPDWLFR 6XOO¶RQGD GHOO¶HPR]LRQH ± FRQWLQXD ± IRVVH GLSHVR VROR GD PH VDUHL VFDSSDWR D JDPEH
OHYDWH GDOOD VFXROD GL TXHOO¶HVVHUH VSUHJHYROH VHGLFHQWH PLQLVWUR GL GLR H HGXFDWRUH 0D DYHYR
DSSHQD XQGLFL DQQL H GRYHYR ULVSHWWDUH OD YRORQWj GHL PLHL FKH FL WHQHYDQR D IDUPL FRPSOHWDUH JOL
VWXGL H QRQ OD SHQVDYDQR HVDWWDPHQWH FRPH PH D SURSRVLWR GHOOR ]LR PRQVLJQRUHª S
$ TXDWWRUGLFL DQQL LO SUHFLSLWDUH GHJOL HYHQWL D FDVD VXD ± OD PDGUH LPSD]]LWD IX ULFRYHUDWD LQ
PDQLFRPLR H LO IUDWHOOR PDJJLRUH VL HUD VXLFLGDWR ± IX FRVWUHWWR D ODVFLDUH JOL VWXGL SUHVVR LO
PRQVLJQRUH FRVD FKH IHFH FRQ JUDQ VROOLHYR ULWHQHQGROR DQFKH FRUUHVSRQVDELOH GHOOD IXFLOD]LRQH GHL
GXH H D FHUFDUVL XQ ODYRUR FKH WURYz SL IDFLOPHQWH GL TXDQWR FUHGHYD SHU SLHWj GHOOD 0LVHULFRUGLD
'LYLQD FKH ± FRPH GLFH ± ³VL PDWHULDOL]]z QHOOH VHPELDQ]H GL PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH &XGLGGD´ FKH OR
DFFROVH QHOOD VXD ERWWHJD GL VHOODLR SHU DYYHUVLRQH FRQWUR LO PRQVLJQRUH H JOL DOWUL SDUHQWL %DUEHUD
SHU OH FXL PRWLYD]LRQL ULPDQGR DO WHVWR S
0DVWUR /LEHUDWRUH IX SHU LO JLRYDQH )UDQFHVFR ROWUH FKH XQ PDHVWUR GHOO¶DUWH VXD DQFKH XQ
PDHVWUR GL YLWD *OL LQVHJQz FRPH FRPSRUWDUVL QHOOD YLWD FRQ OH SHUVRQH GL ULVSHWWDUOH WXWWH GL
JXDUGDUH DO IXWXUR H QRQ DO SDVVDWR VHQ]D VFRUDJJLDUVL &RVu OR ULFRUGD FRQ JUDQGH VHQVR GL
DPPLUD]LRQH H GL ULVSHWWR ©0DVWUR /LEHUDWRUH HUD XQ WLSR HFFH]LRQDOH VLD FRPH XRPR VLD FRPH
DUWLJLDQR /H VHOOH H L ILQLPHQWL FKH XVFLYDQR GDOOH VXH PDQL HUDQR SH]]L XQLFL DXWHQWLFKH RSHUH
G¶DUWH RVHUHL GLUH « ª H FRQWLQXD RVVHUYDQGR ©PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH QRQ YDOXWDYD OH SHUVRQH SHU
TXHOOR FKH SRVVHGHYDQR PD SHU OH ORUR TXDOLWj XPDQH« 0DHVWUR G¶DUWH H GL YLWD PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH
P¶LQVHJQz D GLUH VHPSUH SDQH DO SDQH DG DVFROWDUH SD]LHQWHPHQWH OH UDJLRQL GHJOL DOWUL SHU
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
VWUDPSDODWH FKH SRWHVVHUR Ou SHU Ou VHPEUDUH D QRQ JXDUGDUH PDL LQGLHWUR FRPXQTXH IRVVHUR DQGDWH
OH FRVH D GDUH LO SHWWR DOOD FRUGD FRQ OD VWHVVD WHQDFLD GHL FDYDOOL GD WLUR VH F¶HUD XQ RVWDFROR GD
VXSHUDUH 0L IHFH FDSLUH VRSUDWWXWWR O¶LPSRUWDQ]D GL ULVSHWWDUH O¶XRPR FRPH WDOH FHUFDQGROR
SHUVLQR QHO SD]]R H QHOO¶XOWLPR PHQWHFDWWRª S &RPH VL YHGH VRQR SULQFLSL GL VDJJH]]D
VHPSOLFL PD SURIRQGL H DPPLUHYROL SHU XQ DUWLJLDQR
1RQ VWUDQL]]D TXLQGL FKH HJOL FRQVHUYL SHU TXHVWR PDHVWUR GHOOD VXD JLRYLQH]]D XQ ULFRUGR
TXDVL FRPPRVVR SHUFKp VHSSH JXLGDUOR FRQ JUDQGH EXRQ VHQVR LQ XQ PRPHQWR LQ FXL LQ OXL VL
DIIDFFLDYD ±FRPH HJOL VWHVVR ULFRUGD ± LO ³ELVRJQR GL SURPR]LRQH H « DQFKH GL G¶HOHYD]LRQH
VSLULWXDOH´ S ©7UD L WDQWL ULFRUGL FKH PL OHJDQR D OXL ± GLFH ± PL SLDFH ULHYRFDUQH XQR
DSSDUHQWHPHQWH GL SRFD LPSRUWDQ]D )X DSSXQWR PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH D VXJJHULUPL JLj QHL SULPL
JLRUQL FKH LQFRPLQFLDL D ODYRUDUH QHOOD VXD ERWWHJD GL IDUPL FUHVFHUH OD EDUED H G¶DFFRQFLDUOD FRPH
JLj PLR SDGUH DOOD SDWULDUFD )HFL WHVRUR GHL VXRL FRQVLJOL H QH ULFDYDL YDQWDJJL LQVSHUDWL $FTXLVLL
XQ FKH GL LHUDWLFR XQ IDVFLQR FKH PDQGDYD LQ GHOLULR QRQ SRFKH GRQQH XQ¶DXUHROD GL VLPSDWLD FKH
PL SHUPHWWHYD G¶DEEDWWHUH RJQL FRUWLQD GL GLIILGHQ]D H ± DVVLHPH D WXWWR TXHVWR ± DQFKH XQD YRJOLD
GL DIIHUPD]LRQH ROWUH L OLPLWL GHO PHVWLHUH GL VHOODLR XQ GHVLGHULR DQVLRVR GL ULVFDWWR XQD YHUD
VPDQLD GL IDUH IDUH IDUH DQFKH VH QRQ VDSHYR EHQH FKH FRVD FRPH H SHUFKp IDUHª LYL
,O SULPR LQFDULFR GL SRUWDEDQGLHUD
0D IX DQFRUD PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH FKH VHSSH LQFDQDODUH TXHVWD VPDQLD GL ³IDUH´ YHUVR OD
FRVSLUD]LRQH DQWLERUERQLFD 4XHVWL LQIDWWL QRQ DVSHWWDYD DOWUR FKH LO PRPHQWR GL SRWHUVL OLEHUDUH GL
FRORUR FKH QHO ¶ DYHYDQR FRQGDQQDWR D PRUWH VXR ILJOLR SHU FXL WUDVPHWWHYD DO JLRYDQH
DSSUHQGLVWD DQFKH TXHVWR VHQVR GL ULEHOOLRQH H GL ULVFDWWR VHQVR GL ULEHOOLRQH H GL ULVFDWWR FKH HJOL
JLj PDWXUDYD SHU FRQWR VXR ,QIDWWL GHOXVR SHU LO VHQVR GL YXRWR FKH JOL UHVWDYD GHQWUR D FDXVD GHOOD
VXD YLWD GLVVROXWD LQFRPLQFLz D GDUVL DOOD OHWWXUD VSHUDQGR LQ WDO PRGR GL FROPDUH WDOH YXRWR
©$OO¶LQL]LR ±GLFH± OHJJHYR GL WXWWR TXRWLGLDQL HEGRPDGDUL OH )DYROH GL *LXIj OH PLOOH H XQD QRWWH
TXDOFKH SDVVR GHOOD %LEELD H OH FRQIHVVLRQL GL 6DQW¶$JRVWLQR« 3UHQGHYR TXDVL WXWWR LQ SUHVWLWR
GDOOD ELEOLRWHFD GHOO¶XIILFLDOH GHOOD JHQGDUPHULD D FDYDOOR &RQ OD FRPSOLFLWj GL VXD PRJOLH
QDWXUDOPHQWH *UD]LH D OHL HEEL DGGLULWWXUD O¶RFFDVLRQH GL SRVDUH JOL RFFKL VXO 3ULPDWR FLYLOH H
PRUDOH GHJOL ,WDOLDQL GL 9LQFHQ]R *LREHUWL H VX DOFXQH LQWHUHVVDQWL OHWWHUH GL 0D]]LQL« 4XHVWH
FDVXDOL OHWWXUH ± GLFH ± PL FRQTXLVWDURQR D SRFR D SRFR DOOD FDXVD GHOO¶XQLWj G¶,WDOLD H DJOL LGHDOL
UHSXEEOLFDQL QHL TXDOL VL ULFRQRVFHYD GD DQQL PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUHª S &RPH VL YHGH PDVWUR
/LEHUDWRUH ULWRUQD DQFRUD FRPH PRGHOOR LGHDOH GL YLWD H GL SHQVLHUR
0D FLz FKH OR GRYHYD UDGLFDUH DQFRUD GL SL LQ TXHVWH LGHH UHSXEEOLFDQH IX OD OHWWXUD GHO
SDPSKOHW DQWLERUERQLFR GL /XLJL 6HWWHPEULQL FKH TXDOFKH WHPSR GRSR DYUHEEH LQFRQWUDWR D 1DSROL
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
H GL FXL ULIHULUz IUD SRFR ,O OLEUR HUD OD 3URWHVWD GHO SRSROR GHOOH GXH 6LFLOLH ©$ IRUQLUPL TXHVWD
RFFDVLRQH ± GLFH ± IX DQFRUD XQD YROWD GRQQD ,RODQGD FKH PH QH GLHGH XQD FRSLD VWDYROWD LQ
RPDJJLR ǻ SS
5LSRUWR DGHVVR LO SDVVR FKH VHJQD LO SDVVDJJLR GDOO¶DVWUDWWD YRJOLD GL IDUH DOOD GHWHUPLQD]LRQH GL
IDUH QHO FRQFUHWR LQ XQLWj GL LQWHQWL DQFRUD XQD YROWD FRQ LO PDHVWUR /LEHUDWRUH &RQWLQXDQGR LO WHVWR
VRSUD ULSRUWDWR FRVu VFULYH ©/HVVL LO OLEUR WXWWR G¶XQ ILDWR LQFXUDQWH GHO SURIOXYLR GL FDUH]]H GL FXL
VHJXLWz D IDUPL RJJHWWR GRQQD ,RODQGD ( QRQ FL PLVL PROWR D UHQGHUPL FRQWR FKH HUD QHFHVVDULR
VJXVFLDUH TXDQWR SULPD GDO SULYDWR SHU LPERFFDUH OD YLD PDHVWUD FKH SRUWD DOOD OLEHUWj DQFKH D FRVWR
GL ULPHWWHUFL OD SHOOH FRPH L IUDWHOOL %DQGLHUD 0L VHQWLL G¶LPSURYYLVR DIIUDWHOODWR DOO¶LJQRWR DXWRUH
GHO SDPSKOHW « %UXFLDYR GDOOD YRJOLD GL FRQWULEXLUH DO PHJOLR GHOOH PLH SRVVLELOLWj DOOD FRVWUX]LRQH
GHOO¶,WDOLD XQD OLEHUD H LQGLSHQGHQWH QRQ SL LQIHVWDWD GD PLQLVWUL FRUURWWL H VELUUL SULYL GL VFUXSROL DXWRUL GL WRUWXUH H QHIDQGH]]H G¶RJQL JHQHUH SHUVRQDJJL VSUHJLXGLFDWL H DPELJXL FRPH LO PDULWR GL
GRQQD ,RODQGDª S LO TXDOH VL HUD GLVWLQWR SHU OH VXH UXEHULH H SHU DYHUH WUDGLWR OD FDXVD GHOOD
OLEHUWj HVVHQGR SDVVDWR GD DIILOLDWR DOOD *LRYDQH ,WDOLD DOOD SROL]LD ERUERQLFD ©1R WXWWR TXHVWR QRQ SRWHYD FRQWLQXDUH ± GLFH D VH VWHVVR LO JLRYDQH DSSUHQGLVWD VHOODLR H FRVSLUDWRUH ± 0L VDUHL EDWWXWR
SHU XQD VRFLHWj SL JLXVWD VHQ]D VRSUXVL Qp WRUWXUH 6HQ]D SHQD GL PRUWH (UR DQFRUD WURSSR
GLVJXVWDWR GDOOD EDUEDUD HVHFX]LRQH GHO ¶ SHU WROOHUDUH O¶LGHD VWHVVD GL QXRYH HVHFX]LRQLª LYL
$QLPDWR GD TXHVWL SURSRVLWL ULYROX]LRQDUL SDUWHFLSz FRQ LO VXR PDHVWUR DOOD IHVWD
GHOO¶DQQLYHUVDULR GL VXR ILJOLR FKH TXHVWL DYHYD RUJDQL]]DWR LQ XQD FRQWUDGD GHWWD ³&KLDYH´ 9L
SDUWHFLSDURQR WDQWL LQYLWDWL WXWWL FRVSLUDWRUL UHSXEEOLFDQL WUDQQH LO IUDWHOOR GL 6WHIDQR FKH
SDUWHJJLDYD SHU LO SDSD HVVHQGR IUDWH 4XL DVFROWz LO GLVFRUVR LQDXJXUDOH WHQXWR GD GRQ &LFFLR
&ULVSL VHJXLWR GDO GRWWRU )ULVFLD 0D LO GLVFRUVR FKH SL OR LQILDPPz IX TXHOOR SXUH LQDXJXUDOH FKH
DQFRUD LO GRWWRU )ULVFLD WHQQH VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH QHOOD YLOOD GHL %HFFKLQD 4XHVWR GLVFRUVR ± GLFH ±
©VHSSH DIIDVFLQDUPL PHJOLR GHOOD SULPD YROWD WUDVSRUWDQGRPL LQ XQ PRQGR QXRYR OLEHUR GDOOH
FDWHQH GHO ELVRJQR LQ XQ¶HSRFD JORULRVD FRQWUDVVHJQDWD GDOOD ³XQLYHUVDOH ULJHQHUD]LRQH´ª S
)X SURSULR LQ TXHVWD RFFDVLRQH FKH DYYHQQH OD SULPD LQYHVWLWXUD GL SRUWDEDQGLHUD GHO WULFRORUH
4XL GRYHQGRVL SURFHGHUH DOOD FRVWLWX]LRQH GHL FRPLWDWL FRVSLUDWRUL SURYYLVRUL LO JLRYDQH )UDQFHVFR
VL SHUPLVH GL SURSRUUH PDVWUR /LEHUDWRUH ± DVVHQWH LQ TXHOO¶RFFDVLRQH ± FRPH FDSR GHO FRPLWDWR
FRPSRVWR GD DOFXQL JLRYDQL GL 0HQIULFL 1DWXUDOPHQWH OD SURSRVWD IX VXELWR DFFROWD PD SRLFKp
TXDOFXQR =XOR 3DOPLQWHUL HVSUHVVH TXDOFKH SHUSOHVVLWj FKH LO VXR PDHVWUR YROHVVH YHUDPHQWH
DFFHWWDUH O¶LQFDULFR HJOL VL SUHPXUz GL WUDQTXLOOL]]DUOR 4XHVWR LO GLDORJR WUD LO GRWWRU )ULVFLD H LO
JLRYDQH )UDQFHVFR ©$FFHWWHUj DFFHWWHUj´ D]]DUGDL ³/R FRQRVFR WURSSR EHQH SHU GXELWDUQH´ ,O
GRWWRU )ULVFLD VRUULVH ³6HL LQ JDPED WX 6WHIDQR ± TXHVWR LO QRPH GL PDVWUR &LFFLR FRQ LO TXDOH
YHQLYD FKLDPDWR QHOOD ]RQD GL 0HQIULFL SHU RQRUDUH OD PHPRULD GHO SDGUH PRUWR TXDQGR DYHYD
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
TXDUDQWD JLRUQL ± ( KDL SXUH LO SHUVRQDOH SHUIHWWR SHU SRUWDUH OD EDQGLHUD´ ³4XDOH EDQGLHUD"´ JOL
FKLHVL ³OD EDQGLHUD LWDOLDQD 6WHIDQR PLR LO WULFRORUH GL FXL KR DYXWR PRGR GL SDUODUH DOOD &KLDYH´ª
S
'D TXL LQL]Lz GL IDWWR O¶DWWLYLWj ULYROX]LRQDULD GHO JLRYDQH )UDQFHVFR 'RSR L SULPL LQWHUYHQWL
FRQWUR O¶DPPLQLVWUD]LRQH ERUERQLFD GL 0HQIULFL L FRVSLUDWRUL LQFDO]DWL GDL ERUERQLFL VL GLVSHUGRQR
SHU OH FDPSDJQH H )UDQFHVFR %DUEHUD GRSR YDULH YLFLVVLWXGLQL DUULYD D 3DOHUPR JLj OLEHUDWD $QFKH
O¶LVROD OR VDUj IUD DOFXQL JLRUQL H SXUH 0HQIULFL GD GRYH ULWRUQDWR SHU XQ FHUWR WHPSR IXJJH
VGHJQDWR SHUFKp DVVLVWH DO YROWDIDFFLD GL DOFXQL ERUERQLFL FRPSUHVL L VXRL O¶,OOXPLQDWR HG LO
PRQVLJQRUH $ 3DOHUPR LO &RPLWDWR ULYROX]LRQDULR SURYYLVRULR ULILXWD VGHJQRVDPHQWH LO WHQWDWLYR GL
UH )HUGLQDQGR GL FRQFHGHUH OD FRVWLWX]LRQH H VL GLVFXWH GL XQD DXVSLFDELOH ³IHGHUD]LRQH WUD LO UHJQR GL
3DOHUPR H GL 1DSROL´ 1HOO¶DPELWR GHOOD UHDOL]]D]LRQH GL TXHVWR SURJHWWR )UDQFHVFR %DUEHUD YLHQH
LQYLDWR D 1DSROL LQ WXWWD VHJUHWH]]D SHU VDJJLDUQH OH FRQFUHWH SRVVLELOLWj 4XL LQFRQWUD /XLJL
6HWWHPEULQL O¶DXWRUH GHOOD 3URWHVWD GHO SRSROR GHOOH GXH 6LFLOLH FKH DYHYD JLj OHWWR DYHQGRQH DYXWR
XQD FRSLD LQ UHJDOR GD GRQQD ,RODQGD FRPH VL q YLVWR 4XHVWR LQFRQWUR ULYHVWH XQD GRSSLD
LPSRUWDQ]D SHU OD WHVL FKH VWR FHUFDQGR GL GLPRVWUDUH SHUFKp SHU XQ YHUVR DQWLFLSD OD ULYHOD]LRQH
GHO YHFFKLR QRQQR DO QLSRWLQR &LFFLQR QHOOD /HWWHUD D OXL GHGLFDWD H SHU XQ DOWUR QH LQGLFD FRQ
FKLDUH]]D OH PRWLYD]LRQL FKH QHOOD /HWWHUD UHVWDQR HQLJPDWLFKH ,O IDWWR VL ULIHULVFH D TXDQGR LO
JLRYDQH PHQIULFHVH LQVLHPH DO 6HWWHPEULQL HG DOWUL VWDQQR DWWUDYHUVDQGR XQ VWUDGD GL XQ TXDUWLHUH GL
1DSROL ,O 6HWWHPEULQL SDUODQGR D EDVVD SHU QRQ IDUVL VHQWLUH GD FHUWL VELUUL FKH OL SHGLQDYDQR ULIHUu
FRQ XQ FHUWR ³RUJRJOLR´ FKH LO SRUWRQH GL TXHO SDOD]]R QRELOLDUH FKH VWDYD GL IURQWH D ORUR HUD
ULPDVWR FKLXVR GDO GD TXDQGR HUD VWDWD URYHVFLDWD OD 5HSXEEOLFD SDUWHQRSHD H ³3HU ULDSULUOR
JOL HUHGL DVSHWWDQR FKH VX 1DSROL VYHQWROL OD EDQGLHUD GHOOD OLEHUWj´ S
6L QRWL DGHVVR OD ULVSRVWD FKH LO JLRYDQH ULYROX]LRQDULR Gj DO SURIHVVRUH 6HWWHPEULQL H LO
FRPPHQWR FKH HJOL RUPDL YHFFKLR H LQHIILFLHQWH ID FRQ VH VWHVVR PD ULYROWR DO QLSRWLQR D FRORUR FKH
OR OHJJHUDQQR ©6YHQWROHUj SUHVWRª VHQWHQ]LDL QHOOD PLD JUDQGH LQJHQXLWj JLRYDQLOH ©0D GRSR WXWWR
TXHOOR FKH KR YLVWR PL VRQR GRYXWR FRQYLQFHUH FKH OD IDQWRPDWLFD EDQGLHUD QRQ VYHQWROHUj PDL Qp
D 1DSROL Qp LQ QHVVXQ¶DOWUD FLWWj GHO PRQGR FRVWUXLWD DO GL TXD GHL FRQILQL GHOO¶XWRSLDª LYL
4XL SRVVLDPR QRWDUH LQQDQ]L WXWWR FRPH YHQJD XWLOL]]DWR OR VWHVVR WLSR GL OLQJXDJJLR GHOOD
/HWWHUD ,Q TXHVWD VL GLFH ³1HOOD PLD JUDQGH LQJHQXLWj OH FKLHVL DOORUD GL FRPSUDUPHOD´ QHO
0HPRULDOH VL GLFH ³6YHQWROHUj SUHVWR VHQWHQ]LDL QHOOD PLD JUDQGH LQJHQXLWj JLRYDQLOH´ ,Q HQWUDPEL
L WHVWL LO OLQJXDJJLR q LGHQWLFR H YL FRUULVSRQGRQR SHUVLQR OH SDUROH H LGHQWLFR q SXUH LO FRQWHQXWR
QHOOD SULPD VL WUDWWD GHO SURVVLPR DFTXLVWR GHOO¶LVROD YHUGH H QHO VHFRQGR GHOOD SURVVLPD FRQTXLVWD
GHOOD OLEHUWj
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
0D FLz FKH SRWUHEEH UHQGHUH TXHVWH SRFKH ULJKH XQ WHVWR GHFLVLYR SHU OD FRPSUHQVLRQH GL
XQ¶XWRSLD D ULVFKLR GL IDOOLPHQWR QRQ VROR QHO 0HPRULDOH PD DQFKH QHOOD /HWWHUD H QHO 3URORJR
VDUHEEH ± D PLR DYYLVR ± OD PRWLYD]LRQH FKH VHJXH 7UDVFULYR O¶LQWHUR WHVWR DQFKH VH XQ SR¶ OXQJR
©8QD YROWD ULWRUQDWR D 3DOHUPR FKLHVL GL HVVHUH ULFHYXWR GDO VHJUHWDULR SDUWLFRODUH GHO PLQLVWUR
SURYYLVRULR SHU JOL $IIDUL HVWHUL FKH DYHYD DXWRUL]]DWR OD PLVVLRQH SHU HVSRUJOL OH PLH LPSUHVVLRQL
VXOOD UHDOWj QDSROHWDQD 0D PL GRYHWWL DFFRQWHQWDUH G¶HVVHUH VHQWLWR GD XQR VFULEDFFKLQR GHO VXR
XIILFLR FKH DQQRWDYD WXWWR IXRUFKp OH FRVH LPSRUWDQWL $VSLUDYR DO JUDGR GL VHFRQGR WHQHQWH
SRUWDEDQGLHUD H IX JUDQ YHQWXUD VH PL QRPLQDURQR DOILHUH VHQ]D SHQVLRQH LO FODVVLFR RVVR JHWWDWR LQ
SDVWR DL FDQL EHQ VSROSDWR SHUz GDL PDUSLRQL GL VHPSUH 0D WXWWR TXHVWR IX EHQ SRFD FRVD ULVSHWWR
DO ILHOH FKH LQFRPLQFLDL D UXPLQDUH TXDOFKH JLRUQR GRSR TXDQGR PL UHVL FRQWR FKH OD QXRYD
FRVWLWX]LRQH VDUHEEH VWDWD FRPH JLj TXHOOD GHO ¶ TXDVL D PLVXUD GHL SULYLOHJL GL FRORUR FKH QHOOD
QRVWUD LVROD DYHYDQR VHPSUH IDWWR LO EHOOR H LO FDWWLYR WHPSRª LYL
&RPH VL YHGH VRQR OH VWHVVH PRWLYD]LRQL FKH ULWRUQDQR LGHQWLFKH LQ VLWXD]LRQL GLYHUVH OD
ULYROX]LRQH XQD YROWD UDJJLXQWR LO SRWHUH VLD HVVR GL VWDPSR PD]]LQLDQR R VDEDXGR SLHPRQWHVH
VXELWR VHQ]D SHUGHUFL WHPSR WUDGLVFH OH PRWLYD]LRQL FKH O¶KDQQR LVSLUDWD 1DWXUDOPHQWH QHO FDVR
GHO 0HPRULDOH VLDPR QHO WHPSR LQ FXL LO SRUWDEDQGLHUD HUD DQFRUD JLRYDQH H SLHQR GL HQWXVLDVPR H
GL YRJOLD GL ³IDUH´ SHU FXL EHQ VL FDSLVFH OD UHD]LRQH FKH HEEH GL IURQWH D TXHVWD VLWXD]LRQH 'LFH
LQIDWWL ©(SSXUH QRQ PL SDVVz QHSSXUH SHU O¶DQWLFDPHUD GHO FHUYHOOR GL VPHWWHUH GL VHUYLUH OD FDXVD
ULYROX]LRQDULD HUR FRVu DOOXFLQDWR GD SHQVDUH FKH OH FRVH VL VDUHEEHUR PHVVH SUHVWR SHU LO YHUVR
JLXVWR VSHFLH VH DG ROLDUH JOL LQJUDQDJJL GHO QXRYR FRUVR IRVVLPR ULPDVWL LPSHJQDWL ILQR DOOR
VSDVLPR QRL PD]]LQLDQLª LYL 4XL FKL VFULYH SDUOD GL DXWR DOOXFLQD]LRQH H FKL VFULYH q XQ YHFFKLR
SRUWDEDQGLHUD GLVLQFDQWDWR FKH VL YHGH FRPH LQ XQ ILOP TXDQGR HUD DQFRUD JLRYDQH 6WD GL IDWWR
SHUz FKH XQD DOOXFLQD]LRQH DQDORJD ULWRUQD DQFKH DOOD ILQH GHO 3URORJR ±FKH SRWUHEEH HVVHUH DQFKH
O¶HSLORJR GHO 0HPRULDOH FRPH VWR FHUFDQGR GL HYLGHQ]LDUH ± TXDQGR FRPH VL q YLVWR VH DYHVVH
DYXWR DQFRUD OD IRU]D FKH DYHYD TXDQGR DSSXQWR HUD JLRYDQH VL VDUHEEH IDWWR FDYDUH ³HQWUDPEL JOL
RFFKL´ SXU GL QRQ ODVFLDUVL SULYDUH GHO VXR WURIHR FRQTXLVWDWR QHL PRPHQWL GL JORULD 4XHVWR
VLJQLILFD ± PL SDUH ± FKH OH IRU]H ILVLFKH VFHPDQR OH VLWXD]LRQL PXWDQR PD OD IRU]D GHOOR VSLULWR
³DSSDVVLRQDWR´ H ³FRHUHQWH´ ULPDQH LGHQWLFD VLD GD JLRYDQH FKH DQFKH RUD GD YHFFKLR
&KH VLD TXHVWR LO FDUDWWHUH GHO SHUVRQDJJLR FKH GL IURQWH DOOH FRVH LQJLXVWH QRQ VD UHVLVWHUH H
UHDJLVFH FRPH SXz VHFRQGR OH FLUFRVWDQ]H ³FRVWDVVH TXHO FKH FRVWDVVH´ OR VL SXz YHGHUH GD WDQWL
FDVL GHO 0HPRULDOH ,Q TXHVWR VHQVR SDUWLFRODUPHQWH HPEOHPDWLFR PL VHPEUD LO FDVR FKH QDUUD
O¶LQFRQWUR GHO 1RVWUR D %HOODIUDWL GRYH IUDWWDQWR VL HUD IDWWR FKLDPDUH /D %DUEHUD SHU VIXJJLUH DOOD
JLXVWL]LD ERUERQLFD FRQ XQD ]LQJDUD DOOD TXDOH FKLHGH LQ PRGR FDQ]RQDWRULR GL IDUJOL FRQRVFHUH LO
VXR IXWXUR S RSSXUH OD IRU]D G¶DQLPR PRVWUDWD LQ RFFDVLRQH GHO PDQFDWR DVVHJQR YLWDOL]LR FKH
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
JOL VSHWWDYD SHU OHJJH H FKH JOL YLHQH QHJDWR SHU XQD TXHVWLRQH EXURFUDWLFD SS 0D LO FDVR
FKH QHO VXR FRPSOHVVR PHJOLR GHVFULYH ± D PLR DYYLVR ± TXHVWR FDUDWWHUH IRUWH PROWR SRQGHUDWR H
ULIOHVVLYR PD QHOOR VWHVVR WHPSR LVWLQWLYR R LUUHIUHQDELOH GL IURQWH DOOH LQJLXVWL]LH H DOOH PHQ]RJQH
PL VHPEUD TXHOOR FKH YLHQH GRSR LO SURFHVVR IDUVD FRVu OR GHILQLVFH FKH FRQGDQQD D PRUWH
6DQWX]]R 0HOL GL &LPLQQD VRVWDQ]LDOPHQWH SHU UDJLRQH GL VWDWR H FKH UDIILJXUDYD O¶DWWHJJLDPHQWR
FDPDOHRQWHVFR GL GRQ 1HQq )DOHUQR ©3RL LO GLFHPEUH TXDQGR VEDUFz FRQ OD FRUWH SHU OD SULPD
YROWD QHOO¶LVROD LO UH 9LWWRULR« GRQ 1HQq )DOHUQR UDJJLXQVH O¶DSRWHRVL GHOOD VXD FDPDOHRQWHVFD
YLFHQGD SHUVRQDOH FRPDQGDQGR FRQ LO JUDGR GL FDSLWDQR XQ GUDSSHOOR G¶LPSHWWLWL YHWHUDQL GHO ¶
FKH JULGDYDQR FRQ YRFH VRQRUD 9LYD LO QRVWUR UH 9LYD 9LWWRULR (PDQXHOH 9LYD L 6DYRLD ª 6HJXH
DGHVVR LO FRPPHQWR GL PDVWUR &LFFLR ©$YHVVL SRWXWR SUHYHGHUH D WHPSR GHELWR PHWj GL TXHVWH FRVH
PL VDUHL GDWR DO EULJDQWDJJLR FRPH 1LQR /HRQH GL &DODPLJQD >9HQWLPLJOLD GL 6LFLOLD@ SLXWWRVWR FKH
DUUXRODUPL WUD L FDFFLDWRUL GHOO¶(WQD H ULVFKLDUH GL IDUPL DPPD]]DUH LQ FRPEDWWLPHQWR QHOOD SLDQD WUD
0LOD]]R H 6DQWD /XFLD GHO 0HOD ( VH q YHUR ± FRQWLQXD ± FKH LQ TXHOOD FLUFRVWDQ]D PL JXDGDJQDL VXO
FDPSR LO JUDGR GL VRWWRWHQHQWH QHVVXQD FDULWj GL SDWULD PL SXz SL LPSHGLUH GL GHQXQFLDUH DO
FRVSHWWR GHO PRQGR LQWHUR O¶LQIDPH GHFUHWR VDEDXGR FKH LO PDJJLR PL IHFH ULWRUQDUH
GHILQLWLYDPHQWH D FDVD FRQ LO EHQHSODFLWR GL TXHO UH *DODQWXRPR GL FXL VRQR JLXVWDPHQWH ILHUL L
JDODQWXRPLQL FKH VSDGURQHJJLDQR SL GL SULPD QHL JURVVL FHQWUL H QHL YLOODJJL GL 6LFLOLDª S
5LWRUQDQGR GXQTXH DO YHFFKLR PDVWUR &LFFLR GHO 3URORJR GL FXL VL GLFHYD VRSUD TXHVWL
FRPH DEELDPR YLVWR QRQ SRWHQGR VFDJOLDUH QXOO¶DOWUR FRQWUR LO QXRYR QHPLFR JOL VFDJOLD FRQWUR OD
VXD SHQQD O¶XOWLPD DUPD FKH DQFRUD JOL UHVWD FRPH IRVVH XQ JLDYHOORWWR XQR GL TXHOOL FKH PDVWUR
/LEHUDWRUH DYHYD RUGLQDWR GL SUHSDUDUH DG XQ IDEEUR GL 0HQIULFL SHU LO SULPR DVVDOWR DOO¶RSSUHVVLRQH
ERUERQLFD GL TXHO &RPXQH S
6HQQRQFKp LO QXRYR JLDYHOORWWR VFDJOLDWR SULPD GL DUULYDUH D FROSLUH LO QHPLFR GHYH HVVHUH
UDFFROWR GDO QLSRWLQR &LFFLQR H ULODQFLDWR TXDQGR QH DYUj OH IRU]H H OD YRJOLD 0D QXOOD q SL
LQVLFXUR GL TXHVWR H PDVWUR &LFFLR XQD YROWD LO VHOODLR ULYROX]LRQDULR VRJQDWRUH H RUD LO QRQQR
VDJJLR H GLVLQFDQWDWR QH q SHUIHWWDPHQWH FRQVDSHYROH
4XL O¶LGHDOH XWRSLFR GL XQD FRQTXLVWD GHOOD JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH q WUDPRQWDWR GHILQLWLYDPHQWH PD
OR VSLULWR EDWWDJOLHUR H VRJQDWRUH UHVWD LPPXWDWR
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
3$57( 6(&21'$ /D /HWWHUD DO QLSRWH SULPD SDUWH S
0DVWUR &LFFLR H OD IDPLJOLD FRPH ULIXJLR H DYDPSRVWR SHU XQ QXRYR FRQFHWWR GL XWRSLD
DXWRFRVFLHQ]LDOH
6H q YHUR FKH LO 3URORJR SXz HVVHUH FRQVLGHUDWR DQFKH XQ ³HSLORJR´ HVVR FL FRQVHJQD QRQ
VROWDQWR OD FRQFOXVLRQH GHO 0HPRULDOH FRQ OD ILQH GL XQ¶XWRSLD D OLYHOOR GHOOD JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOH GL XQ
YHFFKLR SRUWDEDQGLHUD PD DQFKH DOO¶LQYHUVR OD ULQDVFLWD H LO FRQVROLGDUVL GL XQ¶DOWUD XWRSLD TXHOOD
GHOOD YLWD SULYDWD GHO SDWULDUFD GHOOD IDPLJOLD /D %DUEHUD GL %HOODIUDWL
/¶HURLFR SRUWDEDQGLHUD RUD YHFFKLR GHOXVR H GLVLQFDQWDWR GHJOL LGHDOL XWRSLFL GL XQD VRFLHWj
SL JLXVWD SL OLEHUD VLD GL VWDPSR PD]]LQLDQR UHSXEEOLFDQR FKH VDEDXGR PRQDUFKLFR H DQFKH GL
DPELWL SL GHOLPLWDWL VL ULSLHJD VX VH VWHVVR H VFRSUH LO YDORUH GHOOD IDPLJOLD FRPH XOWLPR ULIXJLR PD
DQFKH FRPH URFFDIRUWH H SULPR DYDPSRVWR GL QXRYH H VHPSUH DSSDVVLRQDQWL EDWWDJOLH &RVu FL
PRVWUD TXHVWD VXD QXRYD VFRSHUWD QHO PRPHQWR LQ FXL DUULYD LO ILJOLR 6WHIDQR GD 0DULQq SHU
UDVVLFXUDUH L JHQLWRUL FKH QHOOD FDUQHILFLQD GL 0DULQq FRQWUR L IDVFLDQWL QRQ DYHYD ULSRUWDWR QHVVXQ
GDQQR ©%DVWz YHGHUOR H O¶LQFXER VL WUDPXWz LQ JLRLD OH ODFULPH VL IHFHUR DEEUDFFL H EDFL , YLFLQL
VFLDPDURQR WXWWL 6RUULGHQWL FRPPRVVL VL QRWL O¶DIIHWWXRVD VROLGDULHWj GL WXWWR LO YLFLQDWR FKH VHPEUD
FRVWLWXLUH XQD IDPLJOLD DOODUJDWD 5LWURYDWD O¶LQWLPLWj GHO IRFRODUH FRPSUHVL FRPH QRQ P¶HUD PDL
VXFFHVVR SULPD FKH OD IDPLJOLD UHVWDYD LO SL UREXVWR DQFRUDJJLR QHO WHPSHVWRVR PDUH GHOOD YLWDª
S 3HU OD YHULWj QRQ VL SXz GLUH FKH PDVWUR &LFFLR QRQ DPDVVH OD PRJOLH $QQHWWD H L ILJOL LO VXR
SHQVLHUR HUD VHPSUH ULYROWR D ORUR YG DG HV OD VHYHUD FULWLFD FKH ID GHO VXR PRGR DYYHQWXURVR GL
DJLUH D S PD WUD L GXH DPRUL DYHYD VHPSUH SUHIHULWR O¶,WDOLD
'RSR DYHUH SDVVDWR OD YLWD D FRUUHUH GLHWUR DG XQ LGHDOH SHUGXWR ORQWDQR GDOOD IDPLJOLD
VDFULILFDQGR WXWWL H WXWWR H DQFKH VH VWHVVR VRSUDWWXWWR QHOOD GXUH]]D GHOOH FDUFHUL GL )DYLJQDQD
DGHVVR FKH q YHFFKLR FKH QRQ VL UHJJH SL LQ SLHGL HG q FRVWUHWWR D VWDUH D OHWWR SHUVLQR FRQ LO ILJOLR
DUULYDWR GD SRFR VFRSUH FRQ VXD VWHVVD VRUSUHVD FKH OD IDPLJOLD ULPDQH O¶XOWLPR ULIXJLR ³QHO
WHPSHVWRVR PDUH GHOOD YLWD´ H FRVu DOO¶LGHDOH XWRSLFR GL FRPEDWWHUH SHU WURYDUH O¶LVROD GHOOD JLXVWL]LD
VRFLDOH H GHOOD OLEHUWj VRVWLWXLVFH TXHOOR GHOOD IDPLJOLD FKH LQ TXHVWR FDVR QRQ SXz FKH HVVHUH TXHOOR
GHOOD IDPLJOLD SDWULDUFDOH LQ DFFRUGR FRQ OH HVLJHQ]H GHOO¶HSRFD 0D TXDOH IDPLJOLD" 'RY¶q OD
IDPLJOLD GD SRWHUH JXLGDUH DOO¶RFFRUUHQ]D FRPDQGDUH" 5LFRUGR FKH PLR QRQQR TXDVL FHQWHQDULR ±
ILJOLR GL XQ DOWUR FRVSLUDWRUH ULYROX]LRQDULR DPLFR GHO /D %DUEHUD FKH GRSR OD SUHVD GL 3DOHUPR VL
DUUXROz DQFKH OXL QHOO¶HVHUFLWR JDULEDOGLQR FRPH ³SULPR WDPEXUR´ VEDWWHQGR LO EDVWRQH D WHUUD
GLFHYD D PLR SDGUH H DJOL DOWUL ILJOL ³4XL FRPDQGR LR ´ SHUFKp HUD DQFKH TXHVWR LO UXROR
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
LQFRQWUDVWDWR H ULYHULWR GHO SDWULDUFD GL HVVHUH XQ SDWULDUFD 0D PDVWUR &LFFLR ULVFKLD SURSULR GL
HVVHUH XQ SDWULDUFD SL LPPDJLQDULR FKH UHDOH
,O 3URORJR LQIDWWL VL DSUH FRQ XQD VFHQD FKH ULSURGXFH OD ILQH GL XQ SUDQ]R GL FDSRGDQQR
PRGHVWLVVLPR FRQVXPDWR FRQ L VROL GXH VSRVL PDULWR H PRJOLH H QHVVXQ DOWUR /H TXDWWUR ILJOLH VRQR
HPLJUDWH WXWWH LQ $PHULFD H VSRVDWH Ou LO ILJOLR 6WHIDQR DQFKH OXL VSRVDWR GD SRFR DELWD D 0DULQq
/D FDVD q YXRWD H PDVWUR &LFFLR q ULPDVWR VROR FRQ OD PRJOLH FKH O¶DFFXGLVFH DPRUHYROPHQWH FRPH
VHPSUH FRQ L VXRL ULFRUGL OH VXH HVSHULHQ]H FKH YRUUHEEH WUDVPHWWHUH DL QLSRWL PD QRQ SXz SHUFKp
VRQR WXWWL ORQWDQR SDUODQR XQ¶DOWUD OLQJXD QRQ VD VH OR FDSLUHEEHUR Qp VH YRUUHEEHUR VDSHUQH GL OXL
/D VFRSHUWD GHO QXRYR ULIXJLR QHOOD IDPLJOLD QRQ q SULYR GL TXDOFKH QRWD GL PDOLQFRQLD $
OHJJHUH FRQ DWWHQ]LRQH LO EUHYH LQFRQWUR FRQ LO ILJOLR VXELWR GRSR LO VXR DUULYR D FDVD GD 0DULQq
PHQWUH VL ULPHWWH D OHWWR PL VHPEUD TXDVL SDWHWLFR QHOOD YRJOLD GL PHWWHUQH LQ HYLGHQ]D OH
UDVVRPLJOLDQ]H PD DQFKH OH GLIIHUHQ]H VLD D OLYHOOR FDUDWWHULDOH FKH GL LGHH SROLWLFKH 5LSRUWR LO
SDVVR FKH DSUH XQR VSLUDJOLR SURIRQGR ± D PLR DYYLVR ± QHOOD SVLFRORJLD GHO SHUVRQDJJLR H JLXVWLILFD
DQFRUD GL SL OD VFRSHUWD GL TXDOH LQFRPPHQVXUDELOH YDORUH DEELD SHU OXL RUD OD IDPLJOLD ©0D QRQ
HUD FLQLFR 6WHIDQR /R SURYDYD OD WHPSHVWLYLWj FRQ FXL HUD YHQXWR D UDVVLFXUDUH IDPLOLDUL SDUHQWL H
DPLFL H TXDQWL DOWUL SRWHVVHUR VWDUH LQ SHQVLHUR SHU OXL $O SDUL G¶RJQL DOWUR HVVHUH XPDQR PLR ILJOLR
QRQ HUD SULYR G¶HPR]LRQL PD OH FRQWUROODYD HJUHJLDPHQWH EHDWR OXL /H VXH LGHH SROLWLFKH HUDQR
GLYHUVH GDOOH PLH 6H SHU PH OD FRQGDQQD GHJOL HVHFXWRUL H GHL PDQGDQWL GHOOR VSDYHQWRVR HFFLGLR GL
0DULQq HUD QHWWD H GHFLVD SHU OXL DQGDYD ULGLPHQVLRQDWD WHQXWR FRQWR DQFKH GHO FRPSRUWDPHQWR GL
FHUWH QRQ PHJOLR LGHQWLILFDWH ³WHVWH FDOGH FKH DYHYDQR DSSLFFDWR LO IXRFR DL FDVHOOL GD]LDUL´ 1RQ SHU
TXHVWR SRWHYR YROHUJOLHQH 6WHIDQR UHVWDYD SXU VHPSUH VDQJXH GHO PLR VDQJXH (UD GXQTXH
UDJLRQHYROH VSHUDUH FKH TXDOFXQR GHL VXRL ILJOL HUHGLWDVVH ROWUH DL JHQL DQFKH OD PLD VWHVVD
FRQFH]LRQH GHO PRQGR H GHOOD YLWDª S
6L QRWL QHOOH XOWLPH ULJKH FRPH TXHOOR FKH JOL VWD D FXRUH QRQ VLD WDQWR O¶HUHGLWj JHQHWLFD GHL
ILJOL GHL VXRL ILJOL TXDQWR SLXWWRVWR TXHO FRPSOHVVR GL LGHH H GL HVSHULHQ]H FKH QH KDQQR IDWWR
O¶XRPR H LO QRQQR FKH q RUD LO SDGUH GL XQ ILJOLR FKH SXU QRQ FRQGLYLGHQGR LQ SLHQR OH VXH LGHH
SROLWLFKH QH KD PROWD FRPSUHQVLRQH HG q GLVSRVWR SHUVLQR D WROOHUDUOH VHQ]D WLUDUOD WURSSR SHU OH
OXQJKH UHVR HGRWWR GDOOH GHOXVLRQL GHOOD YLWD )LQRUD KR FRQVLGHUDWR OH GHOXVLRQL LQ DPELWR VRFLR
SROLWLFR PD QRQ YDQQR VRWWRYDOXWDWH TXHOOH FKH TXD H Oj DIILRUDQR QHJOL VFULWWL ULJXDUGDQWL OH
ULIOHVVLRQL GL PDVWUR &LFFR VXO VHQVR VWHVVR GHOOD YLWD LQ JHQHUDOH VXO VHQVR GL YXRWR FKH VHQWH
GHQWUR GL Vp QHO FRQVLGHUDUH FRPH LO WHPSR LQHVRUDELOH JLXGLFH LQJKLRWWH WXWWR H WXWWL FRPH LQ XQ
EXFR QHUR VHQ]D IRQGR SLFFROL H JUDQGL YLOL HG HURL 3HQVR DOOD GHVFUL]LRQH FKH ID GHOO¶REHOLVFR
LQQDO]DWR D *LELOURVVD FRPH WURIHR SHU OD YLWWRULD FRQWUR L %RUERQL H FKH RUD VHPEUD ULGHUVHOD GD
ODVV GHJOL LQFLWDPHQWL DOOD EDWWDJOLD GD SDUWH GL *DULEDOGL H GHO /D 0DVD S RSSXUH DQFRU SL
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
GHOOD ILQH FKH IHFH PDVWUR 3HSSLQR LO VHJJLDUR O¶DUDOGR GHO 5LVRUJLPHQWR TXDQGR PRUHQGR QRQ VROR
VH QH DQGz QHOO¶LQGLIIHUHQ]D JHQHUDOH PD IX SHUVLQR IDWWR RJJHWWR GL LQGLJQDWH SURWHVWH SHU HVVHUH
VHSSHOOLWR DO &DOYDULR QHL SUHVVL GHOOH DELWD]LRQL H YLHQH LQILQH ULFRUGDWR SHU ©XQ¶LPSUHFD]LRQH FKH
OH FRPDUL WXWWRUD GHGLFDQR D FKL SDUOD WURSSR ³' OLQJXL FRPX PDVWUX 3LSSLQX µX VJJLDUX´ª S
1RQ VRUSUHQGH DOORUD FKH TXHVWR DWWHJJLDPHQWR IDPLOLDUH LQWLPLVWLFR H WROOHUDQWH VL
HVWULQVHFKL QHOOH PROWH UHWLFHQ]H GHOOD SULPD SDUWH GHOOD /HWWHUD DO QLSRWH FKH QRQ q XQR GHL ILJOL GL
6WHIDQR VSRVDWR GD SRFR FRPH JLj GHWWR PD XQR GL TXHOOL GL 0DUDVDQWD O¶XOWLPD HPLJUDWD LQ
$PHULFD GHOOD FXL SDUWHQ]D F¶q WUDFFLD QHO 0HPRULDOH S ,Q TXHVWD SULPD SDUWH YL GRPLQD XQ
VHQVR GL LQFHUWH]]D GL DWWHVD VSHUDQ]RVD PD GXEELRVD ³PHWWR SXUH QHO FRQWR FKH WX SRVVD VFHJOLHUH
GL QRQ LPSDUDUH PDL OD OLQJXD LWDOLDQD H SHUVLQR FKH YRJOLD UHFLGHUH OH WXH UHGXFL FXOWXUDOL VLFLOLDQH´
H FRQWLQXD FRQ XQ ULFKLDPR DG XQ LQWXLWR GL FDUDWWHUH LUUD]LRQDOH ³,O VHQVR PL GLFH SHUz FKH VHL WX
OD PDJOLD IRQGDPHQWDOH GHOOD FDWHQD XPDQD FKH GD PH V¶q DOOXQJDWD FDSULFFLRVDPHQWH ILQR D WH´
&RPH VL YHGH YL GRPLQD XQ¶DWPRVIHUD FDULFD GL VHQWLPHQWL IRUWL LQ SDUWH IUXVWDQWL H LQ SDUWH DQFRUD
SURURPSHQWL PD PDL LQYDGHQWL /¶DXWRUH GHO 0HPRULDOH PDVWUR &LFFLR VD WHQHUH EHQH D IUHQR OD
VXD HVLJHQ]D GL QRQ SUHYDULFDUH OD YRORQWj GHO QLSRWH ³VHPSUH FKH WX YRJOLD FRQVHUYDUH OD /HWWHUD H
LO PDQRVFULWWR´ FRQWLQXD D ULSHWHUJOL S O¶XQLFR SRVVLELOH OHWWRUH DO TXDOH VL VHQWH SL YLFLQR
FDUDWWHULDOPHQWH H D FXL q GLVSRVWR DG DIILGDUH OH VXH FRQIHVVLRQL
7UH VRQR L SDUDPHWUL FKH KDQQR GHWHUPLQDWR OD VFHOWD GD SDUWH GHO QRQQR GL &LFFLQR FRPH
GHSRVLWDULR GHOOH VXH PHPRULH LO QRPH O¶HWj OD VWDJLRQH GHOOD QDVFLWD 0D SRL YL q XQ
TXDUWR HOHPHQWR QRQ XQ XOWLPR SHU LPSRUWDQ]D OD GHFRGLILFD]LRQH GHO 0HPRULDOH 0HQWUH LQIDWWL L
SULPL WUH DVSHWWL KDQQR D FKH IDUH FRQ HOHPHQWL HVWULQVHFL D FURQRORJLFL O¶HWj E GHQRPLQDWLYL
&LFFLR &LFFLQR F FDUDWWHULDOL VSLULWR SURURPSHQWH FRPH OD SULPDYHUD VROR LO TXDUWR ULJXDUGD OD
GHVWLQD]LRQH VWHVVD GHO PDQRVFULWWR LQ TXDQWR GRFXPHQWR VWRULFR LQ FXL q ULIXVD O¶HVSHULHQ]D GHOOD VXD YLWD FKH VH QRQ F¶q TXDOFXQR FKH OR SUHQGD VXO VHULR OR OHJJD H QH FRPSUHQGD DQFKH LO
VLJQLILFDWR H LO PHVVDJJLR ULVFKLD GL SHUGHUVL QHO QXOOD &RPH KR GHWWR PDVWUR &LFFLR VD GL FRUUHUH TXHVWR ULVFKLR H WXWWDYLD QRQ VH OD VHQWH GL IRU]DUH OD PDQR FRQ LO QLSRWH TXDVL FRVWULQJHQGROR DG
RFFXSDUVL GL OXL H GHOOH VXH ³ILVVD]LRQL´ FRQFRUUHQGR FRQ FLz D PHWWHUH LQ FULVL LO FRQFHWWR VWHVVR FKH
QRUPDOPHQWH VL DYHYD GL SDWULDUFDWR FRPH JLj GHWWR H FLz LQ ³FRHUHQ]D´ FRQ VH VWHVVR FRQ OD
FRQFH]LRQH GHO PRQGR H GHOOD YLWD FKH DSSXQWR DYHYD GHWUDWWR GDOOH VXH PROWHSOLFL HVSHULHQ]H FKH
VRQR TXHOOH VWHVVH FKH RUD YRUUHEEH WUDVPHWWHUH DO QLSRWH H GHVLGHUD FKH IRVVHUR DQFKH LPLWDWH
6DUHEEH VWDWD LQIDWWL XQD YLROHQ]D EHOOD H EXRQD SUHWHQGHUH GD XQ QLSRWH SHU JLXQWD VFRQRVFLXWR GL
RFFXSDUVL GL OXL VHULDPHQWH VLD FRPH VWRULFR ³GHOOD YHUD VWRULD GHO 5LVRUJLPHQWR VLFLOLDQR´ FKH FRPH
PDHVWUR GL YLWD H GL VDJJH]]D
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
&Lz FKH OR VSLQJH LQ XQ FHUWR PRGR DG LQVLVWHUH VRQR SLFFROL GHWWDJOL FKH OXL VRYUDFFDULFD GL
VLJQLILFDWR PD FKH SHU LO QLSRWH SRVVRQR QRQ DYHUQH QHVVXQR 0D OD VSHUDQ]D q O¶XOWLPD D PRULUH H LO
VHQVR GL DSSDUWHQHQ]D LQVLWR QHO FRQFHWWR VWHVVR GL SDWULDUFDWR FRQWLQXD D UHVLVWHUH SXU GL IURQWH
DOO¶HYLGHQWH VIDOGDPHQWR GHOOD IDPLJOLD VSDUVD LQ YDULH SDUWL GHO PRQGR
,Q GHILQLWLYD PDVWUR &LFFLR VFRQILWWR QHOOD YLWD SXEEOLFD FHUFD XQ ULVFDWWR LQ TXHOOD SULYDWD H
GD TXHVWD QHOOD PHPRULD VWRULFD GHOOH JHQHUD]LRQL FKH YHUUDQQR H VL DXJXUD FKH DOPHQR TXDOFXQR
&LFFLQR GHOOD VXD ³GLVFHQGHQ]D´ DEELD YRJOLD GL QRQ LQWHUURPSHUH PD DQ]L GL ULFRQVROLGDUH OD
FDWHQD XPDQD FKH ³FDSULFFLRVDPHQWH´ VL HVWHQGH ILQR D OXL
4XHVWD VSHUDQ]D GL PDVWUR &LFFLR VHSSXUH FRQ XQD JHQHUD]LRQH GL ULWDUGR VHPEUD FKH VL VLD
UHDOL]]DWD SLHQDPHQWH H IRUVH DQFKH DO GL Oj GHOOH VXH VWHVVH DVSHWWDWLYH QHO SURQLSRWH *LXVHSSH
2GGR O¶DXWRUH GHO URPDQ]R FKH PHULWD XQ ULQJUD]LDPHQWR GD SDUWH GHL VLFLOLDQL H LQ SDUWLFRODUH GL
QRL YLOODIUDWHVL H DQFKH PLR SHUVRQDOH SHU L YDUL ULFRUGL H OH FLWD]LRQL GHO PLR VRSUDGHWWR ELVQRQQR
6LPRQH 3ROODFL GHWWR ³0D]]DUD´ FRPH OXL SUHFLVD
&21&/86,21(
3RLFKp KR VFHOWR OD /HWWHUD DO QLSRWH FRPH FKLDYH GL OHWWXUD GHO URPDQ]R SHU FRQFOXGHUH YRUUHL IDUH
DQFRUD GXH EUHYL DQQRWD]LRQL VX GL HVVD XQD ULJXDUGD OD VXD DWWXDOH FROORFD]LRQH QHO YROXPH FLRq
DOOD ILQH GL TXHVWR H O¶DOWUD ULJXDUGD LO UDSSRUWR WUD LO OLQJXDJJLR GL PDVWUR &LFFLR GLVWLQWR LQ WHVWR
H PHWDWHVWR RVVLD OD /HWWHUD FRPH FKLDYH GL OHWWXUD GHOOD VXD DXWRELRJUDILD H LO PHWDOLQJXDJJLR
RVVLD LO URPDQ]R VWRULFR LO FXL DXWRUH q *LXVHSSH 2GGR
$GHVVR SRLFKp ± FRPH GLFR ± TXHVWR PLR LQWHUYHQWR KD DYXWR SHU RJJHWWR OD /HWWHUD DO
QLSRWH FRPH FKLDYH GL OHWWXUD YRUUHL PDQLIHVWDUH DOO¶DXWRUH GHO URPDQ]R DOO¶DPLFR 3LSSR XQD PLD
SHUSOHVVLWj 6L WUDWWD GL TXHVWR VH FRPH KR FHUFDWR GL PRVWUDUH LO 3URORJR DOWUR QRQ VDUHEEH FKH XQ
³HSLORJR´ VSRVWDWR DOO¶LQL]LR GHO 0HPRULDOH SHU JLXVWLILFDUQH OH PRWLYD]LRQL FRPH WHVWDPHQWR
VSLULWXDOH H GL YLWD GHO SURWDJRQLVWD H LQ TXHVWR VHQVR DVVROYH EHQH TXHVWD VXD IXQ]LRQH G¶DSHUWXUD
DOOD VFULWWXUD GL TXHOOR PL FKLHGR VH DQFKH OD /HWWHUD FKH LQGLYLGXD GD SDUWH GHO QRQQR LO
GHVWLQDWDULR QHO QLSRWLQR GL DSSHQD FLQTXH DQQL FKH QRQ VD DQFRUD OHJJHUH Qp FRQRVFHUH OD OLQJXD
LWDOLDQD H SHU FXL HJOL FRQILGD QHOOD PDPPD FKH JOL OHJJD DOPHQR TXHVWD DVVROYD DQFK¶HVVD EHQH DOOD
VXD IXQ]LRQH FKH q TXHOOD GL LQYRJOLDUH LO SLFFROR D SUHQGHUH VXO VHULR WDOH VFULWWR TXDQGR VDUj SL
JUDQGH H FKH QRQ OR IDFFLD FDGHUH QHO QXOOD SRVWD FRP¶q DOOD ILQH GHOO¶LQWHUD SXEEOLFD]LRQH SHUVLQR
GRSR OD 1RWD D PDUJLQH GL (GZDUG % 6WUDSIRUG FKH WUDWWD GL DUJRPHQWL ELRJUDILFL GHO SURWDJRQLVWD
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
7DOH FROORFD]LRQH QRQ ULVFKLD GL IDUQH IUDLQWHQGHUH LO VHQVR GHOOD IXQ]LRQH LQ TXDQWR DQWLFLSDWULFH H
VWLPROR DOOD OHWWXUD"
7DOH GXEELR KR O¶LPSUHVVLRQH FKH PL YHQJD FRQIHUPDWR DQFKH GD FRPH OD LQWHQGH O¶HVWHQVRUH
GHOOD QRWD GL SUHVHQWD]LRQH DSSRVWD QHO UHWURFRSHUWLQD GHO YROXPH RYH OD /HWWHUD YLHQH FRQVLGHUDWD
FRPH ©XQ¶DSSHQGLFH D VRUSUHVD FKH ULPHWWH LQ GLVFXVVLRQH LO JLXGL]LR VXO 5LVRUJLPHQWR H OD VWHVVD
FRQFH]LRQH GHO PRQGR H GHOOD YLWD GL XQ LUULGXFLELOH DOILHUH GHOOD OLEHUWj H GHOOD JLXVWL]LD VRFLDOHǻ
2UD VH OD /HWWHUD DYHVVH ±LQ TXDQWR ³DSSHQGLFH´± TXHVWR VHQVR GL ³ULPHWWHUH LQ GLVFXVVLRQH LO
JLXGL]LR VXO 5LVRUJLPHQWR´ HWF TXHVWR YRUUHEEH GLUH IRUVH FKH SHU FDSLUH WDOH VHQVR ELVRJQHUHEEH
DVSHWWDUH OD ILQH GHOOD OHWWXUD GHO 3URORJR H GHO 0HPRULDOH GDOOD TXDOH ±VH QRQ FDSLVFR PDOH± OD
/HWWHUD WUDUUHEEH TXHOOD FRQFOXVLRQH 0D VH FRVu PL FKLHGR GRYH VLD OD ³VRUSUHVD´ SRVWR FKH
3URORJR H 0HPRULDOH ± FRPH KR FHUFDWR GL PRVWUDUH ± DQWLFLSDQR ODUJDPHQWH HVVL VWHVVL FLz FKH
GRYUHEEH DQWLFLSDUH OD /HWWHUD FRQ LQ SL LO SUHJLR GHOOD FKLDUH]]D H GHOOH PRWLYD]LRQL HVSOLFLWDWH ,Q
VRVWDQ]D PL VHPEUD FKH VH OD /HWWHUD YLHQH UHOHJDWD IXRUL R FRPXQTXH PROWR D PDUJLQH GHO WHVWR
SHUGD OD VXD IXQ]LRQH DQWLFLSDWULFH GHOOD ULYHOD]LRQH GHO QRQQR H ULPDUUHEEH VROWDQWR O¶DUJXWD WURYDWD
UHWRULFD FRQWUDGGLFHQGR OD VHYHUD DWWLQHQ]D GHO OLQJXDJJLR DO VXR FRQWHVWR FRPH GLFHYR DOO¶LQL]LR
6H LQYHFH VL VSRVWD D SULPD GHO 0HPRULDOH H GHOOR VWHVVR 3URORJR FRPH XQD VSHFLH GL LQWURGX]LRQH
LQIRUPDWLYD VLD VXO UXROR GL ³PDJOLD´ GHOOD FDWHQD IDPLOLDUH GHO QLSRWLQR SULPD H GHO QLSRWH DGXOWR
SRL VLD VXOOD OH]LRQH FKH LO SURWDJRQLVWD LQ TXDOLWj GL QRQQR LQWHQGH ODVFLDUH DO QLSRWLQR DOORUD OD
WHQVLRQH UHWRULFD FKH FDULFD GL VLJQLILFDWL DOOXVLYL IRUWL LO PHVVDJJLR VDSLHQ]DOH GL YLWD VL FRPSHQVDQR
UHFLSURFDPHQWH H OD IRUPD DGHJXD LO VXR FRQWHQXWR 6DSHQGR LQIDWWL LQ DQWLFLSR FKH PROWH LVROH
LVRORWWL H FRQWLQHQWL LQ PLQLDWXUD VRQR SULPD HPHUVL H SRL VSURIRQGDWL GRSR G¶HVVHUH VWDWL RFFXSDWL
GD SLUDWL LO QLSRWLQR GLYHQXWR DGXOWR H SRVWR FKH QH DEELD YRJOLD H QRL FRQ OXL QHO OHJJHUH LO
0HPRULDOH DQGLDPR LGHQWLILFDQGR GL YROWD LQ YROWD OH YDULH LVROH GHOO¶DUFLSHODJR H FRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH FL DQGLDPR FRQIHUPDQGR QHOO¶RSLQLRQH FKH OD OH]LRQH GHO QRQQR H LO VXR LQYLWR
D YHQLUH DG DELWDUH QHOOD VXD LVROD QRQ q TXDOFRVD FKH FL YLHQH VLD SXUH VXJJHULWR GDO GL IXRUL PD FKH
VFRSULDPR LQVLHPH D OXL FKH KD YLVVXWR WXWWH TXHOOH YLFHQGH LQ SULPD SHUVRQD
4XL LO SUREOHPD q XQ DOWUR XQ SR¶ SL FRPSOHVVR HG KD D FKH IDUH GD XQD SDUWH FRQ LO
UDSSRUWR WUD LO WHVWR ± FRVWLWXLWR GDO 3URORJR GDO 0HPRULDOH H GDOOD PDJJLRU SDUWH GHOOD VWHVVD
/HWWHUD DO QLSRWH ± H LO PHWDWHVWR ± FRVWLWXLWR GDOOD SDUWH LQL]LDOH GHOOD /HWWHUD ± LO FXL DXWRUH q
PDVWUR &LFFLR H GDOO¶DOWUD GDO URPDQ]R VWRULFR LQ TXDQWR WDOH LO FXL DXWRUH q *LXVHSSH 2GGR
,O URPDQ]R LQIDWWL VL DSUH FRQ XQ 3URORJR FKH FL EXWWD ± FRPH VL GLFH ± ³LQ PHGLDV UHV´ PDVWUR
&LFFLR LO SURWDJRQLVWD ID OD VXD WLUDWD FKH JLXQJH DOOD ILQH TXDQGR ILQDOPHQWH SXz GUL]]DUH OD
VFKLHQD H VFULYHUH OH VXH PHPRULH H DQFRUD LQ TXHVWH ULPDQH LO SURWDJRQLVWD FKH RFFXSD TXDVL WXWWD
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
OD VFHQD 1RQ F¶q WUDFFLD GHOO¶DXWRUH GHO URPDQ]R GL *LXVHSSH 2GGR QDWXUDOPHQWH VL LQWUDYHGH PD
GL HVSOLFLWR QRQ F¶q QXOOD WDQWR FKH O¶RSHUD SRWUHEEH UHVWDUH SHUVLQR DQRQLPD VHQ]D FKH VL VHQWD
O¶HVLJHQ]D GL VDSHUH FKL O¶KD VFULWWD DQ]L VHPEUD SURSULR FKH O¶DEELD VFULWWD ³YHUDPHQWH´ PDVWUR
&LFFLR LO VHOODLR WDQWR q YHURVLPLOH /¶XQLFR SXQWR LQ FXL PL SDUH FKH VL LQWUDYHGD SHU OR PHQR LQ
PRGR SL HYLGHQWH LO YHUR DXWRUH *LXVHSSH 2GGR PL VHPEUD SURSULR O¶LQL]LR GHOOD /HWWHUD TXDQGR
D SURSRVLWR GHL ³WUH TXDGHUQL QHL TXDOL VRQR DQQRWDWH DOFXQH PLH PHPRULH´ PDVWUR &LFFLR GLFH
DQFRUD ³IRUVH XWLOL DOOD ULFRVWUX]LRQH GHOOD YHUD VWRULD GHO 5LVRUJLPHQWR VLFLOLDQR GL FXL QRQ F¶q
WUDFFLD QHL OLEUL GHVWLQDWL DJOL VFRODUL´ S 4XL VL FDSLVFH TXDOH q LO YHUR PRWLYR SHU LO TXDOH q
VWDWR VFULWWR TXHO 0HPRULDOH FKH QRQ q FHUWR TXHOOR LPPHGLDWR GL PRVWUDUH ³GL FKH SDVWD´ HUD IDWWR
PDVWUR &LFFLR ± FRPH OHJJLDPR YHUVR OD ILQH GHO 3URORJR S ± PD WUDPLWH TXHVWR TXHOOR GL
RIIULUH XQ ULVFDWWR GDOO¶REOLR GHOOD JUDQGH 6WRULD DOOH SLFFROH VWRULH GL WDQWL HURLFL H JHQHURVL
SURWDJRQLVWL FRPH )UDQFHVFR %HQWLYHJQD LO TXDOH WDQWR SLFFROR QRQ HUD PD SRL DQFKH GL WDQWL DOWUL
FRPH DSSXQWR PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR 6L FDSLVFH FLRq FKH LO YHUR PRWLYR SHU FXL q VWDWR VFULWWR LO
URPDQ]R QRQ q VROWDQWR LO GHVLGHULR GHO SURQLSRWH GL HQIDWL]]DUH OH JHVWD GHOO¶HURLFR ELVQRQQR PD
VRSUDWWXWWR TXHOOR GL WHQWDUH GL UHQGHUH JLXVWL]LD GHOO¶LQJLXVWL]LD GHOOD 6WRULD VFULWWD GD FHUWL
VWRULJUDIL FKH SURFHGH SHU JUDQGL OLQHH H SHUz VL ODVFLD VSHVVR VIXJJLUH L YHUL SURWDJRQLVWL GHL JUDQGL
ULYROJLPHQWL VRFLDOL FKH VRQR DSSXQWR SHUVRQDJJL PLQRUL PD GHWHUPLQDQWL H FKH ULVFKLDQR GL
ULPDQHUH RVFXUL HG HPDUJLQDWL
4XHVWD VSRUJHQ]D GHO YHUR DXWRUH GHO URPDQ]R GL *LXVHSSH 2GGR GDOOH VXGGHWWH ULJKH FRPH
PHWDWHVWR GHOOD /HWWHUD ULPDQH WXWWDYLD DQFRUD DOO¶LQWHUQR GHO WHVWR LQ FXL VL HVSOLFLWD OD QDUUD]LRQH
DXWRELRJUDILFD GL PDVWUR &LFFLR H LQ FXL TXHVWL GRSR DYHUH VYROWR OD VWRULD GHOOH VXH JHVWD H GL TXHOOH
GHJOL DOWUL FRVSLUDWRUL VL HUJH D JLXGLFH GL TXHVWD VWHVVD VWRULD FRPH IRVVH OR VWRULRJUDIR GL VH VWHVVR
H SHUVLQR LO 0LQLVWUR GHOOD SXEEOLFD LVWLWX]LRQH FKH YDOXWD L SURJUDPPL GL VWRULD GHL UDJD]]L H
WURYDWLOL LQVXIILFLHQWL UHODWLYDPHQWH DL IDWWL FKH OR ULJXDUGDQR WHQWD GL SURYYHGHUH D WDOH PDQFDQ]D
VFULYHQGR OXL VWHVVR ³OD YHUD VWRULD´ 4XL SHUz QHOOD /HWWHUD VWRULD H PHWDVWRULD UHVWDQR HQWUDPEH DO
OLYHOOR GHO WHVWR FLRq GHO OLQJXDJJLR QDUUDWLYR GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO TXDOH DOWUR QRQ q FKH LO SRUWDYRFH
GL XQD QDUUD]LRQH SURSULDPHQWH QRQ VXD PD GL XQ DOWUR GHO VXR SURQLSRWH LO TXDOH ULVFULYH OD YHUD
VWRULD GHO ELVQRQQR FRQ WXWWD OD VXD HVLJHQ]D VWRULRJUDILFD GD XQD GLPHQVLRQH OHWWHUDULD
PHWDOLQJXLVWLFD TXDOH q TXHOOD GHO URPDQ]R VWRULFR FKH IRQGH LQVLHPH JOL DVSHWWL VWRULFL UHDOPHQWH
DFFDGXWL D PDVWUR &LFFLR H DJOL DOWUL FRVSLUDWRUL H GXQTXH ³YHUL´ FRQ DVSHWWL IDQWDVWLFL H URPDQ]DWL
FKH QHO PLJOLRUH GHL FDVL UHVWDQR DO OLYHOOR GHO SODXVLELOH H GHO YHURVLPLOH 4XDOL VLDQR L IDWWL YHUL H
TXHOOL YHURVLPLOL R LQYHQWDWL GHO WXWWR QRQ VRQR LQ JUDGR GL GLVWLQJXHUOL VHPSUH FRQ VLFXUH]]D TXHOOR
FKH PL VHQWR GL GLUH q FKH FL VRQR WDQWL DYYHQLPHQWL QDUUDWL H WDQWH ULIOHVVLRQL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR FKH
ODVFLDQR LQWUDYHGHUH FKLDUDPHQWH OD PDQR HVSHUWD GHOOR VWRULFR EHQH DGXVR D WHQHUH VRWWR FRQWUROOR LO
GL *LXVHSSH 0D]]DUD *OL LGHDOL ULYROX]LRQDUL GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO VHOODLR WUD XWRSLD H UHDOWj KWWS SLD]]DPDULQHR EORJVSRW LW
JLXGL]LR VXL IDWWL H IRUVH DQFRU SL DG HYLGHQ]LDUOL FRQ RQHVWj LQWHOOHWWXDOH VHQ]D SUHFRQFHWWL 0L
SDUH FKH QRQ FL VLDQR WHVL GD VRVWHQHUH D WXWWL L FRVWL YG DG HV SS H DQ]L
WDOYROWD O¶DXWRUH PL VHPEUD SHUVLQR WURSSR VHYHUR ± VH FRVu SRVVR GLUH ± QHO GHVFULYHUH OD UHDOWj GL
FHUWL IDWWL FRPH DG HV JOL HFFHVVL GD SDUWH GL DOFXQL ULYROX]LRQDUL IDWWL D &LPLQQD S RSSXUH
JOL DOWHUFKL WUD LO %HQWLYHJQD H DOFXQL VXRL DIILOLDWL FKH QH PHWWRQR LQ IRUWH GXEELR O¶DXWRUHYROH]]D DO
SXQWR FKH TXHVWL ILQu SHU VFLRJOLHUH OD EDQGD S SHU QRQ SDUODUH GHOO¶DXWRDFFXVD GL
YLJOLDFFKHULD GD SDUWH GL PDVWUR &LFFLR SHU DYHUH SUHIHULWR VDOYDUVL ³OD SHOODFFLD´ ± FRPH OXL GLFH ±
FRQVHJQDQGRVL DJOL VELUUL SLXWWRVWR FKH PRULUH FRPH IHFH )UDQFHVFR %HQWLYHJQD
0D TXL VLDPR ± FRPH KR GHWWR ± DQFRUD QHOO¶DPELWR GHOO¶DXWRELRJUDILD GL PDVWUR &LFFLR
PHQWUH FLz FKH YROHYR VRWWROLQHDUH QHOOD /HWWHUD FRPH FKLDYH GL OHWWXUD HUD O¶HPHUJHUH GHO UXROR GL
VWRULRJUDIR GL VH VWHVVR GD SDUWH GL PDVWUR &LFFLR LO TXDOH SHUz D VXD YROWD WUDVFULYH XQD VWRULD ± OD
VXD OD ³YHUD´ ± FKH q TXHOOD FKH LO SURQLSRWH ± GLYHQXWR DGXOWR H LQWHQ]LRQDWR D VHJXLUH O¶LQYLWR GHOOD
VXD /HWWHUD ± JOL VXJJHULVFH GD XQD GLPHQVLRQH ³QRQ YHUD´ PD ³YHURVLPLOH´ IDQWDVWLFR URPDQ]DWD
H TXDVL SRHWLFD ,Q TXHVWR VHQVR SDUODYR DOO¶LQL]LR GL FRHUHQ]D GHO OLQJXDJJLR DOOD YDULHWj GHL FDVL
QDUUDWL H GL *LXVHSSH 2GGR FRPH GL XQ ³FDQWRUH´ LVSLUDWR GHOOH JHVWD HURLFKH H QRQ HURLFKH GHJOL
XPLOL GHL SHUVRQDJJL PLQRUL H GHL GLPHQWLFDWL
(OHQFR GL OLEUHULH GRYH q SRVVLELOH RUGLQDUH LO OLEUR
3DOHUPR
/LEUHULD 9RJOLD GL OHJJHUH YLD 3DFLQRWWL
/LEUHULD 1LNH YLD 0DUFKHVH 8JR
/LEUHULD )ODFFRYLR YLD 5XJJHUR 6HWWLPR
/LEUHULD &DPSROR YLD &DPSROR
&DWDQLD
/LEUHULD &DYDOORWWR YLDOH ,RQLR
0HVVLQD
/LEUHULD 0DYL YLD &RQVRODUH 3RPSHD