t 987 Graduate Fellowship Awards The National Organ izat ion will provid e two Fellowshi p Award s to two bla ck stud ents who have successfully completed at least one year of study in an acc red ited graduate program lead ing to a Ph.D . Degree in chem istry or chemi ca l eng in ee ring. Th ese Fellowship Awards will be presented at the Fourteenth Annua l Meeting in Sa n Francisco, ca. during the Award s Banqu et. Tl1 e funds to provide the awards have aga in been made ava i lable to us by the Eastma n Kodak Co mpa ny and Procter & Gamble Co mpany. Applica nts for t he
fellowshi p must be United States ci t izens. Fellowship Fund s will apply to th e 1987 - 88 academi c year': Applications can be obtained from : Mr. William Swa nn Perso nnel Resources Eastman Kodak Company 34.3' State Street Rochester, NY 14650 The .d.eadline for rece i pt of appl ication s is March I. 1987. If you know of potential applicants. please have th em apply early.
NOBCChE NEWS Volume 7, Number 2
Nuclear Power: Friend or Foe By James E. Evans
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Chairp erso n, Western Region , has been employed as a Nuclear Chemisl al th e Lawrence liuermoore National l aboratory (LLNL}, Livermore. Ca lifornia, for 24 years. Prior to mouing into th e managemenl ranks eight yea rs ago his resea rch interesls were in actinide chemislry, specifically elements heavier than plutonium. Ne is co-discoverer of four new isotopes, 25 7fm in 1964, 255 Cf in 1970, 2s•rm in 197 I, and 256Es in 1980. Jn his current posi tion Mr. Evan s is th e Assislanl Resource Manager for the Nuclear Tesl Program al LLNL. His responsibilitis in clude managing a yearly budget in excess of a quarler billion dollars.
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discoveries that preceded ou r curre nt nuclear posture. In 1895 Wil helm Roentgen di scove red t he X ray. These myste ri ous rays were observed to produ ce flu orescence in th e glass wa lls of x-ray tubes an d other materials by Henri Becquerel in 1896. Roentgen 's discovery prompted Becque rel. who had been working with potassium uranyl sulfate K2 U0 2
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"If th e first use of electricity had been lo power ll1e eleclri c chair. lh e eleclrica l uses lh al we now take for granled would have been set back many years. " Fo r th e general pub lic, th e phrase nuclear energy is synonymous with nuclear bombs. It became a part of ou r everyday vocabulary approx imately 30 years ago. Since that time, many of us have lived in fea r and
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March 1986
an xiety of t he nuclea r promi se. We we re promi sed safe steriliza t ion of food produ cts through radiation. We were pro mi sed nuclea r power reactors to eliminate ou r dependence of foreign oil. Ad the biggest promise of all is nuclear weapons to prevent or deter. any aggressor from attacking our country. I l1ave some thoughts on all of the above nuclea r subjects. but in th is art icle I would lil1e to di scuss briefly the id ea of nuclear det errence. I hope to provide a little more information that will allow you to draw you r own conclusions on the subj ect. First. some background information on a few key
(504 b · 2H 2 0), to eventually report the ra dioactive propert ies of uran i um. In 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discovered rad ium ; and in 1905 Albert Einstein publi shed hi s Th eory o Relativity. In 1932 James Chadwick discovered the neutron, setting the stage in 1934 for Enrico Fermi's use of the neutron to bombard uranium. This was the first experiment that caused an atom to fission. Fermi eventually announced in 1939 that eac h spli tti ng of the uranium atom relea sed neutrons. He predicted the possib il ity of a chai n reaction. co ntinued on page five
Thirteenth Annual Meeting Agenda Welcome Reception
Tuesday, Apri l 22
Registration
l oOOPM - 5oOO PM
[xecutive Hoard Meeting
9 oOOAM - 6oOOPM
6o30PM - 8o30 l'M
Sponsored by SO HI O
Thur5day, April 211 Wedn esday, April 23
Registration
SoOOAM - 5oOOP M
Conference Ope ning
SoOOAM - 80 l 5AM
Dr. Charles Merideth. Chancellor
Atlan t University Ce nter. Inc.
General Session
Bo 15AM - 9 o30AM
Guest lecturer
9o 30AM - 10'45AM
Dr. Thomas Stetson . Vice Presid ent for Researc h
SoOOAM - I OoOOAM
Genera l Session (International)
8 30AM - 9o 45AM
Possi ble Activit ies wit h China
Brea k
9o45A M - I OoOOAM
Techn ical Session
IO:OOAM · Noon
Lu nc h
12:00PM - l :30PM
tlenry A. tlill Distinguished Lecturer
2:00PM · 3:30PM
Sc hool of Geophysical Sciences
" Chem is try and Natu ra l Phenom ena "
"U niversity Researc h Prog ra m Developmen t "
Break
10'4 5AM - 1 L OOAM
Panel discussion on Research
l l o00AM - 12o30l'M
Lun ch
12o30PM - UOPM 2oOOPM - 3o30PM
Break
3o30PM - 4o00 PM
roster Session & Industrial [xhibits
4:00PM · 6:00PM
friday, April 25 Technical Session
IOoOOAM - Noon
Dr. Ja mes Kin g. Manager
Lun ch
12o00 PM - l o30PM
Space Science and Applications
Guest Lecturer (TBD)
2o00PM - 3o30PM
roster Session & Indu strial [xhibits
4:00PM · 6:00PM
Jet Prop ulsion Labo rat ory "A Gra nd Tour of the Planets"
foster Session&' Industrial fxhibits
4:00PM - 6:00PM
Cocktails
7o00PM - 7'45PM
Ban quet
8o00 l'M - IO oOOPM
The NOBCChf News Th e NO BCChE News is the officia l publication o f t he Nat iona l Organ izat ion for the Profess ional Advancement of Black Chemi sts and Che mical Engineers.
Officers President Exec. Board Cha irperson Treasurer
Southwest Ms. Rosanne C. Anderson Mart in Marietta Energy Systems, ln c. P.O. Box Y
Dr. Theoph il us Sorrell
News Edit or
M5D; Bldg. 65 3rd Fi r. East man Kodak Com pany
(716 ) 477-7785 -orNOBCChE NEWS P.O. Box I 5499 Rochester, NY 1461 5
Archi ve
Dr. Raymond Williams Dr. Samuel van Winbu sh
c/o Mrs. Minnie Clayton, Archivi st Robert W. Woodruft Library Atlanta University Center Atlanta , GA 303 IO
Regiona l Chairpersons Northeast
Dr. Denise Barnes
AT&T Bell Labs. Allen town, PA 18103
'-
2
Mr. Chr istopher Kinard 673 Hillgrove Ct. Cinc innat i, 01"1 45246
Mr. Ivory Herb ert
NOBCChE
Historian
Dr. Charles A. Washington Ma rti n Marietta 1: nergy Syst ems. Inc.
P. O. !lox Y. Oak llidge. TN 37830 Midwest
Dr. Edward D. Walton
Bldg. 9201-5 MS-9 Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Sec retary
Sout heasl
West
• Be where it's happening.
Dr. C.S. Kiang , Di rec tor Georgia Institu te o f Technology
Georgia Insti t ute of Techn ology
Guest Lecturer
Registration
Dr. Bobby Wilson Chemi st ry Department Texas Southe rn University Ho us ton , TX 77004 Mr. Ja mes Eva ns Univers ity o f Ca li fornia Livermore, U. 94550
The NOBCChE was established in 1972 wit h t he obj ec t ives o f developing programs to assist Blacks in rea lizing their full po ten tial in the field s of chemistry and chem ical engin eering. The organi zation's programs include estab li shing i nfo rmat ion and consul tat ion services for t he Black communi ty, recruitment of more Blacks in the Sc ience and Engineering professions, promot in g act ive part icipat ion in scientific researc h. and in creasi ng t he representation of Blacks on advi sory Boards.
If you'd like to be where the research and development excitement is, consider Kodak Every day, we're making breakthroughs in chemical applications and developing innovative products for biotechnology, recording media, photographic, and health markets. Among our accomplishments:
• opening a new multimillion-dollar facility to develop and manufacture enzymes, biochemicals, and bulk pharmaceuticals • developing coating of amorphous materials that react differently at different wavelengths; producing an optical disk with laser read/ write capabilities • exploring isotropic and vertical recording media • reshaping film emulsion to tabular grains; applying inhibitor-releasing couplers (DIR); producing new film with twice the speed of its predecessors and better grain and sharpness • dry-chemistry blood assay procedures for enzyme-rate, colorimetric, and potentiometric analyses If you're an exceptional experimentalist or researcher, biological scientist, biochemist, or chemical engineer who'd like to put your credentials to work where they'll pay off, send your resume to: Personnel Resources Dept.DENO Eastman Kodak Company Rochester, NY 14650
The organization depends upon exciting talent among Blacks in these fields t o aid in the accom pli shm ent of its objecti ves.
It's an exciting time to work at Kodak!
Fu ll NOBCChE membership, inc ludin g NOl3CChE NEWS, is $35 /year; associa te membership is 15/year. Persons desi ring membership and activi t ies informa ti on, as well as new members fom•ard ing du es, should write to the t reasurer-add ress is given above.
An equal opportunity employer _/
"Proposed Changes to the Constitution" Rationale The Executive Board is proposing for your consideration chang路es to our constitution. These changes, although not dramatic, are designed to establish clear procedures and policies relevant to making future constitutional amendments. We propose adding sections to Article VIII that will define "Statutes" (policies, rules, etc), "initiative" (the power of the membership to propose amendments to the constitution), and "referendums" (the power of the membership to propose amendments to the statutes). If you adopt the proposed amendment to Article VIII, future proposed changes to the constitution will require petitions containing the signatures of at least I 0 members in good standing before the changes can be placed on the ballot. This amendment will protect the membership from the expenses and time required to respond to a single individual who wished to place a constitutional change on the ballot and has no support from other members. This change to our constitution is consistent with the constitutions of most technical organizatons, as well as the constitutions of every state in the Union. The amendment proposed to Article VIII will provide a mechanism for establishing revenue sharing policies. As most of you are aware, our organization has spent considerable time discussing the revenue sharing issue. At the Minneapolis meeting in 1985 we asked you to vote against a proposed constitutional amendment that would have required monies generated from the national meeting to be distributed primarily to the host region or chapter. We promised you a more equitable sharing plan that would serve the need of the entire organization. That plan will now be implemented if you vote affirmatively for Statutes I, 2, and 3. In conclusion, we are proposing changes to our constitution that we believe serve the needs of our association. We urge a positive vote. Proposed Changes Statute 1: Revenue Sharing The National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) will
4
divide annually at, or prior to, the fall Executive Board Meeting, but no later than November I of each calendar year, one-half (50%) of available funds generated by the collection of National dues. Funds will be divided eqully among the geographic regions as defined in Article V of the Constitution. The remaining one-half (50%) of available funds generated by the collection of national dues shall be distributed to the geographic regions as a function of paid membership ((regional members/national members) X available dollars). Paid membership shall be defined as those members in financial good standing at the conclusion of the previous fiscal year. This statute becomes effective immed iately and will be initially applied to dues paid for fiscal year 1986.
Statute 2: Revenue Sharing The National Organization for the Professional Advancement of of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) will accept annually proposals during the period commencing with the National Meeting or May I (whichever occurs first) and ending the first of August of each year. Proposals may be submitted by individual organization members in good standing. chapter, and/or regions, but must be submitted through the respective regional chairperson. Proposals must include a title, a description of the activity, objectives, time lines, and requested funding level. All proposals will be evaluated on merit by the Executive Board. or the designee of the Executive Board. If deemed acceptable, proposals will be funded as a function of sufficient funds availability. All proposals that are funded must follow reporting procedures as determined by the Executive Board. Statute 3: fund Raising The National Organization for the Professional Advancement of of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) authorizes fund raising activities in the name of the organization according to the following guidelines: I.
Only the Executive Board. regional chairpersons, and/or chapters may initiate fund raising activities in the name of NOBCChE. Individual members are explicitly denied permission to use
continued on page six
Nuclear Power
continued from page one
Later, in 1939. Leo Szilard and Walter Zinn proved the possibility of a cha in reaction at Columbia University. The Sz ilard and Zinn experiments, co upled with the discovery of plu tonium by Glen Seaborg et. al., paved the way for the formation of the "Uranium Committee." The Uranium
enough?" The th ird point addresses the question of modernization: "why do we keep building?" Space consideration for this article will not allow a lenghty dissertation on these points. however quotes from the following pe rsons sum up the position of detterence as viewed by the United States.
point is the balance of forces, which
Detterence In 1967 Robert S. McNamara, U.S. Secretary of Defense. introduced the concept of assured destruction when he said: "The cornerstone of our strategic policy continues to be to deter deliberate nuclear attack upon the United States or its allies by maintaining a highly reliable ability to inflict an unacceptable degree of damage upon any aggressor ... even after our absorbing a surprise first strike." In 1980 President Carter signed Presidential Directive No. 59, which codifies our evolving stategic doctrine. It is called a countervailing strategy, and to this directive Dr. Harold Brown, Secretary of Defense. stated in the Department of Defense Annual Report. FY 1982: "The essence of the countervailing strategy is to convince the Soviets that they will be successfully opposed at any level of aggression they choose, and that no plausible outcome at any level of conflict could represent 'success' for them by any reasonable definition of success." On March 23. 1983 President Reagan said:" ... deterrence of aggression through the promise of retaliation-the notion that no rational nation would launch an attack that would inevitably result in unacceptable losses to themsel ves. This approach to stability has worked." Stability is a magic word. An attempt to create an atmosphere of continued stabil ity has led the United States to explore fundamentally different approaches to strategic deterrence. The Triad concept is the United States路 strategic approach to deterrence. In essence, the concept is based on three elements with different survivability characteristics. Any attacker must develop different capabilities to detect and destroy separately each leg of
provokes the question "how much is
continued on page ten
Committee, appo inted by President Roosevelt. was given the task of investigating the feasibility of building an atomic bomb. In 1941. a concerted effort was launc hed to actually build the atomic bomb. This project was code named "The Manhattan Project." We all know the re sults of the Manhattan Project. The first device was tested at Alamogordo. New Mexico. July 6, 1945, and on August 6, 1945, the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. On August 9, 1945 a second bomb ws dropped on Nagasaki. The war was ended as a result of the first use of nuclear power, but the ra ce was on! In 1949, the USSR tested its first atomic bomb, followed in 1950 by the USA testing its first hydrogen bomb. Great Britian joined t he act by exploring its first device in 1952, while France waited until 1960 to enter the nuclear race. Third world nations entered the race in 1964 with a test by China and another test in 1974 attributed to India. The race was indeed on. Since the inception of nuclear research and power, the USA and USSR have engaged in a vigorous nuclear struggle. Both countries have tested and stockpiled many devices. The United States continues this effort. under the direction of every President since 1945, Democrat or Republican, for one reason only: to preven t any aggressor from gaining an advantage that co uld lead to the total destruction of our nation by t he aggressor's offensive use of nuclear weapons. We must deter any attacker. There are three main points to consider when discussing nuclear weapons. The first is the much discussed concept of detterence. Detterence includes the Military Air Defense (MAD) and the strategic Triad. The second
5
Constitution
Thirteenth Annual Meeting Atlanta, Georgia
continued from page four
the organization 's name to raise or solicit funds. ' 2. Fund raising activities associated with the National Meeting must receive prior approval by the Executive Board. A detailed description of the activity must be submitted in writing to the Executive Board at least six (6) months in advance of the National Meeting date. All funds generated by the activity must be submitted by the hosting region and / or chapter as part of the National Meeting revenues. Seventy-five (75%) of any profits, specifically associated with the fund raising activity, will be returned to the hosting region, and/or chapter, provided the total expenses incurred by the Meeting, minus any expenses or
income developed by the Industrial Booths and Industrial Advertisements, is offset by income generated by the meeting.
BS, MS, PhD in Chem/Eng/Phys Experience Petrochem/lnorg, Org, Poly Synthesis Plastics/Catalysts/l\nalyt/Computers Send Resume: Dr. V.L. Canady Chaparral Executive Recruiters 5 Brandywine Dr. East Brunswick, NJ 08816
by James Lvans
Did you know that
the Roentgen (R) represents the absorption of energy in air for X rays and gamma rays only. the radiation absorbed dose (RAD) represents the absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of material. the Roentgen equivalent man (REM) is the product of the amount of energy absorbed I RAD) times the efficiency of radiation in producting damage (RAD x QF). when you get immediate doses of
25 REMs, 50 REMs, 200 to 600 REMs,
white bloodcells are killed. actual chromosomal damage results. blood cells are destroyed. Most people who die, die of
400 to 600 REMs, 600 to 1000 REMs, 1000 above REMs,
infection or secondary bleeding. 50% of the people die within 30 days. the cells of the digestive tract are destroyed (GI syndrome). the central nervous system is immediately affected.
if you live in an area at approximately I 00 ft above sea level, you receive about 40 milli REM (MR)/year from cosmic radiation . If you live at 5000 ft, you receive about 80 MR/year. you receive terrestrial radiation if you live in Atlantic and gulf states Denver (heavy in uranium) Livermore (gravel shields)
of approximately 23 MR/yr.
Florida (high phosphate) New England (granite deposits)
of approximately of approximately of approximately of approximately
90 MR/yr. 30 MR/yr. 150 MR/yr. 150 MR /yr.
Rest of USA
of approximately 46 MR/yr.
'
"Annual Meeting Update" Meeting Site The 13th Annual Meeting of the National Organization of Black Chemists and Chemical Eng ineer~ (NO BCChE) will be held at the Omni International Hotel, One Omni Interna t ional, Atlanta, Georgia 30335, in downtown Atlanta April 22, 1986 tliru April 25, 1986. The rate for both single and double room s is $75.00, with an additional $20.00 charge for a third person. Reservations can only be made with an official l1otel registration request form. Requests for reserva t ion s after March 22, 1986, will be accepted on a space available basis only. There is an airport shuttle bus to and from the hotel, which departs every 30 min utes. The cost of the shuttle is $6.00 each way. Registration Registration will be in the lobby of the Omni International Hotel beginning I :00 P.M. on April 22, 1986. Advanced registra t ion fee will be $170.00, for non-members $175.00. After April I, registration fee for members is $190.00, for non-members $195.00. Registration forms may be gotten by contacting: ANDI McDANIEL DEM Science Resea rch Ins titute 440 Westview Drive, SW Atlanta, Georgia 303 l 0 Tel: (404) 523-5149 or JOHN H. HALL DEM Science Research Inst itute 440 Westview Drive, SW Atlanta, Georgia 30310 Tel: (404) 523-5148 Eastern Airlines Discount fares Eastern Airlines has been designated the offic ial airline for the 1986 NOBCChE Conference and has generously agreed to provide a 35% discount on its standard coach fares for the NOBCChE participants. To receive the 35% discount, you must make your reservations using the following number and access code:
1-800-468-7022 1-800-282-0244 (in Florida only) EZ4P77
6
Bahamas Vacation We are offering a post-co nference VACATION PACKAGE to conference attendees consisting of four days and three nights in Freeport, Bahamas at the Bahamas Princess Resort and Casino From April 26, thru 29th. Presently, the land price is$ i 15.95 per person double occupancy. Single supplements are available at an additi on al charge of $78.00. Air travel will vary depending on the point of origination. To be eligible for the discounted price, you must ny Eastern Airlines to the conference.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology CHE/'1/CAL ENGINEERING DEPARTl'1ENT invites applications for two June 1986 openings as Assistant Professor and Station Directorofthe School of Chemical Engineering Practice. Applications will be considered from candidates with industrial or academic research experience as well as with teaching experience. A Ph.D., Sc.D., or equivalent is required. The position involves the instruction and supervision of approximately 40 graduate students per year who are attending a chemical engineering internship program conducted at field stations located at various industrial sites in the U.S. The Director, working with host company personnel and 1'11T staff, coordinates student team projects involving a wide range of process development and applied research problems. During a semester, each Director will supervise two groups of approximately 8-10 grduate students each for two, 8-week periods. Based on a 10-month academic year, salary levels are comparable to similar positions in the chemical industry. Applicants should send their resumes and three suggested references to: Dr. J. W. Tester, Chemical Engineering Department, Room 66-305, 1'1assach usetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1'1assachusetts 02 I 39. The 1'1assachusetts Institute of Technology is and equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from minorities and women.
7
Nuclear Power
continued from page five
the Triad. If two legs fail '(become vulnerable), the third must be able to deter attack. Each leg must be configured to absorb a first strike and then retaliate. The United States will not strike first. Trid survival depends on dynamic adjustments to soviet threat evolution. The first leg of the Triad is intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). We currently have approximately 50 Titans. each carrying one warhead. We have approximately 450 Minuteman Jls wi th one warhead each and about 550 Minuteman Ills carrying three warheads each - multiplereentry vehicle (MIRVs). The seconf leg of the Triad is the SLBMs (submarine-launched ballistic missiles). We have approximately 40 submarines wi t h roughtly 16 missiles each. These 40 submarines carry about 500 warheads. . The last leg and most traditional is the Stnp Alert Bombers. These aircrafts are basically B-52s and. thhe hnewer B-1. Therekare roughly 99 B-52s wit s ort range attac
<:r- Charles Drew
The SLBMs provide Jong-term enduring response capability and are extremely l1ard to defend against. On tl1e other hand, the bombers are in double jeopardy becau se of soviet first strikes on our air bases and active soviet defenses protec ting soviet soil. The USSR has 2600 interceptors and greater tha n I 2,000 SAMs (surface-to-air missiles). The soviet MIRV warhead s and the improving accuracy of their ICBM s. The location of all United States silos are known (no attempt to hide), and their survivability is dependent on very hard underground protection. The soviet threat to our SLBMs, Poseidon and Trident. is large, varied, and of growing sophistication. the Soviets probably have a satellite sensor system , plus approximately 164 search and attack aircraft, 180 coastal defense submarines. about five helicopter cruisers and carriers. and approximately 87 attack submarines. All of thi s capability is arranged against only a few targets-our submarines on t 1 pa ror'he advantage to the SLBMs is that the . . . Trident submannes are more survivable than the Polaris and Poseidon predecessors. The Tndents have a large operat111g area and carry a larger number of missiles and newer missiles. They can go deeper, further. faster. and quieter. They also depend less on foreign ports.
missiles and bombs with approxima.tely 1000 warheads. The bombers provide flexible res onse options but have a slow response tinie. They offer the advantage of real time targeting. and you can call them back. !CMs, of course, cannot be called back, but they provide accurate and time-urgent response capability. They achieve survivability through deployment in very hard-fixed underground continued silos. figure 1. The "balance" of forces between the US and the Soviet Union. (a)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ US and Soviet ICBM L• uncher and AMntry Vehicle {RV) Deployment 1968-1984
on page twelve
(~c~)~~~~~~~~~~~-,
(b)
<:r- Daniel H. Williams
<:r- jan Ernest Matzeliger <:r- Madam C. J. Walker
ARE THESE NAMES FAMILIAR? These Black Scientists and Inventors are Responsible for + The First Human Blood Bank + The Discovery of a Remedy for Arthritis + The First Successful Open Heart Surgery + The Traffic Light + The Automated Shoe-Manufacturing Machine + The Development of High-Voltage Electricity From Gas + The Black Cosmetics +
WE WANT YOU TO BE REMEMBERED The National Organization of Black Chemists and Engineers was establi shed in 1972 to assist Black Perso ns in the realization of their full potential. We provide a unique opportunity for your expression and growth by offering
+
US. • nd Sovtet SLBM Launcher and Reentry 11 US and Soviet Intercontinental· Vehiel• (RV) Deployment 1968·1984 Inventory Capable Bomberi'
500
7,000
450
200 150 1972
1976
1980
1984
100
- -L:ss;(: l:ing aircraft assigned
1978
1980
Ot--~.-~.-~,-~,-~~
19'
1979 1
1981
1983
10
Educational Workshops To Assist You In Your Professional Development
+
Contact With Others In Your Profession
+
Awards And Scholarships For Outstanding Achievements
+
A News Magazine Featuring You And Your Activities
US data include B-52, FB-11 la; Soviet
data include BEAR, BISON and BACKFIRE
A Forum For The Presentation Of Scientific And Technical Material At Our National Meetings And Through Local Chapters
+
to N1Wal Aviation)
50 1972
<:r- Percy Julian <:r- Garett A. Morgan <:r- Meredith Gourdine
+
Publication Of Your Technical Presentations Via The "Annual Proceedings"
+ +
A Role Model Opportunity The Education Of Our Youth In Technical Areas
We welcome into membership all interested persons who support our objectives. Annual Dues Are: $35.00 Full Membership $15.00 Associate Membership (Non-Voting) Memberships are fully tax deductible. We are a non-profit, tax-exempt professional society.
To Apply for Membership, write to the Organization's treasurer (address on page 2).
Nuclear Power
continued from page ten
How much is enough?
need of the Departmen t of Defense. We need
The soviet ICBM and ,SLBM advantage
to keep building, because technology is
shifted to the USSR during the 1970s (see
changing at a rapid pace. Technological
Fig. I). However. we believe that the size of
advances offer opportunities to our
our retaliatory force depends on three factors.
opponents to design systems that may
The first is the number of forces 路路on alert"
render our older devices less effective. Newer
when needed. Second is the fraction that
designs offer reduced collateral effects as a
survives the first strike. and. third. the
function of lower yields and ta ilored outputs.
fraction that penetrates to the target.
The newer designs also have enha nced safety
The fraction estimated to be on alert For
and security features and disablemen t
the aircrafts. SLBMs. and ICBMs is 50% to
fea tures that will significantly reduce the
70%, 30% to 75%. and 100%, respectively.
possiblity of unauthori zed use.
The probability of the aircrafts. SLBMs. and ICBMs surviving a first strike is 30% to 70%,
We keep bu ilding to ensure that our nuclear weapons expert ise is second to none.
50% to 95%. and 20% to 100%. respectively.
In this context. we continue to explore
The probability of the aircrafts. SLBMs. and
advanced nuclear weapons concepts and
ICBMs penetrating the soviet defense is 30%
improve our understanding of weapons
to 70%. 95%. and 95%. respectively. The
physics. It is of utmost importance to
overall probability. resepectively. is 4% to
minimize surprises From the "other side" by
38%. 14% to 69%. and 19% to 95%. The
understanding what is possible.
projected 1985 stockpile is about 5190
The first use of nuclear energy was as a
aircraft warheads. approximately 6560 SLBM
lethal weapon. The bomb. neither friend nor
warheads. and about 2154 ICBM warheads.
Foe. epitomizes the genie released from the
Therefore. if we use the most pessimistic of
bottle. It is naive for any of us to believe that
the probabilities. we would only expect 208
if we close our eyes and have fa i th. our
of the 5190 aircraft warheads. 918 of the
"genie" and similar genies of other nations
6560 SLBM warheads and 409 of the ICBM
(allies as well as opponents) will peacefully
warheads to penetrate to the target. These
return to the bottle. A better course of action
figures total approximately 1500 warheads.
may be to keep our genie strong and to
but military analys ts estimate only IOOO
increase our understanding of its
warheads can be delivered on target in t he
characteristics. Following this course of
Soviet Union. If we assume that any area
action . hopefully. we will all live peacefully
damaged by the explosives is (yield)'h. and
and reap the advantages of the nuclear
total area damaged by N explosives is N 路
v2h .
then we can calculate that IOOO warheads on target at approximately 150 kt each will
promise. To paraphrase the Harvard Nuclear Study Group in Living with Nuclear
damage N 路 Y2 h = 2.8 million. which
Weapons, why not abolish nuclear weapons?
compares with 11 million United States
Why not cleanse this small planet of these
bombs alone dropped during World War II at
deadly poisons? Because we ca nnot.
250 I b high explosives. The area damage
Mankind's nuclear innocence. once lost.
during World War II equaled 2.7 million. To
cannot be regained. The discovery of nuclear
repeat. it will take IOOO warheads on target
weapons. like the di scovery of fire itself. lies
at approximately 150 kt each to equate the
behind us on the trajectory of history: it cannot be undone. Even if all nuclear arsenals were destroyed. the knowledge of how to reinvent them would remain and could be put to use in any of a dozen or more nations. The atomic fire cannot be extinguished!
damage of 11 million bombs dropped during World War II by the USA.
Why do we keep building? We need to maintain a viable and modern nuclear stockpile that meets the
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Moments In Black History Reproduced from "Scientists In the Black Perspective" By Herman A. Young and Barbara H. Young WILLIAMS. DANIEL HALE ( 1856-1931 ): M.D .. Surgeon who performed the First Successful Open -Heart Surgery. Born January 18. 1856 in Hollidaysburg. Pennsylvania. Williams' early years were some what of a struggle. At the age of ten. his father died . leaving him to struggle at odd jobs on his own. After he moved to Janesville. Wisconsin to gain a formal education by attending Maire's Classical Academy. an equivalet of today's .high school. Finally at age twenty-two, William became an apprentice to Dr. 11enry Palmer. a well known surgeon. Although it was common practice for an apprentice to open his own practice after two years of study under a doctor. Williams was able. with Dr. Palmer's innuence. to attend Chicago Medical School (later known as Northwestern University Medical School) from which he graduated in 1833. Williams entered the practice of medicine shortly after Pasteur's germ theory of disease and Lister's antiseptic surgery were becomming known. and was able to utilize these latest advances. Williams performed his first surgeries in patients' dining rooms and kitchens. as it was difficult for black pat ient or doctor to be admitted to local hospitals; however. his meticulous application of Lister's principles of antiseptic surgery. including sterilization of hands. clothing. inst ruments. and indeed the entire "operating room" brought excellent results and avoided the serious infections which were then the common aftermath of surgery. In 1891 in Chicago. Williams established the first in terracial hospital in the United States. entitled the Provident Hospital and Tra ining School Association. In 1893 Williams again made medical history by opening the chest cavity of a man with a one-inch knife wound and sutu ring the wound in the perica rdium. The patient fully recovered to outlive the su rgeon. Newspapers carried the news arou nd the world . and Williams became known as the first man to "sew up the heart." In an era that lacked the modern knowledge and equipment of surgery. his accomplishment is especially note-worthy. In 1894 Williams was appointed chief surgeon at Freedmen's Hospi tal in Washington. D.C. Although he inherited an organization deteriorating from internal inefficiency and external political harrassment. Williams
reorganized the hospital into a modern efficient training school for black and white doctors and nurses. By 1896 Freedmen's was admittig five hundred surgical cases per year and doctors from Johns Hopkins and the University of Pennsylvania were coming to observe Williams lect urer and operate in the clinics which he conducted. In 1898, Williams resigned from Freemen 's after some three years of political upheaval. and returned to Chicago where he resumed his practice not only at Provident Hospital but at St. Luke's and Mercy hospitals as well. His reputation as a surgeon often took him around the country to perform operations. In 1899 he was invited to hold surgical clinics at Meharry. an annual event which occurred for many years. Williams was innuential in getting Nashville to open its own interracial hospital so tha t Meharry students and doctors would have an opportunity to explore and practice modern medicine. At this time Williams also helped to found the National Medical Association. an organiza tion formed because the American Medical Association would not accept black doctors. Williams was elected the first vice-president. In 1912 he again set a medical precedent by becoming the first black to be appointed as associate attending surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital in Chicago. Because acceptance of a post at a white hospital was used by Williams' enemies to bring great criticism on the doctor. Williams fina lly had to resign from Provident. the hospital he founded. but he continued to serve at St. Luke's until his retirement. Williams received honorary degrees from Wilberforce and Howard Universities for his precedent setting work. He was the only black charter member of the American college of Surgeons founded in 1913. He was a member of the Chicago Surgical Society and read papers before that and many other scientiific organizations. When he died in 1931. Williams. after providing for surviving members of his family, bequeathed his money to various medical and black organizations. He gave $2.000 each to colored YWCA in Washington and to the operating room of an interracial hospital in Chicago; he gave $5.000 to Meharry and Howard Medical Schools as scholarhsips for poor medical students. and $8.000 to NAACP.
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NOBCChE To Co-Sponsor ACS Symposium NOBCChE will co-sponso r the sympo sium on "T11e Status of the Chemi st in 1985" at the Annual ACS Meeting in New York. Th e Symposiu m is scheduled for Tuesday, April 15, at the Sheraton Centre Hotel , 7th Avenue and 52 nd Street beginning at 8:45 A.M. A sess ion of the symposi um will add ress "The Socia l Status of Contemporary Black Chemi sts" whi ch will be presented by Dr. Jerry Gasto n. Texas A&M University and Dr. Willie Pearson. Jr., Wake Forest University. Their presentation will exam in e the current soc ial status of Black Chemists. compared to White CJ1 em ists. Th e primary bases for compariso n include age, sex, employment patterns. salary, and perceptions of working co nditi ons. Special at tention will be focused on cohorts and the relative differences between older and you nger chemi sts as indicators of possible change in the status of black chem ists in t he American scientific commun ity. If you attend th e ACS meeting please plan to part icipate in this symposium.
CfLL BIOLOGIST Th e Depa rtment o f Biology at the Universi ty of Utah seeks candidates for a tenue-track faculty appointment in plant or animal cell biology. The positi on is available for July. 1986 but candid ates interested in later starting dates are welcome to apply. The successfu l ca ndidate will be expected to establi sh a vigorou s researc h program and to co ntr ib ut e to un derg raduate an d gradu ate teaching program s. We partic ul arly de sirea colleague who can es tablish mutua lly benefic ial interactions with ex i st ing researc h groups. Severa l rece nt appointment s and in c reas ing cooperation with departm ents in t he adjacent medical school offer the opportunity to participate in th e con tinu ed develo pm ent of an alrea dy strong program. Interested per son s shou ld se nd a l et ter of application, curriculum vita. and three letters of recomm end ti on or the names of three individuals willing to serve as references. Th e closing date for recei pt of applications is May I, 1986. Address all materials to: Dr. Mario R. capecchi Department of Biology Univers ity of Utah Salt Loke City, UT 841 12
The Un iversity of Utah is an equal Opportunity/ Affirmative Action Employer.
THANK YOU
fCOLOGY/ EVOLUTIOl'IAHY BIOLOGY
I
I
Tl1e Depart ment of Biology at the Uni versi ty of Uta h seeks l o fill a tenure-track posit ion ( rank open) in ecology/ evolutiona 1y biology. We are especially desirous of applications from individuals with research in t eres ts in population biolo gy (i nclud ing popu lat ion genetics), but wo uld also
\velco me outsta nding applicants repre senting other discipl ines in th e areas of evolutionary biology and ecology. The successful applicant will be expec ted to develop (or continue) a st rong. independen t research program and to co ntribute to undergraduate and gradute instruction. We are particu larly hopeful of at tracting a person who will interact in a mutually benefi cial way with ex isting faculty and graduate st udents. Interes ted perso ns shou ld se nd a letter of application , curricu lum vita, and th ree letters of recommendation or the names of three individ uals will to serve as reference s to :
This issue of the NOBCChE NEWS Magazine marks the end of the 1984-1985 fiscal year. As editor of the magazine, I would like to extend thanks to the organizations which advertised with us during th e past year.
Finnigan Corporation San Jose, CA
Amherst College Department of Chemistry Amherst, Mass.
Dr. Diane W. Da vid son Depa rt ment of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake Ci ty, UT 841 12
Amoco Research Center Naperville, IL
The University of Utah is an equal Opportunity/ Affirmative Action Employer. /
Eastern Michigan University Department of Che mi stry Ypsilanti, Ml 48197
M.l.T. CHCMICAL f,/YGl/'fff,R/IYG DfPARTMf,/YThasan opening for an ASSISTANT OR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR in 1986. A Ph.D. and outstanding promi se for a suc cess ful caree r in teaching and researc h are required. Applicants should submit a res ume, copies of publications, a statement of research plans, and the nam es of at least three references to
University of Utah Department of Biology Salt Lake City, UT
Chaparral Executive Recruiters East Brunswick, NJ
Professor James Wei Room 66-350 M.l.T., Chm bridge, MA 02139. M.l.T. is an Equal Opportunity / Affirmative Action Employer. /
University of Tennessee Department of Chemistry Materials Science/Engineering
& th e College of Engin eering Knoxvill e, TN
University of Buffalo Departm ent of Chemistry Buffalo, NY
Emory University Department of Chemistry Atlanta, Ga
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Cambridge, Mass.
Ortho Pharmaceuticals Raritan, NJ
Eastman Kodak Company Rochester, NY
Wayne State University Dept of Chem/Met Engin ee ring Detroit, Ml
Atlanta University Department of Chem istry Atlant a, Ga