Warrant Officer (1st class) STEFANO GENCO FACING CHALLENGES, BUILDING COHESION
Inside the ARF’s first mission / page 5
INSIGHTS
Captain ESP Army
JOSÉ MIGUEL MARTÍN MARUGÁN
UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIAL OPERATIONS
COMPONENT OF THE ARF
Mission, history, challenges and initiatives of the Spanish Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) / page 6
Lieutenant ESP Navy GONZALO VALLESPIN
SPMARFOR: THE NEXT GUARDIAN OF NATO’S MARITIME DOMAIN / page 9
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army GIANLUCA GRECO DEPLOYMENT EXERCISE STEADFAST DART 25
Allied Reaction Force successfully tested in a simulated crisis scenario against a near-peer adversary / page 14
Lieutenant Colonel FRA Army ARNAUD BOURILLET
THE LOGISTICAL EFFORT BEHIND NATO’S RAPID FORCE DEPLOYMENT / page 17
1st Lieutenant ITA Army MICHELE FORTUNATI
Captain ITA Army Nicola VILLANO
TESTING THE MODULAR EXPEDITIONARY COMMAND POST
Operational Excellence and Readiness of the ARF HQ / page 20
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army TOMMASO DI MARCO HUMAN SECURITY IN MILITARY OPERATIONS
AND THE PARADIGM SHIFT FROM DEFENCE TO SECURITY / page 25
Lieutenant Colonel BEL Army FRANÇOISE VERBANCK
Commander Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force NAOMI IGARASHI
NATO’S COOPERATIVE SECURITY AND GENDER MAINSTREAMING
Japan’s experience in integrating gender perspectives into military operations / page 29
Captain ITA Army FABRIZIO MINNITI
CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS
The debt trap, economic growth and geopolitical ambitions / page 32
PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT
Public Affairs Office
NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy
EDITORIAL BOARD
COL Raffaele Della Rocca
LTC Gianluca Greco
GRAPHIC DESIGNER & PHOTO EDITOR
Patrizia Raimondi
NRDC-ITA PHOTOGRAPHERS
SSGT Marco Orrù
CPL Mattia Russo
Everywhere Rapidly is the authorized official publication of the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps, Italy. All editorial content of Everywhere Rapidly is coordinated, for publication, by the Public Affairs Office. The contents of Everywhere Rapidly are not necessarily the official views of, or endorsed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Nations thereby represented. All intellectual property rights, including copyright in the content displayed on Everywhere Rapidly, belong to their respective owners.
Printed by: Spinnaker s.r.l. - Olgiate Olona (VA)
Warrant Officer ITA Army FAUSTO MAZZONE
BACKBONE OF READINESS
The vital role of spinal health for military personnel / page 37
2nd Lieutenant ITA Army MARIANNA DAPOTO
THE CHANGING ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN CONFLICTS AND THEIR RELEVANCE IN COMBATING DISINFORMATION / page 40
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army GIANLUCA GRECO
Staff Sergeant ITA Army MARCO ORRÙ
THE IMPACT OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN STORYTELLING
When manipulating pictures shapes the narrative / page 44
COMMUNITY
NISIC Treasurer and Communication Coordinator CHIARA PASSERINI
THE REAL LIFE OF A MILITARY... FAMILY / page 52
NISIC Charity Coordinator ANNA CONTURSI A NIGHT OF MUSIC AND SOLIDARITY
The NRDC-ITA community supports AllegroModerato / page 54
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army DANIELE CAMPA
RUN FOR HOPE
NRDC-ITA runners unite for paediatric cancer research / page 56
HISTORY
Wing Commander UK Royal Air Force DEREK JAMES THE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE OF WARFARE / page 57
Major General ITA Army LEONARDO PRIZZI THE “NEMBO” ASSAULT DIVISION IN THE WAR OF LIBERATION
Lesser-known aspects of the Italian military’s fight against Nazi-Fascist forces / page 60
BEAUTIES AROUND US
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army ALESSANDRO ETERNO DISCOVER MONZA
A jewel in the heart of Lombardy / page 64
Exercise Steadfast Dart 25 is a milestone for NRDCITA and the Allied Reaction Force (ARF). As the first major deployment of NATO’s newly established ARF, this exercise proved our Force’s ability to project and sustain multi-domain operations across vast distances in a simulated high-intensity crisis scenario. From Romania to Bulgaria and Greece, over 10,000 troops from nine nations worked seamlessly together, demonstrating not only NATO’s unity and readiness, but also the ARF’s growing strategic relevance. This edition of the magazine is therefore primarily dedicated to this remarkable exercise. There is no substitute for live exercises with troops. Synchronizing land, sea, air, cyber, space, and special forces components required not only meticulous planning and execution, but also trust and a pragmatic allhands-on-deck spirit; the reality of moving across the continent and integrating with other NATO countries teaches lessons that cannot be learnt otherwise. From advanced logistics and integrated command structures to effective strategic communication, Steadfast Dart 25 displayed what our multinational
team is truly capable of. The role of our Component Commanders and their subordinates in making this a reality was crucial. I appreciate the commitment by each individual member of the Force, and the great cooperation we received from the other NATO entities and the Host Nations. The next group of components also took advantage of the exercise, in what I think is a rewarding cross-pollination for our Nations’ military.
This extraordinary effort was made possible by the entire NRDC-ITA community, a diverse and dedicated family committed to NATO’s values both on and off the field. Our engagement extends beyond operational. I am grateful for the warmth of solidarity and community spirit that continues to embody and define the team. This is a good thing, which underpins our common resolve.
As we look ahead, the challenges facing NATO are numerous and complex. We must remain committed to leading with professionalism, innovation, and the unwavering spirit of cooperation that must always define us.
FOREWORD
Lieutenant General LORENZO D’ADDARIO
NRDC-ITA COMMANDER
FACING CHALLENGES, BUILDING COHESION
Inside the ARF’s first mission
Warrant Officer (1st class) ITA Army STEFANO GENCO
WHAT A GREAT OPPORTUNITY!
NRDC-ITA had the luxury and the honour to be the ARF. We had the opportunity to train, exercise, improve our professional development, experiment, face challenges, and maximise every opportunity.
Steadfast Dart 25 was all of that. It was the very first deployment of the ARF, and for the first time, we had the possibility to train together as a team.
The deployment and the LIVEX offered a fantastic occasion for all ARF components to work side by side. It also represented the best way to enhance our interoperability. The more we work together, the more we understand each other—and the more we understand each other, the more effective, interoperable, and credible we become as a force.
Steadfast Dart 25 gave an incredible boost to the cohesion of the ARF personnel. I had the opportunity to put theory into practice, and most importantly, we learned by doing—by making mistakes, solving problems, and finding mitigations and solutions. Mistakes are not something to be punished; they are part of our development.
From each mistake, we can learn a great deal, and we are committed to doing our best, putting all our efforts into implementing corrective actions to avoid
repeating them in the future.
During the exercise, I was lucky enough to speak with many people involved in the tremendous number of activities. In particular, the Junior NCOs were extremely enthusiastic. I saw a light in their eyes, felt the passion in their words, and witnessed their deep commitment. All of them described the exercise as a great opportunity—exactly the kind of experience they joined the military for: to be deployed, to be part of a strong and united community, and to train through real-world activities. The weather conditions and the many challenges faced by personnel— moving across thousands of kilometres, crossing several borders, adapting to different climates, and managing multiple flights—made us all stronger.
From my past experiences, I’ve learned that through fatigue and adversity, we naturally strengthen our cohesion.
Moreover, having to solve problems and support both the chain of command and our colleagues empowered everyone involved in an incredible way. We now look forward to maximising these kinds of opportunities in the near future, with the many further challenges and experiences that the ARF will continue to offer us.
UNDERSTANDING THE SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMPONENT OF THE ARF
Mission, history, challenges and initiatives of the Spanish Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
Captain ESP Army JOSÉ MIGUEL MARTÍN MARUGÁN
Photo: Miguel Angel Sanchez Escribano
The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) has evolved since its creation in 2014 to become a key player in both national and international special operations (SO). With a structure focused on planning, executing and monitoring high-impact operations, the JSOC has taken on an increasingly important role, contributing to international security and stability through its prominent participation in multinational exercises and missions, collaborations with allies and leadership within NATO.
This article explores the missions, history, challenges and recent initiatives of the JSOC under the leadership of Major General Ángel Ramón Herrezuelo Pérez, who has emphasised the importance of these exercises and missions as tools to enhance response capabilities against complex and multidimensional threats.
The JSOC was established by Royal Decree 872/2014, with the aim of providing a consolidated structure to plan, conduct and monitor special operations as required. This Royal Decree places the JSOC within the Operations Command (MOPS). In addition to these responsibilities, the JSOC is tasked with facilitating the interoperability of special operations capabilities. Furthermore, the JSOC Commander is also assigned the responsibility of being an advisor to the Chief of Defence and the Commander of the Operations Command on all matters related to special operations and representing them in international forums concerning SO.
The JSOC’s operational base is located at Retamares Base in Madrid, a facility previously used by the NATO Allied Force Command headquarters.
EVOLUTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS: FROM CREATION TO INTERNATIONAL PROJECTION
Since its establishment in 2014, the JSOC has undergone a process of consolidation, enhancing its operational capacity and international projection.
In 2024, the JSOC reached a historic milestone by becoming the first Special Operations Component Command Headquarters (SOCC HQ) of NATO’s Allied Reaction Force (ARF), under the new force structure of the Alliance. This achievement represents a decisive step in recognising the JSOC’s command and control capability, solidifying Spain’s leadership in special operations within NATO.
Active participation in international missions – such as Operation EUNAVFOR ATALANTA in the Indian Ocean and Operation Inherent Resolve in Iraq – in complex environments has allowed the JSOC to strengthen its experience and rapid deployment capabilities. These missions, which include counterterrorism efforts and protection of international maritime routes, have tested the JSOC’s flexibility, adaptability and its ability to operate alongside forces from other countries.
The JSOC is known for its high availability, flexibility and capacity to rapidly adapt to the needs of each mission. Its primary role, both nationally and internationally, is to provide the Spanish Armed Forces with an effective and versatile tool to confront asymmetric threats, hybrid conflicts and international crises. According to the JSOC Commander, Special Operations Units are capable of deploying early in crisis situations with a minimal logistical footprint, assessing operational areas, establishing links with local authorities and creating the conditions for subsequent force intervention.
On the international stage, the JSOC has taken on a crucial leadership role within NATO’s ARF. This commitment began with the JSOC’s certification as the Special Operations Component Command for NATO’s Response Force and continued in 2024 with the activation of ARF 24. This role, extending until 2026, involves constant preparation to respond to emergencies anywhere in the world with unprecedented speed.
CHALLENGES: ADAPTING TO A CHANGING GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
The challenges faced by the JSOC are both operational and strategic. The evolving geopolitical landscape and the constant changes in the nature of international conflicts require special operations units to rapidly adapt to new threats and
combat environments. The use of cutting-edge technologies, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, artificial intelligence and big data, has transformed tactics and procedures in special operations.
However, as Major General Herrezuelo points out, technological threats are not the only challenges faced by the Special Operations Unit. In many cases, battle environments are marked by the use of electronic warfare techniques, information operations and cyber threats, requiring the JSOC to maintain operational capacity in both the digital and analogue domains. The challenge for Special Forces, according to the Commander, is to balance hightech capabilities with traditional warfare tactics in an increasingly ambiguous and complex environment.
INITIATIVES: INNOVATION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Aware of these challenges, the JSOC has implemented several key initiatives to improve its operational capacity and maintain its leadership in special operations. One of the main areas of innovation is the creation of a cloud-based tactical mission network, in collaboration with NATO SOFCOM, to facilitate information sharing and improve real-time decision-making during operations. Additionally, the JSOC is leading the development of common equipment and materials for the Special Operations
Unit, improving interoperability and effectiveness in joint missions with other allied nations.
On the international front, the JSOC has established close relationships with special operations commands of allied countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom and Colombia, to share knowledge, improve training and conduct joint exercises. This international cooperation is key to ensuring that Spain’s Special Forces align with international standards and best practices.
CONCLUSION: A PROMISING FUTURE FOR THE JSOC
The JSOC faces a future full of challenges but also opportunities. Its leadership in special operations within NATO, its growing international projection and its ability to adapt to changes in the global strategic environment position it as a key player in the defence of Spain and its allies. With a highly trained and motivated team and a flexible and adaptive structure, the JSOC continues to play a fundamental role in protecting global security and responding to international crises.
The JSOC’s commitment to operational excellence, technological innovation and international cooperation ensures that Spain’s Armed Forces will remain a benchmark for special operations, making a significant contribution to world peace and stability.
Special Operations Forces conducting a tactical display at the Tsrancha (Bulgaria) training area during Exercise Steadfast Dart
Lieutenant ESP Navy GONZALO VALLESPIN
NATO’S MARITIME DOMAIN: WHY IT MATTERS
In today’s rapidly changing global security landscape, the maritime domain is vital to the prosperity of NATO and its member nations. The domain connects allies through global shipping routes and critical infrastructure, such as underwater communication cables and energy supply lines, facilitating secure trade, reliable communication and economic stability.
Modern conflicts have shown that response times are critically limited in a crisis. This makes it important to maintain highly mobile, flexible forces that can deploy rapidly. The maritime domain gives NATO a strategic advantage, allowing the Alliance to project power, protect vital sea lines of communication and respond swiftly to emerging threats. The maritime domain is essential to the effectiveness of NATO’s Allied Reaction Force (ARF).
Protecting these shared sea-based networks ensures the uninterrupted flow of goods, information and resources, which are essential for collective security and growth. That is why the Alliance maintains a robust maritime presence 24/7, 365 days a year. With the commitment and contribution of the 27 navies of its 32 member nations, NATO demonstrates unwavering dedication to safeguarding its interests at sea.
Furthermore, the lessons learned from current global conflicts emphasise the need to react to crises at short notice while maintaining flexibility to respond to a wide range of threats. To meet this challenge, NATO’s ARF has a Maritime Component Command (MCC) capable of ensuring a robust command and control structure that can produce effects both at sea and from the sea.
SPMARFOR: EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE
The Spanish Maritime Forces HQ (SPMARFOR) was established shortly before the creation of the NATO Response Force in November 2002. Originally part of the Maritime High Readiness Forces (HRF-M), Spain was one of the four original nations – alongside France, Italy and the United Kingdom – to offer the Alliance a deployable maritime headquarters as part of the NATO Response Force (NRF).
Located in Rota Naval Base, SPMARFOR comprises a permanent staff of 85 dedicated personnel, operating from its command ship, the ESPS Castilla. This deployable and permanently available command structure can adopt various national and international roles, mainly as an MCC or Combined Task Force (CTF). In order to meet any challenges it may have to face as part of a crisis or conflict, the number of staff can be increased up to a maximum of 180 people (called “augmentees”).
The HQ is capable of conducting maritime, amphibious, air, expeditionary and strike operations. All of these roles ensure that SPMARFOR has the ability to project naval power and create effects at sea and from the sea.
SPMARFOR has successfully completed the certification process multiple times in the past, the last time being in 2019, which allowed this HQ to serve as NATO’s NRF MCC in 2020.
Since then, SPMARFOR has expanded into a larger structure, designed to meet the growing demands of joint operations and new capabilities. This ensures it can effectively serve as NATO’s ARF MCC or CTF for the various Regional Plans under the Deterrence and Defence of the Euro-Atlantic Area (DDA) Concept in the coming years.
PATH TO CERTIFICATION
SPMARFOR’s path to certification as one of NATO’s ARF MCCs started in the summer of 2023. As part of its preparations for its ARF stand-by period starting on 1 July 2025, over a two-year period, SPMARFOR will have been involved in three major exercises: Steadfast Dagger 24, Dynamic Mariner 25 and Steadfast Cobalt 25. These exercises have enabled SPMARFOR to demonstrate its capability to lead NATO’s maritime forces and contribute to the Alliance’s collective defence and crisis response if needed.
EVERYWHERE RAPIDLY Insights
During certification, the Maritime Allied Command (MARCOM) oversees a rigorous evaluation process that includes deploying a specialised maritime evaluation team to assess operational capabilities on board the command ship. SPMARFOR’s ability to plan and execute complex maritime operations, coordinate multinational forces and respond to various crisis scenarios has been thoroughly tested. Following the successful evaluation during Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-25, SPMARFOR has achieved the status of “MISSION CAPABLE WITHOUT LIMITATIONS,” as certified by MARCOM.
DYNAMIC MARINER/FLOTEX-25
The Alliance’s maritime forces conduct over 20 naval exercises annually, ensuring constant readiness and adaptability in an increasingly complex operational environment. Among these exercises, Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-25 stood out in 2025 as NATO’s most ambitious and significant exercise.
It was conducted from 24 March to 4 April in the Gulf of Cadiz and Alboran Sea. It was one of the biggest exercises in recent years both for NATO and Spain. It brought together:
Over 5,000 military personnel from eight Allied nations: Spain, Türkiye, Portugal, Italy, France, Greece, Germany and the United States.
25 surface vessels, including NATO’s Standing Naval Groups and 2 submarines.
Maritime Patrol Aircraft (including US P-8A Poseidon, Portuguese P-3C Orion, and French Atlantique 2) and helicopters from various nations.
Advanced autonomous systems including Predator and Scan Eagle UAVs from Spain and various USVs from Supreme Allied Command Transformation (SACT).
Specialised electronic warfare assets from NATO’s Joint Electronic Warfare Core Staff, which is permanently based in Yeovilton in the United Kingdom.
Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-25 was an opportunity for NATO to train the ability of maritime forces to project naval power and exercise sea control in a fictional scenario, inspired by the Gulf of Guinea, with medium- and high-intensity operations. This made it possible to replicate a crisis that requires the deployment of naval forces far from allied shores.
Participants were able to test their capabilities in naval power projection, command and control, amphibious operations, anti-submarine warfare and cyber defence, among others, integrating the most advanced technologies and incorporating unmanned systems (UXV).
MULTI-DOMAIN OPERATIONS
Dynamic Mariner/Flotex-25 showcased SPMARFOR’s mastery of modern warfare capabilities, demonstrating the HQ’s ability to create effects across the whole spectrum of multi-domain operations. The key elements were:
Integration of autonomous surface and aerial vehicles, both in defensive and offensive roles. Advanced cyber defence operations, including cyber incidents (defacement, phishing, DDoS, etc.) coordinated through Spain’s Joint Cyberspace Command. Full integration of Information Operations into the Targeting Cycle. This included CIMIC activities, Simulated Press (SIMPRESS) interaction, managing merchant traffic through the NCAGS/ AWNIS cell, coordination with Spanish Space Command, etc.
Electronic warfare exercises involving the Spanish Army’s EW Regiment and NATO’s JEWCS assets. This made it possible to train in a congested electromagnetic environment including radar, GPS and communications jamming.
In short, SPMARFOR was able to exercise multidomain operations spanning the maritime, air, cyber and space domains, with contributions from the Spanish Army, Air and Space Force, and National Institute of Aerospace Technology.
ALL AHEAD FULL INTO THE FUTURE
Following its successful evaluation, from 1 July 2025, SPMARFOR will be ready to assume its stand-by role as NATO’s Maritime Component Command for the ARF, ready to respond to any maritime security challenge faced by the Alliance. This achievement marks the beginning of a series of significant yearly commitments, as SPMARFOR will transition to roles as CTF Atlantic under JFC Norfolk in July 2026 and CTF Mediterranean under JFC Naples in July 2027.
These appointments highlight SPMARFOR’s vital role in maintaining NATO’s maritime security and its readiness to adapt to shifting security challenges in an increasingly complex environment.
DEPLOYMENT EXERCISE STEADFAST DART 25
Allied Reaction Force successfully tested in a simulated crisis scenario against a near-peer adversary
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army
GIANLUCA GRECO
After the end of the Cold War, NATO faced new challenges that progressively redefined the concept of collective security. The return of great power competition, instability on the Alliance’s eastern borders and the growing sophistication of hybrid threats required a quick and effective response.
The creation of the Allied Reaction Force (ARF) after the 2023 Vilnius Summit reflected the Alliance’s clear intent to adopt a new strategic approach. This more flexible and integrated force designed to respond rapidly to emerging crises formed part of a broader revision of NATO’s defence posture in response to a radically transformed global security landscape.
In the last year, under the leadership of the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps Italy and drawing on its consolidated experience in planning and conducting high-intensity operations in complex scenarios, NATO conducted a validation process to test all the ARF’s multi-domain capabilities, including the cyber and space domains as these are playing an increasingly central role.
Following this validation process for the ARF command and components, the Steadfast Dart 25 exercise served as a crucial testing ground. Conducted in January and February 2025, Steadfast Dart was the first major deployment operation for the new readiness force, as well as NATO’s primary exercise for 2025. Its main objective was to test the ARF’s ability to quickly deploy large-scale forces and project them along NATO’s eastern flank in a simulated crisis context.
The exercise involved over 10,000 military personnel from nine Allied countries (Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Spain, Slovenia, Türkiye and the United Kingdom), with forces deployed in Bulgaria, Greece and Romania. Over 1,500 military vehicles were used, including tanks, self-propelled artillery, infantry fighting vehicles and armoured transport vehicles.
The air component involved multi-role fighters (EF2000, F-16, AV-8B Harrier) and strategic transport aircraft such as the A400M. Additionally, 17 naval units took part, including frigates, destroyers and submarines.
The exercise was conducted in two main phases. The first phase, the deployment phase (8 January – 7 February 2025), involved the transfer of forces from participating countries to Bulgaria, Greece and Romania, using land, air and sea assets, in order to strengthen the Alliance’s eastern flank. From 7 to 21 February 2025, under the leadership of NRDCITA, the ARF conducted joint operations across all domains (land, sea, air, space and cyber) in a simulated crisis scenario against a near-peer adversary. All activities were directed from the ARF command deployed in Bucharest under the guidance of Lieutenant General Lorenzo D’Addario.
In Greece, the ARF’s maritime component, led by the Italian Maritime Forces Command (COMITMARFOR), coordinated the training of naval units. Exercises in the Aegean Sea focused on anti-air and anti-submarine defence, naval fire support and replenishment-at-sea operations. A key moment of the training was the amphibious landing at Lido Beach near the Greek city of Volos of Spanish and Greek marines, supported by the Juan Carlos I amphibious assault ship, hovercraft,
attack vehicles, helicopters and fighters.
In Tsrancha, Bulgaria, the ARF’s special operations component, provided by the Spanish Joint Special Operations Command, conducted joint training in which Spanish and Bulgarian special forces carried out complex actions to neutralise enemy forces in a synchronised manner.
At the Smârdan base in Romania, near the Ukrainian border, the ARF’s land component, led by the 1st (UK) Division, carried out combat exercises, mechanised operations, advanced logistical support and cooperation manoeuvres among Allied units. The focus was both conventional warfare tactics and the management of hybrid scenarios, simulating realistic collective defence situations along NATO’s eastern flank. The training culminated in a largescale exercise that showcased the synchronised manoeuvres of English, French, Spanish, Slovenian, Greek and Turkish units, strengthening NATO’s deterrence in the region and fostering greater cohesion among Allies.
Throughout the training activities, AIRCOM used combat aircraft to provide air support, while NRDCITA’s Joint Logistic Support Group, also based in Bucharest, managed the complex logistical support network for the entire area of operations.
The Steadfast Dart 25 exercise, with its profound strategic importance, demonstrated NATO’s capability to quickly address emerging threats by projecting force over great distances in a short time. It also provided an opportunity to refine logistical capabilities, testing the resilience of supply chains and the efficiency of decision-making processes in
high-intensity operational settings. Indeed, credible deterrence is not solely grounded in military strength but relies on the effective integration of operational capabilities, a shared doctrine and efficient strategic communication.
Operational readiness alone is not enough to deter threats such as those posed by Russia: effective deterrence requires common strategic thinking among Allies and agile decision-making processes. Another essential pillar of deterrence is soft power. Today, the ability to convey determination to adversaries cannot disregard the effective use of strategic communication. In this regard, engaging public opinion through a behaviour-centric approach played a crucial role in the exercise, helping to strengthen the perception of NATO’s cohesion and readiness.
Steadfast Dart 25 sends a clear signal of NATO’s commitment to Euro-Atlantic security, reassuring Allies and sending an unequivocal message about the Alliance’s deterrence capabilities. While the strategic direction is right, maintaining truly effective deterrence will require continuous commitment— not only on the military level, but also on the political and communication levels.
This first operational deployment of the ARF is a significant step in implementing the new NATO Force Model, marking the most important reinforcement of the Alliance’s collective defence since the Cold War. The goal is to demonstrate determination to defend every inch of the Alliance’s borders and continue to ensure, in the long term, the stability and security of over one billion people.
Spanish Marines during an amphibious landing operation in Volos, Greece
THE LOGISTICAL EFFORT BEHIND NATO’S RAPID FORCE DEPLOYMENT
Lieutenant Colonel FRA Army ARNAUD BOURILLET
The Italian Navy flagship Etna enters the port of Thessaloniki, Greece, during Exercise Steadfast Dart 2025
NATO kicked off 2025 with the first-ever deployment of the Allied Reaction Force (ARF) as part of Exercise Steadfast Dart 2025. The NATO Rapid Deployable Corps-Italy served as the ARF Headquarters, testing NATO’s ability to rapidly deploy combat-credible forces into the Joint Area of Operations – Southeast. The ARF deployed a sizable force that engaged around 10,000 troops from nine Allied nations, with land, air, naval and special forces. This deployment by air, sea, road and rail demonstrates NATO’s resolve to defend every inch of its territory, while building capacity and interoperability. Both the ARF and the Joint Logistic Support Group (JLSG) HQ were deployed in Bucharest, supported by the host nation, the support brigade and the NATO Support and Procurement Agency.
To enable and oversee the Reception, Staging and Onward Movement (RSOM) of the ARF force elements, the ARF JLSG HQ worked in close coordination with Joint Support and Enabling Command, NATO Force Integration Units (NFIUs) – Romania and Bulgaria, and the host nation movement coordination cell from Greece. The RSOM efforts primarily focused on the movements of land component units, with most movements originating from Alexandroupolis in Greece and heading to training areas across Bulgaria and Romania.
The use of liaison officers (LOs) is paramount in any multinational military operation and Steadfast Dart was no exception. The 1st UK DIV served as the Land Component Command for the ARF and played
an integral role in RSOM efforts. The 1st UK DIV provided LOs to the ARF HQ and the ARF JLSG. It was eventually decided that the UK 102nd Operational Sustainment Brigade, functioning as the Logistics Support Group, should also provide liaison capability, as their real-time focus on movement tracking for all 1st UK DIV units was likely the best fit to track RSOM activities for the entire ARF force package. The 102nd Brigade operated two Convoy Support Centres, in Burgas and Constanta. Their ability to liaise with the host nations was key to deconflicting movements and ensuring that the transiting convoys had the necessary support to continue their movements.
Constant monitoring of the joint logistics support network is necessary to ensure the convoys can keep moving to meet the Commander’s deadlines. The ARF JLSG HQ provided LOs to both NFIUs in Bulgaria and Romania, as well as to the Greek coordination cell, to have continuous situational awareness of any potential impacts on the support network. Additionally, each nation transited by NATO convoys provided a host nation military police escort. These police assets ensured that the convoys took the correct routes and avoided any areas along the road where dimensional or weight restrictions may have hindered deployability. Unseasonably warm weather favoured the deployment of the units, likely reducing the risk of accidents.
Regarding technical interoperability, LOGFAS (Logistics Functional Area Services) remains the system of record that enables NATO HQ to maintain
ARF personnel at work in the Joint Logistic Operations Center deployed in Bucharest, Romania
situational awareness of all movements. However, it is only as good as the data that is entered into the system, making it essential for all units to fully understand the need for a validated and comprehensive multinational detailed deployment plan.
The daily Joint Movement Coordination Meeting, held via video teleconferencing (VTC) from the Ugo Mara barracks and involving all the stakeholders, was extremely useful for providing updates of the
logistics situation, reporting the latest movements and checking the next ones—including a dedicated focus on the strategic legs.
Steadfast Dart 25 demonstrated NATO’s ability to deploy the ARF and conduct RSOM Operations through the ARF JLSG HQ. Moving forward, ARF HQ will make sure that all identified lessons are captured, turned into lessons learned and shared with the wider NATO Community.
Military vehicles and equipment staged at Marchwood Military Port, United Kingdom, in preparation for roll-on/roll-off (Ro-Ro) loading
Operational Excellence and Readiness of the ARF HQ
1st Lieutenant ITA Army MICHELE FORTUNATI Captain ITA Army NICOLA VILLANO
With the NATO Rapid Deployable Corps – Italy (NRDC-ITA) fully assuming command of the Allied Reaction Force (ARF) as of 1 July, the focus has shifted decisively toward sustaining and optimising deployable command and control capabilities. Among these, the Modular Expeditionary Command Post 3 (MECP-3) represents a key asset in ensuring NATO’s ability to project command elements rapidly and efficiently in response to evolving operational scenarios.
The Steadfast Dart 25 exercise served as a testing ground for the MECP, the solution adopted by NRDC-ITA to equip itself with a deployable, agile and modular command post within the ARF framework. This test involved men and women of the NRDC-ITA dependent units: the 33rd Tactical Logistic Support Regiment “Ambrosiano” and the 1st Signal Regiment.
In an increasingly interconnected operational environment, where access to the right information at the right time and place is crucial to the Commander’s accurate battlefield awareness and understanding, the ability to process and exchange ever-growing volumes of data is essential to maintaining operational relevance. In this context, the 1st Signal Regiment demonstrated its capability to rapidly deploy secure, interoperable and scalable Information Technology (IT) infrastructures in support of NRDC-ITA’s Command and Control (C2) function. The use of technologically cutting-edge Communication & Information Systems (CIS) serves as a force multiplier, enhancing the Alliance’s ability to respond to emerging challenges.
The 33rd Regiment “Ambrosiano” plays a central role in supporting NATO operations by enabling the deployment and sustainment of the MECP-3, an adaptable command post that enhances readiness and agility. The regiment ensures the establishment and security of the command post through rapid implementation of force protection measures and the creation of a secure perimeter. Their expertise in assembling infrastructure, power systems and essential field services is crucial to maintaining effective command and control capabilities in dynamic operational environments.
In addition to physical setup and protection, the regiment coordinates the complex multimodal movement of personnel, equipment and materials by land, sea or air, ensuring synchronised and efficient deployment. They also provide critical general services such as catering, accommodation, medical support and logistics, which enable the MECP-3 to function effectively over long periods.
MECP OPERATIONAL
CONCEPT: A DEPLOYABLE AND ADAPTABLE COMMAND POST
The MECP is a structure designed to minimise logistical footprint and optimise NRDC-ITA’s C2 function within the ARF framework. Its modular configuration allows operational capabilities to be adapted based on the specific mission. The system can be implemented in three configurations:
– MECP1: a lightweight and mobile version, designed for operations requiring immediate response, with essential C2 capabilities;
– MECP2: an intermediate setup that balances rapid deployment and C2 capabilities;
– MECP3: the most extensive variant, designed for prolonged operations and complex scenarios that require enhanced C2 support.
The MECP operational concept has been validated through dedicated exercises aimed at assessing the command post’s operational capabilities in its various configurations.
During the Deployment of the MECP3 exercise (Capo Teulada, Sardinia - May 2024), the MECP3 configuration was employed for the first time with excellent results in high-intensity operational environments. Subsequently, during the Balkan Shield 24 exercise (Balkans, October 2024), the MECP1 was deployed to test its reduced logistical footprint, rapid deployment and high mobility.
The final validation of the concept took place during the Steadfast Dart 25 exercise (Romania, February 2025), where the MECP3 was deployed as the ARF HQ command post under NRDC-ITA, confirming its full capability to support the C2 operational function in a Joint & Combined warfighting scenario.
The experience gained during these exercises has progressively refined the MECP, improving its mobility, cybersecurity, interoperability and logistical efficiency, thereby strengthening its ability to operate in multi-domain scenarios.
ESSENTIAL ROLE OF CIS IN MECP OPERATIONS
The C2 operational function of the MECP requires a cutting-edge deployable IT infrastructure that enables the processing, exchange and secure storage of information between the deployed ARF HQ, the Permanent Headquarters (PHQ) of NRDCITA in Italy, Higher Command and subordinate units.
This complex CIS infrastructure is established and maintained by the 1st Signal Regiment through the deployment of a C5 Task Force1 (TFC5), composed of cybersecurity experts, network administrators, and
1 Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Cyber. The acronym refers to the set of capabilities required to ensure Command and Control (C2), communications management, IT infrastructures and cybersecurity in military operations.
specialists in IT, satellite and radio communications.
The IT operators provide direct and immediate technical assistance to users at the supported command posts, intervening to resolve any issues and ensuring maximum system and service operability.
Satellite operators play a crucial role in ensuring strategic connectivity between the MECP, the PHQ, the Higher Command and deployed subordinate units, typically through a combination of satellite solutions and terrestrial infrastructures.
The necessary redundancy and continuity of communications are ensured by radio operators using the most modern long and short-wave tactical radio stations, including satellite-based short-wave systems.
At the heart of the CIS infrastructure is the Mission Network Operation Center (MNOC), a true digital hub that designs NRDC-ITA’s deployable IT infrastructure during the planning phase and ensures its continuous operability, security and full interoperability with allied networks during execution. Thanks to its centralised architecture, the MNOC controls and manages all digital services in real-time supporting the ARF command post and subordinate units.
During the Steadfast Dart 25 exercise, the MNOC
demonstrated its full effectiveness in managing the deployable IT infrastructure, which connected MECP3 as the ARF HQ, the Joint Logistic Support Group HQ and the 1st UK Division (UK) in its role as Land Component Command (LCC).
KEY ROLE OF THE TACTICAL AND LOGISTICAL SUPPORT IN MECP OPERATIONS
During Steadfast Dart 25, the 33rd Regiment operational teams quickly established a secure perimeter around the MECP-3 deployment site, implementing defence measures. This rapid establishment of force protection was critical, as it allowed the command post to function in a secure environment. The engineer company demonstrated its capability by swiftly assembling the necessary structures and systems, adapting the physical layout of the MECP-3 to meet the specific operational needs dictated by the exercise, while also ensuring effective passive force protection measures. The Regiment executed a flawless multimodal logistics operation, ensuring that personnel and critical equipment were delivered on schedule, a testament to the importance of synchronised operations in achieving mission success. Throughout the exercise, the Regiment maintained continuous support, providing all necessary services such as catering,
Operators of the 1st Signal Regiment configuring a radio device for long-range communications
medical assistance and logistical solutions. Their efforts ensured that the deployed command post could sustain prolonged operations without any compromise in functionality.
Furthermore, it confirmed the operational effectiveness of the MECP-3 in a high-readiness, multinational environment and highlighted the importance of rapid deployment planning, prepositioning of assets and the continuous optimisation of logistical coordination.
CONCLUSIONS
The transition of the MECP-3 from a concept under validation to a fully operational asset marks a significant milestone for NRDC-ITA and its supporting units. Yet, the journey does not end here. Sustaining and further enhancing this capability requires an ongoing commitment to improvement and adaptation in the face of evolving threats and operational challenges. Future training and exercises will focus on increasing deployment speed, boosting network resilience and refining force protection measures to maintain the high readiness posture of NRDC-ITA. Experiences gained from Dart 25, as well as from previous activities such as the Steadfast Deterrence 24 B-block exercise, will be instrumental in shaping doctrinal updates and best practices. These lessons underscore the importance of investing in digital infrastructure, cyber defence and integrated logistics to keep pace with the rapid
evolution of modern operational requirements. In essence, the ability to deploy, protect and sustain a fully functional command post is a cornerstone of NATO’s rapid response strategy. The evolution of the MECP-3 from a promising concept to a battletested operational asset is a clear demonstration of the professionalism and readiness of NRDC-ITA and its supporting units. The seamless integration of the 33rd Tactical Logistic Support Regiment “Ambrosiano” with the 1st Signal Regiment, bolstered by rigorous testing during exercises like Dart 25, highlights the effectiveness of specialised support in modern military operations.
The MECP-3 stands as a model of operational excellence, embodying the principle that through continuous improvement and rigorous testing, rapid deployable command capabilities can be maintained at the highest levels of readiness. NRDCITA’s ongoing commitment to refining its deployable command and control capabilities ensures that it will remain at the forefront of NATO’s high-readiness formations. With each operational cycle, valuable lessons are learned that pave the way for enhanced interoperability, more robust security measures and a more agile response to unforeseen contingencies. In this context, the MECP-3 is not merely a technological asset, it is a dynamic symbol of NATO’s unwavering commitment to operational excellence and strategic adaptability.
Vehicles are embarked at the port of Monfalcone, Italy, for the deployment of the MECP3
HUMAN SECURITY IN MILITARY OPERATIONS AND THE PARADIGM SHIFT FROM DEFENCE TO SECURITY
Throughout the 20th century, Western nations employed military forces for crisis intervention under NATO and UN mandates. While these operations achieved tactical successes, failures to protect civilians in Rwanda (1994) and Srebrenica (1995) severely undermined strategic legitimacy. The Kosovo conflict (1999) further highlighted NATO’s limitations in preventing ethnic cleansing, sparking debates on the effectiveness of military interventions in safeguarding civilian populations.
In the 21st century, military strategies shifted towards state-security and enemy-focused approaches, emphasising governance and training local forces through Security Force Assistance (SFA) and Stability Policing (SP). However, interventions in Afghanistan, Libya and Syria demonstrated the shortcomings of conventional military capabilities in addressing diverse threats. These included risks to civilians, cultural heritage, infrastructure and essential services.
Modern battlefields present complex security challenges beyond traditional armed conflictshybrid warfare tactics, as seen in Ukraine and the Middle East, target populations and infrastructure. Meanwhile, intra-state conflicts in Africa expose governments’ inability or unwillingness to protect civilians. Transnational terrorist networks exploit vulnerable groups for political or personal gain, exacerbating instability.
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army TOMMASO DI MARCO
In this interconnected and contested environment, military strategies must integrate a peoplecentred, human rights-focused approach alongside conventional security measures like SFA and SP. Close collaboration with host nations and nonmilitary actors is essential to effectively address the multifaceted threats and risks faced by civilian populations. This approach enhances mission credibility, legitimacy and long-term stability.
Operational success requires understanding and addressing the human environment. Over-reliance on force and an enemy-centric strategy can lead to unintended consequences. A flexible and adaptive approach is necessary to mitigate risks and develop effective responses to evolving threats. Military operations must balance conventional warfare principles with civilian considerations, ensuring security efforts support broader political and humanitarian objectives.
Beyond defence, military operations must foster stability by working with host nations and civil stakeholders to establish secure environments free from large-scale violence. Instead of seeking outright victory, stability must be the primary goal. A comprehensive, cooperative strategy is crucial to ensuring lasting peace and security, allowing civilian populations to live without fear in conflict-affected regions.
CHANGING THREATS AND HUMAN SECURITY: THE NEW NATO STRATEGY AND THE COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH
Following Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, NATO leaders at the Madrid Summit adopted a new Strategic Concept to address evolving security challenges. While retaining core values from the 2010 concept, the updated strategy places greater emphasis Human Security (HS) as a critical component of future NATO operations. The Euro-Atlantic security environment has deteriorated, with NATO recognising that the region is no longer at peace. Authoritarian powers challenge Western values, necessitating a stronger NATO response. Geostrategic competition demands increased resilience and concepts like prevention, deterrence and interoperability have evolved into a “360-degree approach,” reinforcing defence and preparedness across all domains.
Hybrid warfare – blending conventional military tactics with deception, sabotage and intelligence operations – poses escalating threats. Climate change acts as a “crisis and threat multiplier,” intensifying conflicts and instability. In response, NATO’s Strategic Concept now prioritises HS, extending the definition of security beyond territorial integrity and military strength to include the Protection of Civilians (PoC) and the Women, Peace and Security agenda.
Recognising that military efforts alone are insufficient, NATO promotes a Comprehensive Approach,
enhancing collaboration with military and nonmilitary partners to ensure a secure environment. HS now requires an integrated strategy, utilising different power instruments to address security threats holistically and sustain long-term stability.
HUMAN SECURITY AND THE POLITICAL GAP
Despite the significance of HS and numerous efforts by NATO to implement it through policy and military concepts, civilians bear the brunt of conflict. The gap between policy principles and the reality on the field often falls into the convoluted and blurred realm of politics. While activities conducted under the HS umbrella primarily involve military capabilities, they are conducted within the framework of political mandates and processes, and the balancing of ideologies, positions and interests this entails.
The tendency to isolate HS in conflicts from political, social and economic variables is common among military and civilian actors. Although the need to link politics and protection has been underscored at the highest UN level, as rightly noted, the relationship between the two priorities is not always clear in planning and operations. HS and political processes often run parallel, with the former being militarydriven rather than integrated with a comprehensive political vision. HS and political processes to find
lasting solutions to crises are deeply entwined. This interconnection is evident in the mandate of numerous missions and operations in which NATO and other international organisations have been involved over the past two decades.
Several challenges hinder the seamless integration of humanitarian and political efforts. These include limited resources, the difficulty of balancing immediate protection needs with long-term political considerations, the absence of a viable political solution, and the necessity of maintaining support from host nations, even when state actors are involved in violence and human rights abuses. Moreover, the fact that political strategies tend to prioritise high-level and elite-driven negotiations risks excluding local communities and the grassroots mediation efforts that have been proven necessary for protection. Lastly, the risk of HS becoming a gateway for divorcing military mandates from political goals must not be underestimated.
Applying a protection lens across all phases of the political process can help mitigate unintended consequences. Anchoring HS within political frameworks can ensure more efficient resource allocation while prioritising respect for human rights. There are several ways to connect them, but all require cooperation with the strategic/political
actors. Harmonising HS imperatives and practical necessities with the complexities of politics is a significant endeavour that requires knowledge, skills, resources and steadfastness commitment. NATO must demonstrate this resolve to honour its commitment to HS.
The above underscores the monumental task of aligning HS imperatives and practical necessities with political complexities. It necessitates knowledge, skills, resources and tenacity. NATO should show this resolve to honour its commitment to HS, which aligns with the Alliance’s core values.
NRDC-ITA CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN SECURITY (2021-2024)
In 2021, in alignment with NATO’s Protection of Civilians (PoC) doctrine, NRDC-ITA’s CIMIC branch launched the “Human Environment Implementation Plan” to develop a HS-focused training framework. Academic lectures, seminars and tabletop exercise have been used to instil a new mindset, particularly during Exercises Steadfast Jackal 2021 and 2022.
The 2021 “Human Environment in Operations” workshop marked the first effort to translate PoC concepts into operational planning. In 2022, NRDCITA hosted a seminar on HS and PoC in military operations, engaging experts from SHAPE, ICRC, OSCE, AFRICOM and others to examine challenges
in civilian protection.
In 2023, the “Resilience and Resistance in Military Operations” workshop emphasised the role of the civil environment and reaffirmed NATO’s commitment to HS. In 2024, the “Military Contribution to Human Security in an Urban Environment” workshop focused on applying HS strands in complex urban settings in alignment with ARF operations.
CONCLUSIONS AND WAY AHEAD
The 2022 NATO Strategic Concept statement on the centrality of HS has paved the way for NATO’s future organisational approach. The publication of the Human Security Approach and Guiding Principles (June 2022) and the ACO Human Security Guidance (June 2023) marked the starting point for this transition. These documents define what Human Security means for NATO and establish six key areas for intervention.
Within the ARF’s new role, to achieve effective MDO synchronisation, NRDC-ITA will need a persistent approach to HS through strong collaboration with civilian counterparts. The MDO Concept highlights the need for synchronisation with international organisations and Partner Nations. Military and nonmilitary coordination will be central to delivering ‘converging effects’ at scale and speed—requiring an MDO staff that is well trained in HS and PoC.
NATO’S COOPERATIVE SECURITY AND GENDER MAINSTREAMING
Japan’s experience in integrating gender perspectives into military operations
Lieutenant Colonel BEL Army FRANÇOISE VERBANCK
Commander Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force NAOMI IGARASHI
In 2025, the UN, NATO and many other stakeholders are celebrating 25 years of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS). This article introduces the topic of gender mainstreaming (GMS) in the Armed Forces and provides an overview of the current work NATO is doing with its Partners in this area, highlighting the successful example of Japan.
Gender mainstreaming can be approached from multiple perspectives. The first involves implementing GMS within the Armed Forces, emphasising full integration across the entire defence apparatus to ensure that women and men can work together and have access to equal opportunities. The second focuses on GMS during missions abroad, particularly in relation to the key role played by the local population, both men and women, in the process of restoring peace.
Before delving deeper into these two areas, it is essential to first consider the rationale behind the need for gender mainstreaming. The security challenges in today’s world are changing at an unprecedented pace and nations are stepping up to become much more resilient with a “whole-ofgovernment approach.” The Armed Forces are now
expected to perform a broader variety of tasks, requiring all personnel to have a much wider range of competencies. To fully use the potential of all available skills, equality between men and women is essential.
Touching on the first perspective, unlocking human potential within an organisation starts with an effective recruitment process - one that relies on the Defence Forces being seen as inclusive and representative of the society they serve.
But recruitment is only the first step; retention is equally important. To retain both women and men in the Armed Forces, it is essential to conduct a thorough analysis to understand why they may leave and what motivates them to stay. The answer is pay and benefits, equal access and opportunities to jobs (including promotions and leadership positions) and supportive, smart policies that produce a better work-life balance. While physical requirements are often cited as justification for excluding women from certain roles, it is important to distinguish between legitimate, function-based standards and outdated assumptions. Recognising biological differences should not serve as a barrier but rather as a basis for fair and inclusive criteria.
As far as GMS on military missions abroad is concerned, this enhances operational effectiveness by fostering a more positive relationship between military forces and the local population and authorities, both women and men. Thus, incorporating gendersensitive practices and communication into military operations is key. Doing so improves mission success and reduces potential friction with the local population, resulting in a more informed approach to addressing complex challenges. Having female soldiers in the mission enables better access to the female segment of the population, builds trust and facilitates the gathering of vital information from a broader cross-section of the population.
Leadership plays a crucial role in advancing GMS. Systematic education on all levels is needed to foster a positive and inclusive mindset across the Armed Forces. Deploying trained Gender Advisers further supports this effort. Senior leaders, drawing on their extensive professional and life experience are instrumental in driving meaningful change. When leaders actively support GMS, they send a clear message about the organisation’s commitment and willingness to integrate full human potential on equal terms.
NATO’s core task of Cooperative Security (CS), built on the idea that political dialogue and practical cooperation with Partners contribute to stability beyond NATO’s borders, is a pillar of the Alliance’s security.
When it comes to gender, NATO supports and cooperates with Partners who wish to implement the WPS policy. Within this framework, CS focusses on
the military implementation of GMS. The CS Division at NATO Headquarters constantly works to integrate the gender perspective into relevant partnership mechanisms and tools. As a result, most partnership agreements include gender considerations, especially in the context of military dialogue, consultations, training and exercises.
Many partners take part in GMS-related activities, but several have also taken a leading role and proactively promoted initiatives in this field, sharing their success stories and best practices. Japan is a good example of this.
Japan is a NATO partner nation that has taken a notably proactive approach to implementing WPS.
The Japanese Ministry of Defence has integrated WPS principles into both its human resources policies and international cooperation efforts. In August 2023, the Japanese defence authorities established the Headquarters for WPS Promotion under the leadership of the Parliamentary Vice Minister of Defence. This initiative led to the launch of the “MOD WPS Promotion Plan,” built on four strategic pillars.
Pillar 1 is “Change of Mindset.” It aims to ensure all personnel – civilian and military – share responsibility for WPS regardless of gender, age or rank. It also promotes the extension of this mindset across all operations and activities. The Japanese Ministry of Defence places particular importance on education as a tool to shift mindsets across the Ministry and the Japan Self-Defence Forces.
Pillar 2 is “Structural Development.” Under this pillar, Gender Advisors are designated at both the strategic and operational levels. In 2024, the newly appointed Director for International Cooperation on WPS within the Internal Bureau of MOD was also designated as the MOD Gender Advisor. In addition, the Joint Staff, as well as the Ground, Maritime and Air Staff Offices, have each assigned Gender Advisors. Their role is to advise senior leadership and ensure the integration of gender perspectives into the operations, activities and defence policy of the Japan Self-Defence Forces.
Pillar 3 is “International Cooperation.” The Japanese MOD sets WPS as one of the main pillars of defence cooperation and exchanges. The MOD Gender Advisor presented Japan’s initiatives at the Annual Conference of the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives in May 2024 and engaged in WPS dialogue with the NATO Secretary-General’s Special Representative for WPS, Ms. Irene Fellin, who subsequently visited Japan. Furthermore, the MOD leads on WPS in the Indo-Pacific Region by hosting WPS seminars as a part of its bilateral capacitybuilding activities with several Indo-Pacific nations and by co-chairing multinational working groups. In October 2024, the MOD hosted the 1st JapanASEAN WPS Cooperation Project in Tokyo by inviting observers from pacific island countries to collectively advance WPS in the region.
Pillar 4 is “Reflection of Gender Perspective in the Self-Defence Forces Activities.” The Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Assistance operation following the Noto Peninsula Earthquake in January 2024 are an example of this pillar. In this operation, the involvement of female personnel, along with the perspectives they brought, helped ensure the efficient delivery of necessary items to women and children in the affected areas.
In conclusion, there are numerous compelling reasons why the Armed Forces benefit from genuine GMS implementation, rather than just mere lip service to serve political correctness. True GMS is not merely a matter of compliance but a strategic approach that enhances effectiveness and positively impacts military operations.
WPS remains a key area for cooperation in NATO and among its Partners. Japan’s domestic and international initiatives provide excellent examples of how to successfully integrate gender perspectives into military operations and activities. While cultural backgrounds, social structures and traditions may differ across nations and communities, the principles of WPS are universally relevant and indispensable for sustaining peace and security.
CHINA’S INFLUENCE IN AFRICA: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS
The debt trap, economic growth and geopolitical ambitions
Captain ITA Army FABRIZIO MINNITI
INTRODUCTION
China’s economic presence in Africa has expanded significantly over the past two decades, driven by infrastructure development, trade and geopolitical strategy. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013, has accelerated Chinese investments in Africa, particularly in infrastructure, energy and mining. However, this engagement has raised concerns over debt sustainability, environmental impact and socioeconomic consequences, including labour practices and trade imbalances. This paper examines how China-Africa relations have developed, highlighting opportunities and challenges while also analysing the broader strategic implications.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND STRATEGIC DRIVERS
China’s engagement with Africa has historical roots dating back to the 1950s when it supported newly independent nations through financial aid and infrastructure projects. This relationship, initially political, shifted towards economic pragmatism by the late 20th century. The Forum on ChinaAfrica Cooperation (FOCAC), established in 2000, institutionalised economic ties, reinforcing China’s position as an alternative development partner to Western nations.
China’s interest in Africa is largely resource-driven, with the continent supplying oil, minerals and agricultural products to fuel China’s industrialisation. In return, China exports manufactured goods and infrastructure expertise, deepening economic interdependence. The BRI has further reinforced China’s strategic presence, providing loans and investments in key sectors such as transportation, energy and telecommunications.
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS
China has played a crucial role in addressing Africa’s infrastructure deficits. Projects such as Kenya’s Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway and the Djibouti-Ethiopia Railway have enhanced regional connectivity and trade. Chinese stateowned enterprises (SOEs) dominate infrastructure development, constructing roads, bridges and energy projects across the continent.
While these investments have accelerated economic development, they often come with high debt burdens. Many projects are financed through Chinese loans, frequently backed by natural resources. Countries like Zambia and Djibouti have faced financial difficulties, raising concerns about the long-term sustainability of Chinese-funded projects. Critics argue that such lending practices risk creating “debt-trap diplomacy,” whereby Beijing gains strategic leverage over indebted nations.
Additionally, Chinese infrastructure projects have been criticised for relying on Chinese labour rather than the local workforce, limiting skills transfer and job creation. Social tensions have emerged in countries like Zambia, where local communities demand greater involvement in development projects.
TRADE IMBALANCES AND ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY
China has been Africa’s largest trading partner since 2009, with trade reaching $282 billion in 2022. However, the trade relationship is heavily imbalanced. African nations primarily export raw materials such as crude oil, copper and cobalt, while importing highvalue manufactured goods from China.
This pattern reinforces Africa’s traditional role as a resource supplier, limiting industrial diversification and economic transformation. Countries reliant on commodity exports, such as Angola and Nigeria, remain vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand. While some diversification efforts are underway – such as South Africa’s exports of platinum and agricultural products – many African economies remain dependent on China’s industrial needs.
Africa must shift from raw material exports to industrial production and value-added manufacturing to achieve long-term economic sustainability. This requires greater investment in technology, education and infrastructure to support local industries.
DEBT-TRAP DIPLOMACY AND FINANCIAL RISKS
China’s lending strategy has not only fuelled
infrastructure expansion but has also led to rising debt levels in many African countries. Loans often lack transparency and some debts remain hidden from official records. In response to mounting financial pressures, China has renegotiated loans with several African nations; however, concerns persist over sovereignty risks when countries default.
The case of Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port, leased to China after debt default, has heightened fears that African nations may face similar outcomes. Djibouti, which owes China about 70% of its GDP in debt, is cited as a potential example where strategic assets may be leveraged for repayment. Although China rejects allegations of coercive lending, the longterm financial burden of Chinese loans remains a contentious issue.
This model of leveraging economic development for strategic advantage is central to China’s global strategy. Beijing’s financial involvement in African countries often includes a policy of restructuring debts to countries that would likely struggle to access the capital markets. China’s loans are typically offered to nations with low credit ratings, which often do not have the option of turning to traditional sources of financing. To protect its interests, China secures the assets tied to loans, often leveraging natural resources such as oil, gas and minerals to mitigate the risk of default. For example, China has taken oil from Sudan, gold from Tanzania and copper from Zambia as compensation for unpaid loans.
One major issue tied to China’s financial dealings in Africa is the hidden debt problem. Currently, almost half of Chinese loans in sub-Saharan Africa are not
recorded in official government debt registers. This hidden debt poses a significant risk to global financial stability, as it allows governments to continue borrowing despite already unsustainable debt levels. Hiding some debt allows these countries to maintain access to financing, but it sacrifices long-term fiscal sustainability.
China’s financial assistance has been crucial to addressing Africa’s infrastructure gaps, but dependencies that are increasingly difficult for many countries to manage are also being fostered. The practice of debt renegotiation, reliance on resourcebacked loans and strategic infrastructure investments all increase China’s political and economic leverage over African countries, raising concerns about longterm sovereignty and financial stability.
GEOPOLITICAL STRATEGY AND MILITARY PRESENCE
China’s investments in Africa are not purely economic but also serve broader geopolitical objectives, particularly through the BRI. The latter seeks to enhance China’s global trade connectivity by linking countries through infrastructure projects, trade routes and logistics networks. In Africa, China’s focus on infrastructure and energy projects aligns with its broader strategic objectives of securing access to key resources and strategic locations.
One notable example is China’s increasing presence in North Africa, particularly in Egypt. With its control over the Suez Canal, Egypt serves as a critical juncture for China’s maritime trade routes between Asia, Europe and Africa. In 2022, China invested
$18.2 billion in Egypt, focusing on projects related to industrial zones and the development of new infrastructure. These investments not only enhance China’s economic ties with Egypt but also bolster its influence in the region and strengthen its position in global trade. Similarly, in the Horn of Africa, China’s military base in Djibouti plays a strategic role in securing maritime routes in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, vital for global trade and energy shipments. The base, established in 2017, represents China’s growing military footprint on the continent and highlights the intersection of economic and geopolitical interests. Djibouti’s strategic location also makes it an essential partner for China’s BRI, with projects like the Djibouti-Ethiopia railway serving both trade and military objectives.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS
While China’s investments in Africa have catalysed economic development, they have also raised serious concerns about their environmental and social implications. The demand for minerals such as cobalt, copper and oil to fuel China’s industrialisation has led to increased mining activities across Africa, particularly in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Zambia and South Africa. However, these activities have had detrimental effects on local ecosystems, including deforestation, soil erosion and water pollution.
In the DRC, for example, Chinese mining operations have been associated with environmental degradation and human rights abuses. Local communities have raised concerns about the lack of environmental safeguards in Chinese mining
practices, leading to protests and calls for greater accountability from both the Chinese companies and African governments. While Chinese companies have made some efforts to address these concerns, the lack of robust environmental regulations in many African countries makes it difficult to enforce sustainable practices.
Social issues have also emerged from the reliance on Chinese labour in infrastructure projects. Many Chinese construction firms operating in Africa prefer to bring in their own workers rather than hiring local employees, leading to limited job creation for African communities. This practice has generated resentment; as local populations see few tangible benefits from the massive investments made in their countries. Additionally, the lack of skills transfer from Chinese workers to local workers means that African countries are not fully leveraging these projects to build human capital and technical expertise.
CONCLUSIONS
China’s involvement in Africa has both good and bad sides. Investment is good for growth, but there are concerns about sustainability, trade, the environment and labour practices. Investment in transport, energy and industry has been vital. But there are challenges.
If the partnership is to remain sustainable, pressing issues must be addressed. Many African countries are increasingly vulnerable due to debt, often tied to natural resources. Their ability to repay this debt is a major concern.
To ensure a successful future with China, the key is for Africa to reduce dependence on exports, ensure equitable growth and improve debt management. Diversifying economies through investment in technology, agriculture, manufacturing and services can create more sustainable sources of income while reducing dependence on commodities. All of Africa must benefit from Chinese investment. This requires stronger local industries, entrepreneurship and better education and skills development.
Environmental and social sustainability must be prioritised by Africa and China. A balanced approach to relations between them is key. Continued dialogue, cooperation and commitment to mutual benefit are essential. In a more interconnected world, Africa and China have the opportunity for a mutually beneficial partnership. A stable Africa is valuable to China. Its growing influence offers opportunities for growth and integration. A managed partnership can promote global cooperation, sustainable development, fair opportunities and respect. By addressing challenges, the China-Africa partnership has the potential to strengthen the global economy by benefiting the economies of both regions.
BACKBONE OF READINESS
The
vital role of spinal health for military personnel
Warrant Officer ITA Army FAUSTO MAZZONE
Military medical services face the complex task of supporting operational and training activities that often take place in ‘extreme’ environments and expose personnel to intense physical and mental stress. Service members are driven to endure pain, fatigue, extreme temperatures, fear, sleep deprivation, emotional strain and a lack of physical comfort. They may also have to manage a range of biomechanical overload risk factors, including prolonged poor posture, the weight of their personal equipment, handling heavy loads, exposure to prolonged vibration, impact injuries from contact with the ground and operations conducted in lowlight conditions or on rugged terrain.
Other risk factors include advancing age, being overweight weight, poor physical condition, excessive joint and muscle stiffness, systemic diseases, chronic osteoarticular conditions, significant postural abnormalities, disabilities and the after-effects of trauma or injuries that have not fully healed or been properly rehabilitated.
Military personnel, due to a mindset favouring physical and psychological endurance, often report to medical staff with multiple concurrent musculoskeletal conditions or at a more advanced stage of injury than when symptoms first presented. This creates a risk that treatment and rehabilitation might take longer. Having one or more soldiers with such conditions can compromise a unit’s combat readiness and place an additional burden on the public healthcare system.
Musculoskeletal disorders affect the limbs or the spine and can lead to pain in soft tissue (muscles, tendons, blood vessels), joints, bones and peripheral nerves. These conditions may arise suddenly and go away quite quickly – such as fractures, sprain or strains – or evolve into chronic, degenerative disorders that cause long-term pain and disability.
POSTURE AND THE SPINE
Spinal health is closely linked to posture. Indeed, it is one of the most influential factors in the onset and progression of musculoskeletal disorders. Posture does not simply mean the body’s position in space, but rather the complex interaction between an individual and the surrounding environment. A person’s posture is the result of multiple variables, including genetics, lifestyle, emotional state, physical activity, job, previous physical or psychological trauma and cultural background.
There is no universally ‘perfect’ posture. Instead, the totality of a person’s motor experiences shape an automatic postural pattern that can be functional or dysfunctional. The latter arises when biomechanical overload occurs, leading to stress and degeneration of joints, soft tissues, the nervous and cardiovascular systems and, potentially, psychological distress.
The spine, the body’s primary structural support for posture, is made up of 33 or 34 vertebrae, divided into five regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 or 5 coccygeal vertebrae. Its main functions are to protect the spinal cord running through the vertebral canal, support the body and enable movement of the trunk and head. Viewed from the front, the spine appears vertically straight; from the side, however, it features four natural curves that help absorb axial loads: two inward (lordotic) curves in the cervical and lumbar regions, and two outward (kyphotic) curves in the thoracic and sacral regions. Between each pair of vertebral bodies lies an intervertebral disc, consisting of a fibrous outer ring that encases a soft, gelatinous nucleus composed of approximately 88% water. Its primary function is to absorb shock between vertebrae, acting like a soft sphere compressed between two surfaces.
DISC PATHOLOGIES
Disc pathologies are among the most common conditions affecting the spine. Over time, intervertebral discs naturally lose water content and undergo degenerative changes due to ageing. In themselves, such changes are not pathological and do not cause pain. However, if the fibrous ring of the disc is damaged, material from the nucleus pulposus can begin to push outward and press against the spinal nerve. This process may start as a disc bulge and develop into a full herniation, potentially causing lower back pain and sciatica. Over time, it can also contribute to increased wear on the joints of the spine - a condition known as spinal osteoarthritis. Disc herniations occur most frequently in individuals between the ages of 30 and 50, with the L4–L5 and L5–S1 discs being the most commonly affected. The principal contributing factors are biomechanical overload, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. Depending on the severity and the specific nerve root involved, symptoms may include altered sensitivity to heat, touch or pain; reduced muscle strength; and diminished deep tendon reflexes.
PREVENTION PROGRAMME
Prevention, treatment and rehabilitation are the three key pillars for effectively addressing musculoskeletal disorders. Prevention is based on analysing the risks and hazards/dangers but cannot be entrusted solely to the organisational structure. Indeed, workers themselves must play an active role in the process through appropriate information, education and training. Such aspects also foster greater awareness of basic workplace safety rules, postural hygiene and ergonomics, and promote healthy lifestyle habits and greater awareness of physical and mental wellbeing. Primary prevention is meant to reduce risk factors through targeted actions such as: promoting a healthy lifestyle (e.g. reducing alcohol intake, quitting smoking, maintaining a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, sleeping at least seven hours a night and looking after one’s wellbeing); encouraging the use of personal protective equipment; and automating the handling of heavy loads and so on. Secondary prevention focuses on medical surveillance of workers, including fitnessfor-duty examinations, routine occupational health assessments, screening initiatives, and postural and biomechanical evaluations. These measures enable early diagnosis, timely treatment and identification of the need for rehabilitation for any unresolved musculoskeletal issues. Tertiary prevention focuses on managing established conditions, aiming to prevent complications, improve quality of life and reduce levels of disability. Examples of intervention at this stage include rehabilitative care and psychological support.
Rehabilitation medicine plays a vital role in the management of musculoskeletal disorders, as it brings together clinical assessment, the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries and relapses, genuine therapeutic treatment of the issue and support for returning to both work and sport. A crucial factor is interdisciplinary teamwork, involving a range of complementary healthcare professionalsincluding the director of military medical services, general practitioner, occupational health physician, orthopaedic surgeon, physiatrist, physiotherapist and other clinical specialists - followed by athletic coaches who assist with the return to sport. This coordinated, multidisciplinary approach ensures more effective patient management, helping to reduce sick leave, foster faster recovery and reduce the risk of relapse or progression to chronic conditions. Finally, patients must be particularly cautious not to rely on internet ‘gurus,’ unqualified healers or other individuals promoting alternative treatments that lack a scientific basis.
TRAINING
Training regularly is one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of occupational musculoskeletal disorders and workplace injuries. Physical activity plays a vital role in preventing and managing a range
of musculoskeletal conditions, including back pain, by improving muscle strength, joint load capacity, mobility, coordination and posture. It also helps reduce physical and mental stress by triggering the release of endorphins, with positive effects on perceived pain, quality of life, concentration and work performance.
Exercise helps prevent neurodegenerative diseases, supports healthy weight management, reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and certain types of cancer, and improves or maintains bone density, thus reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
The most recent World Health Organization guidelines recommend:
• 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, or 75–150 minutes of vigorousintensity aerobic activity (or a combination of both);
• Muscle-strengthening activities on at least two days per week;
• Reducing sedentary behaviour.
To achieve lasting results, it is essential to manage the intensity, frequency, duration, progression and type of training stimuli effectively. Only through a balanced approach can a sustainable model of wellbeing be achieved. This means it is essential to rely on qualified military physical education instructors to tailor training programmes to each service member’s physical and mental profile (factoring in age, sex, medical history, physical condition, mental state, occupational aptitude, problem-solving ability and teamwork skills) as well as the specific requirements of their role and operational environment.
A practical example of a training session designed to improve military performance, to be repeated three times a week, includes:
• Warm-up: light running and joint mobility exercises (15 minutes)
Spinal health is essential to ensuring the readiness and operational effectiveness of military personnel. Investing in the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders not only enhances individual performance, but also strengthens the military’s ability to meet future challenges, maximising the potential of the entire force.
THE CHANGING ROLE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS IN CONFLICTS AND THEIR RELEVANCE IN COMBATING DISINFORMATION
2nd Lieutenant ITA Army MARIANNA DAPOTO
In today’s world, information warfare has changed from being a mere auxiliary component of military strategy to establishing itself as a fully-fledged dimension of conflict. Modern media, and particularly social networks, have become indispensable tools for shaping global public opinion, building consensus and influencing political and military outcomes. Warring parties increasingly use these digital platforms as strategic weapons, capable of manipulating narratives, spreading propaganda and mobilising international support.
Since the early 2000s, social networks have emerged and proliferated as new channels of communication, radically revolutionising the communication landscape and the way people connect and interact. These platforms have become integral to all aspects of modern life, including armed conflicts and popular uprisings; indeed, these have changed so significantly they are now often referred to as “Wars 2.0.” Social media is an exceptionally effective tool, owing to the low access costs and the rapid dissemination of information to broad audiences. It has expanded the number of citizens able to access information and made communication both easier and faster.
How has this influenced armed conflicts and crisis situations? The first instance where the influence of social media became clear was the Arab Spring. Beginning in 2011 across several countries in the Middle East and North Africa, it encompassed uprisings and popular protest movements aimed at overthrowing the ruling regimes.
Digital means of communication had such a profound impact that some scholars have referred to this period as the “Social Network Revolution.” Indeed, the protests gained widespread resonance and engaged vast portions of the population, thanks to social networks like Twitter and Facebook, which became tools for aggregation and organising demonstrations. Looking beyond how social networks were used on an organisational level, their role in spreading the protests was equally critical: the sharing of images, videos and information by protesters - using social networks to circumvent censorship more easily than before - managed to draw global attention to what was happening.
In Egypt, the movement began after the police tortured and killed Khaled Said for posting a video exposing two police officers involved in a drug deal. This led to the creation of a Facebook group called “We Are All Khaled Said,” initially managed anonymously by Wael Ghonim, a Google executive for the Arab region. Ghonim emerged as a central figure in the revolution that toppled Mubarak and topped Time magazine’s list of the most influential people of 2011. His Facebook group rapidly grew to 400,000 members, eventually reaching 2 million within six months. Twitter also played a pivotal role in amplifying Wael Ghonim’s influence: in Egypt,
tweets using topics linked to the protests surged to 80,000 - four times the average traffic of the period - coinciding with his release, after being arrested. It became evident that social media was a powerful force, contributing to the collapse of regimes that had endured for over thirty years in some countries and to the weakening of governments across the Middle East and North Africa.
The Arab Spring was the first true example of a crisis being heavily influenced by the use of social networks, but it is not the only one. The informationspreading and aggregation functions are also evident in other conflicts: from the war in the Donbas, which began in Ukraine in 2014, to the more recent fullscale invasion in 2022, where the use of social media has proven to be crucial.
The conflict in Ukraine has highlighted how social media has become a strategic weapon that is as powerful as the traditional weapons found on a battlefield. Since the full-scale Russian invasion began in February 2022, platforms like Twitter, Telegram and TikTok have been used to mobilise public opinion, spread propaganda and coordinate both military and civilian action.
On one side, the Ukrainian government, under President Volodymyr Zelensky, has leveraged social networks to garner international support, using real-time messages that have helped bring the suffering of Ukrainians into the world’s gaze. One distinctive feature of this information war is the active involvement of citizens, who have shared direct testimonies, videos of attacks and images of the devastation. This has had an enormous impact on the global narrative, making it impossible to ignore the conflict or completely distort the facts.
On the other side, Russia has escalated its disinformation operations, seeking to manipulate
global perceptions of the conflict by using targeted propaganda campaigns. A well-executed disinformation strategy can distort consensus at both local and international levels. For example, by exploiting biases and dissent, it can drive the growing polarisation of public opinion on global events, with social groups more likely to embrace rhetoric that aligns with their beliefs.
The Ukraine crisis has also seen cyber warfare become a key component of the conflict, with hacker attacks on both sides trying to destabilise critical infrastructure and spread digital chaos.
These factors make the conflict in Ukraine a prime example of how, in the 21st century, war is fought not only on the ground but also online. Indeed, social networks may, in part, positively influence some clashes, but since these means are hard to control, they can also be used for less noble purposes. The aggregation function is often exploited by terrorist groups to identify new recruits and spread their message. Turning to the dissemination function, the fact that any user can publish any kind of information at will, and that such information is therefore difficult to verify, leads to the problem of fake news, which is now widespread and difficult to combat. Fake news is often deliberately spread to try to create confusion and manipulate public opinion in one direction or another; sometimes governments themselves use this kind of propaganda, and the goal might even be to try to create conflict. Taking the Russia-Ukraine conflict as an example, the Kremlin has launched an extensive disinformation campaign in regions such as South America and Africa in order to increase the already existing discontent in such regions with Western powers.
Even outside of conflict, controlling social media has become a hot topic in basically every country on the planet in order to have more control over
information. Brazil repeatedly blocked access to social media, until the most recent shutdown of X in August 2024, later lifted in October. A Brazilian judge had suspended X, the platform previously known as Twitter, on August 30, accusing it of failing to comply with an order to remove accounts suspected of spreading disinformation, many of them linked to Brazil’s far-right. The most powerful example of control and censorship of social media and the internet in general is China’s Great Firewall. The term Great Firewall, ironically inspired by the Great Wall of China, was coined in a 1997 article in Wired magazine and later adopted by the international media, including the Chinese media. This term refers to the Golden Shield Project, a network censorship and surveillance system operated by the People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Public Security. The project aims to block access to any data from abroad considered potentially unfavourable. It is the world’s most complex internet censorship and control system, blocking access to major western websites and social networks such as Google, Facebook, YouTube, etc. and replacing them with Chinese equivalents. Control of the Internet is crucial for the Chinese government, both to prevent disinformation and to counter any content that could undermine the country’s political stability.
A well-known remark by President Deng Xiaoping, made in the early 1980s, captures this idea: “If you open the windows, fresh air comes in, but so do flies.” Here, “flies” means all those sensitive issues that might come from the West, from violent images to ideas about democracy that have the potential to contaminate minds and turn people away from the path of the Chinese Communist Party. China’s censorship model is also providing inspiration for Russia’s efforts to control information during the current conflict.
Today, Western countries are increasingly required to counter disinformation campaigns propagated in cyberspace by organisations that are difficult to link to state actors. The aim of these campaigns is to destabilise society from within and to undermine democratic principles, which have already been severely challenged by a major crisis of values in recent decades. In contrast to censorship and information control, democratic countries seek to counter disinformation campaigns by spreading the truth, in line with their values. This is an asymmetric
conflict, pitting real news against the sensationalism of false information. However, the battle turns out to be an unequal one—trying to refute fake news with fact-checking alone. People who have become radicalised rarely turn back; in many cases, efforts to disprove information only end up reinforcing their beliefs.
Confirmation bias 1 results in the emergence of echo chambers, i.e. groups of people who form communities of interest with shared beliefs and goals. In echo chambers, individual opinions are not discussed, but rather reinforced and polarised. Discordant information is often simply ignored. Thus, fact-checking has major limitations. People try to fight fake news by saying “I have the truth: here it is”, but it is unlikely it will work. It is important to realise that fake news is only the tip of the iceberg. The real damage comes from segregation into groups, into narratives that do not ‘talk’ to each other. Consequently, one of the challenges for the West in countering these cognitive threats in the future will be to focus on education as a priority.
Education is a vital tool in the fight against disinformation, as it develops the critical thinking and analytical skills needed to assess the reliability of sources. Teaching people how to recognise bias and verify information helps create knowledgeable citizens who are less easy to manipulate. A wellinformed society is more robust, able to defend itself against fake news and contribute more responsibly to public debate. However, education is a defence strategy that delivers results in the long term, and only in the future will we know which of the programmes implemented by various countries ultimately proved to be the most effective.
1 Each of us enjoys agreeing with people who agree with us, and we tend to avoid individuals or groups that make us feel uncomfortable. This is what psychologist B.F. Skinner (1953) referred to as “cognitive dissonance”. This is a preferential mode of behaviour that leads to confirmation bias, or the act of referencing onlly the perspectives that feed into our pre-existing views.
Photo: Massimo Sestini (Operazione Mare Nostrum)
THE IMPACT OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN STORYTELLING
When manipulating pictures shapes the narrative
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army GIANLUCA GRECO
Staff Sergeant ITA Army MARCO ORRÙ
In the world of journalism and military communication, photography stands as one of the most powerful storytelling tools. A single image can transcend language, enflame public debate, document the truth of the moment or conversely reshape it. While the written word provides context and detail, it is often the photograph that leaves a lasting impression in the collective memory. The angle, lighting, moment and especially framing of a shot can dramatically alter how an event is perceived. In the era of social media and 24/7 news cycles, this visual power has grown exponentially, making the ethics of photographic storytelling more relevant than ever.
THE ESSENCE OF THE MOMENT AND THE EMOTIONAL ENGAGEMENT
A photograph that tells a compelling story must do more than simply document, it must capture the moment. That precise instant in which emotion, action and context align is what distinguishes a good image from a timeless one. This ability to seize the essence of a moment and render it universally relatable is the hallmark of great photographic storytelling.
Italian art critic Vittorio Sgarbi once called Caravaggio’s painting Boy Bitten by a Lizard (Il Morso del Ramarro) a masterful example of this concept. Though not a photograph, the painting immortalises the fleeting instant of a boy’s shocked expression as a lizard bites his finger. Caravaggio, through brush and canvas, captures a decisive moment in much the same way a photographer aims to. The emotional reaction is immediate and visceral. This is the goal of photography: not simply to show, but to make the viewer feel.
A historical example that embodies this principle is Robert Capa’s iconic 1936 image, The Falling Soldier, taken during the Spanish Civil War. The photograph, showing a soldier at the precise moment he is struck by a bullet and falls to his death, has become one of the most powerful war images ever taken.
The photo sparked debate not only for its shocking realism but also for the questions it raised about authenticity. Was it staged? Was it spontaneous? Regardless, its emotional impact is undeniable.
It became a symbol of the horrors of war and the fragility of life powerfully conveyed in a single frame.
THE PHOTOGRAPH AS A NARRATIVE WEAPON
Photography has long been a cornerstone of journalistic integrity and historical documentation, particularly in conflict zones or during politically significant moments. In these high-stakes environments, images are not just records, they are symbols, capable of influencing public perception, galvanising opinion and even affecting political outcomes.
The responsibility placed on photojournalists is immense. Every image they capture can tell multiple stories, depending on how it is composed, cropped and ultimately published. While the intent might be to report objectively, the reality is that even minor adjustments, whether technical or editorial, can alter the emotional tone and message of a photograph.
One recent and compelling example of this phenomenon is the photograph taken by Associated Press photojournalist Evan Vucci during the assassination attempt in the electoral campaign of US President Donald Trump at a rally in Pennsylvania in July 2024. The image, already considered iconic, shows Trump with a bloodied face, one fist raised defiantly in the air, with an American flag draped behind him. It is visually rich in symbolism, patriotism, violence and resilience, all frozen in a single frame.
But what if the image had been cropped differently,
or if the frame chosen had been taken just seconds earlier or later?
Imagine a version that removes the raised fist, focusing only on his injuries. This might evoke vulnerability, fragility or even defeat. Now consider a frame captured moments after the iconic shot, showing Trump with his gaze lowered, his expression solemn and reflective. This alternative could shift the narrative from triumphant resilience to sorrow or introspection, subtly guiding viewers to interpret the moment not as a symbol of strength, but of personal and national tragedy.
CROPPING AND MANIPULATION: TECHNICAL TOOL OR NARRATIVE WEAPON?
Cropping is a common practice in photography, often used to enhance composition, remove distractions or meet editorial layout constraints. In military photography, where clarity and detail are essential for documentation, cropping is frequently used to emphasise subjects of operational relevance. However, the same technique can be used intentionally or not to alter the message of an image.
There lies the risk: when cropping becomes a tool for narrative manipulation rather than clarity, the
line between reporting and editorialising begins to blur. This practice can lead to images that support selective truths or push certain interpretations while omitting others.
BRIAN WALSKI CONTROVERSY (2003)
Los Angeles Times photojournalist Brian Walski was fired after he created a composite image by merging two photos taken seconds apart in Iraq. The edited photo showed a British soldier seemingly confronting civilians in a dramatic moment, but the interaction never actually occurred. Editors spotted
duplicated elements in the background, revealing the manipulation. The incident became a major case of ethical misconduct, sparking industry-wide debate on truth in photojournalism and reinforcing the strict standard that news images must remain unaltered.
ADNAN HAJJ CONTROVERSY (2006)
Reuters terminated its relationship with Beirut-based freelance photographer Adnan Hajj after discovering he had digitally manipulated two images from the 2006 Lebanon-Israel conflict. One photo showed exaggerated smoke over Beirut after an airstrike;
Photo: Adnan Hajj | The manipulated version (right) of this photo added extra smoke to dramatize an Israeli airstrike on Beirut
Photo: Brian Walski | This digitally altered photo, combining two shots for dramatic effect, led to the photographer’s dismissal and sparked a global debate on ethics in photojournalism
another falsely depicted multiple flares dropped by an Israeli jet. Reuters withdrew all 920 of his photos and implemented stricter editorial controls. Hajj claimed he was only trying to remove dust marks, but the use of Photoshop’s cloning tool clearly violated ethical standards. The case sparked global debate about trust, accuracy and accountability in war photography.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS. BALANCING TRUTH AND IMPACT
Photojournalists, particularly in military settings, face significant ethical challenges when capturing images of grief, pain and suffering. Military photography often documents moments of conflict, tragedy and human vulnerability, requiring the photographer to balance the responsibility of truthfully depicting the situation without exploiting or dehumanising those involved.
While these images can raise awareness and evoke empathy, they can also sensationalise or manipulate the suffering they portray. In such contexts, photographers must decide whether to capture a powerful moment that could inspire action, knowing it may distress or overwhelm the viewer, or to withhold the image to protect the dignity of the subjects. In military settings, the stakes are particularly high as images not only shape public perception but can also influence the outcome of political decisions or military strategies. A photograph may, for instance, bolster support for a military operation or spark antiwar sentiment, making it critical that the intent and context behind the image remain clear.
The emotional weight of these images can also affect the audience, potentially overwhelming them or distorting their understanding of the situation. Military photography, in particular, often requires that the photographer make split-second decisions about how to frame an image in a way that conveys the complexity of the moment without misrepresenting
it. Whether capturing a battlefield, a humanitarian mission or the aftermath of an attack, these moments demand both technical skill and moral clarity.
One poignant example of an emotionally charged photograph is that of Alan Kurdi, the three-year-old Syrian boy whose lifeless body was photographed by Turkish journalist Nilüfer Demir on a Turkish beach in 2015 after drowning during a failed attempt to reach Europe. The image of this innocent child,
whose experience reflected the broader tragedy of the refugee crisis, quickly went viral and became an iconic symbol of human suffering. It sparked outrage, compassion and a renewed urgency for political action. Though not a military photo, the image serves as a powerful reminder of the emotional impact photography can have in shaping public discourse and humanising global issues.
While the photograph helped drew attention to the refugee crisis, it also raised ethical questions about the role of the photographer. The responsibility of capturing such a moment involves weighing the potential for public outrage against the need to respect the dignity of the subject. In this case, the image’s power lay in its ability to evoke an emotional response, but it also stirred doubts about whether the photographer had moved the body to create a more dramatic composition, an action that prompted further scrutiny of the ethics involved in
photographing suffering. It highlights the inherent ethical complexities in conflict photography, where truth and sensitivity must always be carefully balanced. It also raises critical questions about the photographer’s role: Are they serving the public good or becoming a passive participant in the tragedy they document?
Another powerful example of the impact of imagery is the photograph by Italian photographer Massimo Sestini (pictures at pag. 45), who captured one of the most iconic scenes of thousands of refugees and migrants crammed aboard an overcrowded ship. The image depicts people fleeing war, oppression and poverty in North Africa and the Middle East, seeking hope and opportunity in Europe. It captured the world’s attention, won a World Press Photo award and was selected as one of TIME’s Top 10 Photos of 2014.
OTHER CASES OF VISUAL INFLUENCE AND CONTROVERSY
The Falling Man (9/11): Taken by Associated Press photographer Richard Drew, this haunting image captures a man, one of the many who jumped from the burning World Trade Center, falling headfirst from the North Tower on the morning of September 11, 2001. The photograph became one of the most iconic and controversial images of that day. Its stark composition and serene symmetry contrast the unimaginable horror, evoking powerful questions about choice, despair, and human dignity. While it sparked heated debates on media ethics and trauma representation, it also served as a visual memorial to lives lost in silence and invisibility.
Photo: Richard Drew (The Falling Man)
CONCLUSIONS
In today’s image-driven society, the ability to interpret and critically analyse photographs is an essential skill, especially in an environment polluted by the indiscriminate spread of images created with AI. Journalists and military photographers must uphold the highest standards of ethical integrity, ensuring their images convey truth without distortion. Equally important is the development of visual literacy among audiences, encouraging people to question
Vietnam’s Napalm Girl (1972): Nick Ut’s photograph of a naked, screaming child running from a napalm attack became one of the most iconic images of the Vietnam War. It changed public perception and increased anti-war sentiment.
The photo’s raw emotion and harrowing context brought the horrors of war into public view with undeniable force. Taken just moments after the attack, it also led to increased scrutiny of military tactics and became a powerful symbol in the global movement against the war, influencing both public opinion and political discourse.
what they see, consider what might have been left out and understand that even powerful images are still interpretations of reality, not reality itself. Photography will continue to be a defining force in storytelling. Whether it captures triumph or tragedy, unity or division, its impact depends largely on the eye behind the lens and the editor behind the crop. Understanding this responsibility is the first step toward preserving the truth in visual journalism.
HOW TO VERIFY A PHOTO ONLINE AND COMBAT MISINFORMATION
Receiving a photo on platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, or X/Twitter can evoke strong emotions/anger, sadness, or joy and often comes with a caption urging you to share it widely. It’s wise to be cautious, especially if the story seems too good to be true. Here are some tips for verifying images and tracing their origins. A compelling photo can easily capture attention on social media, drawing readers to linger on articles, click links, and share content. Journalists spend considerable time selecting the right photo to illustrate their stories effectively. Unfortunately, those spreading “fake news” are also aware of the power of photos and often manipulate or misappropriate images to garner clicks and attention, regardless of the truth.
IDENTIFYING MISUSED OR OUT-OF-CONTEXT IMAGES
Digitally altered images are widespread online. Although altering an image requires some technical skill, a simpler way to deceive people is by using old images with misleading captions, making them tell a different story. When you suspect an image is out of context, the best practice is to perform a reverse image search. Here’s how to do it:
1. Copy the Photo’s Address: Right-click on the photo (or press it for a long time on your smartphone) to copy its address.
2. Use Google Images: Go to Google Images and paste the address into the search bar.
3. Search by Image: Click on “search by image” and review the results.
4. Check the Source: Look for the earliest occurrence of the image. For example, if the first web page in the results is from 2015, click on it. You might discover that the photo is actually from an old movie, as confirmed by searching for the movie on websites like IMDb. Be aware, however, that even Google can make mistakes. It isn’t always perfect in finding the image’s origin and sometimes provides incorrect information.
By following these steps, you can better verify the authenticity of images and avoid spreading misinformation.
Photo: The authorship is under review - previously Nick Út (The Terror of War)
THE REAL LIFE OF A MILITARY... FAMILY
NISIC Treasurer and Communication Coordinator CHIARA PASSERINI
When we talk about military life, the focus often falls on the institution, the uniform and the sense of duty. But behind every soldier is a person. And behind that person is often a family. A husband or wife, a partner, children, parents, loved ones who face the daily reality of a choice that has seemingly been made by one person, but that is really made together.
Military life doesn’t belong solely to the person who actually belongs to the military. It’s a journey involving those who walk beside them—people who might have left behind friends, jobs or plans to follow someone they love. A journey made of suitcases, languages to learn, cities to explore, adjustments to make, homes to furnish, new jobs to find, schools to choose and more. It’s easy to feel alone. Easy to be afraid. But this can also be turned into an opportunity.
Family support is essential—it’s the foundation on which everything else is built. It’s the home we return to after a long day, the partner whose embrace eases our mind, the children who make us smile. But supporting someone doesn’t mean losing yourself. Following your partner doesn’t mean giving up your own identity. On the contrary, it can mark the beginning of a new journey of personal discovery. Still, how often do families have to cope with professional choices—perhaps our choice or our partner’s choice?
NRDC-ITA Command has always been attentive to family inclusion through the NISIC and, a few months ago, it gave us a precious opportunity: the chance to tell our stories. It is an opportunity to give a voice to those people who live alongside someone in the military— often abroad, often physically separated, but never truly distant from our hearts.
This is how this column was born. It has a simple yet meaningful title: “The real life of a military... Family.” A space to share experiences, reflections, struggles and hopes. A place with no teaching or judgement, open to listening, connection: a cozy room where one feels less alone. In today’s world, full of work, school and emotional demands, military families face complex realities. Communication isn’t always stable or comforting because of physical distance. Often, the weight of everyday life falls on those who stay at home. But we knew this would be our life. We chose it, aware of its complexity—even though no one can ever truly prepare you for what it means to live such a life every day.
Changing cities – or countries –, leaving a job and constantly starting over can feel like a mountain to climb. But sometimes, a change in perspective is all it takes: every move can become an opportunity to start fresh, reinvent ourselves and grow. Finding new employment after relocation can be a significant challenge, especially for us, the partners of military
personnel who are often forced to pause or discontinue an established career path.
However, such a scenario can become a valuable opportunity to re-enter the job market and highlight transferable skills developed over time. The labour market is evolving and the transformation of organisational models today offers greater opportunities for flexibility, inclusion and mobility. The rise of remote work, the expansion of digital skill requirements and the growing corporate attention to cultural diversity and internationalisation make it increasingly possible for military partners to integrate into the global labour market. Remote work opportunities, access to international networks or employment in multinational companies that promote inclusive human resource policies can be powerful alternatives to professional discontinuity.
Moreover, through the NISIC, inclusive events such as the “No Limits Day” offer opportunities to engage in volunteering, allowing participants to enhance their professional profiles, develop new soft skills (such as resilience, adaptability, problem solving) and maintain employability, even in highly dynamic contexts.
And then… there are our children. Each change is a challenge—but also a gift. Living in international settings, learning new languages and adapting to different cultures helps them grow stronger, more open, more aware. Even if it’s hard at first – even if they miss their grandparents or longtime friends –they learn that the world is vast and that there are many ways to feel at home.
Embracing what’s different doesn’t mean giving up who we are. It means being open to new perspectives. Through dialogue we grow. From diversity, real richness is born, fully aware that “together we are stronger.” This column is an open window into the real – sometimes hard – life of military families. An invitation to share, reflect and hold on to hope. To remember that there’s no single way to face life’s challenges and that every story deserves to be heard. Reading these stories helps us recognise ourselves, carries a fragment of shared experience and shows us that even in difficulty, we can find strength in others’ words, inspiration in their journeys and a shared horizon to begin again. Every difficulty, seen with new eyes, can become a springboard toward improvements.
So, welcome to this cozy room. Let it be a place of honest words, lived experience and protected dreams. Feel free to share your story: sometimes, a genuine voice can inspire courage and remind others they’re not alone.
Because behind every uniform, there is a story… and very often, an entire family too.
A NIGHT OF MUSIC AND SOLIDARITY
The NRDC-ITA community supports AllegroModerato
NISIC Charity Coordinator ANNA CONTURSI
Follow the projects
In May, the Ville Ponti Congress Centre in Varese hosted a spectacular evening filled with music, dance and heartfelt generosity. The NRDC-ITA International Spouses’ Club (NISIC) organised this elegant soirée not only to bring families together and strengthen the bonds within our multinational community but also to support a noble cause: raising funds for the AllegroModerato Cooperative.
The event was an overwhelming success, with over 300 attendees, including military personnel, their families and members of the local community, all uniting to support AllegroModerato’s mission. The funds raised will provide three scholarships for children facing social hardship or living with disabilities, enabling them to attend music courses at the cooperative for an entire year. This initiative echoes NISIC’s commitment to making a tangible difference in the lives of those in need, in this case by promoting inclusivity through the power of music.
AllegroModerato is a Milan-based social cooperative that believes in the transformative power of music. Through its innovative approach, the cooperative provides music education and ensemble experiences to individuals with disabilities, helping them develop artistic and social skills. Far more than a mere educational project, AllegroModerato fosters a unique environment where musicians with disabilities play an active role in performances and even in teaching, proving that music can be a tool for empowerment and integration.
In the weeks leading up to the event, a group of NISIC members had the extraordinary opportunity to take part in a team-building experience at AllegroModerato’s headquarters in Milan. This hands-on session, guided by professional musicians and students with disabilities, was not just a workshop but a profound lesson in communication, collaboration and inclusion. Playing instruments together, following the rhythm and experiencing
the synergy of an orchestra opened our eyes to the deeper meaning of teamwork and mutual support. It was a humbling experience that left many of us deeply moved and inspired by the dedication and talent of the AllegroModerato students.
The evening in Varese was a true celebration of these values. As music filled the elegant halls of Ville Ponti, it became clear that this was more than just a social event; it was a night where music served as a bridge between different worlds, uniting us in a shared purpose. The joy and gratitude expressed by the attendees reflected the spirit of solidarity and friendship that defines the NRDC-ITA community.
The success of this event is a true testament to what can be achieved when we come together with a common goal. NISIC members, along with the entire NRDC-ITA command, both military and civilian, are immensely proud of this accomplishment. We are grateful for everyone’s generosity and enthusiasm, and we look forward to continuing our support for projects that have a meaningful impact in our community. Together, we have shown once again that music enables and that unity creates change.
RUN FOR HOPE NRDC-ITA RUNNERS UNITE FOR PAEDIATRIC CANCER RESEARCH
Every year, the running community comes together to take part in meaningful events that raise awareness and funds for critical causes. One such event that unites runners and supporters alike is a charity relay called Run for Hope.
Run for Hope is organised by the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) Foundation and it is structured as a series of regional relays. This year, the relays took place between 5 and 13 April. Once again, the NRDC-ITA Running Club proudly accepted an invitation from AIRC to participate in this commendable initiative aimed at funding research to help combat paediatric cancer.
The event is not just about running; it is about hope. By joining forces, participants can amplify their impact and raise valuable resources for cancer research that could significantly improve the lives of young patients and support their families. Paediatric cancer remains a pressing concern worldwide and events like this bring light to the constant need for support in research advancements.
This year’s relay was characterised by particular enthusiasm and a real spirit of fellowship among the runners. Athletes from across the region, including the Varese Running Team and the AIA Runners from Milan, gathered for a powerful display of resilience and commitment to a common cause. The
collaboration between the NRDC-ITA Running Club and AIRC is undoubtedly a demonstration of how sports can make a contribution to the social good.
People take part in the relay not only in pursuit of personal achievement, but also to bring hope to children battling cancer, as every step taken during the run indirectly and ideally translates into collecting funds for crucial research. Collectively, the runners across the Italian peninsula serve as ambassadors of hope, echoing the message that research is vital and should be supported.
A special thanks goes to the Varese Running Team that covered a distance comparable to a half marathon, showing its support for the cause and joining our runners at the entrance of NRDC-ITA compound.
In conclusion, the annual charity relay – in particular the segment covered by the NRDC-ITA runners from Solbiate Olona to Legnano – is an inspiring demonstration on how sport can transform lives.
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army DANIELE CAMPA
THE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE OF WARFARE
Wing Commander GBR Royal Air Force DEREK JAMES
“Whatever happens, we have got the Maxim Gun, and they have not” (Hillaire Belloc - The Modern Traveler, 1898)
When Khalifa marched into battled at Omdurman in the Sudan on 2 September 1898 with 50,000 Mahdist tribesmen, he probably thought he would win an easy victory against the British and Egyptian force, which numbered less than half his own. Yet fewer than six hours later he was defeated with 12,000 dead and 13,000 wounded. His opponents suffered just 47 fatal casualties. The Khalifa had failed to realise that his force, with ancient rifles and swords, was obsolete on the modern battlefield, hopelessly outmatched by the Maxim Gun, quick firing artillery and hollow-point rifle ammunition. Most of his force
never got within weapon range of the British. Just over a year later the tables were turned when the British were themselves defeated several times by Boer Commandos in South Africa using small arms with smokeless ammunition and breech-loading Krupps artillery. In this case it was the British who were obsolete. But, despite this, the view of Lord Nelson that, “only numbers can annihilate,” proved true and the Boers were eventually defeated. There is clearly a historical balance to be found between mass and technology.
We no longer see knights in shining armour on
The evolution of trench warfare: from the Battle of the Somme (1916) to the Battle of Bakhmut (2023)
horseback; Zeppelins do not patrol the skies; our ports are not filled with great battleships. Each weapon had only a limited time of utility in war. All of our current weapons are, or will become, obsolete. This is not a prediction; it is a fact. The only thing we need to guess at it is when they cease to be useful. The winners will be those that can predict first and adapt best. Just as importantly, cultural and historical inertia, clinging to the past, often blinds us to the possibilities of the future. Did the Mahdist State’s previous military success blind the Khalifa to the obsolescence of his force when facing modern weaponry? Similarly, Jean de Bloch’s lectures to the Royal United Service Institute in 1901 were drawn from his observations of the Boer War. He accurately predicted the attritional trench warfare of fifteen years’ later, but was ridiculed and ignored by British generals, entrenched in Victorian doctrines of Imperial warfare. The war in Ukraine has demonstrated a curious juxtaposition of the old and new, where infantry soldiers crouch in trenches that would be familiar to our great-grandfathers whilst fighting their opponents using drones remotely controlled on smartphones and tablets. Meanwhile, armoured vehicles are driven from the battlefield due to their vulnerability to modern anti-tank weaponry. Does the tank remain a viable weapon of war, and if not, what replaces it? Despite all the hype over the vulnerability of armour and infantry to drones in Ukraine, it remains the case that only infantry can take and hold ground. Despite their reported lethality, drones – like other aircraft – remain powerful but transitory. Infantry without the protection and mobility of armour is little more than it was a century and more ago – virtually static and unable to break fixed defences. Yet armour has been so vulnerable, Russia may have lost over 4000 main battle tanks, that a paradox has been created. Armoured vehicles have clearly become too vulnerable to survive a modern battlefield, yet there is currently no prospect of replacing the protection, firepower and mobility they offer.
The story of the battleship is also instructive. For many years, the big-gun battleship was the ultimate
symbol of military power, yet by the beginning of World War 2 (WW2), it had already seen its day. It was far too vulnerable to air attack. However, senior naval officers remained addicted to their traditional big guns. All sides continued to build these great behemoths despite the losses suffered. The final battleship was HMS Vanguard. At 52,000 tonnes, she was the biggest warship Britain had ever built and was laid down in 1941, costing a then huge £11 million. Unfortunately for the Royal Navy, the vulnerability of these ships was obvious, and although commissioned, the war was over and she is only remembered for shuttling King George VI to South Africa and for acting as the German battleship in the movie Sink The Bismarck. She never saw operational service and was scrapped in 1960.
War accelerates military innovation and the moral of this story is that when this ship came into service it was a relic of a bygone age. The aircraft carrier had taken over as the principal capital ship, but this too had significant vulnerabilities, with at least twenty Fleet carriers on all sides being sunk. Nevertheless, today the carrier remains the ultimate power projection, just like the pre-war battleship. Significantly, these ships have only proved themselves successfully in postwar asymmetric operations. Will peer adversaries or the threat of new weapons such as anti-carrier ballistic missiles signal their obsolescence? The British Royal Navy, for one, hopes not for it has put all its hopes into carrier warfare for the next fifty years. If these ships turn out to be obsolete and unusable in intensive modern warfare, what will they do? The sunken costs, no pun intended, for the ships and their aircraft are enormous. Can we afford to put what Putin mocked as “a large convenient target” in harm’s way? War is about taking risks and against a peer competitor, losses are inevitable. If you are not willing to take these risks, how militarily successful will you be? Military history is littered with “Maginot Lines,” the centrepiece of a nation’s defences being
either outclassed, outdated or simply overtaken by military events.
Modern airpower also suffers greatly from this phenomenon due to the length of time it takes for operational capability to be realised and the costs involved. The technology delivered will always be out of date. Each combat capability becomes more expensive and as Lockheed Martin CEO Norman Augustine famously said, that by 2054 nations will only be able to afford one aircraft! Few nations can afford to lose even one modern combat aircraft.
The Typhoon fighter, in service with several NATO nations, came into service in 2003. It is expected to remain in service until around 2040. It took 24-years from concept to squadron, longer than the time between the last operational flight of the Spitfire, and the entry to service of the F-15 Eagle. This aircraft has been updated but the fact cannot be hidden that it was designed for the 1980s. The threat has changed, but the operating Air Forces have spent enormous sums on the Typhoon and cannot afford to replace it quickly, thereby running the risk that these aircraft become obsolete in service, like the Bristol Blenheim or Fairey Battle with which the British entered WW2, and which were quickly outclassed. The Typhoon was designed to shoot down other aircraft, a task it has never done. It has now been adapted to other roles for which it was not intended. The sixthgeneration Anglo-Italian Tempest, has yet to fly after being in development for a decade. The number and technological complexity, and therefore the cost, of future aircraft, especially for middling nations, has to balance threat and affordability. Planning for an exquisite, but expensive capability in 2025, only to see it delivered 20-years later in very small numbers is a risky policy! Hitler’s wunderwaffe, the Messerschmitt 262, the V-Weapons and the Tiger tank, were all produced too late and in too few numbers to save the Third Reich. The Allies had a sufficiency of Spitfires and Shermans to defeat them,
despite the technological disadvantage. As we have seen, Russia appears to have plenty of old tanks left!
Our attitudes towards our weapons often display significant cognitive dissonance. We know that we often do not have enough, or that what we fight with may be outdated or outclassed by the opponent. It is common for us to convince ourselves that the expensive piece of hardware that was designed and purchased many years ago, but which has only recently been delivered, with plenty of service life left, remains a useful weapon of war. But much of our capability has been either overtaken by technology or was procured for a now less important role. This has occurred throughout military history, but the complexity and cost of today makes us particularly vulnerable to obsolescence inertia. Service elitism, parochialism and inevitable obstructionism contribute towards a failure to recognise when cherished capabilities have become obsolete.
Each nation wants the best aeroplane, tank or warship that they can afford. Every Defence Minister knows that it takes time to develop and deliver the next technological wizardry, and that budgets are far from limitless. Technology is war-winning, but only if it is delivered at the right time and against the right threat, and crucially in the right amounts. Modern war, as pointed out by De Bloch in 1901, remains a matter of production and economic capability, and it is an impossible task to predict the requirements needed in two decades’ time. Had the British only possessed one Maxim Gun at Omdurman, they would have lost. Had the Boers had only one magazine of smokeless ammunition, their fate would also have been sealed much earlier. The Ukrainians struggle to match the numbers of the Russians in all areas, despite the provision of western technology. Quantity retains a quality all of its own, but mass per se, is unimportant. It is sufficiency of superior technology in sufficient numbers that has always, and remains, the most important element is securing military success.
HMS Vanguard underway in 1947, the Royal Navy’s last battleship, completed too late for war and symbolizing the end of an era of battleship dominance in naval warfare
THE ‘NEMBO’ ASSAULT DIVISION IN THE WAR OF LIBERATION Lesser-known aspects of the Italian military’s fight against Nazi-Fascist forces
Major General ITA Army LEONARDO PRIZZI
Eighty years on from the liberation of Italy from occupation by Nazi-Fascist troops, we are commemorating some of the often-overlooked efforts of the hundreds of thousands of Italian servicemen who, following the Armistice, fought to free their homeland — as exemplified by the actions of the ‘Nembo’ paratroopers, the focal point for this piece.
On 8 September 1943, the announcement of the Armistice with the Allies – a sovereign act that Italy had the right to seek in defence of its vital national interests – triggered a profound crisis within Government institutions, the armed forces and civil society. This was exacerbated by the violent and bloody response from German units in the country. Comparable scenarios unfolded in other Western
Penne, 13 June 1944. The first paratroopers of the ‘Nembo’ Assault Division, belonging to the 184th ‘Nembo’ motorcycle company, arrived in the town and were surrounded by locals. Note the motorbike covered in flowers
nations that requested armistices or announced their withdrawal from treaties. One notable such example is France, which sought an armistice on 16 June 1940 after much of its territory had been invaded by German forces. France was also thrown into a tragic, severe crisis, affecting its government, its population and its armed forces, both in mainland France and in the colonies. This was compounded by Britain, despite being an ally, responding forcefully: launching a surprise attack on the French fleet at Mers el-Kébir, destroying much of it, and subsequently occupying colonial territories, seizing ships, weapons and other matériel.
At the time of the Armistice, the 184th Infantry Division ‘Nembo’ was stationed on the Italian island of Sardinia and was similarly shaken by what happened. Yet, thanks to the leadership of the commanders and the paratroopers’ esprit de corps, the rifts that had begun to emerge in some units were swiftly repaired.
Marshal of Italy Giovanni Messe, newly appointed as Chief of the General Staff, and Army Corps General Paolo Berardi, the new Chief of Staff of the Royal Italian Army, resolved to transform the
limited military resources available into an effective instrument of the War of Liberation, despite the extraordinary material problems and even greater moral challenges they faced.
On 30 December 1943, Marshal Messe informed the Chief of Staff of the Royal Italian Army that, based on discussions with the Allies, the ‘Nembo’ Division was likely to be designated as a selected infantry division. He therefore directed that the ‘Nembo’ be reorganised to be capable of manoeuvring and operating as an assault division.
On 8 January 1944, General Berardi issued the new organisational structure for the ‘Nembo’ Assault Division and ordered that it be swiftly implemented. The new structure was characterised by an increase in personnel and unit-level weaponry within subordinate units and by a greater number and variety of artillery units assigned to the formation. The infantry components of the ‘Nembo’ were reorganised into just two regiments (183rd and 184th), each comprising two battalions. These were, though, reinforced with personnel and artillery from the disbanded 184th ‘Nembo’ Artillery Regiment. The new
The main street in Chieti, in the days following its liberation. Gen. Morigi, centre, speaks with a British officer surrounded by locals
structure was more suited to the compartmentalised terrain of Italy and more closely aligned with the operational doctrine governing assault formations. To provide additional support to these two regiments, a new 184th ‘Nembo’ Artillery Regiment was formed in Apulia on 15 January 1944 and equipped with heavier-calibre guns than those of the disbanded unit. As soon as it was ready – by mid-May 1944 –the ‘Nembo’ Assault Division was transported aboard cruisers of the Italian Navy from the port of Cagliari to Naples and directed to a staging area in the province of Benevento in preparation for the offensive.
On 26 May 1944, the Assault Division was placed under the command of the Italian Liberation Corps (CIL), a formation equipped and armed with Italian matériel and vehicles, and led by Italian officers. Two days later, the ‘Nembo’ received orders to take up a front-line position in the Lanciano area (Chieti province).
In the days that followed, the entire Italian Liberation Corps, commanded by Brigadier Umberto Utili, deployed as a unified formation in the sector between Lanciano and the slopes of the Maiella and came under the command of the British V Corps, part of the Eighth Army. This sector became the material and moral launching point for the new Italian Army’s advance northwards, as noted by Marshal Messe in his proclamation to the CIL on the eve of the offensive.
The Allied offensive was launched on 8 June 1944. The ‘Nembo’ was the first to enter Chieti the following day, fighting successfully to prevent the German forces from destroying key infrastructure.
In liberated Chieti, Italian troops were met with
heartfelt enthusiasm by the local population. The city was decorated with Italian tricolour flags, as recorded in the CIL historical-military diary.
Like most Italians, the people of Chieti had been unaware that Italian Army units were still fighting and their joy and pride swelled when they realised their liberators were fellow Italians. A few days after 9 June, posters of gratitude appeared on the city’s buildings, including slogans such as: Long live the Garibaldians of the air and Long live the Nembo.
After the liberation of Chieti and the crossing of the Pescara River, the offensive transformed into a pursuit of retreating German units. The paratroopers of the ‘Nembo’ Division were largely forced to conduct this pursuit on foot, carrying their weapons, ammunition and equipment on their backs, as the Division – by decision of the Allied Commands – had not been allocated enough vehicles.
The withdrawing German units made excellent tactical use of the local terrain and rivers along the Adriatic, filled with a continuous succession
The main street in Chieti, shortly after its liberation. Paratroopers talk to city residents. Note the posters on the building behind the women (on the right of the photo)
of ridges, valleys and watercourses running west to east, thus at right angles to the Allied axis of advance. The terrain was ideal for establishing effective defensive positions – including expedient setups – deployed in depth and reinforced with minefields and roadblocks.
In the Adriatic theatre, the objective of the Allied tactical manoeuvre was the city of Ancona and its strategically important port. The main thrust was assigned to the mechanised and armoured formations of the British V Corps and, later, the Polish II Corps, advancing along the coast. The Italian Liberation Corps, with the ‘Nembo’ as its vanguard, was tasked with supporting this main effort by advancing in coordination with the British and Polish units and securing their left flank against any German counter-attacks from the west. This was a particularly demanding mission, as no other Allied or Italian regular forces were deployed to the left of the Italian Liberation Corps until the Tyrrhenian side of the Apennines.
Following the liberation of Chieti, the Assault Division went on to liberate Penne, L’Aquila, Teramo, Ascoli Piceno, Sarnano, Tolentino and – after fierce fighting at the Chienti River – Macerata. In less than a month, having covered nearly 200 km on foot while “keeping up with” the Allied mechanised units along the coast, the ‘Nembo’ arrived at the German defensive lines at Filottrano, a town perched atop a hill commanding the surrounding countryside. Initial clashes proved just how robustly German positions were entrenched there. The British command proposed to General Morigi, Commander of the ‘Nembo,’ that the defence be softened using aerial bombardment.
General Morigi firmly rejected the proposal, foreseeing the heavy civilian casualties that aerial bombardment would cause among the population of Filottrano. He chose instead to accept the resulting increase in losses among his own paratroopers. The presence and protection of civilians, particularly fellow Italians, was a defining feature of the combat operations carried out by the regular units of the Italian Army during the War of Liberation.
The ‘Nembo’ Division launched its assault on enemy positions in Filottrano on 8 July. Despite the Germans’ superiority in observation and fields of fire, the paratroopers succeeded in reaching the town and began house-to-house combat. A series of German counter-attacks, supported by tanks, forced the ‘Nembo’ fighters to relinquish nearly all the positions they had taken in bloody battles. On 9 July, the ‘Nembo’ renewed the assault and the town was liberated. The Battle of Filottrano was the bloodiest battle fought by Italian forces during the War of Liberation. In his official report to the General Staff of the Royal Italian Army, General Utili wrote: The results achieved exceeded all expectations, thanks to theheroicconductofthe‘Nembo’paratroopers,who fought… surpassing every limit of sacrifice. The Allies
were deeply impressed by the achievements of our magnificent soldiers, who deserve to be recognised as a source of national pride for all Italians.
The Chief of Staff of the Royal Italian Army later declared to the CIL, before its dissolution: The Allies believed in us thanks to the Italian Liberation Corps. A statement that is absolutely true — and entirely deserved!
At the end of July 1944, the Allies took the initiative to request that the Italians form no fewer than six divisional-level formations. The request was driven above all by the growing respect for Italian units and by the need to increase the number of Allied divisions in Italy, which had been significantly reduced following the landings in southern France. The scale of the requested Italian contribution matched precisely the requirement assessed by the General Staff of the Allied 15th Army Group to preserve basic offensive capability in the Italian theatre.
To create these so-called “Combat Groups” – a designation introduced by the Allies for political reasons – it was necessary to disband the Italian Liberation Corps. On 24 September 1944, the ‘Nembo’ Assault Division was dissolved and the majority of its personnel – veterans of four months of continuous combat – were transferred to the newly formed ‘Nembo’ Paratroopers Regiment, established on 1 October 1944. In 1945, under the name ‘Nembo,’ the paratroopers would continue to shed their blood across various regions of Italy – from Bologna to the Brenner Pass – as General Morigi would later recall. But that belongs to another chapter in the history of the Italian Army!
DISCOVER MONZA A jewel in the heart of Lombardy
Lieutenant Colonel ITA Army Alessandro ETERNO
The Royal Villa of Monza, a neoclassical palace in Lombardy
Nestled in the vibrant region of Lombardy, just a short drive from Milan, the city of Monza offers a perfect blend of rich history, artistic heritage, green landscapes and modern allure. Located just a short train ride or drive from the Lombard capital, Monza feels like an escape into a quieter, more refined Italy, yet never strays far from the pulse of modern life. What makes Monza so special is its extraordinary balance between urban sophistication and provincial charm. It offers a rare synthesis: an ancient Roman heritage paired with vibrant contemporary culture, majestic architecture alongside vast green spaces, and world-class motorsport next to tranquil riverside walks. For those seeking a destination that feels both intimate and rich with meaning, Monza is an ideal discovery. The city’s soul is shaped by its long and layered history. From the early medieval period, when Queen Theodelinda made it her royal seat, Monza began its rise as a place of political and religious significance. Its treasures are not limited to museums; they are found in the façades of noble palaces, in cobbled alleys, and in the quiet elegance of its piazzas. Yet Monza does not dwell solely in the past—it moves forward with a quiet energy, evolving while remaining deeply rooted in its traditions.
Cultural events, music festivals, art exhibitions, and culinary fairs breathe life into the city all year long. Its close connection to Milan allows it to benefit from a cosmopolitan influence, yet Monza has managed to retain its unique identity and slower, more graceful rhythm. This dual nature is what truly defines it: a city of reflection and vitality, of sacred heritage and secular joys.
For lovers of beauty, Monza offers myriad rewards: ornate churches, majestic villas, refined shops, and some of the most expansive urban parkland in Europe. For sports enthusiasts, it’s a global icon—the home of the legendary Monza Circuit. And for families or curious travellers, it’s a welcoming city filled with authentic moments, local flavours, and stories waiting to be discovered.
Whether you’re visiting for a day or staying for longer, Monza invites you to explore its mosaic of experiences. With every street corner, every park bench, and every bite of risotto alla monzese, you’ll find a city that surprises, enchants, and endures in memory.
Duomo di Monza
At the heart of the city lies the Duomo di Monza (Monza Cathedral), a masterpiece of Italian Gothic architecture with a façade that stands in striking contrast to the surrounding streets. Step inside and you’re greeted by a majestic interior adorned with marble columns, Baroque frescoes and sacred art culminating in one of Europe’s most significant treasures: the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
Housed in the Chapel of Theodelinda in the Duomo, the Iron Crown is believed to be over 1,400 years old. Despite its name, the crown is made of gold and adorned with colourful jewels, but it does have a narrow inner band of iron traditionally believed to have been forged from a nail of the True Cross. This unique relic was used to crown kings of Italy and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, including Charlemagne and Napoleon Bonaparte, who famously crowned himself with it in Milan in 1805.
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The crown can be viewed in the Duomo’s museum alongside other priceless religious artefacts. Beyond its religious symbolism, the Iron Crown is a powerful emblem of Monza’s historical significance in European politics and monarchy.
Just outside the cathedral, Monza’s historic centre offers more stories. Piazza Roma and Via Italia are lined with elegant facades, cobblestone streets and charming cafés. As you stroll through these pedestrian zones, you feel the weight of history balanced with the rhythm of everyday Italian life.
The Green Heart of Monza
One of Monza’s greatest treasures lies just beyond its city streets: Parco di Monza, a vast enclosed park covering over 700 hectares. It is one of the largest urban parks in Europe—larger even than London’s Hyde Park or New York’s Central Park.
Created in 1805 by Napoleon’s stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, the park was originally intended as a hunting reserve for the royal palace. Today, it is a favoured destination for joggers, families, cyclists and anyone seeking peace and greenery. It’s also home to rare flora and the tranquil Lambro river as well as having some historic villas dotted across its grounds. Dominating the southern end of the park is the Villa Reale di Monza (Royal Villa of Monza), a neoclassical architectural jewel commissioned in the late 18th century by Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. With its sweeping staircases, grand salons and symmetrically designed gardens, the villa has hosted European nobility and continues to impress visitors today. It now serves as a cultural venue, regularly hosting art exhibitions, classical concerts and international events.
FOR MORE INFO ABOUT THE DUOMO SCAN HERE
The Duomo of Monza, a striking example of Gothic architecture
View of the courtyard and staircase of the Royal Villa of Monza
The Temple of Speed
While Monza’s past is steeped in history, its name also resonates in the world of modern sport. The Autodromo Nazionale Monza (Monza Circuit), built in 1922, is one of the oldest purpose-built racing circuits in the world. Nicknamed the “Temple of Speed,” it is famous for its long straights, legendary corners and passionate fans.
Each year in early September, the city transforms during the Formula One Italian Grand Prix, attracting thousands of visitors and roaring engines to the normally quiet corners of the park. Even outside race weekend, the circuit is open for tours and often hosts events, cycling races and even guided track walks.
Whether you’re a lifelong racing fan or a curious visitor, standing trackside at the Parabolica curve or along the old banked corners is a thrilling brush with motorsport history.
Local Life and Flavours
Monza isn’t just about grand history and racing, it’s also about enjoying the finer things in life. The city’s culinary scene features a mix of northern Italian comfort food and refined Lombard dishes. Be sure to try risotto alla monzese, a dish made with saffron and sausage, or enjoy a glass of local wine at one of the many enotecas near the centre.
The city also boasts boutique shopping, seasonal markets and small museums that explore everything from modern art to local industry. Whether you visit in spring, when flowers bloom across the park, or autumn, when the leaves turn golden, Monza offers year-round charm.
A Worthwhile Escapes
Whether you’re stationed at NRDC-ITA in Solbiate Olona or visiting Lombardy with your family, Monza is an easy and rewarding destination. Just 30–40 minutes away by car, or accessible via train through Milan, the city offers a complete cultural experience in a compact and welcoming setting.
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It is a place where emperors were crowned, motorsports legends are made and visitors are always welcomed with a warm smile and good food. Monza invites you to explore, unwind and connect with the deep roots and dynamic spirit of Lombardy.
Crowds cheer at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza as Italy’s Frecce Tricolori fly overhead during the Formula 1 Italian Grand Prix
