Progressive Architecture: A ten-year analysis of an architectural magazine

INDEX

HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL TIMELINE

7

BIOPSY OF THE JOURNAL

11

LOGOS EVOLUTION

15

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE AND DISTRIBUTION

17

MAIN FIGURES

25

COVERS

31

TABLE OF CONTENTS

49

PAGE LAYOUT

65

IMPORTANCE OF IMAGES

73

PROJECTS LOCATION

79

P/A AWARDS

91

BIBLIOGRAPHY

103

6

HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL TIMELINE The analysis conducted on the journal in a wider frame, addressing the historical moment and the general architectural discourse of the period, in order to deeply understand the changing affected the magazine during the 1940s and the 1950s.

June – D-Day November – U.S Franklin D. Roosevelt reelection for a fourth term

Febraury – Yalta Conference April – President Roosevelt dies.

May – End of World War II in Europe.

March – Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech November– UNESCO is established

August – Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

April – The Marshall Plan

1948 – Berlin Blockade

1947 – Studebaker becomes the first automobile manufacturer to introduce a “postwar” model

November – Harry S. Truman is elected president for a full term, Alben W. Barkley is elected vice president

October – Pakistan establishes diplomatic relations with the United States

Historical portrait Architectural portrait

1945

1947

1946

1948

Jardines del Pedregal, Luis Barragan, Mexico City, Mexico Launch of the project “Case Studies” by John Entenza on Arts& Architecture magazine “Metron” magazine is founded by Mario Ridolfi in Rome

The Kaufmann Desert House, Richard Neutra, Palm Springs, California

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Tupperware plastic is invented by Earl Tupper, USA

CIAM 6 is held in Bridgewater, UK

Starting point of “Baby Boom” in the USA

“View” magazine ceased its publications

8

Thomas Creighton writes “Architecturen, not Style” as a editorial on Progressive architecture

April – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed August – Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb August – Germany divided into East and West

Febraury – Senator Joseph McCarthy gains power, and McCarthyism (1950– 1954) begins June – Korean War begins

Febraury – 22nd Amendment, establishing term limits for President.

1951 – The first live transcontinental television broadcast takes place in San Francisco.

November – United States presidential election, Dwight D. Eisenhower elected president, Richard Nixon elected vice president

June – Rosenbergs executed July – Korean Armistice Agreement August – Shah of Iran returns to power in CIA-orchestrated coup known as Operation Ajax

October – End to war with Germany

1949

CIAM 7 is held in Bergamo, Italy First Beetle car sold in USA, Birth of a mith.

First Jet Powered civilian aircraft is presented by De Havilland.

1950

1952

1951

Notre-Dame du Haut, Le Corbusier, Ronchamp, Francia

1953

Headquarters of the United Nations,

France, Germany and Italy sign the CEE agreement

Independent group first meeting in London, birth of POP art

Gio Ponti designs Quartiere Harar, Milan Italy

The Bodmer’s Papiri are found in Pabau, Egypt.

CIAM 8 is held in Hoddesdon, UK 9

CIAM 9 is held in Aix-en-Provencw, France Death of Josif Stalin, Moscow, USSR

May – Saint Lawrence Seaway Act May – Brown v.

Board of Education

1955 – Warsaw Pact March – Jonas Salk develops polio vaccine

September – The U.S. becomes a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (or SEATO) alliance

1954

Metron” magazine ceased to exist The AIA (American Institute of Architecture) starts the Progressive Architecture Awards and are first hosted

by Progressive Architecture

1955

Palace of Culture and Science, Lev Rudnev, Warsaw, Poland Le Mouvement art exposition, Paris, signs the birth of OPT (optical) art Gio Ponti designs Vill a Planchart, Caracas, Venezuela 10

BIOPSY OF THE MAGAZINE Type of magazine: Architectural digest.

Title of the publication: Progressive Architecture.

Years of publication: 1945 to 1995.

Frequency of publication: On a monthly basis.

Minimum number of pages: 150 Maximum number of pages: 290 Publisher: Reinhold Publishing Corporation.

Owner: AIA (American Institute of Architecture).

Country of Distribuition: Pan-America states, Western Europe and Oceania Price of single issue: 1 USD Price of special issue: 2 USD Price of subscription, one year: 4 USD Price of subscription, two years: 6 USD

BIOPSY OF THE MAGAZINE Progressive architecture was a magazine published in the states mainly for architects, contractors, carpenters but not limited to this part of the society.

In fact, the price of the magazine, although hefty priced at 1$ per copy compared to the cost of living of those years, was affordable to most of US households and it was freely available at newsstands and offered an interesting subscription campaign.

The main focus of the publishing was on architecture and best practices of the time, mostly in the States during the first Post War years, but as soon as it became more “Pop” it moves from just introducing new material and building technics to present new furniture styles and house decors.

December 1933cover page

The history of the magazine can be traced to its first publication of Pencil Points in 1920 as a magazine for practitioners in the field of architecture.

During the years of World War Two the editorial board struggled to find a direction as its underlined by the swift change of title from “Pencil Points” to “New Pencil Points” to “Pencil Points, The magazine of Architecture”.

From the year of 1944 the subtitle changes to “Magazine of Progressive Architecture” and thus this signs the steer from traditional, vernacular styles to the “new” Modernist style, which was being imported in the States from Europe in those years thanks to the influx of the “exiled” masters of architecture.

An important factor to the establishment of the magazine as a major player in the architectural publications was the very affordable subscription price.

March 1945 cover page

12

BIOPSY OF THE MAGAZINE In fact, for a wide variety of readers, in particular mention to architects, engineers, specification writers, designers, or draftsmen, trade associations, college libraries, students, the fee was reduced to just 4 $ a year, while for all other readers was a present a slightly reduced fare of 10 $ a year.

This, combined with the focus on introducing new materials, made possible the establishment of the publication as a leading light in modern architecture.

From the new introduction of the title “Progressive Architecture” the magazine clearly states its focus, on modern architecture, and becomes a beacon for the following generations of architects.

January 1946 cover page

Under the direction of Thomas Hawk Creighton, an architect and designer who was executive director from 1946 to 1963, the magazine sees an increase in popularity and distribution in Europe and South East Asia.

In the same period the number of pages per edition steadily grows to reach the peak of almost 300 pages per issue, always giving big importance not only to materials and building technics but also to product advertising.

From his position as Executive Editor he also uses the space dedicated to editorials to express his opinion over a wide variety of topics with the most famous essay dedicated to the debate over Monumentality.

As leading magazine in the architectural field in the late 40s andmid 50s it is chosen, by the American Institute of Architecture, to host the first and following Progressive Architecture Awards starting from 1954 till the eventual folding of the magazine in 1995.

March 1947 introduction page

13

14

EVOLUTION OF THE LOGO At the beginning of Progressive Architecture magazine’s pubblication the logos were being changing every two or four years.

Later when it found its own identity and became one of the largest architectural circulation in the world, as it is self-flattery on the covers, the logo remain the same for several decades.

A new typology it is found in the 1990 and the final one before the closure of the journal in 1994.

EVOLUTION OF THE LOGO

1948

1950

1952

1956

1990

1994

16

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE AND PLACES OF DISTRIBUTION The price of the single copy of the magazine remained unchanged in the 1940s and 1950s. From 1954, a special issue was introduced at the cost of 2.00 $.

As for subscriptions, since 1949, special prices were applied to subscribers who worked as architects, engineers, specialisation writers, designers, government departments, trade associations, technical libraries, student, publishers, advertisers, and advertisers’ executives, to whom the magazine was addressed.

For subscribers of other countries the extra price was 2.00 $ per year. This price increased in1950, probably with the growing of the foreign subscribers to the magazine.

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE

1946

SINGLE COPY

SUBSCRITION PER YEAR

SUBSCRITION PER 2 YEARs

SUBSCRITION PER 3 YEARs

1.00 $

3.00 $

5.00 $

8.00 $

4.00 $

6.00 $

8.00 $

6.00 $

12.00 $

18.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

4.00 $

6.00 $

8.00 $

6.00 $

12.00 $

18.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

5.00 $ OTHER COUNTRIES

1947

1948

1.00 $

1.00 $

18

1949

1950

1.00 $

1.00 $

4.00 $

6.00 $

8.00 $

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

10.00 $

20.00 $

30.00 $

OTHERS

OTHERS

OTHERS

12.00 $

24.00 $

36.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

4.00 $

6.00 $

8.00 $

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

10.00 $

16.00 $

20.00 $

OTHERS

OTHERS

OTHERS

15.00 $

25.00 $

30.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

19

1951

1954

1.00 $

4.00 $

6.00 $

8.00 $

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

10.00 $

20.00 $

30.00 $

OTHERS

OTHERS

OTHERS

12.00 $

24.00 $

36.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

1.00 $

4.00 $

6.00 $

8.00 $

2.00 $

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

SPECIAL ISSUE

10.00 $

16.00 $

20.00 $

OTHERS

OTHERS

OTHERS

15.00 $

25.00 $

30.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

20

1955

1.00 $

5.00 $

8.00 $

10.00 $

2.00 $

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SPECIALISATION WRITERS, DESIGNERS, OR DRAFTSMEN, AND TO GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS, TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, COLLEGE AND TECHNICAL LIBRARIES, STUDENT, PUBLISHERS, ADVERTISERS, AND ADVERTISERS’ EXECUTIVES

10.00 $

16.00 $

20.00 $

OTHERS

OTHERS

OTHERS

15.00 $

25.00 $

30.00 $

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

OTHER COUNTRIES

SPECIAL ISSUE

21

HISTORICAL PRICE (compared to US inflation) $ 25

$ 25

$ 20

$ 20 14.36%

$ 12

$ 12

$ 11

$ 11

$ 10

$ 10 8.33%

$8

8.07%

$8 7.88%

$6

$6

$5

$5

$4

$4

$2

2.27%

1.26%

$1

$2

1.92%

-1.24%

1955

1954

1953

Normal subscrivers

1952

1951

1950

1949

1948

1947

1946

1945

Special subscrivers

-0.37%

Outside USA

One year subscription

Single issue

Inflation rate

Two years subscription

Special issue

One year subscription

Three years subscription

One year subscription

Two years subscription

22

$1

PLACE OF DISTRIBUTION

1946 U. S. aND Protectorates, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America

1947 U. S. and Protectorates, Canada and Pan American Union

23

1948 - 1949 U. S. and Protectorates, Canada and Pan American Union

PLACE OF DISTRIBUTION

1950 - 1955 U.S. Protectorates, Canada, and Philippine Republic. Latin America

In the 1940s and 1950s the place of distributions were the U.S. protectorates, Canada and the South America. In 1950, the magazine was distributed also in Philippine Republic. Moreover, the journal was available in the other countries with a higher price.

24

MAIN FIGURES In this chapter the manager and executive board are introdueced in a yearly timeline, showing the time they have spent working for the magazine.

The main characters of the journals appeared to be Thomas Hawk Creighton and Stamos Papadaki, which were repectively the chief editor and the art director of Progressive Architecture.

BOARD OF MANAGERS 1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

Editor in chief Executive editor Technical editor Feature editor Managing editor

Assistant editors

Associate editor Art director Drafting manager Kenneth Reid

Charles Magruder

Marie A. Morel

Ilse M. Reese

Thomas H. Creighton

Edith Lamar

Viola S. Kapps

Stamo Papadaki

Frank G. Lopez Jr.

Eilen Feus

Valerie Butta

Gene Hawley

Burton H. Holmes

Jane Weisselberg

Anne Fallucchi

Elmer A. Bennet

George A. Sanderson

Elsie Tupper

John Kyle 26

1955

EXECUTIVE BOARD 1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

Publishing Director Vice President

Ass. Publishing Director Circulation Manager Promotion Manager

Philip H. Hubbard

John Zellner

Allen A. Raymond Jr.

John G. Belcher

John N. Carlin

John A. Cunningham

Brad Wilkin

Frank Armeit

H. I. Sirota

27

1955

MAIN CHARACTERS

THOMAS HAWK CREIGHTON The chief editor of Progressive Architecture from 1946 till 1963, Mr. Creighton was born in Philadelphia, in 1904, received his B.A. from Harvard University in 1926, graduated from the Beaux Arts Institute of Design in New York in 1929 and attended the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.

Until 1946, he was an architect in Burlington, Vermont, and in New York City.

From 1946 to 1963, he was the executive editor of Progressive Architecture in New York.

In the December 1948 editorial, he intervenes in the debate sorrounding “New Monumentality” with an essay called “Architecture, Not Style” in which he recalls architects to the needs of society Mr. Creighton resumed practice in 1963, becoming a partner in John Carl Warnecke & Associates in San Francisco. He moved to Hawaii in 1965 to head the firm’s Honolulu branch, and in 1967 he opened his own office there.

He dies of heart failure on October 6, 1984 in Honolulu, Hawaii.

28

MAIN CHARACTERS

STAMO PAPADAKI The Art Director of Progressive Architecture from 1949 till 1960, Mr Papadaki was born in Athens, in 1906. He attended Athens Polytechnic and then moved to France, where he studied under Auguste Perret and others, and received his Diplome d’Architecte et d’Urbaniste in 1929.

In 1935 Papadaki went to New York as the designer for American Houses, Inc., which specialized in prefabricated houses. He also won a design competition for a pavilion for the New York World’s Fair (1939-1940), served (1938-1946) on the Architectural Committee of the Museum of Modern Art (N.Y.), was an active member of CIAM (International Congress of Modern Art), and was one of the three foreign judges of the planning competition (1957) for the new Brazilian capital of Brasilia.

In addition to his practice as an architect Papadaki also worked as art editor (1948-1960) for the Architectural Forum, was Professor of Architecture and Design (1948-1960) at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, was editor of the publication Plus, wrote two books on the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer, edited Le Corbusier, Architect, Painter, Writer (1948).

29

30

COVER In 1945, the first cover of the new magazine Progressive architecture did not have a proper identity: images, title and date of the journal where everytime in a different positions.

In 1946 the title and date finally found a place and in between an image recolling the theme of the magazine per each months.

From 1947 to 1951 the cover and table of contents were combined probably as a new sales strategy.

In 1952 and 1953 the cover were quadripartite while in the next two years the layout kept the geometrical elements but it became more abstract and images had different dimensions and disposition.

In 1945 -1946 were used different dark pastel colours while from 1947 to 1955 brighter colours were applied to attract the attention of the reader at first sight.

Progressive Architecture covers change their general contents and layout every two years.

October

fib

it

J

1945 - 1946

1947 - 1951

1952 - 1955

The cover present an image related to a project explained in the magazine and it only has the name of the magazine and month issue.

The table of contents is the cover itself, name and month issue have a specific position in the layout.

The cover go back to the original status with one or two images representing a project and the layout is more defined.

32

COVERS LAYOUT

1946

1947

1948 (01-04)

1947 (05-12)

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954 - 1955

Subdivision

Full Name

Acronym 33

Table of contents

Writing

Date

COVERS LAYOUT

The layout of Progressive Architecture between 1945-1955 changes completely every two years. This continueous research sign the will of the editor and the graphic designer to understand how Progressive Architecture should be presented to the audience and which should be its identity.

From 1945 to 1955 the layout gain more and more details, defining per each feature its own space. For example the logo and name first were on the top and then to the bottom to go back in the upper part of the magazine, while the month issue find its place on the lower part.

34

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1945

PENCIL

P E N C I L

POINTS

P O I N T S E N C I

I

P E N C I L

POINTS

P O I N T S

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE, PENCIL heavy industry

POINTS

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE COMPETITION

WINNERS

Ink tM

TO M I

MER1CM ? » P L K :

Your aooB, husbands and brothers isSo are standing today upon the b a t t l e f r o n t e are f i g h t i n g f o r more than Tlctory In mx. They axe f i g h t ing f o r a ne» world o f freedom and peace.

i lLfl iiLTlif

Ve, upon atioa hes been pieced the r e sp o n s i b i l i t y of leading the American forces, appeal to you with a l l poaelble earnestness to InTest In •ar Bonds t o the f u l l e s t extent o f your capacity.

Itail I ««u i l l

Give us not only the needed Implements o f war, but the assurance and backing o f a united people so necessary t o hasten the T l c t o r y and speed the return of your f i g h t i n g Ben.

U^su*JTB«A.. /j IMyU jZ"-

f]L ~f( r

January

1945

May

P E N C I L

P O I N T S

J945

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PENCIL

POINTS

October

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE PENCIL

PENCIL

POINTS

NUMBER

fib

PROGRESSIVES ARCHITECTURE

35

it

J

12

POINTS DECEMBER

1945

-

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1946 PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE CUSTOM-BUILT HOUSES

FEBRUARY 1946

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

M i v. x. *

AUGUST 1946

/a

3

DECEMBER

36

1946

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1947

37

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1948

o

r <> s s i v e

f/

r

o

r

Effect of Building Materials on Design Designs for a Church, Philippines: RAYMOND

House

45

& RADO

r

Minneapolis:

Museum

Structural

House, Los Angeles: GORDON

Public Hall, Clichy, France: BEAUDOIN

Openings

Generator

Building, Cambridge,

Minn.:

e

Museum

LONG

&

You

and

Your

65

THORSHOV

Three

69

Effect of Building Equipment on Design ALLEN & KELLEY

Air and Temperature Control

Stores:

Sanitation, Water Supply, Disposal

89

D. C: BERLA & ABEL

J. STEWART

STEIN,

Fire

Safety

Classroom

Assoc.

W a r m

Air

Camp Building, Lopez Island, Wash.:

48

The Architect and His Community:

LONG & THORSHOV,

N. Y.:

ALFRED HOPKINS A. PARRISH

INC.

LONG & THORSHOV,

INC.

House, Charles River, Mass.:

61

& LUNDIN;

Designed to Utilize

WM. L MURRAY,

Radiant

Light

More

RALPH C. FLEWELUNG CHAS. W. & JOHN

Heating

n

a

i

House:

S Store.

House, St. Mary's, Pa.:

66

Assoc.

Fully

Stadium, Turin, Italy:

Store:

JACKSON AND RICHARDSON

HALL

Critique: Four Schools

52

VIEWS: 8

R E V I E W S : 100

REVIEWS: 96

REPORT:

JOBS A N D M E N : 106

P.S.:

136

& SHARP; ROBERT LAW WEED & ASSOCIATES; CLYDE C. PEARSON

58

& FARROW L. TITTLE, PARKER A. NARROWS & JOHN H. HANCOCK Primary School, Seattle, Wash.:

HOLMES & BAIN

High School, College Park, G a . :

STEVENS & WILKINSON,

66

House, Sherwood, Ore.:

2/48

1 79

HENRY

L. B L A T N E R

School: Classroom Cabinetwork

85

Showroom: Display Case for Glassware

87

House: Built-in Home Freezer

89

REVIEWS: 90

VIEWS: 8

70

73

Electric Radiant Heating With USKON

PRODUCTS:

INC.

PIETRO BELLUSCHI

78

EDITORIAL:

68

Jury Report, C l a s s 2 : DOUGLAS W. ORR

61

Office Practice:

18

C l a s s 1 Mentions: HEFFERNAN & R. L AECK; ARTHUR FEHR & CHARLES GRANGER;

66

The Audience Sees:

PRODUCTS: 81

PROGRESS R E P O R T :

MANUFACTURERS' JOBS A N D M E N : 100

LITERATURE:

HAROLD B U R R I S M E Y E R & EDWARD C. COLE

FRANK GRUYS & L. E. McCONVILLE; GORDON DRAKE; E. H. & M. K. HUNTER; RAPHAEL S. SORIANO; KENNETH N. LIND;

75

RUNNELLS, CLARK, WAUGH & MATSUMOTO; JOHN C. CAMPBELL

Part I

& WORLEY K. W O N G ; JOHNSON & WHITCOMB

Preliminary Specifications

(

House:

Selected Details

Showroom:

REVIEWS:

1

VIEWS:

90 100

8

Sensible D e t a i l i n g in W o o d :

Factory Offices, Berkeley, Calif.:

LEWIS

K E T C H U M , G I N A & SHARP

Newsletter

Critique:

MUMFORD

Department Store, Houston, Tex.:

FRANZHEIMLOEWY-ASHLEY

Display Pavilion, Broadmoor, Colo.: J A N

49

A s s e m b l y Plant, V a n

P.S.: 148

Selected Details

N u y s , C a l i f . : P A R K I N S O N , P O W E L S O N , BRINEY,

EDITORIAL: PRODUCTS: REVIEWS:

HARWELL H A M I L T O N HARRIS

51

House, O a k l a n d , C a l i f . : C A R L T O N ARTHUR STEINER

52

House, A l e x a n d r i a , V a . : C H A R L E S M. G O O D M A N

57

55

House, Ross, Calif.: H E N R Y HILL

63

61

House, Tucson, Ariz.: A R T H U R T. B R O W N

70

67

House, Atherton, Calif.: W U R S T E R , B E R N A R D I & E M M O N S

73

j

48

53

Factory, West Bath, Me.: A L O N Z O J . H A R R I M A N , Inc. RUHTENBERG

, I I

Mill, W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N. C : L A C Y , A T H E R T O N , W I L S O N

62

& W a r e h o u s e a n d B r a n c h Office, C i c e r o , III.: S K I D M O R E,

DAVIS

OWINGS

& MERRILL

House, Palm Springs, Calif.:

CLARK & FREY

Office Practice:

Licensing Requirements:

Bernard

tomson

High-Early" Portland Cement Apartment

Streamlined Specifications: MISC.

and ORNAMENTAL

STEEL

H E N R Y L. BLATNER

and IRON

STRUCTURAL

STEELWORK

Store: Shoe Display Unit

Selected Details

House,

Research

( Bank: Check Counter

.

House: Dressing Counter

House,

Dedham,

Report:

\

Los A n g e l e s ,

Mass.:

johnson

Classroom

Calif.:

Lighting:

carl

.

PRODUCTS: 76 REVIEWS: 94

j

69

House, Los A n g e l e s , C a l i f . : C L I F F O R D - L I N D S T R O M A S S O C I A T E S

allen

Pittsburgh

Plate Glass

Aluminum

76

Part II

Co. Traveling

paul weidlinger

/Office: Sloping Window

93

Selected Details

95

MANUFACTURERS'

LITERATURE:

VIEWS: 8

P R O G R E S S REPORT: 14

M A N U F A C T U R E R S ' LITERATURE: 88 JOBS A N D

MEN:

126

P R O D U C T S : 86 REVIEWS:

NEWSLETTER: 1 PRODUCTS: 93

106

REVIEWS: 120

P.S.: 144

38

89

97

99

Store: Garment Rack

101

80

P.S.: 136

VIEWS: 8

•

81

(House: Cabinet Wall

PROGRESS REPORT: 14

JOBS A N D MEN: 114

77

Exhibit

a s a Structural Material:

91

/'

e. a. lundberg

12 S t o r e M o d e r n i z a t i o n s :

72

School. Treillage ( House: Barbecue

VIEWS: 8

l . maston

Store: D i s p l a y C a s e s

Selected Details

EDITORIAL: 1

carl

and w h i t c o m b

\ House:

Screen

Window

O f f i c e : Desk

4/48

Fields of Practice: Residential Design

47

H O R N B O S T E L and T R O U C H A U D

ROTHENSTEIN

87

BERNARD & WOODFORD-ALBERT KAHN

Throwing

Sales Suite, Los Angeles, Calif.:

1

Industrial Buildings

GUY G.

/ Store: D i s p l a y

14

LITERATURE:

P.S.: 148

Fixturepanels:

93 95

Marquee

PROGRESS REPORT:

118

Office Practice: Your Legal Status During Construction

91

Display Shelves for Glassware

MANUFACTURERS' JOBS AND M E N :

Runners-Up.

86

Built-in Beds

Retail Store:

PRODUCTS:

18 82

82

hit§§i&f

Man Takes Command:

Awards

COMPANY

60

70

69

Front

PROGRESS

ERNEST J . KUMP

ALONZO J. HARRIMAN, INC.; CARL L. MASTON; KETCHUM, GINA

EDITORIAL: T

M A N U F A C T U R E R S ' LITERATURE: 7 9

Award:

M A R S H , SMITH & P O W E L L

76

Selected Details

Jury Report, C l a s s 1: DOUGLAS W. ORR

57

THOMAS WORCESTER, INC.

Soundproof Construction for Aural Rehabilitation

65

A n n u a l Progressive Architecture

53

ERNEST J . KUMP COMPANY; BUSH-BROWN & GAILEY, P. M.

High and Trade School, Waltham, Mass.:

Streamlined Specifications:

47

Window

47

60

Elementary School, Corona del Mar, Calif.:

55

74

76

Shelving

H E N R Y S. C H U R C H I L L

C l a s s 2 Mentions: R A Y M O N D VINER

What Is the Anthratube?

Subdivision

BUSH-BROWN & GAILEY

RAFFAELLO FAGNONI

The Architect and City Planning:

70

& ASSOC.

A. SHAVER

Roof Overhangs,

PIETRO BELLUSCHI

55

& ASSOC.

& CO., Assoc.

WHITE

CARSON

Stairways

Types

91

F. HEMPEL

41 47

Minneapolis, Minn.: LONG & THORSHOV, INC.

50

Wholesale Building, Portland, Ore.:

for Moving

Details

CHIARELLI & KIRK

A Case Study

53

(

EDITORIAL:

e

Grandstand, Georgia Tech., Atlanta:

39

Assoc.

TUSLER & SETTER

tomson

BOLTON

Pa.:

Lowell School, Salina, Kans.:

PROGRESS REPORT: 14

M A N U F A C T U R E R S ' L I T E R A T U R E : 96

r <9

u

I. M. PEI

Manhasset,

Harrisburg,

Two

Selected

VIEWS: 8

t

o ft v v s s i r v

v

55

Liberty School, Agoura, Calif.:

86

Specialized Equipment

e

r

Critique

Book Store, Son Francisco:

80

& FOLLEY

Lighting, Electrical

Service Station, Los Angeles: WILLIAM

e

t

74

House, Liverpool, N. Y.: SARGENT-WEBSTER-CRENSHAW

EDITORIAL: 1

MAGNEY,

Bernard

Client:

Department Store,

GEORGE SENSENY,

t

s

and REISS; M. E. LEIN,

Minneapolis:

for Chinese Art, Shanghai:

Shoe Store,

Lavatory, Chicago:

i

s

School Addition, Richfield, Minn.:

Insulation, Thermal and Acoustical

Store, Washington,

h

FRIEDMAN

Facade

v

Office Building, St. Paul, Minn.:

57

& LODS

Theater, Long Beach, California: HUGH GIBBS Structural Insulating Material: DURISOL, Inc.

Factory, Grand Rapids, Michigan:

r

50

DRAKE

Surfacing

a

PROGRESS REPORT: 14

MANUFACTURERS' LITERATURE: 94 JOBS AND MEN: 148

P.S.: 158

I

1 86 108

VIEWS:

8

PROGRESS

MANUFACTURERS' JOBS

REPORT:

14

LITERATURE: 8 8

A N D M E N : 124

P.S.: 152

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1949

39

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1950

40

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1951

41

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1952

42

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1953

43

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1954

44

COLLECTION OF COVERS - 1955

45

COLOURS STRATEGY

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE CUSTOM-BUILT HOUSES

1946

1949

1951

1951

1952

1952

1953

1954

1954

1955

1955

1955

46

COLOURS STRATEGY

From the study of the cover colours (it was chosen the yellow colour, the collection is in the previous page), it is noticeable that there is no corripondence between any specific month issue in the different years, since in some cases there are missing years issue.

Moreover, the specific colour does not match any specific theme inside the magazine.

Colours were only used as an aesthetical choice and for a marketing strategy to better highlight the jounal.

47

48

TABLE OF CONTENTS The main themes of Progressive Architecture are p/a news survey, projects, selected details, interior design data, office practice and others more. These themes work as the main framework for the organization of the magazine.

The articles were variable in every magazine, depending on the topic of the issue.

Each theme section had a different focus and sometimes different audience.

From 1954 in January issues it is included the award section, which were dedicated to introducing the awards and citations of the previous year.

Office practice was a part of the journal that included practical guidance and advice for architectural professionals.

P/a news survey included the newest information and equipment about architecture and their dependent subjects.

Projects included examples of the building related to the journal’s main topic and their details and sketches.

Selected details included technical drawings of building structure, building equipment and graphic standards.

Interior design data included information about buildings which are important in terms of interior and their photos. The others included various sections like products, manufactures literature, reviews, advertisements and job offers.

1946

1947 - 1951

1952 - 1955

The table of contents first appear inside the magazine in 1946.

The table of contents is the cover itself.

From 1952 to 1955 the table of contents find its own place inside the magazine with a similar layout of the 1946 one.

50

TABLE OF CONTENTS LAYOUT

1946

1947

1948 (01-04)

1947 (05-12)

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1955

Full Name

Acronym

Theme

Index 51

Journal’s Staff

Date

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1946

52

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1947

53

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1948

o

r <> s s i v e

f/

r

o

r

Effect of Building Materials on Design Designs for a Church, Philippines: RAYMOND

r

House

45

& RADO

Minneapolis:

Museum

Structural

House, Los Angeles: GORDON

Public Hall, Clichy, France: BEAUDOIN

Openings

Generator

Building, Cambridge,

Minn.:

e

Museum

LONG

&

You

and

Your

65

THORSHOV

Three

69

Effect of Building Equipment on Design ALLEN & KELLEY

Air and Temperature Control

Stores:

J. STEWART

STEIN,

Fire

Safety

Two

Classroom

W a r m

Air

Grandstand, Georgia Tech., Atlanta:

39

Assoc.

Camp Building, Lopez Island, Wash.:

48

TUSLER & SETTER

The Architect and His Community:

LONG & THORSHOV,

41

Stadium, Turin, Italy:

47 INC.

LONG & THORSHOV,

INC.

N. Y.:

ALFRED HOPKINS A. PARRISH

House, Charles River, Mass.:

61

& LUNDIN;

Designed to Utilize

WM. L MURRAY,

Radiant

Light

More

RALPH C. FLEWELUNG CHAS. W. & JOHN

Heating

n

a

House, St. Mary's, Pa.:

66

Assoc.

Fully

House:

Critique: Four Schools

52

Store:

HALL

T

VIEWS: 8

58

& FARROW L. TITTLE, PARKER A. NARROWS & JOHN H. HANCOCK Primary School, Seattle, Wash.:

HOLMES & BAIN

High School, College Park, G a . :

STEVENS & WILKINSON,

REVIEWS: 96

66

House, Sherwood, Ore.:

REPORT:

P.S.:

2/48

EDITORIAL:

1

PRODUCTS:

79

REVIEWS: 90

HENRY

L. B L A T N E R

School: Classroom Cabinetwork

85

Showroom: Display Case for Glassware

87

House: Built-in Home Freezer

89

VIEWS: 8

70

73

Electric Radiant Heating With USKON

18

136

INC.

PIETRO BELLUSCHI

78

PRODUCTS: 81

JOBS A N D M E N : 106

68

Jury Report, C l a s s 2 : DOUGLAS W. ORR

61

Office Practice:

Front

PROGRESS

M A N U F A C T U R E R S ' LITERATURE: 7 9

R E V I E W S : 100

& SHARP; ROBERT LAW WEED & ASSOCIATES; CLYDE C. PEARSON

ALONZO J. HARRIMAN, INC.; CARL L. MASTON; KETCHUM, GINA

PROGRESS R E P O R T :

MANUFACTURERS' JOBS A N D M E N : 100

LITERATURE:

HAROLD B U R R I S M E Y E R & EDWARD C. COLE

FRANK GRUYS & L. E. McCONVILLE; GORDON DRAKE; E. H. & M. K. HUNTER; RAPHAEL S. SORIANO; KENNETH N. LIND;

75

RUNNELLS, CLARK, WAUGH & MATSUMOTO; JOHN C. CAMPBELL

Part I

& WORLEY K. W O N G ; JOHNSON & WHITCOMB

Preliminary Specifications

(

House:

Selected Details

PRODUCTS:

18

REVIEWS:

82

1

Showroom:

VIEWS:

90 100

8

82

Sensible D e t a i l i n g in W o o d :

PROGRESS REPORT:

P.S.: 148

Selected Details

Factory Offices, Berkeley, Calif.:

Newsletter

K E T C H U M , G I N A & SHARP

Critique: LEWIS

1

Industrial Buildings

A s s e m b l y Plant, V a n

Department Store, Houston, Tex.:

FRANZHEIMLOEWY-ASHLEY

N u y s , C a l i f . : P A R K I N S O N , P O W E L S O N , BRINEY,

EDITORIAL: PRODUCTS: REVIEWS:

52

House, A l e x a n d r i a , V a . : C H A R L E S M. G O O D M A N

57

Display Pavilion, Broadmoor, Colo.: J A N

55

House, Ross, Calif.: H E N R Y HILL

63

61

House, Tucson, Ariz.: A R T H U R T. B R O W N

70

67

House, Atherton, Calif.: W U R S T E R , B E R N A R D I & E M M O N S

73

j

48

53

Factory, West Bath, Me.: A L O N Z O J . H A R R I M A N , Inc.

, I I

RUHTENBERG

Throwing

Mill, W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N. C : L A C Y , A T H E R T O N , W I L S O N &

Sales Suite, Los Angeles, Calif.:

51

House, O a k l a n d , C a l i f . : C A R L T O N ARTHUR STEINER

BERNARD & WOODFORD-ALBERT KAHN

49

HARWELL H A M I L T O N HARRIS

62

W a r e h o u s e a n d B r a n c h Office, C i c e r o , III.: S K I D M O R E,

DAVIS

OWINGS

& MERRILL

House, Palm Springs, Calif.:

Office Practice:

CLARK & FREY

Apartment

High-Early" Portland Cement

House,

Streamlined Specifications: MISC.

and ORNAMENTAL

STEEL

House,

Dedham,

and IRON

STRUCTURAL

STEELWORK

Research

.

( Bank: Check Counter

Report:

\

Classroom

.

Selected Details

EDITORIAL: 1 PRODUCTS: 76

VIEWS: 8

johnson

Calif.:

carl

tomson

l . maston

and w h i t c o m b

69

House, Los A n g e l e s , C a l i f . : C L I F F O R D - L I N D S T R O M A S S O C I A T E S

PROGRESS REPORT: 14

MANUFACTURERS'

LITERATURE: 80

JOBS A N D MEN: 114

P.S.: 136

Lighting:

carl

VIEWS: 8

allen

Pittsburgh

P R O G R E S S REPORT: 14

M A N U F A C T U R E R S ' LITERATURE: 88 MEN:

126

Aluminum

76

Part II

Co. Traveling

a s a Structural Material:

Selected Details

95

P R O D U C T S : 86

NEWSLETTER: 1 PRODUCTS: 93

106

REVIEWS: 120

P.S.: 144

54

77

paul weidlinger

89

97

(House: Cabinet Wall

99

Store: Garment Rack

101

VIEWS: 8

•

81

Exhibit

/Office: Sloping Window

93 /'

REVIEWS:

Plate Glass

91

School. Treillage ( House: Barbecue

JOBS A N D

j

e. a. lundberg

12 S t o r e M o d e r n i z a t i o n s :

72

Store: D i s p l a y C a s e s

House: Dressing Counter

REVIEWS: 94

Los A n g e l e s ,

Mass.:

Bernard

H E N R Y L. BLATNER

Store: Shoe Display Unit

Selected Details

Licensing Requirements:

\ House:

Screen

Window

O f f i c e : Desk

4/48

Fields of Practice: Residential Design

47

MUMFORD

H O R N B O S T E L and T R O U C H A U D

ROTHENSTEIN

87

hit§§i&f

Man Takes Command:

GUY G.

/ Store: D i s p l a y

14

LITERATURE:

P.S.: 148

Fixturepanels:

93 95

Marquee

118

Office Practice: Your Legal Status During Construction

91

Display Shelves for Glassware

MANUFACTURERS' JOBS AND M E N :

Runners-Up.

86

Built-in Beds

Retail Store: EDITORIAL:

PROGRESS REPORT: 14

C l a s s 1 Mentions: HEFFERNAN & R. L AECK; ARTHUR FEHR & CHARLES GRANGER;

66

The Audience Sees:

Selected Details

Awards

COMPANY

60

70

69

ERNEST J . KUMP

M A R S H , SMITH & P O W E L L

76

47

Award:

THOMAS WORCESTER, INC.

Soundproof Construction for Aural Rehabilitation

65

Jury Report, C l a s s 1: DOUGLAS W. ORR

57

ERNEST J . KUMP COMPANY; BUSH-BROWN & GAILEY, P. M.

High and Trade School, Waltham, Mass.:

Streamlined Specifications:

76

Window

A n n u a l Progressive Architecture

53

60

Elementary School, Corona del Mar, Calif.:

55

74

Shelving

47

C l a s s 2 Mentions: R A Y M O N D VINER

What Is the Anthratube?

Subdivision

Roof Overhangs,

JACKSON AND RICHARDSON

H E N R Y S. C H U R C H I L L

70

& ASSOC.

A. SHAVER

( i

S Store.

PIETRO BELLUSCHI

55

& ASSOC.

& CO., Assoc.

WHITE

CARSON

BUSH-BROWN & GAILEY

RAFFAELLO FAGNONI

The Architect and City Planning:

53

Stairways

91

F. HEMPEL

CHIARELLI & KIRK

A Case Study

Minneapolis, Minn.: LONG & THORSHOV, INC.

50

tomson

BOLTON

Pa.:

Types

Details

EDITORIAL:

e

u

Wholesale Building, Portland, Ore.:

for Moving

89

Assoc.

Selected

VIEWS: 8

r <9

I. M. PEI

Manhasset,

Harrisburg,

Lowell School, Salina, Kans.:

86

Sanitation, Water Supply, Disposal Specialized Equipment

t

o ft v v s s i r v

v

55

Liberty School, Agoura, Calif.:

D. C: BERLA & ABEL

Service Station, Los Angeles: WILLIAM

e

r

Critique

Book Store, Son Francisco:

80

& FOLLEY

Lighting, Electrical

EDITORIAL: 1

e

t

74

House, Liverpool, N. Y.: SARGENT-WEBSTER-CRENSHAW

M A N U F A C T U R E R S ' L I T E R A T U R E : 96

MAGNEY,

Bernard

Client:

Department Store,

GEORGE SENSENY,

t

s

and REISS; M. E. LEIN,

Minneapolis:

for Chinese Art, Shanghai:

Shoe Store,

Lavatory, Chicago:

i

s

School Addition, Richfield, Minn.:

Insulation, Thermal and Acoustical

Store, Washington,

h

FRIEDMAN

Facade

v

Office Building, St. Paul, Minn.:

57

& LODS

Theater, Long Beach, California: HUGH GIBBS Structural Insulating Material: DURISOL, Inc.

Factory, Grand Rapids, Michigan:

r

50

DRAKE

Surfacing

a

PROGRESS REPORT: 14

MANUFACTURERS' LITERATURE: 94 JOBS AND MEN: 148

P.S.: 158

I

1 86 108

VIEWS:

8

PROGRESS

MANUFACTURERS' JOBS

REPORT:

14

LITERATURE: 8 8

A N D M E N : 124

P.S.: 152

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1949

55

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1950

56

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1951

57

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1952

58

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1953

59

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1954

60

COLLECTION OF CONTENTS - 1955

P R O O R E S M ARCHITECTURE

p

May 1955 PROGRESSWI

February

3

Newsletter

4

Washington Perspective by Frederick Gutheim

9

Progress Preview

15 E d i t o r i a l Staff Thomas

H.

Creighton Editor

office practice

Charles Magruder Managing Editor George A. Sanderson Feature Editor

ilsa M. Reese Associate Editor Valerie

Greulich

Hilda

Miller

Erlka

Sattler

Margaret

Squire

Assistant Stamo

Elmer

Interior

Butta

Fallucchi

Lois

1955

Editorial Staff editar

W h a t Can A Public Relations Counsel Do? Architects' A c c o u n t i n g — I

By Siegmund Spiegel and Herman Meyer

78

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson

79

Introduction

80

The A r c h i t e c t and His Community

ChariM Mognidar Managing Editor George A . Sanderson Fecrtur* Editor Burton H. Holme* Technical Editor I I m M. l e e s e Attoclato Editor

Alden B. Dow: Midland, Michigan

V a l e r i e Butta A n n e Fallwcckl Loic Greullch H i l d a Miller E r i k a Sottler Margaret Squire Aiiiitant Editor*

General Motors Technical Center

the search for form

94

Restaurant Building

98

Design Elements Eero Saarinen & Associates, Architects

104

Abstractions in Metal by Eugene Clute

Stamo Papadaici Alt DIrocter

Editors

106

U.S. Embassy Office Building: Havana, Cuba Harrison & Abramovitz, Architects

Elmer A . Bennett Drafting

Papadaki Art Director

112

Solar O r i e n t a t i o n : Application of Local W i n d Factors

A.

Louise Sloane Design C o n s u l t a n t

119

Electrical Distribution for A u t o m a t i o n

122

Structural Significance of Reflective Radiant Conditioning

127

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

By C. A . Mills, M.D., Ph.D. and E. H . Morgan

E x e c u t i v e & B u s i n e s s Staff Brad

Wilkin Publisher

interior design data

H . I. S i r o t a Promotion M a n a g e r J a m e s T. B u r n s , J r .

Service M a n a g e r

p

a

news reports

Newsletter Washington Perspective by Frederick Gutheim

Views Mile High Center: Denver, Colorado Webb & Knapp, Inc., I. M. Pel, Director, Architectural Division Kahn & Jacobs and G . Meredith Musick, Associated Architects

74

Kresge Auditorium and MIT Chapel Eero Saarinen & Associates, Architects Anderson. Beckwith & Haible, Associated Architects

76

George A . Sanderson Feature Editor Burton H . Holmes Technical Editor I I I * M . Reese Associate Editor

21

office practice

78

V a l e r i e Butta A n n e Fallucchi L o l t Greultch Hilda Miller Erllca Sattler M a r g a r e t Squire Assistant Editors Stamo

Papadaki Art Director

77 122

82

Lambert-St. Louis Municipal Airport Hellmuth, Yamasaki & Leinweber, Architects It's the Law by Bernard Tomson $ Details by William Hurd Hillyer Drafting Room Efficiency-3 by Hans W . Meier Chapel: Colorado, A&M College James M. Hunter, Architect Orange Coast College Robert E. Alexander, Architect

92

campus buildings

Student Center: North Carolina State College W m . Henley Deitrick-John C . Knight & Associates, Architects

95

Architecture Building: Georgia Institute of Technology Bush-Brown, Gailey & Heffernan, Architects

Elmer A . Bennett Drafting Louise Sloane Interior Design Consultant

100

El Camino College

104

Student Commons: Illinois Institute of Technology

106

Work of Felix Candela

I 16

The Heat Pump in Air Conditioning by James K. Campbell

REINHOLD

selected details

Brad W i l k i n Vice-President & Publisher D a v i d B. H a g e n b u c h Advertising Sales Manager

interior design data

121

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

124 125

Sun Hood Glazed Wall

127

Dormitory Rooms by Louise Sloane

128 129

Mt. Hermon School for Boys: James A . Britton, Architect Mount Holyoke College: Douglas Orr, Architect

130

Vassar College: Marcel Breuer, Architect

132

Trinity College: R. B. O'Connor & W . H . Kilham, Jr., Architects

John N . Carlin Circulation Manager

134

Interior Design Products

James T. B u m s , Jr. Research & Promotion Manager

143

Manufacturers' Literature

Frank J . A r m e i t Production Manager

p a news reports

78

Burton H. Holmes Technical Editor

office practice

Stamo P a p a d a k i Art Director

149

Products

160

Out of School by Carl Feiss

184

Reviews

192

Jobs and Men

210

Advertisers' Directory

212

P.S.

79 126

group housing

Elmer A . Bennett Drafting Louise Sloane Interior Design Consultant

REINHOLD

selected details

Frank J . Armolt Production Manager

interior design data

104

W o o d s i d e , California Wurster, Bernard! & Emmons, Architects

Use M . Reese Anoclate Editor

107

Akron, Ohio Robert A . Little & Associates, Architects

110

Bethesda, Maryland Charles M . G o o d m a n Associates,

116

W e s t Los Angeles, California

Valerie Butta Anne Fallucchl Lois Greullch Hilda Miller Erika SaHler Margaret Squire Assistant Editors

interior design data

135

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small Loggia W i n d o w W a l l

130

W i n d o w - W a l l Section

137

Stair

139

Dining Areas by Louise Sloane

140

Altadena, C a l i f o r n i a : G r e g o r y A I n . A r c h i t e c t

141

Greenwich, Connecticut: G r a y Taylor, A r c h i t e c t Beverly Hills. C a l i f o r n i a : Richard J . Neutra, A r c h i t e c t Akron, O h i o : Leon G o r d o n Miller, Interior Designer Sausalito, C a l i f o r n i a : John G . Grace, A r c h i t e c t

193

Reviews

226

Jobs and Men

206

Jobs and Men

246

Advertisers' Directory

228

Advertisers' Directory

248

P.S.

230

P.S.

Washington Perspective

by Frederick G u t h e i m

Progress Preview

a

p / a news survey

Graphic Arts Co-operative Center: King of Prussia, Pa. Hugh Stubbins Associates, Architects

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson $ Details by William H u r d Hillyer The A r c h i t e c t and His Consultants by Siegmund Spiegel

Apartments: Los Angeles, California Carl Louis Maston, A r c h i t e c t

92

Public Housing: Stamford, Connecticut William F. R. Ballard, A r c h i t e c t

96

Apartments: Dallas, Texas J. Herschel Fisher, A r c h i t e c t

100

Urban Neighborhood Redevelopment: Detroit, Michigan Minoru Yamasaki, Oskar Stonorov, Victor Gruen, Architects

104

Neighborhood G r o u p : Rio de Janeiro Affonso Eduardo Reidy, A r c h i t e c t

110

Materials and Methods Index: August 1953—August 1955

111

Announcement: Annual P / A Design Awards Program

113

H i - F i : Architectural Considerations High-Frequency Fluorescent: Union College Field House

120

Fire-Alarm Systems, Part I by L. T. Chandler

125

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

128

Stair

129

Fireplace A p a r t m e n t Interiors by Louise Sloane

132

One-Room A p a r t m e n t : New York, New York Felix A u g e n f e l d , A r c h i t e c t

136

Living Room: New York, New York David G . W h i t c o m b , Designer Dining Foyer: New York, New York Bertha Schaefer, Interior Designer

138

Interior Design Products

147

Manufacturers' Literature

153

Products

162

O u t of School by Carl Feis^

184

Jobs and Men

220

Advertisers' Directory

222

P.S.

9

The Cost of Architectural Services by Victor Gruen

I I

A p a r t m e n t House: Nantes-Reze, France Le Corbusier, A r c h i t e c t Experimental Shelter: Seattle, Washington

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson

p

Editorial Staff Thomas H. Creighton Editof Charles Magrudei Managing Ediloi George A. Sanderson Feature Editor Burton H. Holmes Technical Editor

business buildings

Use M . Reese Associate Editor Valerie Butta Anne Fallucchi Lois Greulich Hilda Miller Erika Saltier Margaret Squire Assistant Editors Stamo Papadaki Art Director Elmer A. Bennett Drafting

selected details

David B. Hagenbuch Advertising Sales Manager Frank J. Armeit Production Manager John N . Carlin Circulation Manager James T. Burns, Jr. Research & Promotion Manager

Published monthly by REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, 430 Park Avenue, New York 22, N . Y. Second-class mail privileges authorized September 2 1 , 1951 on re-entry at Post Office, New York, N . Y., under Act of March 3, 1879.

Professional subscription — $5.

(For full data, see page 13.)

Volume XXXVI, No. 9

U. S. International Conference Hall: Berlin Washington Report by Frederick Gutheim

85

Coliseum: Charlotte, North Carolina

86

News Bulletins

87

Slip-Form Construction

88

Financial News by William Hurd Hillyer

91

Shopping Center: Nassau County, Long Island, New York I. M. Pei & Associates, Architects

98

Home Furnishings Store: Seattle, Washington Walter L. Kerr & James C . Egbert, Designers

102

Professional Offices: Houston, Texas Goleman & Rolfe, Architects

104

Office Building: Albuquerque, New Mexico Max Flatow & Jason Moore, Architects

110

Bank: Denver, Colorado W . C . Muchow, Architect

Restaurant: Palm Springs, California Daniel L. Dworsky, Architect

121

Materials for Gamma- and X-Ray Protection by C . B. Braestrup

125

High-Strength Bolts

126

Assembly Plant: Wayne, Michigan

p / a news survey

Editorial

interior design data

Fire-Alarm Systems, Part 2 by L. T. Chandler

137

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

138

Thomas H . C r e i g h t o n Editor

Use M . Reese Associate Editor Valerie Butta A n n e Fallucchi Lois Greulich Hilda Miller Erika Saltier M a r g a r e t Squire Assistant Editors Stamo Papadaki Art Director Elmer A . B e n n e t t Drafting

Retail Shoe Store: Nunn-Bush Shoe Company Hertzka & Knowles, Architects

145

Transportation Ticket Office: KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Don Knorr, Designer

146

Clothing Store: Wallach's Ketchum, G i n a & Sharp, Architects

Executive & Business Staff Brad Wilkin Vice-President * Publisher

147

Wholesale Showroom: Buxton, Inc. William Shinderman, Architect Interior Design Products

156

Manufacturers' Products

Literature

178

Reviews

230

Jobs and Men

248

Advertisers' Directory

250

P. S .

61

Unistrut Partition System

Mortuary: San Francisco, California A . Quincy Jones & Frederick E. Emmons, Architects

100

4-Unit Apartment House: Los Angeles, California Craig Ellwood, Designer

106

"Marineland": Palos Verdes, California Pereira & Luckman, Planners-Architects-Engineers

112

Shopping Center: Caracas, Venezuela Oficina Don Hatch, Architects

118

Faculty Houses: Cambridge, Massachusetts Hugh Stubbins Associates, Architects

123

Air Conditioning: Industrial Buildings, Part I

128

Curtain Walls of Stainless Steel Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

138

Reredos

139

Corridor Storage Wall

141

Banks by Louise Sloane

142

Fulton Savings Bank: Brooklyn, New York deYoung, Moscowitz & Rosenberg, Architects Union Bank & Trust Company, Branch: Montgomery, Alabama Sherlock, Smith & Adams, Architects

95 96

George A. Sanderson Feature Editor Burton H. Holmes Technical Editor

Valerie Butta Anne Fallucchi Lois Greulich Hilda Miller Erika Sattler Margaret Squire Assistant Editors

Executive & Business Staff Brad Wilkin Vice-President * Publisher

148

176

Interior Design Products Manufacturers'Literature Products Reviews

232

Jobs and Men

242

Advertisers' Directory

244

P.S.

selected details

David B. Hagenbuch Advertising Sales Manager Frank J. Armeil Production Manager

165

Symbols of Modern Education

Aluminum Dome: Charlotte, N o r t h Carolina

136

Brass Locks: Installation, Operation, and Specification

139

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

142 143

Corridor Storage W a l l Covered Walkways, Sun Shades

145

Offices by Louise Sloane

146

Reinhold Publishing C o r p o r a t i o n : New York, New York Louis Shulman, A r c h i t e c t

149

Livingstone & C o . : Boston, Massachusetts Isidor Richmond & Carney G o l d b e r g , Architects

161

James T. Bums, Jr. Research & Promotion Manager

Published monthly by REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, 430 Park Avenue, New York 22, N. Y. Second-class mail privileges authorized September 2 1 , 1951 on re-entry at Post Office, New York, N . Y., under Act of March 3, 1879.

Professional subscription — $5.

(For full data, see page 13.)

Volume XXXVI, No. 11

interior design data

PROGRESSI

office practice

Memorandum for Architects on a Planned Publicity Program

Interior Design Products Manufacturers' Literature

171

Products

178

O u t of School by Carl Feiss

198

Reviews

224

Jobs and Men

244

Advertisers' Directory

246

P.S.

p / a news survey

Financial News by William Hurd Hillyer

Nurses' Residence/School: East Orange, New Jersey Vincent G . Kling, Architect Clinic: Seattle, Washington Paul Hayden Kirk, Architect Clinic: Raceland, Louisiana Curtis & Davis, Architects-Engineers County Health Centers: North Carolina W m . Moore Weber, Architect

122

General Hospital: Arcadia, California Neptune & Thomas, Architects

128

Crippled Children's Hospital: New Orleans, Louisiana Ricciuti Associates, Architects-Engineers

134

Air Conditioning: Industrial Buildings, Part 2 Apartment-Building Air Conditioning: Electrical Reinforcement

143

Fire Protection by Localized Venting

144

Importance of Hot-Water Temperature Control

By W . J . Ryan

Editorial Staff

Lake City Clinic: Seattle, Washington Paul Hayden Kirk, Architect

156

Bassett Clinic: Cushing, Oklahoma Coston & Frankfurt, Architects University Park Medical Clinic: Denver, Colorado Eugene D. Sternberg, Architect

158

Interior Design

166 189 196

Products

Manufacturers' Literature Products Reviews

News Bulletins Molded Module for Houses Financial News by William Hurd Hillyer Library: Cincinnati, Ohio Woodie Garber & Associates, Architects

84

Office Building: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Coston-Frankfurt-Short, Architects-Engineers House: Barrington, Illinois Edward D. Dart, Architect

Use M . Reese Anociate Editor Valerie Butta Anne Fallucchl Lois Greulich Hilda Miller Erika Sattler Margaret Squire Assistant Editors

96

Elementary School: New Orleans, Louisiana Burk, LeBreton & Lamantia, Architects-Engineers

102

Neighborhood Playground: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

104

Speech Arts Building: Costa Mesa, California

Cornelia Hahn Oberlander, Landscape Architect

education

Richard J . Neutra & Robert E. Alexander, Architects I 10

Stamo Papadaki Art Director

Daylight Measurements: Six New England Schools

By Willard Allphin

I 15

Elmer A. Bennett Drafting

Lighting The Audio-Visual Classroom

By Carl J . Allen

Louise Sloane Interior Design Consultant

Brad Wilkin Vice-President & Publisher

157

Solar Heating and Cooling: A Reality? By Louise Cooper

Washington Report by Frederick Sutheim

74 77

House: Medford, Oregon George T. Rockrise, Architect

Executive & Business Staff

154

68 70 71 72

87

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

Children's Clinic: Dallas, Texas Wiltshire & Fisher, Architects

Views

92

Storage Unit Waiting Rooms by Louise Sloane

selected details

121

Spec Small Talk by Ben John Small

122

Wall Section

123

Sloping Window Wall

125

David B. Hagenbuch Advertising Sales Manager

Planting by Louise Sloane

126

Frank J. Armeit Production Manager

House: Hanover, New Hampshire E. H. & M. K. Hunter, Architects

127

John N . Carlin Circulation Manager

House: Houston, Texas Wilson, Morris & Crain, Architects

128

James T. Burns, Jr. Research & Promotion Manager

Published monthly by REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, 430 Park Avenue, New York 22, N. Y. Second-class mail privileges authorized September 2 1 , 1951 on re-entry at Post Office, New York, N . Y., under Act of March 3, 1879.

Professional subscription — $5 (For full data, see page 13.)

Volume XXXVI, No. 12

interior design data

House: Hinsdale, Illinois George Fred Keck & William Keck, Architects

129

House: Portland, Oregon Charles Gilman Davis, Architects

130

Office Building: Los Angeles, California Richard J . Neutra, Architect

131

Church: Minneapolis, Minnesota Thorshov & Cerny, Inc., Architects

132 140 151

Interior Design Products Manufacturers'

Literature

Products

158

Reviews

264

Advertisers' Directory

192

Jobs and

266

P.S.

208

Advertisers'

210

P.S.

Jobs and Men

Log Book

New Service To Home Builders

Burton H. Holmes Technical Editor

Wall Section

De-Puy Sorkness Clinic: Jamestown, North Dakota Thorshov & Cerny, Inc., Architects

The Candidate-In-Training

Three Chapels: Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts

Samuel Hannaford & Sons, Associated Architects

Charles Magruder Managing Editor

147

153

9

13 67

George A. Sanderson Fiiature Editor

149

152

Mechanical Engineering Critique by William J . McGuinness

Thomas H. Creighton Editor

148

151

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson

Harrison & Abramovitz, Architects

News Bulletins

120

244

1955

5 7 11

Geodesic Dome for Dodgers?

TB Hospital: Rio Piedras. Puerto Rico Isadore Rosenfield, Hospital Consultant-Architect

116

139

Elmer A. Bennett Drafting Louise Sloane Interior Design Consultant

John N. Carlin Circulation Manager

Harmonia Savings Bank, Branch: Elizabeth, New Jersey George W . Clark, Architect

Shade-Dial

132

152

New H Q for L . A . Police

By Tyler Hicks

Stamo Papadaki Art Director

National Boulevard Bank: Chicago, Illinois Harper Richards, Architect

Western Savings & Loan Association: Chicago, Illinois Roy B. Blass, Architect

112

health facilities

Use M . Reese Associate Editor

The Pennsylvania Company for Banking & Trusts, Branch Robert Montgomery Brown, Architect

146

MO

Charles Magruder Managing Editor

144

147

94

101

Editorial Staff Thomas H. Creighton Editor

145

156

11508

p/a news survey

Financial News by William Hurd Hillyer

Church: Linwood, Pennsylvania Carroll, Grisdale & Van Alen, Architects

interior design data

Views

Advanced Buildings for Advanced Education Washington Report by Frederick Gutheim

143

J a m e s T. B u m s , Jr. Research & Promotion Manager

13 89 92

Washington Report by Frederick Sutheim

Solar-Window Overhang: Summer and W i n t e r Effectiveness

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson

90

87

selected details

James T. Bums, Jr. Research ft Promotion Manager

Mechanical Engineering Critique by William J . McGuinness

11

*

Hospital: Lima, Peru

88

The A r c h i t e c t and His Community Cocke, Bowman & York: Harlingen, Texas

Sculpture by Gwen Lux; Mosaic Mural by Max Spivak

John N . Cariln Circulation Manager

How The Architect Looks to The Building Product Salesman

Department Store: Knoxville. Tennessee

86

Detroit, Michigan

By F. W . Hutchinson and M . O . C o t t e r

Frank J. Araielt Production Manager

7

News Bulletins

91

Colorado

Architects-Engineers

Urban University Redevelopment: Suren Pilafian, A r c h i t e c t

A i r c r a f t Assembly Plant: Calverton, New York O f f i c e of A l f r e d Easton Poor, Architects Seelye, Stevenson, Value & Knecht, Consulting Engineers

David B. Hagenbuch Advertising Sales Manager

9

82

interior design data

John N . Carlln Circulation Manager

Published m o n t h l y by REINCORPORAHOLD PUBLISHING T I O N , 4 3 0 Park A v e n u e , N e w York 22, N . Y. Second-class m a i l p r i v i l e g e s a u t h o r i z e d September 2 1 , 1951 on r e - e n t r y at Post Office, N e w Y o r k , N . Y . , under Act o f M a r c h 3, 1879.

Professional s u b s c r i p t i o n — $ 5 .

(For f u l l d a t a , see p a g e 13.)

Volume X X X V I , No. 10

office practice

84

137

selected details

Louise Sloane Interior Design Consultant

Frank J. A r m e i t Production Manager

Views

U . S. A i r Force A c a d e m y : Colorado Springs,

$ Details by William H u r d Hillyer D r a f t i n g Room Efficiency—2 by Hans W . Meier

December

5

PROGRES!

Contractor

By Tyler Hicks

D a v i d B. H a g e n b u c h Advertising Sales Manager

Traveling Coach Display: Superior Electric Company Edward Wormley, Designer

144

165

general practice

Burton H . Holmes Technical Editor

Curtain Wall Selling Areas by Louise Sloane

142

Out of School by Carl Feiss The Architect as a Government

By Robley D. Stevens

96

Charles M a g r u d e r Managing Editor G e o r g e A . Sanderson Feature Editor

Stair Enclosure

141

148

Staff

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson

7 9 13

Reinforced-Brick Masonry Design by Harry C . Plummer

132

139

office practice

81

Remodeled Office Building: Charlotte, North Carolina A . G . Odell, Jr. & Associates, Architects

118

130

Executive & Business Staff Brad Wilkin Vice-President A Publisher

Views Catalano House: Raleigh, North Carolina

84

Giffels & Vallet, Inc., L. Rossetti, Engineers-Architects

Louise Sloane Interior Deiign Consultant

ARCHI

The Architect and Congress

13 81 82

114

SSIVE

Progress Preview Views

124

Louise Sloane Interior Detign Comultant

Brad Wilkin Vice-President ft Publlihor

Gutheim

November 1955

October 1955 5

P R O G R E S S ARCHITECTURE

102 I 16

123

Elmer A. Bennett

Products

Reviews

professional services

Executive ft Business Staff

142 144

220

94

134

145

O u t of School by Carl Feiss

93 140

Director

REINHOLD

Perspective by Frederick

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill,

Drafting

Research Village: Two Houses

164

Out of School by Carl Feiss

Art

Stainless-Steel Skin f o r Largest Metal-Clad Building

120

15 89

office practice

Stamo Papadaki

133

O u t of School by Carl Feiss

7

Architects-Engineers

127

172

Roiearch A Promotion Manager

5

Burton H. Holmes Technical Editor

Principles of Solar House Design by Austin Whilller

Products

office practice

Charles MagrucUr Managing Editor

M c A l l e n , Texas Richard S. Colley, A r c h i t e c t

155

Newsletter

9 Editorial Staff Thomas H. Creighton Editor

George A. Sanderson Feature Editor

100

Products

H o t e l : Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Perry, Shaw, Hepburn & Dean, Architects

137

Greenwich, Connecticut Henry Hill, A r c h i t e c t

163

M o t e l : New Orleans, Louisiana Charles R. Colbert, Architect-Planner

131

John N. Carlin Circulation Manager J a m e s T. B u m s , J r .

Research & Promotion Manager

Berkeley, California Vernon DeMars, A r c h i t e c t

96

JoRMt T. B u m s , Jr.

86

I 18

Brad Wilkin Vice-President & Publisher D a v i d B. Hagenbuch Advertising Sales Manager

Introduction

90

Manufacturers' Literature

By H o w a r d Sterling and G r o f f Conklin Executive & Business Staff

It's the Law by Bernard Tomson

89

147

80

88

88

Manufacturers' Literature

Ted Bower, Designer

l i t e M. Reese Associate Editor V a l e r i e Butta Anno Fallucchi Lois Greullch Hilda Miller Erika Sattler M a r g a r e t Squire Assistant Editors

Washington

155

Ford Central O f f i c e Build ing: Dearborn, Michigan Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Architects

George A . Sanderson Feature Editor

Newsletter

4

D r a f t i n g Room E f f i c i e n c y — I b y Hans W . Meier

John N. Cariin Circulation Manager

Transportation Center: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Vincent G . Kling, A r c h i t e c t

76

3

$ Details by William H u r d Hillyer

Interior Design Products

Views

77

Views

86

138

15

77

selected details

J u n e 1955

15 85

Interior Design

75

Charles Magruder Managing Editor

Progress Preview

146

76

Thomas H. Creighron Editor

Smith, Powell & Morgridge, Architects Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Architect

Executive & Business Staff

4

9

Frank J . Armeit Production Manager

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

9

Washington Perspective by Frederick G u t h e i m

U.S. Department of State, Foreign Buildings Operations

September 1955

a

Editorial Staff

Brad Wilkin VIca-Preildont A Pwbllihor

Newsletter

4

121

D a v i d B. Hagenbuch Advortiiing Sale* Manager

Conference Lounge: Havana, Cuba

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE >SIYE ARCH

3

C r a i g Ellwood, Designer

Exaeotlvi & Business Staff

August 1 9 5 5

3

Progress Preview

15 73

Charles M a g r u d e r Managing Editor

Executive O f f i c e : Stockholm, Sweden Knoll Planning Unit Dining and Conference Rooms: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil U.S. Department o f State, Foreign Buildings Operations

p

J u l y 1955

3

4 9

pa

132

PROGRESSIVE A R C H I T E C T U R E

ARCHITECTURE ARCI

Editorial Staff Thomas H . Creighton Editor

Selected Detail: Display Case Embassy Rooms by Louise Sloane

134

John N. Carlin Circulation M a n a g e r

PROGRESK S | E

129

136

Frank J . Armeit Production M a n a g e r

REINHOLD

131

the private house

Louise Sloane Interior Dotign CentultanI

By Imanuel S. Wiener

Bennett Drafting

office practice

Thomat H. Cralghton

Views

75 76

B u r t o n H. H o l m e s T e c h n i c a l Editor

Anne

a

ARCHITECTURE

Men Directory

COVER AND TABLE OF CONTENTS COLOURS Cover 1945 Table of Contents

Cover 1946 Table of Contents

Cover 1947 Table of Contents

Cover 1948 Table of Contents 62

COVER AND TABLE OF CONTENTS COLOURS Cover 1949 Table of Contents

Cover 1950 Table of Contents

Cover 1951 Table of Contents

Cover 1952 Table of Contents 63

COVER AND TABLE OF CONTENTS COLOURS

Cover 1953 Table of Contents

Cover 1954 Table of Contents

Cover 1955 Table of Contents

From the study of the cover and table of contents colours, it is noticeable that there is a correspondence between the 1947 and 1951. In this time frame the cover and index where combine probably to attract more people to buy the magazine. For what concern the other years covers, the colour does not match any specific theme inside the magazine nor the one of the table of contents.

64

PAGE LAYOUT P/a had various layouts for the pages, which were based on three basic frames ranging from one, two or three columns. Texts and photos where arranged in different ways in these three main vertical frames and we have a lot of combinations.

The year of the issue, its month and the page number were placed at the bottom right of each age.

There are some contents that are the same in every journal and they have a specific way of organization.

ANALYSIS OF THE LAYOUT

66

ANALYSIS OF THE LAYOUT

67

ANALYSIS OF THE LAYOUT

68

ANALYSIS OF THE LAYOUT IN SPECIFIC PAGES

P/a reviews

P/a news survey

P/a news survey

69

P/a newsletter

ANALYSIS OF THE LAYOUT IN SPECIFIC PAGES

P/a design awards

P/a design awards

P/a interior design

70

P/a interior design

ANALYSIS OF THE LAYOUT IN SPECIFIC PAGES

P/a progressive preview

P/a selected details

P/a products

71

out of school

72

IMPORTANCE OF IMAGE P/a had a lot of images as an architectural magazine.

Different sizes and placement in the layout shows the importance of the specific image.

Drawings, details, construction techniques, photos, coverm advertisments and sketches are a way to introduce their contents. In a lot of cases the image requires more than 60% of the page.

EXAMPLES OF IMAGES IN THE JOURNAL

Technical drawings

Sketches

Original photos

Full page drawings in different scale to explain a relevant project

Half page perspective sketches as a tool to give information about the spatiality of architectural projects

In a critical articles it is possible to find the original photos of an architecture to understand better the debate.

74

EXAMPLES OF IMAGES IN THE JOURNAL

Detail drawings

Mix Images

Mix Images

Combination of appereance and details to give a full knowledge of the construction method.

Overview of the intervention combined with an inside perspective of the future project.

Since for severals years the project presented are not built the images of maquette are one tool to better see the quality of it.

75

EXAMPLES OF IMAGES IN THE JOURNAL

Cover

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P/a news report

Electrical drawings

P/a selected details

Drawings

Selected Projects

Selected Projects

Statistics

Sketches

P/a design awards

76

SIZE OF THE IMAGES

Full page image

Full page image

Introduction of a theme

Image with drawing

Text with image

Text with images

Sketch with text

Sketch with text

Advertisement with text

Smaller images

Combined images

Last pages images

77

78

LOCATIONS OF THE PROJECTS Geographic and Thematic maps portray the projects locations of published architectural projects featured in Progressive Architecture Magazine within the decade 1945 to 1955.

LOCATIONS OF PUBLISHED ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS (1945-1955) Locations of Published Architectural Projects (1945-1955)

A worldwide map of project locations of published architectural projects featured in Progressive Architecture Magazine within the decade 1945 to 1955

A worldwide map of project locations of published architectural projects featured in Progressive Architecture Magazine within the decade 1945 to 1955.

80

LOCATIONS OF PUBLISHED ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS IN THE U.S.A Locations of Published Architectural Projects in the United States (1945-1955)

A map of United States of America in retrospect of published architectural projects featured in Progressive Architecture Magazine within the decade 1945 to 1955

A map of United States of America in retrospect of published architectural projects featured in Progressive Architecture Magazine within the decade 1945 to 1955.

81

OVERVIEW OF

Overview of Different Types of Projects in Progressive Architecture Magazine within 1945-1955 PROJECTS TYPES

A radial diagram showing the summary of all project types and where the aforementioned types are located in all over the world within the decade 1945 to 1955

82

OVERVIEW OF PROJECTS TYPES

A radial diagram showing the summary of all project types and where the mentioned types are located in all over the world within the decade 1945 to 1955.

Residential, Educational and Institutional typologies are the most spread in USA due to the post-war needs of new facilities, followed by industrial, religious and recreational architecture.

83

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED LOCATIONS IN THE USA LOCATION

DISTRIBUTION

TYPOLOGIES AND NUMBERS

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

84

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED USA LOCATION

LOCATIONS IN THE

DISTRIBUTION

TYPOLOGIES AND NUMBERS

1945

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1950

1951

1952

1953

1953

1954

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1947 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

85

1948

1954

1955

1955

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED LOCATIONS IN THE USA LOCATION

DISTRIBUTION

TYPOLOGIES AND NUMBERS

1950

1954

1955

1948

1950

1953

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1945 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

86

1954

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED USA

LOCATIONS IN THE

The most common places in North America where buildings are designed to be built are respectively New York and Los Angeles, followed by San Francisco.

In those locations the amount of residential typology is growing in the decades from 1945 to 1955, but also an increase of industrial construction.

Another category affected is the critique, which represent a critical point of view for different projects.

87

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED WORLD LOCATION

DISTRIBUTION

LOCATIONS IN THE

TYPOLOGIES AND NUMBERS

1945

1947

1948

1953

1948

1949

1950

1952

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

1946 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

88

1947

1953

1955

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED LOCATIONS IN THE WORLD LOCATION

DISTRIBUTION

TYPOLOGIES AND NUMBERS

1952

1953

1954

1955

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

1945 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

89

1950

1952

TYPES OF PROJECTS IN MOST FREQUENTED WORLD LOCATION

DISTRIBUTION

LOCATIONS IN THE

TYPOLOGIES AND NUMBERS

1945 one heathcare project 1946 one heathcare project 1949 one heathcare project

1954 one residential project

90

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE AWARDS An annual award where the magazine invites all the architects in the country to propose for a competition.

From these, they award the best proposal and gains a spread and publicity inside the magazine.

Supposed to be annually held but to some extent, there are no published in some issues.

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE AWARDS - 1946

May 1946 and July 1946 For each year starting from 1946, the publishers of Progressive Architecture will make two national awards.

1 - To the architect of the building, or group of buildings, constructed during the year in the United States, which should be the best example of progress in design 2 - To the architect of the private residence, constructed during the year in US, which should be the best example of progress in design.

In this article it is states the criteria with which jury will select the winners of the two categories.

92

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

June 1948 Chairman of this year’s Jury was Douglas Orr, president of American Intitute of Architects U N I T E D AIR L I N E S A I R P O R T T E R M I N A L , Merced, California, brings top honors (second time running) to E R N E S T J . KUMP C O M P A N Y , Architects.

The Jury made no Award this year in the private house classification (Class II) as although they found the proposal to be very good, none was actually called “supreme“

ANNUAL PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE AWARDS FOREWORD: As all readers at least one year old are aware, Ernest Kump (Ernest J. Kump Company) was an Award winner in the initial PROGRESSIV E ARCHITECTURE Annual Awards program conducted last year (see P / A lor June 1947). That he could win a second time running (above and page 50), and this in the face of three times as many entries and a totally different but equally top-flight jury, is cause for wonder—and sincerest congratulations. Almost incredibly, the Kump office's other entry in this year's program also received a citation (page 51).

Chairman of this year's Jury w a s Douglas Orr, president of the American Institute of Architects. His distinguished colleagues were: Henry S. Churchill, architect and city planning consultant: Joseph Hudnut, dean of Harvard University's Graduate School of Design; Antonin Raymond, internationally known New York architect; and Paul Weidlinger. engineer. P / A ' s editor, Thomas H. Creighton, served as Professional Advisor. It took two crowded days for the exemplify sound progress in design." The winner and all jobs awarded Mentions appear on Jury to analyze the 157 entries and select those buildings completed during 1947 that "best the pages immediately following; on pages 68-73 we show the merest sampling of the other work reviewed by the Jury.

As you will discover, the Jury made no A w a r d this year in the private-house classification.

From the bulky sheaf of entries, they winnowed out eight houses that they found very good; but after long, painstaking study, they concluded that no one of these could be fairly lifted from the others and called supreme; instead, all eight received Mentions.

Kump's two-time winning streak w a s surely the highlight of the judgment. But almost equally phenomenal was the fact that all three of last year's other winners—Gordon Drake (page 61); E. H. and M. K. Hunter (page 62); and Kenneth Lind (page 64)—again found their way into the top-Mention bracket. Special congratulations to these consistently good designers. And plaudits and thanks to all entrants.

•

J U N E . 1948

47

93

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

After the Editor’s note on the introduction of Progressive Architecture Awards, there is a Jury report where they give an overview on what the competition is all about. From the program, criteria, to the general reaction of the Jury to all of the submitted projects by architects.

JURY R E P O R T

By D O U G L A S W . ORR, Chairman

The 1 9 4 7 P R O G R E S S I V E A R C H I T E C T U R E A W A R D S judgment was held at the Architectural League, in New York, on Monday, March 2 2 , and Tuesday, March 23, 1948. The Jury approached its task in the spirit of the program for the judgment, which stated that the work premiated must show "demonstrable progress in fitness, strength, beauty, and purpose." The Jury was instructed to "give consideration to the appearance, plans, structure, use of materials, site arrangement, community plan, and community needs."

The number of exhibits was encouraging, but because of the number the task of the Jury was extremely difficult. It was interesting to note that the submissions came from many places scattered throughout the country and were not confined to any few specific areas. There were a number of extremely interesting projects, and there was evident a genuine endeavor on the part of many architects to find a new expression. The Jury felt, however, that despite the many entries, well representing the country geographically and by types of buildings, the submissions were somewhat disappointing in that there were comparatively few examples indicating that knowledge and certainty so necessary to produce a really distinguished piece of work. The Jury felt, as one, that the architecture produced in our contemporary work should be freed of copyism and should be a natural, native architectural expression—

48

Here they discussed, that some projects had technical abilities, used indigneous materials, but some lack sensitivity and “copyism“ was present.

simple, competent, and with beauty. Beauty there must always be: we cannot shed our flesh and sit around in our bones. Our general reaction to the work submitted for the judgment was therefore as follows: First, there is progress in technical competence and facility in arrangement of functions. Ingenious use of materials, interesting and useful experiments in construction systems, sensible and well functioning plan arrangements were evident in a large number of the entries. For example, the Jury admired apartment house schemes, restaurants, bus terminals, stores, and many other types of buildings that marked progress in planning and technical ability over the buildings we have become used to in those categories. However, in finished, over-all design, the report is not so favorable. There appears to be a groping uncertainty and often a lack of sensitivity in the handling of the design problem. Perhaps the wheel of evolution is starting up from the bottom of the turn; certainly some of the submissions showed understanding and ability in the handling of forms and materials. Yet many instances demonstrated that the designers were influenced by copy and by reliance on forms already developed. It would appear that imitation is not a vice limited to traditionalists.

Architecture, to be really significant, should lack selfconsciousness and should be a straightforward expression of its time, just as all great architecture

They concluded that “Architecture should lack self-consciousness and should be a straightforward expression of its time”

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

94

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

VT

I MAINE

®

I

(S) NEW YORK CONN

PENNSYLVANIA

© 6.

OHIO

© J?

N.J -DEL

©XdJ2x

TO THE ARCHITECT of the building or gjoup of buildings (not a private residence), constructed during the year in the United States, which best exemplifies sound progress in design.

AWARD

'MO.

D

ERNEST J. KUMP COMPANY. ARCHITECTS: UNITED AIR LINES AIRPORT TERMINAL, MERCED, C A L I F .

NORTH CAROLINA

X

SOUTH \ CAROLINA

MENTIONS

GEORGIA

O

The Jury divided the competition into 2 classes: Class I - buildings (of any project type) Class II - Residential Hierarchy of Awarding:

ERNEST J. KUMP COMPANY. ARCHITECTS: ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, S A N MATEO, C A L I F .

FLA.

B U S H B R O W N & G A I L E Y . ARCHITECTS P. M. H E F F E R N A N & R. L . A E C K . ASSOCIATES: GRANDSTANDS, ATLANTA, G A .

ARTHUR

the number from each state.

FEHR & C H A R L E S G R A N G E R , ARCHITECTS: CLINIC BUILDING, AUSTIN, T E X .

ALONZO I. HARRIMAN, INC.. ARCHITECTS-ENGINEERS: BOX F A C T O R Y , WEST BATH, ME. C A R L L . MASTON. ARCHITECT: APARTMENT HOUSE, L O S A N G E L E S , C A L I F .

KETCHUM. GINA & SHARP. ARCHITECTS: F A C T O R Y ADMINISTRATION BUILDING, BERKELEY,

has been in the past. It would seem that the profession stands in need of a much more self-searching analysis in order to develop greater competency in our work. It would appear that we must secure a much greater knowledge of an adequate philosophy with which to undergird our planning and design.

As Dean Hudnut expressed it, "We have taken away one tradition and are striving to find another."

Finally, it was interesting to note the number of the country's offices which are striving to develop contemporary work in their own areas. The Jury recommended highly the efforts of architects who had accomplished work which must have been extremely difficult to initiate. The results were not always as gratifying as they might have been, and the Jury wished there were more evidence of the development of that native architecture which might well become regional in a country as large as the United States. There were few instances of regional expressions based on native criteria.

The Jury reviewed all of the private houses first and by careful analysis and a process of elimination set aside those which were to be given further consideration. A similar process was followed in connection with the entries in Class 1 (buildings not private residences) until all entries likely to receive an Award or a Mention had been set aside and a conclusion had been reached, as described below

CALIF.

ROBERT L A W W E E D & ASSOCIATES. ARCHITECTS: CLASSROOM BUILDING, UNIVERSITY O F MIAMI. F L A .

“Award” - highest of all - met all of the criteria that the Jury was asking for Mentions - second to the “Award“

C L Y D E C . PEARSON & F A R R O W L . TITTLE. ARCHITECTS PARKER A. NARROWS & JOHN H. HANCOCK, ASSOCIATES: APARTMENT BUILDING, MONTGOMERY, A L A .

CLASS 1 The Jury reviewed carefully all of the 100 entries in this classification. Eventually nine buildings were left for consideration, all of which seemed worthy of at least a Mention. By further elimination, three final competitors for the Award in this class were selected—the Airport Building in Merced, California, by Ernest J . Kump Company; the School in San Mateo, California, by the same architects; and the Grandstand for the Georgia School of Technology, by Bush-Brown & Gailey, architects, with Heffernan & Aeck, associates. After more analysis and discussion, the Award was given to the Airport Terminal Building and the others were given Mentions. In addition to the eight Mentions in this category (listed on this page), two projects were cited specially for excellence which almost won them Mentions (See pages 68 and 70; top, left). The Jury's comments on the individual buildings are presented with the buildings on the pages which follow.

(Continued on page 59)

JUNE, 1948

49

95

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

The overview of who received the award and mentions, it is followed by the details of projects. Here there are comments by the Jury and explained why this project received the highest honor. This Airport Terminal in California was deemed “an excellent piece of design with a feeling for its purpose, competently planned and developed to meet the function for which it is intended..“

View from waiting room out to field. Copper radiant heating coils are embedded in the asphalt-tile-surfaced, concrete slab floor.

5*

If

E R N E S T J . K U M P C O M P A N Y , Architects UNITED A I R LINES AIRPORT TERMINAL, MERCED, CALIFORNIA

JURY C O M M E N T S

"The Jury was unanimous in feeling that the Merced airport building for United Air Lines is an excellent piece of design with a feeling for its purpose, competently planned and developed to meet the function for which it is intended . . . an altogether distinguished work."

Editorial Note: Fully published in the August 1 9 4 7 issue of PROGRESSIVE A R C H I T E C TU R E .

Interestingly enough, the job

was submitted to the P / A Awards by United Air Lines oflicials.

50

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

96

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE AWARDS: C L A S S 1

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE A W A R D S : C L A S S 1

T r i l a t e r a l light; a l l - g l a s s north w a l l ; high window strips on south w a l l ; diffused c e n t r a l skylighting.

^00

T h e factory workmen built the plant with their own h a n d s — t o replace one destroyed by fire. Timber throughout.

ft*

****

E R N E S T J . K U M P C O M P A N Y , Architects ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, SAN MATEO, CALIFORNIA

BOX FACTORY, WEST BATH, M A I N E

JURY C O M M E N T S

"Highly complimented by the Jury. The school exhibits obvious understanding . . . of the life of children and education. The structure might be said to have a 'human quality.' It is also outstanding in technical advance."

Editorial

Note:

Published in Jan. 1947 and 1948 Architectural

ALONZO J. HARRIMAN, INC., Architects-Engineers

JURY COMMENTS

KUMP

"The B a t h Box Company F a c t o r y was felt to have a real feeling for design. I t is simple and straightf o r w a r d , with particular merit because of the texturing of the walls and the handling of fenestration.

It is extremely simple in its structural solution and well adapted to location and climate. Usually this type of building is handled in a horrible way."

ARTHUR FEHR & C H A R L E S G R A N G E R , Architects

Record.

CLINIC BUILDING, AUSTIN, TEXAS

FEHR

$uJ.<—°

JURY C O M M E N T S "The Clinic was considered to be an excellent building in its particular, important class, with a well-organized plan. I t w a s felt to be an honest piece of work, well studied, not exciting, but more than competent."

Editorial Note: T o be published more fully in a later issue. T h e site is adjacent to a small park at the edge of a residential district so the exterior was designed to meet standards of the existing neighborhood.

JUNE, 1948

51

Editorial Note: To be fully in P / A .

GRANGER

JUNE,

1948

53

Not only Awards, but Jury’s can give honorable mentions

97

54

PROGRESSIVE

ARCHITECTURE

published

HARRIMAN

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

TO THE ARCHITECT of the private residence, constructed during the year in the United States, which best exemplifies sound progress in design.

A

A wards

MENTIONS FRANK GRUYS & L. E. McCONVILLE. PAIRED

HOUSES,

ARCHITECTS:

LOS ANGELES,

CALIF.

The Class 2 Category illustrates private residential projects. The pattern is the same as the Class I - showing the summary of the mentions and giving a brief overview on the program, criteria and general comments about the Class II proposal.

GORDON DRAKE, DESIGNER: HOUSE,

E.

LOS ANGELES,

H . & M . K. HUNTER, HOUSE,

JURY REPORT CLASS 2

Upon completion of judging the work in Class 1, the J u r y returned to give additional study to the eight houses which had been set aside for further consideration. A f t e r reviewing the entries again it was decided that no design stood out sufficiently to deserve the A w a r d . Hence the eight (listed on this page) were given Mentions.

It was agreed that there was a good level of general accomplishment in these residences and that, compared with the ones eliminated, the standard was high. It was agreed also that the submissions as a whole indicated progress being made, and that the presentations showed a search for a new understanding. However, it was felt that our domestic work has not yet reached a really fine design level.

The designers are laboring over every problem in an effort to find a new worth-while tradition—a laudable and praiseworthy effort—but as yet no definite concept of values and criteria has been established.

The J u r y sensed a new f o r m of expression emerging, and that is most encouraging. Since architecture is a dynamic process—constantly moving as times and understanding change—it is not to be expected that a final tradition will be established, but rather that much more successful solutions will develop by evolution. I t is evident that this must be accomplished without a general standardization, for we should have individual expressions and not, as one juror said, "architectural Coca-Cola." There is a striving to use materials in new ways, but there is not always a feeling for their organization or their true usefulness. F o r example, there was much discussion among the J u r y about the use of glass in contemporary house design; there was agreement that much of its present use is for purely esthetic reasons.

CALIF.

ARCHITECTS:

HANOVER,

N. H.

RAPHAEL S. SORIANO, ARCHITECT: HOUSE,

V A N NUYS,

CALIF.

KENNETH N . LIND, ARCHITECT: ROW

HOUSE

UNITS,

SANTA

MONICA,

CALIF.

HUNNELLS, CLARK, W A U G H & MATSUMOTO, ARCHITECTS: HOUSE,

NEAR

KANSAS

CITY,

MO.

JOHN C. CAMPBELL A N D WORLEY K. W O N G : (Designer) HOUSE,

(Architect)

FALLEN

LEAF

LAKE,

CALIF.

JOHNSON & WHITCOMB, ARCHITECTS: HOUSE,

DEDHAM,

MASS.

the searching and the progress that are evident, but also to issue an appeal for greater individual and regional expression and a w a r n i n g against cliches and imitations. We believe that our new t r a dition will unfold rapidly when the profession develops a greater depth of understanding and feeling for locale, use and organization of materials, and basic form development without dependence on stylistic tricks. I t is, of course, historically true that the work in all great architectural periods has had that type of general resemblance which has made a style, or characterized a period. T h i s has been true, no matter how widespread the work has been geographically ; the regional differences have been within a proper framework. T h e J u r y wants to point out that its w a r n i n g against cliches is not a condemnation of those characteristics of our time which result naturally from programmatic needs or use of materials. I t is the self-conscious effort to use eccentric forms, or to overemphasize such things as the use of glass or cantilevers where they are not called for — i n other words, a straining after effect—that is to be condemned.

It might be added that the practicing members of the J u r y hurried back to their offices to review their own work and get out their erasers to rub out the cliches.

Rather than comment on the individual houses, the J u r y would like to use this opportunity to commend

JUNE,

1948

98

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1948

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE A W A R D S : C L A S S 1

1

The

building's light steel f r a m e is laterally braced by the wood framing of the butterfly roof.

Private outdoor living for adults (paved terrace off living room) and for children (sandbox

within lawn a r e a ) .

KETCHUM. GINA & SHARP, Architects FACTORY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING

C A R L L . MASTON, Architect

FRANK G R U Y S & L . E . McCONVILLE, Architects

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

APARTMENT HOUSE, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

PAIRED HOUSES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA GRUYS

MASTON

JURY C O M M E N T S "The K a w n e e r Company's factory administration building was thought to be well planned and dignified, simple in basic conception, and worked out in a sophisticated expression . . . There is a certain know-how about its whole design."

JURY C O M M E N T S "Commended for attempting a solution of a rather difficult and complicated problem.

While the over-all design is not outstanding, it was felt that the apartment has originality, and the effort to develop a better type of apartment building in the face of standards and restrictions is praiseworthy."

Identical houses (with a third to be added) worked out to come within G . I . loan budgets. Skillful provision for privacy in row units. F r a m e and stucco.

17 A will publish.

Editorial Note: P / A will publish this building in detail in the July 1948 issue.

Editorial Note: Designed to meet the competition of speculatively built apartment buildings.

KETCHUM

Good orientation, light, and air on an average city lot.

56

JUNE,

1948

PROGRESSIVE

GINA

SHARP

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE

55

Since they did not give to anyone the Award, next goes the honorable mentions

99

P/A AWARDS EXAMPLE - 1950

Progressive Architecture has decided to discontinue its Annual Awards Judgment, in order that the Honor Awards Program of the American Institute of Architects may be developed exclusively as the medium for rewarding executed work, to the benefit of all architects in the United States and the furtherance of progress in architecture.

At the time the P/A Awards were instituted, no other national honors were available for the designers of completed work, while in 1950 Honor Awards Program of the American Institute of Architects was established.

Criteria: - They will be open to all registered architects practicing in the United States, regardless of A.I.A. membership.

- Submissions will be made direct to the national judgment without the necessity of local preliminary judgments, which might be of uneven quality or questionable efficiency.

- The juries will be selected as objectively as the P/A juries have been, and will include those who are qualified to judge technical, functional, and social, as well as esthetic qualities.

100

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE AWARDS - 1953

In August 1953 appeared again for the first time the announcement of the first Design Award: “Progressive architecture announces a new annual awards program, with awards to go to architects and their clients for project in the design stage.“ From 1950 to 1952 the January issue of P/A has been devoted to a preview of work in design stage to be built in the coming year. Now the preview will be extended to include design award for different categories (Commerce, education, heath, public use, religion and residential design)planned for construction in United States, starting from 1954.

101

102

BIBLIOGRAPHY All the bibliography related to the history of the United States of America in 1940 - 1950, the history of the magazine, the project inside the magazines and also external bibliography to better understand what is Progressive Architecture also throughout the critical review of other magazines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY • History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago, Frank A. Randall. The University of Illinois Press.

• A Basic History of the United States, Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard.

The New Home Library: Garden City Publishing Co. Inc. • Structure in Building. W. Fisher Cassie and J. H.Napper, The Architectural Press, 13, Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. 1, London, England, 1952. 266 pp., illus. 30s • Creating an lndustrial Civilization. A Report on the Corning Conference, Edited by Eugene Staley, Harper & Brothers, 49 E. 33 St., New York 16, N.Y., 1952. 368 pp.

• Symmetry. Hermann Weyl, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 19o2.

168 pp., illus.

• Design for Point of Sale. Ladislav Sutner. Pellegrini & Cudahy, 41 E. 50 St ., New York 22, N. Y.,1952. illus., • The Age of Wren . Ralph Dutton . B. T. Botsford, ltd., 15 N. Audley St., W.I & Malvern Wel ls Worcestershire, London , England. Distributed by the British Book Center, Inc ., 122 E. 55 St., New York 22, N.Y., 1952. 136 pp.

• The Works of Architects Olgyay and Olgyay. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 330 W. 42 St., New York 36, N.Y., 1952. 72 pp.

• Education for Professional Responsibility. Carnegie Press, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa,1948. 207 pp • Houser: The Life and Work of Catherine Bauer, 1905-64.

• “Mass Production to Relieve Housing Shortages”, Maciej Nowick • Engineering Contracts and Specifications. Robert W. Abbett. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16, N. Y. 2nd Edition, 1948. 317 pp

104

BIBLIOGRAPHY • Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Robert Henderson Emnri.ck PrenticeHall, Inc.,7O Filth Ave., New York, N.Y. 19tt8. 259 pp.

• Structural Design in Metals. Clifford, D. Williams and, Ernest C. Harris. The Ronald. Press Co., 15 E. 26th St., New York, N.Y, 19t+9. 596 pp • An Introduction to the Design of Timber Structures Paperback, PO Reece, E & FN Spon LTD (1949).

• Modern Lamps. Volume 7, Number 7, Spring, 1950. Quarterly published by Krieger Publications, Inc., 174 E. 82 St., New York 76, N.Y • Handbook of Kitchen Design. Technical Series No. C5.828. Small Home Council, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. • Abstracts of Daylighting, Research, Arthur Rubin and Riad Saraiji, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology.

• Climate and architecture, by Jeffrey Eilis Aronin, REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, DEPT. M-697, 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. • Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use. Robert B. Mitchell and Chester Rapkin.

Columbia University Press. 2960, Broadway, New York 27, .Y., 1954.

• Wood in an Industrial World, J. A. Hall, The Scientific Monthly Vol. 67, No. 6 (Dec., 1948), pp. 398-405.

• Design. A quarterly magazine of tropical arts and architecture, Issue No. 7.

Published by Arts and Design, Inc., 928 dePont Bldg, Miami 32, Fla. • Callan, Edwin J. “Concrete for Radiation Shielding.” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 25, No. 1 (September, 1953), pp. 17-45.

• Wyckoff, H. O. “Radiation Protection in Therapeutic Radiology,” The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 73, No. 4.

105

BIBLIOGRAPHY Magazines: Files of Architectural Forum, Architectural Record, Engineer NewsRecord, Pencil Points and Progressive Architecture.

• Pencil Points Reader A Journal for the Drafting Room, 1920-1943 Jan Cigliano, George E. Hartman Description: The first issue of the legendary architecture journal Pencil Points appeared in 1920 as “a journal for the drafting room.” Born out of The Architectural Review, and merged with Progressive Architecture in 1943, Pencil Points became the leading voice in architectural and graphic design when modernism flourished, introducing key players from America and Europe.

It also established the agenda in architectural theory: multi volume pieces

by John Harbeson, Talbot Hamlin, Hugh Ferris, and others dealt with major issues that are still relevant today-architectural education and practice, smallhouse design and portable housing, city planning, and the influence (or not) of modernism. Items like George Nelson’s series of reports from Europe in the early 1930s, H. Van Buren Magonigle’s diatribes against modernism, and a glossary of Ecole des Beaux-Arts terms sit side-by-side with the best architectural drawings and photographs of the 20th century. Pencil Points Reader republishes the most important essays from the journal’s 23 years, arranged chronologically, and offers an insider’s introduction by John Dixon, the former executive editor of Progressive Architecture. Pencil Points Reader is a prized collector’s edition and an essential addition to any architectural library.

George E. Hartman is a founder and principal of Hartman Cox Architects. He lives in Washington, D.C.

106

EXTERNAL BIBLIOGRAPHY • David F. Travers, Arts & Architecture 1945-49. How A&A paved the way in postwar construction and culture, Taschen, 2004.

• Gaia Caramellino, “The Shelter Project and the multiple itineraries of American modernism”, in Architectural magazines (1900-1975), chronicles, manifestos, propaganda, Pamplona, 2012 pp. 137-146.

• Joan Ockman and Edward Eigen, Architecture Culture, 1943-1968: a documentary anthology, Columbia Books of Architecture/Rizzoli, 1993.

• Built in USA: Post – war Architecture, edited by Henry Russell Hitchcock and Arthur Drexler, The Museum of Modern Art • CIAM 6. Bridgewater, Reaffirmation of the Aims of CIAM, in S. Giedion , A Decade of Contemporary Architecture, 1954 (in J. Ockman, Architecture Culture, pp. 100-102).

• J. Backema, A. van Eyck, H.P. van Ginkel. H. Greve, P. Smithson, J. Voelker, Doorn Manifesto, 1954, in A. Smithson, The Emergence of Team 10 out of CIAM, AA 1982 (in J. Ockman, Architecture Culture, pp. 181-183).

• Arizona State University Library: Design Library Archives and special Collections, “Paul Schweikher Collection 1920s – 1980s, “ Arizona State University Library, http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docld=ead/ead/ asu/schweikher.xml&do c.view=print;chunk.id=0 • Cambridge Dictionary, “Meaning of “progressive” in the English Dictionary” Cambridge University Press, http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/ private/snapshot.asp?privcapld=428 8410.

• John Edward Powell, “Biographies of Architects, Designers, and Builders,” Historicfresno.org, http://historicfresno.org/bio/kumpjr.htm.

• Magali Sarfatti Larson, Behind the Postmodern Façade: Architectural Change in Late Twentieth – Century America, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), 183-218.

• Oxford Dictionaries, “Definition of progressive in English”, Oxford University Press, http://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/progressive • Mark Gelernter, A history of American Architecture: Buildings in their Cultural and technological Context ( University Press of New England, 1999), 260-64.

107

108

INDEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF EACH JANUARY

113

ADVERTISEMENT

119

P/A BUSINESS FORECAST

137

P/A ANNUAL SURVEY OF THE PROFESSION

149

P/A ENGENEERING SURVEY

155

P/A BUILDING TYPE SURVEY

177

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES AND LOCATIONS

185

LISTS OF AWARDS AND PROJECTS

211

BIBLIOGRAPHY

227

112

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF EACH JANUARY P/a January edition of the magazine were always threated as a summary of the previous year architecture.

In this chapter the analysis per each year is presented from a critique point of view.

1951 CONTENTS OF JANUARY JOURNAL 1951

NEWSLETTER P/A: - VIEWS: READERS OF TOMSON COLUMN FIND ESTHETIC ZONING - PROGRESS REPORT 1951 DESIGN SURVEY: - REGION 1 - REGION 2 - REGION 3 - REGION 4 - REGION 5 - REGION 6 - REGION 7 - REGION 8 - REGION 9 - REGION 10 - THE ACTIVE FIELDS - HEALTH - PUBLIC USE - EDUCATION - COMMERCE - INDUSTRY, POWER, TRANSPORTATION - HOUSING

This issue of PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE is devoted to a preview of work on the drawing boards planned for construction in the United States in 1951.

Recent events have made accurate forecasts of building construction well-nigh impossible and some of the projects shown in the pages that follow may not be built.

The journal starts with a newsletter about general prediction about this year. The most important part is the “1951 design survey” related to each region.

The P/a reviews, jobs and men and P.S. progressive architecture are other detailed sections.

P/A: REVIEWS JOBS AND MEN P.S. PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

114

1952 CONTENTS OF JANUARY JOURNAL 1952

P/A PROGRESSIVE REVIEW PREVIEW OF PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR HOUSING – 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR EDUCATION – 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR HEALTH - 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR PUBLIC USE - 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR DEFENSE - 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR COMMERCE - 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR INDUSTRY - 1952 - PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE FOR RELIGION - 1952

From this year there is an interest in interior design and after 1952 more articles about it were added.

In this journal we can realize that the contents are more organized. There is page for the advertisement catalog and details.

There is also an analysis for progressive architecture for 1952 in terms of housing, education, health, public use, defense, commerce, industry and religion.

Also, there is a new interest for interior space which is shown in the section “interior design data“.

P/A PRODUCTS: - INTERIOR DESIGN DATA: DESIGN AND FURNISHING OF OFFICES - OUT OF SCHOOL - P/A JOBS FOR MEN - IT’S THE LAW

115

1953

There is a busy year ahead for the architects in the United States-one of the busiest that architects as a whole have ever had.

P/A ’s annual survey indicates that the average active firm will make working drawings for $4,037,000 of construction in 1953, an increase of 25% over the past year’s volume.

In this journal we have the table of contents. We can see that now there is interest in interiors but also in design and techniques.

Interior design is a new arcticle very important for the history of the magazine.

Selected details are added. Reviews, out of school, jobs and mens, advertisr’s directory and p.s always are present.

116

1954

Predictors assumed there will be no significant change in international situation.

Government agencies predicted year-end total of $34 billions.

The journal of 1954 has the same structure with that of 1953.

The themes are the same also now we have pages about awards. Fields like commerce, education, health, industry, public use, religion and housing again are analyzed.

Again, there is a specific analysis about interiors and the out of school pages.

Jobs & men, Advertisers’ Directory and reviews remain the same.

117

1955

Latest reports for 1955 substantiate predictions that construction expenditures will continue at peak levels and further forecast an increase of 7 percent over last year’s record.

The journal of 1955 has the same structure with that of 1954.

The themes are the same also now we have pages about awards. Fields like commerce, education, health, industry, public use, religion and housing again are analyzed. Again, there is a specific analysis about interiors and the out of school pages. Jobs & men, Advertisers’ Directory and reviews remain the same.

118

ADVERTISEMENTS The advertisements played a very important role in P/A journal.

The categories could be divided into 11: windows, doors, materials, lighting system, construction, heating and cooling system, mechanical supplies, drafting supplies, electrical supplies, furniture and solar control louvers.

Their layout change depending on each case.

The most common layout was a full-page advertisement, and mainly used in the central section of each issue, between “office practice” and p/a new survey”, sections of the table of contents. Most of the times, advertisement are between 60-70 pages.

The advertisements, were not only catchy for the audience but they had a technical character and were very useful.

ADVERTISEMENT LAYOUTS

120

1951 TOTAL AMOUNT OF ADVERTISEMENT IN JANUARY 1951

CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISEMENT based on the 55.19% value

ACOUSTIC SYSTEM 1.18 % FURNITURE DRAFTING SUPPLIES 3.53 % WINDOWS 2.35 % 12.94 %

ARTICLES PAGES 44.81%

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES 5.88 % HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM 14.12 % ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES 2.35 %

DOORS 8.24 %

MATERIALS 23.53 %

CONSTRUCTION 25.88 % LIGHTING SYSTEM 3.53 %

ADVERTISEMENT PAGES 55.19%

121

1951 - EXAMPLES

Windows

Doors

Materials

Lighting system

Acoustic system

Heating & Cooling system

Mechanical supplies

Electrical supplies

Construction

Drafting supplies

122

Furniture

1951 - LIST

ANALYSIS OF THE ADVERTISEMENTS IN JANUARY 1951

Category

Theme

Pages

WINDOWS

glass or panels tiles - junction windows

150, 152, 136, 6,7,27,29,38,39,101,104,121

2 1 8

2 1 9

11

12.94

DOORS

sectional panel lift garage door doors devices

110,153, 111,116,129 148,149

2 3 2

2 3 2

7

8.24

MATERIALS

flooring wall and cladding finishing ceiling

11,13,18,25,30,32,128,146, 3,12,26,107,112,115,123,145 16,40,141 100,

8 8 3 1

8 8 3 1

20

23.53

LIGHTING SYSTEM

integrated only light

139, 143,144

1 2

1 2

3

3.53

CONSTRUCTION

steel insulation wall roof concrete systems Plumbing Manual book and detail

21,24,37 14,120, 98, 126 119,136,137,157 8,44,102,103 22,23, 20,28,108,109,114,122,124,151

3 2 1 1 4 4 1 7

3 2 1 1 4 4 2 7

22

25.88

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

general

19,130

2

2

2

2.35

HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM cooling heating ventilation

33,34,35,36, 31,106,118,147,155 138,140,150,

4 5 3

4 5 3

12

14.12

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES

131,142, 125, 4,5,10 132,133

2 1 3 2

2 1 3 2

5

5.88

127

1

1

2

2.35

drain stairs elevator FIRE

DRAFTING SUPPLIES

n adv

n pages tot category

%

ACOUSTIC SYSTEM

Signaling system

113,

1

1

1

1.18

FURNITURE

bathroom HOUSE

117,152 154,

2 1

2 1

3

3.53

123

1952 TOTAL AMOUNT OF ADVERTISEMENT IN JANUARY 1952

CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISEMENT based on the 61.05% value

FURNITURE 6.67 %

ARTICLES PAGES 38.95%

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES 6.67 %

BOOKS 1.90 %

WINDOWS 8.57 % DOORS 4.76% BATHROOMS 2.86 %

HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM 11.43 % ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES 5.17 %

MATERIALS 28.57 %

CONSTRUCTION 20.00 % ADVERTISEMENT PAGES 61.05%

LIGHTING SYSTEM 7.62 %

124

1952 - EXAMPLES

Windows

Doors

Materials

Lighting system

Bathrooms

Heating & Cooling system

Mechanical supplies

Electrical supplies

Construction

Books

125

Furniturew

1952 - LIST

ANALYSIS OF THE ADVERTISEMENTS IN JANUARY 1952 Category WINDOWS

Theme glass blocks windows

Pages 148b-148c, 159, 168 36-37, 42, 45, 120-121, 137, 140

DOORS

coating sealant doors hardware

BATHROOM

3 6

4 8

9

% 8.57

141 31, 41, 128 156

1 3 1

1 3 1

5

4.76

lavatory faucet

33, 40 168

2 1

2 1

3

2.86

MATERIALS

flooring wall finishing insulation ceiling waterproofing

27, 35, 51, 75-76, 80, 83, 104, 147 4-5, 6-7, 49, 50, 151, 161, 162 10, 11, 12, 30, 57, 67, 153, 160, 168 3, 14 8, 26, 44 47

8 7 9 2 3 1

9 9 9 2 3 1

30

28.57

LIGHTING SYSTEM

dimming equipment only light

136 28, 105, 133, 138, 149, 155, 162

1 7

1 7

8

7.62

CONSTRUCTION

steel accessories wall concrete railing company method

19, 139, 150 23, 140, 166, 168 1 29, 34, 142, 158, 162, 163, 164 145 20, 32, 52, 166 38

3 4 1 7 1 4 1

3 4 1 7 1 4 1

21

20.00

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

service accessories elevator

39, 86, 162 21, 143 154

3 2 1

4 2 1

6

5.71

HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM pipes heating hand and hair dryer ventilation

81 43, 46, 126-127, 146, 157 140 24-25, 152, 156, 160, 165

1 5 1 5

1 6 1 6

12

11.43

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES

air fire water service

73-74, 82, 85 142 48 158, 166

3 1 1 2

4 1 1 2

7

6.67

FURNITURE

gym equipment folding tables chair chalkboard drafting tables rug

69 142, 164 13 22 166 169

1 2 1 1 1 1

1 2 1 1 1 1

7

6.67

BOOKS

architecture and engr law book houses

167 171

1 1

1 1

2

1.90

126

n adv

n pages

tot category

1953 TOTAL AMOUNT OF ADVERTISEMENT IN JANUARY 1953

CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISEMENT based on the 53.54% value

BOOKS 12.26 %

ARTICLES PAGES 46.46%

ACCESSORIES 5.60 % FURNITURE 3.77 %

WINDOWS 12.26 %

DOORS 14.15 %

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES 5.66 % HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM 10.38 % ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES 2.83 % CONSTRUCTION 24.53 %

ADVERTISEMENT PAGES 53.54%

127

MATERIALS 16.04 %

LIGHTING SYSTEM 10.38 %

1953 - EXAMPLES

Windows

Doors

Materials

Lighting system

Accessories

Heating & Cooling system

Mechanical supplies

Electrical supplies

Construction

Books

128

Furniture

1953 - LIST Category WINDOWS

Theme glass or panels windows

Pages n adv 8-9, 32,138,176,180 11,26,127,146-147,148-149,157,162-163,183

5 8

n pages 6 10

tot category 13

% 12.26

doors devices accessories

21,29,116,131,145,165,184,184 43,150 2,133,134,138,142

8 2 5

7 2 5

15

14.15

MATERIALS

flooring wall and cladding ceiling

0,12,25,47,126,141,152-153,176 5,23,34,37,42,102,110,112 6,,

8 8 1

9 8 1

17

16.04

LIGHTING SYSTEM

integrated only light

13,22,24,114 137,139,144,177,182,184,187

4 7

4 7

11

10.38

CONSTRUCTION

steel insulation roof concrete systems wood

31.40-41,100,140,155,159,171,175,180 10,14,30,32,39,46,128,168,178 20,44 35,36,48,180 45, 166,

9 9 2 4 1 1

10 9 2 4 1 1

26

24.53

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

flooring general

3

2.83

156,167,179

3

3

HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM cooling heating ventilation

135,151,180 27,28,38,160-161,172,187 164,184

3 6 2

3 7 2

11

10.38

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES

drain elevator FIRE

17,124,185 18-19,129 142,

3 2 1

3 3 1

6

5.66

FURNITURE

kitchen

143,170,173,182

4

4

4

3.77

ACCESSORIES

accessories

178,178,181

3

2

3

5.60

BOOKS

books

136,154,168,169,172,176,178,182,182,186, 186,187,189

13

11

13

12.26

DOORS

%

129

106

198

92

53.54

100

46.46

1954 TOTAL AMOUNT OF ADVERTISEMENT IN JANUARY 1954

CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISEMENT based on the 40.95% value

FURNITURE 4.21 %

ARTICLES PAGES 59.05%

ACOUSTIC SYSTEM 4.21 % DRAFTING 3.16 %

WINDOWS 13.68 %

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES 1.05 % HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM 17.89 %

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES 3.16 %

CONSTRUCTION 26.32 %

ADVERTISEMENT PAGES 40.95%

130

DOORS 9.47%

MATERIALS 16.84 %

LIGHTING SYSTEM 7.37 %

1954 - EXAMPLES

Windows

Doors

Materials

Lighting system

Furniture

Heating & Cooling system

Mechanical supplies

Electrical supplies

Construction

Drafting

131

Acoustic system

1954 - LIST

ANALYSIS OF THE ADVERTISEMENTS IN JANUARY 1954 Category WINDOWS

Theme glass or panels tiles - junction windows Mantenance

Pages 11, 148, 41, 65, 216, 227 198 170-171, 184-185, 189, 197, 228 153

DOORS

sectional panel lift doors devices

MATERIALS

flooring wall and cladding finishing ceiling roof

n adv

n pages

tot category 13

% 13.68

1 6 3

9

9.47

8 1 6

9 1 6

16

16.84

36

1

1

6 1 5 1

6 1 7 1

218 13, 35, 51-52, 164, 218 46, 48, 136

1 5 3

16, 17-18, 49, 147, 162, 177, 181, 222 221 3, 34, 138, 180, 209, 212

LIGHTING SYSTEM

integrated only light

56-57, 183 30-31, 62, 150, 195, 217

2 5

3 6

7

7.37

CONSTRUCTION

steel insulation wall roof concrete systems Manual book and detail

154, 159, 166, 196 5, 8, 42, 50, 54, 165, 172, 194, 215

4 9

4 9

25

26.32

47, 64 14, 28, 29, 47, 66 1, 14, 55 43, 163

2 5 3 2

2 5 3 2 3

3.16

26-27, 58-59, 179

3

5

HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM pipes heating general elements ventilation cooling

156, 208 2, 21, 24-25, 32-33, 187, 220 53, 176, 193 201, 205 44-45, 60, 206, 223

2 6 3 2 4

2 8 3 2 5

17

17.89

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES

224

1

1

1

1.05

DRAFTING SUPPLIES

20, 63, 190

3

3

3

3.16

ACOUSTIC SYSTEM

6, 61, 199

3

3

4

4.21

22-23 39 169

2 1 1

2 1 1

4

4.21

95

232

40.95

100

<

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

FURNITURE

flooring general

drain

Kitchen GYM Office

%

132

1955 TOTAL AMOUNT OF ADVERTISEMENT IN JANUARY 1955

CATEGORIES OF ADVERTISEMENT based on the 56.06% value

FURNITURE 7.21 %

ARTICLES PAGES 43.94%

ACOUSTIC SYSTEM 3.60 %

WINDOWS 10.81 %

DRAFTING 2.70 % DOORS 13.51 %

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES 2.70 % HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM 14.41 % ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES 2.70 %

MATERIALS 28.83%

CONSTRUCTION 14.41 % LIGHTING SYSTEM 5.41 %

ADVERTISEMENT PAGES 56.06%

133

1955 - EXAMPLES

Windows

Doors

Materials

Lighting system

Acoustic system

Heating & Cooling system

Mechanical supplies

Electrical supplies

Construction

Drafting supplies

134

Furniture

1955 - LIST Category WINDOWS

Theme glass or panels tiles - junction windows Mantenance

tot category 12

% 10.81

DOORS

sectional panel lift garage door 13, 179, 190 doors 108, 163, 182, 184 devices

1 13 4

15

13.51

MATERIALS

flooring wall and cladding finishing ceiling roof waterproofing

0, 11, 28, 110, 123,152, 153, 160, 163, 174, 193, 194, 194 19, 149, 161, 167, 171, 190, 192, 193 29, 40-41,42, 50, 172-173 124, 148, 130, 142, 185, 195

13 8 5 1 1 4

12 8 7 1 1 4

32

28.83

LIGHTING SYSTEM

integrated only light

170, 186 164-165, 178, 192, 194

2 4

2 5

6

5.41

CONSTRUCTION

steel insulation wall roof concrete systems Manual book and detail

5, 52, 144, 146-147, 8, 26-27, 39, 183 46, 58, 181 54, 132, 156-157 135, 154

4 1 1 2 3 3 2

5 1 2 2 3 4 2

16

14.41

ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES

flooring general

34-35, 53, 186

1 2

2 2

3

2.70

HEATING & COOLING SYSTEM pipes heating general elements ventilation cooling

1, 14, 38, 55, 57, 22-23, 24, 150, 151, 140, 193, 193 30-31, 137, 143, 191

1 4 4 3 4

1 4 5 2 5

16

14.41

MECHANICAL SUPPLIES

2, 6, 166,

1 1 1

1 1 1

3

2.70

DRAFTING SUPPLIES

21, 174,176

3

3

3

2.70

ACOUSTIC SYSTEM

158-159, 177,188, 192

4

5

4

3.60

47, 126, 138, 48-49, 192 162,176,182

3 2 3

3 3 3

8

7.21

FURNITURE

drain air fire

bathroom house school

Pages 114, 128, 168-169, 188 136, 56, 141, 175, 184, 187, 190 145,

135

n adv

n pages 4 1 6 1

5 1 6 1

1 10 4

136

P/A BUSINESS FORECAST In a sector like real estate and architecture one of the most important datas someone would like to collect are economics macroindicators.

Progressive Architecture gives ample space to let readers find this very important informations so that not only specialist can understand.

1950

Building volumes 1950

According to the data gathered from the first informal census made with the support of AIA, the editorial board was able to trace the first image of the building sector and how it was distributed by main categories.

Typology

%

Housing

25,50%

$

606.845.000,00

$

996.000,00

Education

19%

$

445.090.000,00

$

731.000,00

Health

17%

$

399.667.000,00

$

656.000,00

Public Use

14,50%

$

347.459.000,00

$

571.000,00

Commerce

13,50%

$

327.029.000,00

$

537.000,00

Industry

9%

$

211.219.000,00

$

347.000,00

Religion

1,50%

$

36.484.000,00

$

60.000,00

Gross total

Average per firm

138

As it is possible to see from the graph on the left, the main active sectors in Architecture were housing, driven by the demographic boom, education, as many states shifted to a more modern teaching structure, and health.

1951

1. Texas

Avarage $ volume (firms reporting) 1951 $ 6.455.800

2. Great Lakes

$

5.933.038

3. Northeast

$

5.185.490

4. North Central

$

4.761.971

5. Gulf States

$

4.268.632

6. Central States

$

2.704.862

7. Western Mountain

$

2.095.341

8. Southeast

$

2.076.001

9. Northwest

$

2.062.625

10. California-Nevada

$

2.062.625

Region

Expectations for 1951 Average per firm Drawing stage

Firms collected Total Average per firm

Breaking ground

Firms collected Total

$4.114.000,00 609 $2.505.426.000,00 $4.114.000,00 609 $2.505.426.000,00

1951

9

4

As the first informal census was dubbed a success, even if the answer to it was very mild, Progressive Architecture decide to replicate the experiment on a larger scale.

This time the answer was warmer, sign of the awareness for the need of a national census, but still only a mere 8% of the registered architects gave a reply.

3 2

10

6

7

5

Nonetheless the numbers showed a growth in the building sector, drawn mostly by the Petroleum State and the Rust Belt area.

The estimate per firm in the former Confederate states was still lagging behind the national average.

8

1

139

1951 - EXAMPLES

140

1952 Typology

Highest Volumes by region

Volumes forecasted 1951

Volumes built 1951

Volumes Forecasted 1952

Housing

25,50%

60,00%

23,00%

Region 4

Region 3

Region 10

Education

19,00%

15,00%

17,00%

Region 4

Region 10

Region 3

Health

17,00%

9,00%

14,00%

Region 4

Region 3

Region 10

Public use

14,50%

5,00%

5,00%

Region 4

Region 2

Region 3

Commerce

13,50%

4,75%

6,50%

Region 2

Region 4

Region 10

Industry

9,00%

4,25%

18,00%

Region 8

Region 4

Region 6

Religion

1,50%

2,00%

1,50%

Region 4

Region 7

Region 10

Defense

0,00%

0,00%

15,00%

Region 6

Region 4

Region 3

Region

Most active fields

Restraints to Architecture

1. Northwest

Education, Defense

2. North Central

Commerce, Industry

Building type restrictiond

74%

Defense, Housing

Goods shortage

61%

3. Great Lakes 4. Northeast

Housing, Health

5. Southeast

Health, Housing

6. Gulf States

Defense, Industry

7. Central States

Financial difficulties were favorable and 45%predicting a steady Although the previous year predictions and unimpeded growth, restrictions and federal provisions brought to a general contraction of the sector.

Education, Industry

8. Texas

Industry, Housing

9. Western - Mountain

Defense, Housing

10. Calfornia-Nevada

Education, Housing

Public use and Health were two of the areas which suffered the most the cutbacks while housing has boomed.

141

1952 - EXAMPLES

142

1953 Typology

Volumes forecasted 1952

Volumes Forecasted 1953

Housing

23,00%

20,00%

Education

17,00%

26,00%

Health

14,00%

8,00%

Public use

5,00%

7,00%

Commerce

6,50%

18,00%

Industry

18,00%

16,00%

Religion

1,50%

5,00%

Defense

15,00%

0,00%

Expectations for 1953 Average per firm Drawing stage

Breaking ground

Increase over 1952

$4.037.000,00 25%

Total

$1.009.250,00

Average per firm

$3.767.000,00

Firms collected Total

30% $1.130.100,00

143

Last January, architects reported an anticipated drop from the year before as a pessimistic view over future federal provisions.

An analysis of government figures for actual total 1952 construction show that in the building sector growth kept rising, although to a slower pace than in previous years.

1953 - EXAMPLES

144

1954 Avarage $ volume (firms reporting) 1954

$ volume of business in office

% of firms reporting

% of total construction

1. Great Lakes

$ 9,050,000

Under $1 million

39%

9%

2. Northeast

$4,200,000

$1 to 5$ millions

43

29

3. California - Nevada

$2,815,000

$5 to $10 millions

14

25

4. Gulf States

$2,800,000

over 10$ millions

4

37

5. North Central

$2,675,000

6. Central States

$2,626,000

7. Southeast

$2,180,000

8. Texas

$2,126,000

9. Western Mountain

$1,460,000

10. Northwest

$1,104,000

Region

1955

1954

The Great Lakes area, with industrial work keeping many large firms busy, has the greatest average of work, with the Northeast following.

10

5

9

2

1

1 3

6

9

4

All the5remaining regions are fairly close in their averages-between $2 millions 2 and $3 millions in each case.

7

8

10 The

Northwest has the lowest average, nosing out the Mountain area for that 6 dubious honor.

7

3

4

8

In the table above it appears from this tabulation of the returns that the typical firm, as well as the average firm, does about $3,500,000 of work annually, and, further, that the major part of the construction volume in the country is designed by the 57% of the firms handling more than $1 million but less than $10 millions of commissions % of the dollar volume reported is in those offices.

145

1954 - EXAMPLES

146

1955 Avarage $ volume (firms reporting) 1955

Region 1. Great Lakes

$ 5,203,000

2. Northeast

$ 5,105,000

3. California - Nevada

$ 2,962,000

4. Texas

$ 2,710,000

5. North Central

$ 2,428,000

6. Southeast

$ 2,352,000

7. Gulf States

$ 2,341,000

8. Central States

$ 2,341,000

9. Northwest

$ 2,104,000

10. Western Mountain

$ 2,023,000

1954 ($)

1955 ($)

IMPROVEMENT (%)

Estimated average $ volume to reach construction

3435000

3526000

2.58

Estimated average $ volume to reach working drawings

3665000

3811000

3.83

Estimated median $ volume to reach construction

1100000

1240000

11.29

Estimated median $ volume to reachworking drawings

1125000

1290000

12.79

1955

During 1955 Architects expected their business to improve by about 5%, as it is shown in the table above.

9

2

5

2

1

1

6 4

7

3

8

10

7 4

6

Considering the average volume of work of firms reporting, by region, the Great Lakes area has the greatest value, with the Northeast following closely.

All the remaining regions are have an average volume between $2 millions and $3 millions in every case.

The Western Mountain region has the lowest average dollar volume.

147

1955 - EXAMPLES

148

P/A ANNUAL PROFESSION SURVEY During 1954, the 1950 survey of the architectural profession made by the AIA’s Burdell Commission, was published.

Since P/A’s annual survey is the only continuing study of the profession, it is intresting to draw comparisons, in those areas where the two studies covered the same ground.

1951

Region

Average per firm Drawing stage

Number of firms

Average per firm Breaking ground

1. Northwest

31

$

2.466.290,32 $

2.218.000,00

2. North Central

23

$

2.221.739,13 $

2.096.521,74

3. Great Lakes

83

$

7.358.674,70 $

6.158.855,42

4. Northeast

210

$

5.185.490,00 $

-

5. Southeast

46

$

2.076.001,00 $

-

6. Gulf States

33

$

3.927.141,44 $

4.268.632,00

7. Central States

51

$

2.488.473,04 $

2.704.862,00

8. Texas

22

$

3.759.090,91 $

4.043.181,82

9. Western Mountain

27

$

1.371.111,11 $

1.628.888,89

10. California-Nevada

84

$

3.800.952,38 $

2.888.654,76

610

$

Total

34.654.964,03

$

26.007.596,63

150

Breaking down the macroeconomic factors it becomes clear how the every region expects a sustained growth during the followiing year.

It can be seen also as the mostly populated areas of the states account for almost half of the revenue.

From the high amount of respondents in the Northeast region is possible to highlight how the diffusion of the magazine is capillar in certain part of the states while in other densely populated areas the penetration of the issue has still to reach the break even point.

1954

Number of employees

AIA's Burdell Commission 1950 (%)

Very small

1 to 4

Small

P/A

1954 (%)

$ volume of business in office

% of firms reporting

% of total construction

52.5

51.2

Under $1 million

39%

9%

5 to 9

26.1

27.4

Small medium

10 to 19

12.7

11.6

$1 to 5$ millions

43

29

Large medium

20 to 39

5.8

5.9

$5 to $10 millions

14

25

Large

40 to 99

2

2.3

over 10$ millions

4

37

100 or more

0.9

1.6

Average number of employees

8.9

10

Median number of employees

2.9

3.8

$1082000

11000000

Size of architect's office

Very large

Volume of business (median $ volume reported)

(AIA Members)

151

Thanks to the publishing of the Burdell’s Report, Progressive Architecture has been able to map the growth of architectural firms, both in human capital and gross revenue.

1954

AIA's Burdell Commission 1950 (%)

Regional distribution of firms reporting

P/A

1954 (%)

1. Northeast

41.0

25.7

2. California-Nevada

10.3

13.3

3. Central States

6.1

11.4

4. Great Lakes

10.5

10.3

5. North Central

10.9

9.9

6. Southeast

5.9

7.6

7. Northwest

3.8

6.9

8. Western Mountain

2.1

5.3

9. Texas

5.0

5.2

10. Gulf States

4.3

4.4

1954

The report also allowed to better map and analyze the growth of architectural firms across the states.

As it possible to see in the chart the greatest decline in architectural firms was in the Northeast, which by 1954 was oversaturated by architectural firms, while in the rural areas of the Midwest and Western regions the growth allowed to a greater awareness of the public for architecure.

1955

7

5

8

1

6

1

4 2

3

3

8

10

6

2

5

10

9

9

7

152

4

1955

AIA's Burdell ect's office Size of architect's Number of office employees Number Commission of employees 1950 (%)

AIA's Burdell P/A Commission 1954 (%) 1950 (%)

P/A P/A 1954 1955(%) (%)

Very small

1 to 4

1 52.5 to 4

52.5 51.2

51.2 53.6

Small

5 to 9

5 26.1 to 9

27.4 26.1

24 27.4

m

Small medium 10 to 19

10 12.7 to 19

11.6 12.7

13.6 11.6

m

Large medium 20 to 39

5.839 20 to

5.9 5.8

4.4 5.9

40 to 99

40 to299

2.3 2

2.3 2.3

100 or more

100 or0.9 more

1.6 0.9

2.1 1.6

8.9employees Average number of employees Average number of

10 8.9

10.5 10

2.9employees Average number of employees Average number of

3.8 2.9

4 3.8

11000000 $1082000

12400000 11000000

Large Very large

siness (median $ volume reported) $1082000 Volume of business (median $ volume reported) (AIA Members)

(AIA Members)

153

P/A 1955 (%) 53.6in 1955, Progressive Architecture investigated the Again size 24 and average revenue of architectural firms registered to AIA. 13.6

The 4.4 results of this census can be read as integration of the graph 2.3in the previous page.

In fact 2.1 they highlight clearly how the number of smaller firms increased while medium small firms were keeping in a stable condition.

10.5

The 4revenue has been growing steadily during the previous years and seems to not show sign of economical compression.

12400000

1955

AIA's Burdell ution of firms Regional reporting distribution of firms reportingCommission 1950 (%)

AIA's Burdell P/A Commission 1954 (%) 1950 (%)

P/A 1955 1954 (%)

P/A 1955 (%)

1. Northeast

41.0

25.7 41.0

25.4 25.7

25.4

2. California-Nevada

10.3

13.3 10.3

14.9 13.3

14.9

3. Great Lakes

10.5

10.3 10.5

13.8 10.3

4. Southeast

5.9

7.6 5.9

8.1 7.6

es

5. Central States

6.1

11.4 6.1

11.4 8.1

al

6. North Central

10.9

10.9 9.9

7.1 9.9

7. Texas

5.0

5.2 5.0

6.8 5.2

8. Northwest

3.8

6.9 3.8

5.6 6.9

9. Gulf States

4.3

4.4 4.3

5.2 4.4

10. Western Mountain

2.1

5.3 2.1

5.0 5.3

evada

ountain

1955

8

1

6

1

4

3 6

2

5

10

9

4

7

154

13.8 Nevertheless the importance of such census, Progressive Architecture signalled a decrease 8.1 of reporting firms in some of the most densely 8.1 populated areas.

7.1 This is6.8 the case of the Northeast region but this value is party bogged as a growing number of firms started5.6 reporting from previously uncharted regions.

5.2 5.0

P/A ENGENEERING SURVEY Progressive Architecture is an Architectural Digest and focuses on the promotion of good architecture. This is the reason why it is really interesting to see how the journal presents and analizes the material used in the projects.

Since a lot of information are taken from different part of the magazine, following each years there is an example of how we conducted the survey of the missing general engeneering recap in between 1951 and 1953 structural methods and mechanical engeneering.

1951

During the year 1951 the construction industry is offerig a limited variety of advancements in the structural field due to a lack of experimentation in the war period. In fact construction firms are still relying on cheaper and easy to make structures like wooden joists and prefabricated light steel structures.

Catalogue with all materials for structural methods:

Although the lack of previous experimentation, many firms are moving toward a recovery of tecniques from the pre war period, such as concrete structures and light weight steel constructions.

- Prefabricated concrete panels - Concrete slabs - Steel frame and concrete walls -Wooden frame and stone covering - Steel subflooring - Metal insulated walls

One of the most interesting points on which the magazine focuses, in the structural area, is the thematic of climate control and energy efficiency.

Materials

As many of the cheaper buildings built during the war period and the years directly after lacked a proper insulation or a proper buildiing design, architects and builders find themselves deep in new thematic of refurbishment, both under the architectonic point and economic point of view.

-Stainless steel - Carbon stee - Softwood - Hardwood - Cemesto concrete (Eternit)

As such theme reaches the industry many new products are offered in a bid to gain the biggest share of market as possible.

New products use a lot aluminium and steel, both seen in a nice manner for their durability, but also older materials like wood or stone but rethought in a more modern way.

156

Mechanical systems - Heat pumps - Air Conditioning - Hydraulical elevators

1951 - MATERIAL SURVEY .

Transparency is necessary for commerce and thus huge glazed surfaces are required by modern shops to better market their products.

Since glass is vapour tight and waterproof shops experienced a setback in the application of the modern big flat glass panes as they suffered from vapour condensation and frost problems.

A solution proposed by the construction market was the introduction of thermally insulated windows which allowed the reduction of condensation to the minimum while almost completely erasing the frost accumulation problems.

In this case that we analysed the company not only provides a preview on the look of the glazed façade but gives also a detail of how the window is made and how it is attached to the building.

157

1951 - MATERIAL SURVEY .

Thermal properties of materials, starting from the late ‘40s, were analysed and, once scientists appraised the different properties, lawmakers, architects and more vehemently clients, started to push forward better energy performing buildings.

The construction industry started to answer to this need by presenting newer materials and different systems to allow a greater decrease in buildings consumption.

In the case taken as example, there is a comparation in the heat losses analysed in three different cases, from an uninsulated wall to a double insulated one, and shows to the public how consumes for the entire building could be slashed by six times the original consumption by simply applying two thin aluminium foils in the inner wall cavity.

158

1951 - EXAMPLES

Insulated metal walls

Steel constructions

Windows insulation

159

Windows

New trend: Briggs company

1952

The category of Housing is demanding in numbers this year so is the requirements of cutting down the costs and constructing in a faster timeline.

Advertisements for all Residential Construction Methods: -Light Steel Framing Construction

Most of the contents in 1952, if looked closely, are about advertisements and editorials about the latest engineering and technology discovered at this period.

Windows:

One of which is the diverse application of Light Steel Framing in constructing buildings most especially apartment buildings and condominiums which were a trend and also a new typology at this time.

-Aluminum -Galvanized -Plastic-coated Metal

The purpose of which was to cut down costs by making the construction timeline faster than before.

Lighting: -Troffer -Glass Blocks

This includes steel as a making a set of a casement window for use for hotels and apartments, and also as a structural backbone of construction of houses.

One of the latest inventions as well was the ready-made and ready to install set of an architectural element such as troffer lighting which is mostly used in hotels and offices.

There is also a variety of special windows that curbs the rising prices of residential construction as well as easy operation, ready-made sets and certainly enhance the appearance of the home.

160

1952 - MATERIAL SURVEY

Most of the problems arising from the construction of residential houses and buildings were the rising costs due to the slowtrack of construction.

Most of the editorials in January 1952, described the standard heavy steel as a “critical“ material, due to its weight that causes complications in prices and practicality of installation.

That’s why in 1952, Light Steel Framing has been advertised to mainly solve the usual problem of standard heavy steel.

The discovery unleashed lots of potential in diversifying uses of light steel, in terms of alternating architectural element and the possibillity of using it not only in residential but also in educational, industrial, and commercial.

161

1952 - EXAMPLES

Galvanized Window

Galvanized Window

Aluminum Window

162

Troffer Lighting

Light Steel Framing Construction

1953

All the buildings use as a construction technique reinforced concrete. The differences are in the partitions, the walls and the claddings.

- “slab band” system - Lift-slab technique - Colored glass, plastic bubble skylights, panels with glass and louvers - Partitions of painted concrete block or folding partitioning - Roof of cement-bonded wood fiber - Vertical aluminum louvers - Fireproof construction - Partitions composed of corkboard, chalkboard, and panels of perforated fiberboard or plywood.

- Laminated-wood framing - Glue-laminated wood for a 22-foot ceiling.

structural materials for construction 1953

163

1953

Perhaps the newest refinement in structural design available to the architect and engineer for 1953 will be the two-way prestressed- concrete slab.

The steel industry will continue to promote the use of steel exteriors for multistory buildings.

One of the most promising steel developments to be announced during the coming year was the results of research being performed by the office of William Lescaze.New York Architect. for the Porcelain Enamel Institute. Assisted by four representatives of outstanding enameling firms in this country, Lescaze has attempted to perfect a suitable curtain-wall panel to meet existing urban codes.

Aluminum was used for countless new architectural products and at least a dozen multistory buildings with all-aluminum curtain-wall construction are either under construction or in the design stage in the midwestern and southwestern areas of the country.

Catalogue with all Materials for Structural methods: - Prestressed- concrete slab - Lightweight perlite-concrete panels - Architectural slab Steel: - Stainless steel - Porcelain enamel - Enameled steel - Carbon steel - Curtain-wall panel - Aluminum - Wood fiber forms Mechanical Engineering:

Numerous state and municipal electric power companies are continuing to investigate the feasibility of heat pump installations for their respective areas.

Something new had been added to fluorescent lighting. By means of a new light control system, developed at Nela Park, Cleveland, the brightness of fluorescent lamps can be controlled merely with the turn of a knob, just as smoothly and easily as incandescent lamps have been dimmed or brightened in the past.

164

- Heat pump installations - Warm-air heating systems - Lighting system

1953 - MATERIAL SURVEY

High School, Ketchikan, Alaska: Johnson & Botesch, Architects and Engineers, Peter Hostmark, Structural Engineer.

The high cost of concrete construction in Ketchikan did not favor the use of that building material.

Therefore, it was decided to use a structural steelframework with insulatedaluminum-panel curtain walls. In this part of the magazines were new structural methods that were suggested to be used.

a structural steel framework with insulation aluminum - panel curtain walls

165

1953 - MATERIAL SURVEY

Undoubtedly the most interesting structural innovation of the Yale Design Laboratory Building was the new three-dimensional floor-ceiling system conceived by Louis Kahn-Philadelphia architect and faculty member of the Department of Architecture at Yale.

Kahn’s philosophy of structure holded that a building material should be designed to take maximmm advantage of all its physical properties.

Kahn visualizes a concrete floor-ceiling system for a design laboratory as working most efficiently when cast in a tetrahedron-type design.

details of three dimentional floor ceiling

Peconic River Plant and Facilities: Exterior portions of these curtain walls are of air-entrained concrete in which the entrainment is at least 32% and not more than 4%. Combined with glassfiber insulation the completed 5-in sandwich has a computed U factor of 0.14 and a computed value of decibel loss in sound transmission of 45.

curtain wall with insulation 166

1953 - MATERIAL SURVEY

This drawings show new mechanical engineering systems such as motorized valves and air- conditioner.

plan of zones

application of air conditiner 167

1953 - EXAMPLES

Engeneering survey

Structural methods 1

Mechanical Engeneering

168

Details

1953 - EXAMPLES

Structural methods 2

Details

Structural methods 3

169

Images

1954

The main construction material for the buildings in 1954 will be concrete as the previous years. A furher development in precast modular units and a reduction of the cost is predicted.

The researches conducted by the Survey are focused on materials already used in recent years that have been improved and applied in interesting projects.

A research in the field of electrical engineering had been done by Dr. Domina Eberle Spencer, professor at the Uni versity of Connecticut, regarding a new system of lighting.

170

Stainless steels: Many applications of architectural stainless steel are being contemplated for both commercial and industrial buildings.

Aluminum curtain wall construction: The number of commercial façades that will use aluminumm increase during this year.

Lighting: “A new light meter ( still being tested) offers much more accuracy in registering quantity of illumination . The new meter collects light from a wide angle and registers more fully the effect of energy throughout the visible spectrum. Dr. Domina Eberle Spencer, associate professor and lighting consultant, Uni versity of Connecticut, predicts that the most important lighting development will be the use of lumi nous ceilings across the board-from industry to the hospital operating room, from school room to the kitchen, in stores, offices, drafting rooms, labora .”

1954 - EXAMPLES

Business Engeneering

Business Engeneering

Details

171

Details

1954 - EXAMPLES

Steel constructions

Lighting system

Concrete constructions

172

Steel constructions

1955

Many of the outstanding buildings to be erected in 1955 will demonstrate refinements and further developments in some of the structural systems that have evolved in recent years.

Advanced Flat-plate design

The 1955 Survey, however, has failed to discover any particularly new construction method, and an analysis of the returns indicates that the architectural and engineering professions are justifiably devoting maximum attention to a better understanding and interpretation of the structural methods already available to them.

Prestressed concrete Continues to be increasingly popular with structural designers, as its advantages for long-span, shallow-depth girders offer opportunities for significant economies. Used most of all in defense architecture and bridges.

This observation also may be accurately applied to mechanical and electrical engineering fields in so far as they are related to the construction industry.

Plastic Vexsatile material used in a lot of different applications during this year in the architect’s specifications. To promote a better understanding of the proper use of plastics in buildings a research correlation conference was conducted 1954 fall in Washington by the Building Research Institute and sponsored by The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists’ Association, and the Building Research Advisory Board.

This brings to a definition of basic criteria for the proper application of plastics in buildings:

Only Plastic, as a material of construction is particularly worthy of attention.

Share walls in reinforced concrete

“the material should be exploited for its own inherent properties even though it may lend itself to imitative or borrowed appearances of other materials; designers must not attempt to use the material where it is not truly suitable and where other materials can give a better performance; and cost must be evaluated as ‘cost in place’ rather than ‘so much per square foot’.”

173

1955 - EXAMPLES

Business Engeneering

Steel constructions

Business Engeneering

174

Innovations

1955 - EXAMPLES

Steel constructions

Detail

Construction material

175

Concrete constructions

1955 - Examples

Modular constructions

Plastic use

Details

176

Plastic use

P/A BUILDING TYPE SURVEY From Type it derives the shape and functions of a building.

That alone is important enough to clearly state and analyze the projects submitted also by type and average volume built.

1951

Region

Housing

Health

Education

1. Northwest

9% $

182.542,00

33% $

683.333,00

39% $

806.042,00

2. North Central

6% $

307.941,00

39% $

1.860.624,00

27% $

1.293.706,00

3. Great Lakes

7% $

444.908,00

11% $

661.776,00

13% $

768.355,00

4. Northeast

42% $

2.169.364,00

16% $

811.410,00

16% $

854.006,00

5. Southeast

21% $

443.214,00

17% $

357.857,00

25% $

516.691,00

6. Gulf States

19% $

805.833,00

31% $

1.337.333,00

25% $

1.064.833,00

7. Central States

18% $

480.882,00

22% $

596.275,00

27% $

745.686,00

8. Texas

16% $

1.064.900,00

11% $

755.000,00

15% $

954.500,00

9. Western Mountain

16% $

324.333,00

14% $

307.292,00

28% $

577.958,00

9% $

182.542,00

33% $

683.333,00

39% $

806.042,00

$

6.406.459,00

$

8.054.233,00

$

8.387.819,00

10. California-Nevada

Total

18,49

23,24

24,20

As Progressive Architecture is a divulgative tool to teach new and old architects of the advancements of tecnicque and science, a great share of pages were dedicated to the breaking down of economical factors related to architecture.

In fact one of the most interesting things is the careful attention to highlight the percentages of projects throughout the States stating clearly the total revenue produced per region.

178

1952 Typology

Highest Volumes by region

Volumes forecasted 1951

Volumes built 1951

Volumes Forecasted 1952

Housing

25,50%

60,00%

23,00%

Region 4

Region 3

Region 10

Education

19,00%

15,00%

17,00%

Region 4

Region 10

Region 3

Health

17,00%

9,00%

14,00%

Region 4

Region 3

Region 10

Public use

14,50%

5,00%

5,00%

Region 4

Region 2

Region 3

Commerce

13,50%

4,75%

6,50%

Region 2

Region 4

Region 10

Industry

9,00%

4,25%

18,00%

Region 8

Region 4

Region 6

Religion

1,50%

2,00%

1,50%

Region 4

Region 7

Region 10

Defense

0,00%

0,00%

15,00%

Region 6

Region 4

Region 3

Region

Most active fields

Restraints to Architecture

1. Northwest

Education, Defense

2. North Central

Commerce, Industry

Building type restrictiond

74%

Defense, Housing

Goods shortage

61%

4. Northeast

Housing, Health

Financial difficulties

45%

5. Southeast

Health, Housing

6. Gulf States

Defense, Industry

3. Great Lakes

7. Central States

Education, Industry

8. Texas

Industry, Housing

9. Western - Mountain

Defense, Housing

10. Calfornia-Nevada

Education, Housing

The year started with a grumpy growth fueled by the little gains made by the housing market but the federal provisions reduced the material allocated for civilian use and thus greatly slowed the production process, if not stopped completely, of certain projects.

179

1953

P/A’s annual survey indicated that the average active firm will had made working drawings for $4,037,000 of construction in 1953, an increase of 25% over the past year’s volume; and in 1953 the average firm will had seen $3,767,000 of it work reach the construction stage, an increase of 30% over 1952’ s figure.

This year, for the first time, P/A sent questionnaires to several Consulting Engineers. Here, then, is what 1953 in architecture in the United State had constituted-and what it looked like.

Several over-all conclusions can he drawn from the figures supplied this year.

There seems to be no doubt that the volume of architect-designed work increased substantially in 1953 over 1952.

The four leaders are: education 26%, housing 20%, commercial 18%, industrial 16%. Health drops to 8% of the estimated volume, there follow public use 7%, and religious structure, 5%.

180

1953

Most optimistic estimates for percentage increaces came from architects in the Southeastern states; most pesimistic from the Gulf state .

Other held near national averages. A far a dollar-volume difference are concerned, there is also a variation by regions.

The Detroit industrial area reports the highest average ( even after the defense work has been remo ed from the figure ) with California next and the Northeast, third. The Northwest has the lowest average, with the Rocky Mountain region lightly above it.

181

1954

Dollar Volume (Average firm)

% of total

1953%

Education

$ 849,000

25

20

Commerce

$ 530,000

15

14

Housing *

$ 494,000

14,5

14

Industry

$ 460,000

13,5

12

Defense

$ 398,000

11,5

22

Public use

$ 248,000

7

5

Health

$ 210,000

6

6

Religion

$ 190,000

6

4

Miscelleneous

$ 56,000

1,5

3

$ 3,435,000

100%

100%

Building type

Total

The largest volume in house design projects was reported from Texas (12.5% of the volume) and from the Northwest (10%); the lowest activity in this field is in the Great Lakes area and the Northeast (from 3 to 4% of the volume).

In these regions other types of housing (apartments, public housing) bring up the total “housing” volume. In tlie Northeastem states, in fact, it is 20% of the total dollar volume re­ported.

* Housing was divided into two categories-private residential, and multifamily housing (public and private).

Private House

$ 174,000

5

Multihousing projects

$ 350,000

9,5

182

e

using

1955

1954 1953 (%)(%)

1955 1954 (%)(%)

$ Volume 1955 1955 (%) (average firm)

Education 20

2520

26.6 25

940000 26.6

Commerce 14

1514

19.2 15

678000 19.2

Industry12

13.5 12

11.3 13.5

397000 11.3

Defense22

11.5 22

411.5

144000 4

Multiple 9housing

9.59

109.5

352000 10

Building 1953type (%)

Educational work, for the second year running, is the most active building type $ Volume 1955 reported.

They account for more than a quarter of the dollar volume expected (average firm) in an average office, and this numbers are also supported by the great number of submitted works in the “Design Award Educational Category”.

940000 Commerce is next, with public-use building (up almost five percentage points 678000 over 1953 estimates) and industrial work (though less than last year) following.

397000 Multiple housing gruop account approximately 10% of the work in the average 144000 office in 1955 352000

Public use 5

75

11.97

418000 11.9

Health 6

6 6

7.46

262000 7.4

418000 It is intresting to notice that the First design Award winner for 1955 was a Private House, which category is represented only by 3.8% of the dollar volume.

262000

Religion 4

64

4.66

161000 4.6

161000

dential

Private residential 5

5 5

3.85

134000 3.8

134000

ous

Miscellaneous 3

1.53

1.21.5

44000 1.2

44000

TOT

3530000 TOT

3530000

183

184

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES AND LOCATION Another important aspect to be always considered in architecture is the typology of a building and its location.

If the first defines the uses and fluxes inside the shell, the location defines everything not correlated to the functional planning.

That is why Progressive Architecture divided the projects to be shown in their specific geolocalization.

1951

Number of projects

% of projects

1. Northeast

20

57.14

14.29

2. California - Nevada

11

31.43

4

11.43

3. Gulf States

3

8.57

Religion

4

11.43

4. North Central

5

14.29

Health

3

8.57

5. Southeast

1

2.86

Public use

2

5.71

6. Central States

6

17.14

Industry

0

0

7. Great Lakes

4

11.43

Defense

0

0

8. Texas

1

2.86

Multiple housing

0

0

9. Northwest

2

5.71

Miscellaneous

0

0

10. Western Mountain

5

14

Building type

Number of projects

% of building type

12

34.29

Private residential

5

Commerce

Education

TOT

Region

TOT

30

58

1955 - awards location

In year 1951, as it was the first year following an informal census, few projects were submitted, mostly in the educational field and then private housing.

9

4

1 7

2

6

10

3

5

8

186

1951 - BEST EXAMPLE HIGH SCHOOL LOCATION: Bristol, Virginia REGION: Northeast ARCHITECTS: A. L. Aydelott ond Associotes TYPOLOGY: Education

Top left: typicol clossroom Bottom left: generol view.

In the following page: view of gym wing, with swimming pool in foreground

187

1951 - BEST EXAMPLE

188

1952

As the popularity and diffusion of the journal was increasing more and more projects were to be submitted.

Many of the in the california area and the Northeast, with great partecipation of Housing and Educational projects

189

1952 - EXAMPLE HOUSE LOCATION: Lafayette, California REGION: California-Nevada ARCHITECT: Roger Lee TYPOLOGY: Residential house

Qualifying Criteria: -Designed for an engineer-owner who is building it himself -Concrete gravity walls used to conserve steel The house in California are characterized by clean siplicity and integration with nature.

The style is usually emphasized creating structures with ample windows and open floor plans, with the intention of opening up interior spaces and bringing the outdoors in.

190

1952 - EXAMPLE HOUSE LOCATION: Sanibel Island, Florida REGION: California-Nevada ARCHITECTS: Twitchell & Rudolph TYPOLOGY: Residential house

Qualifying Criteria: Rectangular plan Main floor raised up to gain a better southern view of the water The entrance element is a landscape Screened patio at grade The same in this case in Florida, where it is creating open floor plan as possible, while integrating the outdoors to indoors. Many houses are now utilizing the groundbreaking post and beam architecturall design that eliminated bulky support walls in favor of upper floor seemingly floating from the ground.

191

1953

Region

Number of projects

% of projects

1. Northeast

5

14.29

Education

2. California - Nevada

4

11.43

3. Gulf States

3

4. North Central

Number of projects

% of building type

12

34.29

Private residential

5

14.29

8.57

Commerce

4

11.43

1

2.86

Religion

4

11.43

5. Southeast

4

11.43

Health

3

8.57

6. Central States

4

11.43

Public use

2

5.71

7. Great Lakes

2

5.71

Industry

0

0

8. Texas

3

8.57

Defense

0

0

9. Northwest

3

8.57

Multiple housing

0

0

10. Western Mountain

1

3

Miscellaneous

0

0

TOT

Building type

30

TOT

30

1955 - awards location

9

Many projecs have been delivered to Progressive architecture from all around the states.

4

1

The biggest figures were for Educations and Private Residencial from the Northeast, thus solidifying the primate in architecture.

7 2

6

10

3

5

8

192

1953 - BEST EXAMPLE Oak Street Elementary School LOCATION: Taunton, Massachusetts REGION: Northeast ARCHITECTS: The Architects Collaborative and Smith & Sellew TYPOLOGY: Education

Design goals: to have classrooms on one side of the corridor, service rooms on the other; to maintain an intimate childscale, and to break up units so that the total is not overpowering.

The aerial perspective is from the rear; interiors show the all-purpose room (left) and library.

Estimated cost: $350,000.

193

194

1953 - SPECIAL MENTION FOR CITY PLANNING

In this January’s issue there is a specific article “Design/ techniques 1953: planning”. The point of interest is the island Guam, lies midway between Japan and Australia, on the direct route from Bangkok and Manila. The inhabitants of Guam are going to benefit from an over-all planning study made and being carried into detailed effect by Richard J. Neutra and Robert E. Alexander. Planning for these peoples, such as the residents of Guam, must make possible a way of life which will spell always greater opportunitie for independent growth and development, placing at their disposal all the knowledge and experience that planning technicians have accumulated, and all the technical knowledge and experience that American industry has developed, to plan complete communities (school, industries, transportation, and recreation, all related to housing). A long-range program, without regard to priority, suggests all necessary steps from a study of soil, topography, and natural resources, to a public education program which would range from citizen education on planning matters to “accomodation” of vi itors in a badly needed hotel”.

Capital improvement programs and democratic procedures for compiling and submitting them have been studied by the consultanls. The fact that there are military establishment on the island ha had interesting effects on the planning.

The principal point that the architect consultants emphasize is the need for ba ic planning studies as a source for dynamic rather than static final solutions of problems which are obviously fluid.

195

1953 - SPECIAL MENTION FOR CITY PLANNING

Development of new communjties on Guam is complicated by the existing military establishments, by existing roads, and by the present location of the scattered population.

Most schools are still inadequately housed. Replanning will organize the community into residential neighborhoods, with school, shopping and recreation areas. A part o[ planning is the development of natural resources.

There is a critical point of view about what had to be done in the planning.

196

1953 - SPECIAL MENTION FOR CITY PLANNING

House planning is influenced by two important factors-the steadily prevailing northeasterly breezes, and sudden and frequent rainsqualls. Openness, little partitioning, wide porch and roof overhangs, and an orientation toward the north east seem the solutions. Cement materials and reinforced-concrete construction seem logical today for Guam housing-both because these materials can be used by the labor available on the island.

The Adelupe school was under construction in 1953. It was conceived as a community social and recreational center as well as a school. Planning was as open as possible, to induce through ventilation. Since coral rock exavation was difficult, the school was staggered on three level to fit the site.

197

1953 - SPECIAL MENTION FOR CITY PLANNING

The House of Guam was conceived as a place in which the residents of Guam can take pride, in their own right. Social facilities were apart from the Governor’s residence - social center flowing out into the grounds, for representative gatherings and for the entertainment of distinguished visitors. A third element of the concept was a pair of guest rooms, where certain visitors may be offered “the hospitality of the people of Guam.”

198

1954

Region

Number of projects

% of projects

1. Northeast

18

32,73%

2. California - Nevada

11

3. Gulf States

Number of projects

% of projects

Education

9

16,36%

20,0%

Commerce

9

16,4%

4

7,3%

Industry

4

7,3%

4. North Central

4

7,3%

Defense

0

0,0%

5. Central States

4

7,3%

Multiple housing

3

5,5%

6. Great Lakes

3

5,5%

Public use

6

10,9%

7. Southeast

3

5,5%

Health

6

10,9%

8. Texas

3

5,45%

Religion

5

9,09%

9. Western Mountain

3

5,45%

Private residential

10

18,18%

10. Northwest

2

3,64%

Miscellaneous

3

5,45%

TOT

Building type

55

10

TOT

4

Coherently from the previous year Northeast region is still the most prolific in terms of projects and still has a good amount of Educational on the board.

1 6

2

Surprinsingly California boomed in comparison of last year presenting 11 projects most of which in commercial field.

5

9

3

55

7

8

199

1954 - BEST EXAMPLE Back Bay Center development for Stevens Development Corporation LOCATION: Boston, Massachusetts REGION: Northeast ARCHITECTS: Boston Center Architects TYPOLOGY: Commerce WINNER: First Design Award, Commerce category award

200

1954 - BEST EXAMPLE The U-shaped motel portion of the 750-room, combined hotel-motel borders a landscaped courtyard that both elements will share. hile no details have yet been determined for the upper levels, the Jury particularly applauded the tapered shape of the great, 40-story office building, commenting on the good sense of providing extra space where it is needed for corridors, service units, air conditioning, etc .

201

1954 - BEST EXAMPLE The section clearly shows the functional organization program of the project: every function, every elements, such as material to be used in the curtain walls, etc., are all yet to be determined.

202

1955

Number Number of projects of projects

% of%building of building typetype

Education Education

6 6

17.14 17.14

17.14

Commerce Commerce

5 5

14.29 14.29

5

14.29

Industry Industry

0 0

0 0

4. North Central

5

14.29

Defense Defense

0 0

0 0

5. Southeast

4

11.43

Multiple housing Multiple housing

5 5

14.29 14.29

6. Central States

2

5.71

Public useuse Public

8 8

22.86 22.86

7. Great Lakes

2

5.71

Health Health

2 2

5.71 5.71

8. Texas

1

2.86

Religion Religion

2 2

5.71 5.71

9. Northwest

1

2.86

Private residential Private residential

6 6

17.14 17.14

10. Western Mountain

0

0

Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

1 1

2.86 2.86

Region

Number of projects

% of projects

1. Northeast

9

25.71

2. California - Nevada

6

3. Gulf States

TOT

1955 - awards location

9

Building Building typetype

TOTTOT

35

4

Comparing these two tables with the survey conducted in 1955, it is noticeable that while Northeast and California are still on the highest point of the ranking, Great Lakes region doesn’t match the expectatives. Probably, in this region we have an higher average of dollar volume but the quality of the works were not good enogh for the Jury of Design Awards.

1 7

2

6

10

3

35 35

5

Gulf States on the other hand has an average amount of volume of works but a better design quality.

8

The typologies follow the expectation of the Building type Survey.

203

1955 - BEST EXAMPLE Jewish Community Center LOCATION: Long Island, New York REGION: Northeast ARCHITECT: William Lescaze TYPOLOGY: Public use CITATION: Public buildings

Designed for a new community, this building will serve as a place of worship, a school for part- and full-time religious instruction, and a social center.

It was deemed important by the congregation to keep the design informal and intimate in scale, to harmonize with the surrounding residential area.

204

1955 - FIRST DESIGN AWARD House LOCATION: Siesta Key, Florida REGION: Southeast ARCHITECT: Paul Rudolph TYPOLOGY: Residential house WINNER: First Design Award, Residential design category

The house was designed for a couple - business people taking an active part in the musical life of the community. An important requirement, therefore, was that the house should be planned to accommodate large gatherings for musicales.

The site faces west on a bayou, with a low strip of land beyond separating the bayou from Sarasota Bay. To capture the view of the Bay, as well as to raise the house above ground moisture and to obtain desired ventilation, the main rooms of the house are supported on stilts, with living and sleeping areas joined by galleries overlooking the two-story patio.

205

1955 - FIRST DESIGN AWARD Various kinds of living space are provided; the raised living room, which serves as a stage for musical evenings, looks down into the patio.

The latter is intended as “a cozy, intimate space, juxtaposed to the more open quality of the remainder of the living area.” A round, sitting deck, called “eagle’s nest,’’ floats within the patio, between the galleries.

206

1955 - FIRST DESIGN AWARD Hinged wall panels serve as overhangs for sun protection and - when lowered - as hurricane shutters. These panels are counterweighted, controlled from inside. The two southernmost, first-floor columns were eliminated on the second floor “because the bedrooms are too small to accommodate freestanding columns.

“A remarkable concept” was the consenus of the Jury in extending to this house the First Design Award.

Of the more than 500 entrie they had for consideration, the Jurors decided that Paul Rudolph’ design, which was also accorded the Design Award in the Residential category, had “ the most originality” and was “the be t piece of progressive architechitecture” submitted.

207

1955 - SPECIAL DESIGN AWARD: CITY PLANNING Redevelopement LOCATION: Sacramento, California REGION: Caliornia ARCHITECT: Rjchard J. Neutra & Robert E. Alexander TYPOLOGY: City planning_Urban design WINNER: First Design Award, City planning

Urban redevelopment study of a 12-block area.

The site borders the Sacramento River and is adjacent to a crowded business center. The area is currently badly defaced by railroads and warehouses bordering the river. Structures are run down, land coverage is high, and parking facilities are practically nonexistent.

Particularly praised in the design was the imaginative land use worked out within a set of given conditions; the provision for most generous car parking, trucking, and service docks, all arranged on a level below the pedestrian shopping level; and the fact that, while the proposal deals with a specific site, many of its features could be applied to any city suffering from “motoritis.”

The solution (large “after” site plan, above) consists of a series of commercial blocks developed around central courtyards, which are a floor below street level and reached by ramps. Along the river, hotels or apartments are suggested.

Parking for nearly 4000 cars is at court level, beneath buildings.

208

1955 - SPECIAL DESIGN AWARD: CITY PLANNING

Throughout the area, mostly in the center of blocks there is a ground level, dating back to the city’s early days, that occurs a story below present street levels. Hence, ramps down from the ends of each superblock (above) were proposed for providing off-street parking and building servicing.

One scheme for riverfront apartment houses and hotels consisted of a series of small units, organized in sawtooth fashion (site plan, acrosspage).

Another (below) suggests large units lining the river bank.

209

1955 - SPECIAL DESIGN AWARD: CITY PLANNING

One of the most fully developed alternatives for the hotel-apartment house area along the riverfront park (this page and across page, bottom).

With buildings placed at right angles to the river, all windows would enjoy a river view.

Joining the tall buildings are one-story retail shops and a sheltered walk bordering the park. As in the rest of the project, beneath these buildings there is a carparking basement.

210

LISTS OF AWARDS AND PROJECTS The following chapter collects the lists of design awards or projects shown in the January issue between 1951 and 1955.

This tables indicates the typologies, loctions and awards, whether it is present, and it is the starting point of the analysis taken on building types and materials of interests for the years.

Arizona

1951 TYPE

LOCATION

ARCHITECT

First Presbiterian Church

Religion

Cottage Grove, Oregon

COST

MATERIAL

Pietro Belluschi

$

-

Countryside Community Church

Religion

Omaha, Nebraska

Clark & Emsen

$

-

St. Micheal Catholic Church

Religion

Clark, South Dakota

Harold Spitznagel

$

-

Radiant heating in cellualr steel flooring

Faith Luteran Church

Religion

Tucson, Arizona

Arthur T. Brown

$

-

Roof-Wall and opposite façade glazed

Christian Science Church

Religion

Los Angeles, California

Maynard Lyndon

$

-

Reinforced concrete structure with steel trusses

Chapel for Stephens College

Religion

Columbia, Missouri

Eliel Saarinen

Euclid Avenue Temple

Religion

Cleveland, Ohio

Percival Goodman

$

-

Stainless steel and heat resistant glass

Synagogue

Religion

Omaha, Nebraska

Kivett & Myers

$

Mortuary

Religion

San Francisco, California

A. Quincy Jones Jr. $

-

Open light steel frame

Lever House

Commerce

New York

Skidmore, Owings & $ Merrill

-

Concrete, Stainless Steel and heat resistant glass

Mellon Bank

Commerce

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Harrison & Abramovitz

$

22.000.000,00

477 Madison Avenue

Commerce

New York

Kahn & Jacons

$

3.000.000,00

$

13.000.000,00

500.000,00

Republic National Bank

Commerce

Dallas, Texas

Harrison & Abramovitz

Gershon-Scott Corporation

Commerce

Los Angeles, California

Stiles Clements

$

3.000.000,00

Office building

Air conditioned

Commerce

Houston, Texas

Kenneth Franzheim

$

3.000.000,00

First National Bank of Arizona

Commerce

Los Angeles, California

Welton Becket

$

5.000.000,00

Office for MacManus

Commerce

Bloomfield hills, Michigan

Swansons Associates $

-

Robert Law Weed & $ Associates

-

Cantilevered floors, Wall surfacing by precast lightweight concrete

$

-

Cantilevered concrete frame, Curtain walls

Office for Five Fifty

Commerce

Miami, Florida

Colorado Credit Life Building

Commerce

Boulder, Colorado

Westlake Shopping Center

Commerce

Daly City, California

Mogens Mogensens $ & Jack Finnegan

-

Olympic Circle Shopping Center

Commerce

Los Angeles, California

Gruen & Krummeck $

-

John Wanamaker Store

Commerce

Great Neck, New York

Jams,, M. Hunter

Double glazed wall, sunshading by aluminium louvers, air conditioned

212 Lathrop Douglass

$

-

Steel and concrete construction

California

Office for MacManus

Commerce

Bloomfield hills, Michigan

Office for Five Fifty

Commerce

Miami, Florida

Colorado Credit Life Building

Commerce

Boulder, Colorado

Westlake Shopping Center

PROJECT

Commerce

Commerce

Welton Becket

$

5.000.000,00

aluminium louvers, air conditioned

Swansons Associates $

-

Robert Law Weed & $ Associates

-

Cantilevered floors, Wall surfacing by precast lightweight concrete

$

-

Cantilevered concrete frame, Curtain walls

Mogens Mogensens Daly City, California $ & Jack Finnegan

-

Olympic Circle Shopping Center

Commerce

Los Angeles, California

John Wanamaker Store

Commerce

Great Neck, New York

Jams,, M. Hunter

Gruen & Krummeck $

Lathrop Douglass

$

-

-

Steel and concrete construction

1951

PROJECT

TYPE

LOCATION

ARCHITECT

COST

MATERIAL

High School

Education

Bristol, Virginia

A. L. Aydelott & Associates

$

-

Junior High School

Education

Attleboro, Architects Collaborative $ Massachusetts

-

San Jose Technical High School

Education

San Jose, California

Ernest J. Kump

$

Keokuk High School

Education

Keokuk, Iowa

Perkins & Will

$

-

George Washington Carver School

Education

Dade County, Fllorida

Alfred B. Parker

$

-

Manual Training High school

Education

Denver, Colorado

Robert Berne & Ralph $ D. Peterson

2.000.000,00

Comprehensive Senior High School

Education

Passainc, New Jersey

Kelly & Gruzen

$

-

Dining Hall, St. Stephens School

Education

Austin, Texas

Arthur Fehr & Charles Granger

$

-

High School

Education

Sappington, Missouri

Wishmeyer & Lorenz

$

-

Follows the successful develpoment of the elementary school

-

Reinforced Concrete pan over Steel columns

Education

Keokuk, Iowa

Perkins & Will

$

-

George Washington Carver School

Education

Dade County, Fllorida

Alfred B. Parker

$

-

Manual Training High school

Education

Denver, Colorado

Robert Berne & Ralph $ D. Peterson

2.000.000,00

Comprehensive Senior High School

Education

Passainc, New Jersey

Kelly & Gruzen

$

-

Dining Hall, St. Stephens School

Education

Austin, Texas

Arthur Fehr & Charles Granger

$

-

High School

Education

Sappington, Missouri

Wishmeyer & Lorenz

$

-

Senior High School

Education

South San Francisco

John Lyon Reid

$

1.175.000,00

High School

Education

Birmingham, Michigan

Swawnson Associates

$

-

Westchester Junior High School

Education

Los Angeles, California

Office of Summer Spaulding, John Rex

$

-

Magnolia Junioir High School

Education

Seattle, Washington

J. Lister Holmes & Associates

$

1.600.000,00

Addition to Holmes Elementary School

Education

Darien, Connecticut

Ketchum, Gina & Sharp

$

-

School

Education

Colchester, Vermont

Freeman-FrenchFreeman

$

-

Immaculate Conception School

Education

Marrero, Louisiana

Curtis & Davis

$

-

Clinic Building

Health

Washington, D.C.

Berla & Abel, Joseph Neufeld

$

-

Heat Control

Doctor's Building

Health

New Orleans, Louisiana

Curtis & Davis

$

-

Penthouse for the doctorowner

Mid-Wilshire Medical building

Health

Los Angeles, California

Gruen & Krummeck

$

-

Parking lots in basement and ground floor

Westlake Shopping Center

Commerce

Daly City, California

Olympic Circle Shopping Center

Commerce

Los Angeles, California

Gruen & Krummeck

$

-

John Wanamaker Store

Commerce

Great Neck, New York

Lathrop Douglass

$

-

Princeton, New Jersey

Ketchum, Gina & Sharp

$

-

Los Angeles, California

Rober E. Alexander

$

-

Henry L. Blater

$

-

Clearview Village shopping Commerce center

Precast concrete walll panels

213

Reinforced Concrete pan over Steel columns

Keokuk High School

Thriftimart supermarket

Commerce

State Equipment office

Commerce Albany, New York

Mogens Mogensens & $ Jack Finnegan

Precast concrete walll panels

Asbestos-cement for exterior, concrete and stuccos areas

-

Steel and concrete construction

Olympic Circle Shopping Center

1951

John Wanamaker Store

Commerce

Los Angeles, California

Gruen & Krummeck

$

-

Commerce

Great Neck, New York

Lathrop Douglass

$

-

Princeton, New Jersey

Ketchum, Gina & Sharp

$

-

Los Angeles, California

Rober E. Alexander

$

-

Passenger Station

Industry

Neenah, Wisconsin

McEnay & Krafft

$

Henry L. Blater

$

-

House

Housing

Wilmington, Delaware

Victorine & Samuel Homsey

$

-

Clearview Village shopping Commerce center

Steel and concrete construction

-

Thriftimart supermarket

Commerce

State Equipment office

Commerce Albany, New York

Ludwig Baumann store

Commerce

Newark, New York

Morris Lapidus

$

-

House

Housing

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Vahlberg, Palmer & Vahlberg

$

-

Drive in for Jones Pies

Commerce

Elizabeth, New Jersey

Leo L. Fischer

$

-

House

Housing

Litchfield, Connecticut

Marcel Breuer

$

-

Steak House

Commerce

Phoenix, Arizona

A. Quincy Jones

$

-

House

Housing

Greenwich, Connecticut

Henry Hill

$

-

Green Hill Dairy restaurant

Commerce

Wilmington, Delaware

Victorine & Samuel Homsey

$

-

Crestwood Apartments

Housing

Washington, D.C.

Berla & Abel

$

-

Styling Building

Industry

Dearborn, Michigan

Voorhes, Walker, Foley & Smith

$

8.000.000,00

Apartment group

Housing

Seattle, Washington

Victor N. Jones & Associates

$

3.000.000,00

Ray-Brooks Machinery Company

Industry

Montgomery, Alabama

Pearson, Tittle & Narrows

$

150.000,00

Flamingo Apartments

Housing

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

John H. Graham

$

2.500.000,00

Caterpillar Tractor Company

Industry

Joliet, Illinois

Giffels & Vallet

$

10.000.000,00

Lucile Colby Apartments

Housing

Los Angeles, California

Raphael S. Soriano

$

-

General Motors Technical center

Industry

Detroit, Michigan

Capitol Apartments

Housing

Montpellier, Vermont

Whittier & Goodrich

$

-

Power Plant

Industry

Norman, Oklahoma

Coston & Frankfurt

$

Hollander Hotel

Housing

Amsterdam, New York

Alonzo J. Harriman

$

Johnsonville Steam Plant

Industry

Johnsonville, Tennessee

Tennessee Valley Authority

$

8.219.000,00

Beverly-Hilton Hotel

Housing

Beverly Hills, California

Welton Becket

$

StoreHouse

Industry

New York

Chapman, Evans & Delehanty

$

10.000.000,00

Y.M.C.A.

Housing

Port Chester, New York

Housing

Leonard F. Starks

$

Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania

Malcom Graeme Duncan

$

Industry

Sacramento, California

Scheme for Tourinns

Garage

Housing

$

Williams, Clark & Frey $

1.000.000,00

Glenwood, Colorado

Jan Ruthenberg

Industry

Palm Springs, California

Motel

Terminal Building

Samuel G. Wiener, E. M. Freeman & $ Associates

4.000.000,00

Elysian Park Heights Housing Project

Los Angeles, California

Richard J. Neutra, Robert E. Alexander

$

Industry

Shreverport, Lousiana

Housing

Airport and Terminal

Veteran's Housing Project

Housing

Taunton, Massachusetts

St. John Smith

Mile High Housing Association

Housing

Denver, Colorado

Eugene Sternberg

$

-

Spinney Hills Homes

Housing

Manhasset, New York

William Lescaze

$

-

Saarinen, Saarinen & $ Associates

Roof shelter, air conditioned

-

-

-

Reinforced Concrete

214

Antonin Raymond And $ L. L. Rado

-

Reinforced concrete framed structure, radiant heating

Exposed exterior concrete colomns and spandrels

Wood frame structure over concrete foundation, double glazed Fireproof insulation

6.000.000,00

-

320.000,00

-

30.000.000,00

1952

215

1952

216

1952

217

1953 PROJECTS Citation: religious

TYPE church

ARCHITECTS Stewart & Richardson

LOCATION Vancouver, Washington

Citation: religious

church

Harris Armstrong

Florissant, Missouri

Citation: religious

church

Thorshov & Cerny, Inc.

Minneapolis, Minnesota:

Citation: religious

church

A. Quincy Jones, Jr. and Frederick E. Emmon

Pacific Palisades, California

Citation: publicuse

Headquarters building

The Architects Collaborative

Washington, D. C.

Citation: public use

Terminal building

Hellmuth, Yamasaki & Leinweher

St. Louis, Missouri

DESCRIPTION A lower floor includes a large parish hall, a choir practice room, youth activity room, the additional classrooms, caretaker's room, and boil a room.

Estimated cost: $350.000.

To be built for a newly formed group, this church was praised by the Jury for its lack of affectation. Movable chairs are to be used instead of pews, and when the room is serving purposes other than worship, draperies will close off the chancel area. Cost estimate: $6S.OOO. In addition to the main church. there is a chapel, school rooms, and social meeting halls. Front of main church is to be of large panels of cast terrazzo-like material, with colored glass insets in the round apertures.

The plan of the narc area is a perfect square, with the structure of the pitched roof coming directly down to the ground at two opposite points, where it will be anchored.

The Association plans to hare lounge and conference rooms on the ground floor, with offices above, some of the upperfloor space may be leased to similar institutions. The building will have an underground parking garage. The concrete structure employs a modified "slab band" system.

Estimated xost 4.000.000 $.

Passengers will arrive at the first level and come down by moving stairs.

218

Citation: commercial

Parking deck

Aeck Associates

Atlanta, Georgia

Citation: commercial

Shopping Center

Larry Smith & Company, Economic Consultants

Oakland, California

Citation: commercial

Laboratory and Office Building

George Pierce & Abel B. Pierce,

Houston, Texas

Citation: commercial

National Headquarters Building

Robert E. Buchner

Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Citation: house

house

George Matsumoto

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

To make efficient use of a 90' x 99' lot, a one way ramp system is employed, with split levels, overlapping each other 4'-11h".

Capacity: 192 cars. Structure is a beamless reinforced concrete flat plate, with each level cantilevered on all four sides.

Way above all the other shopping centers submitted," commented the fury. Estimated cost: $10,000,000. Located in the center of parking areas on the 45-acre site, the L-shaped building layout, with large department store forming a pedestrian shopping court in the angle, is organized on two selling levels. A subterranean truck tunnel series all rental spaces.

The west/ acing building has most principal offices and labs in two, parallel, east-west wings, both planned for future expansion.

Structure uses lift-slab technique, with cantilevers forming automatic, economical sun control.

A building to house executive and business offices, magazine editorial offices, employees' rooms, conference room, and library, this remarkable circular structure is raised half a floor above the ground, with car parking provided underneath. Concrete construction is based on simple post-and-lintel principles; partitions are either painted concrete block or folding partitioning. Year-round air conditioning.

A home for parents and four young sons, this house is perched on a 12 to 15% slope. At the lower level is a sheltered outdoor sitting area and a partial basement in back of a one-block retaining wall. The main floor is divided between adult and children's quarters by a continuous-strip utility core, lighted by plastic bubble skylights.

1953 Citation: house

Citation: house

Guest House

house

Paul Rudolph

Carl Koch & Associates

Sanibel Island, Florida

Cooper's Bluff, New York

Citation: house

house

Roger Lee

Paradise, California

Citation: house

house

Porter & Kelly, Architects

East Liverpool, Ohio

Citation: Health

St. James Parish Hospital

Curtis & Dailis, Architects

Lutcher, Louisiana

Each side wall of this square house is made up of three equal panels -one of fixed glass (or including a door); the other two, of up swinging, counterbalanced wood "flaps," outside fixed screening.

Thus, with all panels lowered, the house may be quite enclosed; when the flaps are raised, it bl' comes a large, screened living pavilion, with the lifted panels forming elective sunshades.

Designed for a spectacular site with views of the Long Island Sound to north and west, this house is organized on several levels. From the glazed entrance patio, a half-flight leads up to the living level; bedrooms are on the west wall; a lower floor occurs under the east wing.

Roy Holt, the ownerbuilder, wanted a subdivision of houses (perhaps six types and their reverses) for informal and outdoor living on quarter-acre plots. Sales price, including lot, to be around 116,000.

A home for a family consisting of parents and a young daughter and son. The house employs an exposed post-and-beam system, with fir plank walls, inside and out; the roof is of cement-bonded wood fiber, giving finished acoustical ceiling, insulation, and one ply of roofing in the single material.

Warm-air perimeter heating in concrete floor slab. The bedroom corridor doubles as play space.

A 25-bed general hospital, with the main entrance to the east; operating rooms, ancillary services, outpatient department. A second 25-bed pavilion may be added later, some distance south of the initial one and joined to it by a central corridor. Estimated cost, including all equipment: $305,000.

219

Citation: Health

Home for Aged Ramey & People Himes

Citation: Health

Hospital

Button & McLean, Senior

Citation: education

Elementary School

William R. Burk

Citation: education

Elementary School

Caudill, Rowlett, Scott & Associates

Citation: education

Elementary School

The Architects Collabnrative and Smith & Sellew

Wichita, Kansas

In designing this home for one of the least-favored social groups in the community, the effort was to minimize the institutional aspect, face as many roo., as possible to the south or east, and provide a homelike atmosphere in the living areas and landscaped patio.

Fireproof construction; approximate cost $125,000.

Pittsburgh, This 2100-bed project includes Pennsylvania a pair of one-story pavilions for ambulant residents; a pair of multistory buildings for semi-ambulant; connecting common-use elements, such as the round auditorium, library, chapel, and the general hospital. Approximately $15,000,000. Jury admired plan concept and total design expression.

New Orleans, Organized around a series of Louisiana courtyards in separate units, according to age groups, the main elements are kindergarten administration and cafeteria unit; long, two-story, north-south wing, with library, multi-use rooms, and classrooms on the ground floor; fourth, fifth, and sixth grades on the second floor, and (in the background) classroom groups for the first, second, and third grades, in a one-story building. Estimated cost: $500,000.

Laredo, Texas Economical plan, with back-to-back classroom scheme, the core serving both for utility lines and as a ventilation channel. Lift-slab construction, the cantilevers forming shelter for the perimeter access walk. Classroom partitions composed of corkboard, chalkboard, and panels of perforated fiberboard or plywood.

Estimated cost: $9.45 per sq ft.

Taunton, Design goals: to have classrooms Massachusetts on one side of the corridor, service rooms on the other; to maintain an intimate child scale, and to break up units so that the total is

1953

Citation: education

Citation: education

High School

University

Richard S. Colley; Ford & Rogers, and William Tamminga

El Campo, Texas:

Fames M. Hunter, Architect; Hobart D. Wagener, Associate

Boulder, Colorado

Citation: education

High School Gymnasium

J. Lister Holmes; McClure, Adkison & MacDonald, Architects

Davenport, Washington

Citation: education

Citation: education

Robert A. Green, Architect

Westchester County, New York

Citation: education

Senior High School

Wurster.

Bernardi & Emmons

Antioch, California

not overpowering. The aerial perspective is from the rear; interiors show the all-purpose room (left) and library. Estimated cost: $350,000.

Planned for an eventual enrollment of 600, this spread out scheme includes a large auditorium, curved roof gymnasium, administrative building, and office-cafeteria-music unit, as well as three, two-story classroom blocks Seen from the northwest, the twostory classroom wing is at left, the upper level coming at grade as the land slopes upward. At right is the auditorium, while the curved roof of the gym, supported on laminated-wood framing, appears in the background. All interior room areas have plastic sky domes to assist natural illumination. Outline of prestressed concrete structure of classroom wing Primary framing arches are gluelaminated wood, providing a 22-foot ceiling. The side bays housing locker rooms, showers, etc., are framed in steel, with wood-joist roof. Skylights and louvers in suspended ceiling are designed to provide 30 ft candles.

Accommodation to the site slope places all classrooms, including kindergarten, on upper floor; main entrance, a health unit, access to the gym-auditoriumcafeteria unit, and the covered outdoor play space are at the lower level.

Nearest the public road are the boys' and girls' gyms, either side of swimming- pool court (left) and the cafeteria auditorium group. Double loaded corridor classroom pavilions, in location toward rear of site.

Estimated cost: $2,.500,000.

220

Citation: education

Elementary School

Victorine & Samuel Homsey

Wilmington, Delaware

Citation: education

Administration Building

Watson & Deutschman, Architects

Miami, Florida

Citation: education

Community Arts Building

Suren Pilafian

Detroit, Michigan

Citation: education

Maryville College

Schweikher & Elting; Barber & McMurry

Maryville, Tennessee

A 26-room school. the classrooms are in a two-story, L-shaped element at left and background Fj rendering, while gym, cafeteria, auditorium, multipurpose rooms, and community health unit are in one-story units nearest the street where they are readily accessible. Estimated cost: $1,3.50,000.

In this stage of the design, the low mass of the building contains offices for deans, student activities, matriculation work, etc., while 150 offices for faculty members occupy the attached tall office building. Approximately $1,000,000.

Classrooms for instruction in art, music, and speech departments; also a 600-seat auditorium.

Physical Education Building, Goucher College: Baltimore, Maryland. Moore & Hutchins. Architects. About $600,000 The two main elements are disposed within the disciplined rectangle of the plan-at the south end, the chapel proper, which, including its balcony, will seat 1200 worshippers.

1954

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1954

222

1954

223

1954

224

1955 P/A DESIGN AWARDS (pag 65-107) – quasi finito AWARDS

TYPE

ARCHITECTS

LOCATION

First Design Award

House

Paul Rudolph

Siesta Key, Florida

Citation: Residential Design

Weekend House

John W. Lawrence and George A. Saunders

Lacombe, Louisiana

Citation: Residential Design

Demonstration House

Lawrence, Saunders & Pickens

New Orleans, Louisiana

Citation: Residential Design

House

Macsai & Diamant

Highland Park, Illinois

Citation: Residential Design

House

Edward D. Dart

Barrington, Illinois:

Citation: Residential Design

House and Studio

Robert A. Little

Chagrin Falls, Ohio

Citation: Residential Design

House

Robert C. Metcalf

Ann Arbor, Miciganh

Award: Residential design: housing developments

North Clark-La Salle Street Redevelopment Project

Greater North Michigan Avenue Association, Harry Weese, Consulting Architect

Chicago, Illinois

DESCRIPTION

AWARDS

The house was designed for a couple - business people taking an active part in the musical life of the community.

The owner requested that it be as vandal-proof as possible.

Protected by fixed screens, the house can thus be transformed into an open pavilion without a single pane of glass on the outside walls.

The basic requirement was to provide a proper setting in this house for products of General Electric Company orderliness and originality of the plan. The Jurors applauded the separation between children's play space and family living room, and the circulation space designed to serve many uses.

The major elements of the structure are exposed steel framing, brick-and-glass walls, and sliding aluminium doors.

Attached to an existing barn, this new building will provide living quarters for a couple and additional space for their work in sculpture and ceramics.

The clients, 11 university professor and his wife, wanted a small house, easy to maintain yet spacious enough to entertain from 4 to 20 guests for committee meetings.

It represents the effort of an area association to forestall deterioration of a stable area, by removing blight and obsolescence through a landclearance and urban-renewal process which the association is organizing with the help of the plan commission.

Citation: Residential design: housing developments

Community Housing Project

A. Quincy Jones & Frederick E. Emmons,

Palo Alto, California

Citation: Residential design: housing developments

Community Housing Project

Keith Hibner

Long Island, New York

Citation: Residential design: multiple dwellings

Small Apartment House

Carl Louis Maston

Los Angeles, California

Citation: Residential design: multiple dwellings Award: Health

Community Hotel

Richard J. Neutra & Robert E. Alexander

San Pedro, California

Parish Hospital

Curtis & Davis

Tallulah, Louisiana

Citation: Health

Alcoholic Rehabilitation Center

Sherlock, Smith & Adams

Avon Park, Florida

Citation: Education

Continuing Education Center Elementary School

Stevens & Wilkinson,

Athens, Georgia

John Lyon Reid & Partners

San Francisco, California

Citation: Education

225

TYPE

ARCHITECTS

LOCATION

DESCRIPTION Reducing each lot to 7000 sq.ft individual plots could be distributed more easily. The various T-shaped plans well organized and easily adaptable to any site.

They purchased 60 acres of beautifully wooded waterfront and beach property, administrated the publicity and sales program, and handled all phases of site planning, engineering, financial administration, and construction.

Each of the five rental apartments has its private garden. Entrance to the three one-story units is through a gate which closes off the garden court from the street.

Core of the one-story structure consists of a lobby, lounge, cocktail room, dining room, and large banquet hall ·with adjoining service facilities.

This 25-bed hospital can be expanded (vertically) to accommodate 50 beds.

Dormitory and chapel have also been provided for the nuns who will administer the institution.

"Therapeutic community" for the study and development of treatment methods for alcoholism. The center will provide facilities for approximately 50 male and female patients, and a section for outpatients Construction and operation of this building, which forms a part of the University of Georgia Student teachers from the adjoining State College will staff and operate this 21-classroom school as a laboratory where applied teaching techniques may be practiced and observed.

1955 AWARDS

TYPE

ARCHITECTS

LOCATION

DESCRIPTION The Jurors liked this "pleasant court scheme" in which three classroom wings and an administrative unit radiate from a central court.

Limitations in area and zoning determined a multi-story design solution for this school, ·which ·will be used by 2000 boys (with 500 girls to be enrolled later).

Placement of the building ·was dictated to a large degree by a well-developed school athletic field adjacent to the property.

Two rows of concrete piers support the cantilevered structure. A series of large steel trusses sandwiched between the classroom walls make this cantilever possible.

Eight detached pavilions, each serving 76 persons, have been grouped around a central community building This project will consist of three parts: Veterans Building, containing offices, meeting rooms, and banquet hall; Art Museum; and War Memorial.

A compact plan with quick and easy circulation to the apparatus room was mandatory.

Designed for a new community, this building will serve as a place of ·worship, a school for part- and full-time religious instruction, and a social centre.

In this suburban area of Chicago, located near the Fox River, great interest in water sports has developed.

Preserving the favourable aspects of the site, a delightful piazza has been developed with pavilion and sitting alcoves for those who wish to rest quietly, a spray fountain, and animal sculpture for the children.

Citation: Education

West Junior High School

A. G. Odell, Jr. & Associates

Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

Citation: Education

Vocational High School

Katz, Waisman, Blumenkranz, Stein, Weber

Brooklyn, New York

Citation: Education

Regional High School

Nichols & Butterfield

Amherst, Massachusetts

Citation: Education

Phillis Wheatley Charles R. Elementary Colbert School

New Orleans, Louisiana

Award: Public buildings

Home for the Indigent

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Citation: Public buildings

War Memorial Center

Gilboy, Bellante & Clauss Eero Saarinen & Associates

Robert Billsbrough Price

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Citation: Public buildings

Fire Station

Citation: Public buildings

Jewish Community Center

William Lescaze

Plainview, Long Island, New York

Award: Recreation

Community Swimming Pool

John van der Meulen

McHenry, Illinois

Citation with special comment: Recreation

City Square

Robert Geddes & Melvin Brecher

City of Tacoma, Washington

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

AWARDS Citation: Recreation

Shady Brook Swim Club

Citation: Recreation

Meadowbrook Country Club

Citation: Religion

Rectory and Hall for Catholic Church St. Bernard Methodist Church Office Building

Citation: Religion Citation: Commerce

226

TYPE

ARCHITECTS

LOCATION

DESCRIPTION

Lewis Davis, Samuel Brody, Celestyn Wisniewski Donald H. Honn

Livingston, New Jersey

This structure is to serve as club house and restaurant for a swimming club

Tulsa, Oklahoma

Coston & Frankfurt

Cherokee, Oklahoma

Dinwiddie, Lawrence & Saunders George Pierce & Abel Pierce

Chalmette, Louisiana

The proposed building ·will have a large open area which can be divided into dining room, grill, and lounge.

The church rectory, in the centre of the site, provides living quarters for the priest and a housekeeper.

The resulting plan is well organized and makes good use of inexpensive materials.

To create a compact yet spacious and light plan, the work spaces have been arranged around a pleasant court.

The lower level will be a concourse connecting railroads, subway, and intercity buses The final scheme is a one-story structure having an office wing and an assembly hall, with the entrance to the building between the two elements.

The main section of the building will be three stories high and built around four interior garden quadrangles.

Particularly praised in the design was the imaginative land use worked out within a set of given conditions.

Silsbee, Texas

Citation: Commerce

Transportation Centre

Vincent Kling

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Citation: Commerce

Office Building and Auditorium

Richard J. Neutra & Robert E. Alexander

Los Angeles, California

Citation: Commerce

General Life Insurance Company

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

Bloomfield, Connecticut

Special Design Award: City Planning

Redevelopment of a Downtown Area

Richard J. Neutra & Robert E. Alexander

Sacramento, California

BIBLIOGRAPHY All the bibliography related to the history of the United States of America in 1940 - 1950, the history of the magazine, the project inside the magazines and also external bibliography to better understand what is Progressive Architecture also throughout the critical review of other magazines.

More specifically this bibliography is related to the january issue thematic research and the part of the final essay which correspond to this section.

BIBLIOGRAPHY • Built in USA : post-war architecture, by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Arthur Drexler, Museum of Modern Art (New York, N.Y.), 1952 distributed by Simon & Schuster • Architects and Firms: A Sociological Perspective on Architectural Practices

By Judith Blau, 1987 • Japanese architecture as a collaborative process: opportunities in a flexible construction culture, by Buntrock Dana, 2001 • The Historyscoper-architecture/architects: http://historyscoper.com/architectscope.html • American Institute of Architects: https://web.archive.org/web/20070501105142/http://www.aia.org/ • Library of Congress: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/hh/ • Modular for architects, by Harry William Parker, University of Texas at Austin, 9 December 2017

• History of Prefabrication: A Cultural Survey, by Ryan E. Smith, Center for Integrated Design and Construction, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA for Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus, May 2009 • House & Garden 1950s House (Decades of Design) August 11, 2015

by Catriona Gray • American Culture in the 1950s, by Martin Halliwell, Edinburgh University Press, 2007 • World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A-I, by William H. Young, Nancy K. Young, 2010 • Mark Gelernter, A history of American Architecture: Buildings in their Cultural and technological Context ( University Press of New England, 1999), 260-64.

•The CIAM discourse on Urbanism, 1928-60, Eric Mumford, The MIT press, Cambridge Massachusetts, London England.

•L.Mumford, “Monumentalism, Symbolism and Style”, Architectural Review, April 1949.

228

BIBLIOGRAPHY •Alfred Barr, from “What is happening to Modern Architecture?” (1948) •Downtown, Inc, How America rebuilds cities, Bernard J. Freiden – Lynne B. Sagalyn, The MIT press, Cambridge Massachusetts, London England.

•Hitchcock, H.-R. “The International Style 20 Years After”, in Architectural Records, August 1951, pp. 89-97.

•George E. Hartman & Jan Cigliano, Eds., Pencil Points Reader: A Journal for the Drafting Room, 1920-1943. New York : Princeton Architectural Press, 2004. XIII. •“Office Organization”. Clinton H. Cowgill. Progressive Architecture Magazine, October 1953. pp 95-96 •The History of Architecture 1905-2008, by Luigi Prestinenza Puglisi http://presstletter.com/2013/07/storia-dellarchitettura-1905-2008testo-completo-di-lpp/ •Essay of Jean-Louis Cohen, Crisis as Strategy: Architectural Anxiety since 1950 https://www.archplus.net/reader/home/ausgabe/229/ •http://postwarbuildingmaterials.be/material/post-war-buildingmaterials/ •https://www.buildingviews.net/about/ • Climate and architecture, by Jeffrey Eilis Aronin, REINHOLD PUBLISHING CORPORATION, DEPT. M-697, 330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, N. Y. • Urban Traffic: A Function of Land Use. Robert B. Mitchell and Chester Rapkin. Columbia University Press. 2960, Broadway, New York 27, .Y., 1954.

• Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Robert Henderson Emnri.ck PrenticeHall, Inc.,7O Filth Ave., New York, N.Y. 19tt8. 259 pp.

• Structural Design in Metals. Clifford, D. Williams and, Ernest C. Harris.

The Ronald. Press Co., 15 E. 26th St., New York, N.Y, 19t+9. 596 pp • An Introduction to the Design of Timber Structures Paperback, PO 229

BIBLIOGRAPHY Reece, E & FN Spon LTD (1949).

• History of the Development of Building Construction in Chicago, Frank A. Randall. The University of Illinois Press.

• A Basic History of the United States, Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard. The New Home Library: Garden City Publishing Co. Inc. • Structure in Building. W. Fisher Cassie and J. H.Napper, The Architectural Press, 13, Queen Anne’s Gate, S.W. 1, London, England, 1952. 266 pp., illus. 30s • Creating an lndustrial Civilization. A Report on the Corning Conference, Edited by Eugene Staley, Harper & Brothers, 49 E. 33 St., New York 16, N.Y., 1952. 368 pp. .

• The Works of Architects Olgyay and Olgyay. Reinhold Publishing Corp., 330 W. 42 St., New York 36, N.Y., 1952. 72 pp.

• Education for Professional Responsibility. Carnegie Press, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa,1948. 207 pp • “Mass Production to Relieve Housing Shortages”, Maciej Nowick • Engineering Contracts and Specifications. Robert W. Abbett. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 440 Fourth Ave., New York 16, N. Y. 2nd Edition, 1948. 317 pp • Wood in an Industrial World, J. A. Hall, The Scientific Monthly Vol. 67, No. 6 (Dec., 1948), pp. 398-405.

• Design. A quarterly magazine of tropical arts and architecture, Issue No. 7. Published by Arts and Design, Inc., 928 dePont Bldg, Miami 32, Fla. • Callan, Edwin J. “Concrete for Radiation Shielding.” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Vol. 25, No. 1 (September, 1953), pp. 1745.

• Wyckoff, H. O. “Radiation Protection in Therapeutic Radiology,” The American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine, Vol. 73, No. 4.

230

BIBLIOGRAPHY • Abstracts of Daylighting, Research, Arthur Rubin and Riad Saraiji, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Institute of Standards and Technology.

• David F. Travers, Arts & Architecture 1945-49. How A&A paved the way in postwar construction and culture, Taschen, 2004.

• Gaia Caramellino, “The Shelter Project and the multiple itineraries of American modernism”, in Architectural magazines (1900-1975), chronicles, manifestos, propaganda, Pamplona, 2012 pp. 137-146.

• Joan Ockman and Edward Eigen, Architecture Culture, 1943-1968: a documentary anthology, Columbia Books of Architecture/Rizzoli, 1993.

• Arizona State University Library: Design Library Archives and special Collections, “Paul Schweikher Collection 1920s – 1980s, “ Arizona State University Library, http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docld=ead/ ead/asu/schweikher.xml&do c.view=print;chunk.id=0 • John Edward Powell, “Biographies of Architects, Designers, and Builders,” Historicfresno.org, http://historicfresno.org/bio/kumpjr.htm.

• Magali Sarfatti Larson, Behind the Postmodern Façade: Architectural Change in Late Twentieth – Century America, (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), 183-218.

231

ESSAY In 1942 PENCIL POINTS, which had been a general journal for the drafting room, changed its name to THE NEW PENCIL POINTS and focused its attention on improvement in design. Through a challenging statement of purpose, the magazine of architecture drew excited comments from progressive members of the profession who applauded its intention to “look forward, not back,” to “fight for good architecture… fight against bad architecture… fight against the meretricious, the insincere...”

In 1944 the magazine, adopting the name PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE, rededicated itself “to the vigorous promotion of what we believe to be good architecture and to the active encouragement of all… who work honestly at improving the human environment.” Again, there was applause from the designers who are concerned with progress in architecture in the United States. There were sceptics. Publishing an architectural magazine which is not a record of all current work, good or bad, which is not a forum where the business troubles of all segments of the disjointed “building industry” can be aired, but which is an honest, objective professional journal, dedicated to improvement in design, from broad planning to details of construction, is a nice idea—but it cannot succeed—these sceptics said. They were wrong. In 1946, standing as squarely as ever for Progressive Architecture, is proud to announce that it is the largest professional circulation ever held by any architectural magazine. Proving that it is not long-haired theorists removed from reality, the magazine is so thoroughly read by practicing professionals that received every month more than five thousand requests for technical information relating to building products, materials, and equipment. No other publication has ever approached this figure, either. So Progressive Architecture, carrying the torch for good design related to contemporary needs, is at the same time the practical, useful magazine. The practice of architecture is moving forward, and the faith that this was so also in 1942, restated in 1944, needs no further editorializing.

The path to become a major publication was not a easy and smooth one as one of the main consequences of the war effort and the economic downturn the conflict was having on the real economy in the States, although a skirmish has never happened in the State (the Japanese attack in Pearl Harbour is not considered to have been conducted on American soil), many businesses, which were not considered essential to the war effort, were forced to shut down for the entire duration of the war or to reduce their workforce to bare minimum.

The immediate consequence for prices was a rather stable pricing during the post war years, although the inflation was entrapped in a rollercoaster, as businesses knew the struggle people was facing in recovering from the war tragedies and efforts.

Progressive Architecture was one of those magazines that, even if it suffered quite considerably in terms of

235

ESSAY economic losses during the war period, decided to not raise prices following a specific marketing strategy focused on increasing the revenues by having a bigger consumers base and increasing the client portfolios more than increasing the profit margins on every copy sold.

This winning strategy is the same to the one applied by modern low-cost air carriers like Ryanair or EasyJet. This permitted to Progressive Architecture to grow as a company and becoming one of the most influential magazines focused on modern architecture in the United States till its demise in the late ‘80s due to a never ceasing growth of competitors and the advent of digital magazines.

This growth was reflected also by a more and more articulated distribution around the world as the United States, moral and physical winners of Word War II, were on the brink to start the export of their culture abroad and consequently becoming one of the major players in architecture.

This abrupt and swift turn was the obvious result of a trail started more than half of a decade before with the first experiments carried out by L. Sullivan that created a new typology of buildings, the skyscraper, and that resulted in the United States turning from a passive student to a master in the modern architecture field.

Progressive Architecture acted as a magnet to convey ideas inside households and practitioners’ offices thanks also to the entrepreneurial idea of Mr. Creighton, Executive Director from 1946 to 1963, to offer discounts to a wide variety of people and to keep prices unaffected for the US protectorates while for other countries to charge a small postal fee.

He understood that military personnel, that during these years was being increasingly deployed around the world to protect the newly established order, was a very important market to which it had to be granted a discount as they were spending many months overseas and without the modern mass communication systems there was a need for paper publications to entertain the troops.

He also understood that military personnel were also a cheap way to promote Progressive Architecture abroad as the army, with their short or long deployments, would leave the older printed versions in the proximity of the military bases transforming them in a way to promote and market American architecture.

Housewives too were a target of Mr Creighton as they would be able to see what modern advancements were available and how more functional and modern houses could be catered in an efficient way.

All these factors combined, and a greater economic growth brought Progressive Architecture to be the leading publication on modern architecture in United States, factor that allowed them to be entitled from the AIA to run the Progressive Awards.

236

ESSAY

PROGRESSIVE ARCHITECTURE

237

ESSAY As a major architectural magazine focused on modern architecture the editorial staff, led by Mr Creighton, started to modify the logo appearance and the overall look of the magazine, from the cover page to the internal layout of the issues.

To promote the changes and the improvement of the magazines under the graphical point of view, Mr. Creighton called in to serve as Art Director Mr. Stamo Papadaki, a young architect who was experimenting how art movements could interact with architectural practices, and under his elm the layout was redesigned in a more modern and efficient way followed by a research over a new logo, which was started long before his call but renewed during his 11 years position (1949 to 1960).

In fact, during the transition from Pencil Points to Progressive Architecture the older logo was not reflecting anymore the name of the magazine neither was reflecting the new and renovated approach to architecture.

One of the main changes that affected more the distribution and the perception of the magazine was the cover layout and treatment.

The first page treatment was in fact changed from just an image of a featured project, from 1945 to 1946, to be just the table of contexts, from 1947 to 1951, to return to a more graphical and modernist influenced cover image.

These differences were the results of their time, during the first years the magazine was still anchored to the previous graphical approach and during the late ‘40s, as was a transition time toward a more defined role, the covers reflected the uncertainty of role while once Mr. Papadaki was at the helm of the Art Department and Mr. Creighton focused the publication on modernism and modern architecture covers gained their primal role as introductory tool to the public.

This can be recalled in the analysis made more in depth in the first part of the booklet, nevertheless a short summary will be provided as following: 1945 - the first cover of the new magazine Progressive architecture do not have a proper identity: images, title and date of the journal every time in a different position.

1946 - the title and date have a fixed place and in between an image recalling the theme of the magazine per each month.

1947 to 1951 - the cover and table of contents are combined as a new sales strategy.

1952 and later - the cover layout has abstract geometrical elements and images have different dimensions and disposition.

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ESSAY 1945 to 1946 - different dark pastel colours reflecting the previous graphical style.

1947 and later - brighter colours were applied to attract the attention of the reader at first sight.

This research of an identity was not necessary for the main layout of the magazine as a clear and defined one was kept since the beginning, sign that the previous knowledge gained during the years of Pencil Points was not lost in the transition phase.

In fact, one of the distinctive traits of Progressive Architecture is its layout design and can be easily identified as it is widely spread out through advertisements, announcements and arrangement of editorials. As consumerism in Northern America is prevailing, Progressive Architecture’s way of selling their magazine, by focusing the attention of the potential readers and subscribers with catchy images and texts, is a direct reflection of this way of life. As a good graphic design effectively communicates the message of the magazine to the target audience using only visual communication, P/A had a lot of images, with different sizes and placement in the layout depending on the importance of the specific image, to better introduce their point of view.

Drawings, details, construction techniques, photos, covers, advertisements and sketches are the way to introduce articles and critics, in many of cases the image requires more than half of the page and this attention to highlight drawings sets them apart from other contemporary magazines.

Although graphics played a key role in the magazine development and diffusion, there were many other aspects that contributed to the growth of Progressive Architecture, some of those aspects were unique to the publication and location related to a specific area of the United States.

Progressive Architecture’s January issue is not yet perfectly defined for the January issue as there is no fixed arrangement of sections to appear per year as there are topics that only appear every 3 years, some are present in one year, but in the other year it disappears while some are always present.

As so, Progressive Architecture focalized in a more specific yearly publication during the January issue were not only the main projects were discussed and other topics were given space but also were a sort of business forecast was given based on the numbers from the previous year.

Forecasting how the construction market was going to be was a new point of view and was published on the first issue of the year and this was done to permit also to smaller firms, mainly in the Midwest area or the Northwest mountains, to grasp how firms were moving around the United States and how the entire spectrum in construction was preparing for another year of growth or contraption.

The business analysis is rather unique in the Progressive Architecture magazine as it focuses on specific outcomes

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October

fib

it

J

1945 - 1946

1947 - 1951

1952 - 1955

The cover present an image related to a project explained in the magazine and it only has the name of the magazine and month issue.

The table of contents is the cover itself, name and month issue have a specific position in the layout.

The cover go back to the original status with one or two images representing a project and the layout is more defined.

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ESSAY and achieve things that matter. It is always treated as a summary of the previous year architecture and it helps the reader to understand the goals and identifying the needs of a society so to better determine the solutions to architectural problems.

In fact, for every January issue, Progressive Architecture provided information about the building typologies that were planned to be built and in which areas the projects were located. Also, it provided information about the most common typology of the year, especially if that typology was the major part of the construction works in the main geographical location. This is a way to transfer the previous analysis of forecast in images and explaining the general image of this year.

For example, in 1951, the most common typology was educational buildings and there were built more in Northeast part of USA, in 1953 we had the same situation where the education in the same location were the most common construction of this year. In 1952, the typology of housing was the most common and in the part of California while in 1954 commerce buildings were the biggest volume in construction and especially in Northeast but one year later, in 1955, public use buildings were constructed the most in the same location.

In particular, the journal gave information about the money that was planned to be spent on every typology and in every region. For example, in 1951, education buildings will cost 806.042,00 $ in Northeast, 39% of the annual budget was sent in this field. One selected example of January’s issue is a High school in Northeast by A. L. Aydelott and Associates. One interesting thing is that, while a few years back most of the progressive school design was in elementary category, this period also high schools and even universities are well represented. In the larger buildings, like campuses, universities and high schools, the attention given to interrelation of buildings and intelligent site use promises some important realizations in the larger areas of planning, related to community and city planning. Educational buildings were huge constructions and the urban design were a part of their design. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a day-to-day basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure, these spaces are very important for the educational buildings and enhance the quality of the buildings. In the Northeast region during this period a lot of structures of this typology were built because there was a lack of educational structures, that’s why Progressive Architecture magazine emphasized in this field. In 1953, educational buildings where the biggest volume and in the same region Northeast. From that there is the conclusion that education played an important role in 1950-55s. There are several examples in this year, such as an elementary school in Taunton, Massachusetts, by The Architects Collaborative and Smith & Sellew. In this project the design goals were to have classrooms on one side of the

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ESSAY corridor, service rooms on the other, to maintain an intimate child scale, and to break up units so the total is not overpowering.

In 1952, 23% of the budget were invested in the typology of houses in the region of California. In this January journal were analyzed 49 buildings where 24,4% of them where in California and 24,4% of them were housing projects. Housing typology includes private residences, apartments, hotels and multi-unit housing projects. One example of this typology in this year is a house in Lafayette, California by architect Roger Lee. This is a small in scale project but it’s common in this period and particularly after the war. This house is characterized by clean simplicity and integration with nature. The style is usually emphasized – creating structures with ample windows and open floor plans, with the intention of opening interior and bringing the outdoors in. Another similar example is one house in Sanibel Island in Florida where the entrance is an element of the landscape, where it is creating open floor plan as possible, while integrating the outdoors to indoors. Many houses are now utilizing the groundbreaking post and beam architectural design that eliminated bulky support walls in favor of upper floor seemingly floating from the ground. Generally, California contributed in the housing typology because of the lifestyle of the people and the Hollywood.

In 1954, the typology of commerce grew up and a lot of new structures were built. Especially, 16,4% of structure were about commerce and more of them were in the Northeast. It’s a fact that this area of the USA showed up the most constructions of America. Commerce is a field that after the war period needed to grow up. In this period, in fact, a lot of malls and commerce centers appeared as there was an overall growing trend of consuming and buying new things as the economy was experiencing a boom. This new need for stuff required more places for commercial activities which led in turn architectural practices to create a new typology of mixed public/ commercial space. These buildings had to be outstanding and something different from the typical housing buildings of the previous area. That’s why many architects experimented new techniques and architectural languages. One example of this experimentation can be seen in one motel project drafted in Boston. There, a new typology was invented, one that combined the use of motel with the commercial activity in a 40-story office building providing extra space for corridors and services.

In 1955, public use typology was the most common building type, with a percentage of 22,86% of the total construction. The region where this typology was developed more was again the Northeast of USA. In this typology there are city halls, public libraries, court houses and everything that is related with community. Requirements in design of public buildings that must meet Commission approval seem to hold this category of design at dead

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ESSAY level. Few were the public building designs that contain signs of enthusiasm or a fresh approach. Since public money was being expended, it was not, perhaps, surprising that a generally conservative viewpoint maintained.

One example is a Jewish community center, in Long Island. This building was designed for a new community, and it served as a place for worship, a school for part- and a full-time religious instruction, and a social center.

The target was to harmonize building with the residential area.

These kinds of mixed-use buildings appeared mainly due to the great influx that immigration from the warstricken Europe was having over the architecture and the new way to interpret needs and wishes.

There is also an overview of projects in terms of different typologies located only in the United States of America that will be published in the rest of the other months, while the other monthly issues from February to December there are also published projects located in other parts of the world.

The most important section was the one dedicated to the Project Awards in different typologies of projects which was published only in the January issue. Progressive Architecture magazine announced that for each year starting from 1946, the editorial board will make two national awards: 1) To the architect of the building, or group of buildings, constructed during the year in the United States, which should be the best example of progress in design.

2) To the architect of the private residence, constructed during the year in the US, which should be the best example of progress in design.

The Progressive Architecture Awards were to be judged by a jury elected each year and composed by practitioners and theorists. A criterion was that the selected jury, comprising of famous architects, would judge the entire array of entrees without a pre-vetted selection of projects. From there, the jury would choose the best project proposal among the rest and give a monetary award for the best design.

This was made to motivate architects to submit a proposal to the best of their abilities.

During the year 1948 awards, the jury discussed and highlighted that some projects had technical abilities, used indigenous materials, but lacked sensitivity and “plagiarism” was present.

They concluded that: “Architecture should lack self-consciousness and should be a straightforward expression of its time”.

In 1950 Progressive Architecture decides to discontinue its Annual Awards Judgment, in order that the Honor Awards Program of the American Institute of Architects may be developed exclusively as the medium for rewarding

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High School

Oak Street Elementary School

House

LOCATION: Bristol, Virginia REGION: Northeast ARCHITECTS: A. L. Aydelott ond Associotes TYPOLOGY: Education

LOCATION: Taunton, Massachusetts REGION: Northeast ARCHITECTS: The Architects Collaborative and Smith & Sellew TYPOLOGY: Education

LOCATION: Lafayette, California REGION: California-Nevada ARCHITECT: Roger Lee TYPOLOGY: Residential house

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Back Bay Center development for Stevens Development Corporation LOCATION: Boston, Massachusetts REGION: Northeast ARCHITECTS: Boston Center Architects TYPOLOGY: Commerce WINNER: First Design Award, Commerce category award

Jewish Community Center LOCATION: Long Island, New York REGION: Northeast ARCHITECT: William Lescaze TYPOLOGY: Public use CITATION: Public buildings

ESSAY executed work, to the benefit of all architects in the United States and the furtherance of progress in architecture.

In fact, at the time the P/A Awards were instituted, no other national honors were available for the designers of completed work while in 1950 Honor Awards Program of the American Institute of Architects was established.

In August 1953 the AIA decides to publish the awards using Progressive Architecture, tacitly stating the importance of Progressive Architecture, and hence the section appeared again.

Progressive Architecture Awards by their very nature, is forward-looking but the program was challenged by jurors and practitioners alike to define “progressive” for that given moment in the culture of architecture. After the ninth CIAM congress in the summer of 1953, the ninth CIAM Congress in 1953 ended in conflicts with representatives of the older generation such as Le Corbusier, Gropius, and Gideon. The younger generation criticized the functional separation between housing, work, leisure, and transport in urban planning called for in the pre-war Charter of Athens, propagating instead the interconnectedness of housing, street, district, and city. While in America, modernism has been widely criticized of its potential in the future of residential housing, there has been a tension between exploring the conventional ideas of modernism and the undiscovered ideas opposing that a house is a “machine for living in.”

Since then Progressive Architecture focused the P/A Awards to challenge to already established architectural idea to push forward what’s more to be discovered in the architectural knowledge.

There was a win-win situation for both parties in P/A Awards as it gave the jury a choice from the best viable project, with the highest standards available and with a variety of approaches, while it gave practitioners the possibility to better understand how problems and necessities could be resolved in a different or new way. P/A Awards brought out a wide range of ideas and concepts and gave the promoter the choice of selecting the ones which fitted better into his specific requirements. It also serves a larger platform for contributing to the architectural knowledge and the wide spreading knowledge of serving a greater good.

Progressive Architecture focus is not only on theoretical advancements or projects critics but as the quest for better and cheaper construction materials and techniques was an urging one, especially for smaller firms which constituted the backbone of architectural practices in the United States, the editorial board focused on introducing new materials and explaining in detail how new systems worked or should be applied to newly drafted projects.

During the immediate post war years in fact, materials were scarce, and craftsmanship was not freely available as most of the man fit to work were still enrolled in the army.

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ESSAY The search for the most economical method of construction was indeed a very important quest, especially in a period of complex mechanical development, that had to be addressed by every major architectural publication and in fact one year later the beginning of this research another magazine, Architectural Forum, started a similar research in the topic.

Progressive Architecture research can be organized in chapters defined by the material and the construction technology as presented.

ALUMINIUM CURTAIN WALL CONSTRUCTIONS

The use of metals for elements of exterior walls had increased sharply between 1930 and 1950, the most significant technological advances in metal curtain-wall construction have occurred since World War II. Metal panels are lightweight, can be quickly erected, are permanent and easily maintained, and when combined with insulation they provide a curtain wall that, in terms of reducing heat loss and preventing vapor transmission, has high performances. As aluminium was generally available for architectural use, this metal is being specified for an increasing number of multi-storey buildings.

Curtain-wall construction in 1950s demands a more functional design and lower cost than ever before. The problem is to build a light non-loadbearing wall to protect the building interior from the elements of weather and provide a safe enclosure for the occupancy regarding its location.

Curtain-wall construction is looked upon as one of the most promising uses for aluminium; its natural advantages and low cost make this possible.

Aluminium has important natural advantages that are present in every aluminium alloy. Its weight, only one-third that of steel, allows larger single sections to be fabricated and erected, thus effecting economies in construction not possible with other materials. Its workability assures easy forming and fabrication into finished products.

Additional economies are affected due to the lower labour cost. There are many instances in architectural design where experience has shown that it costs the same or less to do a job with aluminium, although material costs may be higher. The excellent workability of aluminium holds manufacturing costs down so that the finished cost is lower.

PANELLING CURTAIN WALL

Buildings have long been constructed with the exterior walls of the building supporting the load of the entire

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ESSAY structure. The development and widespread use of structural steel and later reinforced concrete allowed relatively small columns to support large loads; hence, exterior walls of buildings were no longer required for structural support. The exterior walls could be non-load bearing and thus much lighter and more open than the masonry load-bearing walls of the past. This gave way to increased use of glass as an exterior façade, and the modernday curtain wall was born. The first curtain wall installed in New York City, in the United Nations Secretariat Building (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, 1952), was this type of construction.

LIGHTING

All good architecture must perform certain functions, which are the basis of design and planning. “Functional” does not necessarily mean purely utilitarian, but includes the combination of usefulness, “eye appeal,” comfort, and economic stability. Progressive architects and engineers in 1950-55 are trying to visualize a finished building as a place of comfort, liveability, and maximum over-all efficiency. In it, lighting plans are important; if, as is frequently true, they are executed by the “rubber stamp” method, they will nine times out of ten fail to satisfy the human requirements of vision and psychological acceptance. Thus, the real problem is more than just the selection and installation of lighting “fixtures.” It is a problem of true illuminating engineering, which involves planning the entire visual environment, including interior decoration, furnishings, fenestration, and lighting equipment.

The architects of the A.I.A. Convention in Washington, May 10-13 of 1950, were given a resume of current thinking in the illuminating engineering field. The widely scattered literature on the subject was brought together only in the February 1950 issue of Illuminating Engineering where the I.E.S. wrote “Recommended Practice of Daylighting”. Another paper, “Basic Factors of Vision,” by C. L. Crouch, I.E.S. technical director, describes the eye and its operation and the influence of surroundings.

To accomplish this end, the architect must relate the interior to the specific activities of the user. Illumination requirements for different applications vary from pure utility to decoration and atmosphere. Usually there is a combination of functions; the functions of illumination for types of interiors that will be occupying a large portion of our architectural talent in the next few years.

In these years fluorescent lighting evolved. By means of a new light control system, the brightness of fluorescent lamps can be controlled merely with the turn of a knob, just as smoothly and easily as incandescent lamps have been dimmed or brightened in the past. This is expected to find favour in such a variety of places as theatres,

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ESSAY auditoriums. schools, display rooms, stores, hotels, night clubs, restaurants, show windows, and many others.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTIONS

Prestressed concrete is to many minds one of the 20th Century’s most important additions to structural resources.

Brought into being by the incorporation of a dynamic steel musculature into the inert body of concrete to give this ancient construction material tensile strength comparable to its intrinsic compressive strength, prestressing has established its merit on a world-wide proving ground. Between the article of the October 1949 and January 1953 in Progressive Architecture prestressed concrete has gained more ground than in the entire quarter-century since it became a construction reality. Its advance has been three-front-in research development, in applications, and as a consequence of both in public acceptance.

A structural member in prestressed concrete may be built with only half the concrete and a quarter of the steel required for a corresponding member in reinforced concrete; in comparison with structural steel, the saving in steel is even greater. These savings of materials are only a fragment of the picture. They produce in turn savings in deadweight, which means a substantial reduction in foundation costs.

Within 18 months after the first United States Conference on Prestressed Concrete was held at M.I.T. (August 1951), the new medium was an important subject at numerous technical gatherings throughout the country.

In America, alone, it is being employed in every section by private enterprise and by all levels of government construction, on a rapidly increasing scale. This is equally true abroad. In England, a recently published report of the works directors of the Admiralty. the Air Ministry, the War Office, and the Ministry of Works on economy of building materials, recommends the use of prestressed concrete in almost every conceivable form of construction.

Here some of the possible use of prestressed concrete elements: - Prestressed Concrete Slabs Prestressed slabs are manufactured using high tensile strength prestressed strands or single wire which are embedded within the element. The prestressed floor slabs, or ribbed slabs, are generally preferred for general structural engineering such as residential and industrial constructions, hotels, multi-story car parks, supermarkets, etc. The major advantage of this system is the large available span widths of the prestressed floor slabs and the minimal support requirements.

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ESSAY - Prefabricated Concrete Panels Precast concrete was introduced in a wide variety of applications in the facades of house buildings in the postwar period, for example, as small panels attached to loadbearing structural frames. The innumerable options in form, composition, and surface finish made precast concrete façade panels very popular. The application thereof was also stimulated by the economic advantage of reduced construction times, and the assurance of higher quality fabrication, because products typically were made off-site in controlled factory environments. From the 1950s onwards, the number of companies producing precast concrete steadily increased, ranging from small family businesses with limited volumes, to large companies with fully equipped research and design teams, which were active on an international scale.

In the early post-war period, precast concrete panels were used to clad loadbearing walls and skeleton frames.

During the 1950s, the field of application grew steadily, as did the options for the panels, with varied surface effects, incorporating different aggregates, coloured cement, and various types of joints and connections.

- Prefab Floor System Prefab floor systems had already been introduced before the WWII. These varied from beam-and-block systems, hollow core slabs, and prefabricated slabs made with hollow bricks. Each system claimed to be cheaper, and quicker and easier to build than the rest. Yet hardly any of these systems lasted for more than a few years, or else disappeared after the Second World War. During the post-WWII period, important changes occurred in production methods, building materials, output, and technical equipment, both in the factory and at the construction site. The beam-and-block floor systems, that were often patented, remained ‘systems’, meaning a fixed set of elements to combine in a typical configuration, with specific characteristics and dimensions. The components were hardly ever to be used for other purposes or in combination with other brands or products.

Since the use of concrete is increasing, new solutions for materials are explored. One is represented by Lightweight concrete. During the interwar period, several brands of lightweight concrete were put on the market, but it was not until the post-war period that this relatively new building material made a major advance. Depending on the additives or manufacturing techniques, four main types of lightweight concrete can be defined. The first one was autoclaved gas concrete. The second type was made with lightweight additives. Another type was cellular concrete, made with porous volcanic stone like pumice or slag. The fourth type was foamed concrete or “beton mouse. Thanks to advertisements and extensive publicity, precast elements in lightweight concrete were very

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ESSAY quickly applied on a large scale in residential constructions in USA and beyond. The popularity of lightweight concrete in the post-war period was due to several important benefits related to its inherent properties and characteristics. As the name indicates, lightweight concrete is marked by a very low density. A consequence of the low density is very low heat conduction. Moreover, the material is solid; fire and water resistant; and easy to handle on the building site without heavy equipment.

MODULAR CONSTRUCTIONS

Manufactured, modular architecture is at the forefront of modern design—with factory-built components, buildings are becoming more cost-efficient, transportable, and consistent. Often designed for profit or ease of construction, manufactured homes have historically compromised character to become more cost-effective, energy efficient, or fashionable.

After WWII, there was a tremendous shortage of housing for veterans and a glut of war-time manufacturing facilities. This prompted an opportunity for modular construction to take the spotlight and serve as the solution.

- Cemesto concrete (Eternit) Fibre-reinforced cement-products were invented in the late 19th century by the Austrian Ludwig Hatschek.

Principally he mixed 90% cement and 10% asbestos mineral fibers with water and ran it through a cardboard machine.

Eternit’s first ‘hit product’ was the standard, flat panel called Eternit. Serving as a substitute for wooden planks and boards, the panels could be processed easily and were fireproof, rot-proof, impermeable, and hardwearing.

The panels were used for construction works as well as interior applications such as doors, furniture, wall linings, panelling, windowsills, and ceilings. Panels were screwed on a wooden frame, lath, or blocks, or glued to a lattice or a flat surface. Joints were finished ‘cold’, overlapping, or covered with strips in Eternit, wood, plastic, or aluminium.

- Metallic sliding window frames Until the mid-1940s, sliding doors and windows were custom-made. But in the context of the progressive industrialization of construction products, prefabricated sliding doors in wood and steel began to appear.

Companies developed and industrialized metal sliding frames, perfected fittings, used roller bearings that made panels much easier to operate and producing hardware that made the product affordable, convenient, popular

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ESSAY and easily available in standard sizes. The fact that most sliding door and window companies were based in Southern California led this type of window to become a transversal element for all modern Californian developments of that time and to begin appearing regularly in the publicity on the pages of architecture magazines.

INSULATION MATERIALS

The different types of insulation materials and products can be classified in various ways, for instance, by their structure, by their form or most commonly, by their physical nature. The latter characteristic distinguishes among vegetal, mineral, or synthetic insulation materials. The most popular vegetal insulation material was wood and after this cork and flax. The most commonly used mineral insulation materials were glass fibres, rock wool, asbestos, cellular glass, and expanded perlite and vermiculite. Synthetic insulation materials, such as expanded polystyrene (PS) and polyurethane foam (PUR), revolutionized the insulation market after they appeared in the 1950s.

Insulation materials during this period saw a big growth in use and application thanks to the possibility to apply them directly while the material was preassembled in the factory.

Cost efficiency and savings during the life cycle of the building were other two factors that were behind the great diffusion of this “new” building technique.

These were the main three parts of the magazine that allowed it to be different and better than the competitors, allowing it to become a prime magazine focused on modern architecture.

Progressive Architecture approach to the public was in fact a revolutionary one where every aspect was taken in consideration and can be seen as the tread maker for a new generation of architectural issues.

Their throughout vision of architecture and the in-depth analyses allowed to improve the general approach to modern architecture and thanks to a professional and capable board of directors, Progressive Architecture became a tool to export worldwide new forms and a completely new language in architecture.

The importance of the editors can be seen in the editorials published on a wide array of subjects, for example the editorial by Mr. Creighton, published in the December 1948 issue, where he weighs in the debate over New Monumentality and gives a strong statement that humiliates theorists while giving a new and important role to the magazine.

With its worldwide distribution Progressive Architecture ranted a specialized space for modernists to let ideas, projects and products float unhinged from the United States to Europe and vice versa.

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ESSAY During the first years of the new Progressive Architecture the editorial board set high goals to be achieved within a short temporal horizon and thanks to the competence of the editorial board the magazine became the main Journal of Architecture published in the United States. In a matter of few years that goal was reached and this prime role was recognized by the American Institute of Architecture as from 1954 they decided to use it as a platform to publish their Progressive Awards program by saying it was a platform that allowed the improve of architecture on a global level.

Without magazines like Progressive Architecture or Architectural Record, we could not have experienced the socalled “Transatlantic experience” in architecture or, if similar but smaller magazines were to take their place, we could have experienced a smaller scale phenomenon.

In fact, these publications can be seen as ancestors of modern publications, specialized or not, that nowadays can be found in almost every household or architectural practices around the world.

Progressive Architecture and its editorial board were a true ground breakers and truly innovators in the communication field where they invented a new language to better describe architecture.

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