Reed filter Tower - 3D Nature - The Why Factory - TU Delft (2014)

Reed filter Tower

Reed filter Tower

“3D Nature”

“3D Nature”

t?f

t?f

Niels van der Salm

Niels van der Salm

February 2014

February 2014

Tutors: Tihamér Salij ( 3D nature studio) Arend van Waart (Future models)

Tutors: Tihamér Salij ( 3D nature studio) Arend van Waart (Future models)

4020642

4020642

Reed filter Tower “3D Nature”

t?f The Why Factory

Niels van der Salm 4020642

February 2014 Tutors: Tihamér Salij ( 3D nature studio) Arend van Waart (Future models) Winy Maas (MVRDV)

Table of content Introduction

p. 7

1. Water purification 2. Targets 3. Water cycles 4. Fermentation and energy 5. Reed filter system 6. Volume and voxels 7. Building configuration 8. Reed filter tower design

p. 9 p. 13 p. 17 p. 35 p. 45 p. 57 p. 73 p. 85

Appendix

p. 103

Introduction The Reed filter tower design is part of the design studio “3D Nature� of The Why Factory. In this studio we did research on the topic of how to combine architecture and urbanism with nature. In the last phase of the studio each student did research on one topic. We had to design a residential building or tower combined with added elements of nature. The residential tower has a program of 100 households with each 3 persons. There were different categories in which you could choose a topic: Food-production, Biodiversity, Leisure and Purifiers/Energizers.

The reed filter tower is part of the purification/energizers category.

The Research will mainly focus on the purification of wastewater and will further look for possibilities to gain energy and minerals out of the waste water.

8

1.

Water Purification

Why should we need a water purification tower?

One of the things you could say about The Netherlands is that it has a lot of water. So why should we need a water purification tower in The Netherlands? That’s because even in The Netherlands there’s a growing scarcity of fresh and clean drinking water, due to contamination, increasing drought periods and salinization of aquifers 1.

Most of the drinking water in The Netherlands comes from groundwater, which is often very clean and needs almost none treatment.

But groundwater levels fall and become salinated, so more water needs to be gathered from surface water, which needs more treatment due to higher contamination. The result is a more intensive purifications treatment, which increasingly cost more energy and investments 1.

The Netherlands is one of the countries with increasing rainwater deficits 2, that because we also use a lot of water in the intensive agricultural and livestock farming industries.

* Water scarcity * Contamination of water * Salinization of aquifers * Increasing drought * Energy and money saving * Precipitation deficit

So why can’t we reduce our waste-water output and purify the wastewater by ourselves, in a natural way and with little energy.

The reed-filter tower I made, purifies your own wastewater on an natural way by reed bed filters and uses very little energy. Just a small amount of the water gets purified with installations, which are very energy sufficient.

Sources: 1.Prof.dr. Johan Woltjer, RUG (2012) 2. Scientias.nl (2012, 2014)

11

See Appendix: “Sources chapter 1”

12

2.

Targets

Performance Main Target:

10 Se in (N

Be 100% self-sufficient in water-use with only using rainwater supply. The waste-water has to get purified with reed-bed filters for re-use.

Reed-bed purification: Wastewater can be purified in an natural way by the use of a reed-bed purification system. The bacteria in the soil of the reeds purify the water, by breaking off the contaminants. The reeds are providing oxygen for these bacteria and thereby maintain the purifying process.

Minerals and energy in wastewater: The aim is to look at the wastewater as a source of energy and minerals, it’s more than just waste. Waste water contains a lot of minerals like phosphates and nitrates, which are used in fertilizers. The wastewater can also be used as a supply for fermentation into biogas. The average temperature of wastewater is 23 °C, which means we flush a lot of (potential) energy through the sewer.

100% self-sufficient in water-use.

BIO-gas No wastewater outflow.

fermentation

Improving living quality: The reeds could be beneficial for the living environment within in the tower as well for the urban environment.

View on the reeds, water ponds (with fish) and flowers can improve the living quality within the tower.

The plants and ponds can also reduce the ‘Heat Island”effect in urban area’s just like green-roofs do. By evaporation these plants can cool the surrounding area.

The reeds can also attract animals like birds, on the other hand they might also attract unwanted animals or insects, this is something that should be prevented.

15

P 7 p

List of targets: • • • • • • •

Purify wastewater with reed-bed filters Re-use of grey-water Re-use of Rainwater + energy Reduction of water the “Heat Island Effect” Gain out of waste Reed-bed(filter) landscape park Reduce blackwater output by Vacuum toilets.

Produce Biogas by fermentation of human feces, organic waste and biomass from cutting reeds.

• Gain minerals and fertilizers out of the wastewater.

• Regain heat out of the wastewater by heat exchangers.

• Improve the living quality within the tower by adding the reed-beds to the tower as main natural element.

16

3.

Water cycles

First step: Reduce water-use

First step: Reduce the water-use

120.1

First step: Reduce water-use

Liter per person/ day

93.9

day 120.1Liter per person/ 93.9 Liter per person/ day

Liter per person/ day

= - 26.2 l/p.p./day - 22% = - 26.2- 22% l/p.p./day By using Vacuumtoilet Vacuumtoilet uses only 1l per flush By using a vacuum toilet you can reduce the water-use by 22%

By using uses only 1l per flush

Daily water-use and wastewater production:

The average daily water consumption of a Dutch person is 121.1 litres. Almost 30% of the water is used for flushing the toilet. The wastewater generated by toilets is called “blackwater”. Blackwater is the most contaminated water a household produces and thereby the type of wastewater that needs the most effort and treatment to purify. All the water which is not coming out of the toilet is called “Grey”water, which is less contaminated.

Reduce the water-use by vacuum toilet:

and reduce the outflow of (highly) contaminated blackwater by 77.7%. The vacuum toilet only uses 1 litres per flush. The contamination in the remaining 7.5 litres of blackwater is then far more concentrated and makes is therefore suitable for fermentation into biogas or fertilizer.

See Appendix: “Water-use”

19

20

Watercycle with different water-types Different water qualities and wastewater types: The water cycle contains different types of input and output water-types. The outflow of wastewater is divided in two water-types like earlier described: grey-water and blackwater. The wastewater gets purified into one of two water qualities. The most treated water is: “Water-quality 1”, which complies drinking water quality. A large amount of the daily water-use needs to be drinking water quality due to strict legislations. A small part of the daily water-use can be of less water quality, which is called “water-quality 2” in this project. Water quality 2 can be used mainly for cleaning and flushing toilets.

Total water-use

93.9 Liters

per person/ day INPUT:

water-use Grey water

86.4 Liters

per person/ day 92% OUTPUT:

See Appendix: “Water-use”

21

Bath Show Sink Vac Laun Laun Was Was Coo Coff Wat Othe

Blackwater

7.5

Liters per person/ day 8% 22

Different inflow and outflow water-types Total water-use

93.9 Liters

per person/ day

1.4 Liters

Cooking

1.5%

0.6 Liters 0.6%

1.2 Liters

Drinking

1.3%

Coffee & Thee

51.4 Liters

Bathing & Showering

Water quality I

64.9

Liters per person/ day 69%

54.8%

5.0 Liters 5.3%

Sink

86.4 Liters

per person/ day 92%

Water quality II

15.4 Liters

Laundry

Liters per person/ day 31%

6.1 Liters

Dishwasher

Blackwater

5.3 Liters

Cleaning & Others

Liters per person/ day 8%

7.5 Liters

Toilet

29

16.4%

6.5%

5.6%

See Appendix: “Water-use�

23

Grey water

8.0%

7.5

24

Water purification The water needs to be purified into different water-qualities. First the grey-water and the blackwater come together in the grease trap. The grey and blackwater were first separated because of the fermentation of the blackwater, which will be explained later. After the fermentation the residue will be first treated in a septic tank before its comes together with the grey-water in the grease-trap.

After the grease trap and the pump station the grey-water will be purified into “water-quality 2” by the reed-bed filter. After purifying, the water is collected in a pond. The pond functions as a natural water storage, which is needed to withstand drought periods. Water plants and fish will keep the water clean. Because of evaporation some water gets lost, which needs to be replaced by rainwater.

For the use of drinking water, the water will be treated one step further with the “Puralytics”purification system and collected in water-storage tank.

Evaporation

Rainwater

per person/ day 13.6%

Liters per person/ day 17.9%

12.8 Liters

16.8

Water quality II

Grey water

86.4 Liters

29 Liters

per person/ day 92%

per person/ day 31%

Grease trap 1 m2 Blackwater Residue

3.5 Liters

per person/ day 3.7%

25

See Appendix: “Calculations”

Septic tank

Pump station 1 m2

2.2 m3 1.52 m2

Reedfilter 21.6 m3 18 m2

Water quality I

8 m3 6.6 m2

Puralytics system Waterstorage tank

0.16 m2

64.9 Liters per person/ day 69%

0.4 m3 26

Water-cycle overview Water quality I

64.9

Liters per person/ day 69%

Total water-use

93.9

Liters per person/ day

Waterloss during process

Blackwater

7.5

8%

Liters per person/ day

4.0 Liters per person/ day = 4.3% Fermentation

water-use Water quality II

Grey water

Liters per person/ day 31%

per person/ day 92%

86.4 Liters

29

Rainwater Water storage tank

16.8

Liters per person/ day 17.9%

Septic tank

Evaporation

Purified grey water

77.1

12.8

Liters per person/ day 13.6%

Liters per person/ day 82.1%

Grease trap

Blackwater Residue

3.5 Liters

per person/ day 3.7%

pump station

Reedfilter Puralytics system 27

Pond See Appendix: “Calculations�

28

Waterloss Needs to be filled with Rainwater During the fermentation of the blackwater into biogas some of the water will get lost out of the system: 4 litres per person a day. By evaporation of water in the reed-beds and the pond another 12.8 litres per person a day will vanish. The evaporation values are based on yearly averages, in summer there will be far more evaporation, in winter nearly zero. The water-loss has to be replaced by Rainwater supply, this means for each person in the tower 16.8 litres per day.

Waterloss = Needed Rainwater

Toilet

Blackwater

4.0

Liters per person/ day 4.26% 29

+

Evaporation

12.8

Liters per person/ day 13.6%

=

Needed Rainwater

16.8

Liters per person/ day 17.86%

See Appendix: “Rainwater””, ‘Evaporation”& Waterloss

30

Waterloss Needs to be filled with Rainwater

- 12.8

Evaporation Liters per person/ day 13.6%

Grey water

86.4

Liters per person/ day 92%

Pond Water-loss Blackwater fermentation

- 4.0

Liters per person/ day 4.3 %

Purified grey water

77.1

Liters per person/ day 82.1%

+

Needed Rainwater

16.8

Liters per person/ day 17.9%

=

Total water-use Total water supply

93.9

Liters per person/ day

See Appendix: “Rainwater””, ‘Evaporation”& Water buffer

31

32

“Puralytics” system The “Puralytics” system combines nano-technology and UV-light to purify contaminated water into drinking water. The system has won many prices in the United States.

The system is used to purify the water from the pond one step further into drinking water quality. The water which is purified with the reed filters may not be used as drinking water or for the use of body hygiene due to strict legislation. The water quality is simply not good enough after purification with reed-bed filters. This is one of the rare systems which is able to do it.

The device is roughly the size of an desktop computer. It has a very low energy-use of 635 Watt, this is similar to the energy usage of three big flat screens.

The system has a capacity of 757 to 1892 litres a day, which means the system can purify the water needs of roughly 12 to 29 people each day: • 757 litres/day / 64.9 litres p.p./day = 11.66 people • 1892 litres/day / 64.9 litres p.p./day = 29.15 people The system requires very little maintenance because there are no filters or membrane which have to cleaned. It destroys all the contaminants instead filter it.

See Appendix: “Puralytics””

33

Puralytics “Shield” device: • Purifies water out of the pond into Drinking water • Capacity: 757 liter - 1892 liters /day • Energy use: 635 Watt • No Chemicals storage • Destroys contaminants instead of filter or divert them into waste.

Source: http://www.puralytics.com/html/shield.php

34

4.

Fermentation & Energy

Fermentation plant

Blackwater sludge from vacuumtoilet Organic waste from households

The fermentation plant uses co-fermentation of different biomass to produce biogas. three different types of biomass are used: Blackwater from vacuum toilets, biomass from cutting reeds and organic waste of households.

The fermentation process is more (cost) efficient on a bigger scale. That’s why the tower has 8 fermentation plants which each cover 13 to 14 households.

37

Biomass from cutting reeds

See Appendix: “Fermentation””

38

Bio Fermentation Plant

One plant per 14 households = 42 persons

n Plant

Residue Blackwater Residue Blackwater persons

BiooutFermentation Plant of fermentationtank Septic

= 42

3.5

One plant per 14 households Liters = 42 persons tank Organic waste Blackwater Residue

0.46

per person/ day 3.7%

out of fermentationtank

Bio-gass tank

per person/day

Organic waste

Biogass yield 3 m3/day

Septic tank

Per household

7%

78.1 m3/year

Blackwater

tank

8%

7.5Liters per person/ day 8%

Bio-fertilizer tank 1

Biogass yield

3 m3/day Bio-gass tank Biogas production:

0.46 Blackwater 7.5 Liters per person/ day per person/day

Bio-gass tank

Biogass yield

of total need per Household

3 m3/day

Bio-gass Heat

Bio-fertilizer tank 2

per person/ day 3.7% Residue

Blackwater

3.5 Liters Biogas production: per person/ day Per household 3.7%

7%

tank 1

m3/day

Bio-fertilizer tank 1

of total need per Household

78.1 m3/year

Biogas production: PerHeat household

7%

21 MJ/m3 of total need per Household

78.1 m3/year

21 MJ/m3

Bio fertilizerBio-fertilizer

0.26

3.5Liters

Heat

Fermentation 21 MJ/m3 Bio-gass Fermentation tank

Residue Blackwater

Bio fertilizer

0.26

m3/day

Bio fertilizer

0.26

Bio-fertilizer tank 2

m3/day

Bio-fertilizer

1095 m3/year 14 households = 78.1 m3/per household year = 7% 2 (2004) Freiburg Source: Wohnen &tank Arbeiten

1095 m3/year 14 households = 78.1 m3/per household year = 7% Source: Wohnen & Arbeiten (2004) Freiburg

1095 m3/year 14 households = 78.1 m3/per household year = 7% Source: Wohnen & Arbeiten (2004) Freiburg

39

See Appendix: “Fermentation””

40

“Plant-E” system A new technique invented by Wageningen University called “Plant-E” gains energy out of growing (wetland) plants like reeds.

If combined with the reed-bed filters this system could possibly produce electricity for each household.

Electricity out of (wetland) plants: 14 - 28 kWh/m2/year (theoretically) 18 m2 x 24 kWh/ year = 504 kWh per household/ year = 12.2 % of household use 18 m2 x 14 kWh/ year = 252 kWh per household/ year = 6.1 % of household use

http://www.plant-e.com/ Marjolein Helder, PhD, MSc. - CEO David Strik, PhD, MSc. - CTO See Appendix: “Plant-E”

41

42

Total Waste(water) Cycle The total waste(water) cycle that the tower can recycles almost 100% of the wastewater and uses the organic waste and blackwater for producing biogass. The produced biogas covers 7 % of the towers gas needs.

The “plant-E”system gains electricity out of growing reeds, which theoretically can cover 6 - 12% of the towers needs.

Organic waste

Total water-use

93.9

Liters per person/ day

88 grams

Blackwater Vacuümtoilet

7.5

8%

per person/year

Liters per person/ day Blackwater Residue

3.5 Liters

water-use

86.4

Water quality II

Liters per person/ day 69%

Liters per person/ day 31%

64.9

92%

29

Rainwater

16.8 Liters

per person/ day 17.9%

Waterloss during process

per person/ day 3.7%

Liters per person/ day

Evaporation

12.8 Liters

per person/ day 13.6%

per person/ day = 4.3%

Grease trap

Bio-fertilizer tank 2 Bio fertilizer

Reedfilter Puralytics system 43

Purified Grey water

77.1

82.1%

Liters per person/ day

Bio-gass tank

Bio-fertilizer tank 1

pump station

Pond

4.0 Liters

Septic tank

Grey water Water quality I

Bio-gass Fermentation tank

0.26

m3/day

Bio-gass Boiler Heat

21 MJ/m3

Biogass yield

3 m3/day

Total biogas production

7 % of total need Plant-E system:

Electricity out of growing reeds: 14-28 kWh/m2/year 6 - 12 %

44

5.

Reed-bed Filter system

Different types of reed-bed filters Surface flow Reedbed

Subsurface Horizontal flow

m2 per person

10 - 15 m2/ p.p.

6 - 10 m2/ p.p.

Efficiency

Primary or secunairy treatment

Primary, secunairy tertairy treatment

Freedom design

Ratio 1:1 or 1:3

Soil depth

400 mm - 600 mm

Mechanics needed 47

The “Vertical flow” reed-bed filter is most effective and uses the least amount of space. Only the soil depth is a little more high. Another benefit of the “Vertical flow” system is the freedom in design.

Little

Ratio 1:1 or 1:3 600 mm - 800 mm Little

Vertcical flow Reedbed

2 - 6 m2/ p.p.

Primary - Quadrairy treatment Freeform 800 mm - 1200 mm

Few See Appendix: “Reedfilter”

48

“Vertical flow” reed-bed filter The scheme shows the different components of the system. The first two element are the grease trap and the pump-station, they are part of the pre-treatment of the water, to filter the first contaminations out of the water.

The second step is the reed-bed filter itself. The wastewater gets sprayed equally over the reed-bed once or twice a day.

In the following process, the water penetrates trough the soil. The soil has three different layers: the upper-layer is sand, then gravel and the bottom-layer is made out of course pebbles with a 10-20 cm diameter. The water gets purified by bacteria in the soil which live in the root-system of the reeds.

Grease trap

49

1 m2 height: 1200 mm

Pump station

1 m2 height: 1200 mm

The bacteria live there because of the marshy soil in combination with oxygen supply from the reeds. The bacteria break-down various types of contaminations and thereby purify the water.

Thereafter the water is collected in a pond. The pond must contain different (purifying) plants and fish to maintain the right water quality.

The life span of one reed-bed is 12 to 25 years, after that period the soil has to be replaced and new reeds has to be grown.

The soil will be full of organic contaminations which can be used as fertilizer. Furthermore the reeds has to be pruned once or twice a year.

See Appendix: “Reedfilter”

Reedfilter

6 m2/p.p = 18 m2 soil depth: 1200 mm

Pond

8 m3 per household soil depth: 1200 mm = 6.8 m2

50

Reed-filter: plants used for system

51

Jointed twigrush (Baumea articulata) Height 2- 2.5 m Full sun Water/soil depth 1- 1.5 m Nesting of bird: Bittern

Variegated Striped Rush (Baumea rubiginosa) Height: 1m Full sun or shade Water/soil depth 0.25m

Marsh clubrush (bolboschoenus fluviatilis) Height: 1.5 - 2.5m Full Sun

Tall Spike Rush (Eleocharis sphacelata) Height 1- 2 m Full Sun - 50% shade Water/soil depth: 0.5 - 2m Habitat & nesting water birds

Lepironia articulata Height 3-4 m Full Sun - 50% shade Water/soil depth: 0.5 - 1.5 m Often occurs in acid sulphate soils

Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Height: 4 m Full sun Water/soil depth: 0.25 - 1 m

River Club Rush (Schoenoplectus validus) Height: 3 m Full Sun - 50% shade Water/soil depth: 0.5 - 1m

Bulrush (Typha orientalis) Height 2.5 - 4 m Full Sun Water/soil depth: 0.25 m

Source: Tony Allan, 2011 & Lismore city council

Habitat for native water birds, frogs, insects and young fish.

52

Conclusion The reeds all need a lot of sunlight and have a height in between 1 and 4 metres. The soil depth of 1.2 meter is suited for almost all the reeds. Some of the reeds can attract certain birds or other animals.

Full sun - 50% Shade Height: 1.0 - 4.0 m Soildepth: 0.5 - 1.5 m Full sun: > 6 hrs./day 50% Shade: 4 - 6 hrs./day

53

54

Pond

Size: Fish: 1.

Fish eat musquito’s (larve), wurms and other insects and can be nice to look at for leisure.

Height: 1.2 m Area: 6.8 m2 > 8 m2 Volume: 8 m3 Evaporation: 10.88 liters /day

1. Sunfish 2. Ide (Fish)

1.2 m

2.

Waterbuffer: 1.

2.

Aquatic plants:

1.Yellow iris: purifer, flowers 2. Calamus: purifer, nice smell 3. Ferns (arsenic), and others Some aquitic plants can purify the water even further. some have flower and others can have a nice smell

Evaporation: 55

Evporation in the pond contributes in cooling the area during summer, thereby it also contributes against the “Heat island” effect in cities.

8 m3 = 8000 liters Can stand drought periods of 25 days (93.9 x 3) = 281 liters per household/ day Evaporation during summer 5.5 liters/m2/ day 5.5 liters/m2/ day x 6.8 m2 = 37.4 liters/ day Total lost by consumption and evapoartion = 318.4 liters/ day 8000 liters / 318.4 liters/ day waterloss =

25 days

Shadow:

The pond needs shadow to prevent algua growth and reduce evaporation, the reeds provide the needed shadow in the design.

Look for calculation in Appendix: “Volumes” , “Rainwater”& “Water buffer”

56

6.

Volumes & Voxels

Elements & Volumes Evaporation 12.8 Liters

Rain: 16.8 Liters

29 Liters

Grey water

86.4 Liters

per person/ day 92%

per person/ day 31%

1 m2

Grease trap

1 m2 Pump station

Reedfilter

18 m2 Residue Blackwater 3.5 Liters 2.2 m3 1.52 m2

Septic tank

Blackwater

Vacuümtoilet + instalation 1 m2 + 1 m2

per person/ day 3.7%

Waterloss in system 4.0 Liters per person/ day 4.3%

7.5

Liters per person/ day 8%

Water quality II

6 m3

Bio-gass Fermentation tank

Bio-gass tank

9 m3

0.16 m2

8 m3 6.8 m2

puralytics 0.4 m3

Waterstorage tank

Water quality I

64.9 Liters

Bio-fertilizer tank 1

per person/ day 69% Bio-fertilizer tank 2

14 m3

3 m3 Bio fertilizer 0.26 m3/day

Biogas production: Per household

7%

of total need per Household

78.1 m3/year

59

Look for calculation in Appendix: “Volumes” , “Reedfilter”& “Fermentation”

Source:“Wohnen und Arbeiten” Freiburg (2004)

60

Elements & Volumes The upper row of elements are part of the fermentationplant. Each fermentation-plant covers 13-14 households.

The lower row of elements are used for the reed-bed filter system which are placed on each apartment.

1.5 m3

Pump Vacuumtoilet

3 m3

Bio-fertilizer tank 2

14 m3

Bio-fertilizer tank 1

9 m3 6 m3

Bio-gass tank 0.8 m2

2.2 m3

Septic tank

Bio-gass Fermentation tank

0.16 m2

Water tank

1 m2 1 m2

6.8 m2

Grease trap

18 m2

Pump station

Puralytics system

Pond

61

Reedfilter

62

Needed nature voxels per household The nature-voxel has a minimum height of 2.2 - 3.2 metres. The soildepth is constantly 1.2 metres. The height of the reeds can vary dependent on the type of reed that’s been used from 1 - 4 meters, but in the design only reeds from 1 - 2 metres are used.

A total of 1.7 nature-voxels per household are used, which is 27.4 m2. Also mechanical elements are included.

+

1-2m 16 m2

11.4 m2

1.2 m

Nature voxel:

1.7 Nature voxel = 27.4 m2

Soil depth (max.) = 1.2 m Area: 27.4 m2 of nature voxel included all system requirements Excl.= 26.8 m2

0.8 m2 0.4 m3

0.16 m2

Water tank

1 m2 1-2m

1 m2

1.2 m

6.8 m2

Grease trap

Reedfilter :

Soildepth: 1.2m Height of reeds: 1 - 2 m Total height: 2.2 - 3.2 m max height: 3.2 0.5 -0.8m left for construction Look for calculation in Appendix: “Volumes” & “Reedfilter”

63

Pump station

Puralytics system

1.2 m

Pond

18 m2

(8 m3)

Reedfilter

(21.6 m3)

64

Needed (Fermentation) voxels: per 13 households 0.6 Fermentation voxel in m3 = 35.7 m3 (without max. height)

3m

(Max. Height) 1.5 m3

0.8 Fermentation voxel = 13 m2 (Max. height of 3 m) 1m left for construction

Pump Vacuumtoilet

3 m3

3m

14 m3 9 m3

Bio-fertilizer tank 2 Bio-fertilizer tank 1

6 m3 Bio-gass tank 2.2 m3 65

Septic tank

Bio-gass Fermentation tank

Look for calculation in Appendix: Volumes Source:“Wohnen und Arbeiten� Freiburg (2004)

66

Needed tocollection collect Needed surfacerainwater for rainwater 16.8

Liters per person/ day 17.86%

x

3 pers per Household

=

50.4

5040

Liters per household / day

Liters

per Tower/ day

Average Rainfall (NL) 2.2 Liters/ m2/ day Amount which remains due to evaporation: 80% (2.2 x 0.8) 1.8 Liters/m2/day

Needed area For rainwater collection: 5040 Liters per tower ______________________ 1.8 Liter / m2 =

2800 m2 Exposed rooftop

5.04 m3 rainwater/ day Look for calculation in Appendix: Rainwater

67

68

Voxelization: Different voxel-types

Nature(reed) voxel: 2740 m2 = 171.25 voxels Fermentation: 102.4 m2 = 6.4 voxels

Fermentation voxels: 8 fermenation plants x 0.8 voxel = 6.4 voxels = 102.4 m2 Nature voxels (reedfilter): 100 x 27.4= 2740 m2 = 171.25 Nature voxels max height: 3.2 m Housing voxels: 700 voxels x 112 m2 = 78400 m2 Rainwater collecting voxels: 13.2 voxels = 2800 m2 Exposed to rain Rooftop

69

Housing: 78400 m2 = 700 voxels

Rainwater collection: 2800m2 = 175 voxels

70

Voxelization: Required surface Housing: 78400 m2 = 700 voxels

Rainwater collection: 2800m2 = 175 voxels

Fermentation: 102.4 m2 = 6.4 voxels

Nature(reed) voxel: 2740 m2 = 171.25 voxels

The tower needs a rainwater surface of 2800 m2. Underneath this surface a minimum of four stories is needed to cover the required space for housing. The nature-voxels, including the whole reedfilter system covers almost the same area a the area required for rainwater collection. The fermentation plants need only 6.4 voxels.

71

72

7.

Building Configuration

Requirements Tower Requirements of the tower

1-2 m

1.2 m

hrs/day 2400 m2 2800 m2 >6 Full Sun Reedfilter + Pond Exposed rooftop 28 m2 per houshold

Sunhours average (yearly)

Soil depth: 1.2 m

18 m2 (reedfilter)

Height reeds: 1-2

per household = 1.1 Voxel

Total height: 2.2 - 3.2 m

Testing in grasshopper: I used the Grasshopper script provided by my tutor (Arend van Waart), the “Nature maker 1.3.1” for testing designs on sunlight and exposed surface and rainfall collection. A few of the designs were made during the “lego tower exercises” other models were newly 75

made based on archetype studies done by the modelling group ( Firat Isik, Fang Ting Lim and Calcen Chan).

In able to compare all the models with each other, I scaled the models in Rhino so they each had about 700 voxels. Then I tested them on sunlight exposure, exposed surface and collected rainwater.

76

Testing in grasshopper Which archetype collects most rainwater & sunlight and has most rooftop surface?

Sunlight:

hrs/day

Sunlight:

5477

3168 m2 712 voxels in total

6.49

6.97

m3 Rainwater / day

hrs/day

m3 Rainwater / day

Sunlight:

2889

hrs/day

3879

8480 m2 658 voxels in total

8.55

10.87

m3 Rainwater / day

hrs/day

m3 Rainwater / day

Sun Hours: 1636 m3 rainwater 7.32 /day 3328 m2 exposed surface

Sunlight:

Terraced

Terraced 2

1586 hrs /day

4496 hrs /day

<6h 6-9h >9h

<6h 6-9h >9h

<6h 6-9h >9h

0 71 57

4.71 m3 water/day

128 voxels x 16m2 = 2048 m2 0 0 128

4.71 m3 water/day

4293

hrs/day

Sunlight:

2599

5872 m2 704 voxels in total

7102 m2 699 voxels in total

12.91

10.63

m3 Rainwater / day

hrs/day

Twisted tower

m3 Rainwater / day

Terraced 3

1347 hrs /day 128 voxels x 16m2 = 2048 m2

340 voxels x 16m2 = 5440 m2 0 0 340

12.51 m3 water/day

Archetype analysis: By “Modelling group”:(Firat Isik, Fang Ting Lim and Calcen Chan)

Results of the Archetype study by the Modelling group: (Firat Isik, Fang Ting Lim and Calcen Chan)

77

Sunlight:

7488 m2 704 voxels in total

07 TERRACED

VOXELIZED ARCHETYPES

2068

2952 m2 702 voxels in total

The best shapes with the most sunlight exposure and rainwater were: The Hexagonal pyramid, the Dish and “terraced 3”, the spiral was also performing well on sunlight exposure, the Dish had less performance on sunlight.

Valley

Sunlight: 3737 hrs/day

Mountain 1

Sun Hours: 3843

Exposed surface: 7216m2

m3 rain 17.88 /day

15.88 m3 Rainwater / day

8128 m2 exposed surface

= 158,800 liters a day

Results own models: Especially the mountain shaped models were performing well on both criteria. The spiral shaped model performed well on sunlight, but that’s because there’s a open space (air) between each level.

The “Mountain 1” and “Valley” models performed best.

78

Creating terraces, reduce the footprint

Formula for creating terraces, by shifting each level

The archetype study showed a high performance for the â&#x20AC;&#x153;terraced 3â&#x20AC;? archetype, in the next step of the design process this archetype will be used to design other shapes with, like the valley and pyramid shape, which also performed well.

Shift per level = terrace depth = ((A / length (x-direction) of building) - length (y-direction) of household) / (S -1) A = Needed rainwater collection area 2800 m2 S = Amount of stories y- axis

x- axis

Rainwater collection area: 2800m2

Rainwater collection area: 2800m2

52.9 m

2800 m2 200 m

50 m

52.9 m Rainwater collection area: 2800m2 4 stories 100 households of 112 m2

14 m

8m

1 Household: 112 m2 14 m x 8 m

14 m

One Row: 4 stories Length: 200 m Width: 14 m 2800 m2 100 households

Calculating the terraces: The diagrams show a study on how to calculate the amount of needed terrace determined by the needed rooftop area for collecting rainwater.

I used the results such as the needed rainwater collection area and the building volume for the next step in my design process. Mainly the needed area was important.

The rainwater need is restricting the height of the building to 4 stories and creates a very large footprint, in case you would make a (regular) rectangular building.

79

100 m

100 m 14 m

8 Stories: 100 households 1 Row: Length: 100m Width: 14 m Rain Area shortage: 1400 m2

28 m

Add extra rainarea of 1400 m2 Making terraces Shift each household with 2m 28 m x 100 m = 2800 m2

56 m

50 m

16 stories (half the footprint) Shift each household with 2.8 m 56 m x 50 m = 2800 m2

Conclusion: The conclusion was that I had to make an overhang, terraces or balconies to gain more height and on the same time limit the footprint of the tower.

I finally made a formula to determine the overhang/ terrace depth on each level, according to the footprint of the building and the amount of area needed for collecting rainwater.

80

07 TERRACED

07 TERRACE

Combining archetypes I used the results of the performance tests in “Nature Maker” for my final design. I made two models based on a combination of the three best performing archetypes, one mountain shaped model and one valley shaped model both composed with terraced like compo- 1347 nents, like the “terraced 3”archetype which performed best during the archetype study. Both models are finally orientated to the sun 4.71 for maximum sunlight exposure

Terraced

hrs /day 128 voxels x 16m2 = 2048 m2 <6h 6-9h >9h

0 71 57

m3

water/day

+ Terraced 2

Terraced 3

1586 hrs /day 128 voxels x 16m2 = 2048 m2 <6h 6-9h >9h

0 0 128

4.71 m3

Terraced

Terraced 2

Terraced 3

4496 hrs /day 1347 hrs /day

1586 hrs /day

4496 hrs /day

<6h 6-9h >9h

<6h 6-9h >9h

<6h 6-9h >9h

340 voxels x 16m2 128 voxels x 16m2 = 5440 m2 = 2048 m2 0 0 340

<6h 6-9h >9h

0 71 57

12.51 m3 4.71 m3 water/day

water/day

+

water/day

128 voxels x 16m2 = 2048 m2 0 0 128

4.71 m3

340 voxels x 16m2 = 5440 m2 0 0 340

12.51 m3

water/day

water/day

After testing these two models in the “Nature Maker” I compared them not only on sunlight and rainwater performance, but also on architectural performance. Both were doing very good on sunlight and rainwater performance.

Finally the “Valley shaped was chosen and further optimized.

This will be explained on the next page.

N

Mountain

Valley

Sunlight: 3737 hrs/day

81

Sun Hours: 3843

Exposed surface: 7216m2

m3 rain 17.88 /day

15.88 m3 Rainwater / day

8128 m2 exposed surface

= 158,800 liters a day

Configuration 7 Voxels per household= 112 m2 4 voxels of rooftop per household = 64 m2 1.5 voxel of reedfilter + pond = 24 m2 Rainwater exposed rooftop area needed = 28 m2

82

Reduce the overhang The valley design has now lots of dark unpleasant space underneath the terraces. In order to fix this problem, the valley shape has to become more steep, which means less terrace space.

4m

64 m2 per household

2m

Tested performance: 32 m2 per household

Sunlight: 2665 hrs/day Rainwater: 10.94 m3/day Sunlight hours:

Finally I chose the “Valley” design because the “Mountain” design has a very large (dark) shaded and secluded space inside. This would be a very unpleasant space to be. Also the Valley design has this problem, but is far less disturbing because its more exposed towards the public space and less secluded.

To reduce the (waste) space underneath the overhang furthermore, I made the valley more steep by reducing (halve) the depth of the terraces. The space underneath the overhang is now acceptable and can be used for rooting, storage and maybe even retail or parking. The Fermentation plants will be placed underneath the terraces. Due to safety legislation the gas may have to be stored elsewhere, outside the building.

83

Total roof surface: 5200 m2 Exposed surface: 4967 m2 >6: 67 voxels 4-6: 162 voxels 2-3: 76 voxels <2: 20 voxels

Final building configuration Valley tower (Less terrace): The last testing of the final design in “Nature Maker” showed less sunlight performace and less rainwater collection than the previous version of the design, which is quiet obvious, because the amount of terrace surface nearly halved.

This is however no real problem. The Reeds used in the reed filters need full to 50% sun. The final results show that 162 of 325 exposed voxels gain 4-6 hours of sunlight a day, which is roughly 50%. Another 67 voxels (20%) gain more than 6 hours a day. Since all the reeds are positioned on the edge of each terrace they will catch enough sunlight. The Tower collects furthermore twice as mush rainwater as the minimum requirements.

84

8.

Reed filter tower Design

Overall Section

87

88

Section (1:50) Each of the terraces has a width/depth of 3.6 metres with a small overhang of 1.6 metres. The soil depth of the reed-beds and other elements within the reed-bed filter system is 1.2 metres. The reed-beds are placed on the edge of the terraces because they need lots of sunlight.

Showering in the reeds: The shower is positioned next to the reed-beds with a large window that allows a nice view on the reeds while showering. On the same time these reeds also provide privacy and purify the water you using while showering.

89

90

Shadow - Sun & Privacy - View Tall Spike Rush Height 1- 2 m Full Sun - 50% shade

Variegated Striped Rush Height: 1m Full Sun - 50% shade

View & Sun

Raised sun platform: One side of the terrace is raised with 0.8 metres, which allows people to have a better view on the surrounding urban area and other terraces. This also allows the sun to enter the platform for sunbathing. Different reeds are used for this part of the terrace. The “Variegated Striped Rush” is used because of his limited height, which is needed to allow view and sun.

91

Privacy & Shadow

Shadow > Less evapoartion > Against algua growth Privacy & Shadow:

On the other side of terrace, next to the pond other reed species are used, the “Tall Spike Rush”, which has a height of 1-2 metres. This type of reeds is slightly higher and thereby provides shadow and privacy. Shadow is needed for the pond to prevent algae growth and limit evaporation.

92

Floorplan (1:100) Bed room 1

The reed-beds are placed along the edge of the terraces, to make sure all the reed-beds will gain enough sunlight. As stated before, two different reeds are used. The highest reeds are used near the pond. The lower reeds are used around the raised platform.

Bed room 2 S

Bath room

The bathroom and kitchen are situated next to the reed-bed system, so all waterusing functions are clustered near the pond, were all the purified water is stored.

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;puralyticsâ&#x20AC;?system with water tank is placed in the bathroom.

p

H

Bed room 1

Kitchen

Bed room 2

Study room

Living room

G Bath room

P G

Kitchen

Living room

p

P G

G P G G

P

G P G P G P

93

94

Water-cycle in the building The water system is connected vertically. Because of fluctuation in water-use and rainfall it could be useful to connect the water systems of all households to each other. This could be done horizontally by a simple piping system. The Rainwater collected on the terraces of upper apartments flows down to the underlying apartments pond. Special drainage floor elements (GEP) collect the rainwater. The purified outflow water of the reed-bed filters flows to the underlying pond, were it is stored for later (re)use.

Grey water

Rainwater + Outflow Reedfilter to pond

86.4 Liters per person/ day 92%

1 m2

Water quality II

1 m2

21.6 m3 18 m2

29 Liters

per person/ day 31%

Water quality I

64.9 Liters

Waterstorage tank 400 liter

Puralytics system 0.16 m2

0.4 m3

8 m3 6.6 m2

Puralytics

per person/ day 69%

95

Source: GEP: regenwater.com http://cdn.gep-water.com/systems/extensieve_daktuin/nl_NL/10.Brochures/GEP%20Daktuinen.pdf

96

Impression of terraces

97

98

Impression in urban setting

99

100

Performance of tower

Performance Performance Performance 100% 100% 100% Self-sufficient Self-sufficient Self-sufficient in Water-use in inWater-use Water-use ( No wastewater ) ((No ) ) Nowastewater wastewater

Produces BIO-gas BIO-gas Produces BIO-gas 7% of required gas fermentation Produces 7% of required gas fermentation 7%per of required gas fermentation household per household

per household

+ Reduction of the “Heat Island Effect” due to evaporation in plants and pond + Reduction of the “Heat Island Effect” due to evaporation in plants and pond 101

+ Reduction of the “Heat Island Effect” due to evaporation in plants and pond102

Appendix

Separate (closed) watercycle for shower?

The Shower takes 50% of daily water-use Problem: Legislation says that purified greywater may not be used for drinking or body hygiene, although some domestic purification filtersystems can achieve the right water quality Shower cycle: The Greywater from the shower is less pollutant then Greywater from the sink, If the shower-water could be purified and then fully re-used again for showering it will reduce the need of drinking water (Quality I) by 51.4 liters per person a day = 80 % The remaining 20% of drinking water need is 13.5 Liters/p.p./day which can be covered with rainwater, which need less treatment to purify into drinking-water.

Heat exchangers: The average wastewater temperature is 23 C, For the shower this would be even more. With efficiency of almost 90% you can regain a lot of energy back.

105

Source: Jun Yasumoto, Vincent Vandenbrouk, Olivier Pigasse, and Alban Le Henry http://www.homedesignfind.com/green/rushes-and-reeds-could-recycle-your-shower-water-naturally/

106

Vertical reedfilter system

http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/afstversl/bwk/734608-6.pdf P.M.F. van de Wouw (2012) Groene-gevelsysteem voor een tropisch klimaat- Ontwerp helofytengevel.

TU Eindhoven, Faculty of Architecture

This Vertical reed-filter can be a good system to implement on the tower. Students of TU Eindhoven have only done theoretical research on this system, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not been tested yet in practice.

107

108

1. Sources “chapter 1”:

Water-use per person per day average NL

1. Scientias.nl, April 2012. Zoet water steeds zeldzamer in Nederland: http:// www.scientias.nl/zoet-water-steeds-zeldzamer-in-nederland/60484 2. Scientias.nl, January 2014. In 2100 is Europa een stuk droger: http://www. scientias.nl/2100-europa-een-stuk-droger/96690 3. http://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/factsheets/factsheet_combinedDroughtIndicator.pdf 4. Prof.dr. Johan Woltjer, April 2012. ‘Gebrek aan zoet water serieuze bedreiging Nederlandse economie’. RijksUniversiteit Groningen: http://www.rug.nl/newsand-events/people-perspectives/opinie/2012/15johanwoltjer 5. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.(HESS) Published: 9 January 2014. Ensemble projections of future streamflow droughts in Europe: 6. http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/04/24/europe-is-facing-the-worstdrought-in-century/

Source 1:

Watergebruik thuis 2010 C7455 TNS NIPO 28 januari 2011 9

Liters Bath Shower Sink Toilet Laundry (hand) Laundry (machine) Washing-up (hand) Washing-up (machine) Coocking Coffee & Thee Water drinking Others kithensink Grey Black

Total

% 2.8 48.6 5 33.7 1.1 14.3 3.1 3 1.4 1.2 0.6 5.3

l l l l l l l l l l l l

86.4 l 33.7 l

120.1 Liters

Liters Bath Shower Soil depth 0.5-2 meter 1.2 meter Sink residence time 5 to 8 days Source 3 Toilet Reedfilter area per person 2 to 8 m2 Reed filter data Laundry (hand) Soilgreywater depth 0.5-2 meter 1.2 meter 2 to 3 m2 residence time 5 to 8 days Laundry (machine) incl. blackwater 4 to 8 m2 Reedfilter area per person 2 to 8 m2 Washing-up (hand) greywater 2 to 3 m2 Area needed per person 6 m2/pp incl. blackwater 4 to 8 m2 Washing-up (machine) Area ofper reedfilter needed per household (3 6pers) 18 m2 reedfilter per household Area needed person m2/pp Coocking Area of reedfilter 1825 m2years reedfilter per household Life span: needed per household (3 pers) Life span: 25 years Coffee & Thee Water drinking Sources: En Wa (2010) Ecogreen Sports & Recreation Complex.Sports TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture - Architectural Sources:Amar SjauwAmar Sjauw En Wa (2010) Ecogreen & Recreation Complex.

TUEngineering Delft, Faculty of Architecture - Architectural Engineering http://www.heijmansklimaatscriptieprijs.nl/storage/189ddd422ecdd738afb420c4724ffc62ad20aa2f/files/2010/Scriptie_The_Ecogreen_Sports__Recration_Complex_-_Amar_Sjauw_En_Wa.pdf Others kithensink http://www.heijmansklimaatscriptieprijs.nl/storage/189ddd422ecdd738afb420c4724ffc62ad20aa2f/files/2010/Scriptie_The_Ecogreen_Sports__Recration_Complex_-_Amar_Sjauw_En_Wa.pdf

Reed filter data

BIM (2008) RECYCLAGE VAN GRIJS WATER IN SITU – DECEMBER 2008 PRAKTISCHE HANDLEIDING VOOR DE DUURZAME BOUW EN RENOVATIE VAN KLEINE GEBOUWEN PRAKTISCHE AANBEVELING WAT04 Tony Allan, 2011 & Lismore city council

WATER IN SITU – DECEMBER 2008 PRAKTISCHE HANDLEIDING VOOR DE DUURZAME BOUW EN RENOVATIE VAN KLEINE GEBOUWEN PRAKTISCHE AANBEVELING WAT04

Grey Black

http://www.duurzaamthuis.nl/water/grijs-water http://www.aila.org.au/canberragarden/water/Reedbed.pdf Tony Allan, 2011 & Lismore city council

Total

http://www.aila.org.au/canberragarden/water/Reedbed.pdf Puralytics system Source: puralytics.com

Outflow (gallons) Outflow (Liters) Amount Purified water per person by Puralytics Amount Purified water per household by Puralytics Amount of Household per system Power

200 757 64.9 194.7 3.9 640 Watts

500 gallons 1892.7 Liters Liters/ p.p./day Liters/ p.household/day

9.7 households per system

% % % % % % % % % % % %

72 % 28 %

100 %

Water-use per person per day average NL With Vacuümtoilet ( 1 liters per flush)

2. Calculations:

http://www.duurzaamthuis.nl/water/grijs-water BIM (2008) RECYCLAGE VAN GRIJS

2.3 40.5 4.2 28.1 0.9 11.9 2.6 2.5 1.2 1.0 0.5 4.4

Source 2

% 2.8 48.6 5 7.5 1.1 14.3 3.1 3 1.4 1.2 0.6 5.3

l l l l l l l l l l l l

3.0 51.8 5.3 8.0 1.2 15.2 3.3 3.2 1.5 1.3 0.6 5.6

86.4 l 7.5 l

93.9 Liters

% of normal water-use

Reduction with vacuümtoilet Reduction with vacuümtoilet

% % % % % % % % % % % %

92 % 8%

100 % 78.2 %

21.8 % 26.2 Liters

Source 2: BTO_2008.018_s_Kansen_voor_decentrale_drinkwatervoorziening_in_NL

109

Source 3: STOWA rapport DEUGD blz. 90 - Duurzame Energie Uit Geconcentreerde stromen Deventer 2011

110



Reedfilters system per household

Reed filter

* Height * Area * Needed area per household

Pond * Height * Area Needed Volume(water) per household

21.6 1.2 18 18

m3 m m2 m2

8 1.2 6.67 8

m3 m m2 m3





2.62 m2 1.70 m 1.45 m

3.8 m3

http://www.huffcutt.com/tank-weights.php

Source 2:

http://www.chemeng.lth.se/vvan01/Arkiv/Report_Septictank.pdf

Vetafscheider huishoudelijk gebruik

Grease trap



1 m3 1.2 m 0.87 m

pomput bron: made in tower Same volume (0.375m3) Height

Watertank after puralytics

0.4 0.5 0.8 400

m3 m3 m3 m2

1.5 m Height 1.2 m Height 1.2 m Height

m3 m m2 liters



Measurements Voxel

m3

1.4 days of average water-use

Volumes installaties en reedfilter Per 13-14 households

Bio fermentation tank Biogass tank Biofertilizer tank 1 Biofertilizer tank 2 Pumpinstallation Vacuümtoilet Septic tank Total Amount of voxels

m3



35.7 m3 0.56 voxel



 m2

Height 2 3 4.67 1 0.75 1.47

m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2

12.89 m2 0.81 voxel

3 3 3 3 2 1.5

m m m m m m

             

8 installations = 8 voxels need to be added

 

      

                           

 

1 voxel per 13 households

maybe 7 voxels can be achieved, beacause one household could be added to each biofermentation plant

111

     



http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-experiences-model-project-wohnen-und-arbeiten-freiburg-germany-2004.pdf

m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3





16

Voorbeeld project: "WOHNEN & ARBEITEN"

6 9 14 3 1.5 2.2

     



  

27.4 m2 1.7 voxels

m2 64 4m 4m 4m

     



31.8 m3 0.5 voxels

voxel height width length

 



     

Source: http://www.puralytics.com/files/shield.pdf

Total Amount of voxels

        



Source: http://www.dsplastics.be/dsplastics/index.csp?T=1&PAG=10&GRP=2&ART=OVT%20500%20L

Height Area Volume





 0.27 0.375 0.75 0.8







Source: http://www.certipro.be/docs/TF%20Purotek%20-%20Kokopur%20totaal.pdf

Biofermentation plant volumes



     

Source 1:

Pomput - pump sump

     



Septic tank (normal use blackwater)

Volume Height diameter

     



Septic tank only needed for blackwater treatment, Not used for household!

Volumes & area's diameter Height



     

 





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Rainwater Total people Amount of households Area per household people per household

300 100 112 3

Needed Rainwater per household/ day Total need of rainwater/day tower Total need of rainwater/day

50.4 5040 5.04

Yearly Rainwater yield incl. evaporation Daily Rainwater yield incl. evaporation

Fermentation waste (water)

pers households m2 pers

Amounts:

Source 1:

Milieucentraal GFT-afval afvalscheiding

Liters Liters / day m3 rainwater/ day

Source 2:

STOWA rapport DEUGD blz. 115/106 - Duurzame Energie Uit Geconcentreerde stromen Deventer 2011

Source 3:

Schaik, van C.A. (2009) De economie van het veenrietweidebedrijf, een quickscan voor West-Nederland. Innovatie netwerk.org

Source 4:

STOWA rapport DEUGD blz. 115/106 - Duurzame Energie Uit Geconcentreerde stromen Deventer 2011

Source 5:

STOWA 2013 Nieuwe sanitatie Apeldoorn blz 16 debieten per dag per persoon

640 Liters/m2/ year 1.8 Liters/m2/ day

800 * 0.8 (rainwater harvesting coëficient for hardcovered flatroof)= 640 l/m2/year

GFT Reeds biomass Blackwater

Source1 Source1

Total area rainwater harvesting 2874.4 m2 per tower 28.7 m2 per household

Measurements Tower width - length tower Possible # households underneath water harvesting area Amount of stories

Biomass kg-m3 per person-household-m2 159 1.5 0.006 6

kg/pp/year kg / m2/year m3/d/pp liter

Verbrandingswaarde Biogas verbrandingswaarde aardgas Gasverbuik flat MJ verbuik per flat / year/ household Needed Biogas/ year/ per houshold Biogass - aardgas

m3/d/p.household liter

http://www.air-internet-arnhem.net/vglwebsite/duurzame_energie_deel10.html

Source 2:

http://www.permacultuurnederland.org/permacultuurtk/permacultuur_in_huis_2.0.pdf

Source 3:

http://www.biogas.nl/achtergrond-informatie/samenstelling/index.html

Source 2: Source 3:

35 MJ/m3 35 MJ/m3 1100 m3 38500 MJ per household 1100.0 m3 1m3 biogass = 1 m3 aardgass

3 m3/day 1095 m3/year 84.2 m3/year/ household

5.7 %

7.7 %

STOWA (2005)Brongerichte inzameling en lokale behandeling van afvalwater. Blz 43

Voorbeeld project: "WOHNEN & ARBEITEN" biogas production blackwater organic waste biocompost production

17.9 % Rainwater need 82.1 % Of the water can be recovered by purifying

Source 1:

3 m3/day 1095 m3/year 84.2 m3/year/ household

Percentage of total need biogass

0.075 0.006 0.0005 0.0065

Percentage of total need biogass

Source 1 http://www.wwf.be/_media/08_hemelwater_504825.pdf

kg / household/year

Source 1:

Source:

Rainwater need percentage of totaal need

240 gram CZV (ODS?)pp / day 4.11 gram/m2/day 48,5 gram CZV ( ODS?) pp / day

p.household/year

26 MJ/m3 35 MJ/m3 1100 m3 38500 MJ per household 1480.8 m3 1m3 biogass = 0.6 m3 aardgass

Biogass productie per 13 households day Biogass productie per 13 households per year Biogass per household per year

53.6 m 26 households 3.9 stories needed

477 27 0.018 18

m3/pp/day

0.225

225

liter biogas/ per household/ day

m3/pp/day

ongeveer 10% van gasverbuik per dag

m3/pp/day

225 * 0.6 (Coëfficient: Conversion from methaangas > aardgas)

135 liter biogas/ per household/ day 0.135 m3/day/household = 9.12%

m3/pp/day

http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-experiences-model-project-wohnen-und-arbeiten-freiburg-germany-2004.pdf

Voorbeeld project: "WOHNEN & ARBEITEN" biogas production blackwater organic waste biocompost production

0.075 0.006 0.0005 0.0065

m3/pp/day

0.225

225

liter biogas/ per household/ day

m3/pp/day

ongeveer 10% van gasverbuik per dag

m3/pp/day

225 * 0.6 (Coëfficient: Conversion from methaangas > aardgas)

m3/pp/day

135 liter biogas/ per household/ day 0.135 m3/day/household

http://www2.gtz.de/Dokumente/oe44/ecosan/en-experiences-model-project-wohnen-und-arbeiten-freiburg-germany-2004.pdf

Average m3 Rainwater per day on Tower Archetypes & towers Tower zig zag Tower spiral 2 Hexagonal pyramid Dish Terraced 3

Self-made models Pyramid 2 Valley 3.6 m terrace Valley 5.6m terrace

6.49 6.97 10.36 9.42 12.51

m3 rainwater/ day m3 rainwater/ day m3 rainwater/ day m3 rainwater/ day m3 rainwater/ day

Area per tower 8224 m2 5200 m2 7312 m2

6490 6970 10360 9420 12510

Liters rainwater/ day Liters rainwater/ day Liters rainwater/ day Liters rainwater/ day Liters rainwater/ day

Harvested rainwater per day per person per household 21.6 Liters/day 64.9 Liters/day 23.2 Liters/day 69.7 Liters/day 34.5 Liters/day 103.6 Liters/day 31.4 Liters/day 94.2 Liters/day 41.7 Liters/day 125.1 Liters/day

Sunhours voxels >6 4-6 hrs 2-3 hrs <2 180 231 98 67 162 76 126 233 94

5 20 4

Area per tower 2952 m2 3168 m2 4512 m2 3776 m2 5440 m2

Rainwater (m3) Sunhours Exposed surface 17.85 3842 8112 m2 10.9472 2665 4976 m2 15.87 3737 7216 m2

Plant-E energie production max

theoratical estimated average power output per m2 14 kWh per year per m2 28 kWh per year per m2

energy use per gemiddeld household average

theoretical latest tests theoretical

max max

18 m2 x 14 kWh 18m2 x 17.5 kWh 18m2 x 28 kWh

3340 /14 kWh 238.6 252 315 504

kWh m2 needed per household kWh per household kWh per household kWh per household

% of total energy use 6.116505 % 7.645631 % 12.23301 %

Sources: Timmers, R.A. (2012) Electricity generation by living plants in a plant microbial Fuel Cell. Wageningen University Helder, M. (2012) Design criteria for the Plant Microbial Fuel Cell. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (2012) stroom en gasverbruik NIBUD 2012

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