Thakhin Myat Saing, Kyauk Kwin Ayay Taw Pone (Aftermath)

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Þto#ifOèõ.acsy@Sif;vif;csufrsm;ß

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

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ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

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1936 ckESpf/ arv (1) &ufaehu/ _ynfc@kdif 0ufxD;uefteD; ausmufuGif;@GmwGif/ Ak'<bmomESifh c&pf,mefbmom}uD; (2) bmom ,SOf^ydKifa[ma_ymyGJ}uD;usif;y&mY/ Ak'<bmombufrSacgif;aqmifacsyI/ tEdkif&@SdcJhaom/ awmifwGif;}uD;ø q&mawmf to#if OuUõ. a[ma_ymcsufrS aumufE+wf az:_ycsufrsm;? ***************************************************************************************** juGa&mufvmjuukefaom obmywdESifh vl}uD;rsm;_zpfaom 'g,um 'g,dumr taygif;wdkh T0g'ÓydifyGJY/ c&pf,mef "rRq&m}uD;rsm;ESifhArm_ynf. &ifaoG;tppfrsm;_zpfjuukefaom/ _refrm/ csif;/ u&if pwJh rsdK;wl bmomuGJrsm;udk ,ckvdk awGhÒuHaqG;aEG;a[ma_ym&o_zifh/ OD;yóif;Y txl;tm;&0rf;a_rmuf&ygw,f?

OD;yóif;[m [dktaemufbufEdkifiHrsm;rSm oGm;a&mufaecJhxdkifcJh&pOftcgu/ t*Fvdyf/ tar&duef pwJh vlrsdK;uGJ bmomuGJ awGeJh bmoma&;qdkif&m ,Hkjunfcsufrsm;udk tawmfbJ aqG;aEG;cJhju&zl;ygw,f? txl;o_zifhawmh c&pf,mefbmom0ifrsm; eJh t^rJvdkyifaqG;aEG;cJh&ygw,f? aemuf'DArm_ynfudk _yefa&mufvmwJhtcgusawmh/ _refrm_ynfbGm; c&pf,mefrsm;ESifh awGh& ÒuH&zdkh tawmfbJ enf;yg;cJhygw,f? wpfaehaehawmh awGh&ÒuH&rSmbJ vdkhawmh ar#mfvifhcJhrdygw,f? uJ/ tckawmh juGa&mufvmjuwJh c&pf,mefbmom0if'g,umtaygif;wdkh/ OD;yóif;&Jh ar#mfvifhcsuf[m ,aehawmh_ynfh^yDvdkh a_ym&ygawmhr,f? _ynfhpkH@kHrubl;/ rdrdwdkh toD;oD;&Jh ,Hkjunfudk;uG,fr+qdkif&m "rRaqG;aEG;csufawG,SOfÓydif&wJh tcktcrf; tem;}uD;udkyg awGh&ÒuH&awmh txl;bJ ESpfaxmif;tm;&rdygw,f? t@+H;tEdkift_zpfeJhxm;^yD; tckvdka_ym&wmawmh "rRq&m }uD;rsm;awmh b,fvdkaer,f rodygbl;? OD;yóif;tzdkha_ym&&if wpfoufwpfcg 'DvdkÒuHzdkh tvGef_zpfawmifh_zpfcJ ÒuHawmifh ÒuHcJ yGJ}uD;vdkh OD;yóif;xifygw,f? txl;bJ 0rf;omtm;&vJ @Sdrdygw,f? tckvdk ,SOfÓydifa_ym&awmh OD;yóif;taeeJhEdkif^yD;a&mqdk^yD;/ tajumif;eJhtusdK;rpyfwJhpum;awG/ t"dÑg,f uif;rJhwJhoabmxm;awGudk OD;yóif;ra_ymygbl;? OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<bmomw&m;awmfrsm;[mvJ t"dÑg,fr@SdwJh pum;rsdK;awGudk w&m;oabmeJh vufcH,HkjunfwmvJ r[kwfjuygbl;? wu,fh obm0"rReJh udkufnDrSomv#if/ OD;yóif;wdkh&Jh rlv Ak'<a*gwrbk&m;[m w&m;awmft_zpfeJha[mygw,f? a_ymcJhygw,f? at; 'gayr,fh bk&m;a[mr[kwfbJeJh bk&m;a[mqdk^yD; aemufa&;wJhusrf;rsm;rSm ygwmawGawmh @Sdoayghav? 'grsdK;awGuawmh OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<bmomusrf;rsm;omr[kwfygbl;/ c&pf,mefusrf;awGrSmvJ aemufa&;wJhpma&;q&mrsm;&Jhusrf;awG/ aemufay:vufopftmabmfawG trsdK;rsKd;wdk;yGm;vmjuw,fqdkwm/ 'DrSm tcka&muf aejuwJh "rRq&m}uD;rsm;vnf; odju^yD;_zpfrSmygbJ? b,favmufxdatmif "rRusrf;pmeJhwuG rlvc&pfawmf&JharwWmeJhqefhusifwJh usrf;rsm;ay:vmovJqdk&if/ c&pfouU&mZf 1233 ckESpfavmufrSm/ e0ra_rmuf ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; Þ*&Da*:&Dß (Pope Gregory IX) &Jh vufxufrSm ÞtifefuGDZD;@Sif;ß (The Inquisition) 1 qdkwJh bmoma&;qdkif&mOya'}uD;udkyg xm0&bk&m;&Jh tvdkawmfusqdk^yD; xkwf_yefaju_imcJhw,f? 'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u Oa&myEdkifiHtm;vHk; 1

c&pf,mefbmomudk ouf0if,Hkjunfr+r@Sdolrsm;ESifhqefhusio f rl sm;udk ESrd ef if;&ef e0ra_rmufykw&f [ef;rif; Þ*&Da*:&Dß 1231ckESpfu _yXmef;cJhaom @kdrefuufovpfbmoma&;Oya'? v#dKh0SufESdyfpufppfaq;enf;rsm;toHk;Óyonf? t_ypf0efcHolrsm;tm; omreft_ypfay;I 0efrcHolrsm;udk axmifoGif;tusOf;csum owf_zwfpD&ifonf? tifuZDG ;D @Sif;Oya'onf 1478 ckEpS w f iG f pydeYf rlqvifrsm;ESifh *sL;rsm;tay:zdESdyf&ef_yefvnfay:aygufvmonf? y@dkwufpwifh c&pf,mefbmoma&;*dk%f;cGJay:aygufvm_cif;uvnf; 1542 ckESpfwGif a&mrtifuDGZD;@Sif;Oya'udk wwd,a_rmuf ykwf&[ef;rif; Þaygvfß uxyfr_H yXmef;apcJh^yD; Þ*,fvDvD,dkß yifv#if om;aumif_zpfcJh&onf? 1965 ckESpfwGif vrf;pOfudk xdef;odrf; apmifha@Smuf&eftwGuf ,Hkjunfr+opPmvrf;pOftwGuf_rifh_rwfaom0wfÓyolrsm;tpkta0;[k trnfa_ymif;cJhonf?

The Inquisition

(or Holy Office)

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ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

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rSm@SdjuwJh @Sifbk&iftm%mydkifawGqdkwmuvJ @kdrefuufovpf *dk%f;0ifawGqdkawmh olwdkhem,u ykwf&[ef;rif;&Jhtrdefhudk tm;vHk;bJ vdkufem@kdaocJhju&ygw,f? 'DrSm tJ'D ykwf&[ef;rif;}uD;&Jh trdefht& bmoma&;Aef;_y^yD; c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;awG[m/ oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifyrm vlom;avmuudk tawmfbJ &uf&ufpufpuf udk,fusdK;@SmoGm;juwmawG trsm;}uD;@SdcJhygw,f? tJ ckeu ÞtifefuGDZD;@Sif;ß qdkwJh pum;&Jht"dÑg,fuawmh bmvJqdkawmh c&pf,mefbmomtm; r,HkjunfwJhol/ t_ypf wpfpHkwpf&m a_ymwJholudk t_ypfay;r,f? 'Dvdkt_ypfay;@kHruao;bl;/ aemufb0rsm;rSmvJ i&Jurwuf&atmif '%fcwfcH& OD;r,f vdkhqdkygw,f?

'DawmhbmawG_zpfovJ/ ykwf&[ef;rif;&Jhtrdefht&qdk^yD; c&pf,mefbmomudkr,HkwJholawGudk ESdyfpuf vdkufjuwm/ _yifopfEdkifiH taemufawmifydkif;rSm@SdwJh Þvefpl;a'ghzfß (Province of Languedoc) e,fu ÞtJvfbD;*|m;ß (Albigensians – Latin Albiga) vlrsdK;awGrSm qdk&ifrdef;r/ a,musfm;/ Edkhpdkhuav;ygrusef t@SifvwfvwfrD;avmifwdkufoGif;^yD; towft_zwfawGcHju&ygw,f? 'g wpf_ynfvHk;wpfe,fvHk; r,Hkawmh wpf_ynfvHk;wpfe,fvHk;cH&wmygbJ? tJ'g OD;yóif;t&rf;a_ymwm r[kwfbl;? Oa&my&mZ0if t& tckdiftrma_ymwm? r,Hk&if c&pf,mefbmomeJh Oa&mytajumif; ordkif;pOfudkzwfjuyg? tck'Du "rRq&m}uD;awG _iif;jurvm;? OD;yóif;'Dordkif;0if_zpfwJh/ c&pf,mefwdkh&Jh trnf;uGuf}uD;awGudk tckoufaoxl_yr,f? _iif;Edkif&if_iif;ju? reufu "rRq&m}uD;ua_ymoGm;w,f? olwdkh "rRusrf;pmawG[mvlom;avmu}uD;&Jhaumif;pm;a&;eJh wrvGefaumif;uifbHk pHpm;a&;awGudk arwWmqdkwJh }uD;rm;wJh u@k%mawmf}uD;eJh Óyvkyfxm;wJh bmom_zpfvdkh/ tvGefaumif;ygw,fvdkh a_ymoGm;yg w,f? 'D "rRq&m}uD;awGvJ wpfaeh'Dvdkrsm; ÞtifefuDGZD;@Sif;ß Oya'}uD;udk Arm_ynfrSm vkyfOD;rSmvm;ra_ymwwfygbl;? OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<bmomawGawmh tukefaoju&rSmbJxifw,f? 'dõdppfaq;yHk/ t_ypfay;ykHuawmh tawmfjurf;w,f? 'gawGawmh txl;ra_ymvdkawmhbl;? pdwfysufp&maumif;vGef;vdkh? ÞcsufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;ß (Czechoslovakia) rSmqdk&if c&pf,mefawGudk x^yD; ykefuefvdkufwm/ Oa&mywpfcGifvHk;tawmfbJ ul;pufoGm;vdkh ppf}uD;awG_zpfvdkufjuwm tjum}uD;ygbJ? aovdkufjuwmawGvnf; renf;ygbl;? 'g[m vlwpfa,muf&Jh apwemeJh ,Hkjunfcsufudk vufrcHbJ twif;,Hkjunfatmif ÓyvkyfwJh t"rRpHepfawGajumifhyJ_zpfygw,f? tJ'DyGJawGrSm c&pf,mefbkef;}uD;awG&Jh trdefheJh t@SifvwfvwfrD;@+dhowfyHkawGudk a_ym&&if/ 'Dy&d\wf[m juufoD;xavmufw,f? vlaygif;oef;eJhcsD^yD; toufawGqHk;cJh&w,f? aemufydkif;rSm vlawGudk 'Denf;eJh r&rSef;odvmawmhrS usrf;awGudk wpfrsdK;wpfzHka_ymif;vJ^yD; Þrmwifvlomß (Martin Luther, 1483-1546) wdkhqdkwJh c&pf,mefacgif;aqmifawGu a&;ju^yD; topf_yefvkyfju&w,f? 'gawmif rmwifvlom udk @kdrefuufovpfawGu 'dõdpm&if;xJxnfhvdkufjuao;w,f? vlxkawGu awmifh^yD;cHay;vdkhom tck Þbufywpfß (Baptist) *dk%f;}uD; t_zpfeJh c&pf,mefbmom}uD;wpf&yf/ &yfwnfaeEdkifcJhwm_zpfw,f? 'g[m usrf;Óyq&mawGu c&pf,mefusrf;awGudk udk,fusdK;junfh ^yD; avmbaZmeJh xif&mawGudk bk&m;a[mvkyfa&;cJhvdkh_zpfwJh ÞtifefuDGZD;@Sif;ß _zpfay:vmjuwmygbJ? tJ OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<bmomrSmvJ enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh ruif;awmhruif;ygbl;? 'gayr,fh 'Davmuftxd &uf&ufpufpuf _zpfapwJhusrf;rsm; rygygbl;qdkwm OD;yóif;twdtvif;a_ym&Jygw,f? tck "rRq&m}uD;rsm;vnf; bkef;}uD;pmawGoifcJhbl;wJh bkef;}uD;vlxGuf ya*;}uD;awGbJ? olwdkhvJ c&pf,mef_zpfr,fhom_zpfoGm;juwmygbJeJhwlygw,f? c&pf,mef ÞtifefuDGZD;@Sif;ß Oya'avmuf

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ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

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&uf&ufpufpufEdkifwJh Oya'rsdK; OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<bmomrSmr@Sdygbl;? 'gvJ olwdkhodygw,f? b,fhES,fvJ q&m}uD;wdkh/ rSefwmudk0efcHjupwrf;qdk&if/ q&m}uD;wdkh&Jh c&pf,mefusrf;eJh Ak'<bmombufu usrf;awGudk tjurf;t&rf;csif; Óydif&&if Ak'<bmomu @+H;rSmbJqdkwm [kwfuJhvm;? OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<bmomu 'Davmufr&ufpufbl;av? 'Dawmh &ufpuf jurf;juKwfwJh bmomqdkawmhvJ ajumuf&wm[m "rRwmygbJ? &ufpufaju;qdk&ifawmh OD;yóif;wdkhu t@+H;ay;ygw,f? at;at;bJ taocHoGm;yghr,f? tJ 'gayr,fh qif_cifwHkw&m;eJh trSm;trSefudk a0zefydkif;_cm;r,fqdk&ifawmh OD;yóif;wdkhu a_ymygr,f/ rSm;ovm; rSefovm; pOf;pm;juaygh? OD;yóif;wdkh&Jh Ak'<bmom[m qif_cifwHkw&m;udk trsm;}uD;tm;ay;wJh bmom_zpfygw,f? udk,fhbmomudkr,Hkvdkh wpfbufbmom0ifudk owfvm;_zwfvm; b,fawmhrSrvkyfygbl;? ,Hk&ifudk;uG,f/ ^yD; vdkufemusifhjuHju/ r,Hk&ifvaJ eaygh? OD;yóif;wdkh bk&m;&Jh0g't& OD;yóif;wdkhu arwWmrysufygbl;? OD;yóif;wdkh Z&yfawG/ ausmif;awG @Sdw,f? b,fbmom0ifbJ_zpf_zpfvmEdkifw,f? wnf;ckdEdkifw,f? OD;yóif;wdkhu r@Sd @Sdwmawmif au|;ygOD;r,f? udk,fhbmomudk ,Hkygvdkhrqdkygbl;? ,HkrSbJ au|;r,farG;r,f/ wnf;ckd&r,fvdkh rqdkygbl;? 'k=_zpfae&if/ ckdudk;&mr@Sd _zpfae&if/ bmvlrsdK;bJ_zpf_zpf vlom;vlcsif; OD;yóif;wdkhu u@k%mrysufygbl;?

Ak'<bk&m;@SifuvJ oaAýowWm tukefvHk; udk arwWmtwlxm;ygw,f? 'gvJ 'Dc&pf,mefbufu acsyjur,fh q&m}uD;awGvJ od^yD;om;awGyg? [kwfuJhvm;/ OD;yóif;wdkh Ak'<@Siaf wmfbk&m;u bmrqdk rpHkprf; rppfraq;bJeJh t&rf;r,Hkbdkhudkawmh a[mawmfrlcJhygw,f? c&pf,mefvdk ZGwf ,Hk&r,f? r,Hkowfr,f/ _zwfr,f vdkh rvkyfygbl;? vkyfvJrvkyf&ygbl;? vkyfwmvJ Ak'<a*gwrbk&m;ocifu r}udKufygbl;? c&pf,mefuawmh r,HkwJholudk owfypfavav/ vufckyfwD;avavaygh/ [kwfvm;? tJ'g b,favmuf &ufpufr+csif;uGm_cm;w,f/ arwWmxm;yHkcsif;uGm_cm;w,fqdkwmygbJ? usKyfwdkhAk'<a*gwr uawmh Þ{[dy\daumß - vmvSnhf junfhvSnfh/ vufawGhrsuf_rifawGh auseyfrS ,HkygwJh? tJ'Dvdk *k%frsdK;eJh _ynfhpHkwJh bmomqdk&if/ b,fbmomrSmrSr@Sdbl;? Ak'<bmomrSmbJ 'D*k%fudkawGh&r,f? 'D*k%f[mta&;}uD;wJh *k%f }uD;bJ? bmÓyvkdh a*gwrAk'<u olhw&m;awmfrsm;udk vmvSnfh/ junfhvSnfhvdkh &J&Jwif;wif;a_ym0HhovJ/ tJ'g 'Dw&m;awmfrsm;[m tprf;oyfcH0Hhajumif;/ rSefuefaumif;rGefajumif;/ udk,fawmfwdkifodvdkh 'DvdktmrcH0Hhwmaygh? udkif;/ c&pfawmfa,@+tm; bmÓyvdkh olhw&m;awGudk 'DvdkpHkprf;cGifhrÓyEdkifwmvJ? iga_ymwmudk,Hk/ iga_ymwmuvGJ^yD; w_cm;[m,Hk&if'dõd/ qifa_crwuf&vdkhwpfcsufv$wfbmajumifha_ym&ovJ? 'gpOf;pm;bdkh @Sdw,f? olh[mol tprf;rcH0hH vdkhaygh/ pdwfrcsvdkhaygh? tckvnf;bJ tck OD;yóif;a_ymwmudk yk*~dKvfpGJeJh rSefw,fvdkh r,HkjuygeJhOD;? rSm;w,fvdkhvJ rqHk;_zwfjuygeJhOD;? avmu,kwWd/ obm0,kwWd @Sd/ r@Sd qdkwmudk/ pOf;pm;^yD;rS qHk;_zwfju/ pHpk rf;juaygh? c&pf,mef q&m}uD;awGudk txl; awmif;yefvdkwmuawmh rdrdwdkh&Jh udk,fydkif]m%fOD;aESmufudk toHk;Óyjuyg? ,kwWduif;rJhwmudk E+dif;csdef juyg/ pOf;pm;juyg? (Blind Faith) rsufuef;,HkrsdK;/ rsufuef;aemufvkdufrsdK;awmh r_zpfjuygapeJh? ,kwWdr@Sdbl;qdk&if y,f? ,kwWd@Sdwmudk ,Hkju/ vkdufemjuaygh? OD;yóif;u Ak'b < mombkef;}uD;rdhk Ak'<bmomudk,Hkygvdkhrqdkygbl;? avmuudpPrSefor# obm0us/ rus/ [kwfxdkuf/ r[kwfxdkuf pOf;pm;juzdkh qdkygw,f? tJ aemufwpfcku xm0&bk&m;ocifzefqif;yHkuav; a_ymyg&ap? tcsdefuvJodyf&wmr[kwfawmh OD;yóif;ta&;}uD;wm awGavmufbJa_ymyghr,f? tck 'DurdwfaqG "rRq&m}uD;wdkh&Jh "rRa[mif;usrf; (The Old Testament) t0iftyg_zpfwJh uÝmOD;usrf; (Genesis) ygw&m;awmfrsm;t&/ 'DuÝm}uD;udk ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

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xm0&bk&m;ocifzefqif;wm[m c&pfouU&mZfray:rD ESpfaygif; (4004) ESpfuzefqif;w,fvdkhqdkygw,f? tJ'D ESpfaygif; (4004) ESpfeJh tck ouU&mZf (1936) udk aygif;vdkuf awmh/ ESpfaygif; (5940) bJ&ygw,f? 'g[m c&pf,mef"rRa[mif;usrf;t&/ 'DuÝm&Jh touf[m ESpfaygif; (5940) _zpfw,fvdkhqdk&ygr,f? [kwfuJhvm;?

(Geologist) ac:wJh 'Dpum;[mb,favmufrSefovJqdkwmqef;ppfjunfhjupdkh? odÑHynmbufu ynm@Sdrsm;&Jh yx0DaA' qdkif&mwGufcsufr+rsm;t&/ 'DuÝm}uD;&Jhtouf[m ESpfaygif;tvGefudkjumvSyg^yDwJh? tD*spf_ynfu yd&rpfxJu rHrD (Mummy) ac: tavmif;a_cmufrsm;&JhtoufudkbJ ESpfaygif; (7000)ausmf/ (8000) eD;yg;@Sd^yDvdkhqdkjuygw,f? (Pyrenees) ac: pydefausmufaqmif}uD;rsm;2 &Jh touf[mvnf; ESpfaygif; ukaã (50) ausmf^yDvdkhqdkygw,f? 'g[mtaemufwdkif;u c&pf,mef bmom0if avmu"gwfq&m}uD;rsm;udk,fwdkifu qHk;_zwfwJh ta_z_zpfaeygw,f?

'Dawmh rdwfaqG}uD;wdkh&Jh uÝmOD;usrf;qdkwJh c&pf,mef"rRa[mif;usrf;[m odÑHynmonf}uD;rsm;&Jh tqHk;t_zwfeJh tHrudkuf awmhbl;r[kwfvm;? odÑHqdkif&m taxmuftxm;rsm;eJhawmh rsm;pGmbJ qefhusifae^yDr[kwfvm;? (jobmoH) ? uJ 'Dawmh rdwfaqGwdkh&Jh uÝmOD;usrf;vmw&m;awG[m pOf;pm;p&mudk r@Sdawmhatmif ,kwWduif;rJhae^yD qdkwmawGhae&^yD? aemuf^yD; rdwfaqGwdkh&Jh xm0&bk&m;ocif[m uÝma[mif;udkomzefqif;cJhw,f? a_rmuftar&du vdkhac:wJh tar&duwdkuf }uD;udkawmh zefqif;bdkh arhaecJh[efwlw,f? bmÓyvdkhvJqdkawmh/ "rRa[mif;rSma&m/ "rRopfusrf;rsm;rSma&m/ tJ'D tar&du wdkuf}uD;wdkheJh pyfqdkifwJhpum;vHk;qdkvdkh wpfvHk;rSrygbl;? yg&if_yyg? (jobmoH) ™ š › ? t&dyft_rGufawmifrygcJhygbl;? 'g OD;yóif;tvum; Avef;a_ymaewmr[kwfbl;? a[m'DrSm "rRa[mif;a&m/ "rRopfusrf;a&m tm;vHk;@Sdygw,f? b,ftcef;ygovJqdkwm_yEdkif&if/ OD;yóif;u 0efcsawmif;yefbkdh toifhygbJ? 'gvJ c&pfouU&mZf (1400) ausmfrSm/ udkvHbwfpf (Christopher Columbus, 14511506) uawGhvdkhom OD;yóif;wdkhtaemufzufuvlawG a&mufcJhju&wmyg? "rRa[mif;usrf;awGtvdkawmh ckxdb,folrSodEdkifrSm r[kwfao;bl;? xm0&bk&m;[m olhtcspfawmf Þâoa&vß (Israelite) vlrsdK;awGudk tD*spfbk&if Þzg@dkß (Pharaoh) &Jh vufatmufrS u,fwifw,fqdkwJh tcgwkef;u/ ÞAgavwdeß (The Promised Land of Canaan - Palestine) qdkwJhe,fudk ydkhay;rJhtpm; [dkork'N&mwpfzufurf; u ab;uif;&efuif;_zpfwJh tar&duwdkuf}uD;bufudk wpfcgxJ ydkhay;vdkufr,fqdk&if om^yD;raumif;ygvm;/ olzefqif;wJh uÝmqd&k if tar&du[m tvGefobm0ypPnf;aygrsm;us,f_yefhwJh EdkifiH}uD;r[kwfygvm;? tckawmh &efoleJh eD;eD;rSmbJ ydkhcJh w,fqdkawmh 'k=a&mufju&w,f? 'gvJ olzefqif;wJh vlawGcsnf;bJqdkawmh/ olzefqif;wJhvlawGudk ab;uif;&mydkhw,fqdk^yD;/ olzefqif;wJhvlawGubJwdkufcdkufowf_zwfjuw,f qdkawmh olh[molvkyf/ olh[molowfapwm eJhtwlwl_zpfaewmaygh? 'gudkaxmufawmh zefqif;yHk[m ae&mrusao;ygbl;? r_ynfhpHkao;bl;vdkh qkd&r,fr[kwfvm;? ^yD;awmh reufu OD;yóif;wdkhrdwfaqG}uD;/ "rRq&m}uD;uzefqif;yHkudka_ymoGm;w,f? tawmfbJtm;&yg;&a_ymoGm; 2

The Pyrenees, Spain

pydefEdkifiH ESifh _yifopfEdkifiH e,fpyfwpfav#muf wnf@Sdaom oufwrf;&ifhausmufawmif}uD;rsm;? blrdaA'oufwrf;t& oef; 590 rS 240 twGif;)ESifh Mesozoic era (vGefcJhaomESpf oef; 240 rS 65oef; twGif;)oufwrf;@Sd^yD_zpfonf?

Paleozoic era (vGefcJhaomESpf

ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

w,f? 'Da_ymoGm;wJhzefqif;yHkwpfckudkbJ @Sdaeygw,f?

a&a&vnfvnfpOf;pm;wJhtcg/

7

tawmfbJ

pOf;pm;p&mawG

zefqif;w,fqdkawmh - uJ zefqif;w,fbJxm;ygOD;/ 'Dvdkzefqif;wJhae&mrSm tpDtpOfrwnfhwmuav;udk OD;yóif;a_ymyghr,f? a_ymvJa_ymyg&ap? tmCmw oabmr[kwfygbl;? obm0,kwWdtwGufyg? yxraehrSm aumif;uifeJha_r}uD;udk t&if zefqif;w,fvdkhqdkygw,f? 'kwd,aehusawmhrS a&udk zefqif; w,fwJh? 'DrSm a&tv,fY rdk;aumif;uifudkrsufESmusufozG,f_zpfap [k rdefhjum;csufpum; _zifhzefqif; w,fwJh? opfyiftrsdK;rsdK;udk quf^yD;zefqif;w,f? pwkxWaeha&mufawmhrS aeudk zefqif;w,fwJh? tJ'g rdwfaqGwdkh&Jh "rRa[mif;usrf;vm pum;twdkif;yJaemf? 'DtxJrSm aeudkt&ifrzefqif;ao;bJeJh/ opfyifawGudk t&if zefqif;w,fqdkwm enf;enf;rqef;vGef;bl;vm;?

OD;yóif;u _zpfxdkuf r_zpfxdkufudka_ymygw,f? avmurSm b,fopfyifbJ _zpf_zpf/ ae.tvif;a&mifudk trSDtckdrÓy&bJ r}uD;yGm;r&yfwnfEdkifygbl;? tJ'g tckumv avmu"gwfq&mawGrqdkxm;eJh- a[m'Dy&d\wfxJu awmifolv,form;wdkif;odygw,f?

'Dawmh zefqif;w,fqdkwJhpum;t&/ rdwfaqGwdkh&Jh xm0& bk&m;ocif[m avmuobm0&Jh a@Shaemuf tpOfudkawmif b,f[mt&ifvkyfvdkh/ b,foif;aemuf_zpf&r,fqdkwmawmif/ em;rvnf&musajumif; rxif@Sm;ygvm;? (jobmoH) ™ š › ? tJ'DrSm wpfckvdkaewm@Sdao;&Jh? opfyifwdkhtzdkh tvGefta&;}uD;wJh Edkufx@dk*sif"gwfudkvJ zefqif;wJhtxJrSm rygbl;? tck a_ymwm rdwfaqGwdkheJh 'umawG pOf;pm;zdkha_ymwmyg? t_ypfqdkwm r[kwfygbl;? ^yD;awmh rdwfaqGwdkh&Jh xm0&bk&m;[m uÝma[mif;udkomzefqif;cJhw,f? tar&duwdkufudk rzefqif;rdwmawmhxm;OD;? aerSr@Sdao;cif aumif;uifutvif;a&mif udk zefqif;ESifhw,fqdkwmawmh tawmfhudk pOf;pm;^yD;rS ,Hk&r,fh udpP_zpfaew,f? uJ 'gxm;OD;/ xm0&bk&m;&Jh yHkoémefawmfudka_ymjuOD;pdkh? tck'DxJu "rRq&m}uD;awGu xm0&bk&m;&Jh yHkoémefawmfqdkwmr@Sdygbl;wJh? a*gwrbk&m;rSmom yHkoémef@SdwmygwJh? xm0&[m 0d]mOfawmfoufouf _zpfygw,fwJh? tJ'g "rRrdwfaqG q&mrsm;omr[kwfygbl;? c&pf,mefwdkif; tJ'Dvdkcsnf;bJ a_ymavh@Sdjuygw,f?

0d]mOfawmfoufoufbJ @Sdw,fqdkw,fh xm0&udk rdwfaqG"rRq&m}uD;rsm;a_ymwJhtwdkif;/ [kwfr[kwf pOf;pm;juOD;pdkh? uÝmOD;usrf;rSm Þtm'rfß (Adam) [m rdwfaqGwdkhu 0d]mOfawmfcsnf;oufoufygqdkwJh xm0&udk _rifbl;w,fvdkhqdkw,f? Þaemf{ß (Noah)3 qdkwmvJ xm0&udktaotcsm_rifbl;w,f vdkhqdk_yefw,f? aemuf Þ,mukwfß4 (Jacob) usawmh_rif@Hk awmifruvdkufao;bl;/ ebrf;awmif vHk;cJhbl;ao;qdkbJ? ebrf;csorS wpfnvHk;/ rdk;vif;cgeD;awmh xm0&u ,mukwfudk v$wfzdkha_ymw,fwJh? ,mukwfu rv$wfbl;qdkbJ? tJ'DrSm xm0&u ,mukwfudk vufoD;eJhxdk;vdkufvdkh ,mukwfrSm aygifusdK; oGm;&w,fvdkh "rRa[mif;usrf;rSmbJqx kd m;w,f? uJ 'Dawmh 0d]mOfcsnf;ygqdkwJhxm0&bk&m;rSm Þ,mukwfß aygifusdK;atmifxdk;zdkh ÞvufoD;ß b,fu&ovJ? pOf;pm;juav? aemuf ÞtA&m[Hß (Abraham) qdkwJhvluvnf;_rifbl;ju_yefw,fwJh? 'gwGif ruao;bl;? wpfaehrSm xm0&[m tA&m[Htdrfudkvm^yD; npmawmifpm;oGm;ao;qdkbJ5? uJ ^yD;awmh

3 4 5

tcsdKhpmtkyrf sm;wGif (Noe) [kvnf;pmvHk;aygif;ygonf? uÝmOD;usrf; tcef; (32)/ tydk'f 24 rS 32 txd? uÝmOD;usrf; tcef; (18) wGif@+? ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

8

6

Þa,ma@S;ß (Joshua) uawmh aoaocsmcsmudk_rif& qdkudk;? uJ 'Dawmh/ "rRa[mif;usrf;tvdktm;_zifh/ xm0&udk_rifbl;wJhvl (5) a,mufawmif@Sdae^yDvdkh a_ym&r,fr[kwfbl;vm;?

'Dpum;t& emrf0d]mOfawmfoufoufygvkdh a_ymjuwJhpum;[m rSm;raeygvm;? rpOf;pm;xdkufbl;vm;? tJ - wpfckawmh a_ymp&m@Sd&Jh? olwdkhxm0&bk&m;&Jh yHkoémefudk/ "rRa[mif;usrf;ygtwdkif;a_ym&rSm enf;enf;@SufvdkheJhwlw,fvdkh ,lqp&m @Sdw,f? 'gajumifhod&ufom;eJh wrifzHk;xm;wmvdkhqdk&rSmbJ? bmÓyvdkhvJqdkawmh (The Apocalypse – The Revelation of John) ac:wJh Asm'dwfusrf;rSm tJ'D 0d]mOfawmfcsnf;ygqdkwJh xm0&bk&m;&Jh yHkoémefudk aoaocsmcsm az:_yxm;yHku@Sdaew,f? tcef;(5)/ tydk'f(6) rSmygwmu xm0&bk&m;&JhyHkawmf[m7/ acgif;ar$;u ÞESif;ß vdk_zLvdkhwJh/ rsufvHk;rsm;u ÞrD;a&mifß vdkawmufyw,fwJh? a_caxmufawG[m ÞrD;&J&Jzkwfxm;wJhaju;0ga&mifß twdkif;yJwJh? vufu nmbufrSm Þju,fß 7-vHk;udkifxm;owJh? yg;pyfrSmtoGm;ESpfzuf@SdwJh Þ"g;@Snfß ESpfacsmif;udk udkufvdkhwJh? ÞOD;*sdKß u (7) acsmif;awmifaygufvdkhwJh? ÞrsufvHk;ß uvJ (7) vHk;awmifbJwJh? uJ y&d\wf 'ug/ 'ugrawG/ pdwful;eJhpOf;pm;junfhjuprf;? tu,fvdkhrsm; tcka_ymwJh yHkoémeftwdkif; @SdwJhvlrsdK;wpfa,mufudkawGh&if t_cm;olawGawmhxm;OD;/ tJ 'DurdwfaqG"rRq&m}uD;awG t&ifqHk;xa_y; juvdrfhr,fxifw,f? OD;yóif;wdkhawmh'grsdK;r@SdEdkifygbl;vdkhwGufxm;vdkh a_y;p&mrvdkygbl;? [kwfvm;? aemufwpfcku xm0&bk&m;b,fae&mrSmaeovJ qdkwmeJhywfouf^yD;/ rdwfaqG"rRq&m}uD;rsm;u ra_ymcJhjubl;? tJ'Dawmh OD;yóif;ubJa_ym_y&rSmaygh? [dk"rRq&m}uD;awG xm0&bk&m; b,frSmaew,f qdkwmra_ymcJhwmudkaxmufawmhrodjuvdkhbJxifw,f? udk,fhbk&m;udk,fb,faerSef;rodjubJeJh "rRq&m vkyf&wmvJ tawmfawmhoem;p&m_zpfaew,f? xm0& qdkawmh OD;yóif;wdkh a*gwrbk&m;vdk vlu_zpf^yD;/ vlvdkbJtouf}uD;/ tcsdefwefawmhy&dedAýmefÓywJhb&k m;rsdK;r[kwfbl;? olwdkhbk&m;u t^rJ@SdaewJh bk&m;uvm;? t^rJ@SdaewJhbk&m;qdkawmh t^rJaewJhae&m@SdrSbJawmfawmhraygh? [kwfvm;? c&pf,meftvdkeJha_ym&&if/ xm0&[m 'Davmufwefcdk;}uD;wJhbk&m;rSm ae&mwpfckae&efvdkr,fqdkwmudk/ tvdkufodwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;wpfOD;ua&;wJh (xxxxxx) ac:wJh Þe=wWaA'ESifhorRmusrf;pmß ac:pmtkyfrSm xm0&&Jhae&mudkaz:_yyg@Sdxm;w,f? tJ'Dpmtkyfudka&;wmuawmh (xxxxxx) qdkwJh yk*~dKvf}uD;bJ? 'Dyk*~dKvf}uD;udk a[m'Du Þxm0&ß &Jhae&mudkra_ymwwfwJh "rRq&m}uD;awGu aus;Zl;trsm;}uD; wifzdkhaumif;w,f? 'Du "rRq&m}uD;awG&Jh tvdktwdkif;omqdk&if/ xm0&bk&m;rSm tkd;a_cr@Sd/ tdrfa_cr@Sd_zpfae&awmhrSmbJ? tJ'Dq&m}uD;u xm0&&Jhae&mudk!$ef_ycJhwmu/ aumif;uifu (Ursa Minor) ac:wJh ckESpfpOfju,f ju,fpk&Jh tv,fuju,f rSm xm0& t^rJaeygw,fvdkh az:_yxm;cJhw,f? r,Hk&if tJ'Dpmtkyf&Jh (xxxxxx) qdkwJh tcef;rSm zwfjuyg? aoaocsmcsmawGhjuygvdrfhr,f? 'Du "rRq&m}uD;awGtwdkif;qdk&if xm0&bk&m;ocifrSm tdk;rJhtdrfrJh_zpfae_zpfae^yD r[kwfvm;? aemufa_ymvdkwmu/ 'Du "rRq&m}uD;rsm;u reufu xm0&tajumif; taumif;awGcsnf;a_ymoGm;juygw,f?

OD;yóif;uvJ bk&m;qdkawmh taumif;csnf;bJ_zpfapvdkwJh apwemxm;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh orRmusrf;pmzwfjunfhvdkufwJh tcgusawmh 6

a,m@+rSwfpm tcef; (5)/ tydk'f (13) wGif@+? rl&if;pmrltwdkif;a&;om;xm;ygonf? orRmusrf;pm "rRopfusrf;.aemufqHk;usrf;_zpfaom Asm'dwfusrf; (The Apocalypse - The Revelation of k f 12 rS 16 txdwiG f Þxdkoo l nfa_codhk wikd af tmif0wf_cHKv#uf/ &ifawmfYa@$cg;pnf;udkpnf;vsuf_zpf.? acgif;awmfESifh John) tcef; (1) tyd' qHyifawmfonf_zLaomodk;arG;uJhodkh4if;/rdk;yGifhuJhodkh4if; _zL.? rsufpdawmfonfvnf;rD;v#HuJhodkh_zpf.? a_cawmfonfvnf;rD;Yc|wf^yD;aomaju;0gppf ESifhwl.? toHawmfvnf;ork'N&moHuJhodkh_zpf./ vusfmvufawmfonfvnf;ju,fckepfvHk;udkudkif.? cHwGif;awmfxJuvnf;xufaomoHvsufxGuf.?ß [kyg@Sdygonf? tcef; (5)/ tydk'f (6)wGifrl/ Þbk&m;ocif.0d]m%fcek pfyg;wnf;[laom rsufpdckepfvHk;ESifhcsdKckepfacsmif;@Sd.ß [kyg@Syd gonf?

7

ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

bk&m;eJhrudkufwJh raumif;wmawGyg olwdkhorRmusrf;pmtwdkif;a_ym&wmyg?

ygaewmawGh&ygw,f?

9

'gu

OD;yóif;a_ymwmr[kwfygbl;?

'g[mvJ xm0&bk&m;udk,fwdkifu@kd;@kd;om;om;0efcHoGm;wmvdkhqdkygw,f? tJ'gu ig[m_iLplwwf. vdkh xm0&udk,fwdkifu w&m;a[musrf; (Deuteronomy) 4-20 tydk'frSm a_ymoGm;wmawGh&ygw,f? 'gorRmusrf;pmtwdkif;bJ? b,fvkd_iLplovJqdkawmh xm0&[m wpf_cm;bk&m;awGudk ,HkjunfwJholudk oabmus[efrwlbl;? igrSwpfyg; t_cm;bk&m;awGudk rjunf!dk&bl;vdkh qdkxm;w,f? wrefawmf Þa,@+ß (Jesus) uvnf;'DvdkbJ/ t_cm;bk&m;rsm;udk tawmfbJykwfcwfcJhw,f? 'gawmh "rRq&m }uD;awGeJh 'Du c&pf,mefy&d\wf}uD;u odju^yD;_zpfvdkh OD;yóif;u b,fvdkykwfcwfw,fqdkwmra_ymawmhygbl;? tJ pOf;pm; bdkhvdkwmu/ udk,fhw&m;[mrSefw,f/ aumif;w,fqdk&if/ ykwfcwfp&mrvdkygbl;? vmjunfh/ prf;junfh vdkha_ym&rSmaygh? tckawmh 'Dvdkrqdk0Hhbl;? rlrrSefbl;vdkhqdk&r,fr[kwfvm;? uJ aemuf xm0&&Jh tusifhpm&dwWqdkif&mudk enf;enf;a_ymjuOD;pdkh? tJ'D xm0&bk&m;&Jh tusifhpm&dwWudkodcsif&if/ "rRa[mif;usrf;wpfusrf;vHk;ukd junfhaya&mh? wpfusrf;vHk;rSm tawmfqdk;wJh raumif;wmawGudk trsm;t_ym;awGhÒuH&rSm aocsmw,f? OD;yóif;u enf;enf;bJ a_ymyghr,f? uÝmOD;usrf; (Genesis) tcef; owfypfowJh?8

(38)

rSm

avSudkacsmif;junfhrdvdkh

vlaygif;

(50070)

udk

t&ufeJhtrJuifvnf; tvGef}udKufowJh? 'gu awmvnf&musrf; (Numbers) tcef; (28) rSm txift@Sm;ygw,f? aemuf vufpm;acswwfowJh? txift@Sm;ygw,f?

'gvnf;

awmvnf&musrf;

(Numbers)

tcef;

(28)

rSm

xm0&bk&m;[m oef;acgifpm&if;oabmayghav/ vlpm&if;om,lcdkif;^yD; ,lawmh vlaygif; (70000) udkowfypfowJh? (2-70-24-15)9 rSm junfhjuOD;? vlowW0grsm;[m @kd;vGef;&if rnmwwfbJae&rSmpdk;vdkhvm;ra_ymwwfbl;? rkom0g'pdwf"gwfudkvnf; xm0&bk&m;ubJoGif;ay;owJh (3-71-22-23)10?

vdrfwwfnmwwfatmif

aemuf {@Smvtem*wWdusrf;11 (The Book Of The Prophet Asaiah) tcef; (13) rSm/ tydk'f (911-15-16) wdkhrSmjunfh rdwfaqGwdkh? xm0&tm; b,favmuf a'go}uD;wwfovJqdkwmudk awGhEdkifygw,f? ola_ymwmrvdkufem&if t_ypf@Sda&mwJh? tJ t_ypf@SdwJhvlrsm;vJ olru,fbl;wJh/ 'gvJ olzefqif;wJhvludk olbJypfy,fxm;&musaewJhoabmaygh? wefckd;awmfteEWvdkhvJqdk&Jh/ 'DvlawGtm;vHk;olhpum; em;axmifatmifawmh olrvkyfwwfbl;/ rvkyfEdkifbl;_zpfraeygvm;?

'Dawmholhwefckd;[m b,fhES,fvJvdkh pOf;pm;p&m _zpfraeygvm;?

8

rl&if;pmrltwdkif;a&;om;xm;ygonf? orRmusrf;pm "rRa[mif;usrf;vmtwdkif;rSm "rR&mZ0ifyXrapmif (First Book Of Samuel) tcef; (6)/ tydk'f (19) wGif Þxm0&bk&m;.aowWmawmfxJodkhjunfh@+rdol Aufa@Sruf^rdKhom; ckESpfq,fESifhig;aomif;wdkhtm; }uD;pGmaomvkyfjuHawmfrl_cif;tm;_zifh '%fcwfawmfro l nfß [kyg@Syd gonf?

9 rl&if;pmrltwdik ;f a&;om;xm;ygonf? orRmusrf;pm "rRa[mif;usrf;vmtwdkif;rSm "rR&mZ0if'kwd,apmif (Second Book Of Samuel) tcef; (24)/ tydk'f (15) wGif Þâoa&vtrsdK;Yumvemudkv$wfvdkufawmfrlI/ 'ef^rdKhro S nf aA&a@Sb^rdKhwikd af tmifvcl Ek pS af omif;aoju.ß [kyg@Syd gonf?

10 rl&if;pmrltwdik ;f a&;om;xm;ygonf? orRmusrf;pm "rRa[mif;usrf;vmtwdkif;rSm "rR&mZ0ifwwd,apmif (First Book Of The Kings) tcef; (22)/ tydk'f (23) wGif Þodkh_zpfIxm0&bk&m;onf rkompum;ukda_ymwwfaompdwf0d]mOfudkrif;}uD;.ya&mzuftaygif;wkdhYoGif;awmfrl^yDß [kyg@Syd gonf?

11 rl&if;pmrltwdkif;a&;om;xm;ygonf? orRmusrf;pm "rRa[mif;usrf;vmtwdkif;rSm Þa[@Sm,tem*wWdusrf;ß _zpfygonf? ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

10

w7m;a[musrf; (Deuteronomy) tcef; (28) rSmqdkxm;awGvnf;junhfOD;? xm0&bk&m;&Jh arwWmapwemawG[m vlom;awGtay: rSmb,fvdkoabmxm;ovJ? wefckd;awmfawGteEWudkif^yD; b,fvdkvkyfovJqdkwm tcsdefuvJodyfr&bl;/ tJ'gawG zwfr_yyg&apeJhawmh? tawmfbJ oabmxm;[m bk&m;qdk^yD;/ olvdkigvdk vl&JharwWmrsdK;awmifrxm;wwfwmawG awGhae&ygw,f?12 rmvmcdwem*wdWusrf;13 (Malachi) tcef; (2) rSmaz:_yxm;wmu/ ig. *k%faus;Zl;awmfudk ratmufarhv#if oifwdkh. om;pOfa_r;quftukefvHk;udk ajumufrufbG,f&m ig'%fcwfawmfrl&vdrfhr,f/ pwJhpum;awGeJh }udrf;0g;xm;w,f? orRm usrf;pmtvkdt&/ 'Davmuvlom;awGa&m/ ouf@SdoufrJh_rif_rifor#awGudk b,folzefqif;ovJ/ xm0&bJzefqif;w,f? aumif;wmawGzefqif;ovdk raumif;wmawGvJolbJzefqif;_yefw,fqdkw,f? 'gayr,fh/ ESmacgif;_ym;wJhvlawGudka&m/ a_cvuft*Fg tylaZmfudkawmh olrÒuduf ESpfoufEdkif_yefbl;wJh? bmajumifhrESpfoufbJeJh zefqif;cJh&_yefwmvJ?

usdK;wJhval wGudka&m tJ'DvlrsdK;awG&Jh 'g_zifh tJ'DvlawGudk xm0&[m

olu ESmacgif;c|efwJholawGudkrS oabmuswm? uJ 'Dawmh OD;yóif;wdkh Arm/ csif;/ u&ifawG[m ESmacgif;_ym;awG_zpfaeawmh 'DESmacgif;_ym;awG&Jh tylaZmfudk xm0&u Òudufyghrvm;? bmÓyvdkhvJ - ESmacgif;_ym;awG_zpfaewmudk;? OD;yóif;vJ ESmacgif;_ym;vlrsdK;xJygaeawmh xm0&bk&m;tvdkeJh junhf&if/ ESmacgif;_ym;&wmu wpf_ypf/ c&pf,mefbmom0ift_zpfeJh xm0&udkr,HkjunfrdwJh t_ypfwpf_ypf? 'Dt_ypf (2) rsdK;udk awmh xm0&bk&m;u awmfawmf Óid_iifrSmbJ? aoaocsmcsmpOf;pm;awmh/ c&pf,mef0g'[m ESmacgif;c|efwJh vlawGtwGuf/ oufoufbJ_zpf&r,fxifw,f? tJ 'DrSmvJ usKyfwdkhArmwdkif;&if;om;awGuc&pf,mefbmom0if_zpfvdkhodyftxif}uD;raejueJh? xm0&bk&m;u odyfoabmuswJh tpm;xJur[kwfbl;qdkwm oabmaygufxm;&r,f? xm0&bk&m;&Jh tcspfawmfudkcH,lcsif&if/ ^yD;awmh xm0&&Jhaus;Zl;opPmawmfudkapmifhodcsif&if ESmacgif;udk t&ifc|efatmif vkyfju&OD;rvdk_zpfae^yDr[kwfvm;? ynwfawmf (10) yg;udka_ymoGm;juw,f? tck OD;yóif;a_ymwJh usrf;pmygpum;rsm;t&uawmh vlvlcsif;awmhrowfeJhqdkwJh jo0g'ynwfcsuf[m xm0&&Jha'goudk wpfu,ftaxmuftulÓyyHk r&ovdk_zpfaew,f? bmÓyvdkhvJqdkawmholhrudk;uG,fwJhvludkvlpm&if;oGif;[efrwlbl;? rudk;uG,f r,HkjunfwJhvlawGudk t_ypf'%fcwfzdkhu tawmfaocsmaeawmh/ 'DynwfawmfawG[m xm0&bk&m;eJh wpf_cm;pD_zpfaew,f? usKyfwdkh a*gwrAk'<uawmh &efol/ rdwfaqG&,fvdkh rcGJ_cm;ygbl;? }udKuf&ifudk;uG,f/ ,Hkjunf&ifylaZmf/ 'gygbJ? vludkvlvdkhbJ oabmxm;ygw,f? vl[molhukdrudk;uG,f@HkeJh vlr[kwfawmhovdkvlpm&if;u zsufrypfygbl;? tJ xm0&uawmh olhrudk;uG,&f ifvlr[kwfbl;qdkovdk_zpfaewmxif@Sm;yg^yD? rdwfaqG"rRq&m}uD;rsm;uawmha*gwrbk&m;[m vlu_zpfwJhbk&m; vdkh a_ymoGm;juygw,f? 'gr_iif;ygbl;? vlu_zpfwJhbk&m;ygbJ? 0efcHygw,f? OD;yóif;omr[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmomwdkif;ubJ a*gwrbk&m;udk vlu_zpfwJhbk&m;vdkhbJ 0efcHjurSmygbJ? 12 13

xdktcef; 28 wpfcef;vHk;wGif xm0&bk&m;.pum;udkem;raxmifolwdkhtwGuf tvGefajumufrufbG,f&musdefpmrsm;wdkufxm;ygonf? rl&if;pmrltwdkif;a&;om;xm;ygonf? orRmusrf;pm "rRa[mif;usrf;vmtwdkif;rSm Þrmvmcdtem*wWdusrf;ß _zpfygonf? ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

11

odkhaomf xm0&vdk oufoufomom/ bk&m;rsdK;bk&m;EG,foufoufawmh r[kwfygbl;? bk&m;_zpfzdkhudçudk a*gwrAk'<[m tvGeftrif;tm;xkwfusdK;pm;awmfrlcJh&ygw,f? wG,fwmp&m tpGJtrSwf/ onm [lIwpfpHkwpfckeJhr# r^iduyfatmif tm;vHk;udk wGef;vSefypfcGgawmfrl&ygw,f? 'DavmuDvlom;wkdhu trSeft[kwf[kxifaewJhOyg'geftpGJtrSwfawGudk trSeftwdkif; bmr#r[kwfwJh@kyfemrfobm0 zJGhpnf; ay:aygufr/+ wpfc%umvygvm;vdkh trSefodwJh oAý!kw]m%fawmfudk 7atmiftm;xkwfawmfrlcJh&ygw,f? a*gwrAk'<[m/ bk&m;_zpfzdkhtajumif;udkÓyaomtm;_zifh/ bk&m;wnf;[laomtusdK;udk&ygw,f? xdk&@Sdaom tusdK;w&m;[m/ Tavmu@Sd @kyfemrf/ obm0ouf@Sdavmu&Jh Zmwdt_zpfonf/ qif;&J_cif;udk yEMuf@dkuf_cif;bJ? 'DyEMufudktpGJÓyI Z&m/ Asm'd/ r&%m qdkwJh obm0'k=}uD;wkdh. tkyfpdk;&mb0t_zpfyguvm;? 'Db0rsdK;. ukef&m/ qHk;&monf o÷dokcedAýme"gwfom; t_zpfomv#if &rS _zpfrSmyguvm; vdkhod_rifawmfrlcJhygw,f? a*gwrAk'<udk,fwkdifvJ 'Dtwdkif;od_rif^yD; vlawGudkvJ 'Dtwdkif;od_rifju&efom a[m_y vrf;!$ef awmfrlcJhygw,f? xm0&bk&m; vdkawmh vlawGxJu olhudk,Hkjunfudk;uG,fwJhvludkrS&,fvdkhu,fwifr,f/ r,HkjunfwJhvludk Óid_iif/ _iLpl_cif;cH&r,f? '%fcwfr,fvdkhra_ymcJh/ ra[mcJhygbl;? a*gwra[mwmuawmh b,folbJ_zpf_zpf rdrdwkdh&Jh udavomt&omrsm;&if rsm;oavmuf avmif^rdKufr+ 'k=awGcH&r,f? udavomenf;&if enf;oavmuf rD;at;r,f vdkhqdkygw,f? udavomqdkwmbmvJ/ avmb tydkawGudkwyfrufwG,fwm_cif;/ a'go - trsufxGuf_cif;/ arm[ - rodem;rvnf_cif;/awGa0_cif;/ udkqdkvdkyg w,f? 'gawGudk odem;vnf&if/ b,folbJodem;vnfvnf udk,fh[mudk,f avmif^rdKufcH7wJh 'k=rD;uuif;vGwfr,f/ ^idrf;{ r,fvdkhqdkygw,f? qdkvdk&if;uawmh Ak'<&Jh tvdktm;_zifh tajumif;wpfck@Sdvdkhom/ tusdK;wpfck ay:vmae&_cif;/ pwJh qufpyfaer+rsm;rqHk;v#if oHo&m ac:ygw,f?

'DoHo&mqdkwJh tajumif;tusdK;quf obm0'k=@Sdaeor#/ om;udç/ orD;udç/ pD;yGg;udç/ b0toufwnf^rJa&;qdkwJh usef;rma&;/ pm;aomufaexdkifa&;/ 'Dpm;aomufaexdkifa&;wdkh&Jh _ynfhpHkzlvHka&;/ _ynfhpHkayaomfvnf; avsmhyg;rSmudk ylaqG;pdk;&drf&_cif;/ r_ynfhpHko_zifh awmifhwar#mfrSef;tm;xkwfae&_cif;/ pwJh a0g[m& 'k=awGvnf;/ rqHk;Edkifatmif xyfqifhwkd;yGg; rsm;_ym; aejuygr,f? tJ'Dawmh tajumif;tusdK;qufoHo&mu/ tajumif;tusdK;uif;wJh_ywfwJh/ ^idrf;csrf;a&;udk&atmif avmb/ a'go/ arm[ awGudk y,fjuygvdkh Ak'<uqdkvdkygw,f? tJ'Dawmh bk&m;_zpfa&;tm;xkwfr+ajumifh bk&m;_zpf&wJhvlomrefubk&m;_zpfwmudkawmh wpfuÝmvHk;u r_iif;ygbl;? acwfay:ynm@Sdtrsm;eJh pOf;pm;juwJh yk*~dKvfwdkif;uvJvufcHvmjuyg^yD? 'Duy&d\wf em;vnfatmifa_ym&&if/ Oyrm- ynmawGudk wpf_znf;_znf;usdK;pm;avhvmoifjum;rS bDatatmifw,f? bDatatmifvdkh tvkyf}uD;tudkif}uD;awGvkyf&udkif&w,fqdkygawmh? tdkifpDtuf atmifvdkufw,f qdkygawmh? 'Dawmh bDatatmif atmif usdK;pm;wJhtm;xkwfr+r@Sd&bJ/ tacsmif bDat atmifw,fqdkwJh a0g[m&*k%f[mvJ r&Edkifpaumif;ygbl;? 'Dy&d\wfxJrSm/ *k%fod=meJh/ ynmwwf ta&;ydkif/ rif;}uD; pwJhvlrsdK; r_zpfcsifwJhvl@Sdovm;? odyfenf;vSr,fr[kwfygbl;? _zpfcsifjurSmyg? tEdkh bmvdkhr_zpfju ovJ? tJ _zpfEdkifwJh ta_ccHynmawGudk tm;rxkwfcJhvdkh/ roifcJhjuvdkhaygh? [kwfuJhvm;?

'DavmurSm olaX;om;u olaX;_zpfwmqdk&ifw,f^yD;rqef;bl;? omrn qif;&Jom;wpfOD;u 0D&d,tm;/ ]m%ftm;/ tjuHtm;aumif;vdkh olaX;_zpfoGm;&if/ tHhjop&mvJaumif;w,f? ^cD;usL;p&mvJaumif;w,f? pHerlemvJ_zpfEdkifygw,f? tJ'DvdkbJ a*gwrAk'<[m vlu bk&m;_zpfwmyg?

'Dawmh olaX;om;uolaX;_zpfwmbJ qdkwJhpum;[m/ arsmufuarsmuf_zpf/ bk&m;ubk&m;_zpf qdkwm ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

12

bmrsm;xl;qef;rvJ? bmrSrxl;qef;bl;r[kwfvm;? at; arsmufuvl_zpf/ qif;&Jom;uolaX;_zpf/ vlubk&m;_zpfqdkawmh tHhjop&m_zpfygw,f? _zpfEdkifwJhtajumif;@Sd&if _zpf&r,fhobm0@Sd&r,f? xl;qef;w,fawmh qdkcsifqdkayghav? 'gayr,fh tajumif;rSefvkyf&if/ tusdK;rSef_zpf@dk; "rRwmyg? 'gajumifh OD;yóif;wdkha*gwrAk'<[m vlom;ubJbk&m;_zpf&ygw,f? a_ymwdkif;,Hkjupwrf;qdk&if tm;vHk;udk,fydkif]m%f qdkwmawG[m tvum;csnf;_zpf&awmhr,f? vlrqdkxm;eJh/ wd&ðmefawmif,HkxdkufrS,Hkwm? acG;wpfaumifudk olhocifa,mifaqmif^yD;_yvdkh ,Hkr,fxifovm;? _rif;wkdh EGm;wkdhvJ 'DvdkbJ? qifqkd omawmifqdk;ao;w,f? pD;aeusolhOd;pD;r[kwf&if cgcs^yD;eif;udkowfwmrsdK;?

'DtxdolwdkhvJ ]m%ftawG;@SdwmbJ? igrifhocifvkyfr,fqdk@HkeJh&wmawmh/ tJ usKyfwkdhvlom;awGbJ@Sd&Jh? [kwf[kwf r[kwf[kwf pOf;udkrpOf;pm;csifjubl;? vGrf;p&ma_ym/ vGrf;ypfvdkufwmbJ? [kwfvdkhvGrf;wmuenf;enf;/ vGrf;p&maumif;vdkhvGrf;juwmu rsm;w,f? yGJxJrsm;junfhygvm;?

Zmwfuwmu ydkufqHay;iSm;vdkhuwJhvlu uwm/ yGJjunfhwJhvlawGuvGrf;cef;rSm rsuf&nfawGrsm;okwfvdkh? bmqdkovJ? [dkrSmwpfu,fvJr[kwfygbl;? ZmwfuaewmbJ/ junfholrSmwpfu,f_zpfaew,f - tHha&m? tJ'gusKyfwdkhvlrsdK;awGbJ? [kwf r[kwf ,kwWdobm0eJhvJ enf;enf;awmhpOf;pm;juOD;aygh? a_ymwdkif;,Hkbdkhqdkwmaumif;vJraumif;bl;? obm0vJrusbl;? udk,fhudk,frSm@SdwJh (rsufpd/ em;/ ESm/ v#m/ udk,ftawGh) eJhvJavhvmpOf;pm;juOD;rSaygh? vlwpfa,muf[mausmif;udkraebl;bJeJh pmudkvnf;rbwfwwf/ ra&;wwfbJeJh/ bDatatmifygw,fqdk&if cifAsm;wkdhxJu b,fESpfa,muf,HkrvJ? v,form;wpfa,muf[m v,fxJudkwpfcgrSrqif;bJ/ rxGefbJr,ufbJ/ rpdkufbJrysdK;bJ/ r&dyfbJrodrf;bJ/ re,fbJrzwfbJ/ tdrfay:tdyfae@HkeJh pyg;awGaumufyJoD;ESHawGtm;}uD;&aew,fqdk&if,Hkrvm;? xm0& bk&m;uawmh olhom,Hkjunfudk;uG,f/ bmrSryleJhwJh? uJ ,Hkrvm;? ,HkaewJhvlawG tck'DrSmtrsm;}uD;bJ? xm0&ay;vdkh&wJh qefpyg;b,fESpfcgpm;&bl;ovJ? udk,fh[mudk,fvkyfvdkh&wmaomf4if;/ udk,fydkif]m%feJh@SmjuH&@SdwJhydkufqHeJh wef&mwefaju;ay;rS &ju&wmcsnf;r[kwfygvm;? OD;yóif;wdkhbk&m;uawmh ÞtwÔm[dtwWaememaxmß wJh? udk,fhtm;udkudk,ftm;udk;juwJh? uJ 'DawmhvufawGhrSmudk/ udk,fvkyfrSudk,f&wm[mxif@Sm;aeawmh/ b,fbk&m;a[mwm tckvlawG vufawGhrSm rSefovJ? c&pf,mef"rRq&m}uD;rsm;a_ymovdk wefcdk;awmfte÷ xm0&@Sdw,fqdk&if/ 'DykídKvf}uD;awGudk,fwdkif'Dxdatmiftyifyef;cH^yD; vmaep&mawmifrvkdbl;? tdrfuae^yD; xm0&bk&m;udk wdkifwnfqkawmif;vdkuf&iftm;vHk;udç^yD;aeawmhrSmr[kwfvm;? usKyfwkdhvJ olwdkhqkawmif; _ynfhoGm;wJhtwdkif; @+H;^yD;at;at;aq;aq;xdkifaezdkhbJ@Sdawmhw,f? bmrSudka_ymaep&mrvdkawmhbl; r[kwfvm;? a[m tckawmh reufcsdefubJ/ vlawGAk'<bmomudkul;a_ymif;vmaeju^yD? bm_zpfvdkh te÷wefckd;awmf@Sif xm0&bk&m;[m olhudkjunf!dk,HkjunfwJhvlawGul;a_ymif;oGm;wmjunfhae&ovJ? (jobmoHrsm;) ™ š › ? ,kwWd@Sdr@Sd/ obm0usrus/ csifhcsdefjuyg? "rRq&mwpfOD;ua_ymoGm;ygw,f? crnf;awmf - om;awmf - oefh@Sif;aom0d]m%fawmf ponftm;_zifh xm0&rSm 3qlaygif; bk&m;wpfql (The Father, The Son and The Holy Spirit – The Trinity) _zpfygw,fwJh? crnf;awmfqdkwmu xm0&/ om;awmfqdkwmu a,@+/ c&pfawmfayghav? xm0&eJha,@+[mtwlwlbJwJh? uJ rwlwJhtajumif;uav;enf;enf;a_ymygOD;r,f? "rRa[mif;usrf;vm twdkif;/ xm0&uvufpm;acsbdkha[mw,f? udk,fhoGm;wpfacsmif;udkcsdK;&if/ olhoGm;wpfacsmif;udk csdK; &r,fwJh? udk,fhrsufvHk;wpfvHk;udkazguf&if/ olhrsufvHk;wpfvHk;udkvJazguf&r,fwJh? ocif_rwfqdkif

ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

13

14

(An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth) qdkwJhw&m;aygh ?

tJ'g crnf;awmfxm0&&Jh a'oemrkcywfawmfaygh? tJ a,@+usawmhvufpm;racsbkdh/ onf;cHbdkha[m_yefw,f? b,favmufuGm_cm;ovJqdk&if nmbufyg;udk@dkuf&ifb,fbufyg;udkygt@dkufcHbkdhay;ygwJh? tJ'DrSmcrnf;awmfeJhom;awmf wpf_cm;pD _zpfraeawmhygvm;? 'Dw&m;rSm'DavmufuGJae&if/ wpf_cm; [mawGvJuGJvGJwJh,lqcsufawG@Sd&awmhr,f?

'DawmhtwlwlygbJqdkwJhpum;[m 'Dup^yD;wpfrsdK;pD_zpfaeju^yDr[kwfvm;? rwlEdkifawmhbl;? aemuf"rRq&m}uD;rdwfaqG}uD;u/ ocifa,@+[m owW0gtrsm;udku,fwif&ef 'Davmuodkh a&mufvm&w,fvdkhqdkw,f? owW0gtrsm;qdkwJhpum;xJrSm/ tm;vHk;yg&Jhvm;? âoa&v vlrsdK;udkomqdkwm_zpfr,f? Arm/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if awGygwm [kwf&Jhvm;? tck'DArm_ynfu Arm/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if awG[m c&pf,mef_zpf^yD;/ xm0&eJha,@+wkdhukd ,Hkjunfudk;uG,f aecJhjuwmjumyg^yD? pOf;pm;bkdhtrsm;}uD;_zpfaew,f? bmudku,fwifovJ? trGJtiwf/ vlqif;&JawGcsnf;bJ? Þ@Sifr\Jc&pf0ifß (St. Matthew) tcef;(10)/ tydk'f (5)tcsufudkjunfhjuOD;? bmqdkxm;ovJ? tJ'DrSm oifwdkhonfwpfyg;trsdK;om;wdkh@Sd&modkhroGm;juESifh? @Srm&dø@Gmrsm;xJodkhr0ifjuavESifh? Þâoa&vßvlrsdK; ESifh odk;rsm;@Sd&mt&yfodkhom oGm;juavukefavwJh? tJ'g a,@+udk,fwdkifu a_ymw,fvdkhqdkw,f?

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ausmufuGif;ta&;awmfyHkwu kd yf JG - aemufqufwJG

14

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15

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