American Butterflies Fall 2017-Winter 2018

American

Butterflies Volume 25: Numbers 3/4

Fall/Winter 2017

Art Contest

Scouting LRGV Strays

Solar Panels at the NBC

Butterflies Along the Colorado Trail Hot Seens

Simmons State Forest, FL Monarch, Guava Skipper and Southern Skipperling Food

along with thousands of individual butterflies, NABA News and Notes Skipper, including sweeps of seven species of swallowtails.

Laugh at Jack Frost!

Join NABA’s Survey of Frosted Elfins NABA has received a Conservation License Plate grant from Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. to survey eastern Texas for rare Frosted Elfins in the early spring (late February — April) of 2018.

We invite all NABA members to participate!

If you live in, or near, east Texas, you are perfectly positioned to make significant contributions to our knowledge of this butterfly. If you live farther afield, for example in Montana, Michigan or Maine, this will be your chance to escape winter and get a jump on the butterfly season. And, while NABA won’t be able to reimburse your expenses traveling to Texas nor your living expenses, approved volunteers will be reimbursed for reasonable travel expenses within Texas.

To learn more about this fun-filled, butterfly community opportunity, please visit http://www. naba.org/frosted_elfin.html.

Free Trial Membership For Counters NABA is offering free trial memberships to people who have not previously been NABA members, if they help NABA monitor butterflies by entering data into the Recent Sightings page and/or participate in the NABA Butterfly Count program. The free, trial membership includes access to digital versions of NABA publications as well as access to NABA-Chat and other NABA programs. So, invite your friends, family and neighbors to participate in Recent Sightings and/or the Counts, helping to monitor and conserve butterflies throughout North America — they will be rewarded with a free, trial membership.

Best Butterfly Gardening Guide The best guide to butterfly gardening — NABA’s own, of course! — authored by Jane Hurwitz, editor of NABA’s Butterfly Gardener, is scheduled fto be published this April by Princeton University Press.

Keep an eye out for it.

NABA Members Meeting: Save the Date!

It’s official! The thirteenth NABA Biennial Members Meeting will be held September 16-19, 2018 in Tallahassee, Florida. Don’t miss this great opportunity to see butterflies you may never have seen before, including Yehl Skipper, Berry’s Skipper and Dotted

Better yet, you’ll be able to connect with ardent butterfliers from throughout the country. NABA meetings are always fun!

Jane Vicroy Scott On October 21, 2017, there was a memorial celebration lunch for Jane Vicroy Scott, NABA’s late Secretary/ Treasurer. About 100 people traveled from throughout the United States to attend the four hour event. As she always did, Jane brought people together.

The Jane Vicroy Scott Memorial Video can be seen at https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=EWB4MQllD5g.

Thank you to the hundreds of NABA members who have sent letters and email messages of condolence and to the the many NABA members who have contributed to the ongoing Jane Vicroy Scott Memorial Fund.

Estate Planning We’d like to ask those NABA members who have planned estates, to consider including NABA and the National Butterfly Center in their plans. This will allow you to continue to help butterflies and conservation.

Bartram’s Scrub-Hairtreak NABA has begun a project to save endangered Bartram’s Scrub-Hairstreaks. So far as is known, Grannybush (pineland croton) is the only plant species eaten by Bartram’s Screub-Hairstreak caterpillars.

Pineland croton is restricted to pine rockland habitat, which has largely been, and continues to be, destroyed. Bartram’s Scrub-Hairstreak also appears to be restricted to pine rockland habitat, but that may be because that is the only place that it’s caterpillar foodplant is found.

NABA is trying to replicate the success that South Florida gardeners inadvertantly had in stablizing the population of Atalas and increasing their range. Atalas were thought to possibly be extinct, but then, about 25 years ago, cycads became popular garden plants in South Florida. Even though the cycads planted in land owners gardens were almost always non-native species, Atalas still were able to use these plants as caterpillar foodplants.

Continued on inside back cover Front cover painting “Butterfly Lake” is by Jennifer Becker. See page 76 for Art Contest article.

American Butterflies Volume 25: Numbers 3/4

The North American Butterfly Association, Inc. (NABA), a non-profit organization, was formed to promote public enjoyment and conservation of butterflies.

Membership in NABA is open to all those who share our purpose.

President: Jeffrey Glassberg Vice-president: James Springer Secrty./Treasurer Ann James Directors: Jeffrey Glassberg Fred Heath Yvonne Homeyer Ann James Dennis Olle Robert Robbins James Springer Patricia Sutton Scientific Advisory Board Nat Holland Naomi Pierce Robert Robbins Ron Rutowski John Shuey Ernest Williams

Fall/Winter 2017

Inside Front Cover NABA News and Notes 2 Butterflies Battle Border Wall by Jeffrey Glassberg 4 Definitive Destination: Ralph E. Simmons State Forest, Nassau Co., Florida by Bill Berthet 24 Butterfly Scouts, Be Prepared!

by Jeffrey Glassberg 36 The National Butterfly Center Gets Greener and Follows the Sun

by Marianna Treviño-Wright 38 Butterflies Along the Colorado Trail

by Mark Nelson 46 You Are What You Eat 47 Monarch on Butterfly Milkweed in TX by Don Dubois 51 Guava Skipper on Guava in TX by Jan Dauphin 58 Southern Skipperling on Bermudagrass in TX by Jan Dauphin 62 Members Photo Gallery by Jill Gorman 64 Hot Seens by Mike Reese 76 NABA Art Contest 79 Readers Write 80 Contributors

American Butterflies (ISSN 1087-450X) is published quarterly by the North American Butterfly Association, Inc. (NABA), 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960; tel. 973285-0907; fax 973-285-0936; web site, www.naba.org. Copyright © 2018 by North American Butterfly Association, Inc. All rights reserved. The statements of contributors do not necessarily represent the views or beliefs of NABA and NABA does not warrant or endorse products or services of advertisers.

Editor, Jeffrey Glassberg Editorial Assistance, Matthew Scott and Sharon Wander Please send address changes (allow 6-8 weeks for correction) to: NABA, 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960; or email to naba@naba.org

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Butterflies Battle Border Wall NABA isn’t a litigious organization. NABA normally tries to work with government agencies, even if NABA doesn’t agree with many of the actions taken (or not taken) by those agencies. Until recently, the only lawsuit ever instituted by NABA was filed in 1997 when NABA sued the United States Army in an attempt to block it from destroying the only viable population of Regal Fritillaries east of the Mississippi. Perhaps surprisingly, the United States Army quickly agreed with NABA’s arguments and scrapped their plan to convert Regal Fritillary habitat into a tank maneuvering area. The result — Regal Fritillaries are still flying at Fort Indiantown Gap Military Reservation in Pennsylvania.

As many of you are probably aware, NABA has now been forced to file a second lawsuit, this one on December 11, 2017, against the United States Dept. of Homeland Security and the United States Customs and Border Protection.

On July 20, 2017, one day before my wife, Jane Vicroy Scott, died, Marianna TreviñoWright, the executive director of the National Butterfly Center, discovered contractors clearing butterfly plants from a portion of our property. Although she was able to convince the contractors to leave, the Chief Patrol Agent for the United States Customs & Border Protection Rio Grande Valley Border Patrol Sector, after first claiming that no one had been there, later admitted that the contractors (from Alaska) were there but stated they had a legal right to proceed with the work they were doing and that when they returned they would be accompanied by armed guards.

He also told Marianna that the United Stated Dept. of Homeland Security had plans to construct 28 miles of border walls in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, running through properties that include Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, and the National Butterfly Center.

However one feels about immigration, and especially about illegal immigration, 2 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

constructing an expensive, divisive and ineffectual border “wall” makes no sense.

First, of the undocumented immigrants now entering the United States, more than two-thirds of them arrive here with legal visas that they then overstay. So a wall will have no effect upon almost 75% of illegal immigration. As Marco Rubio, a U.S. senator from Florida said “In Florida, 70 percent of the people here illegally came on an airplane. They overstayed a visa — the wall isn’t going to address that.”

Second, the large increase in border patrol personnel and the increased use of sophisticated technology to detect and apprehend people illegally crossing the border, has had an effect.

According to Fox News in late 2016, “Last year, Border Patrol arrests — one gauge of illegal crossings — fell to the lowest level since 1971.”

The number of arrests were even less in 2017.

Third, a border wall would cede thousands of square miles of United States property, including two-thirds of the National Butterfly Center, to Mexico. The boundary between Mexico and the U.S. is in the middle of the Rio Grande. A wall cannot be built there. It also cannot be built on the northern edge of the river because building isn’t permitted in the flood plain under a U.S.- Mexico treaty (and it’s dangerous) and because following the very sinuous and twisting path of the river would double or triple the needed length (and cost) of a wall. So, the wall is slated to be placed away from the river, in some places up to a mile or two from the river. The thousands of acres behind the wall, most of it privately owned, would become a no-man’s zone, not a usable part of the United States but not quite part of Mexico either.

NABA’s lawsuite focuses on the unconstitutional taking of NABA’s property, but also on the continued illegal activities of the U.S. Border Patrol who claim to have authority under a law that allows them to patrol lands

continued on page 79

The North American Butterfly Association (NABA)

For the Love of Butterflies Please photocopy this membership application form and pass it along to friends and acquaintances who might be interested in NABA

Yes! I want to join NABA, the North American Butterfly Association,

and receive American Butterflies and The Butterfly Gardener and/or contribute to building the premier butterfly garden in the world, the National Butterfly Center. The Center, located on approximately 100 acres of land fronting the Rio Grande River in Mission, Texas uses native trees, shrubs and wildflowers to create a spectacular natural butterfly garden that importantly benefits butterflies, an endangered ecosystem and the people of the Rio Grande Valley.

Visit our website at www.naba.org 253 Name: ________________________________________________________________________ Address: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Email (only used for NABA business):______________________ Tel.:______________________ Special Interests (circle): Listing, Gardening, Observation, Photography, Conservation, Other _________________________________________________________ Tax-deductible dues enclosed (circle): Regular $35 ($70 outside U.S., Canada or Mexico), Family $45 ($90 outside North Am.). Special sponsorship levels: Copper $55; Skipper $100; Admiral $250; Monarch $1000. Institution/Library subscription to all annual publications $60 ($100 outside U.S., Canada or Mexico). Special tax-deductible contributions to NABA (please circle): $125, $200, $1000, $5000. Mail checks (in U.S. dollars) to: NABA, 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960 ARTICLE SUBMISSIONS American Butterflies welcomes the unsolicited submission of articles to: Editor, American Butterflies, NABA, 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960. We will reply to your submission only if accepted and we will be unable to return any unsolicited articles, photographs, artwork, or other material, so please do not send materials that you would want returned.

Articles may be submitted in any form, but those on disks in Microsoft word are preferred. For the type of articles, including length and style, that we publish, refer to issues of American Butterflies.

MEMBERSHIP SERVICES If you have questions about missing magazines, membership expiration date, change of address, etc., please write to: NABA, 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960 or email to naba@naba.org.

ADVERTISING

American Butterflies welcomes advertising. Rates are the same for all advertisers, including NABA members, officers and directors. For more information, please write us at: American Butterflies, 4 Delaware Road, Morristown, NJ 07960, or telephone, 973-285-0907, or fax 973-285-0936 for current rates and closing dates.

Occasionally, members send membership dues twice.

Our policy in such cases, unless instructed differently, is to extend membership for an additional year.

NABA sometimes exchanges or sells its membership list to like-minded organizations that supply services or products that might be of interest to members. If you would like your name deleted from membership lists we supply others, please write and so inform: NABA Membership Services, 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960

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Definitive Destination: Ralph E. Simmons Memorial State Forest, Nassau County, Florida

by Bill Berthet 4 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Ralph E. Simmons Memorial State Forest (Simmons SF) is a 3,638 acre preserve that supports twelve types of natural communities. These

Above, main photo: The St. Mary’s River. Aug. 27, 2017.

Simmons State Forest, Nassau Co., FL. Above, inset: Hackberry Emperor.

July 3, 2015. Simmons State Forest, Nassau Co., FL.

include 998 acres of sandhills, 162 acres of upland hardwood forest, 693 acres of wet flatwoods, 134 acres of seepage slope, 481 acres of upland pine forest, 55 acres of mesic flatwoods, 422 acres of floodplain swamp, 3 acres of river floodplain lake, 414 acres of bottomland forest, 275 acres of baygall, and 1 acre of dome swamp.

Located in the extreme northeastern corner of Florida, about 36 air miles northwest of downtown Jacksonville, the northern part of the forest borders Georgia and around seven miles of the St. Mary’s River. The forest contains five intermittent drains that flow into the river, several seepage slopes, and one river floodplain lake. The St. Mary’s River is 5

Dotted Skipper on Fewflower Blazingstar.

Aug. 31, 2009.

Durbin Preserve, Duval Co., FL.

Yehl Skipper on Coastal Plain Chaffhead.

Oct. 5, 2014.

Simmons S.F.

6 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Dion Skipper on Coastal Plain Chaffhead.

Sept. 30, 2015.

Simmons S.F.

Palmetto Skipper on Coastal Plain Chaffhead.

Oct. 8, 2012.

Bull Creek WMA,

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approximately 125 miles long, draining the eastern side of the Okefenokee Swamp to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.

The property was acquired by the St. Johns River Water Management District using Save Our Rivers Funds. It was leased to the Florida Forest Service for management in September 1992 as the St. Marys State Forest.

In 1996, the forest was renamed for Ralph E. Simmons, a former chairman of the Board of Directors of the St. Johns River Water Management District, who was instrumental in the purchase of the property.

There are three designated entrances to Simmons. Two entrances include grass parking areas with a kiosk. A third parking area is located at the end of Scott’s Landing Road.

This area provides parking for the Simmons SF picnic area as well as for the cooperatively managed boat ramp. A walk-in entrance is also available where vehicles must park by the side of the road. There are currently ten miles of established trails on Simmons SF. These trails are maintained as three distinct trail systems known as the red, white and yellow trails. In addition to the three marked 8 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Top: Gopher tortoise burrows are common in Simmons SF, however this one was at Branan Field Wildlife and Environmental Area, Duval Co. on Apr 23, 2007.

Above: Many Yankees think that water moccasins (cottonmouths) can help them walk on water.

June 10, 2015. Simmons SF.

trails, Simmons SF is also a part of the Great Florida Birding trail, with more than 125 bird species documented. There are three primitive campsites in Simmons SF; two river sites and a group camp site.

The small trading hamlet of Mills Ferry was established on the St. Marys River just east of Simmons SF during the Florida’s British Period (1763-1783). Mills Ferry was first chronicled in the early 1770s by the naturalist William Bartram. He noted that the Seagrove & Co. trading post existed here where the British King’s Road crossed the river connecting Charleston, South Carolina to St. Augustine, Florida. Towering Longleaf Pines were cut along this section of the St. Marys River to mast the tall ships of the British Navy.

Since 2007 I have been working as a volunteer with the Florida Natural Areas Inventory (FNAI) and the Florida Forestry

Service surveying for critically imperiled, and other FNAI-tracked butterflies, observing and documenting 95 species, plus six more observed by others, totaling 101 species of butterflies in this 3836 acre “Butterfly Bonanza” forest. Currently there are 15 FNAItracked species of butterflies documented at Simmons SF, including the seldom seen Frosted Elfin, Spring Azure, Creole Pearlyeye, Wild Indigo Duskywing, Eastern Tailed Blue, Mourning Cloak, and a reliable spring and fall brood of Dusky Roadside-Skippers.

I look forward each year to the start of the butterfly season in Florida, beginning with the two to three week period in the month of February for the nectaring opportunities and the showy blossoms of Chickasaw Plum. Enter the power line corridor entrance from Lake Hampton Road, walk past the locked gate for several hundred yards, take the first right, and the plum grove will be on both sides of forest

This White Peacock was the 101st species of butterfly seen in Simmons SF. Sept. 23, 2017.

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In February and March, Chickasaw Plums are a magnet for nectaring butterflies and, of course, they attract stray butterfliers as well. Feb. 24, 2016. Simmons SF. road. Peak bloom lasts less than a week and the exact timing varies year to year.

In Chinese culture the five petals of plum blossoms symbolize the “five blessings” referring to longevity, wealth, health and composure, virtue, and the desire to die a natural death in old age.

There is a grove of 21 trees in this area.

The “champion thicket” measures around 38 ft. high, 50 ft. in width, 45 ft. in depth and has 42 trunks! In 2016 only seven were in bloom.

Over the years, I have observed 23 species of butterflies in this grove. I sometimes scratch my head, curious to know why the same species of butterflies can be found year after year perched, or feeding only in several small areas in this grove of trees. I marvel at the audible level of the humming and buzzing 10 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

created by plasterer, mining, carpenter, honey, and bumble bees nectaring and the many song birds hidden and camouflaged in the thicket.

It’s always an entertaining sight watching three to five Zebra Swallowtails flying together, daisy chaining in various acrobatic formations, then splitting off like a Blue Angels maneuver, or getting a glimpse of overwintering Monarchs.

This area is also home to many gopher tortoise burrows and southeastern pocket gopher mounds.

In 2011, FNAI conducted a survey for gopher tortoises across the property. This survey evaluated approximately 820 acres of suitable habitat. It divided the habitat into three different types: sandhill, pine plantation and ruderal. The study found multiple size

Zebra Swallowtails, nervous fliers in the extreme, will sometimes stay still when presented with Chickawaw Plum blossoms. March 15, 2009.

Simmons SF. classes of burrows, suggesting multiple age classes present within the forest and evidence of recent reproduction. The study concluded with an estimate of 1,360 active and 607 inactive burrows.

In March and April I can be found roaming the 55 acre block of upland pine and sandhill habitats looking for eggs, caterpillars, and adults of FNAI ranked S1, Frosted Elfins near their palmate-shaped leaf hostplant Sundial Lupine. Nectar sources for this rare butterfly include Sundial Lupine, Shiny Blueberry, Dwarf Huckleberry, and hawthorns.

The last instar caterpillars are sometimes attended by ants, and are capable of pupating more than one inch underground.

Another target species is the small, timid, dark, fast-flying, FNAI S2, Dusky Roadside-

Skipper. Talk about frustrating: while you are crawling around trying to get close enough to obtain a good photograph of one of these little guys, they are saying “see ya later” as they disappear off into the pine forest. Caterpillars feed on Bearded Skeletongrass (and perhaps other grasses as well).

The upland pine and sandhills area has a large stand of Gopherweed Wild Indigo that attracts many butterflies and other northeastern Florida pollinators in the area to nectar on the bright yellow flowers. Eastern Redbud, Wild Cherry, Carolina Willow and the vine Evening Trumpetflower are also important nectar sources for butterflies and other northeastern Florida pollinators during this time.

During these months (including February) I also visit the slope forest that has cane 11

Southern Pearly-eye are regular, but uncommon, in and near cane breaks. May 1, 2015. Simmons SF.

breaks of Giant Cane bordering the St. Marys River near the camping shelter. This upland hardwood closed-canopy forest, is dominated by deciduous hardwood trees on mesic soils with an understory of Highbush Blueberry bushes overshadowed by Dahoon and American Holly, host trees for Henry’s Elfins.

On February 5, 2012 next to the cabin shelter, (take the second Penny Haddock Entrance, walk the forest road, then take the first right and continue until the trail dead ends) all the stars were aligned and I watched two Mourning Cloaks glide down in a zigzag pattern from the canopy of the forest to land on fresh horse dung. Mourning Cloaks are very rare in Florida. After several stealth-like approaches, I still could not get close enough for a decent picture. I put my Tilley hat on the ground and hid behind some bushes. Teasing 12 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

me, the Mourning Cloaks would flutter around the hat but would not land. Being very patient, I hid behind a tree until one of them landed close enough for a decent shot, popping out from behind the tree I was finally able to take the “record” shot. None have been seen on numerous visits since then.

Wearing snake boots, thick pants, a long-sleeved shirt, a wide-brimmed Tilley hat, gloves, insect spray, and glasses (not sunglasses) I will be skulking around the wet areas of the bottomland forest in April and May, surveying for Harvesters, Hackberry and Tawny Emperors, Southern and Creole Pearlyeyes, Appalachian Browns, Gemmed Satyrs, Zabulon and Laced-winged Roadside Skippers and others. A population of Creole Pearlyeyes was only recently discovered here and Simmons SF is the only place this rare species

Simmons SF is the only place in Florida where Creole Pearly-eyes are known to occur. July 4, 2015. Simmons SF.

is known to occur in Florida. I look for Giant Cane, host plant for the pearly-eyes and others, and Narrowfruit Horned Beaksedge, a host sedge for Appalachian Browns.

This habitat can be hazardous. You have to be aware of not tripping on cypress knees, uneven wet terrain, spiny plants and vines, mosquitoes, spiders, venomous snakes, humid conditions fogging up your glasses, and ticks.

After arriving back at the car I shed all my clothes, put them in a plastic bag, then put on a new set of clothes. I always check for ticks and take a shower when I get home.

Bottomland forest is a deciduous, or mixed deciduous/evergreen, closed-canopy forest on terraces and levees within riverine floodplains and in shallow depressions.

Bottomland forests may be inundated with water for a portion of the year. The diverse

overstory is dominated by Red Maple, Sweetgum, Sweetbay, Swamp Tupelo, Tuliptree, and Loblolly Bay. Other trees which may be found in this system include Eastern Redcedar, Live Oak, bald cypress and Cabbage Palmetto. The mid-story consists of scattered trees and shrubs, such as Swamp Titi, Swamp Doghobble, Dahoon, Inkberry, and Fetterbush Lyonia. The ground cover here consists of sedges, ferns, and various grass species. The outside edges of this community are surrounded by herbaceous grasses.

If you’re at the right place at the right time, you might see Hackberry and Tawny Emperors lapping up sap oozing from the trunk of a tree. When this happened to me, it reminded me of being a 10-year-old boy in Berkley, Michigan looking for sap flows in the hardwood forest near my home, and finding 13

Mourning Cloaks that were so fixated on the sap that they were oblivious to my presence.

May is hairstreak month. I look for Farkleberry, Deerberry, Swamp Titi, blackroot, Button Eryngo (also known as ratttlesnake master)(the Timucuan Indians used the roots for neuralgia and the leaves for dysentery, chewing the leaves increased saliva flow) Saw Palmetto blooms, Eastern Redcedar, and others, being rewarded with Great Purple, Oak, Red-banded, Striped, White M, Juniper, and Gray Hairstreaks!

On May 25, 2008 I came across two Saw Palmettos with more than a dozen butterflies fluttering around the numerous white blooms.

I counted seven Oak, five White M, and one Striped Hairstreak, in about 20 minutes — another spectacular event from Mother nature!

Along the edges of floodplain swamps and seasonal water creeks, the very showy blooms of Orange Azaleas and of Mountain Azaleas wait for Eastern Tiger, Palamedes, 14 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

This page: Dusky RoadsideSkippers are mostly rare.

Simmons SF is one of the best places to see them. This one is nectaring at PoorJoe. Aug. 26, 2012. Simmons SF. Opposite page top: Lace-winged Roadside-Skippers are always a treat. This one is also nectaring at PoorJoe. Sept. 1, 2012.

Simmons SF. Opposite page bottom: Cofaqui Giant-Skippers are among the least-seen butterflies that are resident in the United States.

Sept. 12, 2010. Simmons SF.

15

Patrick Leary

Mimics are very rare strays to the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. This one was at Simmons SF on Aug. 30, 2016.

and Spicebush Swallowtails to nectar. For nectaring skippers I am on the hunt for Kidneyleaf Rosinweed hoping for a first brood of Meske’s Skippers. In the pine flatwoods area I look for the purple blooms of Buckroot another premium nectar plant that blooms at this time of year.

A quick June and early July visit is to the Florida Power and Light Company’s 300-foot-wide powerline right-of-way traversing the Southwest corner of the forest bordered by the St. Marys River. Take the powerline trail entrance off Lake Hampton Road, follow the trail down the slope to the bottom, turn left, walk up the sandhill, then turn right just before the first powerline tower to find a seasonally wet area between the road and the forest margin. Here you might find a colony of freshly emerged Common 16 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Wood-Nymphs evasively hiding in the tall grass. When disturbed, they usually take a bouncy and erratic flight and dive into thick cover, or fall “lifeless” to the ground around Wax Myrtle bushes. The males emerge up to a week before the females, then die soon after mating. Females then lay their eggs on Broomsedge Bluestem in late summer. When the caterpillars hatch, they quickly go into diapause, then complete their development the next spring.

This seepage slope habitat is an open, grass-sedge dominated community kept continuously moist by groundwater seepage.

It occurs in areas with rolling topography, and is usually bordered by well-drained sandhill or upland pine communities. Seepage slopes are always moist, except during an extreme drought, but they are almost never

Find the nectar and host plants and you’ll find butterflies.

Left: A Palamedes Swallowtail gulps nectar from a Pine Lily in Simmons SF. Sept. 7, 2008.

Right: A Pinewoods Milkweed in Simmons SF holds the promise of more Monarchs, and certainly more Pinewoods Milkweed. Aug. 24, 2012.

flooded. They consist of a diverse and unique herbaceous layer. On the drier slopes, Beyrich Threeawn (wiregrass) is the dominant component. In wetter areas, the herbaceous layer is dominated by several species of beaksedge, cane¸ Whitehead Bogbutton, Sphagnum (moss), Netted Chainfern, Parrot and Hooded Pitcherplants, Blue-flower Butterwort, and Pink Sundew. Pine Lily is also found in this community at Simmons SF and you might find Cloudless Sulphurs, Palamedes Swallowtails (see photo, this page) and Spicebush Swallowtails burrowed into the throat of this beautiful flower.

In addition to rare butterflies, Simmons SF harbors rare plants, including Alachua Bully, Florida Bellwort and Florida Hartwrightia.

One never knows what one will find in Simmons SF. On August 30, 2016 on a forest road Northwest of the hunt station, Patrick Leary was surprised to see a female Mimic, a rare stray anywhere in the United States. Pat was able to take several photos (see previous page) before the butterfly disappeared into the forest. Widely distributed in the tropics, native to Africa, Asia and Australia, Mimics were introduced to Caribbean islands and northern South America, and occasionally stray to the 17

Right top: A Dixie Iris with landing pads made for skippers. April 24, 2015.

Simmons SF. Right bottom: Whitemouth Dayflowers attract more people than they do butterflies. Aug. 26, 2012.

Simmons SF. Opposite page: A view of the “PoorJoe” trail, one of the best places to see Dusky Roadside-Skippers in the right season.

Although the PoorJoe are inconspicuous, the roadside-skippers don’t have any problem finding them. Aug. 27, 2017.

Simmons SF.

southern United States.

September and Early October can be popping with butterfly diversity and numbers.

My first stop I call the “PoorJoe” trail. From the main entrance along Penny Haddock Road you follow the white trail past the hunt station then take the first trail to the right following the sandhill slope, and seepage area, to the small wooden “bridge.” At this time of year the plant PoorJoe (Diodia teres) is in bloom, attracting numerous butterflies (particularly skippers). In one very small area, during the years 2008 to 2015, between the times of 11:00 – 12:15 and the dates of 8-26 to 9-15, I have observed between one and eight Dusky Roadside-Skippers nectaring on flowers of this plant. This reclusive “Swamp Fox” skipper, flies close to the ground, very briefly 18 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

stopping to nectar. Further down the trail there is a reliable spot to observe Lace-winged Roadside-Skippers, also nectaring on PoorJoe. On September 12, 2010 while leading a Florida Native Plant Society Ixia Chapter field trip, a large, heavy-bodied butterfly zipped by, landing on a Longleaf Pine about 20 feet away. My heart started pounding and my adrenaline level was sky high as I quickly approached, camera in hand, firing off five shots at a fresh, female Cofaqui Giant-Skipper (see pg. 15) before she took off in a straight line, disappearing into the forest. I have since observed one more adult in this area and routinely find their eggs on Adam’s-needle Yucca.

I always look forward to taking the second entrance on Penny Haddock Road

and working both sides of the forest road.

During these two months this pine flatwoods area has the greatest diversity and abundance of butterflies in Simmons SF, with skippers having the starring role.

When conditions are right, a mixture of flowering plants, including Carolina Redroot, chaffheads, PoorJoe, prairie-clovers, ironweeds, goldenrods, elephantsfoots, and others, attract a glorious assortment of nectaring butterflies.

On one day I remember well, Oct. 5, 2012, I found 24 Meske’s Skippers — eight of them nectaring on Summer Farewell Prairie-Clover in one small area. Other skippers in this habitat include Dion, Dotted, Yehl, Byssus, Palmetto, Crossline, Brazilian, and others.

My final stop will be along Scott’s Landing Road (heading towards the boat ramp) with Romerillo Beggarticks and Brazilian Verbena bordering both sides of the road — another butterfly bonanza area.

The only known outbreak of a plant disease in Simmons SF at this time is laurel wilt (formerly known as Redbay wilt). The disease is caused by a fungus (Raffaelea lauricola) that is introduced into host trees by a non-native insect, the Redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). This disease primarily effects Redbay. Other trees in the laurel family are also susceptible. Numerous Redbays in Simmons SF exhibit the symptoms of laurel wilt. At this time, there are no practical control methods in a forest setting.

Although Redbay is the primary host tree for Palamedes Swallowtails, Redbay wilt does not appear to have greatly affected their numbers.

I use the mantras “Today’s the Day” and “Hope Springs Eternal” to keep my motor running strong. I hope readers will decide that “Today’s the Day” and visit Ralph E. Simmons State Forest — you never know what you’ll see flying by!

19

If You Go If You Go The forest can be accessed through three gates.

The first, on Lake Hampton road, is located in a large parking area and provides access to the yellow and red trails. The yellow trail is a 1.75 mile loop that takes hikers across a sandhill ecosystem through some longleaf and oak savannah. The 1.5 mile red trail is located around the halfway point of the yellow trail, and carries hikers down a seepage slope into a meadow overlooking the Saint Mary’s River.

The trail runs along the river before turning south and carrying users through a bottomland forest and uphill to rejoin the yellow trail. The entire loop of both trails is roughly 3.25 miles.

The second gate, located on Penny Haddock road, provides access to the bulk of the forest via the 6.5 mile white trail. Starting at the parking lot, the white trail crosses a sandhill longleaf savannah before entering flatwoods consisting of slash and Loblolly pine, and numerous loblolly bays and oak trees. About 1.75 miles from the gate, hikers will encounter a primitive campsite adjacent to the Saint Mary’s river that is free to use. The white trail continues on past some cypress ponds and a fast flowing stream, through some slash pine plantation. At around 2.5 miles, users will come to a T-intersection where they will see some recent logging activity. To the West they can access another primitive campsite with a beach and picnic table, as well as the continuation of the white trail. If users choose to turn East at the T-intersection, they can cut about 1.6 miles off the total length of the white trail by following the forest road.

Those who do so will miss out on viewing picturesque palmetto understory and unrivaled views of the Saint Mary’s River. East of where the white trail and road meet again, the road 20 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

by Jeffrey Hill Forester, Florida Forest Service

will continue uphill to the third gate and our primitive cabin, while the trail will turn south where users can enjoy some 80 year-old oak trees and cross a 200-acre seepage slope.

The trail then turns uphill briefly, and users will find themselves in a sandhill longleaf plantation, which will take them back to the gate.

The third gate is also on Penny Haddock road, and is the only one without a parking area. Generally, this gate is only used by official forest management personnel or to access our primitive cabin. The cabin can be reserved for free by calling the forest office at 904-845-4933 or emailing Jeffrey.Hill@ freshfromflorida.com with the dates and party size requested.

During hunting dates, other recreational activities, including butterflying and hiking, are not allowed. Hunting dates for the first half of 2018 are Jan. 27 - Feb. 4; March 10, 11, 17-19, 30, 31; April 1, 13-15. Hunting dates for the second half of 2018 will be available at www.myfwc.com after May 2018.

Visitors can view the forest by foot, bicycle, or horseback, but any motorized vehicle is offlimits without a special permit.

In cooperation with NABA, if there is sufficient interest, we may be able to establish a “butterfly day” on which butterfliers will be able to drive their vehicles into the state forest. In addition, butterfliers can also call the forest office at 904-845-4933 and speak to me about special permits for taking their vehicles into the forest. Collecting plants, animals, or archaeological artifacts without a permit is prohibited.

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DISCLAIMER This map is the product of the Florida Forest Service. No warranties are provided for data therein, its use, or its interpretation.

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21

If you get tired of seeing Common Buckeyes, you need to open your eyes.

Sept. 26, 2017.

Simmons SF.

Species List

Abbreviations: A, abundant, likely to see more than 20 individuals per visit to the right unit at the right time; C, common, likely to see 4-20 individuals; U, uncommon, likely to see 1-3 individuals; R, rare, unlikely to see any individuals. The numbers indicate flight months at Ralph E. Simmons State Forest to date (1 = January, 2 = February, etc.).

Pipevine Swallowtail C 2-10; Zebra Swallowtail C 2-10; Black Swallowtail U-C 2-10; Giant Swallowtail R 3-10; Eastern Tiger Swallowtail C 2-10; Spicebush Swallowtail C 3-10; Palamedes Swallowtail C 2-10; Checkered White R 4-9; Great Southern White A 3-12; Orange Sulphur R 5-9; Southern Dogface U 3-11; Cloudless Sulphur C-A 1-12; Barred Yellow C 2-12; Little Yellow U-C 3-12; Sleepy Orange U-C 3-12; Dainty Sulphur R 7-9; Harvester R 4-6; Great Purple Hairstreak U 3-10; Striped Hairstreak R 4-6; Oak Hairstreak U 4-5; Frosted Elfin R 2-3; Henry’s Elfin R 2-3; White M Hairstreak U 3-9; Gray Hairstreak C 3-11; Red-banded Hairstreak U 2-11; Ceraunus Blue C 5-11; Eastern Tailed-Blue R 4; Spring Azure R 1-6; Little Metalmark U 5-10; American Snout R 2-6; Gulf Fritillary C-A 4-11; Zebra Heliconian U 5-10; Variegated Fritillary U 3-12; Phaon Crescent U 3-12; Pearl Crescent C 3-12; Question Mark U 2-9; Mourning Cloak S 2; American Lady U 2-12; Painted Lady U-C 8-11; Red Admiral U 2-9; Mimic S 8; Common Buckeye C-A 3-12; White Peacock R 9; Red-spotted Purple U 3-11; Viceroy U 3-10; Goatweed Leafwing R 4-10; Hackberry Emperor U 4-10; Tawny Emperor U 4-9; Southern Pearly-eye

22 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

U 3-11; Creole Pearly-eye U 4-10; Appalachian Brown U 4-10; Gemmed Satyr U 3-9; Carolina Satyr C-A 1-12; Georgia Satyr R 4-10; Little Wood Satyr C 3-5; Common Wood-Nymph C 5-10; Monarch U 1-12; Queen U 8-10; Silver-spotted Skipper R-U 3-11; Long-tailed Skipper C-A 2-10; Dorantes Longtail R 9-11; Southern Cloudywing C 5-10; Northern Cloudywing C 3-10; Confused Cloudywing U 5-10; Sleepy Duskywing U 2-4; Juvenal’s Duskywing C 1-5; Horace’s Duskywing C 2-11; Zarucco Duskywing C 3-11; Wild Indigo Duskywing R 5, 9; Common/White CheckeredSkipper U 3-9; Tropical Checkered-Skipper U 3-11; Swarthy Skipper C 3-10; Clouded Skipper C 3-12; Least Skipper U 5-9; Southern Skipperling U 5-9; Fiery Skipper C 1-12; Dotted Skipper R 9-10; Meske’s Skipper U 5, 9-10; Tawny-edged Skipper U 4-10; Crossline Skipper U 5-6, 9-11; Whirlabout C 1-12; Southern Broken-Dash C 4-10; Northern Broken-Dash U 9-10; Little Glassywing U 4-9; Sachem U 6-10; Delaware Skipper U 4-5, 8-10; Byssus Skipper U 4-10; Zabulon Skipper U 3-6, 9; Yehl Skipper R 9-10; Palmetto Skipper U 6-10; Palatka Skipper R 4-11; Dion Skipper R 4, 9-10; Dun Skipper U 3-11; Lace-winged RoadsideSkipper U 4-6, 8-10; Dusky Roadside-Skipper U 2-4, 8-10; Eufala Skipper U 6-9; Twin-spot Skipper U-C 4-10; Brazilian Skipper R 8-10; Ocola Skipper C-A 7-11; Cofaqui Giant-Skipper R 4-5, 9.

All photographs this article by Bill Berthet, except as indicated

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23

white fringe/ black fringe No white spot

1

Butterfly Scouts, Be Prepared!

Keep these confusing possible strays in mind when you’re in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

One will not see that which one cannot see.

For example, let’s imagine that you live in North Carolina and see the butterfly shown above, near where you live. You’ve seen Great Purple Hairstreaks myriad times, so, while you’ll still enjoy it’s beauty, few people would think that this might be a butterfly species that they hadn’t previously seen.

As it turns out, the butterflies shown on this page are a female (photo 1) and a male (2) White-tipped Greatstreak (Atlides gaumeri) (photos taken July 21, 2003, near Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico and April 28, 2001, Colonias Francisco Barrios, Veracruz, Mexico).

Now, it is incredibly unlikely that a White-tipped Greatstreak would be in North Carolina and even more unlikely that if one 24 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

by Jeffrey Glassberg white apex

blue almost to margin

2

white fringe

white spot (sometimes faint)

3

3: Female Great Purple Hairstreak. Jan. 26, 2010. NBC, Hidalgo Co., TX. was there, that it had arrived there in a natural manner. However, if you were butterflying in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, this Mexican species might reasonably stray there.

There are perhaps a hundred Mexican butterfly species that have never been documented as occurring in the United States that, especially with global warming, could reasonably be expected to stray to the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Many of these species are quite distinctive, or closely resemble other rare strays, so that they will attract attention and possible identification.

Other species, including those covered in this article, are confusingly similar to species that are relatively common in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Many, perhaps most, butterfliers would overlook these species, thinking that the first United States record of the species was just another individual of a common species. Hopefully, this article will help!

blue far from margin

4

4: Male Great Purple Hairstreak.

April 3, 1998. In-Ko-Pah Gorge, Imperial Co., CA.

25

Giant Swallowtail

spot almost always small, or absent

spot angled sharply outwardly

5

6 Large and graceful, Giant Swallowtails are always fun to see. However, in south Texas, one should keep in mind the possibility of Thoas Swallowtails which, to the best of my knowledge, have never been reliably recorded in the United States (all photos of purported U.S. Thoas Swallowtails that I’ve examined have actually been of Giant Swallowtails).

Above, spots on the great majority of Thoas Swallowtails are paler yellow/ cream than they are on Giant Swallowtails.

However, as you can see in photo 6, a minority 26 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

7

5: Oct. 27, 1999. Chaparral WMA, LaSalle Co., TX. 6: Oct. 28, 2016. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX. 7: Oct. 24, 2009. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX.

Thoas Swallowtail

spot usually large, sometimes small

spot gently curved outwardly

8

9

8: July 25, 2005. Frontera Corozal, Chiapas, Mexico.

9: July 22, 2003. Road to Yaxchilan, Chiapas, Mexico.

10: Aug. 10, 2002. Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico.

10 of Giant Swallowtails approach the cream color of Thoas Swallowtails. Still, seeing a Giant Swallowtail with pale cream above should be your clue to look more closely.

Next, look at the FW submarginal band.

Almost all Thoas Swallowtails have, counting from the bottom of the band, a fourth spot, which is often prominent (see photo 8). About 60% of Giant Swallowtails have only three spots, while about 40% have a small fourth spot (see photo 5). However, two of 93 individuals had prominent fourth spots.

27

Giant Swallowtail

spot angled sharply outwardly

visible notch

Most importantly, examine the fourth spot of the FW median band (counting from the first spot below the large spot with a “hole” in it). On Giant Swallowtails, this spot is angled outwardly, usually sharply, while on Thoas Swallowtails, this spot is gently curved outwardly (compare photos 5 and 8). Below, one can see the same difference in the shape of the fourth spot in the median band.

Another way that these species can sometimes be distinguished is by the shape of the male abdomens. Giant Swallowtail males have a visible notch by the genital opening while male Thoas Swallowtails have no visible notch. Of course, for this to be useful, one needs to know that one is looking at a male.

I don’t know how to distinguish male and female Giant Swallowtails by wing pattern, so one needs to rely on behavior — if the butterfly is mudpuddling or trying to mate with another butterfly, it is almost certainly a male, whereas if it is laying eggs, it is a female.

28 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

11

12

11: Male. June 1, 1999. Green Gulch, Big Bend NP, Brewster Co., TX. 12: Female. Aug. 13, 2017.

National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX.

Thoas Swallowtail spot gently curved outwardly

no visible notch

13

14

13: Male. July 17, 2015. Parque Agua Blanca, Tabasco, Mexico.

This brings up the last way to differentiate these species: Giant Swallowtails use citrus family plants as caterpillar foodplants while Thoas Swallowtails use piper family plants as caterpillar foodplants. So, if you are lucky enough to see your butterfly laying eggs, that will indicate the species.

In the absence of behavioral clues, I would look to see all Thoas field marks — pale cream color, sharply angled FW median band spot, four strong FW submarginal spots and no notch on the abdomen — before concluding that I was looking at the first Thoas Swallowtail documented as having occurred in the United States.

14: Male. Aug. 6, 2014.

Bonampak, Chiapas, Mexico.

29

Male Large Orange Sulphur

16

line continuous

15 Large Orange Sulphurs and Cloudless Sulphurs are often abundant in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Males are easy to distinguish, because male Large Orange Sulphurs are bright orange above while male Cloudless Sulphurs are lemon yellow. In the LRGV, one should keep in mind Apricot Sulphur, a species not yet recorded from the U.S. Male Apricot Sulphurs are similar to Large Orange Sulphurs above (compare photos 16 and 20). In the field a clue that one might be looking at an Apricot Sulphur is that Apricot Sulphurs, on average, are larger than are Large Orange Sulphurs and they tend to fly higher above the ground.

Below, male Apricot Sulphurs vary from lightly marked (photo 21) to heavily marked (photo 22), as do male Large Orange Sulphurs.

They are distinguished from them by the shape of the FW postmedian line. On male Large Orange Sulphur, this line is continuous, while 30 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

17

18 on male Apricot Sulphurs, the line is broken at the vein that the comes off of the lower end of the FW cell. There may be other consistent differences, but I don’t see them.

Male Apricot Sulphur line broken

20

19

21

16. Aug. 29, 2016. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX. 17: June 23, 2007. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX. 18. Oct. 23, 2009. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX.

Bob Yukich

19. July 21, 2003. Near Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico.

20. July 25, 2009. Paraje Nuevo, Veracruz, Mexico.

22

15: Nov. 1, 2013. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX.

21. July 19, 2003. Rd. to La Union, Chiapas, Mexico.

22. Feb. 3, 2005. La Ceiba, Honduras.

31

Female Cloudless and Large Orange Sulphurs apex not darkened

no dark speckling

line broken

large pale spots separate spots

23 Female Apricot Sulphurs could be overlooked as either Cloudless Sulphurs or as Large Orange Sulphurs. Unlike female Large Orange Sulphurs, Apricots have the FW postmedian band broken, as on males. However, female Cloudless Sulphurs also share this feature and above, Apricot Sulphurs vary from off-white to yellow to orange-yellow, as do female Cloudless Sulphurs. Luckily, there are other features that vary.

Apricot Sulphurs almost always have the FW apex darkened, obscuring 1 or 2 of the apical pink/brown spots. I have not yet seen a female Cloudless Sulphur with this feature, but butterfly variation is endless.

Apricot Sulphurs also have a brown/pink band on the HW lower basal area, while on Cloudless Sulphurs the “band” is broken into spots (on Large Orange Sulphurs, it is similar to Apricot Sulphurs).

At the end of the FW cell, Apricot Sulphur females have a dark spot with a 32 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

line continuous

24

23: Cloudless Sulphur. Oct. 14, 2003. Mission, Hidalgo Co., TX. 24. Large Orange Sulphur. Nov. 6, 2013. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX.

Female Apricot Sulphur darkened apex

dark speckling

line broken

dark spot with small pale area

Martin Reid

unbroken band

26

relatively small pale area, while female Cloudless Sulphurs have a thinner dark outline surrounding larger pale spots.

Lastly, the FW cell of Apricot Sulphurs is variably speckled with dark brown scales, while female Cloudless Sulphurs have much paler flocking, if any.

25

27

25: Aug. 4, 2002. Teocelo, Veracruz, Mexico.

26. Sept. 14, 2005. Near San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico.

27. Oct. 27, 2013. Pastaza Prov., Ecuador.

33

Julia Heliconian

28 Julia Heliconians are uncommon but regular and resident in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

Some butterfliers may not be aware of the fact that another heliconian, Least Heliconian, that ranges into northern Mexico, might be mistaken for a female Julia Heliconian.

Least Heliconians average quite a bit smaller than do Julia Heliconians and fly with faster wingbeats, but absolute size is sometimes difficult to gauge in the field while the determination of the rapidity of wingbeats might fly by many observers.

If you get a look at the topside, Least Heliconians have black veining running into the hindwing from the margin as well as a black stripe down the center of the abdomen.

Julia Heliconians lack these features.

Below, the bodies of Least Heliconians have the appearance of white spots on black, while the bodies of Julia Heliconians have the appearance of black stripes on white. In addition, Julia Heliconians have a red spot and red streak on their HW and FW respectively and Least Heliconians lack these red elements.

All photos this article by Jeffrey Glassberg, except as indicated.

34 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

29

28: Female Julia Heliconian.

Nov. 3, 2006. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX. 29. Female Julia Heliconian.

Aug. 13, 2017. National Butterfly Center, Hidalgo Co., TX.

Least Heliconian (Eueides aliphera)

black abdominal stripe

black veining

31

30: Least Heliconian.

June 29, 2005. Lagunas de Montebello, Chiapas, Mexico.

31. Least Heliconian.

Feb. 27, 2017. Canopy Lodge area, Valle de Anton, Panama.

30

32

32: Least Heliconian.

July 20, 2005.

Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico.

35

The National Butterfly Center Gets Greener and by Marianna Treviño-Wright Follows the Sun This summer, the National Butterfly Center made a bold decision. In addition to harvesting rain water and wildflower seeds, we decided to harvest the sun. Thanks to a very generous grant from the Green Mountain Energy Sun Club, we are now able to do just that!

As a lean, green, environmental education and conservation agency, the National Butterfly Center is committed to the triad of principles best articulated by ‘reduce, reuse, recycle.’ In this case, we are greatly reducing our use of fossil fuels and our carbon footprint by converting largely to solar power. The 102-panel, 34.17 kilowatt photovoltaic system now located on the roof of the Chrysalis Visitors’ Pavilion will provide almost $250,000 in energy savings and a 50 percent reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

That’s like not driving 80,000 miles every year!

36 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Funding this project of the North American Butterfly Association (NABA) is something our members take very seriously, We are charged with being good stewards of member donations and the grants we receive to advance our mission, so the Sun Club® grant is fantastic on many levels. Not only does the Sun Club grant fund the full solar array, permitting, installation, annual maintenance and monitoring, it also reduces our monthly operating budget by cutting our electricity bill in half! We’re excited to educate the public on how to use natural resources responsibly while protecting valuable ecosystems.

“The National Butterfly Center’s focus on environmental education and conservation directly aligns with our mission of providing sustainable solutions that focus on people and the planet,” said Jason Sears, executive director of Green Mountain Energy Sun Club.

Matt Crocker (2)

The roof of the Visitors Pavilion at the National Butterfly Center now captures the sun. Our energy production and butterfly wingbeats are now synchronized! Nov. 3, 2017.

“We’re proud to support North American Butterfly Association for making a difference at the National Butterfly Center through the use of solar power, while showcasing the positive effects it can have on our planet.”

At the center, many steps have been taken toward increasing sustainability, including the use of rainwater catchment tanks and in-ground composting of organic waste. The solar array, funded by a $90,000 donation from the Sun Club, will be our latest agent of conservation. Each month we will be able to track our electricity usage in kilowatt hours and calculate the carbon that was offset from using solar energy. Visitors to the butterfly center and our website will soon be able to review these figures to gain a better understanding of how solar power reduces CO2 emissions.

Every dollar we save is another dollar available to fund operations. For this reason, we are grateful to the Sun Club, without which this powerful change would not have

happened. We are excited to add a solar energy component to our outreach and education programs, so everyone may understand the positive environmental impact this clean, renewable and readily-available form of energy makes.

We invite you to make a difference in your home and in this world by choosing Green Mountain Energy, available in certain markets throughout Texas, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Massachusetts. As a Green Mountain customer in Texas, you can choose to contribute to the Sun Club for the benefit of nonprofit organizations, like the NBC, by adding a $5 donation to your monthly electricity bill.

For more information on the Sun Club or to nominate another nonprofit for a sustainability grant, visit gmesunclub.org. To learn more about Green Mountain and the benefits of renewable energy, visit www.greenmountain. com.

37

Butterflies Along the Colorado Trail (or how I spent my summer vacation)

by Mark Nelson

38 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Above: A Phoebus Parnassian in segment 2/2.57.3. July 3, 2017.

Left: One encounters spectacular views along many segments of the trail. This view is available along the Collegiate Range western alternative. Segment CW3/0.9. July 20, 2017.

The Colorado Trail

runs about 500 miles north to south roughly along the continental divide of the Rocky Mountains from Denver down to the scenic town of Durango. The trail is divided into 28 segments, each about 20 miles in length (see map on page 45). The Colorado Trail Databook describes these segments and mileage within segments corresponding to certain landmarks. Backpacking the entire length of the Colorado Trail takes approximately one month and provides a great challenge due to large elevation gains and difficult weather.

I had been on shorter jaunts of one to two weeks, but a month-long trip was rather daunting. Recent retirement meant I had the time, and, living in Denver put me close to the start of the trail, I just wasn’t too sure about the desire. There is a difficult balance between the pleasures of the outdoors versus the pain of carrying a heavy load for many miles. To tip the scale towards the hike, I needed some sort of additional reason for the trip, and trying to photodocument butterflies along the trail seemed to be just the ticket!

During my hike I used the CT Databook information to document butterfly locations and recorded that information in the form of Segment number/and mileage within the segment.

There’s an option in the Collegiate Range portion of the CT to take either the eastern section or the western section. The western section is relatively new and is designated as CW01-CW05 and is the path I followed the summer of 2017.

For me, the combination of hiking a certain number of miles per day and taking pictures of butterflies was a grand compromise. First up for consideration 39

was weight (and money). The attempt to minimize pounds carried, led me to the purchase of a relatively inexpensive Panasonic Lumix camera with macro capability. This camera is also small in size and easy to carry. Of course, without a fancy (and heavy) zoom, it’s difficult to obtain good pictures of butterflies without being nearby. You need to get pretty close! The second compromise was miles walked per day. If I spent too much time on butterflies, I’d never make it to Durango (turns out I never did). I tentatively planned on 12 miles per day as my goal. I Figured that mileage would take about six hours, leaving time for my pursuit of butterflies.

After all my preparation and purchasing light weight camping gear 40 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

I ended up carrying 34 lbs., including food and water. I left for my trip on July 2nd and immediately at the trail entrance spotted a Silver-Spotted Skipper. But no photo evidence was obtained! It was difficult to get pictures. My estimate is that only about 10% of attempts resulted in a successful photograph. Early on, my excitement would lead me to quickly jettison my trekking poles as I fumbled for the camera. Often frightening the subject when the poles hit the ground.

Miles walked per day changed in erratic ways as fire closures and gloomy rainy days convinced me to walk from 0 to 29 miles per day on different occasions!

It was interesting how my butterfly perspective allowed me to enjoy a particular Segment that repulsed (perhaps

Above left: Bramble Hairstreaks were abundant in Segment 2.

On July 3, it almost seemed as though I was tripping over them.

Above right: An Arctic Blue seen just below Hope Pass.

July 17, 2017. Segment CW1/7.4.

Opposite page: A common butterfly along the trail, this Variable Checkerspot was spotted in Segment 4 on July 5, 2017, nectaring at a species of four-nerve daisy. too strong a word) most hikers. Segment 2 was burned in the 1996 Buffalo Creek Fire. Most hikers complain about the absence of cover (and lack of water), but I had a great time! Flowers were incredibly plentiful, as were butterflies.

In some segments, the denseness of trees inhibited butterfly activity. This seemed to be the case in Segment 3, where it wasn’t until a I encountered a meadow near the end of the segment, that butterflies were seen.

I was usually on the move by 6 am and butterflies would typically be stirring by about 8:30. Often, I would set up camp by 2 in the afternoon allowing for more “focused” photo attempts. Whether hiking or camping, Variable Checkerspots were among the more common butterflies I

encountered along the trail.

If weather was suitable, butterflies were abundant in areas such as Hope Pass, Lake Ann Pass, or near the Monarch Ski Area at elevations around 12,000 feet Sometimes the best photo opportunities corresponded with storms arriving on the scene. Butterflies would usually stop moving under these conditions. At about 4 pm one afternoon the weather was turning cold and windy and the sky was getting darker. I saw a Hoary Comma fluttering near the ground.

It then landed upside down on an old bristlecone pine cone in a tree. Pretty good camouflage! It would not depart from that spot despite me rustling branches as I attempted to obtain better shots. It seemed to be asleep.

41

This beautiful spot was along Segment 24/11.6 in the San Juan Mountains. Aug. 4, 2017.

42 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Above: The never-ending trail at Segment 18/11.0. July 27, 2017.

Left: A Taxiles Skipper, the first butterfly photographed by the author. Segment 1/7.0. July 2, 2017.

I decided to end my trip early on August 5th and climbed up one more pass (Molas) where I hitched a ride into Silverton. I thought it would be fun to end the trip with a train ride through the Animas River Canyon into the town of Durango.

I didn’t really need to finish hiking the Colorado Trail in order to complete my trip. The weather also seemed increasingly inclement and not suitable for obtaining photographs of butterflies. Not that suitable for me either! Sitting through

a hail storm at 13,000 feet convinced me of that.

Taking everything together (including all the great folks I met along the trail) it was a good way to spend a month during the summer. While my efforts were limited by weather and schedule, it seems I documented around 40 different species during my trail time. For sure this is a fraction of the whole, and it would take a lot more study time to thoroughly document the butterflies of the CT. Maybe next summer?

43

Left: A common Ringlet was nectaring at a Blackeyed Susan on July 4, 2017 in Segment 3/11.9 Below: A map of the Colorado Trail, showing the location of segments.

N 0

25 Mile

70

50

Holy Cross Wilderness

Carbondale 82

DENVER

70

Continental Divide Trail

Copper Mtn.

70

Glenwood Springs

285

8

1

4 Mt. Massive Wilderness

Lost Creek Wilderness

Leadville

25

285

Collegiate Peaks Wilderness

12 Colorado Springs

Delta Gunnison Montrose

50

50

16

550

50

50 285

114

Pueblo

Saguache

20

Lake City

Colorado Trail Association

25

Salida

WY

Silverton

149

Creede

La Garita Wilderness

24 Weminuche Wilderness

28 DURANGO

All photos this article by Mark Nelson

44 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

NE Sterling

Craig

285

THE COLORADO TRAIL

17

UT

Denver

Grand Junction

Pueblo

Continental Divide Trail

KS

Colorado Springs Lamar

Durango AZ

NM

OK

Now! Butterflies

Swift Guide to

Questions? 973-285-0890 info@sunstreaktours.com

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Sunstreak Tours

If you want to see and learn about butterflies — come with us!

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ob

t pho

n usa

wn

Bro

Not photoshopped!

Five species on one leaf (Ecuador).

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Lipstick Skipper

45

Don Dubois

The newly emerged Monarch on May 18, 2017.

Jeffrey Glassberg (2)

wasp species showed two species — red paper wasp (Polistes carolina) and metric paper wasp (Polistes metricus) were participants in the attack on the caterpillar.

A few days later another Monarch (possibly a second generation butterfly) was noticed laying eggs on a nearby Butterfly Milkweed. Inspection of it and a few other Butterfly Milkweeds revealed a few caterpillars and the documentation process was again begun. The caterpillar chosen for a resumption of the documentation was already sizable, presumably a fifth instar. Once again, the host plant was netted, but this time only a single stem was within the net so that a tighter seal could be obtained near the base of the stem. Two days later the caterpillar stopped eating and began wandering about.

It was taken inside to avoid any potential wasp attacks. A “J” was formed on May 9 and a chrysalis on May 10. The butterfly emerged on May 18. Based on the time required to go from egg to caterpillar to its untimely demise (21 days) and the time for the second caterpillar to form a chrysalis and subsequent butterfly (8 days), the entire cycle from egg hatch to butterfly was completed in approximately 30 days. The adult Monarch was returned to another milkweed in the garden near its origin.

Above: A drawing of the range where Monarchs are found. Purple indicates two broods. Orange indicates three broods. (drawing from the second edition of A Swift Guide to Butterflies of North America).

Above: A drawing of the approximate range of Butterfly Milkweed, based upon county occurrence data from the Biota of North America Program. This might be a useful plant for your garden if you live within the range shown.

Opposite page Top: A mating pair of Guava Skippers. Nov. 22, 2009. Hidalgo Co., TX. Bottom: A Guava tree in the author’s yard. April 27, 2007.

50 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Monarch

by Don Dubois

on Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) (milkweed family) in Montgomery County, Texas Don Dubois (3)

On their journey north, every spring, Monarchs pass through Texas, a critical area on their migratory pathway. Awaiting their arrival in the greater Houston area are several milkweed species, including Butterfly Milkweed. While some state that Butterfly Milkweed is not much used due a lower level of chemical protection from predators and rough leaves that are difficult for young caterpillars to eat, Monarchs frequently use this important caterpillar foodplant in the Houston area.

On April 8, 2016 eggs were spotted on Butterfly Milkweed in my garden and the entire plant was sleeved with a five-gallon paint strainer to thwart the red paper wasps which relentlessly patrol for caterpillars and the parasitic flies which lay their eggs on the defenseless young caterpillars. On April 12, two tiny caterpillars were seen. Photos were taken periodically to monitor progress.

47

Don Dubois (6)

48 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Opposite page Top left: Newly emerged caterpillars. April 12, 2016.

Top right: A caterpillar grows.

April 20, 2016.

Bottom left: The caterpillar has grown much larger. April 25, 2016.

Bottom right: The caterpillar was almost ready to pupate, but was killed by wasps. April 28, 2016.

This page Top left: A new caterpillar was discovered that was at about the same stage has the first caterpillar. Newly emerged caterpillars. May 8, 2016.

Top right: This caterpillar soon pupated. May 10, 2016.

On April 18, only one caterpillar could be found during a search of the host plant. A few days later the second caterpillar reappeared — apparently it had been well hidden in spite of its colorful markings. It was removed and placed on another milkweed to ensure sufficient food for the first caterpillar. By April 28 the caterpillar had made its final molt and was fat and happy. It had consumed all the flower buds and most of the tender leaves near the top of the plant.

On the morning of April 29 the caterpillar was restless, presumably preparing for the transition to a chrysalis. A check later in the day was unsettling. The net bag was filled with six buzzing wasps, which had apparently eaten the caterpillar. The wasps were dispatched by crushing them but there was no trace of the caterpillar. The wasps had entered the net bag at the base of the plant, where there was a crevice between the two stems of the milkweed. It was not anticipated that wasps would be able to locate such a small opening but obviously they did. What attracted their attention is not known, perhaps the gut-cleansing purge before forming a chrysalis. A tentative identification of the 49

Don Dubois

The newly emerged Monarch on May 18, 2017.

Jeffrey Glassberg (2)

wasp species showed two species — red paper wasp (Polistes carolina) and metric paper wasp (Polistes metricus) were participants in the attack on the caterpillar.

A few days later another Monarch (possibly a second generation butterfly) was noticed laying eggs on a nearby Butterfly Milkweed. Inspection of it and a few other Butterfly Milkweeds revealed a few caterpillars and the documentation process was again begun. The caterpillar chosen for a resumption of the documentation was already sizable, presumably a fifth instar. Once again, the host plant was netted, but this time only a single stem was within the net so that a tighter seal could be obtained near the base of the stem. Two days later the caterpillar stopped eating and began wandering about.

It was taken inside to avoid any potential wasp attacks. A “J” was formed on May 9 and a chrysalis on May 10. The butterfly emerged on May 18. Based on the time required to go from egg to caterpillar to its untimely demise (21 days) and the time for the second caterpillar to form a chrysalis and subsequent butterfly (8 days), the entire cycle from egg hatch to butterfly was completed in approximately 30 days. The adult Monarch was returned to another milkweed in the garden near its origin.

Above: A drawing of the range where Eastern Monarchs are found. Purple indicates two broods. Orange indicates three broods. (drawing from the second edition of A Swift Guide to Butterflies of North America).

Above: A drawing of the approximate range of Butterfly Milkweed, based upon county occurrence data from the Biota of North America Program. This might be a useful plant for your garden if you live within the range shown.

Opposite page Top: A mating pair of Guava Skippers. Nov. 22, 2009. Hidalgo Co., TX. Bottom: A Guava tree in the author’s yard. April 27, 2007.

50 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Guava Skipper

by Jan Dauphin

on Guava (Pisidium guajava)(myrtle family) in Hidalgo County, Texas Jan Dauphin (2)

51

Top left: A Guava Skipper was observed laying eggs on the Guava Tree in the author’s yard. Oct. 25, 2014.

Top right: Day 8 from when the egg was laid. Nov. 1, 2014. At this point, the outer shell was separating from the rest of the red egg.

Bottom: The caterpillar hatched on Day 10 and was about 3 mm in length. Nov. 3, 2014.

52 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Jan Dauphin (4)

Day-37 The refugium was opened to measure the caterpillar. The caterpillar was 10mm long. Nov. 30, 2014.

Guava Skippers

are fairly common in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) of South Texas. The trick to easily locate them is to know where their caterpillar host/food plants, Guava, can be found. They are beautiful spreadwing skippers, quite large, and well-marked.

On Oct. 25, 2014, I observed a Guava Skipper laying eggs on the Guava that we have in our front yard. We have raised many Guava Skippers on this tree in the past, but I had never wanted to take the time to do a life history of a Guava Skipper, before. The difficulty with this critter is that it uses a tree, which means a lot of the study would have to take place outdoors. Also, the caterpillar protects itself inside a refugium, so if you

want to see the caterpillar, you have to open the refugium. This means the caterpillar has to go through the slow process of closing the refugium, each time it is opened.

Also, the leaves where the caterpillar is working must be contained inside some sort of netting, to keep out wasps and other insects.

We had a great, wet winter in the LRGV on 2014. We also had several cool, even cold days that year. I was always concerned that when I opened the refugium in wet or cold weather, the naturally sluggish caterpillar might not be able to enclose itself inside the shelter, and I would lose the caterpillar.

The caterpillar never went into true diapause, but there were several days in a row 53

54 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Jan Dauphin (4)

Opposite page This page Left: When one is engaged in an exciting activity, it’s always smart to use protection. Feb. 8, 2015.

Right: The caterpillar eventually pupated on Feb. 18, 2015. This photos was taken on Day-127 from when the egg was laid. Feb. 28, 2015.

Top: Day-54 from when the egg was laid. The caterpillar was 18mm long with yellow rings. Dec 17, 2014.

Bottom: Day-107 from when the egg was laid. The caterpillar was 40mm long. There was no change in the appearance of the caterpillar, until today. The caterpillar is covered in a snow white pruinescence. Feb. 8, 2015.

55

Jan Dauphin (3)

This page Above: 134 days from when the egg was laid, the adult emerged from the chrysalis. March 7, 2015.

Right: The underside of the same individual. March 7, 2015.

Opposite page A second Guava Skipper emerged earlier, on March 1, 2015. It took only a few minutes to unfurl its wings.

56 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

that the caterpillar did not grow at all. The caterpillar was in no way a voracious eater. As a matter of fact it ate very little. A couple of Guava farmers I know say they would never waste money on pesticides for their Guavas, because the caterpillars must eat very little.

The Guava Skipper feeds late at night, not

during the day. If one did not recognize the refugiums, one might not even know there were caterpillars on the Guava.

After a time, a pure white pruinescence formed on the caterpillar and remained for a few days, until it formed a pupa. It took a long time from egg-laying to butterfly emergence.

We did, indeed, have to buy a second Guava for the caterpillar! We kept this one in the house to prevent losing leaves and to try to keep the skipper from going into diapause.

From egg to emergence took 134 days.

One huge disappointment: I looked at the chrysalis, checking for the butterfly to emerge.

I looked again ~4 minutes later, and the butterfly was out and its wings were already about dried! It must have emerged as soon as I had turned away! Fortunately, I had been keeping track of a second Guava Skipper, whose egg was laid the same day as my study skipper. I did capture its emergence, so I used 5 photos from that butterfly, just to show how fast the process is from emergence to wings dried.

Jeffrey Glassberg (2)

Above: A drawing of the range where Guava Skippers are found. Orange indicates three broods. (drawing from the second edition of A Swift Guide to Butterflies of North America).

Above: A drawing of the approximate occurrence of human-planted Guava in the U.S., based upon data from the USDA and personal experience. Although planted in Florida and Louisiana, Guava Skippers, a Mexican species, only occur in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

57

Southern Skipperling

on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (grass family) in Hidalgo County, Texas

Above: Bermudagrass in the author’s yard. July 28, 2008.

Right: A Southern Skipperling laid an egg on Bermudagrass in the author’s yard. Apr. 23, 2011.

58 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

by Jan Dauphin

Jan Dauphin (5)

Bermudagrass

is abundant throughout most of Texas and all of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. It is a caterpillar foodplant for Southern Skipperlings and for many other grass-skippers and spreadwing skippers.

On April 23, 2011, I observed a Southern Skipperling lay a single egg on Bermudagrass.

I collected the blade of grass and brought it inside to begin a 45-day life-cycle study of this species.

Top: Day-5 from when the egg was laid. The caterpillar has fully eclosed and has eaten most of the egg casing. The caterpillar is 1.5mm long. Apr. 28, 2011.

Above left: Day-17. The caterpillar is 8 mm long. May 10, 2011.

Above right: Day-33. The caterpillar is 19mm long. May 26, 2011.

59

Top: Day-36. The caterpillar has just formed its chrysalis. The caterpillar never formed a “J”. Note the unusual point on the end of the chrysalis. May 29, 2011.

Middle: Day-40. The butterfly’s wings can be seen. June 2, 2011.

Bottom: Day-44. The chrysalis had darkened, considerably. June 6, 2011.

60 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Jan Dauphin (4)

Day-45. The adult butterfly emerged and was released back into the garden. June 7, 2011.

Jeffrey Glassberg (2)

Above: A drawing of the range of Southern Skipperling. Cherry spots indicate areas where the species has strayed, turquoise indicates one brood, purple indicates two broods, orange indicates three brood. (map from the second edition of A Swift Guide to Butterflies of North America).

Above: A drawing of the approximate range of Bermudagrass. Although used by numbers of skippers, you might not want this non-native grass in your garden.

61

Members Photo Gallery On a sun-filled afternoon in the spring, a wasp met a painted lady... (see the spring 2025 issue for the rest of the story.)

July 26, 2017. Gwinnet Co., GA.

62 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Jill Gorman

63

Hot Seens

Summer/Fall 2017

by Michael Reese

Western butterflies sightings of note included May 4 reports from Rob Santry of 20 species, including 25 California Crescents, seen along Ash Creek - 5 miles west of Interstate 5 at the Klammath River, Siskiyou Co., CA, and from Venice Kelly of eight species, including Sara Orangetip, Sheridan’s Hairstreak, Brown Elfin, and Hoary Elfin in Bridge Meadow (8500 ft.) between Mud Lake and Caribou Open Space 2 miles north of Nederland, Boulder Co., CO. On May 14, Georgia Spoonemore saw a Soapberry Hairstreak at Waurika Lake, East Shore Circle, Jefferson Co., OK, While on May 17 William D. Beck reported five Ilavia Hairstreaks at the edge of Highway 60 mp 266 nr Jones Water Campground, Gila Co., AZ. A May 22 submission by Brett Badeaux from Silverado Canyon, Orange Co., CA listed 32 species including Tailed Copper, Goldhunter’s Hairstreak, Mountain Mahogany Hairsteak, Hedgerow Hairstreak, Squarespotted Blue, and Gabb’s Checkerspot.

On June 3, John Heyse saw four species of swallowtails in his yard in Crockett, Contra Costa Co., CA for the first time; Pipevine, Western Tiger, Anise, and Two-tailed; on June 4, Dennis Holmes reported 17 species in Manton, Shasta Co., CA; on June 15 Randy Harrod reported two lifers, a Juniper Hairstreak and an Umber Skipper in Calaveras Big Trees State Park, Calaveras Co., CA; Rob Santry also had two lifers, a Common Alpine and Silver-bordered Fritillary, on June 24 in Ochoco National Forest - Big Summit Prairie, Crook, Co., OR. On July 1, Ken Wilson and Ray Bruun observed hundreds of Behr’s Hairstreaks on Peavine Rd up to 6850 feet elevation, Reno, 64 American Butterflies, Summer 2017

Butterflies are beautiful, flowers are beautiful, together, they are beauuuutiful!

Opposite page Top Two-tailed Swallowtails love thistles. This one was nectaring at Scotch Cottonthistle on June 4, 2017 at Manton, Shasta Co., CA. Opposite page Bottom ‘Sweadner’s’ Juniper Hairstreak and Romerillo Beggarticks just feel right together. Come to the NABA Biennial Members Meeting this September and you may be able to create your own artful photo. Sept. 26, 2017.

Jennings SF, Clay Co., FL.

Dennis Holmes

Bill Berthet

65

Washoe Co., NV. David H. Bartholomew reported “ hundreds upon hundreds” of Golden Hairstreaks” at the Long Ridge Open Space Preserve, San Mateo Co., CA on July 7. Brant Reif, on July 10, along the Beehive Basin Trail near the Big Sky Ski Resort, Madison Co., MT reported 17 species including Christina’s Sulphur, Relict Fritillary, Hayden’s Ringlet, and Grizzled Skipper.

On Aug. 19, Jeanette Klodzen, along Otter Creek, five miles north of Koosharem, Sevier Co., UT saw eight lifer Nokomis Fritillaries.

On Sept. 2 Venice Kelly reported 20 Green Commas in the James Peak Wilderness east portal, Gilpin Co., CO. Sightings that mentioned snow (Cold Seens?) included a June 7 report by Jeanette Klodzen on the Twin Lakes Trail from Big Cottonwood Canyon, UT (8700-9449 ft.) of two Milbert’s Tortoiseshells despite the upper half of the trail being snow-covered. Snow was still present at 7000 ft. in various locations including Soda Springs and Donner Summit, CA on June 30 when Ken Wilson saw 17 species of butterflies including Clodius Parnassian, Lustrous Copper, Edith’s Copper, Sylvan Hairstreak, and Dotted Blue, Dennis Holmes on July 25 reported 11 species including 30 Greenish Blues at Lassen NP just above the Sulphur Works, CA despite “snow everywhere”, and on October 19 Venice Kelly found a Painted Lady and a Reakirt’s Blue at 8300 ft. less than a week after a couple days of snow on Farrell Drive 2 miles west of Pinecliffe, CO. Interesting Texas reports include a May 5 report of 18 species including Sandia Hairstreak, Bromeliad Scrub-Hairstreak, Rawson’s Metalmark, and Arizona Skipper from William D. Beck in Big Bend National Park, TX; a May 6 sighting of eight Poling’s Hairstreaks, a rare species, by Ronald Hedden in McKittrick Canyon, TX, and a July 15 report of a Simius Skipper, an unexpected find east of its typical range, by Ronald Hedden in White River Lake, TX. Other Texas sightings include a trio of sightings submitted by Daniel 66 American Butterflies, Summer 2017

Opposite page Top row Left: Mimics are rare strays to the United States from the West Indies, but the incidence of their occurrence seems to be ticking up. This one was found by Amy Grimm at Bahia Honda SP, Monroe Co., FL on Aug. 28, 2017.

Right: You were a winner if you were bullish on Golden Hairstreaks. David Bartholomew reported hundreds of them on July 7 at the Long Ridge Open Space Preserve in San Mateo Co., CA.

Middle row California Crescents, usually rare to uncommon, were surprisingly common this year in the Northwest.

May 4, 2017. Ash Creek, Siskiyou Co., CA.

Bottom row Left: One of the few records of a Monk Skipper from extreme northeastern Florida. Oct. 6, 2017. JulingtonDurbin Preserve, Duval Co., FL. Right: The past few years have seen a large expansion of the range of Funereal Duskywings. The individual shown here is the first record from Minnesota. Aug. 15, 2017. Coldwater Spring, Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Hennepin Co., MN.

Rob Santry

Andy Birkey

Bill Berthet

Amy Grimm

Dave Bartholomew

67

Jones including an August 27 sighting of 40 species including Ornythion Swallowtail, Statira Sulphur, Dingy Purplewing, and Manybanded Daggerwing at the National Butterfly Center, Mission, TX; an October 3 sighting of 38 species including a Gold-spotted Aguna in his Progresso Lakes Yard; and on October 14, 45 species, a new high for his yard in Progresso, Hidalgo Co., TX. Highlights of Florida butterfly reports always includes those where an endangered Bartram’s Hairstreak was seen and gauging from the reports from the late spring and summer, the Navy Wells Pineland Preserve in Homestead, FL is the place to look for them. On May 9 Steven Glynn saw three there despite hot and dry conditions with very little flying; on May 20 Mark and Holly Salvato reported 16 species there including six Bartram’s Hairstreaks and nine Barocoa Skippers; and on October 12 Mark Salvato, Shawn Christopherson, and Dave Bender reported two Bartram’s Hairstreaks. A number of Florida submissions included amazingly high counts of species.

On June 21 Linda Cooper and 7 others at Bull Creek WMA, Triple N Ranch WMA, Forever, FL observed 43 species including 878 Gray Hairstreaks; on August 14 Bill Berthet reported 601 Palamedes Swallowtails in John Bethea State Forest, Baker Co., FL; Bill Berthet counted 475 Long-tailed Skippers and 345 Ocola Skippers during a three-day survey September 22-24 in Ralph Simmons Memorial WMA, Nassau Co., FL;, and on October 23 Edward Perry IV counted 35 White M Hairstreaks, an usually uncommon butterfly there, in Tosohatchee WMA, Orange Co., FL. Other sightings of note include a Zebra Heliconian on August 22 by Scott Diemer at Fort Walton Beach, FL, a Mimic photographed on August 28 by Amelia Grimm in Bahia Honda State Park, Monroe Co., FL; and 16 skippers and a rare, for this area, Painted Lady, on the ‘Death by Skipper’ field trip led by Linda Cooper at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park, FL on October 8 .

68 American Butterflies, Summer 2017

Opposite page Yes Virginia, there are Monarchs in New Jersey (and I don’t mean Chris Christie).

The number of Monarchs moving southward through the northeastern United States was much higher in the fall of 2017 than it has been in quite a few years.

Hopefully, a good sign for the future!

These clustering, migrating Monarchs were photographed

by Beth Polvino at her North Cape May home, Cape May Co., NJ on Oct. 22, 2017.

Beth Polvino

69

Kathy Malone

Lifers or very rare species in the East included two White M Hairstreaks seen by Chris Edwards on May 7 in Stephens State Forest, IA. White M Hairstreaks are very rare visitors to Iowa. Joanne Langabee reported a lifer Reakirt’s Blue at Gilmore Wildlife Management, Plattsmouth, NE on July 1. Two unusual yard visitors were reported by Chris Allgyer in the town of Big Stone Gap, VA on July 9 — two Meadow Fritillaries and a male Diana Fritillary, only the third time in 40 years! Other reports of rare visitors include a Cloudless Sulphur on August 6, seen by Bob and Karen Yukich, in High Park, Toronto, ON, the first record from this park for this rare stray; a lifer Harvester recorded on August 6 by Joanne Langabee in Fontenelle Forest, Sarpy Co., NE; a Funereal Duskywing, only the 3rd Pennsylvania record, photographed

by Shelby Heeter on August 8 at SGL#282 Akeley Swamp, Warren Co., PA. Another Funereal Duskywing, this one a state record, was seen by Andy Birkey on August 15 at Coldwater Spring, Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Hennepin Co., MN. Funereal Duskywings are having an explosive decade! An American Snout was seen by Mike Reese at Woodland Dunes Nature Center and Preserve, Two Rivers, WI on August 16, his first WI American Snout since 2007! Beth Polvino had a great butterfly year at her North Cape May NABA Certified Butterfly Garden #1151 yard. On June 15 she photographed a Great Purple Hairstreak, her 44th yard butterfly, a lifer, and the first modern sighting of this species from New Jersey! On August 11 she added another new yard butterfly, Hayhurst’s Scallopwing, on August 14 she saw a rare Brazilian Skipper, and on August 24 she saw a Sleepy Orange, yard butterfly #46.

Other interesting sightings from the East include a report on May 25 from Richard Staniforth of nine species including 11 Alberta Arctics in Bird’s Hill Provincial Park, MB; a June 24 sighting from Stephen Buckingham of 10 species including 12 Hoary Edges in Mountainside Park, Morris Co., NJ; and a 70 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Opposite page In 2017, Zebra Heliconians made an incursion into northern Georgia, documented by the three photos shown here.

Top row left: Zebra Heliconian. Aug. 7, Smyrna, Cobb Co., GA. Top row right: Zebra Heliconian. Aug. 16, Canton, Cherokee Co., GA. Middle row left: Zebra Heliconian. Sept. 22, Hall Co., GA. Middle row right: Bordered Patches are extremely rare strays to eastern Nebraska.

This one was seen on Sept.

30, 2017. Omaha, Douglas Co., NE. Bottom row left: Eastern Pine Elfins are extremely rare in eastern Ohio. This one was at Dillon SP, Muskingum Co., OH on May 14, 2017.

Bottom row right: Cloudless Sulphurs are extremely rare strays to northern Wisconsin.

This one was seen on Sept.

19, 2017 in Bayfield Co., WI.

Myron Newton

Justin Rink

Dave Hanson

John Christensen

Bob Padgett

Ellen Honeycutt

71

A trio of Zebra Heliconian sightings from northern Georgia document an unusual northern incursion by this species (see page 71). The first one was seen on Aug. 7, in Smyrna, Cobb Co., GA, by Bob Padgett. The second was seen on Aug. 16 in Canton, GA

by Ellen Honeycutt; while the third was seen on Sept. 22, four miles south of the town of Flowery Branch (if I were a Zebra Heliconian, I would have flown the extra four miles to Flowery Branch) by Myron Newt Newton.

Four Mitchell’s Satyrs were reported

by Steven Glynn on September 5 from Oakmulgee WMA, GA. Additional hot seens from the East include 13 Bay Skippers on Oct. 7 seen at Sabine NWR, Blue Goose and West Cove areas, LA by Craig Marks; a late date for Pennsylvania of a Northern Pearly-eye seen on Oct. 7 by Curtis A. Lehman in Forest Hills, PA at 12:57am at lights for mothing; a Zebra Heliconian, rare for this area, seen on Oct. 9 by Regi Bolen in Morehead City, NC. Bordered Patches are normally very rare strays to Nebraska. This year, two were seen, one on Sept. 30 by Justin Rink and one on Oct. 12

by Joanne Langabee. Both were in Omaha.

Milbert’s Tortoiseshells had a southeastern movement: the first seen in this area in years, was near Roundout Reservoir, Sullivan Co., NY on October 18 and was seen by Renee Davis. On October 22, Sharon and Wade Wander saw a Milbert’s Tortoiseshell and an extremely late Juniper Hairstreak in their home garden, Fredon Twp., Sussex Co., NJ; while a Milbert’s Tortoiseshell was seen for three straight days — Oct. 20- 22 — by John Wall in White Plains, Westchester Co., NY. Giant Swallowtails are always a favorite of those who submit sightings and this year was no exception. Steve M. Chorvas reported seeing an early one on May 23 in the Town of Saugerties, Ulster Co., NY. Karen Lux reported one in Milford, OH on Aug. 5. Karlo 72 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Ron Hedden

July 19 report of 10 Melissa Arctics from Rick Cheicante on Mt. Washington, NH.

This page This Simius Skipper was found slightly east of its known range, in White River Lake, Crosby Co., TX, by Ron Hedden on July 15, 2017.

Opposite page Top: Beth Polvino photographed the first Great Purple Hairstreak seen in NJ in many years. June 15, 2017. North Cape May, Cape May Co., NJ. Bottom: Milbert’s Tortoiseshells are very rare strays to Westchester Co., NY. This one was photographed on Oct. 23, 2017 in White Plains, by John Wall, using his cell phone.

Beth Polvino

John Wall

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Mirth saw a Giant Swallowtail on August 20 in Forest Park, Queens, NY, his first sighting in any of the NYC boroughs. Andrew Block observed his first since 2014, on August 21 at 167 Old Army Rd., Scarsdale, NY. Jeffrey Rabkin had one in Forest Park, Queens, NY on Sept. 1, and Sylvia Chen reported a Giant Swallowtail on September 2 on Arcadia Zurich Norris Rd, town of Arcadia, Wayne Co., NY. Migrating Monarchs were reported on October 10 by Ahmet Baytas from the roof of a building in Montclair, NJ where he recorded over a 100 Monarchs from 11am - 1:00pm.

Other Monarch reports of note include several reports from Beth Polvino of Monarchs at her North Cape May NABA #1151 & Monarch Waystation #8318 yard including a October 28 report of 180 in her front yard and 130 in her backyard, and on October 27 a late report of a Monarch flying at Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia.

Painted Ladies were abundant throughout much of the United States this year with numerous reports of this species especially from the plains and upper Midwest throughout September and into October. On September 4 Andy Birkey reported massive amounts of Painted Ladies at Grey Cloud Dunes SNA, MN. Catherine Leimbach photographed a leucistic Painted Lady on September 22 in St. Paul, MN. Following the landfall of tropical storm Emily, Joanna Clayton and others found 68 Painted Ladies at Fort DeSoto Park, Pinellas Co., FL. In October, large numbers of Painted Ladies were flying throughout the continent.

Reports received included — CT (Oct 4, common, Andrew Block), NJ (Oct 4, Beth Polvino, abundant), NC (Rich Cheicante, 12), FL (Oct. 6, Bill Berthet 162), LA (Oct. 7, Craig Marks 3), TX (LRGV, Oct. 3, Dan Jones 2), OH (Oct. 10, Mary Lynn Delfino 2), MI (Oct. 9, Robert Bell 1), NE (Oct. 4, Joanne Langabee, 1804) UT (Jeanette Klodzen 1), northern CA (Oct. 5, David Bartholomew 2), and southern CA (Oct. 4, Brett Badeaux 12+).

74 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Opposite page Top: Linda Cooper, and others, counted an amazing 878 Gray Hairstreaks on the Bull Creek NABA Butterfly Count. June 21, 2017. This individual is on an arrowhead flower.

Bottom left: As more cycads are planted in Florida, Atalas appear to be moving north along the coast. There is now a population in Melbourne Beach, Brevard Co., FL. This individual was photographed on Aug. 27, 2017 by Edward Perry IV. Bottom right: The range of Giant Swallowtails has been expanding the past few years. They now appear to have colonized even New York City. This individual was photographed on Sept. 1, 2017 in Forest Park, Queens, NY by Jeffrey Rabkin.

Whether you see an unusual butterfly, an early or late sighting of a common species, or have a complete list of the species you have seen, we would appreciate hearing from you. Please send your butterfly sightings to sightings@naba.org. Those who record your sightings to the Butterflies I’ve Seen website can just click on “email trip” and send it to the address given above. Your sightings will go into the larger database and will also be available for others to see on the Recent Sightings web page.

Jeffrey Rabkin

Edward Perry IV

Edward Perry IV

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2017 NABA Art Contest

Thanks to all of the wonderful artists who participated in this year’s contest for sharing their creativity and energy with us.

76 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

2017 NABA Art Contest

First place goes to “a piece of the sky” (page 76) by Sandy Hokanson of Rochester, MN. 8” x 8”. Digital illustration created in Adobe Illustrator.

Second place goes to “Butterfly Lake” (on front cover) by Jennifer Becker of Harrisburg, PA. 22” x 29”. Soft pastel on paper.

Third place goes to “Copper Butterfly” (above) by Natalie Villwock-Witte of Corrales, NM. 9” x 12.”. Acrylic on canvas.

Honorable Mentions to “Zebra Swallowtail” (page 78 top) by Priscilla Jones of Franklin, VA. Watercolor on 140 Arches Watercolor paper and to “Red Admiral” (page 78 bottom) by Barbara Shaw of Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK. The latter artwork is a textile, created from many scraps of fabric which have been hand stitched together in layers.

Judges were Jeffrey Glassberg, president of NABA and John Yrizarry, well-known wildlife artist and naturalist.

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78 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Readers Write Please Check Your Skippers!

Check page 20 of the Summer 2017 issue.

That inset looks like a Tropical CheckeredSkipper. It only lacks the black checks that blend together.

Dan Hardy, Good catch! Yes, the photo of a checkeredskipper on page 20 is of a Tropical CheckeredSkipper. Note that in the article, the eggs laid by this individual were not found. Instead, an early stage caterpillar was found on the host plant about 10 days later. Obviously, a Common CheckeredSkipper also laid an egg on the plant because the resulting adult butterfly (page 22) was a Common Checkered-Skipper. Ed.

Butterflies Battle Border Wall

placing structure on it, and forbidding property owners and their employees from using their own private property. Considering that 80% of Americans live within 25 miles of the border, this could happen to you!

We understand that not everyone in the country may be as interested in butterflies or in the environment as we are, but everyone should care when the government thinks it can do whatever it wants on your private property.

The United States is now edging closer to the Russian model of a dictatorial police state.

You can view a video of Congressman Beto O’Rourke, a candidate for U.S. Senator from Texas, visiting the National Butterfly Center on Jan. 7, 2018 and talking about these issues at https://www.facebook.com/betoorourke/ videos/1519859014730470/?hc_ref=ARSTdH 2k7Ojo5xNXoJEg5WwpGTOGzsGAuevLilwc nVh-f3VPKqAWv2hPJ-Z2txfOgTU

continued from page 2

within 25 miles of the border. However, they are not only patrolling the land, they are altering it,

CERTIFY YOUR LOVE OF BUTTERFLY GARDENING

Visit www.nababutterfly.com to learn how you can join the growing group of gardeners who are sharing their love of gardening and concern for the environment by certifying their butterfly gardens and habitats.

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Contributors Bill Berthet’s field experience began in Berkley, Michigan at the age of 10. In 1979 he earned his Graduate Gemologist in Residence Diploma at The Gemological Institute of America in Santa Monica, CA and became a Certified Gemologist Appraiser. After owning a fine jewelry store in Jacksonville, Florida for 30 years, he retired in 2013. The past decade he has conducted numerous butterfly surveys in northeastern Florida, working as a volunteer for various state agencies. Presently he is a member of the Strategic Planning Committee (North) a section of the Imperiled Butterflies of Florida Work Group. In 2005, Bill traveled to the Monarch overwintering sites in Mexico and since then has gone on numerous butterflying trips throughout the world.

Jan Dauphin Jan Dauphin’s passion for the past 20 years has been butterfly watching. Her photos have appeared in over 30 books, numerous magazines, and thousands of newspapers, worldwide. After retiring from the Houston area, she moved to Mission, TX fifteen years ago, strictly for the butterflies.

Her tiny Mission yard was landscaped in local native plants and has had 152 documented species of butterflies, probably the highest yard list in the U.S. Jan is very much involved in South Texas’ Lower Rio Grande Valley’s conservation organizations. Her award-winning web page, TheDauphins.net, extensively covers the flora and fauna of “the Valley”.

80 American Butterflies, Fall/Winter 2017

Don Dubois’ brief biographical sketch appeared in the Spring 2017 issue of American Butterflies.

Jeffrey Glassberg’s brief biographical sketch appeared in the Summer 2017 issue of American Butterflies.

Mark Nelson is a retired biologist. During his work years, he was kept busy monitoring various environmental impacts using aquatic invertebrates. He also spent a fair amount of time devising schemes for the use of butterfly assemblages in ranking the quality of riparian zones. In the past few years he’s been taking backpacking trips and finishing up some papers from his past career.

Mike Reese’s brief biographical sketch appeared in the Summer 2017 issue of American Butterflies.

Marianna Treviño-Wright is Executive Director of the National Butterfly Center, in Mission, Texas, where she has the pleasure of serving members and visitors who wish to explore and learn more about this flagship project of the North American Butterfly Association. A graduate of McAllen High School, in McAllen, Texas and of Columbia University in New York City, Marianna grew up bouncing between the city, country and coast, where her exposure to wildlife engendered a deep affection for the diverse and remarkable creatures of the Rio Grande Valley. Before joining the NBC, she was Executive Director of the Foundation for the Mission Regional Hospital. Now, she is privileged to spend her days “chasing butterflies” and sharing NABA’s mission with stakeholders, school children and prospective supporters, in order to increase enjoyment of wild butterflies and awareness of issues related to their survival.

NABA News and Notes (continued from page inside front cover)

Coming to PBS’ NATURE, February, 2018: Sex, Lies & Butterflies The National Butterfly Center, in Mission, Texas, serves as the backdrop for a portion of this insightful documentary of wild butterflies, filmed

by Peabody Award-winning cinematographer Ann Johnson Prum, who recently won an Emmy for Best Cinematography in Documentary for her production of Super Hummingbirds, also for PBS’ NATURE. We were privileged and honored to host Prum last fall. The film promises to be a powerful and intriguing examination of the biology and behavior of butterflies that few have ever seen!

NABA Photo Contest The 12th NABA Photography Contest will be held in 2018. The winner will receive $300 and the 1st runner-up will receive $100. Winning entries will be published in the Fall 2014 issue of American Butterflies. Photographs of adults must be of freeflying, unrestrained butterflies taken in the field (not in a butterfly zoo), in Canada, the United States, or Mexico.

Photographs of immatures must be of eggs, caterpillars or chysalises taken in the field, or at a location (e.g., one’s house or laboratory) within 20 miles of where the eggs or caterpillars were obtained. Submissions, which must be received

by June 6, 2016, should be in the form of digital images, sent as high resolution jpeg files on a CD, DVD or flash drive. Please include the photographer’s name in the file name. Files sent via email will not be considered. Please limit your submissions to three images (only the first three images received, per entrant, will be considered).

Entries must be accompanied by a signed statement giving NABA the right to copy and publish the photographs, both in print and digital form, and vouching that the photographs, if taken of adults, were taken in the field, of free-flying, unmanipulated butterflies. If of immatures, the photographer’s statement must vouch that the immatures were either photographed in the wild; or within 20 miles of where found and if removed from the wild that they were reared through to adults (or attempted to rear through to adults) and released where they were found.

Please include your last name in the digital file name and please include detailed information about when and where the photographs were taken, as well as camera, lens, flash, film, and setting information — to the extent known. Please include a telephone number and an email address where you can be reached.

Send your entries to: NABA Photo Contest, 4 Delaware Rd., Morristown, NJ 07960.

Matching Donations Those of you who generously contribute donations to NABA and work at a large corporation may be able to double your contribution. Many corporations have matching gift programs. Check with your human resource or public relations dept.

Back cover photograph of a Berry’s Skipper was taken on Sept. 21, 2016 in the Apalachicola NF, Wakulla Co., FL by Jeffrey Glassberg. If you come to the NABA 2018 Biennial Members Meeting in Tallahassee, in Sept. 2018 you’ll have a good chance of seeing one.

We are hoping that Bartram’s Scrub-Hairstreaks will respond in a similar way, using pineland crotons even when they are growing in suburban yards. To that end, we have initially grown 1000 pineland crotons and will soon be working with Fairchild Gardens, the Miami Zoo and Miami-Dade County to distribute these plants to home owners who live near the few existing populations of Bartram’s Scrub-Hairstreaks.

If, as we hope, these plants are found and used by the hairstreaks, we will then expand the project, growing many more crotons to plant over a much larger area.

Regardless of the outcome of this exciting citizen conservation project, we believe that we will learn valuable information about Bartram’s ScrubHairstreak that will be useful in the continuing efforts to save them.

WeButterfly NABA is thrilled to announce that we will soon be making available to the public new pages, at www. webutterfly.org. The website will allow the public to see the NABA Butterfly Monitoring Program data, including data from the 4th of July, 1st of July and 16th of September counts, displayed as maps and graphs. One can learn about the abundance of butterfly species and how they vary from year to year. The web pages will also include photos and information about all North American butterflies.