Uncovering the hidden gem of North India - JAIPUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ItissogratefulthatIwasgrantedanopportunitytoproducethisreport successfullyafterfinishingmydiscoveryontheurbanheritagestudies.Thisheritage studiestookplaceinthOldcityofJaipur.Thisreportcapturedmyfindings.

Asastudent,IwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoManipalUniversityofJaipurfor offeringthebestworkingenvironment,andtomymentorDr.RichaJagatramkaforher instructions,patience,cooperationandendlesssupportgiventoensurethesuccessofthe research.AbigappreciationdedicatedtoMr.RaunakPrasadfortheguidancethroughout theinternship.

"JaipurUncoveringTheHiddenGemofNorthIndia"hasbecomemythemethatguides metotheoutcomesIgained.Besidesreferringthe'HiddenGem'tothewalledcityof Jaipur,thephraseIaddressedalsorepresentsthetangibleandtheintangiblecultural heritagetreasuresinthisancientcityThisexplorationthroughoutthestudyhelpsmeto beenlightenedonthegreathistorythatwasdimmedfromtheeyeoftheworld.In promotingawarenessontheneedforconservation,Idiscoveredthepreciousrelicswith thehopeIcanunveilthehiddengemtoprovidebettersightsfortheglobalcommunity.

PLAN

1-ThecityofJaipur

1.1-Introduction

1.2-Geographicsituation

1.2.1-Location:

1.2.2-Theclimate:

1.2.3-Topography:

1.3-Thehistoryofthecity

1.3.1-TheNorth-Indianarchitecturaltheory

1.3.2-Theplanningofthecity:

1.3.3-Theevolutionofthecity:

1.4-Culturalandsocialheritage

1.4.1-PerformingArtsofJaipur:

1.4.2-DanceformsofthepeopleofJaip

1.4.3-CuisineofJaipur:

1.4.4-FairsAndFestivals:

1.4.5-PeopleandLanguages:

1.4.6-ArtandCraftsofJaipur:

2-Crafts

2.1-CraftsofRajasthan

2.1-CraftsofJaipur

3-Urbanmorphology

3.1-Urbandevelopment

3.2-UrbantissueoftheoldcityofJaipur

3.2.1-Frame:

3.2.2-Roadnetwork:

3.2.3-Trafficandflow:

3.2.4-Infrasctucture:

3.2.5-Urbanfurniture:

3.2.6-Landscape:

3.2.7-Urbanobstaclesandaccessibilities:

3.3-UrbanspaceoftheoldcityofJaipur

3.3.1-Limitsofthecity:

3.3.2-Urbancomponents:

3.3.3-Accessesofthecity:

3.3.4-Urbanlandmarks/majortouristicattractions:

3.3.5-Sequentialanalysis:

4-Typologicalanalysis

4.1-Typologyofthebuildings

4.1.1-Typologyofthemasses:

4.1.2-Heightsofbuildings:

4.1.3-Density:

4.1.4-Landoccupation:

4.2-Usesandfunctions

4.2.1-Functions:

4.2.2-Uses:

4.2.3-Historicalmutations:

4.2.4-Spaceappropriation:

4.3-Architecturalexpression

4.3.1-Skylineandurbanfacades:

4.3.2-Architecturalstyle:

4.3.3-Constructionsystem:

5-Thedesigningandplacementofthegatesinthe oldcityofJaipur

6-Comparisons

6.1-TheromancityandthecityofJaipur

6.2-ThemedinaofTunisandthecityofJaipur

6.3-CraftsofTunisiaandJaipur

1-ThecityofJaipur

1.1-Introduction

Intheirownuniqueways,forts,palaces,architecturalwonders,andtalesof valourattesttotheglorythatJaipurhasbeensinceitwasconceivedbySawaiJaiSinghin 1727.Comingoutvictoriousfromthegreatwarsofpowerthatdividedthenorthof countryforcenturies,inthe18thcentury,theMarwaraexperiencedaperiodofgreat wealthandpopulationgrowth.TheKahchwara,clanofRajputswhoarrivedattheoldfort palaceofAmberintheAravalliHillsinthe12thcentury,soughtanewsiteinthevalley belowduetotheoldcityofAmber'sneedfornewspacesandwaterlimitations

1.2-Geographicsituation

1.2.1-Location:

1.2.2-Theclimate:

HighTemp:42°C

LowTemp:8°C

MeanTemp:26°C

Precipitation:43.7

mm

Humidity:50%

DewPoint:13°C

Wind:9km/h

Pressure:1008mbar

Visibility:3km

Located262kilometersfromDelhi,Jaipurwasthefirstplannedcityinnorthern IndiaanditisthecapitalofthestateofRajasthanandthelargestcityinthestate.

Fig11:TopographycardofJaipur(topographic-mapcom)

Thecityissurroundedbythe Nahargarhhillsinthenorthand Jhalanaintheeast,whichisapartof Aravallihills-ranges.Tothesouthand thewestofthecityarealsoprevailing hillocksbuttheyareisolatedand discontinuousinformation.The southernendofthecityisopento plainandstretchesfarandwide towardsSanganerandbeyond.The walledcitywasoriginallylocatedon therockystreettoprovideaneasy drainagesystemoneithersideofthe city.

1.3-Thehistoryofthecity

ThefoundationofthecitywaslaidonNovember18,1727as thenewcapitalofAmberstate,whoseearliercapitalwasatownby thesamename.Ambertownwasbuiltinanarrowvalleybetween anticlinalrangesoftheAravallisbyKahchawahaswhocameinto prominencefromthebeginningofthe16thcentury.Jaipurhas passedthroughdifferentphasesofgrowth,decay,stagnationand rapiddevelopment.Therulerwhowasabletoachievemajor expansionwasSawaiJaiSinghII(reign1699-1743A.D).Thisruler wantedtodevelopacityinamodernandscientificmannerwhile providingampleandwell-plannedspacesforhispalacesandother royalestablishmentsaswellaspleasantlivingandworkingareasfor hispeople.Thiscitywasbornfromthecollaborationbetweena sovereignfrominnovativescientificideasandhisarchitect,Vidyadha Bhattacharya(Jaipurcity:conservationofhistoricalbuildings,Jaipur developmentauthority)

1.3.1-TheNorth-Indianarchitecturaltheory;theuseofVastuVidya:

VastuVidyaisanIndianarchitecturaltheory. TheSanskrittermreferstoacorpusofknowledge thathasbeenperpetuated,developed,andupdated bysuccessivegenerationsofarchitectsovermany years.Thetermdoesnotrefertoasinglebookor text;rather,itreferstoabodyofknowledgethathas beenorganisedandarticulatedthroughanumberof workswithvariednamesacrosstime

AnactivelevelofVastuPurushaMandalaisas adesigngridthatinfluencesthe

layoutofthebuildinganddictatesitshorizontaland verticallimits,therebyinfluencingthebuiltform (IndianArchitecturalTheory,VibhutiChakrabarti).

Fig14:MaharajaJaiSingh, thefounderofJaipur;

Fig15:TheVatsuPurushaMandalaof91squares (IndianArchitecturalTheory,VibhutiChakrabarti)

Fig13:TopographycardofJaipur(topographic-mapcom)

Theinterlaceoflinksbetweentheorientationofthefunctions,thedivisionofthe siteusingtheJastuPurushaMandala,theproportionsofthebuilding,anditstypology,are mutuallyinterdependentintheirapplication.Thetypologydependsontheproportions,the proportionsarederivedfromthesitesuperimposedbytheVastuPurushaMandala,the VastuPurusha.Mandaladictatesthelayoutandtheorientationofthefunctions.Iffor instance,thelastuPurushaJlandalaisusedwithoutitsfunctionthatdictatesthe proportionsofthebuildinganditslayout,thenarchitecturallyitsinfluencebecomespassiye

AlthoughthelayoutofthearchitecturalrulesinthedifferentworksonvastuVidyais identical,theadaptionofthemandatesvariesdependingontheplaceitisappliedto. Regionalvariationoccurswhenphysicalformvariablessuchasclimate,terrain,building materialavailability,andpeople'sculturaldemandsareplacedovertheunderlyingVastu Vidyaprinciples.Todemonstratethis,considercomparingtwoareaswithverydistinct climatic,geographical,andculturalfactors.Mandala,thefundamentaldesigngrid,for example,offerstwodistinctoptionsappropriateforeachlocation(IndianArchitectural Theory,VibhutiChakrabarti).

1.3.2-Theplanningofthecity:

MovingthecapitalfromAmberto Jaipur:

-Escapingthegeographicalconstraints inexpandingAmber(thehills).

-Movingfromprimarilyagrarianand closedsocietytoanopen,tradeand servicesfriendlyone.

Fig16:Twowaysoflookingatthe9*9grid(IndianArchitecturalTheory,VibhutiChakrabarti)

Fig17:Planningofthecity(Author)

-Markingthelociofthecity. -Markingtheeast-westaxis,startingwith thetempleofsun.

-Markingthelociofthecity. -Markingthenorth-southaxispassing byGarhGaneshtempleandGarigarh.

-DefiningBariChauparasthecenterof thecity.

-Definingthelayoutoftheprinciple streets:regularandinaccordancetothe preleventwinds,sunlightandmoonlight ->«purityofthestreets»

Fig1.8:Planningofthecity(Author) Fig1.9:Planningofthecity(Author)

Fig1.10:Planningofthecity(Author)

Fig111:Planningofthecity(Author)

-ApplicationofVastuprinciplesand developingthesiteasamandala ->Divisionof9squaresrepresentingthe 9cosmicdivisionsoftheuniverse.

-Adaptingtheconceptoftheplanning tothefeaturesofthesite:themandala couldnotdecompleteintheNWdueto thehillssothissquarewasre-planned intheSEsidewhichhelpedpluggingthe gapbetweenthecityandtheeastern hills.

-Thecitywasdividedintorectangular blockswhicharedefinedbyboard, majorroadsrunningatrightanglesto eachother,threeofthemrunning north-southandintersectingthemain east-westaxis.Thethreejunctionsthus formedwerewidenedintheformof largesquares.

Fig112:Planningofthecity(Author)

Fig113:Planningofthecity(Author)

Fig114:Planningofthecity(Author)

Startingfrom1890thewalls werenolongerabletocontainurban development:thecityexpandedalong thevalleywithoutrespectingthe originaltownplanningcriteria, encompassingtheneighboringvillages andfollowingaroadradialconnection tothewalledcity.

Aftertheindependencein March1949,JaipurjoinedJaisalm, JodhpurandBikanercreatingthe GreaterRajasthanUnionandinOctober ofthesameyear,itwaselectedthecapitalofRajasthanandforthenext30yearsitwas subjecttoarealurbanexplosion:thesuddenanduncontrolledgrowthofcitiesalongthe westandsouthofthevalleyfollowedthewaysofthemaininfrastructureandonlysince 1987themunicipalityintervenedbyprovidingconsolidationplansfornewsettlements.

Withastrategicplan,theconstructionof thecitystartedin1727.Ittookaround4years tocompletethemajorpalaces,roadsand square.Thecitywasbuiltfollowingthe principlesofVastuShastra.Thecitywas dividedintonineblocks,outofwhichtwo consistthestatebuildingsandpalaces, whereastheremainingsevenblockswere allottedtothepublic.Inordertoensurethe security,hugefortificationwallsweremade alongwithsevenstronggates(janausporg)

Duringthe19thand20thcenturiesthecity’s populationspreadbeyonditswalls.In1922 ManSinghII,Jaipur’sMaharajaascendedthe throneanditwasduringhisreignthatcivic buildingslikethesecretariat,schools,hospitals andotherpublicbuildingswerebuilt.After independence,Jaipurmergedwiththestates ofJodhpur,JaisalmerandBikanertobecome thegreaterRajasthanunion.ManSinghIIwas bestowedwiththetitleofRajapramukhand givenchargeofthenewprovince.Thetitlewas laterrevokedandin1956,Jaipurbecamethe capitalofthestateofRajasthan(janausp.org).

URBANPLAN1727

URBANPLAN1970

Fig115:Evolutionofthecity(Author)

Fig1.16:Urbanplan1727(janausp.org)

Fig117:Urbanplan1970(janausporg)

By1991,thepopulationreached21400 ha.However,thedensityishighonlyinthe walledcity. ThenewareaofextensionisthemunicipalCity (janausp.org).

1.4-Culturalandsocialheritage

1.4.1-PerformingArtsofJaipur:

Jaipurhasitsownperformingartsscene.The JaipurGharanaforKathakisveryfamousand appearstobeanillustrationofJaipur'srichcultural legacyintermsofperformingarts.Tamashaisyet anotherexample(thrillophilia.com).

.

Fig118:Urbanplan1991(janausporg)

Fig119:Urbanplan(janausporg)

Fig120:PerformingartsofJaipur(thrillophiliacom)

1.4.2-DanceformsofthepeopleofJaipur:

ThepeopleofJaipurflauntcolourfuloutfitsina flamboyantfashionapartfromadorningafew uniquepiecesofjewellery.Thepeopleoftendance tothetunesofRajasthanifolksongswhichare playedalongwiththecontemporaryinstruments likeSarangi,JhalarandEktara.

ThecelebratedfolkdanceofthisregionisGhoomarwhichisperformedbydancerswholifta litpotshapeddiyaontheirheads.Theladieswearhugeghagraswhileperformingthefolk danceofGhoomar(thrillophiliacom).

1.4.3-CuisineofJaipur:

Thecity'snobilityisexcellentlyrepresentedin itsfood.Inthecity,avarietyofdishesareavailable tosatisfythedifferenttastesofindividuals.The mealservedhereisentirelyvegetarian.However, themealisabitheavyincaloriesduetotheuseof alotofbutterandgheeinthecreationofcuisine.

Someofthecity'sbestdelicaciesincludedalbattichurma,mawakachori,chakkekisabji,besan kegatte,pyaazkikachauri,sangrisabji,missiroti,anddessertslikerabri,ghevar,gajak,feeni, moongthal,andchauguni(thrillophiliacom).

1.4.4-FairsAndFestivals:

Teej,Diwali,Gangaur,KiteFestival,Elephant Festival,CamelFestival,andotherfestivalsare celebratedwithtremendousfervoranddelight Gangauristhemostimportantandcolourful festivalcelebratedwithtremendouspassion throughoutRajasthanduringtheHindumonthof Chaitra.TheymakeclaystatuesofLordShivaand GoddessParvatiorGauritoadoreonthis auspiciousday.

TeejisanothersignificantholidayinwhichladiespraytoGoddessParvatifortheirspouses andgirlsprayfortheirfuturehusbands.OnthefestivalofMakarSankranti,manykiteevents areorganisedinJaipur,themostwell-knownofwhichbeingtheInternationalKiteFestival.

TheElephantCelebrationisanannualfestivalconductedinthePinkCityofJaipurontheeve beforeHoli.ThisunrivalledfestivalisheldonthefullmoondayofPhalgunPurnima,which fallsinFebruary/March(thrillophiliacom)

Fig121:DanceformsofJaipur(thrillophiliacom)

Fig122:CuisineofJaipur(thrillophiliacom)

Fig123:Fairsandfestivals(thrillophiliacom)

1.4.5-PeopleandLanguages:

Thecityhasapopulationof3,073,350people, with78percentHindus,18.6percentMuslims,2.3 percentJains,and1.0percentothers.

Thepresenceofdistinctdialectsindifferentareas demonstratesJaipur'svastlinguisticvariety.

However,thecityalsospeaksMarwari,Hindi,andEnglish.Dhundhadiistheindigenous languageofJaipur,althoughBrajbhasha,thelanguageofBrajhas,hasbeenusedinseveral literaryworksfromJaipur(thrillophilia.com).

1.4.6-ArtandCraftsofJaipur:

Theroyalcity'smarketsareusuallybrimming withdistinctivehandicraftandothercarvedpieces likeaskundanjewellery,silverjewellery,meenakari jewellery,woodwork,andotherivorysculptures.

Bandhani,zari,stonesculptures,blockprinting, kinari,gota,andzardoziareexamplesofartistic abilityinthiscity.Thetinypaintingsandshellacworkarewell-knowninthecommunity.The marketplacesofthiscityhavelongbeentreasuredbytravellersandthefocusoftheir attention

Fig124:Peopleandlanguages(thrillophiliacom)

Fig125:Artsandcraftsofjaipur(thrillophiliacom)

2-Crafts

2.1-CraftsofRajasthan

Fig21:CraftsmapofRajasthan(Author)

-BLUEPOTTERY:

Jaipur

-GANGAURIDOLMAKING: Jaipur

Itisamongholtechniqueof combiningtheChineseblueglazing techniqueswithPersiandecorative arts.Turksintroducedthisimported techniqueinnorthernIndia.

-CAMELTRAPPINGS: Jaisalmer

Camelswereadornedwithseveral trappings.Thiscraftmaystillbeseen inthedesertregionsofJaisalmer wheretheycatertosafarisorganized fortourists.

-RAZAI,QUILTMAKING: Jaipur

Itisbasedlargelyonthesuperior qualityoftheDesiRooi,cottonused. Traditionallytheexceptionalwarmth andsoftnesswasenhacedthrough theapplicationofherbalsubstances.

-MARBLECARVING: Ajmer

KishangarhisclosetoMakranawhichis renownedforitstranslucentwhitemarble. Thepearlyclarity,lustreandfinetextureis utilizedtomaximumeffectatthefamedTaj Majal.

-MUSICALINSTRUMENTS: Jodhpur

Musicplayisasignificantroleinthesecular andreligiouslifeofruralRajasthan.Local craftsmencraftawiderangeofmusical instrumentsusingleatherincombinationwith woodandmetal.

-DABU,MUDRESISTPRINTING: Jodhpur

TheChhippacommunityof traditionalprintersofthisregionuse themudresistprintingtechnique withvegetablesdyestocreate denselypatternedandcolored textilesthatcatertothefunctional andsartorialrequirementsofthe localcommunity.

-BANDHEJANDLEHERYA,TIE-RESIST-DYEING: Jaipur

Aconfigurationofdotsisachievedbytying smallknotsonapretracedorstampeddesign inordertoprotecttheseareaswhenthefabric isdyed.

Leheriyaisusedtocreatecolourfuldiagolaor zigzagstripesacrossthefabricthathasbeen rolled.

-KATPULI,PUPPETS: Jaipur

ItwaspracticedbythePuttiBhats,a communityofperformingartistswho travelledwiththeirportabletheaters entertaininggatherstomakealiving

ItwaspracticedbythePuttiBhats,a communityofperformingartistswhotravelled withtheirportabletheatersentertaining gatherstomakealiving (Source:HandmadeinIndia,AditiRanjanandP.Ranjan)

2.1-CraftsofJaipur

-Gotawork:

GotaWork(alsoknownasGotaPattiWork, Gota-KinariworkorLappekaKaam)isa typeofmetalembroideryoriginatedin Rajasthan,India.Elaboratepatternsare createdusingappliquetechniquewith metalslikegold,silver,copperetc.

-Bahi-clothboundbooks:

Traditionallycreatedforthepurposeof accounting,Bahiarehandboundbooks withyellowandwhitepageswithhandquiltedcover.Theyareavaluabletoolfor thebusinesscommu,coveredinauspicious colourredforgoodluck..

Fig22:CraftsmapofJaipur(Author)

Bluepotteryisdistinctfromothertypesofpotterybecauseitisthe onlytypeofpotterythatdoesnotrequireclay.Thepottery'dough'is madebycombiningquartzstonepowder,powderedglass,Multani Mitti(Fuller'sEarth),borax,gum,andwater.Accordingtoanother report,theconstituentsinclude'KatiraGond'powder(agum)and 'Saaji'(sodabicarbonate).BecauseitisformedofEgyptianpaste, glazed,andlow-fired,thepotteryhasaparticularlook.

-MeenaKari-Enamelwork:

Minakariisdonebyartisticallyfusing individualpiecesmadeoutofcoloredglass powders.Craftsmenemploytheuseof variousmineraloxidesinordertoachieve distinctivecolors.Apartfromusingglass, thepowderofvarioussemi-preciousand preciousstonesisalsousedinthecoloring process.

-Razai-Quiltmaking:

Theyarehandmadequiltsmadebythe localartisansofJaipurbytheprocessof screenprintingandblockprintingin Jaipur.Thespecialtyliesintheaesthetic printsanddesignswhichinclude,Mughal Boots,TraditionalFlowers,Elephants, Motifs,andMughalimprinteddesignsthat depictthetraditionaloldcultureof Rajasthan.

-KudenJadai-Gemsetting:

-Lacware:

Minakariisdonebyartisticallyfusing individualpiecesmadeoutofcoloredglass powders.Craftsmenemploytheuseof variousmineraloxidesinordertoachieve distinctivecolors.Apartfromusingglass, thepowderofvarioussemi-preciousand preciousstonesisalsousedinthecoloring process.

-Blockmaking:

Hand-blockprintingontextileispracticed alloverIndia,butJaipurhasbeenan importantcenterforblockmakingwith distinctivedesigns.Theblockdesignsare carvedonshagonwoodbyhereditary craftspersonswhotracetheirdescentfrom Shiamuslimsofpersiawhosettledhere duringtheregimeofSawaiJaiSinghII.

Itistheartofembeddingpreciousjewelsandmetalsintothe surfaceofobjects.IntroducedtoRajasthanbytheMughals,it isatechniquewhereextensivelycleanedgoldleaffoilsheets arereversedlongitudinallyinthespaceavailablebetweenthe wallandthestones,followingwhichthepreciousandsemipreciousstones

-Stonework:

Firstadrawingofthedesireddesigniscreatedonpapertoscaletoactasareference.The drawingismarkedwithagridthatdividesthesculptorsintosymmetricunits.Theimage followsverystrictguidelines,somuchsothatcertainsculptorsspecializeincreatingimages ofcertaindeities.

Thestoneisthencutandshapedusingpowertools,inthebeginning,tosawoffthemajor chunksofstone.Chislesandotherhandtoolsarethenusedtocarvethemajordetailswith care.Thestoneisdressedandpolishedtoafinetexture.

Fig24:Author

Fig23:Author

-Mojari-Leatherfootwear:

Mojariisoneofthespecialhandcraftedfootwearof JaipurinRajasthanstateofIndia.AsRajasthanwasrich foritscamels,inoldendaysmostofthemojari’swere madefromthemasdaysandyearswentbythiswas madeonthegoat,buffaloleathersandnowadayswitha mixtureofresinleathersandrubberasavailabilityand costeffectiveness

-BandhejandLeheriya-TieResistDyeing:

Thefabricistiedanddyedtothedesign’schosenpattern. Alargenumberofcoloursareusedbecauseoncethe basecolouristiedin,alotofcolourscanbeappliedon thefabricatdifferentstagesandthentiedandremoved progressively.Themotifsthatareusedare flowers,leaves,pers,animals,birdsandhumanfiguresin danceposes;geometricalpatternsarealsoncommon.

-Katputli-puppets:

NativetoRajasthanandoneofthemost popularformsofIndianpuppetry,Kathputli ismorethanathousandyearsold.Itisan amalgamationoftwowords:Kathmeaning woodandPutlimeaningadollwithnolife. Uniqueinitsownway,theRajasthanistring puppeteerscarvegorgeousandcolorful puppetsusingwoodandcloth.

-Tarkashi-Metalinlayinwood:

TarkashiInlayisahighlyskilledartform thatismorethan500yearsold.Itiisthe techniquewherethinstripsofwireare engravedonthesurfaceofthewood.

TarkashiInlayisbelievedtohavecome fromMainpuri,UttarPradesh.Thecraft waspatronizedbytheroyalsofJaipurand Amber.

-Handmadepaper:

Thecraftofmakinghandmadepaperhas itsoriginsintheKagzicommunitythat specializedinthemakingofpaper.This communityaccompaniedMughalemperor BaburtoIndiaandsettledinSangane.Itis extremelyecofriendlyasitisacidfreeand consumeslessenergyandwaterin comparisontomachinemadepaper.

-Feltproducts:

Thecraftofmakingfeltproductsis practicedwidelyinRajasthan.

Felt,madebycompressingwoolusing waterandsoapisusedtocreatevarious itemssuchasnamda,shoes,bags...etc. Woolofcream,brown,andblackcoloris sourcedfromSikarandKashmir.

Source:asiainchorg

Fig25:Author

Fig26:Author

•Tripoliabazaar: Lacbangles

Kitchenutensils

Metalwork

•Indirabazaar: Electrical equipment

•Chandpolbazaar: Marblesculpters

KhazaneWalon

kaRaasta: marbleworkers andpainters

•Bapubazaar: Clothes, Bedsheets, Accessories

•Nehrubazaar: Electronics Footwear, Leathercrafts

•Kishanpolbazaar: Woodenfurniture Tie-dyefabrics.

•ChauraRasta: Costlygoods(jewellery)

Bookshops

Householdbedsheets

•Joharibazaar:

Costlygoods:Meenkari/kundanjadai

Groundspices

Fig2.7:Thebazaars(Author)

Fig28:Organizationoftheshops(Author)

3-Urbanmorphology

3.1-Urbandevelopment

ThisNorthernIndianmetropolisisoneof thefastestexpandinginthecountry.Ithasseen tremendousexpansionanddevelopmentin termsofbothpeopleandspaceTheoverall areaatthetimeofformationwas6.7square kilometres,whichhasnowgrownto approximately450squarekilometres,andthe populationhasgrownfrom0.16millionin1900 A.D.to3.4millionin2011witha4.7percent decadalgrowthrate(ThesisApril2014,by BhupandraSalodia,CEPTUniversity).

3.2-UrbantissueoftheoldcityofJaipur

3.2.1-Frame:

-Regulargridinaccordancewith thecity'sdesignprincipal(Vatsu).

-Thegridisadaptedandfollowsthe naturalsite.

a=830m

Fig3.1:Jaipur1770

Fig33:Jaipur1986

Fig32:Jaipur1925-28

Figs31/32/33:(Jaipurcity:conservationofhistoricalbuildings,Jaipurdevelopmentauthority)

Fig3.4:Frame(Author)

Fig3.5:Roadnetwork(Author)

Fig36:Roadsections(Author)

Theflowisconsideredhighinthestreetsofthecityduetotheincreasedurbandensity,the widthofthestreetswhichweren’tdesignedtohandletheactualurbantrafficandvehicules andthepercentageofurbanemptyspacethatisalmostnon-existent.

3.2.4-Infrasctucture:

-Lighting:

-Thelightpolesfollowalinearpatterninthecenterofthe mainstreets(examplejoaharibazaar).

-Yet,absenceoflightpolesonbothsidesofthestreetsand intertiairystreetsinsidethechowkris.

-Theytendtouselamps arbitrarilyattachedtothefacades whichdamagesitsgeneralaspect.

Fig36:Trafficandflow(Author)

Fig36:Lightingthemainroad(Author)

-Electricity:

-HangingElectricalcablesinsidethechowkris:

Electricitycablesareseentangledandknotted. Thismessofwiresmakeitdifficultfor electricianstoworkon.

-Accordingtosomeshopowners,manyofthe cablesareusedtoillegallystealpowerfrom localbusinessescausingfrequentoutagesand blackouts

-Insecureplacementofelectricalcolumnsandgenerators.

-WasteManagement:

Therewasalackofcommunitygarbagecollectionfacilitiesinslums,soslumdwellers dumpedtheirgarbageneartheirlivingarea.

ThegarbagecansintheoldJaipurareawerefilthyandoverflowing.Peoplefrequentlythrew garbageoutsideofgarbagecans.Theinconvenienceoflargeamountsofgarbageonthe streetsandtheirsortingbysweepers,aswellasthemovementofstrayanimalsonthestreets, representsaveryunsightlyscene.

Inmanyplacesinthemorning,thickblacksmokewasseenspreadingacrosslargeareasofthe roadsduetotheburningoffallenleaves,plastics,andotherwastes. Manydrainsalongtheroad,aswellasmainsewerlineswerediscoveredtobeblockeddueto indiscriminategarbagedumping

Fig3.7:tertiarystreetview(Author)

Fig3.8:(Author)

Fig39:(Author)

Fig3.10:(Author)

Fig3.11:(Author)

Fig3.12:(Author)

Fig3.13:(Author)

Availabilityofwaterisoneofthemost importantfactorsforcreatingcities.The planningmustconsidertorganizationof catchment,conservationanddistributionof thewaterinthecity.

Therefore,thechoiceofacity’slocationis linkedetoitstopographywhichresultsina naturalwaterreservoirinthecaseofold Jaipur.Hence,hillssurroundingthecity naturallyformedacatchmentbasinwith

runoffchannelswhich,overtime,wereentirelyartificiallylandscapedtoforman‘’upsidedownumbrella‘’forwaterrecovery.

Currently,thereservoiroftheBisalpurdamontheRiverBanas,located110kilometres awaywithahydraulicheaddifferenceof95metres,isthemainsourceofwatersupplyfor Jaipur.Thedesignatedwatersupplycapacityis275MLD,butduetoinsufficientwaterinthe dam,theactualsupplyiscurrentlyonly221MLD(PHED,2019).Evenwiththis,thereare10% lossesduetoleaks,sothesupplythatreacheshomesisaround200MLD.Asidefromthat,the PHEDhasacapacityof100MLDofwaterfromtubewellsinstalled.Becausethisisalso affectedbywaterscarcity,theactualsupplyfromtubewellsis50MLD.

Therearealsonumerousprivatetubewellsthatcanbeassumedtosupplyanadditional50 MLDAsaresult,thetotalactualsupplyofwatertoJaipurcityhouseholdsisapproximately 300MLD(WastewaterManagementinJaipur-ACityLevelSanitationStudy:NationalInstituteofUrban Affairs2019)

-Watersanitation:

Asurbanpopulationsincrease,criticalservicessuchaswaterandsanitationstruggleto keepupPoorplanning,alackofattention,andotherfactorshaveweakenedtheurban sanitationsystems,causingthemtobeunabletomeetrisingdemandAsaresult,theriskof diseaseoutbreaks,groundwatercontamination,andsubstandardlivingconditionsrises.

Thehigh-densitynature oftheoldcityalongwith lessaccesstosanitation programsandproducts leadtoahighlikelihood ofsewageandwastenot beingdealtwith properly.Peoplewho liveinacluttered communitytendtohave amoreunsanitizedenvironmentduetotheirlarge population.Also,theseareasaremissingproper awarenessofsanitationandhygienealongwith policalwilltoadaptthecity’sinfrastructureto modernrequirements.

Fig316:(Author)

Fig3.14:Reservoirofwater Fig3.15:(Author)

Sidetrees

Urbanmarkers

groundtracing

Theurbanfurnitureislimitedandconcentratedinthemainstreetsonly.It’smainly:street railingtodividetheroadintotwopartstoorganizethetrafficflow/plotstopreventparking/ sidevegetationwhichislimitedanddoesnotfollowaregularpattern/groundtracingwhichis veryraretofindduetothelackofmaintaingandpollution.

Asforthestreetlighting,itcanonlybefoundinthecenterofthemainstreets.Fortheother areas,lampsarearbitrarilyattachedtothefacades

Wenoticedtheabsenceofbenchesandtrashcansovertheroadswhichruinedthegeneral aspectandproportyofthecity

Decorative medianlight

Tree’sconcretpot

Plot

Railing

Fig317:Urbanfurniture(Author)

Unlikeothercitiesintheregion locatedinhillyterrain,Jaipurwas establishedontheplainandbuilt accordingtoagridplaninterpretedin thelightofVedicarchitecture.

Itissurroundedbyhillsfrom3sides (western,easternandnorthen)with proximatewatersources(lakes, canals...)

Inthecityitself,thevegetalelementisrare.Itdoesnotfollowaspecificpattern,nortype.

Wecanfindtreesinthesidesofthemainstreetsplantedtoprovideshadow,enhacethe generalurbanaspectandaccentuatetheperspectiveofthemainstreets.

Fig318:Landscape(Author)

3.2.7-Urbanobstaclesandaccessibilities:

Fixedobstacles

Mobileobstacles

-Theusers(mainlytheshopowners)wantedtoappropriatethesidewalksconsideredas publicspaceandprivatizeitbycreatingobstaclessuchasstockingorsellingtheirgoods outsidetheshops.

-ThegarbagecansintheoldJaipurareawerefilthyandoverflowing.Peoplefrequentlythrew garbageoutsideofgarbagecans,thisrepresentsstreetobstacleforpedestriancirculation.

-Thepublicspaceandtheconstraintsitimposesincitepeopletounconsciouslydeviatefrom theirtrajectory,toavoidanobstacleatthelevelofthesidewalks,whichhinderthefreedomof circulation.

-Lack/absenceofaccessrampsforpeoplewithreducedmobility.

Fig3.19:Urbanobstacles(Author)

3.3.1-Limitsofthecity:

3.3.2-Urbancomponents:

-Wallsofthecity:

-Thewallisabout6mhighand3mthick. Itispiercedbysevengates,representing theshastricmodelnumber.

-Thissouthernside,thecity'svulnerable facetotheoutsideworld,wasinitially defendedbyaditchdirectlyinfrontofthe wall;thiswasextensivelyfilledinduring the1950s

Fig320:Limitsofthecity(Author)

ManSagarLake Hills

Rubble Pinksandstone

Ditchfilledafter1950

Fig3.21:(Author)

-Urbanorganization:

Thecitywallanditsgates,themainstreetsdividingtheareaintowards(chowkri)and crossroads(chaupar),thepalacecompoundwallinthecentre,thefaçadesoftheshopson themainbazaars,andtheprincipaltemplesarethemainskeletalcomponentsofthecity, builtquicklyunderroyalpatronage.Allofthesecomponentsoperatetogethertoforman integratedsystem.

Wards:Chawkris Halfward

Mainroads

Road

-TolinkthePalacetothe walls

-Toemphasizetheaxisof thecityandthecentrality ofthePalace.

Wards:Chawkris

AsocialgrouptiedbyJati->Mohalla -->Discouragingandprohibitingthe entryofnon-memberstopreserve theprivacyofthegroup.

Chowkrisofthecity:

1:ChowriTopkhanaDesh

2:ChowkriModikhana

3:ChowkriVisheshraji

4:ChowkriGhat

5:ChowkriTopkhanaHazuri

6:ChowkriRamchandraji

7:ChowkriPruraniBasti

8:ChowkriSarhad

Mainroads

Sub-ward Secondaryroads

Fig324:(Author)

8

6 7

12345

-Themajornodes:

Nodesaretheplacesofintenseconcentrationalongtheroutesinthecitythatthe observeristravellingthrough.Theyarecrucialpointsinthecityintowhichhecanenter, andtheyaregenerallyintersections,crossings,orconvergencesofpathways,pointsof breakintraffic,orpointsoftransitionfromonebuildingtoanother.

Chauparsareprominentcrossroadsonthemainaxialroadsthatwereoncethelocation ofpublicsquaresandsteppedwellsandwaterinfrastructureforthedeliveryoffresh wateratstreetlevelsthroughoutthecityviaundergroundaqueductsrunningdownthe roadways.Theywerethentransformedintotinylandscapedenclosureswitha decorativefountainorwaterfeature.Threekeyjunctionsaremadeatthecrossingofthe mainaxialroutefromChandpoletoSurajpolebythreeperpendicularroadsnamed ChhotiChaupar,BadiChaupar,andRamjangChaupar.Thewidthofthesquarechaupars was324feet,whichwasthreetimesthebreadthofthemainroadway.

Gates -->Asidefromchaupar,gatewaysmarkingtheentrancetothe walledcityserveasnodesfortheinhabitantsaswellasapointof referenceorlandmark.

Ramganjchaupar Badichaupar Chotichaupar

Fig326:(Author)

-TheMinornodes:

Chowksaremajorcrossroadsthatareoftenformedbytheintersectionoflateralroadsand sectorstreetsorsectorroadsinsidechowkries,etcSubhashChowk,JalebChowk,Chandini Chowk,andothernotablechowsarelocatedthroughoutthecityThestreetsandchowksof theinteriorchowkries,whichcontainvariousclustersormohallas,werenotpredefinedand henceexhibitacombinationofgridironandorganicpattern,withthefundamentalunitof constructedform.

-ThecityPalace:

TheCityPalaceComplexwasdesignedanderectedby Jaipur'sfounder,MaharajaSawaiJaiSinghII.Thepalace, whichisablendofMughalandRajputarchitecture,is stillhometothelastrulingroyalfamily,wholiveina separatepartofthepalace.Themajorityofthe structureswerebuiltbyMaharajaSawaiJaiSinghII, althoughtheywereaddeduponbysubsequentkingsas well

Fig327:(Author)

Fig328:(Author)

ThePalace1718-1727

byMaharajaSawaiJaisinghII

ThePalace1734-1749

byMaharajaSawaiJaisinghIIand SawaiIswarisingh

ThePalacepost1799

byMaharajaSawaiPratapSinghand SawaiRanSingh

1-1734:MaharajaaiSingh observatory/nowJantar Mantar

2-1749:IsrlatMinaror Sargasuli

1-1799:HawaMahal

2-1880:SMSTownHall

Fig3.29:(Author)

Fig3.30:(Author)

3.3.3-Accessesofthecity:

Citypalace

ShivPolgate

Nahargarhfort

Amberfort

3.3.4-Urbanlandmarks/major

Dhruvpol

Chandpol

Surajpol

Rampol

Kishanpol

Nayapol

Shivpol

Fig3.31:Access:Gates(Author)

Fig332:Landmarks:Gates(Author)

-HawaMahal:

HawaMahalwasbuiltin1799inBadiChoupad,Jaipur'sPinkCity.Ithas953windowsonits exteriorwalls.SawaiPratapSingh,grandsonofMaharajaSawaiJaiSingh,orderedLalChand UstatobuildanextensiontotheRoyalCityPalacein1799.

ThePurdahsystemwasstrictlyenforcedatthetime.StrangersshouldnotseeRajputroyal ladiesorseetheminpublicplacesTheHawaMahal'sconstructionallowstheroyalladies toenjoyeverythingfromeverydaystreetscenestoroyalprocessionsonthestreetwithout beingseen.BecauseSaraiPratapSinghwasdevotedtoKrishna,theHindugod,thefivestorypalacewasbuiltintheshapeofKrishna'scrown.

Thereare953smallcasementswithsmalllatticeworkedpinkwindows,balconies,and archedroofswithhangingcornices.Thisallowsacoolbreezetoblowthroughthemahal, keepingitcoolandairyduringthesummer.Despitethelargenumberofwindows,eachone isthesizeofapeephole,sotheroyalladiescouldnotbeseenbythegeneralpublic.

Thetopthreestoreys,VichitraMandir,PrakashMandir,andHawaMandir,areeachasingle roomthick.TheMaharajawenttotheVichitraMandirtoworshipKrishna.ThePrakash Mandir,ontheotherhand,hasanopenterraceonbothsides.Theupperfloorsare accessibleviarampsratherthanstairs.Theyarefortheroyalladies'palanquin.

Fig3.33:HawaMahal(Author)

-Amberfort:

Thefort,alsoknownastheAmberPalace,issituatedonahillinAmer,Rajasthan.TheAmer fort,whichwasbuiltbyRajaManSinghandisonlyelevenkilometersfromJaipur,isascenic marvel.Itislocatedontopofaneasilyclimbedmountain,rightnexttoMaotaLake.The majesticappearanceofthefort,aswellasitsgeographicaladvantages,makeitaunique placetovisit.ThefortisanintriguingblendofHinduandMuslimarchitecture.Itismadeof redsandstoneandwhitemarbleTheAmberfort'spalacecomplexhassomeverynice apartments

Thiscomplexwasbuiltoveratwo-centuryperiodbyRajaManSingh,MirzaRajaJaiSingh, andSawaiJaiSingh.Foralongtime,thispalacecomplexservedasthemainresidenceof theRajputMaharajas.Amberforthasarichhistorythatincludestreacheryandbloodshed.

Fig3.34:Amberfort(Author)

TheCityPalaceComplex,locateddeepwithinthecitywalls,wasdesignedandbuiltby Jaipur'sfounder,MaharajaSawaiJaiSinghII.Thepalace,whichisabeautifulfusionof MughalandRajputarchitecture,isstillhometothelastrulingroyalfamily,wholiveina privatesectionofthepalace.ThemajorityofthestructureswerebuiltbyMaharajaSawai JaiSinghII,buttheywereexpandeduponbysubsequentrulersaswell.TheMubarakMahal (receptionpalace)andtheMaharani'sPalacearepartoftheCityPalaceComplex(the palaceofthequeen).

MubarakMahalnowhousestheMaharajaSawaiManSinghIIMuseum,whichhousesan extensiveandone-of-a-kindcollectionofroyalcostumes,delicatePashmina(Kashmiri) shawls,Benarassilksaris,andotherdresseswithSanganeriprintsandfolkembroidery. MaharajaSawaiMadhoSinghI'sclothesarealsoondisplay.Surprisingly,theMaharani's Palacehasaninterestingdisplayofverywell-preservedRajputweaponry,someofwhich datesbacktothe15thcenturyAsidefromthearms,thepalaceiswell-preservedwith beautifulpaintingsontheceiling

-ThecityPalace:

Fig335:Citypalace(Author)

-GovindDevJitemple:

GovindJiTempleisthemostprominentandsacredplaceofworshipinJaipur,Rajasthan,as wellasthemostsignificantintermsofRajasthanirulerhistory.Thetempleisdedicatedto LordGovindDevJi,whoisoneofLordKrishna'sincarnationsonEarthandtheprincipal deityofAmber/KachwahaAmer'sDynastyofrulers.

TheidolofGovindJiissaidtoresembleLordKrishnaexactly.Aftertheidolwasmovedfrom AmertoJaipur,theMaharajaofJaipur,MaharajaSawaiJaiSingh,wasadevoteeoftheLord andhadhispalacedesignedsothathecouldseetheLorddirectlyfromhispalace.

Fig336:GovindJiTemple(Author)

-Shivpolgate:

-JantarMantar:

TheJantarMantarinJaipurisanastronomicalobservationsitebuiltintheearly18th century.Itincludesasetofabouttwentyfixedinstruments.Builtinmasonry,theyare monumentalexamplesofknowninstrumentsbutoftenwithparticularcharacteristics. Intendedforastronomicalobservationswiththenakedeye,theyincludeseveral architecturalandinstrumentalinnovations.Itisthemostsignificant,themostcompleteand thebestpreservedsetofancientobservatoriesinIndia.Itexpressestheastronomicalskills andcosmologicalconceptionsacquiredintheentourageofalearnedprinceinthelate Mughalperiod.

Fig3.37:ShivPolgate(Author)

Fig3.38:JantarMantar(Author)

seqencestartingfromShivpol gate/joharibazaar,passingby ChauraRastaandreachingthe badichaupar.

fromabigvisualframein themainroadstonarrow street, Narrowstreets+heigh buildingd

Gate,transitionelementandthe limitbetweentheoldandnewcity.

Lineairdispositionofthe buildingswhichleadstoa perspectiveendingwitha gate.

Thesameaspectisvalidforall mainstreets,onlytheheight ofthedifferentandthelarge ofthestreet

Fig339:(Author)

Fig340:(Author)

Fig3.42:(Author)

Fig341:(Author)

4-Typologicalanalysis

4.1-Typologyofthebuildings

4.1.1-Typologyofthemasses:

Mass:90%

Emptiness:10%

•Theemptinessisdefinedbythestreetsandthepatiosofthehouses.Thesepatiosgives thecityaspecificarchitecturaltypology,itisanarchitecturalunitwhichdefines togethertheurbanpatternofthecity.

•Thegroundoccupationisverylargewhichcausestheabsenceofpublicopenspaces--> whichexplainstheexcessiveexploitationofthestreets

•Theresidentialareaisformedmainlybygroupsofclustredmasses

•Theshopsareorganizedinbandsonbothsidesofthemainstreets

Fig41:(Author)

Fig42:(Author)

Fig4.3:(Author)

4.1.3-Density:

Density5000-10000

Density23000-29000

Density29000&aboveP/SQ

Jaipur'spopulationwasonly3lakhsin1951,butithadgrownto23lakhsby2001.The walledcitywasintendedfor60,000peopleinanareaof6.4squarekilometres,butithada populationof4.97lakhsin2001.WalledCityhasahighpopulationdensity.Wards45,46, and56havearelativelyhigherpopulationdensity(morethan1200PPH).Despiteitssmall size,thewalledcityhasthehighestpopulationdensity.Indenselypopulatedareas, infrastructureprovisionbecomescritical.

4.1.4-Landoccupation:

Thefootprintofbuildingsinthecityisveryhigh,exceeding80%ofthelandareainmost blocks.Thevoidisusuallyasmallinteriorpatioorexteriorwalkway.

Inthecaseofresidentialclusters,theabove groundcoverageis100sqm.Learningfromthe earlierhousingtypologies,wheretheminimum footprintareawasequalto100sqm.

Fig44:(Author)

Fig45:RevitalizationofChowkris(Issuu2020)

4.2.3-Historicalmutations:

AlthoughtheChowkrisaredefinedasresidentialareasandthemainstreetsaremostly dedicatedtoshops,stillwecanseethemutationoccuredoverthetimeduetothe increasedneedofmoretradingareasandofthepopulationofthecityinsidethewalls.So theshopshavebeenextendinginsidethechowkrisandresidential

TakingtheexampleofJohariBazaarwherethecommercialactivityhasinfiltratedthe residentialarea.Thisdevelopmenthadofcourseeffectedthearchitecturaltypoloyofthe building,specifecallytheresidentialones.

Also,wehavetomentionthechangementoccuredforthepublicspaces.BadiChaupar, whichwasonceasignificantspaceforsocialinteractionandculturalgathering,isanother exampleofencroachmentonpublicspace.Thisspaceiscurrentlyencroacheduponby informalshopping,rickshawstands,parkinglots,andparkingforpolicedepartmentvehicles, whichaddstothechaosandspillover,resultingintrafficcongestiononthemaincarriageway.

Fig4.9:MasterPlanSurveys,JDA

Fig410:GrowthofMarkets(author)

Fig4.11:GrowthofMarkets(REVITALIZATIONOFWALLEDCITY, JAIPUR:dissertation)

Fig412:Mutationofchaupar(ExploringtheImageabilityofWalledCityJaipur2016)

4.2.4-Spaceappropriation:

Theappropriationofspaceisprimarilymanifestedinthegalleriesoftheshops.Although thewidthofthosegalleriesgoesbetween2mand3.5msometimes,alotofactivities happenthere,suchas:

Hangingandexposingthegoods/Sittingandsellingthegoods/Stocking/parkingthe motors...etc

4.3-Architecturalexpression

4.3.1-Skylineandurbanfacades:

Thereisaslightvariationintheheightsof thefacadesonthemainstreets,theyvary betweenR+1andR+3.

Thefacadecontrolforbuildingsfacingthe mainroadscreatedauniformityinshape andcolor.Thosefacadesare characterizedbytheirpinkcolorandthe useofspecificornementedarchitectural elementswithagroundfloorhighlighted byagriddedgallery.

Also,notingthatthedevelopmentperiod ofthewalledcitywas100/150years, resultedinalowimpactofdifferentstyles whichcreatedauniformityofbuildings

Fig4.13:Goodsexposition(Author)

Fig4.14:Sellinggoodsoutsidetheshope(Author)

Fig415:Skyline,mainroad(Author)

Fig416:Facadedetails(BuildingJaipur)

4.3.2-Architecturalstyle:

-Elementsofelevationalfeatures:

Thereare3maintypesofbuildingsthatidentifythearchitecturalstyleofJaipur:

Hindu

Temples

Jain

Palaces: fewanddon’trepresentthegeneralstyleofthecity

Havelis: givetheuniquecharacterofthecity

Then,thestyleofJaipurcanbeanalysedandidentifiedbasedonthose3typesofbuildings, suchas:

-Highplinth,madeofstone,withmouldingsatupperlevel.

-Roundcolumnswithsquarebasesandcaps,taperingandflutedwithflattenedbulbus portionatthebottomandthetop.

-Largeopenings(mainentrancegates),spannedbycuspedorpointedarches(smaller openingsarespannedbystonelintels)

-Smallnichesformedoverthemaingate,wherethestatueofgodGaneshaisplaced,plus othersmallernichesfordecoration.

-Chajjas,whichareofsimpleslantingtypemadeoutofprojectedplasteredstoneslabsand supportedbystonebracketsinsomecases.

-PartlyprojectedbalconiescalledJharokhas,coveredwithoblongandpardiwallson3sides andfittedwithsmallwindowsorJalisforlightandventilation.

-BalconiesatrooflevelservingasaBaradari,seenspeciallyinpublicbuildings,openonall sidesandcoveredwithoblongdomes

-Chattri,whichissquareinplanhaving4columnssupportingslopingchajjaandadome overit.it’sgenerallyusedinpublicbuildingsandplacedattherooflevelonfourcorners.

-Roofsmadeofstoneslabs,asthismaterialiseasilyavailable.theflatroofthusconstructed iscoveredwithlimeconcrete,surkhietc.

-Jalis,whicharefixedtocoversmallopeningsoverdoorsorwindows,incertaincasesas panelsinwallsorasapartofrailinginTharokhas.Theyaregenerallymadeomortaror stone.

-Brackets,orcalledtodastoo,whichareusedtosupportchajjas,balconies,lintelbeams... etc.

-Paintings,FrescoesandAraish

-Domesaregenerallyfoundoverchattriesandoblongdomesarefoundoverbalconies, jharokhas...etc.TheyarepredominantinJaintemplesandrareifHindutemples.Theyare springingfromanoctogonalbasewhichisplacedonasquarebase.Thespringingpointis decoratedwithlotusflowerandthetopiscoveredbyaninvertedlotusflower

-Arches:Pointedandtrefoilarcheswhichareofmoghuloriginbutit’sgeneralshapeis basedonhinducorbelledarch

Cuspedarchwhichisofmoghulorigin

Flattenedarchspannedbylintel(fordoorway),it’sacombinationbetween bracketandlintel

Dependingontheowner'scaste,Indianhouses cantakeonavarietyofarchitecturalforms;the appearanceofthehouseitselfisfrequently usedtoaffirmtheowner'smembershipina specificcommunityorsocialclassHowever, someaspectsofeveryIndianhomeremain constant,suchastheorganisationoftheinterior space,thelevelofprivacyindifferentrooms, andthepresenceofspatialelementswith specificroles.

Eachhousehasastoneelementontheoutside. Itisalwaysplacedinfrontofthemainentrance andservesasanextensionofthehouse's interiorspace.Forthesocialvaluethathascan alsobeconsideredasemi-privatespaceofthe streetasitusedasarestingplacethatbrings togethermembersofvariousfamilieslivingside byside.

Onceinside,theThresholdelementknownas UMBAROrepresentsthephysicalbarrier betweentheinsideandtheoutside.

Fig417:Housingtypology(RevitalizationofChowkris2020)

Fig418:Housingtypology(InnerSpaceıStudyandurbandesignstrategy2016)

Crossingthethresholdisconsideredextremelyimpoliteunlessaccompaniedbytheowner ofthehouse,whousuallyintroducesguestsinaroomwhichistheonlyplaceinthehouse wherehecanstaywithoutinvadingtheprivacyofthehousemembers.

Asaresult,thehousehasasmallkitchen,thatistheroominthehousewheremostwomen spendthemajorityoftheirtime.

Asthejourneycontinues,theIndians'OSARIthresholdisreached.Thatistheroomthathas directaccesstotheinnercourtyard,thetrueheartoftheIndianhouse.

Eachhousehasitsowncourtyardthatprovideslightandventilation.TheOSARIistypically anopenporchwherefamilymemberscongregatetotalkandspendtimetogether.Asa result,itisextremelyprivate,andvisitorsarenormallynotpermitted.

Thestairsleadingtotheupperfloorordirectlytotheterracearelocatedatthebackofthe house,asarethebedrooms(usuallytwo)occupiedbythehouseholderandhisson.

Goingupthestairs,thereisalwaysaterrace,theAGASHI,whichisverysymbolicbecauseit istheareaofthehousethatisclosesttothesky.Ifthehouseislargeenoughto accommodatemorethantwofamilies,anotherOSARImaydelimittheterrace,andpossibly otherrooms(Innerspace:Studyandurbandesignstrategyfortheenhancementofwalledcity)

Thetypicalhousedesignmatchestheclimaticandsocialconditionofthecity,thecreation ofcourtyardprovidedbettershelterforhotanddryclimateaswellasacommonspace aroundwhichroomsareplanned.

Thereisgenerallytwocourtyards,onecommonlysharedbymalemembersandoutsiders andtheotherwasexclusivelyforfemalesIt’sacloseknitstructurewhichhelpstoreduce exposedsurfaceareaofbuildingstotheharshweatherandoutsidersaswell

4.3.3-Constructionsystem:

Constructionsystemdependsmostlyontheavailabilityofbuildingmaterials,knowledgeof craftsmen,designofthebuildingitselfandthelocalskills.AsforthecaseofJaipurcity,the wallsweremadeofrandomrubblestonemasonaryordressedstonemasonary.The columnsandlintelsareofdressesdstone.Thejalisarecarvedoutofstoneormadeoflime mortar.Theroofisflatandissupportedbywallsorstonebeams.

Fig419:Housingtypologyauthor)

5-Thedesigningandplacementofthegatesinthe oldcityofJaipur

Theplacementofthegatesismainly relatedtotheintersectionbetween thewallsandthemainstreetsleading toothercities(Ajmer,Amberetc), aswellasthenumberisjustifiedby theShastrasprinciplewhichrequires theexistenceof7gates.

TheChandPolgateonthewest sideandtheSurajPolgateonthe eastmarktheendsofthemain west-eastroutethroughthecity, about3kminlength.Thenorth sideisenteredthroughthe JorawarSinghPolgate,formerly knownasDhruvPolafterthe polestar,ontheroadfrom Amber.

Fourgatesdefinethesouthern edge:Ajmerigatefortheroad fromAjmer,Newgateinfrontof AlbertHall,Sanganerigatefor theroadfromSanganer,and Ghatgatefortheroadfrom GhoomiGhat.Thevulnerable southernfacewasfurther protectedbyaditchdirectlyin frontofthewall,whichwaslater filledinthe1950s.Allofthe gatesaremajorpublicspaces thatwereclosedatnightuntil 1942.

Dhru vpol

Chan dpol Suraj pol Ram pol

Naya pol

Fig5.1:Gates(author)

Fig5.2:Gates(author)

CommonlyknownastheZorawarSinghGate,DhruvPolisthenorthernmostgateofthe walledcity.ItisnamedafterthePoleStarortheDhruvTara,astarthatmarkstheNorth direction.Itisalsothewidestofallthegates.Itwasmainlybuilttoprotecttheroadto Amber.

Itwasbuiltusingrubblestonemasonary,paintedinpinkanddecoratedwithwhitepainted ornements.

Fig53:SitesketchofDhruvpolgate(author)

NowknownastheSanganeriGate,itleadstotheSanganer.Itisaprominentegatebecause itstandstoguardtheentryofJohariBazaar.

Itismoreornementedanddecoratedthantheother7gatesasitlinksthenewcitywithone ofthemostfrequentedbazaarsinsidethewalls.

Fig54:SitesketchofShivpolgate(author)

6-Comparisons

6.1-TheromancityandthecityofJaipur:similarities

-TheyadoptedtheEtruscanconceptof theuniverse:Theuniversisinfinite

-TheuseofVastuShastainthepracticeof architectureandurban

Fig63:(author) Fig64:(author)

-Theromancitydoesnotadmitany extensionoutsidetheenclosure-> definitivesacredform.

-Thecityisformedbyuniformorthogonal blocksofdimensionsvaryingbetween 70m*70mto150m*150*

-Jaipurisawalledcity,allconstructions wereinsidetheenclosue:sacredform withthe9cosmicdivisionsoftheuniverse.

-Thecityisformedby9regularsquared wardsreferringtotheShastraprinciple

-OrganicmainroadsintheMedinaleadall tothecenterwhichisthemosque

-walleddensecity

-Accessibilitythroughthegates

Tertiaryroad

-Orthogonalmainroadsleadingtothe CityPalace

-Walledcitywithhighpopulation

-Mainroadsdedicatedtotradeandsocial activities

-Souksarrangedaroundthemosque basedontheirpollutionemission

-Walledcityestablishedformilitaryand residentialpurposes.

Residentialzone

Bazaarszone

Citypalace

-Mainstreetsdedicatedforshopsand trade

-Everystreetisknownforitshandcrafts

-Thecitywasmainlyestablishedfortrade, whichexplainstheabondanceofshops eveninsidethechowkris.

Fig65:(author)

Fig6.6:(author)

Fig67:(author)

Fig68:(author)

-Urbantissuknownforitssquare courtyardsaroundwhichtheroomsare planned.Itisacommonspacethatserves theislamicculturewhichlooksforprivacy ofthehouses,alsomatchesthehot climate

-Urbantissuthatshowsarepetitive pattern:squarecourtyards,itmatches theclimaticandsocialconditionofthe city,thecreationofcourtyardprovided bettershelterforhotanddryclimateas wellasacommonspacearoundwhich roomsareplanned.

-Houseplanningbasedonafiltration systemthatprovidesprivacy:frompublic tothemostprivatespacesandwhichis adaptedtotheharshclimateofthecity.

-Afiltrationsystem:twocourtyards,one formalemembersandoutsidersandthe otherforfemalesIt’sacloseknit structurewhichhelpstoreduceexposed surfaceareaofbuildingstotheharsh weatherandoutsidersaswell

-Narrowstreetsnetwork(thebazaarsofJaipurareaspecificity)withtradeandhandicrafts, sanitationproblemsandlownetworkequipment,

-Densificationoflowincomepeople

-Problemsofaccessibilitybymotorizedvehicles

Fig69:(author)

Fig610:(author)

Fig6.11:(author)

Fig612

PotteryofTunisia/BluepotteryofJaipur

-ThebirthofshapedpotteryinTunisia datesbacktothefirstagesofNeolithic.

-ItwasstronglyinfluencedbyTurkeyuntil today:polychromeceramicreminiscentof OttomanTurkey.Alsothereisthe influenceofthePharaons,Greeceand Persia

-Technique:

*Extractingtheclayanddyingit

*Removingimpuritiesbycrashingand sifting

*Soakinginwaterforaday->Mud

*Addingteffountoregulatemalleability

Or:

*Searchingformud

*Puttingitinwateruntilitswells

*Softeningitbypressingitwithlegs

*Kneadingittobecomeunbreakable

-TurksintroducedaMongoltechniquein NorthernIndia:combinigthechineseblus glazingtechniqueswithPersiandecorative arts.

-Technique:

*Preparingaspecialdough(mixtureof severalmaterials)

*Shapingthedoughintothedesiredform

*Rubbingtheartefactswithregmaalto polishthesurface

*Dippingitinaspecificmixture

*Lefttodry,paintedandputinaclosed charcoalkilntoharden

Fig613:(author)

-Anage-oldcraftinTunisia,gold smithinghasalwaysplayeda majorroleinthecountry’s economy

-Itisthankstothetradeofmetals thatCarthageprosperedduring antiquity:goldfromafrica,Silver fromSpainandpreciousstones frommiddleeast.

-->thisinfluencedtheislamic shapesandpatternsinTunisia.

-Itistheartofembedding preciousjewelsandmetalsinto thesurfaceofobject.

-IntroducedtoRajashtanbythe Mughols

-Extensivelycleanedgoldleaf foilsheetsarereversed longitudinallyinthespace availablebetweenthewalland thestones(diamonds, rubbies,emeralds...etc)

Jewellerymaking:KundanJadaiinJaipur/COraljewelleryinTunisia

Fig614

Fig615

-ItisanoldcraftandindustryinTunisia,yetinJaipur,itwasfoundedanddeveloppedby theRhmanicommunity.Thosetwocraftssharealotofsimilaritiesspeciallyinshape,colors, materialsandtechnique’sstepssuchas:Gluinglayersofleathertogetherandstitchingthem withcottonthread.

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Fig620

REVIEW

Thewalledcitywasoriginallydesignedwithsuchmeticulousplanning,intricate detailing,andclarityofthoughtwithrespecttotheformandcharacterofthevarious elementsandcomponentsofindividualbuildingsatthemicroleveltocomponentsand constituentsofthecityatthemacrolevel.Eachelementofthecityformhasbeenassembled intoonecompletewholewithafuturisticvision,whileretainingitsownsignificance, character,androletoplayinthecity'sidentity,therebycreatinganiconiccitywithitsown identityandearningthedistinctionofbeingthemostsuccessfulandfunctionalcityof medievalIndiainmoderntimes.Tosomeextent,thecity'sarchitecturalcharacter,identity, andculturehavebeenpreserved.

Thedevelopmentsandextensionsofthecity,bothspatialandvolumetric,havenotgiven muchconsiderationandweightagetotheconservationofthewalledcity'singrained characterandarchitecturalidentity,affectingtheoverallbuiltformandurbanfabricovera half-centuryperiod.Thefollowingaresummariesofthecity'smajorimageproblemsand correctivemeasures:

LackofappropriateDevelopmentRegulations:Evenafterindependence,duetoalackof properprescribedandproscribedguidelinesforthewalledcityarea,constructionactivities bothverticalandhorizontal,havenegligiblyconsideredthenatureandcharacterofthe existingurbanform.Someprominentexamplesincludethedevelopmentofcommercial complexesresidentialextensionsanddevelopmentwithintheChowkris.

LackofheritageConservation&Preservation:Theconservationandpreservationofheritage hasnotreceivedtheattentionitdeserves,whichinturnaffectsthevisualexperience,image, andidentity.Individualsandgovernment'slackofknowledgeandawarenessaboutheritage conservationandpreservationhasresultedinarchitecturalcharactermutationordestruction. Buildingextensions,renovationandrestorationworks,orreconstructionofdilapidated structureshaveallbeenmajorimpedimentstothepreservationofthearchitecturalcharacter ofthecity'sbuiltform,whichrequiresimmediateattention.

Encroachments:Anothermajorproblemthathasdestroyedthecharacterandhierarchyof streetsistheencroachmentonthestreetsbyextensionofhousesandshopsinmost secondaryandtertiarystreets,particularlywithinthechowkris,andtheintrusionand encroachmentbyshopsintothewalkwaysandpathwaysalongthemainroads,aswellasby vehiclesparkedontheroads

LackofMaintenanceandCleanliness:Thecityingenerallackspropermaintenanceofthe builtformandinfrastructure,makingthepinkcityandplannedcitynotionandcharactervery appealing.Furthermore,theoverallvisualexperienceandimagehavebeenharmedbyalack ofcleanliness.