Redefining Housing Programmes

COQUE AS PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY redefining housing programmes

COQUE AS PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY redefining housing programmes

INTRODUCTION

4

INTRODUCTION

INFRASTRUCTURE AS DRIVER / WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE

10

INFRASTRUCTURE AS DRIVER / WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE

Central Location Connection Water As Infrastructure Potentials Housing Programmes A Strategic Approach

[ Strategic Location] [ Connection] [ Water As Infrastructure] [ Potentials] [ Housing Programmes] [ A Strategic Approach]

ZOOMING INTO COQUE

12 14 16 18 20 22

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ZOOMING INTO COQUE

Working Within a Productive Territory Mobility Infrastructure Productive Framework Poor physical support

[ Working Within a Productive Territory] [ Mobility Infrastructure] [ Framework] [ Poor physical support]

CHAINS AND NETWORKS OF PRODUCTION

26 28 32 38

44

CHAINS AND NETWORKS OF PRODUCTION

Architectural Association School of Architecture Housing & Urbanism ‘13

Architectural Association School of Architecture Housing & Urbanism ‘13

Team Karan Bakre Diego Grinberg Nitesh Khatod Yeo Jin Lee Olesya Nalivaiko Manuel Otero Poom Suppakijjanusan

Team Karan Bakre Diego Grinberg Nitesh Khatod Yeo Jin Lee Olesya Nalivaiko Manuel Otero Poom Suppakijjanusan

Tutors Jorge Fiori Alex Warnock-Smith Sacsha Haselmayer

Tutors Jorge Fiori Alex Warnock-Smith Sacsha Haselmayer

2

Existing Resources Pluggin Coque In Recycling in Coque

[ Existing Resources] [ Pluggin-In Coque] [ Recycling in Coque]

SPATIAL STRATEGY

46 48 50

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SPATIAL STRATEGY

Stimulating Production The Use Of Housing Programmes Production Spine Exchange Spine

CONCLUSIONS

[ Stimulating Production] [ The Use Of Housing Programmes] [ Production Spine] [ Exchange Spine]

66 68 70 74

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CONCLUSIONS 3

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

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Coque is located in Ilha Joana Bezerra, which is reportedly one of the least developed districts in the city of Recife. Its reputation for being one of the most violent neighbourhoods in Recife has led to Coque being stigmatised -an issue often raised by its local community leaders. The low income community has several issues related to its informal conditions, including housing, education, unemployment, health, hygiene and sanitation, highlighting the dearth of external support.

Coque is located in Ilha Joana Bezerra, which is reportedly one of the least developed districts in the city of Recife. Its reputation for being one of the most violent neighbourhoods in Recife has led to Coque being stigmatised -an issue often raised by its local community leaders. The low income community has several issues related to its informal conditions, including housing, education, unemployment, health, hygiene and sanitation, highlighting the dearth of external support.

In contrast, within Coque’s 134 hectares, are several small-scale cottage industries, which are presently isolated from the layered production chains and systems of exchange in the city. Rethinking these systems of production across Recife could enable Coque to be strategically included in a more holistic vision for production processes and networks in Recife. This could serve as the impetus to transform Coque from an area of stigmatization to inclusion.

In contrast, within Coque’s 134 hectares, are several small-scale cottage industries, which are presently isolated from the layered production chains and systems of exchange in the city. Rethinking these systems of production across Recife could enable Coque to be strategically included in a more holistic vision for production processes and networks in Recife. This could serve as the impetus to transform Coque from an area of stigmatization to inclusion.

Coque displays various conditions and challenges of and to housing-led urban development. The expansion of the favela along the water’s edge has led to the construction of poor quality stilt houses on precarious ground conditions, highlighting the dire need for healthier and more secure housing in Coque. Government housing programmes - Minha Casa, Minha Vida (MCMV) and Programa de aceleração do crescimento (PAC) - are set to transform the area through new housing development. While we are critical of many elements of MCMV, the programme could potentially serve as a productive force and financial initiative to rethink Coque and lead its transformation from mere subsistence to a more productive area.

Coque displays various conditions and challenges of and to housing-led urban development. The expansion of the favela along the water’s edge has led to the construction of poor quality stilt houses on precarious ground conditions, highlighting the dire need for healthier and more secure housing in Coque. Government housing programmes - Minha Casa, Minha Vida (MCMV) and Programa de aceleração do crescimento (PAC) - are set to transform the area through new housing development. While we are critical of many elements of MCMV, the programme could potentially serve as a productive force and financial initiative to rethink Coque and lead its transformation from mere subsistence to a more productive area.

The intention of this study is to critically analyse MCMV as a policy and an approach, while simultaneously harnessing it to drive the creation of a productive territory, in which the inhabitants of informal settlements are included in productive networks across the city and city-region. Engagement with other urban productive clusters offers the opportunity to facilitate an improvement in the living and working conditions in Coque.

The intention of this study is to critically analyse MCMV as a policy and an approach, while simultaneously harnessing it to drive the creation of a productive territory, in which the inhabitants of informal settlements are included in productive networks across the city and city-region. Engagement with other urban productive clusters offers the opportunity to facilitate an improvement in the living and working conditions in Coque.

7

Coque: a severely neglected territory

Coque: a severely neglected territory

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INFRASTRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE / WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE AS ARCHITECTURE / WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE

. CENTRAL LOCATION . CONNECTION . WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE . POTENTIALS . HOUSING PROGRAMMES . A STRATEGIC APPROACH

[CENTRAL LOCATION] [CONNECTION] [WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE] [POTENTIALS] [HOUSING PROGRAMMES] [A STRATEGIC APPROACH]

CENTRAL LOCATION CENTRAL LOCATION

Coque: the geographic centre of the Recife Metropolitan Region

Coque: the geographic centre of the Recife Metropolitan Region

porto digital ground zero bio-medical hub financial district coque Embedded within an area of high economic production, Coque occupies a strategic location at the centre of the Recife Metropolitan Region, close to the historic centre of Santo Antonio and a number of dynamic neighbourhoods in Ilha do Leite, Coelhos, Boa Vista and Brasilia Teimosa.

Embedded within an area of high economic production, Coque occupies a strategic location at the centre of the Recife Metropolitan Region, close to the historic centre of Santo Antonio and a number of dynamic neighbourhoods in Ilha do Leite, Coelhos, Boa Vista and Brasilia Teimosa.

Additionally, two of the more important rivers in Recife - R. Capibaribe and R. Beberibe - converge around the Island of Ilha Joana Bezerra where Coque is located.

Historically the flood plains of these rivers facilitated agricultural cultivation which subsequently led to the generation of the city. Coque is tied to the rest of the Recife through a ubiquitous system of waterways around which the city took shape.

Additionally, two of the more important rivers in Recife - R. Capibaribe and R. Beberibe - converge around the Island of Ilha Joana Bezerra where Coque is located.

Historically the flood plains of these rivers facilitated agricultural cultivation which subsequently led to the generation of the city. Coque is tied to the rest of the Recife through a ubiquitous system of waterways around which the city took shape.

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CONNECTION CONNECTION Apart from being situated in a strategic central position, Coque lies in an area that is very well connected to economic and industrial centres of production in the Recife Metropolitan Region.

Apart from being situated in a strategic central position, Coque lies in an area that is very well connected to economic and industrial centres of production in the Recife Metropolitan Region.

R. Joao Paulo II, running north-south to the west of Coque, functions as an integrator uniting the different neighbourhoods of Recife. It also links Recife to Suape Port in the South.

R. Joao Paulo II, running north-south to the west of Coque, functions as an integrator uniting the different neighbourhoods of Recife. It also links Recife to Suape Port in the South.

The PE 027 and BR 232 east-west roads, to the north and south of Coque, connect chains of production taking place inside Recife with those in the Metropolitan Region and the other parts of Pernambuco State respectively.

The PE 027 and BR 232 east-west roads, to the north and south of Coque, connect chains of production taking place inside Recife with those in the Metropolitan Region and the other parts of Pernambuco State respectively.

Recife Metro, the second most extensive inner city rail network in Brazil, behind Sao Paulo, connects central Recife with the Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport in the south and Jaboatao dos Guararapes business centre in the west and runs along the southern edge of Coque with the Joana Bezerra metro station located immediately adjacent to the favela.

Recife Metro, the second most extensive inner city rail network in Brazil, behind Sao Paulo, connects central Recife with the Guararapes–Gilberto Freyre International Airport in the south and Jaboatao dos Guararapes business centre in the west and runs along the southern edge of Coque with the Joana Bezerra metro station located immediately adjacent to the favela.

The new Joana Bezerra bus station has been planned to be constructed next to the metro station, setting up a potential multimodal transit hub in the region.

The new Joana Bezerra bus station has been planned to be constructed next to the metro station, setting up a potential multimodal transit hub in the region.

These infrastructure connections could help link Coque with productive clusters located both around the site, and the Recife metropolitan region.

These infrastructure connections could help link Coque with productive clusters located both around the site, and the Recife metropolitan region.

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Coque is well connected with the rest of the Metropolitan Region

Coque is well connected with the rest of the Metropolitan Region

porto digital

coque

financial district

metro railway capibaribe river

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WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE WATER AS INFRASTRUCTURE

ZEIS cluster around waterways and important infrastructure lines Over 50% of Recife’s population lives on just 15% of the urban land available in the form of informal settlements. Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (Special Zones of Social Interest), or ZEIS, are the legal framework for these informal settlements. Coque is one among scores of ZEIS located all over the city of Recife, many situated in close proximity to the waterways.

Over 50% of Recife’s population lives on just 15% of the urban land available in the form of informal settlements. Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (Special Zones of Social Interest), or ZEIS, are the legal framework for these informal settlements. Coque is one among scores of ZEIS located all over the city of Recife, many situated in close proximity to the waterways.

Rivers Capibaribe and Beberibe represent an untapped mode of infrastructure, which could set up productive and commercial associations between Coque, other ZEIS as well as some of the more formal clusters of activity and production in the city. With ZEIS inhabitants constituting more than half of the population of Recife, their status as zones of exception prompt two key questions:

Rivers Capibaribe and Beberibe represent an untapped mode of infrastructure, which could set up productive and commercial associations between Coque, other ZEIS as well as some of the more formal clusters of activity and production in the city. With ZEIS inhabitants constituting more than half of the population of Recife, their status as zones of exception prompt two key questions:

•

•

Have the rules of the ZEIS, which were • set up as special policies to defend the communities living in informal areas, ended up restricting economic and spatial transformation within them?

Have these rules constrained the • possibilities of their inhabitants to develop into more value production communities?

Transforming the productive potential of the ZEIS by using water as a mode of infrastructure to drive the idea of a network based production system is key to the transformation of Coque.

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ZEIS cluster around waterways and important infrastructure lines

Have the rules of the ZEIS, which were set up as special policies to defend the communities living in informal areas, ended up restricting economic and spatial transformation within them?

Have these rules constrained the possibilities of their inhabitants to develop into more value production communities?

Transforming the productive potential of the ZEIS by using water as a mode of infrastructure to drive the idea of a network based production system is key to the transformation of Coque.

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POTENTIALS POTENTIALS

Potential institutional cross-overs

Potential institutional cross-overs

Coque’s strategic location coupled with the potential of water as a mode of infrastructure could be leveraged to promote partnerships between Coque and other productive clusters and resources.

The productive potential of the connections with Coque can be augmented through the inclusion of educational institutions to provide vocational training, and cooperatives for better business. The creation of cooperatives relating Coque to other ZEIS through water could also foster the use of its strategic location to integrate less central informal areas.

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Coque’s strategic location coupled with the potential of water as a mode of infrastructure could be leveraged to promote partnerships between Coque and other productive clusters and resources.

The productive potential of the connections with Coque can be augmented through the inclusion of educational institutions to provide vocational training, and cooperatives for better business. The creation of cooperatives relating Coque to other ZEIS through water could also foster the use of its strategic location to integrate less central informal areas.

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HOUSING PROGRAMMES HOUSING PROGRAMMES

MCMVida mass-housing programmes locate their projects in isolation from urban environments, concentrating mainly on the quantitative aspect of housing

MCMVida mass-housing programmes locate their projects in isolation from urban environments, concentrating mainly on the quantitative aspect of housing

Brazil has two significant national programmes of public investment in housing construction and infrastructural upgradingMinha Casa, Minha Vida (MCMV), and Programa de aceleração do crescimento (PAC) - which constitute immediate means of intervention. However, the programmes have almost exclusively focused on the quantitative provisional aspects of the housing question being drawn by a political and economic need to provide the maximum quantity of dwellings to the maximum number of people.

Brazil has two significant national programmes of public investment in housing construction and infrastructural upgradingMinha Casa, Minha Vida (MCMV), and Programa de aceleração do crescimento (PAC) - which constitute immediate means of intervention. However, the programmes have almost exclusively focused on the quantitative provisional aspects of the housing question being drawn by a political and economic need to provide the maximum quantity of dwellings to the maximum number of people.

In most cases, these mono-functional housing schemes are implemented on large barren tracts of land which offer a wide area to erect a large number of houses. By evicting people from their original sites of residence, the schemes tend to disregard and disturb existing patterns of production and networks that might exist. Furthermore, they fail to explore more multi-dimensional strategies, where issues related to transport, education, and particularly of production and employment could be used to build productive neighbourhoods.

In most cases, these mono-functional housing schemes are implemented on large barren tracts of land which offer a wide area to erect a large number of houses. By evicting people from their original sites of residence, the schemes tend to disregard and disturb existing patterns of production and networks that might exist. Furthermore, they fail to explore more multi-dimensional strategies, where issues related to transport, education, and particularly of production and employment could be used to build productive neighbourhoods.

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A STRATEGIC APPROACH A STRATEGIC APPROACH

It is the aim of this work to use MCMV and PAC programmes as a tool to rethink the role of housing in creating and transforming urban environments at a policy level.

Additionally, spatial strategies will use housing processes and design in order to streamline and augment the role of production within informal settlements.

There is an ambition to include Coque in broader chains and networks of production at a multi-scalar level within the Recife Metropolitan Region, for which mobility infrastructure, particularly water, will be viewed as a key driver.

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It is the aim of this work to use MCMV and PAC programmes as a tool to rethink the role of housing in creating and transforming urban environments at a policy level.

Additionally, spatial strategies will use housing processes and design in order to streamline and augment the role of production within informal settlements.

There is an ambition to include Coque in broader chains and networks of production at a multi-scalar level within the Recife Metropolitan Region, for which mobility infrastructure, particularly water, will be viewed as a key driver.

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ZOOMING INTO COQUE ZOOMING INTO COQUE

. WORKING WITHIN APRODUCTIVE TERRITORY . MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE . PRODUCTIVE FRAMEWORK . POOR PHYSICAL SUPPORT

. [WORKING WITHIN A PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY] . [MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE] . [PRODUCTICE FRAMEWORK] . [POOR PHYSICAL SUPPORT]

WORKING WITHIN A PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY WORKING WITHIN A PRODUCTIVE TERRITORY Ilha Joana Bezerra on which Coque sits, is Ilha Joana Bezerra on which Coque sits, is surrounded by neighbourhoods with a high surrounded by neighbourhoods with a high economic production capacity. economic production capacity.

Recife is the 2nd largest medical pool in Brazil, behind Sao Paulo. Medical clusters in Ilha do Leite and Coelhos are located just across the water channel to the north of Coque.

Recife is the 2nd largest medical pool in Brazil, behind Sao Paulo. Medical clusters in Ilha do Leite and Coelhos are located just across the water channel to the north of Coque.

Business Centres in Boa Vista and Brasilia Teimosa, to the north-east and south west of Coque respectively, provide employment to 4% of the people in Recife, 12.5% of the people in Jaboatao dos Guararapes and over 9% in the Metropolitan Area, making Recife one of the largest logistics centres in Brazil.

Business Centres in Boa Vista and Brasilia Teimosa, to the north-east and south west of Coque respectively, provide employment to 4% of the people in Recife, 12.5% of the people in Jaboatao dos Guararapes and over 9% in the Metropolitan Area, making Recife one of the largest logistics centres in Brazil.

Porto Digital, an information technology hub providing 90 small, medium and multinational companies with office space to generate 3000 jobs, is located to the east of Coque on Arrecife.

Porto Digital, an information technology hub providing 90 small, medium and multinational companies with office space to generate 3000 jobs, is located to the east of Coque on Arrecife.

There are many automobile workshops and garages are seen in the neighbourhood of Afogados, to the south west of Coque, which is also known for its markets and fairs. In the immediate vicinity of Coque, sandwiched between the R. Imperial and the Joana Bezerra metro station, are a number of derelict industrial warehouses.

There are many automobile workshops and garages are seen in the neighbourhood of Afogados, to the south west of Coque, which is also known for its markets and fairs. In the immediate vicinity of Coque, sandwiched between the R. Imperial and the Joana Bezerra metro station, are a number of derelict industrial warehouses.

These clusters could lend themselves to possible cross-overs between Coque and other informal settlements within a ZEIS network, which could set up a unique web of production using mobility infrastructure.

These clusters could lend themselves to possible cross-overs between Coque and other informal settlements within a ZEIS network, which could set up a unique web of production using mobility infrastructure..

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Productive clusters around Coque

Productive clusters around Coque

27

MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure lines could help open and scale-up the production inside Coque Infrastructure lines could help open and scale-up the production inside Coque

R. Joao Paulo II, PE 027, BR 232, R. Imperial and R. Papa Joao Paulo II are a system of roadways which could help the productive activities in Coque to scale up, by promoting cross-overs between the production taking place in the neighbouring clusters as well as the ZEIS network.

R. Joao Paulo II, PE 027, BR 232, R. Imperial and R. Papa Joao Paulo II are a system of roadways which could help the productive activities in Coque to scale up, by promoting cross-overs between the production taking place in the neighbouring clusters as well as the ZEIS network.

The productive capacity of Coque, as well as some of the other ZEIS located in the vicinity could be strengthened by viewing the current proposals for Joana Bezerra bus station and the existing metro station as a potential multi-modal transit hub in the region. Utilising the water as a mode of infrastructure explores the idea of developing a productive network between Coque and other ZEIS located along the banks of the waterways in Recife.

The productive capacity of Coque, as well as some of the other ZEIS located in the vicinity could be strengthened by viewing the current proposals for Joana Bezerra bus station and the existing metro station as a potential multi-modal transit hub in the region. Utilising the water as a mode of infrastructure explores the idea of developing a productive network between Coque and other ZEIS located along the banks of the waterways in Recife.

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29

Infrastructure lines are poorly connected to Coque, highlighting the segregation of the area

Infrastructure lines are poorly connected to Coque, highlighting the segregation of the area

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PRODUCTICE FRAMEWORK PRODUCTICE FRAMEWORK

Institutional, political, and economic organization and activities in Coque

Institutional, political, and economic organization and activities in Coque

Rules & regulations ZEIS ZAC – moderada ZAN ZECA’s island

Several small scale productive clusters are present within Coque, including recycling, shrimp farming, garments and food catering. The educational nodes and the political organization (which is comprised of local community leaders keen on bringing in reform) could help ZEIS’ inhabitants to organize institutional clusters in Coque, which could serve as drivers for scaling up the productive activities in the ZEIS. 32

Institutions Educational institutions Civic institutions Social institution

Infrastructure Barriers Entry points

Several small scale productive clusters are present within Coque, including recycling, shrimp farming, garments and food catering. The educational nodes and the political organization (which is comprised of local community leaders keen on bringing in reform) could help ZEIS’ inhabitants to organize institutional clusters in Coque, which could serve as drivers for scaling up the productive activities in the ZEIS. 33

Primary school, informal commerce, community engagement, and recreation in Coque

Primary school, informal commerce, community engagement, and recreation in Coque

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Recycling cottage industry inside Coque

Recycling cottage industry inside Coque

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POOR PHYSICAL SUPPORT POOR PHYSICAL SUPPORT

Poor quality housing fails to generate active streets to facilitate micro-commerce and/or small-scale production

Poor quality housing fails to generate active streets to facilitate micro-commerce and/or small-scale production

Despite being well connected, Coque cannot reach its productive potential if it lacks the spaces and financial means to facilitate economic activity. Poor quality stilt houses on precarious ground conditions along the water’s edge, highlight the difficult and unhealthy living conditions of the nearly 2000 poor quality housing units in Coque.

Despite being well connected, Coque cannot reach its productive potential if it lacks the spaces and financial means to facilitate economic activity. Poor quality stilt houses on precarious ground conditions along the water’s edge, highlight the difficult and unhealthy living conditions of the nearly 2000 poor quality housing units in Coque.

With the aid of MCMV and PAC programmes, new housing developments could be used to test spatial interventions which combine a response to the housing shortage, hygiene, health and safety, along with a typological investigation to incrementally expand the scale of existing production within the ZEIS.

With the aid of MCMV and PAC programmes, new housing developments could be used to test spatial interventions which combine a response to the housing shortage, hygiene, health and safety, along with a typological investigation to incrementally expand the scale of existing production within the ZEIS.

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Stilt housing on precarious ground conditions

Stilt housing on precarious ground conditions

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Mud flats where poor quality housing sprawls, prevent the use of the water´s edge as an active and productive border

Mud flats where poor quality housing sprawls, prevent the use of the water´s edge as an active and productive border

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CHAINS AND NETWORKS OF PRODUCTION CHAINS AND NETWORKS OF PRODUCTION

. EXISTING RESOURCES . PLUGGIN COQUE IN . RECYCLING IN COQUE

. EXISTING RESOURCES . PLUGGIN COQUE IN . RECYCLING IN COQUE

EXISTING RESOURCES EXISTING RESOURCES

Existing activities could be included into broader productive networks

Existing activities could be included into broader productive networks HEALTH MEDICAL HUB PUBLIC HOSPITALS

EDUCATIONAL PRIMARY SCHOOL UNIVERSITIES LIBRARY

CULTURAL CARNIVAL MUSIC INSTITUTE CULTURAL PROJECTS

INDUSTRY AUTOMOBILE REPAIR WORKSHOP METALLURGY INDUSTRY CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY

Coque has a number of productive activities already present within its territory. Cultural activities, a health centre, a primary school, and the deployment of recycling and sorting processes, provide the material to start integrating Coque with multiple scales of cultural, medical, educational and industrial clusters across Recife.

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Coque has a number of productive activities already present within its territory. Cultural activities, a health centre, a primary school, and the deployment of recycling and sorting processes, provide the material to start integrating Coque with multiple scales of cultural, medical, educational and industrial clusters across Recife.

47

PLUGGING COQUE IN PLUGGING COQUE IN

Coque as part of wider productive networks across Recife

Coque as part of wider productive networks across Recife

Different services, institutional, and productive clusters scattered across the territory offer material to start thinking about chains and webs of production. For instance, there are festivals and events at local and city scales, a medical hub adjacent to Coque´s north border across the river Capibaribe and different universities with programmes of cooperation with Coque´s community. In addition, Afogados is an area with several auto repair workshops and is well connected to the southern industrial corridor running to the Suape Port.

Through a combination of different types and scales of production, characteristics of adaptable entrepreneurialism already embedded within Coque´s community could produce a shift from a situation of economic dependency to self-sufficiency.

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Different services, institutional, and productive clusters scattered across the territory offer material to start thinking about chains and webs of production. For instance, there are festivals and events at local and city scales, a medical hub adjacent to Coque´s north border across the river Capibaribe and different universities with programmes of cooperation with Coque´s community. In addition, Afogados is an area with several auto repair workshops and is well connected to the southern industrial corridor running to the Suape Port.

Through a combination of different types and scales of production, characteristics of adaptable entrepreneurialism already embedded within Coque´s community could produce a shift from a situation of economic dependency to self-sufficiency.

COLLECTORS

C O O P E R AT I V E S

SMALL INDUSTRY CLUSTERS

BIG INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS

iNDUSTRIAL NETWORK E D U C AT I O N A L N E T W O R K H E A LT H & C U LT U R A L N E T W O R K

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RECYCLING IN COQUE RECYCLING IN COQUE

Existing recycling cooperatives in Recife

Existing recycling cooperatives in Recife

Amongst others, the recycling industry in Coque is one potential sequence of production that could be studied as an example.

The recycling taking place inside Coque could potentially be related to a multiplicity of formal and informal activities.

Six existing recycling cooperatives in Recife serve as cases exemplifying a productive combination and organization of relatively unskilled labour already present in Coque and simple infrastructural and typological support.

The presence of auto-repair workshops, metallurgic industry in Afogados, which is an area with relatively direct access, as well as a potential connection with other ZEIS using water as infrastructure, could increase the existing scale of production, driving a shift from cottage production to light industry.

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Amongst others, the recycling industry in Coque is one potential sequence of production that could be studied as an example.

The recycling taking place inside Coque could potentially be related to a multiplicity of formal and informal activities.

Six existing recycling cooperatives in Recife serve as cases exemplifying a productive combination and organization of relatively unskilled labour already present in Coque and simple infrastructural and typological support.

The presence of auto-repair workshops, metallurgic industry in Afogados, which is an area with relatively direct access, as well as a potential connection with other ZEIS using water as infrastructure, could increase the existing scale of production, driving a shift from cottage production to light industry.

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Multi-scalar territorial engagement through recycling activities

Multi-scalar territorial engagement through recycling activities

C O O PE RATI V E H U B

Recycling processes can be particularly relevant to test the possibilities of redefining urban transformation through the inclusion of informal activities in broader networks of production.

Existing recycling in Coque encompasses a series of stages, each articulating different scales and areas, using different modes of movement. The increase in the price of collected paper provides a sense of the value added through simple processes which are slipping away from Coque.

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STORAGE AND

PROCESSING

Recycling processes can be particularly relevant to test the possibilities of redefining urban transformation through the inclusion of informal activities in broader networks of production.

Existing recycling in Coque encompasses a series of stages, each articulating different scales and areas, using different modes of movement. The increase in the price of collected paper provides a sense of the value added through simple processes which are slipping away from Coque.

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Recycling Step 1: Collection

Recycling Step 1: Collection

Collection processes combine different sources and methods. Waste from factories, construction sites, offices, households and rivers are varied sources of collection.

Streets, high-streets and main roads, combine walking, vehicular, and potentially, waterways, as collecting methods.

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Collection processes combine different sources and methods. Waste from factories, construction sites, offices, households and rivers are varied sources of collection.

Streets, high-streets and main roads, combine walking, vehicular, and potentially, waterways, as collecting methods.

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Recycling Step 2: Storage and Processing

Recycling Step 2: Storage and Processing

Sorting processes work at different scales with cottage and/or light industrial typologies impacting the urban grain and fabric. Sequenced processes of storage, sorting and re-storage demand a spatial organization that inherently combines housing and production.

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Sorting processes work at different scales with cottage and/or light industrial typologies impacting the urban grain and fabric. Sequenced processes of storage, sorting and re-storage demand a spatial organization that inherently combines housing and production.

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Recycling Step 3: Distribution

Recycling Step 3: Distribution

Distribution processes call for a direct relation between production spaces with points of connection. Engaging other productive clusters with those in Coque, should simultaneously reflect and reformulate the impact of infrastructure elements such as stations, tracks and the water’s edge, aiming at transforming the fabric of Coque.

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Distribution processes call for a direct relation between production spaces with points of connection. Engaging other productive clusters with those in Coque, should simultaneously reflect and reformulate the impact of infrastructure elements such as stations, tracks and the water’s edge, aiming at transforming the fabric of Coque.

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2.3

MILLIONS OF REALS

PER YEAR

S U P P O R T I N G R E C Y C L I N G I N D U ST R Y

Typological development for scaling-up production 2

PROCESSING & S O RTI N G MATE R IALS

Typological development for scaling-up production

WATE R AS I N F RASTR U CTU R E

3

3 1

STORAGE

C O M E R C IALI SATI O N

COLLECTING

02 / 08 / 2014 ( P N R ) ALL RECYCLING INDUSTRIES IN BRASIL M U ST B E ALO CATE D I N C LO S E D S PAC E S PROCESSING

The insertion of existing productive activities into broader chains and webs of production should lead to the development of the fabric. A shift from cottage to light industry could orient housing processes to the creation of flexible typologies able to absorb combinations of productive and living spaces. Types should be able to incrementally evolve along with economic progress, as well as adapt to functional changes.

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The insertion of existing productive activities into broader chains and webs of production should lead to the development of the fabric. A shift from cottage to light industry could orient housing processes to the creation of flexible typologies able to absorb combinations of productive and living spaces. Types should be able to incrementally evolve along with economic progress, as well as adapt to functional changes.

RECYCLING WAREHOUSE CLEANED RIVER

BEDNDES F E D E R A L G O V E R M EN T

NEW MIXED USES PROTOTYPE

(SOC IAL FUND)

FUNTEC (TE C H N O LO GY & I N N O VATI O N )

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FUNTEC (technology and innovation) BENDES (social fund)

Recycling output could set into motion technological research and innovation potentially feeding back into housing programmes

20

government universities

private investrors

=

YEARS

PROJECTION

Recycling output could set into motion technological research and innovation potentially feeding back into housing programmes

GAS

1

RECYCLING ACROSS

2

RESEARCH & INVESTIGATION

2

STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION

4

DIFFERENT AREAS OF

M E TA L

A S P H A LT

DEVELOPEMENT OF NEW MATERIALS

PRODUCTION existing dwelling typology

10 Recycling cuts across different areas of production, its processes and outputs being able to potentially set into motion programmes on technological research (there is an existing federal government programme). In addition to including education purposes, these programmes could specifically build up research on innovative construction. In doing so, they would also be providing feedback on how MCMV and PAC programmes can be planned more efficiently, emphasising the importance of spaces of production in housing schemes.

A shift from cottage to light industry could orient housing processes to create flexible typologies able to absorb combinations of productive and living spaces. Types should be able to incrementally evolve along with economic progress, as well as adapt to functional changes. The insertion of existing productive activities into broader chains and webs of production should lead to the development of a productive fabric.

62

Recycling cuts across different areas of production, its processes and outputs being able to potentially set into motion programmes on technological research (there is an existing federal government programme). In addition to including education purposes, these programmes could specifically build up research on innovative construction. In doing so, they would also be providing feedback on how MCMV and PAC programmes can be planned more efficiently, emphasising the importance of spaces of production in housing schemes.

A shift from cottage to light industry could orient housing processes to create flexible typologies able to absorb combinations of productive and living spaces. Types should be able to incrementally evolve along with economic progress, as well as adapt to functional changes. The insertion of existing productive activities into broader chains and webs of production should lead to the development of a productive fabric.

YEARS

MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA

PROJECTION

& PA C

1

2

NEW INDUSTRIAL PROTOTYPE

3

OPTIMISATION OF PROCESSES

FORMATION OF COOPERATIVE

4

TRANSFORMATION OF WASTE

_energy (gas)

new industrial typologies

_construction _new materials

exixting empty industrial spaces

industry

wire metal asphalt

construction

cooperative

$

OUTPUTS _ C H A N G I N G T H E VA L U E S Y S T E M B Y B E AT I N G T H E M E D I ATO R S

institutions

_ G E N E R AT I N G E M P L O Y M E N T I N T H E A R E A _ T E C H N O L O G Y A N D I N N N O VAT I O N I N R E C Y C L I N G

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SPATIAL STRATEGY SPATIAL STRATEGY

. STIMULATING PRODUCTION . THE USE OF HOUSING PROGRAMMES . PRODUCTION SPINE . EXCHANGE SPINE

. STIMULATING PRODUCTION . THE USE OF HOUSING PROGRAMMES . PRODUCTION SPINE . EXCHANGE SPINE

STIMULATING PRODUCTION

A0 - PRODUCTION SPINE _ Incrementally upscaled production spaces included in housing typologies _ Water´s edge as differentiated space of connection and production

STIMULATING PRODUCTION

B0 - EXCHANGE SPINE

New social housing development, along with the design of mixed-use building typologies, which combine spaces for living, working and small scale production, are utilised as spatial systems to generate production-oriented environments.

New social housing development, along with the design of mixed-use building typologies, which combine spaces for living, working and small scale production, are utilised as spatial systems to generate production-oriented environments.

These systems of live-work spaces and platforms of exchange in Coque are strategically organized in two spines: a production spine and an exchange spine • Located along the eastern water’s edge of Coque, the production spine provides a mix of housing types and spaces for production in order to expand the productive capacity of the existing cottage industries.

• The exchange spine is adjacent to the R. Papa Joao Paulo II along the western border of Coque and aims to use the existing built and proposed infrastructure as a driver to set up transit oriented development.

These systems of live-work spaces and platforms of exchange in Coque are strategically organized in two spines: a production spine and an exchange spine • Located along the eastern water’s edge of Coque, the production spine provides a mix of housing types and spaces for production in order to expand the productive capacity of the existing cottage industries.

• The exchange spine is adjacent to the R. Papa Joao Paulo II along the western border of Coque and aims to use the existing built and proposed infrastructure as a driver to set up transit oriented development.

Three intermediate corridors run between the two spines providing for service, institutional, and commercial activities and exchanges.

• The production and exchange spines could be serviced by using part of the vacant land to the north to set up a service corridor.

• Some of the larger structures located towards the centre of Coque could be reused to develop an institutional cluster and spine.

• A corridor located along the existing metro line, close to the tube station, could be strengthened to aid and expand the existing commercial potential of Coque.

Three intermediate corridors run between the two spines providing for service, institutional, and commercial activities and exchanges.

• The production and exchange spines could be serviced by using part of the vacant land to the north to set up a service corridor.

• Some of the larger structures located towards the centre of Coque could be reused to develop an institutional cluster and spine.

• A corridor located along the existing metro line, close to the tube station, could be strengthened to aid and expand the existing commercial potential of Coque.

_ Coque´s opening and engagement through a multimodal hub _ Scale transition from self-built housing to infrastructure

S4

C0 - NORTH BORDER _ Water as an active means of contact to other productive areas

Spatial Strategy

C0

S3

Spatial Strategyv

66

1

A0

B0 2 S5

S1 3

S2

CONNECTING CORRIDORS 1 _Services corridor 2 _Institutional corridor 3 _Commercial corridor POINTS OF CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION S1 _Existing Metro / Bus Station S2/S3 _Proposed Boat Station S4/S5 _Proposed Boat stop

67

THE USE OF HOUSING PROGRAMMES

600 FAIXA 2 NEW UNITS

THE USE OF HOUSING PROGRAMMES

MCMV distinguishes three different bands (Faixas) splitting investment, projects and regulations according to the targeted family incomes. Faixa 1 target the lowest income groups, and is carried out through public investment, whereas Faixas 2 and 3 demand private investment. Since ZEIS regulations exclude private investment within their boundaries, the insertion of the latest two Faixas, into Coque would demand a revision of the legal framework of the ZEIS. Although relaxing development restrictions may raise social and political questions it is assumed in this work that the scale of engaging the economic development of the community in Coque with the rest of the city requires suggesting challenging alternatives.

MCMV distinguishes three different bands (Faixas) splitting investment, projects and regulations according to the targeted family incomes. Faixa 1 target the lowest income groups, and is carried out through public investment, whereas Faixas 2 and 3 demand private investment. Since ZEIS regulations exclude private investment within their boundaries, the insertion of the latest two Faixas, into Coque would demand a revision of the legal framework of the ZEIS. Although relaxing development restrictions may raise social and political questions it is assumed in this work that the scale of engaging the economic development of the community in Coque with the rest of the city requires suggesting challenging alternatives.

Faixa 1 is proposed for the PRODUCTION SPINE, to replace poor quality housing, include mixed typologies combining living and production premises and to accommodate new and expanding families.

Faixa 1 is proposed for the PRODUCTION SPINE, to replace poor quality housing, include mixed typologies combining living and production premises and to accommodate new and expanding families.

Faixa 2, which demands private investment is proposed for Isla do Seca, despite opinions about the protection of Isla do Seca from massive development pressure.

Faixa 2, which demands private investment is proposed for Isla do Seca, despite opinions about the protection of Isla do Seca from massive development pressure.

Faixa 3 is proposed for the EXCHANGE SPINE. A reformulation of the role of the underground station, highway and the proposed bus station could start setting up a series of relations between the improving productivity of Coque and other formal economic activities, which could potentially benefit from a combination of commercial spaces with higher standards of housing.

Faixa 3 is proposed for the EXCHANGE SPINE. A reformulation of the role of the underground station, highway and the proposed bus station could start setting up a series of relations between the improving productivity of Coque and other formal economic activities, which could potentially benefit from a combination of commercial spaces with higher standards of housing.

68

400 FAIXA 3 NEW UNITS

400 FAIXA 1 NEW UNITS

A07

Applying MCMV+PAC to Coque

A01

A06

A03

Applying MCMV+PAC to Coque

A02

AREAS 01+02+03+04+05+06 A05

TO REPLACE: 1800 UNITS

A04

NEW:

1400 UNITS

TOTAL:

3200 UNITS

AREA 07 - HOUSING PROJECT ALREADY IN PROGRESS

AREA 01

TO REPLACE: NEW:

0 UNITS 600 UNITS

MCMV+PAC

AREA 02

1100 UNITS 400 UNITS

MCMV

FAIXA 2

AREA 04

TO REPLACE: NEW:

TO REPLACE: NEW:

200 UNITS 0 UNITS

MCMV

FAIXA 1

AREA 05

TO REPLACE: NEW:

250 UNITS 0 UNITS

MCMV

TO REPLACE: NEW:

250 UNITS 0 UNITS

MCMV

FAIXA 1

AREA 03

FAIXA 1

AREA 06

TO REPLACE: NEW:

0 UNITS 400 UNITS

MCMV+PAC

FAIXA 1

FAIXA 3 69

PRODUCTION SPINE PRODUCTION SPINE

WATERFRONT INITIAL INTERVENTIONS DEFINING THE PRODUCTIVE SPINE A VARIETY OF MIXED-USE SMALLER-SCALE TYPES INCREMENTAL SCALE-UP COMBINING PRODUCTION AND INSTITUTIONAL SPACES

Incremental development of the Productice Spine

Incremental development of the Productice Spine 03 03

01 02 0 2

01

03

The production spine is designed to include The production spine is designed to include Faixa 1 live-work housing and incorporates Faixa 1 live-work housing and incorporates five key elements in its organization: five key elements in its organization: •

•

•

•

•

70

A reactive axis, which uses shop fronts with verandas to encourage active commercial exchange. The axis is bound to the water’s edge through a new boat station and the first of a phased set of interventions; and ties the new productive blocks with the existing cottage industry clusters.

An incrementally developed set of livework building types with a series of courtyards to facilitate production at the cottage industry level.

An active border along the water’s edge with yard spaces for goods and materials.

An addition of upper storeys for incrementally scaling up production to facilitate a shift from cottage to light industry.

Housing combined with a series of courts and spaces for community engagement and productive activity, which is tied up with the reactive axis.

•

•

•

•

•

A reactive axis, which uses shop fronts with verandas to encourage active commercial exchange. The axis is bound to the water’s edge through a new boat station and the first of a phased set of interventions; and ties the new productive blocks with the existing cottage industry clusters.

An incrementally developed set of livework building types with a series of courtyards to facilitate production at the cottage industry level.

An active border along the water’s edge with yard spaces for goods and materials.

An addition of upper storeys for incrementally scaling up production to facilitate a shift from cottage to light industry.

Housing combined with a series of courts and spaces for community engagement and productive activity, which is tied up with the reactive axis.

01

02 0 2

03

02 02

01

INITIAL INTERVENTIONS DEFINING THE PRODUCTIVE SPINE

02

A VARIETY OF MIXED-USE SMALLER-SCALE TYPES

03

INCREMENTAL SCALE-UP COMBINING PRODUCTION AND INSTITUTIONAL SPACES

01

PRODUCTIVE SPINE INTERMEDIATE CORRIDRS EXISTING RECYCLING COTTAGE INDUSTRY WATER´S ACTIVE EDGE SERIES OF INNER HOUSING DOMESTIC PRODUCTION SPACES SECONDARY CIRCUIT ENGAGING DOMESTIC PRODUCTION SPACES NEW MCMV HOUSING BLOCKS INCREMENTALLY ADDED TO EXISTING HOUSING EXISTING HOUSING

71

SHARED PATIOS

MIXED USES BUILDINGS (HOUSING/WORKSHOPS/RETAIL) UNDERUTILISED BORDER

A sequence of spaces combining productive support, community engagment and residential provision

PRODUCTIVE SEQUENCE MCMV NEW HOUSING UNIT

A sequence of spaces combining productive support, community engagment and residential provision

COMMUNITY WORKSHOPS

SE

CT

IO

N

A-

A´ COMMERCIAL SAPCES INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGY

SHARED OPEN PATIO

MCMV NEW HOUSING UNIT

COMMUNITY WORKSHOPS SOCIAL HOUSING UNITS

INDUSTRIAL TYPOLOGY SOCIAL HOUSING UNITS

SHARED OPEN PATIO

SHARED OPEN PATIO COMMERCIAL SPACES

SECTION A-A´

72

73

EXCHANGE SPINE EXCHANGE SPINE

TRANSIT ANSITT NODES N NO NODE NEW BUILT STRUCTURES RUCTTURES T R RES ES PUBLIC PATIOS’ PRIMARY MOVEMENT SYSTEM

The exchange spine is designed to include The exchange spine is designed to include Faixa 3 social housing and utilizes four key Faixa 3 social housing and utilizes four key tools in its design: tools in its design: •

•

•

•

74

Social housing and external investment is used as a driver to maximize the potential of an intermodal transport hub to open up Coque to the rest of the city.

The exchange spine connects a new aqua-bus station on the northern water’s edge of Coque with the existing tube station and creates along its length, a sequence of residential, production and commercial spaces.

Despite the reluctance of community leaders in Coque to reformulate the ZEIS boundary, the concentration of mobility infrastructure with its complex conditions, currently prevents housing from being accommodated within this area. The buildings types concentrate commercial use mainly towards the infrastructure elements, while spaces for residential and community life are located closer to the favela.

A transition of scale is maintained between the taller buildings planned towards the multi-storey forum block and shorter forms near Coque.

COQUE EXISTING HOUSING

•

•

•

•

Social housing and external investment is used as a driver to maximize the potential of an intermodal transport hub to open up Coque to the rest of the city.

The exchange spine connects a new aqua-bus station on the northern water’s edge of Coque with the existing tube station and creates along its length, a sequence of residential, production and commercial spaces.

Despite the reluctance of community leaders in Coque to reformulate the ZEIS boundary, the concentration of mobility infrastructure with its complex conditions, currently prevents housing from being accommodated within this area. The buildings types concentrate commercial use mainly towards the infrastructure elements, while spaces for residential and community life are located closer to the favela.

A transition of scale is maintained between the taller buildings planned towards the multi-storey forum block and shorter forms near Coque.

COMMON SHARED FACILITIES INFORMAL MARKET AREA MCMV HOUSING FAIXA 1/2

Using infrastructure to engage new stakeholders and open Coque to other productive activitties across Recife

Using infrastructure to engage new stakeholders and open Coque to other productive activitties across Recife MCMV HOUSING FAIXA AIX XA X A 2/3 2/ 2/3 /3

COMMERCIAL/ ER / OFFICE FICE FI CE SPACE SPAC SP ACE

PUBLIC FACILITIES

HIGHWAY BARRIER

GROUND- PUBLIC FACILITIES MCMV HOUSING FAXIA 2/3

JUDICIAL DIC L FORUM O UM OR M

5 75

CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS

New social housing development and the design of mixed-use building typologies, are utilised as spatial systems to generate production-oriented environments

New social housing development and the design of mixed-use building typologies, are utilised as spatial systems to generate production-oriented environments

The objective of this study has been to explore the role of housing processes in the creation of a more productive territory and to innovate existing programmes of MCMV and PAC. As an area of stigmatization, social exclusion and economic dependency, Coque has been used as a testing ground. It is argued that a series of spatial interventions aiming to redefine the inclusion of production spaces can incorporate informal conditions and economic activities into broader networks of production, producing mutual benefits through housing processes and programmes and a requalification of water as a mode of infrastructure that promotes territorial engagement across different scales.

The project is presented as a process, which starts by establishing specific relations between different types and scales of production, before incrementally evolving to define the development of an adaptable and resilient urban fabric. In doing so, it pays attention to different scenarios of working, living and production in the area. It pushes for a focussed shift in investment – public and private, from land redistribution to local businesses, infrastructural support, provision of technical development, vocational training, education, etc. and other aspects defining the quality of life.

78

The objective of this study has been to explore the role of housing processes in the creation of a more productive territory and to innovate existing programmes of MCMV and PAC. As an area of stigmatization, social exclusion and economic dependency, Coque has been used as a testing ground. It is argued that a series of spatial interventions aiming to redefine the inclusion of production spaces can incorporate informal conditions and economic activities into broader networks of production, producing mutual benefits through housing processes and programmes and a requalification of water as a mode of infrastructure that promotes territorial engagement across different scales.

The project is presented as a process, which starts by establishing specific relations between different types and scales of production, before incrementally evolving to define the development of an adaptable and resilient urban fabric. In doing so, it pays attention to different scenarios of working, living and production in the area. It pushes for a focussed shift in investment – public and private, from land redistribution to local businesses, infrastructural support, provision of technical development, vocational training, education, etc. and other aspects defining the quality of life.

79

ILLUSTRATIONS

ILLUSTRATIONS P. 11 https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl P. 21 https://panoramio.com P. 25 https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl P. 31 TOP LEFT: https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl BOTTOM RIGHT: https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl P. 35 BOTTOM LEFT: httpo://globo.globo.com P. 37 BOTTOM RIGHT: https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&tab=wl P. 51 TOP LEFT: http://daed.com.br/comercionet/index. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Item id=46 TOP RIGHT: Nadja Granja BOTTOM LEFT: Nadja Granja BOTTOM RIGHT: http://daed.com.br/comercionet/index. php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Item id=46 80

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