Test Bank for Construction Jobsite Management 5th Edition By William Mincks, Hal Johnston.

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Project Management 1. Project management focuses on groups of individual projects, which are then treated as a single entity representing the whole business enterprise. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. In the case of construction projects, separate management of each project is necessary. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. A company with a good safety rating will pay lower premiums for worker’s compensation premiums and insurance, often resulting in substantial company-wide savings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. Cost control involves reducing construction costs to the greatest extent possible, regardless of the project’s initial cost estimates. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Time, cost, and project data can all be recorded by computers on the jobsite. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. The project manager (construction leader) is expected to understand the crews and motivation needed to achieve the project goals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. The two components of project success are on-time completion and profitability. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Construction companies usually work on a single project at a time led by a single, dedicated project manager. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. Each construction site is controlled by local authorities who provide security, although the contractor is responsible for Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Project Management jobsite safety. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. Achievement of project goals is the primary purpose of the_____. a. schedulers b. superintendents c. construction crew d. management team ANSWER: d 11. Personnel decisions, operations methods, and the project types that the contractor chooses to undertake in the future are all conclusions from cost accounting which is___________. a. budget-based b. project-based c. profit-based d. margin-based ANSWER: b 12. Which of the following represent the percent of typical percent of commercial building construction that is subcontracted? a. 85 to 100 b. 70 to 95 c. 75 to 90 d. 65 to 80 ANSWER: b 13. Maintenance of records of actual, accurate construction costs helps construction managers have what effect on future projects? a. Shorter completion timelines b. More effective safety programs c. More accurate estimates d. More comprehensive subcontractor databases ANSWER: c 14. The schedule communicates the plan to _____. a. field personnel b. subcontractors c. the customer d. all persons involved in the construction project ANSWER: d 15. In project management, which of the following does NOT conclude at the project completion?

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Project Management a. Funding source b. Project emphasis c. Management team d. Project records maintenance ANSWER: d 16. Simple construction projects such as a standard residential home construction have which of the following unique characteristics? a. Jobsite labor b. Duration c. Neither jobsite labor nor duration d. Both of jobsite labor and duration ANSWER: d 17. Construction projects are usually located remotely from-------------. a. corporate management b. labor sources c. material suppliers d. subcontractor firms ANSWER: a 18. Which aspect of individual projects allows for a single source of contact with upper management for each project? a. Single source of payment b. Unique client c. Project manager d. Dedicated scheduler ANSWER: c 19. Most construction projects involve substantial custom fabrications and________ a. schedule changes b. Equipment c. Cost overruns d. Purchases ANSWER: d 20. Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of a successful project? a. Controlled costs b. Timely completion c. Acceptable quality d. Satisfied customer ANSWER: a 21. Which of the following is NOT potential consequences of a project that extends beyond the expected time frame? a. Decreased customer satisfaction Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Project Management b. Increased overhead costs c. Loss of project profitability d. Reduction in insurance premiums ANSWER: d 22. A project requires a LARGER number of project management personnel under which of the following conditions? a. Single rather than multiple areas of work b. Greater number of customer reporting requirements c. Smaller size of project d. Private rather than public work ANSWER: b 23. Which of the following is a skill essential for construction project managers? a. Building design b. Permitting c. Communication to facilitate progress d. Estimating ANSWER: c 24. Which of the following is NOT one of the aspects of quality from the standpoint of construction project management? a. Meeting the expected level of material b. Maintaining the level of workmanship c. Effectively controlling costs d. Adequately earning customer satisfaction ANSWER: c 25. Construction contractors can reap economic benefits from a safety management program that is_______. a. retroactive b. concurrent c. proactive d. uniform ANSWER: c 26. A project that has specific start and end dates is said to be completed within a _____ _____.

ANSWER: finite duration 27. Project goals are supported by definable tasks which are known as _____.

ANSWER: objectives 28. There is a is a single source of responsibility to upper management for each project because each project has its own _____ ANSWER: manager 29. Even when contractors perform a large portion of the work, at least a part of each project is accomplished by _____.

ANSWER: subcontracting Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Project Management 30. Contractors are responsible for jobsite safety and _____.

ANSWER: security 31. The type and quantity of jobsite personnel depends on the customer’s _____ _____ .

ANSWER: reporting requirements 32. One ability essential to project managers is the ability to determine what needs to be accomplished in a project and provide an overall project _____.

ANSWER: vision 33. Effective project management leadership can improve the project’s success and ______.

ANSWER: profitability 34. Accurate reporting and record keeping create a historical record of documentation, which can be used to verify future projects’ compliance and _____ _____.

ANSWER: cost estimation 35. Discuss ways in which project management differs from the management strategies applicable to manufacturing firms.

ANSWER: Project management focuses on projects as discrete business entities rather than subsets of the whole business.

Project management is essential for businesses like construction for which projects are the profit centers.

36. The goals of construction projects include being successful and profitable. Describe how the terms “successful” and “profitable” are defined in the context of construction project management.

ANSWER: In the context of construction project management, “successful” means that the project was completed on time, to an appropriate quality level, and with customer satisfaction. A “profitable” construction project is one that achieves the initially expected or optimally achievable profit.

37. Describe the consequences of failing to obtain customer satisfaction for a particular project.

ANSWER: A dissatisfied customer could withhold final payment or require that additional work be performed, thereby extending project duration and incurring additional cost. In both cases, project profitability would be reduced.

Long term, a dissatisfied customer could negatively affect a construction company’s competitiveness for future projects.

38. Describe how a construction project manager knows that cost control actions are required, and list three things that can be done to control construction project costs.

ANSWER: Cost control actions are required when actual costs exceed the budget established by the cost estimate. If actual costs do exceed estimated costs, a project manager could choose to change methods, techniques, or crew composition.

39. List the three essential aspects of quality management in the context of construction project management.

ANSWER: Within the context of construction project management, quality management means meeting the expected level of material, maintaining the level of workmanship, and earning general customer satisfaction.

40. Describe ways in which improving jobsite safety can improve project profitability.

ANSWER: Jobsite accidents and injuries directly increase the premiums for a company’s worker’s compensation and insurance as well as increase the probability of lawsuits. Jobsite injuries and accidents can extend project completion timelines due to the need for investigation and corrective action.

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Chapter 01: Introduction to Project Management 41. List four considerations which must be recognized in project problem solving.

ANSWER: Any four of the following: recognize the full impact of the problem on contractor, subcontractors, and suppliers; understand the cost impact of the problem; understand the time impact of the problem; seek the best solution for project conditions considering crew, environment, project process, and customer needs; seek the best and fastest method of resolving conflicts between project participants.

42. Discuss why an individual “master builder” is not an adequate substitute for a project management team for modern construction projects.

ANSWER: Modern constructed facilities are too complex to be designed and built by one individual. It takes a team of design and construction professionals to successfully execute modern construction projects. Project managers are necessary to lead the project and control all of the project variables.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team 1. The Construction Management project delivery system has been the most used project delivery system since the late 1800s. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. The traditional project delivery system, also referred to as “design-bid-build, is still the most commonly encountered. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. In the traditional project delivery system, the contractor is responsible for providing the labor, materials, and equipment, based on the contract documents. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. In traditional project delivery, the architect and contractor have a direct relationship. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. In a cost-plus compensation method, the contractor is reimbursed for costs on the project and given a fee that includes profit and overhead. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. In the traditional project delivery system, the financial officer is the primary point of contact with the construction company’s upper management. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. In the construction management delivery system, the construction administrator is the contact person for the contractor’s project managers and is responsible for the entire construction process. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. The engineering-procurement-construction (E-P-C) system is a common delivery system for residential and commercial facilities. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team 9. In the multiple primes CM delivery system, multiple contractors contract with the construction manager who, in turn, contracts to the owner. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. The traditional contract project delivery system has three primary contractual parties: the owner, the contractor, and the _____. a. architect b. sub-contractor c. sub-consultant d. engineer ANSWER: a 11. Which of the following professionals would be used as a sub-consultant by an architect for a construction project design? a. Building inspector b. Welder c. Scheduler d. Environmental engineer ANSWER: d 12. Indirect relationships between parties are also referred to as _____. a. casual relationships b. privity relationships c. informal relationships d. agency relationships ANSWER: d 13. Which of the following is NOT a method used for compensating a contractor for construction project work? a. Lump sum b. Cost-plus-a-fee c. Net sale d. Cost plus, with GMP ANSWER: c 14. Which of the following are NOT activities of the architect under the traditional project delivery system? a. Provide design and construction documents b. Provide interpretation of construction documents c. Act as the owner’s agent d. Direct the work of subcontractors ANSWER: d 15. In the architect’s organization, to whom does the project architect typically report? a. Contract administrator Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team b. Sub-consultant c. Project manager d. Principal-in-charge ANSWER: c 16. In the contractor’s organization, which of the following roles report to the Superintendent? a. Foremen b. Estimator c. Scheduler d. Project manager ANSWER: a 17. If you were a laborer hired by the contractor for a construction project, to whom would you report on the jobsite? a. Field engineer b. Superintendent c. Project manager d. Foreman ANSWER: d 18. Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a contractor’s superintendent? a. Determine necessary labor force and onsite equipment b. Assume responsibility for jobsite safety c. Create construction documents d. Give direction to foremen and craftspeople ANSWER: c 19. In the traditional project delivery system, who is the contractor’s point of contact for the project manager in the architect’s organization? a. Project engineer b. Field engineer c. Officer-in-charge d. Project manager ANSWER: d 20. In the traditional project delivery system, who in the architect’s organization is the point of contact for the owner’s capital projects officer? a. Project manager b. Project architect c. Principal-in-charge d. Contract administrator ANSWER: c 21. In the CM delivery system, the architect’s contract is written directly with the _____. a. contractor Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team b. subcontractor c. construction manager d. Owner ANSWER: d 22. In the multi-prime contracting arrangement, with which of the following does the owner NOT have a contractual relationship? a. construction manager b. trades contractor for concrete work c. trades contractor for electrical d. Permitting authorities ANSWER: d 23. In the Design-Build project delivery system, the owner contracts with the _____. a. architect b. construction manager c. contractor d. design-build firm ANSWER: d 24. If you were the constructor-in-charge in a design-build firm, you would NOT communicate directly with the _____. a. owner’s representative b. project manager c. designer-in-charge d. subcontractors ANSWER: a 25. The most common method for compensating the contractor, which does NOT allow for changes to the scope of the work during the construction period, is called: a. Lump-sum contract b. Unit price contract c. Cost plus a fee d. Cost plus, with a guaranteed max price ANSWER: a 26. In the architect’s organization, the ultimate decision maker for the firm on the project is the _____. a. project manager b. principal-in-charge c. contract administrator d. project architect ANSWER: b 27. Supervisors of hourly employees trained to perform specific tasks are known as _____. a. subcontractors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team b. craftspeople c. laborers d. foremen ANSWER: d 28. For which of the following types of projects would an engineering-procurement-construction (E-P-C) delivery system most likely be used? a. Residential dwelling b. Small commercial facility c. Multifamily housing d. Power plant ANSWER: d 29. The organization and both formal and informal relationships between participants is defined by the construction project _____ _____.

ANSWER: delivery system 30. In building construction, much of the work is accomplished by subcontractors who have binding agreements with the contractor to complete specific portions of the work covered by the contractor’s ______ _____.

ANSWER: contract requirements 31. In the traditional project delivery system, subcontractors do not communicate directly with the architect, but should approach the contractor’s superintendent or _____ _____.

ANSWER: project manager 32. An agency CM project delivery system involving several contracts directly with the owner but managed by a construction manager is usually called _____ _____.

ANSWER: multiple primes 33. In the design-build project delivery model, communication typically flows between the design-build firm’s project manager and the _____ _____.

ANSWER: owner’s representative 34. The engineering procurement construction system is a common project delivery system used for refineries, power plants, and similar _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: heavy construction projects 35. In the design-build project delivery system, the point of contact for subcontractors is the _____.

ANSWER: constructor-in-charge 36. In the joint venture type of design-build project delivery system, the design-build firm contracts with the owner, architect/engineer, contractor, and _____.

ANSWER: subcontractors 37. In the contractor-led design-build project delivery system, the contractor is the contacting point with the owner, and the design is subcontracted to the _____.

ANSWER: contractor Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team 38. In the construction management project delivery system, the architect’s project manager communicates with the construction manager’s project manager and _____ _____.

ANSWER: design manager 39. In the traditional project delivery system, the owner’s inspector communicates with the _____ _____ of the architect’s organization.

ANSWER: contract administrator 40. In the traditional project delivery system, the architect’s project manager typically has direct communication with the contractor’s project manager, but indirect communication with the contractor’s _____.

ANSWER: superintendent 41. Describe the how a contractor is paid with a lump-sum contract and how project scope changes are accomplished in this type of contract.

ANSWER: In a lump sum contract, the contractor is paid a lump-sum price to complete the project according to the contract documents, which include the contract provisions, drawings, and specifications. Work scope changes are accomplished through change orders, which adjust the lump-sum amount during the construction project.

42. Describe why the cost-plus method is preferred when the scope of work is difficult to define.

ANSWER: In the cost-plus method, the contractor is reimbursed for the costs of the project, plus a fee that includes indirect overhead and profit. If the work scope changes such that the project costs change, the contracts reimbursed costs will change accordingly. The contractor’s profit in the form of the fee does not necessarily change with project scope and cost.

43. Describe the owner’s responsibilities in the traditional project delivery system.

ANSWER: The owner is responsible for providing the site and paying for all work contracted to both the architect and the contractor. The owner provides the architect with whatever information is needed. The owner provides the contractor with adequately describe what the project will entail. The owner is responsible for providing project coordination, which can be done through an architect, in-house manager, project manager, or “clerk of the works.”

44. Describe the function of a testing agency in the traditional project delivery system.

ANSWER: An outside testing agency is often contracted by the owner to perform quality tests to verify the materials are installed to specific standards. Typical tests might include soil compaction and concrete strength tests, reinforcing steel placement inspections, weld inspections, and bolt-torque inspections.

45. What are the responsibilities of an officer-in-charge in a contractor’s organization?

ANSWER: The officer-in-charge is responsible for the construction firm’s performance and has a business-level relationship with the owner’s capital projects officer and the architect’s principal-in-charge.

46. Describe the recognized training levels and associated responsibilities of construction tradespeople.

ANSWER: Construction trades distinguish between classifications of work performed, resulting in a slight wage differential. Trained craftspeople, receiving full wage under the work classification, are referred to as journeymen. Journeymen perform tasks requiring specialized skills and training. Apprentices are journeymen-in-training and receive lower wages than journeymen. Apprentices perform skilled tasks under the direction and supervision of journeymen as well as unskilled labor.

47. Describe the features of the Engineering-Procurement-Construction (E-P-C) system and on what types of projects it is Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 02: The Project Team typically used.

ANSWER: The E-P-C firm provides engineering for the facility, procurement of all materials and equipment, and facility construction with its own labor forces or those contracted under other firms. The E-P-C project delivery system is typically used for heavy construction projects such as power plants and refineries.

48. How can the design-build project delivery system minimize conflict between architects and contractors?

ANSWER: In the design-build system, the design-build firm acts as the facilitator for designers (architects) and contractors, who work cooperatively on the design-build team. This removes the adversarial relationship between architect and contractor that is common in the traditional and construction management project delivery systems.

49. Describe the role of the project manager on a construction management (CM) team.

ANSWER: The project manager is the party responsible to the owner for the success of the project and is in charge of all of the CM employees on the project. The project manager oversees the construction process, but delegates contractor communication to the construction administrator.

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite 1. The design for construction projects is typically developed collaboratively by the contractor and architect. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Construction documents are written using terminology that is readily understandable by the public. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Codes and regulations are the governing regulations for compliance of design and construction, but are not formally included as construction documents. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. Traditionally, construction documents consist of three components: the project manual, drawings, and summary of applicable codes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. The technical specification generally describes the products, equipment, and systems that are intended to be installed during the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. The general requirements relate to all phases of the work rather than individual activity or subcontract. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. Addenda are bulletins of additional information that are germane to the contract documents issued during the bid period, but added during the time between contract documentation completion and awarding of the contract. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. Location of site drainage and utilities can be found on the civil engineering drawings, or the site plans and details of the architectural drawings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. The foundation plan, wall sections, and exterior elevations are all part of the architectural drawings.

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. The project manual typically includes: a. Site surveys b. Duct work locations c. Bid forms d. Floor plans ANSWER: c 11. The Construction drawings typically include: a. Technical specifications b. Soil reports c. General requirements d. Interior elevations ANSWER: d 12. Which of the following is NOT typically included in “crew packages”? a. Estimate and scheduling information related to man-hours b. List of necessary tools and equipment c. Materials lists obtained from the drawings d. Project meeting requirements ANSWER: d 13. Which contract drawing is most likely to include information about site drainage, roads, and site utilities? a. Civil engineering b. Architectural c. Electrical d. Structural ANSWER: a 14. The Invitation to Bid usually appears at the front of the _____. a. General Requirements b. Contract Drawings c. Project Manual d. Request for Proposal ANSWER: c 15. Rather than a bid, a design-build firm will submit which of the following documents? a. Advertisement b. Contract c. Addendum d. Proposal Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite ANSWER: c 16. Which construction document would include provisions allowing the owner use of separate contracts? a. General Conditions of the Contract b. Supplementary Conditions of the Contract c. Additional Information to Bidders d. Division 1 General Requirements ANSWER: a 17. Which construction document would include information regarding process heating, cooling, and drying? a. Division 1, General Requirements b. Division 1-48, Technical Specification c. Architectural drawings d. Electrical drawings ANSWER: b 18. The base of reference for determining responsibility and liability for actions by owner and contractor during the project period can be found in the _____. a. technical specifications b. conditions of the contract c. bid forms d. instructions to bidders ANSWER: b 19. Which of the following architectural drawings contain information important for interior renovations? a. Floor plans b. Demolition plans c. Interior elevations and details d. Wall sections ANSWER: d 20. Which of the following Structural drawing provide the three-dimensional aspect with the necessary elevations? a. Framing plans for floors b. Foundation plan c. Elevations and sections d. Framing plans for roof ANSWER: c 21. Which of the following is NOT included in the electrical drawings? a. Utilities connected to the building b. Power riser diagrams c. Site utilities d. Floor plans for power and lighting ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite 22. Which of the following are NOT included on common schedules of architectural drawings? a. Windows b. Louvers c. Finishes d. Beams ANSWER: d 23. Which of the following is found in the Structural notes of Structural drawings? a. Site survey b. Specific material strength and tolerances c. General material requirements d. Site utilities ANSWER: b 24. Which contract drawing set contains head locations for fire protection systems? a. Architectural b. Structural c. Mechanical d. Civil Engineering ANSWER: c 25. Which contract drawing set contains subgrade foundation elements? a. Architectural b. Structural c. Mechanical d. Civil engineering ANSWER: b 26. Which of the following is not included in mechanical drawings? a. Plumbing riser diagrams b. Piping flow and control diagrams c. Data cable systems d. Fire risers ANSWER: c 27. Which of the following is not included in Electrical drawings? a. Lighting fixtures b. Intercom systems c. Centralized clock d. Escalator detail ANSWER: d 28. Toilet rooms and stairways are usually found on which of the following?

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite a. Architectural large-scale floor plans b. Architectural interior elevations and detail c. Mechanical drawing plumbing diagrams d. Structural drawing framing plans ANSWER: a 29. The project’s construction documents are furnished to the contractor by the ____.

ANSWER: owner 30. Traditionally, construction documents consist of two major physical components: the drawings and the ___ ____.

ANSWER: project manual 31. Several different disciplines are involved in the design and document preparation, coordinated by the lead architect or ______.

ANSWER: engineer 32. The Request for Proposal is used in lieu of the Invitation to Bid for construction management or _____ _____.

ANSWER: design-build or design-build projects 33. Information about the bid procedure can be found in the _____.

ANSWER: Instructions to Bidders 34. Bid forms include information relevant to qualification as a responsive bidder, such as receipt of addenda, bid price, alternate pricing, proposed completion of construction, subcontractor information, and certifications of compliance to _____.

ANSWER: regulations or codes 35. The General and Supplementary Conditions of Contract establish the terms of the legal contract between the owner and the _____.

ANSWER: contractor 36. The most common piece of information to bidders is the geotechnical or _____ _____.

ANSWER: soils report 37. The most commonly used building construction specifications in the United States and Canada is _____.

ANSWER: MasterFormat 38. The majority of the cost items in the Division 1, General Requirements section are included in the contractor’s “general condition” costs, or _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: “direct overhead” costs or “direct overhead” 39. The “A” drawing designation is used to identify _____ _____.

ANSWER: architectural drawings.

40. Fire alarm, communication, security, and other systems are shown on _____ _____.

ANSWER: electrical drawings Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite 41. Structural drawings usually have definitive dimensions for the foundations and structural elements, both horizontally and _____.

ANSWER: vertically 42. Explain how codes are used in construction documents.

ANSWER: Although codes and regulations are not formally included in construction documents, they are the governing regulations for compliance of design and construction. Codes are normally referenced in construction documents, and designs are based on the constraints of code. Contractors are required to codes and regulations as well as drawings and specifications. Standard codes, such as the International Building Code, Uniform Building Code, and National Building Code, are modified by local municipalities and governing bodies. Local codes affect project installations such as plumbing, electrical, energy, and fire protection.

43. Describe how manufacturer’s instructions are utilized in construction documents pertaining to equipment installation.

ANSWER: Most construction documents state that the installation of the material should be done in compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and instructions. The latter are complementary documents to the construction documents. The contractor uses the manufacturer’s recommendations, the construction documents, and the applicable codes and regulations for proper equipment installation in construction projects.

44. What is the primary purpose of construction drawings?

ANSWER: The primary purpose of construction drawings is to communicate the intended elements, systems, and relationships of the materials, equipment, and assemblies to the contractor in the construction of the facility.

45. Describe how the Request for Proposal differs from the Invitation to Bid. ANSWER: The Request for Proposal is used instead of an Invitation to Bid for design-build and construction management projects. The proposal is more extensive than a traditional bid, detailing the firm’s experience and qualifications and approach to the project. The proposals are evaluated by the owner and usually short-listed down to a few firms. Interviews of the firms are usually conducted, from which the owner selects the firm for the project.

46. Describe the difference between the General and Supplementary Conditions to the Contract.

ANSWER: The General Conditions establish the relationship between the owner, owner’s agents (architects and engineers), and the contractor and define the relationship and responsibilities of the parties to maintain this relationship. The conditions also establish the terms of the legal contract between the owner and contractor.

The Supplementary Conditions are modifications to the General Conditions that are specific to the particular owner and project.

47. Describe the essential features of structural drawings.

ANSWER: The structural drawings represent the structural elements, such as foundations and structural frame. These normally are prepared by a structural engineer, and coordinated with the architectural building aspects.

Structural drawings usually have definitive dimensions for the foundations and structural elements, both horizontally and vertically. The structural drawing is the primary document used in establishing the building’s structural system and thus the basic dimensional attributes of the building.

48. Describe how electrical and mechanical drawings differ from the architectural drawings.

ANSWER: Although mechanical and electrical drawings use site and floor plans similar to architectural drawings, many mechanical and electrical drawings are much more diagrammatic than are architectural drawings. Plumbing riser diagrams, for instance, are not to scale or detail but indicate the plumbing system in a manner consistent with the plumbing craft. Additionally, different symbols and abbreviations are used in mechanical drawings rather than in other parts of the documents. A legend to the symbols is usually included in the mechanical Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 03: Use of Construction Documents on the Jobsite drawings for clarification.

49. Describe the unique information contained in civil engineering drawings.

ANSWER: Civil engineering drawings include site-specific features such as site drainage, utilities, roads, bridges, and other related items. Plan views, contour drawings, cross-sections, and details are usually contained in this section, as well as construction site surveys.

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings 1. The construction documents require the contractor to submit product date, samples, and shop drawings to the architect and engineer for approval. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. Product data submittals are required primarily for the architect to verify that the most cost-effective products will be used on the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. The size and physical characteristics of materials and purchased products, including adjustment capabilities, should be reviewed by both contractor and subcontractors. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. The architect reviews available finishes and selects the appropriate finish, if the finish was not previously specified in the document. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. Shop drawings are produced collaboratively by architects, engineers, and contractors. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. If the finish is not specified in the documents, the contractor is free to select whatever finish is the most cost-effective and easiest to install. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. The architect prioritizes the submittal process, reviewing the contractor’s submittals according the established project schedule. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Unlike the architect, the contractor does not stamp reviewed submittals. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings 9. The shop drawings normally show more detail than the construction drawings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 10. Which of the following are required, along with product data and samples, primarily for the architect and engineer to verify in order to ensure that the correct products will be installed on the project? a. Submittal logs b. Shop drawings c. Specifications d. Schedules ANSWER: b 11. Along with appearance and prescriptive descriptions, shop drawing should also address which of the following? a. Cost b. Availability c. Performance d. Delivery ANSWER: c 12. Successful installations are the result of collaboration between the designer, fabricator, and _____. a. subcontractor b. estimator c. scheduler d. contractor e. owner ANSWER: d 13. It is extremely important that fabricated items arrive on the jobsite ready to be installed without field _____. a. inspection b. handling c. modification d. measurement ANSWER: c 14. A set of drawings produced by the contractor, supplier, manufacturer, subcontractor, or fabricator is referred to as the _____ _____. a. submittal log b. data log c. procurement drawings d. shop drawings ANSWER: d 15. Which of the following is NOT a reason to require a product sample?

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings a. To confirm product cost b. To confirm material quality c. To confirm material texture d. To confirm material color ANSWER: a 16. Where should samples of approved materials be stored throughout the project? a. The architect’s office b. The supplier’s quality lab c. The engineer’s office d. The jobsite ANSWER: d 17. In the construction submittal process, which review, decision, or activity follows the subcontractor’s review submittal step? a. Supplier transmits submittal to contractor b. Subcontractors transmit submittal to contractor c. Contractor issues subcontracts and purchase orders d. Contractor reviews submittals ANSWER: b 18. In the construction submittal process, which review, decision, or activity precedes the consultant review step? a. Return to subcontractor and supplier b. Contractor reviews submittals c. Architect reviews submittal d. Contractor returns to subcontractor ANSWER: c 19. In the construction submittal process, what happens if the architect’s review results in a decision to reject the submittal? a. The submittal returns to the contractor b. The submittal returns to the subcontractor c. The submittal is reviewed by the consultant d. The submittal returns to the supplier ANSWER: a 20. Which of the following parties is ultimately responsible for the design of the facility to meet occupancy needs and ensure that the products being installed are suitable to meet these needs? a. Contractor b. Designer c. Architect d. Fabricator ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings 21. Which of the following statements is NOT typically included on an architect’s stamp of submittals? a. Rejected b. No exception taken c. Revise and resubmit d. Proceed per shop drawing ANSWER: d 22. If a submittal is divided into packages, how does the approval time per package compare to the approval time for the entire submittal? a. The per-package approval time is exactly the same as the approval time for the entire submittal b. The per-package approval time is less than the approval time for the entire package c. The per package approval time is more than the approval time for the entire package d. The per package time is unrelated to the approval time for the entire package ANSWER: b 23. Which of the following would NOT impact the time frame for submittal approvals? a. Submittal product cost b. Number of reviewing consultants c. Submittal package size d. Submittal complexity ANSWER: a 24. The contractor does NOT need input from the supplier or product fabricator for which of the following? a. Dimensions of the opening into which a fabricated item will be installed b. The amount of time necessary to order the product after receipt of approved submittals c. Amount of time needed to produce a sample d. Amount of time needed to deliver the product to the jobsite ANSWER: a 25. The contractor reviews submittals for _____. a. final selection of color b. final selection of texture c. assessment of structural integrity d. constructability of the assembly ANSWER: d 26. Samples should be stored at the jobsite and compared to which of the following? a. Construction drawings b. Submittals c. Shop drawings d. Delivered materials ANSWER: d 27. Installation details in a fabricated item submittal should include which of the following?

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings a. The project site survey b. The dimensions of openings c. The total fabrication cost d. The fabricated item size and weight ANSWER: d 28. The contractor is responsible for providing which of the following for openings and items that are installed in instances where other construction elements determine the size of the materials? a. Submittals b. Materials c. Field dimensions d. Shop drawings ANSWER: c 29. The size and physical characteristics of a fabricated item should be reviewed by both the contractors and the _____.

ANSWER: architect 30. Many architects will not accept product submittals for products that have not been approved for _____.

ANSWER: substitution 31. A useful tool for tracking the actual progress of a submittal is the _____ _____.

ANSWER: submittal log 32. Submittal of product data, samples, and shop drawings to the architect and engineer for approval is one of the first steps taken by the contractor following issuance of the _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: Notice to Proceed 33. Information such as manufacturer, trade name, or type number is necessary to compare the submitted item with the specified and acceptable products listed in the specifications and _____.

ANSWER: addenda 34. The shop drawing excludes notation concerning other products and installations and emphasizes the product or _____.

ANSWER: installation 35. Shop drawings are frequently accompanied by manufacturer’s material specifications or _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: catalog cut sheets 36. A physical portion of a specified product is known as a _____.

ANSWER: sample 37. A dialog should occur between the fabricator and the architect and engineer about any areas needing _____.

ANSWER: clarification 38. In fabrication, the construction documents are rarely used as a _____.

ANSWER: reference 39. A schedule of activities for particular products from submittal through jobsite delivery is known as a _____ _____.

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings ANSWER: procurement schedule 40. The progress of submittals is frequently tracked using a _____ _____.

ANSWER: submittal log 41. The contractor typically stamps submittals to indicate that they have been _____.

ANSWER: reviewed 42. Explain why product data submittals, samples, and shop drawings may be required for a project.

ANSWER: Product data submittals, samples, and shop drawings are required primarily for the architect and engineer to verify that the correct products will be installed on the project. This process also gives the architect and subconsultants the opportunity to select colors, patterns, and types of material that were not chosen prior to completion of the construction drawings. For materials requiring fabrication, such as reinforcing and structural steel, the architect and engineer need to verify details furnished by the fabricator. The contractor also uses this information in installation, using dimensions and installation data from the submittal.

43. Discuss why notes of changes, or alterations from the construction documents, would be included on a shop drawing.

ANSWER: Notes concerning changes or differences from the original documents are made on the shop drawing in order to obtain the architect’s and engineer’s approval as these individuals are responsible for changes in these drawings and should have the opportunity to analyze any modifications. Shop drawing notes also provide an opportunity for dialogue should occur between the fabricator and the architect and engineer about any areas needing clarification.

44. Explain why samples may be required, how they are used, and the sample submittal process.

ANSWER: Samples usually are required for finish selection or approval since color and textures in the actual product can vary considerably from the color and textures shown in printed material. Samples, especially color samples, for example, may have a two-submittal process. The first submittal, usually a color chart of all available colors in the specified line of product, is for “initial selection,” and the second submittal, which could be a larger and actual sample, is for final selection.

45. List the factors that apply when determining the necessary time frame for approval of submittals.

ANSWER: Some factors that apply when determining the necessary time frame for approvals include the following: a. The size of the submittal package to be submitted b. The complexity of the submittal has a large influence on the review and approval time. c. The timing of the submittal since, ff all of the project submittals are given to the architect on the same date, it would take considerable time to process the submittal. d. The number of consultants reviewing the submittal will influence the processing time. e. Location of the architect’s consultants, especially of physical sample review is required.

46. Explain why a contractor reviews shop drawings and submittals.

ANSWER: By reviewing the shop drawings and submittals, the contractor will become aware of the means and methods of installing the construction materials, systems, and assemblies. When installing the material and equipment with their own forces, the contractor will use the submittals to determine the necessary equipment and workforce to construct the assembly. Although the contractor should have determined a plan for installation during the estimating phase, a detailed examination of the procedures is necessary during the construction phase. The information in the submittal should indicate the size, weight, configuration, and installation details of the material and equipment. It is possible that the particular material is not compatible with the construction methods intended for use on the project, requiring either a different material or different construction methods.

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Chapter 04: Submittals, Samples, and Shop Drawings 47. List three types of information for which the contractor must obtain input from the supplier of products or fabrications.

ANSWER: The supplier must provide information regarding: a. Amount of time necessary to produce the necessary submittal, shop drawing, or sample b. Amount of time necessary to order the product after receipt of approved submittals c. Amount of time necessary for manufacture and fabrication and delivery of the product to the jobsite

48. List four types of information which can be added to a complied procurement schedule.

ANSWER: The following information can be included in a compiled procurement schedule: a. b. c. d.

Vendor, supplier, fabricator, or subcontractor name and location Additional steps in the process, such as approval by consultants Actual dates achieved to be used for comparison with the scheduled dates Correlation with the construction schedule activities, by number and description

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite 1. Documentation is essential during the bidding process, but less important throughout the execution of the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Electronic filing systems, particularly those with search and sorting capability, support documentation retrievability. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. When preparing for the project, the contractor begins the documentation process by keeping logs and schedules for product submittals. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. Compliance with most contractor’s safety programs requires that all visitors to the jobsite be entered in the daily report. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. The jobsite diary is the superintendent’s personal property. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. Progress meetings are held more frequently during the design phase of the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. During the first half of the project, a primary concern is processing submittals, samples, and shop drawings. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. Weekly reports include the progress of change orders and problems that might result in change orders. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. Daily reports should not include occurrences that fall outside the description of “work in progress”. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite 10. Accurate record keeping at the jobsite is necessary is essential due to which of the following aspects of the current contracting climate? a. Material and equipment supply well within the contractor’s control b. Reliable subcontractor scheduling c. Tight cost and time constraints d. Predictable actions on the part of the owner and architect ANSWER: c 11. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of effective documentation distribution? a. Includes nature of the issue b. Includes applicable information c. Is distributed to involved parties d. Is distributed to all members of the project team ANSWER: d 12. Which type of document would be used to record events and occurrences? a. Diaries b. Submittal transmissions c. Purchase orders d. Schedules ANSWER: a 13. Which type of documents would be used to record conversations? a. Purchase orders b. Submittal logs c. Daily reports d. Schedules ANSWER: c 14. Which type of document would be used to document costs? a. Diaries b. Telephone logs c. Labor reports d. Videos ANSWER: c 15. Which of the following document types might be required by contract documents? a. Change orders and proposals b. Diaries c. Daily reports d. Equipment logs ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite 16. Which of the following document types are appropriate for correspondence? a. Punch lists b. Labor packages c. Time cards d. Diaries ANSWER: a 17. Following the conclusion of meetings, the person recording the minutes should: a. Delay distributing the minutes until the end of the work week b. Forward copies to the architect’s sub-consultant c. Forward copies to the contractor’s subcontractors d. Read, correct, and retain on file for future reference ANSWER: d 18. Which of the following is NOT typically recorded in meeting minutes? a. Project name and number b. Parties in attendance c. Jobsite temperature d. Project progress ANSWER: c 19. During meetings, new business does NOT include_______. a. items that have already been resolved b. who will take action on the problem c. when action will be taken d. what action will be taken to resolve the problem ANSWER: a 20. Which of the following labor information is needed for cost documentation? a. Payroll information b. Social security numbers c. Age demographics d. Classification ANSWER: d 21. Purchase orders include several different materials, activity codes, and _____ _____. a. labor hours b. equipment hours c. delivery dates d. cost discounts ANSWER: c 22. The rates associated with owned equipment include fuel, repair costs, and the computed cost of _____. a. operators Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite b. rent c. investment d. use ANSWER: c 23. Which of the following guidelines is NOT used for construction correspondence? a. Description and location b. Objective of correspondence c. Summary d. Distribution to all project personnel ANSWER: d 24. In progress meeting minutes, which of the following addresses the type of document, type of meeting, date of meeting, and sequential number of the meeting? a. Project designation b. Title c. Previous meeting minutes d. Roster ANSWER: b 25. A dated record of when a particular document or item was sent to another party is known as a _____. a. requests for information b. personal diary c. punch list d. letter of transmittal ANSWER: d 26. The document that lists the cost, amount, type, and cost of material identified at the beginning of project construction is known as the _____. a. purchase order b. bill of materials c. letter of transmittal d. request for clarification ANSWER: b 27. The document which records revisions, with dates and reference-associated documents such as change orders is known as the _____. a. document control log b. subcontractor c. time-lapse d. progress ANSWER: a 28. The status of change orders should be discussed in _____ _____ _____.

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite a. the daily report b. the progress meeting c. the personal diary d. the document control-log ANSWER: b 29. The purchase order is used for ordering material and for _____. a. recording data b. calculating costs c. payment by accounting d. classifying labor ANSWER: c 30. Actual events, activities, and occurrences can be tracked and entered on the _____. a. cost estimate b. daily report c. schedule d. diary ANSWER: c 31. Time-lapse photography is NOT appropriate for showing_____. a. flow of the project b. process details c. sequence of events d. effect of jobsite layout and facilities ANSWER: b 32. Videotapes should be carefully labeled and stored where they will not be damaged by _____. a. cold b. heat c. light d. moisture ANSWER: a 33. Both contractors and subcontractors stand to benefit from timely change order _____.

ANSWER: authorization 34. Today’s contractors operate within tight cost and time ______.

ANSWER: constraints 35. Clear documentation can assist in finding accurate answers to questions and equitable solutions when contracting parties have ______.

ANSWER: disputes 36. Meeting minutes are traditionally distributed to the three major project participants as well as those in _____.

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite ANSWER: attendance 37. In order to establish a report as an official document the report must include a _____ and _____.

ANSWER: signature, date (either order) 38. Weekly and monthly summaries convey project progress to upper _____.

ANSWER: management 39. A list that contains the time of the call, the person called, and the person calling is referred to as a _____ _____.

ANSWER: phone log 40. Daily reports are written in a standard form, but the form for weekly and monthly report is _____.

ANSWER: narrative 41. A request for information, or RFI, is typically sent from the contractor to the _____.

ANSWER: architect 42. Any activity that involves motion within a relatively short duration is a good subject for a(n) _____ _____.

ANSWER: video recording 43. For each safety incident or occurrence, company’s safety program typically requires a specific _____ _____ for ANSWER: accident report 44. Describe the type and content of documents used to support requirements contained within the contract documents.

ANSWER: Several items of documentation are required by the contract documents. Although these documents serve specific purposes, they also document certain events throughout the project. Specific forms will be specified for areas such as progress payment, change orders, and substantial completion. Document types include progress payment requests, schedules of values, contract change orders and proposals, certified payrolls, certificates of substantial completion, and photographs.

45. Describe the purpose of Requests for Information (RFI’s) throughout a construction project.

ANSWER: Contractors have numerous questions throughout a project concerning documents, construction, materials, and numerous other items. RFI’s document each request for information or clarification posed by the contractor to the architect along with the reply. RFI are used issues with substantial cost or schedule impacts as well as brief questions requesting clarification or notice of an occurrence or latent condition.

46. Explain the methods used to record parties in attendance at a meeting.

ANSWER: There are two ways to record the parties in attendance at a meeting. The first method is to list the parties at the meeting, with the minutes-taker noting who is present and the time individuals arrive or leave. The list of individuals also should include their firms. This method ensures that all parties are recorded, as long as the recorder is familiar with all meeting participants. The second method is to provide an attendance roster or sign-up sheet to all meeting participants. This method documents attendance in the event that a dispute later arises. It does not, however, ensure that all attendees will sign the attendance sheet, particularly if they arrive late. The minutes taker should follow up to obtain the signatures of all parties listed on the roster.

47. Describe the benefits of email and recommended precautions to avoid document loss.

ANSWER: Email is instantly available and convenient for both the sender and the receiver. However, the same considerations for other types of communications apply to email. Email often in a short, abbreviated message, Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 05: Documentation and Record Keeping at the Jobsite but it can be a full letter as well, using guidelines previously discussed. Software is available for sending a variety of documents, including schedules. Because of the fragile nature of computer hardware, all electronic correspondence should be copied to avoid the risk of document loss.

48. What does time-lapse photography involve and when is it used?

ANSWER: Time-lapse photography involves a series of still pictures taken at 1- to 4-second intervals by a special camera from a fixed location. The process provides an accelerated view of the construction process compared to realtime video recordings. This type of recording shows the flow of the process but not the details. Time-lapse photography is used primarily for information in disputes, showing the sequence, equipment, and flow of the project; in productivity studies, showing the effect of jobsite layout and facilities; and in public relations for the contractor, showing how the facility was constructed.

49. Explain the purpose of a subcontractor log.

ANSWER: Some contractors like to keep a close count of the subcontractors used on the jobsite. A subcontractor log can be organized to record, on a daily basis, the manpower for each subcontractor. The log can be organized by the date, listing the subcontractors and employees, or by the subcontractor, listing the date and number of employees. This is an important tool when determining whether subcontractor staffing is adequate for the project.

50. Discuss why weather information is important for project documentation.

ANSWER: Weather conditions during a work shift can explain why work was not done on a specific date. Ambient temperature can affect activities that are temperature sensitive such as concrete pours. Precipitation quantity and form (rain, snow, sleet, etc.) can affect ground surface conditions which, in turn, affect equipment use and jobsite safety. Radiated heat can affect some materials, such as concrete, so notes should indicate whether it was clear and sunny.

51. Explain the importance of complete and accurate documentation and how it is achieved.

ANSWER: Complete and accurate documentation about what actually occurred on the jobsite during the construction process is, perhaps, the most important record keeping done. This documentation illustrates the actual sequence of the project, personnel on the job, materials delivered to the jobsite, equipment used on the jobsite, and many other factors. These reports are necessary to remain consistent in content and consecutive throughout the duration of the project, without time gaps between documentation. This record keeping is extremely useful in recreating a realistic picture of the jobsite at a later date, as is often necessary in the settlement of disputes. These records can be transmitted to individuals who are not directly involved on a daily basis with the project, keeping management aware of jobsite activities. Much of the event documentation is recorded by the field engineer or superintendent on the jobsite.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control 1. An optimum jobsite layout plan maximizes on-site labor via efficient material movement, travel, and transportation, allowing workers to spend the maximum amount of time performing construction activities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. When handling jobsite material, always move material with the least expensive labor possible. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Labor cost is the most predictable project cost for the contractor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. The cost of the jobsite temporary facilities is not included in the budget established by the estimate. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Access roads must beconstructed during a time and in a location where they will need to be moved or replaced. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. Because estimated profits are large, the relative efficiency of the construction site has little influence on the profitability of the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. Temporary electrical power from local power authorities can usually be established with a two- or three-day lead-time. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Materials should be delivered to the jobsite as far as possible from the location of installation. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. Use of suppliers’ delivery personnel should be avoided as their per-hour cost is typically higher than that of the contractor’s labor. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control b. False ANSWER: False 10. Which of the following is NOT a measure that improves jobsite security? a. Video surveillance installation b. High-quality perimeter fence installation c. Personnel elevators designation d. Intrusion alarms installation ANSWER: c 11. Material supplier delivery personnel have which of the following advantages over jobsite labor in reducing the cost of onsite material handling? a. Unionized jurisdictions b. Material handling knowledge c. High hourly rates d. Manual lifting devices ANSWER: b 12. When material is stockpiled on site, it should go from the storage area to _____. a. freight elevators b. climate-controlled storage c. laydown area d. installation ANSWER: d 13. When considering the optimum equipment for moving material, which of the following is of paramount concern? a. Safety b. Availability c. Cost d. Material quality ANSWER: a 14. Ideally, materials and fabrications arriving at the jobsite would be placed directly in the _____ _____. a. surge area b. laydown area c. climate-controlled storage d. installation area ANSWER: d 15. An efficient, well-organized jobsite has which of the following effects? a. Longer timelines for material delivery b. More frequent material movement c. Shorter employee travel distances d. Less frequent inspections from permitting authorities Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control ANSWER: c 16. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the jobsite layout plan that should be taken into consideration? a. Electronic document control b. Site constraints c. Labor productivity d. Equipment constraints ANSWER: a 17. The optimal use of a craftsperson’s time on the jobsite is which of the following? a. Communicating with supervision b. Traveling from tool storage to work site c. Performing the work for which they were trained and hired d. Ensuring critical materials are properly stored and moved ANSWER: c 18. Which of the following strategies will NOT improve jobsite labor efficiency? a. Provide separate lifts for personnel and materials b. Schedule floor stops for lifts in high-rise buildings c. Locate materials as far as possible for worksites d. Provide wireless communication for work crews ANSWER: c 19. The access road to the site should be as direct as possible from the existing _____ _____. a. public roads b. existing utilities c. water service d. drainage canals ANSWER: a 20. Haul roads may need to be watered periodically to reduce _____. a. ruts b. dust c. potholes d. s erosion ANSWER: b 21. Which of the following is a parameter that should be considered in placing a temporary water connection? a. Provide water to the most remote point possible b. Avoid burying lines c. Include redundant supply in areas susceptible to breakage d. Coordinate location to avoid breakage during subsequent excavation ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control 22. Most construction tools run on electricity at which of the following voltages? a. 480 V b. 110 V c. 220 V d. 240 V ANSWER: b 23. If your worksite includes 15 employees, what is the minimum number of onsite toilets required by state safety standards? a. One b. Two c. Four d. Five ANSWER: b 24. A plan for temporary facilities, material movement, material storage, and material handling equipment on the jobsite is known as the _____ _____ _____. a. access road analysis b. delivery point plan c. laydown area analysis d. jobsite layout plan ANSWER: d 25. Which of these controls the layout and equipment used on a project more than any other factor? a. Personnel b. Site c. Budget d. Storage ANSWER: b 26. What is the maximum horizontal distance toilets may be placed from all employees? a. 100 feet b. 200 feet c. 300 feet d. 400 feet ANSWER: b 27. Which of the following fences typically consists of galvanized chain link fabric, with temporary vertical pipes, usually at 10-feet centers, and without horizontal top or bottom pipe rails? a. Permanent b. Rental c. Panel d. Wood-frame ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control 28. Signs which indicate location of deliveries, on-way roadways, and locations of contractors’ offices are known as _____ _____. a. safety signs b. project signs c. directional signs d. gate signs ANSWER: c 29. An optimum jobsite layout plan minimizes on-site labor in material movement, travel, and _____.

ANSWER: transportation 30. A tower crane has considerably more capacity for lifting near the _____.

ANSWER: mast 31. Material delivery to the jobsite, including to areas within the jobsite, is most economically done by delivery people employed by the _____.

ANSWER: supplier 32. Storage of material on the jobsite should be _____.

ANSWER: systematic 33. Because moving material on vertical lifts takes much more time, particularly in loading and unloading, it is best to separate transportation of materials from transportation of _____.

ANSWER: personnel or people 34. Safety standards require that the temperature of wash water provided at the jobsite be no lower than _____ _____.

ANSWER: 70 degrees 35. Routes to the jobsite for delivery trucks is indicated by _____ _____.

ANSWER: location signs 36. Two important functions of barricades are defining the site area and protecting the _____.

ANSWER: public 37. For construction sites that are one acre or larger, a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) must be prepared and submitted to the _____.

ANSWER: Environmental Protection Agency or EPA 38. When providing heat to a temporary structure, caution must be exercised to use heating equipment that will not cause _____ _____.

ANSWER: fire damage 39. The presence of a jobsite office is often required in the General Requirements (Division 1) of the _____ _____.

ANSWER: construction documents 40. When establishing the jobsite layout plan, the contractor should look at the nonproductive time crews are required to _____.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control ANSWER: travel 41. Describe the responsibility of the contractor for jobsite organization and the impact of jobsite organization on subcontractors.

ANSWER: The jobsite layout affects the cost of material handling, labor, and the use of major equipment by the general contractor and the subcontractors working on the site. A well-organized jobsite has a positive effect on the productivity of the entire jobsite workforce. Productivity and worker morale are optimized by an effective jobsite layout. An efficient jobsite is a good indicator or high-quality professional management by the contractor. Although the jobsite layout plan is planned, funded, and implemented by the general contractor, it should consider the needs and requirements of all the subcontractors working on the site.

42. Describe why a jobsite must allow adequate space for sorting and storage of waste materials.

ANSWER: Sorting materials is now necessary to economically dispose of the construction waste. Materials should be sorted according to general types, such as wood, drywall, metal, and so forth, and then recycled. Adequate provisions should be made for sorting and accumulating in separate bins for major recyclable materials.

43. List three nonproductive time elements for jobsite workers and, for each, suggest a jobsite organizational improvement that would reduce the nonproductive time spent.

ANSWER: Any three of the following: a. Travel time from gate to work site, solution: provide transportation such as bus, truck, or, in the case of high-rise buildings, express personnel elevators b. Travel time to sanitary facilities, solution: provide sanitary facilities close to work site, relocating them as needed as the work progresses c. Travel time to coffee break, solution: provide tables, chairs, and dry shack as close as possible to worksite d. Travel time to lunch, solution: provide tables, chairs, and dry shack as close as possible to worksite e. Travel time moving material, solution: locate material close to worksite and discourage craftspeople from moving material f. Travel time to as superintendent questions, solution: locate project office near work site and issue walkie-talkie’s to crew for communication with the office.

44. Define and describe the purpose of a dry shack.

ANSWER: A dry shack is a dry place for construction workers to eat their lunch and a place to change their clothes.

Union agreements often have a provision that requires a dry shack to be furnished. The dry shack, like all other facilities on the jobsite, has an infinite number of types and variations. A few types include a small wood-framed building, with a table and a place to store lunches, a modular unit with one room, a room in the job trailer, or an area in the building near work activities. Dry shacks must be clean, have adequate light, and be relatively comfortable for employees.

45. Discuss the reasons for and methods used to protect storage material.

ANSWER: The following practices protect onsite stored material: a. Be sure that the surface of the storage area is compact, solid, and well-drained. b. Make sure that all material is on skids or pallets to prevent moisture from entering the material from the ground surface. c. Protect weather-sensitive material from the elements. d. Use parts of the structure to store materials that are particularly weather-sensitive e. Use climate-controlled storage for materials that could be damaged by expected ambient jobsite Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 06: Jobsite Layout and Control temperatures.

46. Why should contractors anticipate the equipment needs for the entire project?

ANSWER: The jobsite can depend on the lifting and moving equipment that is used for the project. Once equipment is determined, depending on its capabilities, cost and other characteristics, the equipment puts some constraints on the site layout. Location of delivery points, site access for people and equipment, sequencing of events, and location of temporary facilities all affect what equipment is needed on the jobsite.

47. List and explain the aspects of a jobsite layout plan.

ANSWER: The jobsite layout plan is a plan for temporary facilities, material movement, material storage, and material handling equipment on the jobsite. It is similar to the construction plan and schedule and is a long-term system that considers all factors of the construction project. The jobsite layout plan should a. b. c. d. e.

Included space allocation for material delivery, storage, temporary offices, and facilities Provide access to and from the jobsite and work areas within the jobsite, including haul roads Facilitate material movement, both horizontally and vertically Allow for worker transportation to-from and withing the jobsite Include temporary facilities for offices, storage facilities, dry shacks, sanitary facilities, temporary water, power, and heat f. Have security including (as needed) fencing, guard dogs, security patrols, electronic alarm systems, and watchmen g. Have signage and barricades to protect the public from construction hazards on the jobsite

48. Explain why knowing the lifting capacity needs of the project is important for selecting the proper project equipment.

ANSWER: The contractor needs to be sure that the equipment has the appropriate capacity, including the safety factor for the move and lift equipment necessary. Cranes are selected according to the location of the pick and the designated target. Each piece of equipment has a certain capacity that should be considered with exact jobsite conditions. All the qualities of the equipment need to be considered, including load capacity and reach or size of the equipment.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution 1. As complexity increases throughout a project, additional formal lines of communication are required. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. Agendas are not required for most meetings. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Meeting minutes can help clarify pending problems, place responsibility for solutions on individuals, and act as reminders before the next meeting. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. The contractor’s preconstruction planning and organization meeting is optional and rarely necessary to accomplish a successful project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. On the construction site, negotiations occur at all levels and in all positions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. An initial partnering workshop involves all parties involved in the construction project including the owner’s representative, architects, contractors, construction manager, and subcontractors. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. Project meetings are generally scheduled on a monthly or quarterly basis. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Specialized meetings are usually held to discuss multiple topics and issues. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. Under the AAA’s Construction Industry Arbitration Rules, “Fast Track” rules involve claims over $50,000. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution b. False ANSWER: False 10. Which of the following should be true for all construction project meetings? a. They should be held as frequently as possible b. They are open to all contracting participants c. They are informal, with open agendas d. They are formally scheduled ANSWER: d 11. Acceptable activities for construction project meeting include which of the following? a. Discussing previous projects b. Socializing with colleagues c. Finding solutions to problems d. Developing new skills ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following topics is NOT appropriate for partnering session meetings? a. Team member introductions b. Roles and positions for individuals involved in the project c. Personal grievances with team members d. Strategies for solving problems at the lowest level ANSWER: c 13. In which of the following construction project meetings would the project requirements for environmental protection and hazardous waste disposal be discussed? a. Contractor’s preconstruction planning and organization meeting b. Weekly project meeting c. Subcontractor coordination meeting d. Project closeout meeting ANSWER: a 14. In which of the following construction project meetings would a subcontractor present potential issues with the hoisting arrangements needed for the subcontractor’s work? a. Preconstruction meeting with subcontractors b. Weekly project meeting c. Subcontractor coordination meeting d. Project closeout meeting ANSWER: a 15. In which of the following construction project meetings would the submittal status be reviewed? a. Contractor’s preconstruction planning and organization meeting b. Weekly project meeting c. Subcontractor coordination meeting Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution d. Project closeout meeting ANSWER: b 16. In which of the following construction project meetings would the meeting with the local fire marshal be conducted? a. Construction staff meeting b. Weekly project meeting c. Subcontractor coordination meeting d. Specialized meeting ANSWER: d 17. Suppose you have concerns about the completing items on the project punch list. In which of the following construction project meetings should you raise your concerns? a. Specialized meeting b. Weekly project meeting c. Subcontractor coordination meeting d. Project closeout meeting ANSWER: b 18. Which of the following is typical for post-project reviews and evaluations? a. It includes both contractor in-house and architect’s personnel b. It involves an informal discussion c. It includes only events which occurred in the latter portion of the project d. It includes all project-related data relevant for future estimating ANSWER: d 19. Often, areas of disagreement arise among contract participants that are not completely defined in the _____ _____. a. Weekly reports b. Post-project reviews c. Contract documents d. Meeting agendas ANSWER: c 20. If you were involved in a construction project dispute with a claim of less than $50,000, which of the following AAA Construction Industry Arbitration Rules arbitration “tracks” could you follow? a. AAA arbitration “tracks” do not apply for claims < $50,000 b. “Fast Track” c. “Regular Track” d. “Large, Complex Construction Case Track” ANSWER: b 21. Which of the following AAA Construction Industry Arbitration Rules arbitration “tracks” involves a trained Roster of Neutrals? a. AAA arbitration “tracks” do not involve Roster of Neutrals b. “Fast Track” Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution c. “Regular Track” d. “Large, Complex Construction Case Track” ANSWER: d 22. If all members of the construction team are professional and informed participants, which of the following methods of addressing changes and claims should be sufficient? a. Litigation b. Mediation c. Negotiation d. Arbitration ANSWER: c 23. The final action of the contractor’s field management team should be a(n)_____ _____. a. staff meeting b. specialized meeting c. in-house project review d. workshop session ANSWER: c 24. Which of the following meetings provides a last chance to adjust outstanding charges, review allowances not completely used, and discuss procedures for final billing? a. Mediation meeting b. Project closeout meeting c. Post-project review d. Workshop session ANSWER: b 25. Which of the following meetings are held for larger projects to coordinate different areas of work? a. Negotiations b. Specialized meetings c. Partnering meetings d. Construction staff meetings ANSWER: d 26. Material problems, work sequence, access, subcontractor storage, and hoisting arrangements are among the issues discussed at a _____ _____ _____. a. contractor’s planning meeting b. construction phase session c. peconstruction subcontractor meeting d. project closeout meeting ANSWER: c 27. Which of the following meetings have the primary goal of breaking down adversarial relationships that have built up over the years, to create understanding between different organizations, and to set a common goal among all parties? a. Organizational meetings Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution b. Partnering meetings c. Preconstruction meetings d. Closeout meetings ANSWER: b 28. The wise contractor, architect, engineer, owner, and subcontractor will fairly solve and implement solutions to problems with _____.

ANSWER: compromise 29. Arbitration can be and generally is _____.

ANSWER: binding 30. In mediation, the facilitator makes suggestions in an attempt to move disputing parties closer to a resolution, but does not _____ _____.

ANSWER: impose solutions 31. Since contract documents do not completely define all areas, disagreements often arise between _____ _____.

ANSWER: contracting parties 32. The contractor’s evaluation of subcontractors serves as input for selecting subcontractors for _____ _____.

ANSWER: future projects 33. Project closeout meetings should be held early enough to discuss completion of the pending punch list and review the status of the project’s _____ _____.

ANSWER: substantial completion 34. Mediation is the process of bringing together disputing parties with the aid of a trained _____.

ANSWER: facilitator or mediator 35. Project meetings present a positive opportunity to move the project forward and, whenever possible, are held at the _____.

ANSWER: jobsite 36. An effective way to record the content of meetings and hold individuals accountable for their statements is to record _______ _____.

ANSWER: meeting minutes 37. The acceptance by all parties to reach an agreement and commit to making it a reality is a key elements of _____.

ANSWER: partnering 38. An appropriate forum for owner’s representatives, architects, contractors, and subcontractors to discuss their concerns, ask questions, and obtain answers is the _____ _____.

ANSWER: project meeting 39. Parties interested in resolving issues rather then positioning themselves for financial gain at the other’s expense will enter into the process of _____.

ANSWER: negotiation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution 40. The process of bringing together disputing parties with the aid of a trained facilitator to discuss the problems and find a middle ground is known as _____.

ANSWER: mediation 41. Explain the process of mediation and when it is used.

ANSWER: Mediation is first used when negotiations fail to resolve a particular dispute. An outside neutral player is used as a facilitator and adviser for each party trying to resolve the dispute. The facilitator, who does not impose solutions, will make suggestions in an attempt to move parties closer to a resolution, guiding all members involved to resolve the dispute among themselves.

42. List five of the jobsite-related meetings held during the course of a construction project.

ANSWER: any five of the following: • • • • • • • • • • • •

Partnering meeting and workshop session Contractor’s preconstruction planning and organization meeting Preconstruction meeting with subcontractors Preconstruction meeting (owner, architect, and contractor) Project meetings (weekly or biweekly) Subcontractor coordination meetings (contractor and subcontractor) Schedule meetings Safety meetings Staff meetings Specialized meetings Project closeout meetings Post-project review and evaluations

43. What happens when the negotiation process breaks down?

ANSWER: When the negotiating process breaks down, all parties involved move to other forms of dispute settlement. The include mediation, arbitration, and litigation in increasing order of cost and time. In anticipation of unsuccessful negotiations throughout the construction process, many owners are adding formal nonbinding mediation clauses and standard arbitration clauses to contracts. Most contractors will not sign contracts without the standard arbitration clause and have no problem adding an additional form of dispute resolution such as mediation.

44. Discuss why the “partnering” concept among contact participants is essential for the success of a construction project.

ANSWER: Several years ago, the construction industry went through a period of distrust and adversarial relationships on construction projects. The contract participants were more interested in obtaining additional compensation than cooperating to ensure projects met cost expectations, were completed on time, and satisfied the customer with the quality of the work. In a partnering relationship, the contract participants cooperate to successfully formulate, design, and construct a viable project. Partnering early in the project creates effective working relationships between participants, which eliminates problems and provides a forum for problem solving.

45. When is a formal review of the subcontractor’s performance appropriate and how is it performed?

ANSWER: The post-project review contains a formal review of the subcontactor’s performance. This review should be in the form of a written report, detailing how the subcontractor performed, who the foreman was, what problems occurred, and how these problems were resolved. Both the quality of the subcontractor’s work, and the safety practices of the crews should be included on the form and in the discussion.

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Chapter 07: Meetings, Negotiations, and Dispute Resolution 46. Describe the issues typically discussed in a preconstruction meeting with subcontractors.

ANSWER: Issues discussed in subcontractor preconstruction meetings include material problems, work sequence, access and subcontractor storage, and hoisting arrangements. The meeting also provides time for the contractor to discuss the contractor’s administrative process for submittals, payment, and jobsite safety.

47. List and describe the four typical topics included in a specialized meeting.

ANSWER: Some typical topics discussed in specialized meetings include: installation procedures for a system or material prior to installation; problem solving for a specific conflict area of concern on the project; meeting with an outside representative; and payment processing, if not included in the project meeting.

48. Explain when and why meeting agendas are developed.

ANSWER: Agendas are recommended for all meetings to ensure that communication and discussion is as efficient as possible. Meeting time should be minimized since time is precious for all of the professionals who are active in the construction project.

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control 1. The contractor has direct control over subcontractor labor. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. The productivity rates used in the estimate are generated from historical data, both from the contractor’s own records and from a variety of available references. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. The most serious problems are the ones that impact upon productivity with the supervisor’s knowledge. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. Construction documents must be notated to show changes accurately. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. The term “labor” indicates direct labor, or craftspeople employed by the contractor at the jobsite. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. Initial project planning does not account for seasonal weather conditions. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. Labor unions utilize business agents who represent union members, ensuring that contractors live up to their agreement. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. The foreman may authorize overtime. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. The employee’s time card is the originating document for labor information. a. True b. False ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control 10. Which of the following persons is responsible for tool security? a. Subcontractor b. Foreman c. Apprentice d. Field engineer ANSWER: b 11. Which of the following roles does NOT constitute labor on a construction project? a. Field engineer b. Craftsperson c. Foreman d. Apprentice ANSWER: a 12. The contractor provides supervision, task direction, material, and equipment for _____. a. subcontractors b. government inspectors c. owner’s representatives d. direct-labor employees ANSWER: d 13. Which of the following are ways in which change orders reduce labor productivity? a. Poor attitude among employees b. Tardiness of excessive absenteeism c. Poor lighting in the work area d. Lack of coordination of subcontractor with work activities ANSWER: d 14. Which of the following are ways in which jobsite conditions reduce labor productivity? a. Use of improperly or poorly trained craftspeople b. Poor use of multiple shifts c. Poor material storage layout d. High employee turnover ANSWER: c 15. Which of the following are NOT safety issues known to reduce labor productivity? a. Poor lighting in the work area b. Use of improperly or poorly trained craftspeople c. Working overtime d. Good housekeeping ANSWER: d 16. Which of the following is the principal manager of the work, oversees of subcontractor work accomplished, supervises Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control the general contractor’s own labor forces, and correlates all of the functions of the site construction staff? a. Foreman b. Craftsperson c. Subcontractor d. Superintendent ANSWER: d 17. Which of the following is NOT a material problem that reduces labor productivity? a. Unscheduled work stoppage b. Double-handling materials c. Long material transport distances d. Appropriate jobsite material storage ANSWER: d 18. Which of the following does NOT lead to high labor turnover? a. Effective site layout b. Poor material delivery planning c. Lack of superintendent leadership d. General jobsite unrest ANSWER: a 19. Remodeling, additions, and renovation projects can experience lower labor productivity rates compared to new construction as these projects have work conditions which are _____. a. unpredictable b. climate-controlled c. congested d. scheduled ANSWER: c 20. The positions of foreman, lead craftsperson, journeyman, and apprentice are _____. a. salaried b. hourly c. unskilled d. nonunion ANSWER: b 21. On construction jobsites, contractors do not provide or loan power tools to craftspeople working for _____. a. government inspectors b. union work crews c. nonunion work crews d. subcontractors ANSWER: d 22. The weekly quantity report can be used to do which of the following?

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control a. Track material deliveries b. Record accidents that occurred over the previous week c. Compare work activities with cost codes d. Document change statuses ANSWER: c 23. Which of the following tools are typically provided to a carpenter by the contractor? a. Hand levels b. Handheld hammers c. Chisels d. Ladders ANSWER: d 24. Which of the following may be used to prohibit the contractor form subcontracting work to nonunion firms for a particular labor classification? a. Union earmark b. Journeyman stipulation c. Subcontractor clause d. Dual gate provisions ANSWER: c 25. When a contractor employs union labor, the typical labor agreement covers the work, conditions, and _____. a. crew training b. material costs c. wage rates d. project duration ANSWER: c 26. An unskilled person who has no training and is not enrolled in a training program for a specific trade is known as a _____. a. apprentice b. helper c. journeyman d. labor craftsman ANSWER: b 27. The highest nonmanagement level on a construction jobsite is the _____. a. journeyman b. field engineer c. foreman d. superintendent ANSWER: c 28. Which of the following site employees is the contractor’s jobsite representative?

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control a. Foreman b. Lead craftsman c. Field engineer d. Superintendent ANSWER: d 29. The contractor’s use of direct labor depends on project requirements, labor force available, subcontractors available, local customs, company policy, and the expertise of the contractor’s _____ _____.

ANSWER: field management 30. When protective clothing, such as rain gear or cold-weather gear, is necessary, labor productivity is _____.

ANSWER: reduced or slowed 31. Preparation for heavy jobsite precipitation can be made with provisions such as preparing haul roads and jobsite access with gravel surface and adequate _____.

ANSWER: drainage 32. Double-handling materials results in materials damage, increased waste, and _____ _____.

ANSWER: lost time 33. When an accident occurs on the jobsite, all work quickly comes to a _____.

ANSWER: halt or stop 34. Upon signing a labor agreement, the contractor and union are contractually _____.

ANSWER: bound 35. Craftspeople who actually perform construction work, from the foreman to the individual tradesperson, are referred to as _____.

ANSWER: labor 36. The rate at which tasks are produced, especially the output per unit of labor, is known as _____ ______.

ANSWER: labor productivit 37. When a contractor employs union labor, the contractor and union have a _____ _____.

ANSWER: labor agreement 38. Weekly labor reports document cumulative labor costs versus budgeted hours using information generated from _____ ______.

ANSWER: time cards 39. Because of the potential for abuse and to solve problems of timekeeping, some companies use a system of brass tags for checking individuals in and out of ______.

ANSWER: jobsites 40. Explain how and why dual gates are used on a project.

ANSWER: Dual gates may be necessary on projects using both union and nonunion workers. These are used to separate potential union and nonunion workforces, pursuant to National Labor Relations Board procedures, to avoid Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control secondary boycotts by one group over another nonparticipating firm.

41. What may result form working longer days or adding additional days of work on a prolonged basis?

ANSWER: Working longer days or adding additional days of work on a prolonged basis will result in increased injuries and safety problems. As workers become tired from longer periods of work, they begin to adjust their pace or slow their productivity to avoid fatigue. Furthermore, when forced to work overtime, an employee may become disgruntled, causing low morale among other employees.

42. What happens when an accident occurs on a jobsite? What preventative measures should be put in place?

ANSWER: All work quickly comes to a halt when an accident occurs on a jobsite. Employees who do not feel safe tend to be overly cautious when performing their work tasks, thus noticeably slowing production. A clean and safe jobsite is conductive to obtaining maximum productivity from the labor crews.

43. Explain how bad weather can affect a project?

ANSWER: Bad weather forces change in schedules, production, and damage to completed work. Weather can affect some construction materials as well as efficiency of labor. Crew members working in weather-protective PPE often have a reduced productivity rate. Extreme weather forces work activities to be performed in a less efficient method in order to ensure crew member safety.

44. What impacts may result from changes in work?

ANSWER: Changes disrupt the momentum or flow of work. Changes will often consume field personnel, resulting in neglect in continuing other areas of work. Frequent changes produce confusion in crews, which reduces productivity. The need to redo already completed work can be demoralizing to craftspeople and labors.

45. Describe one measure that can be taken to prevent timekeeping misuse.

ANSWER: Checking employees in and out each day and verifying and confirming employees time prevent misuse. A method for doing this is a system of brass tags for checking individuals in and out of jobsites. Tags sit on a numbered board and, as employees remove the numbered tag, an empty spot is left. The tags are individually assigned, and often the number represents a craft as well. This craft numbering system makes it easier to determine the number of different craftspeople on the project for daily job reports and for the foreman’s use.

46. What is the definition of labor productivity, and what are the goals of project management with regard to labor productivity?

ANSWER: Labor productivity is defined as the rate at which tasks are produced, especially the output per unit of labor, “work performed per unit of time,” or “time to perform unit of work.” The goal in managing construction tasks is to produce the optimum output per labor hour. The output desired naturally complies with project requirements for materials, construction techniques, appearance, performance, and workmanship. Productivity rates should be established in the estimate regarding perception of conditions and project requirements. The productivity rates used in the estimate are generated from historical data, both from the contractor’s own records and from a variety of available references.

47. Describe the responsibilities of the contractor regarding tools needed by craftspeople on the jobsite.

ANSWER: In many areas, trade practices or labor agreements establish what tools the craftsperson will provide and what tools the construction company is responsible for providing. In most commercial projects, all power tools are provided by the company, along with cords and ladders. The craftsperson may be required to have a specific selection of hand tools, which varies from craft to craft and from residential to commercial work. Tools are almost never provided or even loaned to subcontractors and their craftspeople.

48. List five articles which are contained in a typical labor agreement.

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Chapter 08: Jobsite Labor Relations and Control ANSWER: Any five of the following: • • • • • • • • • • •

A statement of purpose The parties’ and managements’ rights under the labor agreement Rules governing strikes, lockouts, and slowdowns The agreement’s area of jurisdiction The issue of using only subcontractors that are also signatory Definitions of payday, holidays, workweek, workday, shifts, and when overtime is defined Agreement on how grievances and jurisdictional disputes will be settled Employee substance abuse, safety, and accident prevention issues Wage rates for different classifications of carpenters Hiring hall procedure and work rules Apprenticeship training and classification

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management 1. Each construction project is unique and thus possesses its own particular set of circumstances and safety hazards. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. Construction safety management is a unique method of documenting hazards in the construction workplace. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Studies show that workers of any age, experience, craft, or position in the company could experience a fatal accident in the workplace. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. The goal of a construction accident investigation is to prevent future accidents and assign blame. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Each construction activity on a project has a long duration, allowing plenty of time for workers to become proficient with optimal safety practices. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. Few construction activities occur where the public does not have access or visibility to them. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. While many contractors strongly encourage use of eye protection on the jobsite, current regulations do not require that eye protection be worn 100% of the time on construction jobsites. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. Only certain states require that safety communications be conveyed to employees in a variety of ways. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. All injuries and illnesses occurring on the jobsite must be recorded and reported to OSHA. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management b. False ANSWER: False 10. In the year 2021, what percentage of all workplace fatalities occurred in the construction industry? a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 35% ANSWER: c 11. In order to comply with OSHA guidelines, a company’s safety and health program must be a written plan with which of the following key elements? a. Employee contact directory b. Organization chart c. Hazard assessment and control d. Annual budget ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following (is) are NOT jobsite hazards that should be identified on a site walk-through? a. Employee absences b. Electrical hazards c. Falls d. Confined spaces ANSWER: a 13. Which of the following tips will make a construction hazard assessment more effective? a. Remember that hazards do not tend to change over time. b. Get input only from selective individual most likely to be knowledgeable about the hazards. c. Develop a general hazard control plan that is applicable to most construction sites. d. Monitor the effectiveness of the control measures and make changes as needed.

ANSWER: d 14. After a construction accident, which of the following should NOT be done? a. Resume normal work operations as quickly as possible. b. Secure the accident scene and prevent additional injuries. c. Assess the situation and provide medical attention to any injured workers. d. Investigate the cause of the accident.

ANSWER: d 15. Which of the following accident-related information should NOT be gathered in order to facilitate an accident investigation? a. The date, time, and location of the accident b. The cost of the materials damaged during the accident c. The extent of injuries Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management d. The weather conditions at the time of the accident ANSWER: b 16. Which of the following should be included in a company’s system for hazardous materials information communication? a. Hazardous material cost b. History of corporate hazardous material use c. Emergency procedures in the event of a spill or release d. Preferred hazardous material shipping provider ANSWER: c 17. Which of the following are recommended discussion topics for “toolbox” safety meetings? a. Review expected material deliveries b. Review success of ongoing cost control practices c. Corrections to safety procedures for work which will be performed in the near future d. Changes to the project schedule ANSWER: c 18. When providing temporary pedestrian protection, construction companies must comply with which of the following? a. Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines b. Environmental Protection Administration regulations c. Company cost containment policies d. State Department of Ecology regulations ANSWER: a 19. Which of the following is a major loss prevention activity in the construction industry due to its potential for causing extensive damage and serious injury? a. Absenteeism reduction b. Schedule optimization c. Fire prevention d. Cost control ANSWER: c 20. Which of the following is NOT a major source of fires? a. Combustible liquids b. Electricity c. Flammable liquids d. Steel fabrications ANSWER: d 21. Which of the following is a contributor to substance abuse in the construction industry? a. Consistent work environment b. Short work shifts c. Access to alcohol and drugs Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management d. stationary work force ANSWER: c 22. How many employees must a firm employ at any one time in the previous calendar year to be required to file the OSHA forms 300 and 300A? a. 5 b. 11 c. 15 d. 21 ANSWER: b 23. Within how many hours must a construction company notify OSHA of an accident resulting in an employee’s hospitalization? a. 2 b. 4 c. 24 d. 48 ANSWER: c 24. A construction inspection checklist can help companies reduce _____. a. absenteeism b. accidents c. substance abuse d. material costs ANSWER: b 25. In order to select the proper extinguisher for a particular, jobsite employees must understand the fire extinguishers are rated by _____. a. nitrogen foam b. compression category c. storage temperature d. fire type ANSWER: d 26. Which of the following meetings is an on-site meeting held with all workers and their supervisors in an attempt to reinforce the many jobsite hazards that may exist and the consequences of unsafe actions for individual workers? a. Toolbox meetings b. Partnering meetings c. Preconstruction meetings d. Organizational meetings ANSWER: a 27. If a workplace accident results in the death of an employee, within how many hours of the accident must a report be submitted direct to the OSHA office? a. 8 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management b. 12 c. 24 d. 48 ANSWER: a 28. In a safe workplace, there should be a reliable process in place to ensure that the proper personal protective equipment is on the job and accessible for use by the employee(s) working within the area(s) that contain _____ ______.

ANSWER: hazardous materials 29. Employee and subcontractor contact with hazardous materials and processes can be prevented by carefully discussing _____ _____.

ANSWER: exposure risks 30. Although the tendence is to worry about OSHA regulations when discussing safety, some of the most important safety issues are primarily the ones that come form the _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: Environmental Protection Agency 31. When an injury or illness occurs on the jobsite, many factors must be considered before the case can be _____.

ANSWER: classified 32. In the event of a workplace accident, the superintendent or field engineer should prepare the report, obtaining information from the accident victim, crew foreman, and _____.

ANSWER: witnesses 33. The responsibility for safety data sheet (SDS) systems generally falls on the designated safety administrator, office engineer, or _____ _____.

ANSWER: project engineer 34. Proper use of protective equipment should be fully explained in the jobsite safety manual and reinforced in weekly _____ _____.

ANSWER: toolbox meetings 35. Temporary pedestrian protection adjacent to a construction site must comply with all _____.

ANSWER: Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADDAG) 36. The contractor’s employee who must assess the project for potential fire hazards and scrutinize areas and activities that can cause fires to reduce property damage and injure employees is the _____.

ANSWER: superintendent 37. The process of demolition creates both solid waste and _____ _____.

ANSWER: hazardous waste 38. In order to clarify the written and stated company policy concerning second-time alcohol and drug abuse and to ensure that employees learn to take responsibility for their actions, the last element of a formal substance abuse program is a(n) _____.

ANSWER: assistance program 39. Information on the chemicals used on a project, their harmful effects, recommended PPE, and spill response Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management procedures can be found in the _____ _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: Material Safety Data Sheets 40. What obligations does the employer have concerning illness and injury reporting? How do these obligations vary with the circumstances under which the illness or injury occurred?

ANSWER: The employer has certain obligations to report injuries and illnesses, but not all must be reported to federal or state authorities. Two categories exist in which recorded cases must be reported: 1) audits of recorded injuries or illnesses for a certain time frame, requested by federal or state health and safety organizations, and 2) all accidents resulting in one or more fatalities or hospitalization of three or more employees. Some states have more stringent reporting requirements. The employer must orally report within 8 hours work-related fatalities and incidents involving the hospitalization of three or more employees to the nearest OSHA office or the OSHA Hotline at 1-800-321-OSHA. Again, some states have more stringent requirements; for example, CAL/OSHA requires immediate notification of a death or serious injury or illness.

41. Describe why demolition and removal of past construction include unique hazards with regard to chemical exposure.

ANSWER: When demolition is part of the process of building a new structure or building, not only are we generating solid wastes but often hazardous wastes that promote major safety concerns. Hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, asbestos, and PCBs are frequently present in past construction and must be handled using special procedures by certified personnel. Prior to the start of demolition, project employees should be notified of the presence or probable presence of the hazardous materials along with documented notification of how they will be removed, transported, and disposed of.

42. How does the company Click Safety convey safety information? What types of information do they provide?

ANSWER: Click Safety provides Internet-based safety training, incentive awards and risk management programs that to help contractors deliver job-appropriate training in both English and Spanish. The service provides online safety courses, tracks which employees have taken what classes, and tests for comprehension. The company offers an OSHA 10-hour certificate and 30-hour certificate through their online courses.

43. List four factors that contribute to the construction industry’s high accident and fatality rate.

ANSWER: Factors contributing to the construction industry’s high accident and fatality rate include any four of the following: • • • • •

The inherent hazardous nature of construction work The methods and types of operations needed by construction companies to meet and complete assignments, resulting in confusion about safe methods to accomplish work activities Each construction project is unique and thus poses separate circumstances and safety hazards; work is not confined to a single workplace but occurs at multiple jobsites.

Each construction activity has a relatively short duration; thus, safety procedures are normally not well established; the “learning curve” for safe and productive work often is not optimized because of this short duration.

Because construction is a very mobile industry, the workforce changes frequently, with varied levels of competence and expertise among employees; these employees may not be trained in safe work methods prior to arriving on the jobsite.

44. What negative consequences can substance abuse have for construction workers and jobsite productivity?

ANSWER: Substance abuse can have a number of negative consequences for construction workers including: • •

Increased risk of accidents and injuries Decreased productivity

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Chapter 09: Personnel and Safety Management • •

Increased absenteeism Increased turnover

45. Describe the OSHA requirements and contractors’ standard practice regarding jobsite first aid and first aid training.

ANSWER: OSHA requires the contractor to meet certain requirements for applying first aid, for the availability and number of first-aid kits, and for the supplies in each kit. OSHA provides first-aid training and certification of trained workers in first aid, and first-aid courses are available in most communities through a contractor’s association or the local Red Cross. Most jurisdictions require one person on each crew to have full, updated first-aid training, and most contractors require all field management personnel to have current first-aid cards.

46. What information should be contained in a corporate policy on safety?

ANSWER: The corporate policy on safety should be a clear and concise statement of the company’s commitment to safety. It should outline the company’s expectations for employee safety and the consequences for violating those expectations. The policy should also establish a safety committee or other structure for overseeing the company’s safety program.

47. Describe the responsibility of contractor companies to provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to jobsite employees.

ANSWER: The company should provide personal protective equipment (PPE) to all employees who need it. PPE can help protect employees from injuries caused by hazards such as falls, electric shock, and exposure to hazardous materials. The company should have system in place for ensuring that employees use PPE correctly.

48. Corporate safety policies typically include a declaration from the firm’s president. What information is typically included in the president’s declaration?

ANSWER: A typical policy declaration might include the following information: 1. The idea that safety is the highest priority in the workplace. Employees should not expect to work in an unsafe manner or environment. The company will not fire an employee for bringing to the attention of their supervisor unsafe conditions or actions.

2. The company should state who is accountable for providing a safe environment. This authority and accountability is generally directed to the superintendents and foremen, as they are the ones in charge of dayto-day activities. Some firms also will designate an on-site safety engineer or safety manager who has specific duties.

3. The preface of all company manuals should include an open letter from the president to all employees addressing their responsibilities and their mandated use of the safety manual and information about the company’s safety program

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing 1. When selecting a subcontractor for project work, the contractor must balance work scopes in order to be able to compare quotes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. Subcontractors have lower indirect overhead compared to general contractors. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Subcontract agreements written by the contractor tend to be biased in favor of the contractor. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. The majority of contractors are unwilling to accept the responsibility for approving subcontractor work prior to owner review. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. Once established, the subcontractor payment process is inflexible. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. Since the labor for the subcontractor is specialized and only a narrow range of work is done, subcontractor costs are generally less. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. Subcontractors typically engage in only a single type of business within their field. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Negotiation after the receipt of bids is rare, so overlapping areas between subcontractors should be clarified during the bidding process. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. Few firms use a standardized contract form for the subcontract agreement, preferring to use their own in-house attorneys to draft the subcontract agreement.

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of central over site-based purchasing on construction projects? a. Better prices for purchased materials b. Broader number of vendor quotes to evaluate c. Greater control of the purchasing process d. Higher level of quality of purchased items ANSWER: d 11. Items are purchased via purchase orders under which of the following circumstances? a. A single material delivery is needed. b. The material or equipment is unique. c. It is essential to obtain the lowest price. d. The order quantity is not yet determined.

ANSWER: d 12. In order to ensure payment to the vendor and keep purchase orders organized, purchase orders are typically serialized or _____. a. duplicated b. numbered c. alphabetized d. lettered ANSWER: b 13. Contractors use material contracts are usually used for which of the following? a. Unique, low-cost materials for use by the contractor’s own forces b. Small purchases of materials for use by subcontractors c. Single, low-cost materials for use by contractor direct-labor d. Major purchases of bulk materials ANSWER: d 14. Who is responsible for the quality of work performed by second-tier subcontractors? a. Contractor b. Architect c. Subcontractor d. Owner ANSWER: c 15. Appropriate clauses may be added to subcontractor agreements requiring subcontractors to do which of the following with their construction waste? a. Incinerate the waste b. Accumulate the waste Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing c. Recycle the waste d. Dispose of the waste in a landfill ANSWER: c 16. Which of the following is NOT one of the preconstruction services being offered by general contractors? a. Subtier subcontracting b. Life cycle costing c. Conceptual estimating d. Constructability studies ANSWER: a 17. Which of the following pacesetting activities is NOT essential for optimal subcontractor coordination? a. Negotiating the lowest per-item price for bulk materials b. Determining appropriate jobsite storage of material and equipment c. Determining what needs to be done prior to the start of the subcontract d. Determining the use of the contractor’s lifting equipment to facilitate the installation ANSWER: a 18. Which of the following is a typical reason why a contractor would withhold subcontractor payment? a. To address project cashflow issues b. To pay for materials needed for contractor direct-labor c. To pay fringe benefits for contractor's direct-labor d. To cover repair or replacement of work in place ANSWER: d 19. Which of the following is a reason why a contractor would use a subcontracting on a construction project? a. For general labor for a variety of construction tasks b. Because subcontractors provide a wide range of work which can be done c. Because subcontractors lack expertise in specialized areas d. To lower contractor overhead costs ANSWER: d 20. Which of the following is NOT part of purchasing for construction projects? a. Renting construction equipment for the project b. Controlling material on the jobsite c. Specifying materials and installed equipment d. Tracking and expediting purchases to coincide with the construction schedule ANSWER: c 21. Which of the following facts should the contractor’s field personnel know about each subcontractor? a. Subcontractor owner’s name b. Address of subcontractor’s corporate office c. Risks the subcontractor is facing on the project d. Subcontractor’s financial status Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing ANSWER: c 22. Which of the following is NOT an item that subcontractors are required to submit prior to initial payment? a. Contract drawing b. Certificate of insurance c. Bond d. Material samples ANSWER: a 23. Which percentage of jobsite labor is accomplished by subcontractors? a. 5 to 10 b. 20 to 40 c. 50 to 75 d. 75 to 100 ANSWER: d 24. The subcontract agreement clause that specifies the subcontractor will be paid after the contractor receives payment from the project owner is known as the _____ _____ _____. a. scope of work b. contingent payment clause c. contractor indemnification clause d. retroactive application clause ANSWER: b 25. Subcontract agreement clauses that “hold the contractor harmless” form actions of the subcontractor are known as _____ _____. a. indemnification clauses b. termination clauses c. acceptability stipulations d. work schedules ANSWER: a 26. The unethical practice of contractors disclosing bid amounts from subcontractors to other subcontractors is known as _____. a. buyout b. bid shopping c. procurement d. purchase-control ANSWER: b 27. The process of converting subcontractor bids to subcontracts and quotes to purchase orders is called _____. a. alignment b. buyout c. cleanup Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing d. bid shopping ANSWER: b 28. In the past, general contractors used subcontractors only to perform the “specialized” tasks of the construction project and accomplished most of the tasks with their own _____.

ANSWER: labor 29. Subcontractors can affect a project’s profitability by default of contract, poor workmanship, and _____.

ANSWER: delay 30. Unlike subcontracts, jobsite labor is not included in a _____.

ANSWER: purchase 31. The process of converting all subcontractor bids to subcontracts and all quotes to purchase orders or purchase contracts is often called _____.

ANSWER: buyout 32. The process of balancing subcontractor work scope from one bid to another is known as _____ _____.

ANSWER: scope alignment 33. The subcontractor’s focus is to make a profit form all business activity while servicing customers with a finite amount of _____.

ANSWER: resources 34. Many contractors will use an in-house subcontract, written by their _____.

ANSWER: attorneys 35. Scheduling subcontractors can be crucial to subcontractor _____.

ANSWER: profitability 36. The time frame required for completion of subcontract work is stipulated by the _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: Schedule of work 37. Although litigation is occasionally stipulated, the most common remedy to disputes is _____.

ANSWER: arbitration 38. Many subcontractors subcontract out portions of the work, a practice known as _____ ______.

ANSWER: second-tier subcontracting 39. The tracking, confirming, and/or accelerating of delivery of a purchased item is known as _____.

ANSWER: expediting 40. What is the amount of the subcontract agreement normally based on?

ANSWER: The amount of the subcontract agreement is normally based on a lump-sum bid by the subcontractor to the contractor. This bid is usually submitted in a competitive environment, with the contractor receiving several Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing subcontract bids for each subcontract area. The contractor requires competitive bids to maintain a low, competitive bid for the owner. Most contractors will choose the low subcontract bid. Negotiation after the receipt of bids is normal to determine any missing or overlapping areas between subcontractors.

41. Explain the importance of proper scope definition in the subcontractor agreement.

ANSWER: The general contractor, at bid time, wants to quickly determine the individual subcontractor’s proposed scope of work, then make comparisons to other subcontractors who are bidding the same work. For example, if an electrical subcontractor bids on Section 16 complete, without any other inclusions or exclusions, and another electrical subcontractor does the same, the question of which subcontractor to use becomes much easier to answer.

42. When are coordination meetings held and what do they focus on?

ANSWER: Coordination meetings are held weekly with all applicable subcontractors in attendance. The focus of the subcontractor meeting is the exchange of information on scheduling, interface between the various subcontractors, and the review of updated information, changes, and potential effects on all companies involved.

43. Explain the procedures for controlling changes with subcontractors.

ANSWER: Official changes in the contract follow a special procedure, requesting pricing information, followed by official notice tot eh contractor in the form of a change order. The contractor, then needs to provide the subcontractor with written authority to proceed with additional work for the amount negotiated. This change to the subcontract agreement must be in writing. Technically, the work should not be done until formal notification is made, and payment is not made until all of the paperwork is complete.

44. Explain what a purchase order is used for and the general components of a purchase order system.

ANSWER: The purchase order is a control document used to define items to be ordered, the payment terms, and the quoted price; how it may be shipped or delivered; the delivery time; and the cost account for the purchase.

Purchase order system components include (1) actual purchase order number, (2) link to the cost control system to allow committed costs to be entered, (3) indication of who made the purchase and for which project, (4) coordination of delivery slips, purchase orders, and invoices.

45. Explain what expediting is and what roles in a contractor’s organization would perform it?

ANSWER: Expediting can be defined as the tracking, the confirming, and/or the accelerating of delivery of an item that has been purchased. When purchasing is done from a central or home office, expediting is part of the purchasing agent’s job description. When purchasing is site based, the project engineer may track and expedite purchased items.

46. Describe the contractual relationship between a contractor and subtier subcontractor.

ANSWER: There is no contractual relationship between the contractor and the second-tier subcontract, so the contractor has less direct control of that portion of the work, relaying all directions through the subcontractor. The subcontractor, though, is responsible for this second-tier subcontracted work to the contractor.

47. Describe how recent developments in waste management impact subcontract agreements.

ANSWER: Waste management is a relatively recent development, a result of higher landfill costs and increased environmental regulations. Many owners are requiring construction waste to be managed by efficient reduction, reuse, and recycling. The appropriate clauses must be added to the subcontract agreements, requiring subcontractors to plan, separate, and recycle their construction waste.

48. Describe the purpose of indemnification clauses in subcontract agreements.

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Chapter 10: Subcontracting and Purchasing ANSWER: Subcontract agreements include indemnification clauses that “hold the contractor harmless” from actions of the subcontractor. These clauses give the contractor protection from claims and lawsuits arising from the subcontractor’s actions in pursuit of the work covered under the subcontract agreement.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management 1. The building inspector is concerned with the general design and overall aesthetics of the building. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. The primary building codes currently used in the United States are the International Building Code and the International Residential Code. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Few products require a label from agencies such as Underwriters Laboratories labels on electrical devices to show conformance to product standards and federal regulations. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. Quality is nearly always related to price. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Pressure from customers has forced the construction industry to improve its level of quality management. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. Goals for time, cost, and quality can all be met because quality can be obtained through efficiency. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. Total quality management rarely creates opportunities for improvement in construction methods, processes, and the delivery of the product to the customer. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. The advantages of total quality management are usually easy to see in the short term. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. Continuous training is necessary for employees to keep them aware of changes in products and techniques. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management b. False ANSWER: True 10. Surveys should be administered to customers and employees to obtain their reactions to and thoughtsabout quality. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. Quality is not necessarily a function of ______. a. price b. inspection c. customer-satisfaction d. collaboration ANSWER: a 12. For several years, other industries have been actively involved in quality management programs, such as total quality management, ISO-9000, and _____ _____. a. cost Awareness b. expedited Effectiveness c. six Sigma d. management Initiative ANSWER: c 13. The three primary elements of a construction project are quality, time, and _____. a. inspection b. permitting c. cost d. schedule ANSWER: c 14. The constructor assumes that the project plans and specifications reflect the customer’s _____. a. priorities b. budget c. regulations d. expectations ANSWER: d 15. Which of the following is NOT a factor in construction project quality? a. Cost control b. Innovation c. A responsible workforce d. Productivity improvement ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management 16. Which of the following are elements of a successful project? a. Lowest material costs b. Fastest equipment deliveries c. Expedited permitting d. Properly executed installations ANSWER: d 17. According the Dr. W. Edwards Deming, successful projects require teamwork among all project participant which, on a contraction jobsite would include field management, skilled craftspeople, and the _____. a. architect b. owner c. subcontractors d. building inspector ANSWER: c 18. Which of the following is NOT a building block for the continuous improvement process? a. Cost consciousness b. Client satisfaction c. Productivity improvement d. Intolerance of poor quality ANSWER: a 19. An effective quality management program uses a continuous methodology consisting of “Plan-Do-Check-_____”. a. Inspect b. Report c. Act d. Revise ANSWER: c 20. Which of the following is a sign that a construction company should institute a quality management program? a. New business from customer referrals b. Local cost for of warranty work c. Failure to pass inspections d. Infrequent work revision ANSWER: c 21. Which of the following is NOT a primary objective of quality control assignments? a. Ensuring that every quality aspect is covered b. Providing a clear delineation of responsibilities c. Providing effective guidance on the project d. Ensuring duplication of effort ANSWER: d 22. Materials that are mass manufactured may not have specified testing or quality control by field personnel, but in all Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management cases, some form of in-house or outside testing and quality control has been performed at the _____ _____. a. permitting office b. third-part laboratory c. manufacturing plant d. distributor’s warehouse ANSWER: c 23. Codes apply to all of the following areas of building construction and performance except for _____. a. sale price b. energy efficiency c. mechanical systems d. electrical systems ANSWER: a 24. When a more detailed comment area is needed for noting corrections, which of the following is used as an alternative to the on-site inspection record? a. Building permit b. Correction notice c. Plan check d. Control checklist ANSWER: b 25. Which phase of a quality management program includes continuous improvement and evaluation of the entire program? a. Plan b. Act c. Do d. Check ANSWER: b 26. What is the correct order of operation in the total quality management system? a. Do-Plan-Check-Act b. Check-Plan-Do-Act c. Plan-Do-Check-Act d. Plan-Check-Do-Act ANSWER: c 27. Who developed the concept of total quality management? a. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration b. Dr. Edwards Deming c. Dr. Philip Brians d. American Society for Testing and Materials ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management 28. Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary elements of a construction project? a. Quality b. Cost c. Time d. Inspection ANSWER: d 29. The building inspector’s main task is enforcement of local building _____.

ANSWER: codes 30. The workforce, field management, and company management need to be committed to providing a high-quality product to the _____.

ANSWER: customer 31. Work which is done correctly not only satisfies the customer, but also is optimally produced, resulting in the minimal _____.

ANSWER: cost 32. “Meeting the customer’s expectations” may not always be within the contractor’s _____.

ANSWER: control 33. Successful owners select construction firms that make their needs and the quality of the project top _____.

ANSWER: priorities 34. If a construction company creates a continuous improvement plan toward quality, the process will continue to work and ______.

ANSWER: expand 35. Without full and continued upper-management support and commitment, the quality program will be short-lived, without producing measurable _____.

ANSWER: gains 36. Most projects are subject to inspection by the building inspector or the _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: local code authority 37. Checklists can be developed and used to ensure that the superintendent or other quality control personnel include all aspects of an installation when preparing and implementing _____ _____.

ANSWER: punch lists 38. The superintendent should perform quality checks on the contractor’s own work and the work of the _____.

ANSWER: subcontractors 39. Often code compliance changes are required by the _____ _____.

ANSWER: plan check 40. Building codes are written to protect the environment, health, life, and safety of the _____.

ANSWER: public Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management 41. Describe the difference between traditional and current definitions of quality in the construction industry.

ANSWER: The construction industry often defines quality as conformance to standards and specifications. In current quality management terminology, though, quality is defined as meeting or exceeding the customer’s expectations. We assume that the construction documents express the customer’s expectations, but we probably need to go further to satisfy the customer.

42. List Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s four elements essential to a successful project.

ANSWER: According to Dr. W. Edwards Deming, a successful project would have the following elements: • • • •

Installations executed properly, one time only Teamwork among project participants, including field management, skilled craftspeople, and subcontractors Commitment of all who are involved to accomplish the task as efficiently as possible Recognition of the quality of the project by the customer and potential customers, ultimately resulting in increased sales

43. What does the Check phase of the Plan-Do-Check-Act methodology of quality management involve?

ANSWER: The Check phase involves inspection of the work and the necessary repair of defective work prior to turning over the project to the customer. Inspection of the work needs to be done by a knowledgeable individual with authority within the firm. Use of a simple checklist form containing major elements of the installation facilitates these inspections. Inspection needs to be made at the completion of every installation.

44. Explain why testing and inspection of materials may be required and how this is accomplished.

ANSWER: Both testing and inspection are required by most contracts to protect the owner, public, architect, and contractors. The inspection process should be done by independent agencies outside of the contract process to avoid any vested interest. Inspection and testing, if they are done correctly, will bring an unbiased review of the installation and product requirements. Inspections and tests must occur at many steps during the contractual process. Mass manufactured materials are typically tested at the manufacturing plant. Many products require labels from institutes or other agencies, such as Underwriters Laboratories.

45. How are quality control responsibilities allocated and what are their primary objectives?

ANSWER: Quality control activities are fulfilled by superintendents, assistant superintendents, engineers, and field engineers in addition to their other responsibilities. Their role in quality control should be explicitly expressed and related to their assigned activities. A checklist of specific project quality concerns can be used as part of this assignment.

The primary objectives of quality control assignments are to do the following: 1. Avoid duplication of effort 2. Ensure that every quality aspect is covered 3. Provide a clear delineation of responsibilities 4. Provide effective guidance on the project to achieve high-quality work 5. Provide documentation of materials, installation, and tests 46. Explain the steps involved in the process of continuous improvement or the total quality management process.

ANSWER: The process of continuous improvement or the total quality management process generally is defined by six broad steps: 1. Make suggestions for areas of improvement 2. Break work down into parts and provide measurement tools 3. Create solutions to the suggestions 4. Implement and observe the solutions at work Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 11: Project Quality Management 5. Acknowledge the individuals and award their ingenuity 6. Incorporate the solutions on a broad scale 47. Define total quality management and explain how the contractor can achieve a strong quality management program.

ANSWER: Total quality management is a process of bringing quality to the construction project. The quality of a construction project is the product of innovation, quality improvement, and productivity improvement, implemented by an involved and responsible workforce. The construction industry has always been involved in this; however, the industry has depended solely on decisions from leadership rather than involving employees at all levels to participate in and drive improvement of the quality of the product and process. The contractor can achieve a strong total quality management program that involves employees in improving the product. The measure of success of a quality management program is customer satisfaction, and the continued success of the contractor is directly related to this.

48. Why must we realize that “meeting the customer’s expectations” may not always be within the constructors’ control?

ANSWER: The constructor assumes that the plans and specifications reflect the customer’s expectations. In practice, the design and resulting construction documents may not exactly express the customer’s expectations but rather the designer’s expectations. In contractual situations where the contractor is involved in the design phase, such as construction management or design-build, the contractor may have more of a role in ensuring that the product meets the customer’s needs and expectations.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control 1. The owner controls both the duration of the project and the cost of the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. The construction project owner will always need a project completed within a specific time period, whether explicitly stated in the construction documents or not. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Activity duration, on most schedules, is expressed in working days rather than in calendar days. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. Comparison of actual cost with estimated costs during the project is an accurate measure of current project success. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. The contractor must estimate the necessary means of achieving the owner’s completion date. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. Two projects of similar scope typically have similar timeframes for completion. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. A construction activity is associated with multiple blocks of time that must be included in the construction schedule. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. The size of the project helps determine the scope of activities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. The sequence of construction activities is unrelated to the plan of the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control 10. It is only necessary to accurately predict the duration of an activity if that activity is on the project critical path. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 11. The duration of an activity needs to be relative the number of hours in the _____. a. contract b. cost control c. estimate d. schedule ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following must be factored against the quantity of work to be performed? a. Schedule urgency b. Project price c. Delivery date d. Crew size ANSWER: d 13. Item delivery can affect the sequence of a construction activity as well as the activity’s _____. a. quality b. inspection c. duration d. permitting ANSWER: c 14. Which of the following is NOT a form commonly used to display construction schedule? a. Detailed report b. Noncalculated bar chart c. Gantt chart d. Network chart ANSWER: a 15. Which of the following project schedule information items is needed by both contractor and architect? a. Current status of activities b. Opportunities to level crew size c. Interrelationship of activities d. Opportunities to condense construction crew duration without increasing cost ANSWER: a 16. Which of the following project schedule items is needed by suppliers? a. Opportunities to level crew size b. Interrelationship of activities Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control c. Date material or equipment is due at the jobsite d. Duration of activities to schedule crews ANSWER: c 17. Which of the following project schedule items is needed by the owner? a. Dates for project milestones and partial completion b. Interrelationship of activities c. Date material or equipment is due at the jobsite d. Duration of activities to schedule crews ANSWER: a 18. Which of the following project items is needed by the subcontractor? a. Anticipated order date, after review of shop drawings and submittals b. Relationship of subcontract material and equipment to an activity c. Schedule for owner-provided services, including testing d. Estimation of total project costs ANSWER: b 19. Full scheduling software normally calculates the project’s _____ _____. a. estimated cost b. quality level c. owner satisfaction d. critical path ANSWER: d 20. The period of time in addition to an activity’s duration, prior to the start of the successor activity, is known as _____. a. closure b. initiation c. float d. delay ANSWER: c 21. Periodic schedule updating is necessary and should be on what basis? a. Daily b. Annually c. Semiannually d. Monthly ANSWER: d 22. For projects with large liquidated damages, which of the following is NOT a recommended method for addressing a behind-schedule project? a. Changing activity sequence b. Condensing activity duration c. Extending the completion date Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control d. Splitting an activity into other activities ANSWER: c 23. An accurate measure of current project success can be obtained by comparing estimated costs to ____ _____. a. actual cost b. projected cost c. calculated cost d. historical cost ANSWER: a 24. Which of the following are benefits of active cost control on a construction project? a. Higher owner satisfaction b. Ability to achieve a profit on the project activities c. Minimized duration of project activities d. Reduced number of inspections ANSWER: b 25. Which of the following would not provide expertise for a contractor’s cost control program? a. Construction engineers b. Owner’s representative c. Project control specialists d. Accounting staff ANSWER: b 26. A project is profitable if the revenue exceeds which of the following? a. Total material and equipment costs b. Total indirect costs for all personnel c. Total direct and indirect costs d. Total direct costs for site maintenance ANSWER: c 27. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of cost control? a. Determining project completion time b. Determining the source of overruns c. Determining crew productivity levels d. Determining project profitability ANSWER: a 28. Cost control activities should be related to crew assignments in order to facilitate which of the following? a. Scheduling material deliveries b. Meeting customer expectations c. Reducing equipment use time d. Tracking labor hours ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control 29. Which of the following is NOT a major concern in maintaining an effective cost control system? a. Ensuring that the cost control accounts are of the proper scope b. Relating the crew assignment directly to the cost control activity c. Maintaining optimal quality standards for finished activities d. Thanking crews for accomplishing tasks under the estimated cost ANSWER: c 30. Which of the following productivity problems would NOT be the responsibility of the contractor’s field management to solve? a. Poor instructions or layout b. Defective materials c. Wrong crew size d. Incorrect installation techniques ANSWER: b 31. In most construction schedules, the minimum activity duration is _____. a. one hour b. one week c. eight hours d. one day ANSWER: d 32. What type of activity sequencing relationship is used when the first activity must finish before the second activity can start? a. Finish-to-finish b. Finish-to-start c. Start-to-finish d. Start-to-start ANSWER: b 33. What type of activity sequencing relationship is used when two activities must be completed at the same time despite the fact that they might have different durations? a. Finish-to-finish b. Finish-to-start c. Start-to-finish d. Start-to-start ANSWER: a 34. What type of activity sequencing relationship is used when two activities must begin at the same time, with the same subcontractor installing both but using separate crews? a. Finish-to-finish b. Finish-to-start c. Start-to-finish d. Start-to-start Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control ANSWER: d 35. In cases of construction projects that are NOT on an accelerated schedule, the construction week consists of how many days? a. Seven b. Five c. Ten d. Three ANSWER: b 36. A parameter for the maximum project duration is established by the owner’s date for _____ _____.

ANSWER: project completion 37. The project plan determines the activity _____.

ANSWER: sequence 38. The projection schedule is a manifestation, in written or graphical form, of the _____ _____.

ANSWER: project plan 39. The critical path is the calculated path for the project that considers the dependencies of _____.

ANSWER: predecessors 40. The primary objective in setting up a project cost control system involves the correlation of the cost control activities from the estimate with reportable _____ _____.

ANSWER: construction activities 41. A contractor should compare the actual profit with the anticipated profit to determine if the estimating and operations systems are _____.

ANSWER: synchronized 42. Contractors can construction activities profitable by use of _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: active cost control 43. The schedule and progress updating of the schedule during the project provides the contractor with a tool to help control the project’s _____.

ANSWER: duration 44. Change orders can change the duration of a project by granting a time extension in a specific number of _____.

ANSWER: days 45. The initial schedule should always be maintained as a reference for the project, comparing updated progress to the _____ _____.

ANSWER: original plan 46. In order to meet the estimated completion date, it is necessary to carefully monitor activities throughout the project, as well as the effect of those activities on the project’s _____ _____.

ANSWER: critical path Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control 47. Activities not on the critical path have a float, or a period of time in addition to the activity’s duration, prior to the start of the _____ _____.

ANSWER: successor activity 48. Duration, in most schedules, is expressed in working days, not _____ _____.

ANSWER: calendar days 49. Traditionally, the contractor’s field personnel did their best to complete the project as quickly as possible, with _____ _____.

ANSWER: minimal cost 50. Both small and large construction projects can benefit from time and cost _____.

ANSWER: control 51. Explain the major parameters of a project that the contractor must control.

ANSWER: The contractor must control both the duration of the project and the cost of the project, which are the major parameters of the project. The contractor commits to completing the project in a specific time frame and at a finite cost. Many contractors feel that both time and cost are naturally controlled by the construction process and field personnel. Although that premise is basically true, the contractor needs to use management techniques to plan and accurately monitor the actual progress and cost to that which is planned and estimated.

The contractor is then able to modify operations as needed to meet the time frame and estimated cost.

52. Explain why logical sequencing is key to a successful project.

ANSWER: Logical sequencing is important in planning and scheduling. Care should be taken to ensure correct sequencing, with the necessary activities preceding each activity. Considerable disruption can be caused by careless sequencing. For example, if subcontractors are scheduled to arrive and work on the project, they will require that the necessary adjoining and substrate work be completed, and they will often leave the jobsite if this preliminary work is not done. The schedule is a guide and should be changed if the logic is not correct.

The logic, or proper sequencing, is the key to a successful project. All parties involved should review the logic of the activity sequencing prior to completion of the schedule.

53. What methods are used to update the schedule and communicate the updates to those involved in the project?

ANSWER: A variety of methods are used to update the schedule and communicate the updates to those involved in the project. Most scheduling software programs have updating features. When using these features, always be sure the original schedule is used as a comparison. The revised completion dates from the computerized schedule updates should be viewed as data to compare to the initial completion date, allowing the contractor to manipulate activities to meet the initial schedule date. The target date can change with project scope changes and project events that cannot be avoided. Additionally, change orders can change the duration of the project by granting a time extension in a specific number of days. If a new completion date is established, justification for the new date should be made. Completion date changes should be infrequent, however, as the owner depends on the project being completed by the established date.

54. Explain what factors contractors should consider when selecting cost control methods on construction projects.

ANSWER: There are several different reasons contractors use cost control methods on construction projects. Cost control can range from a simple collection of costs for labor, material, equipment, and subcontractors, organized in projects or subprojects, to detailed compilation and analysis for every work activity. The overhead cost of cost control increases as the detailed collection and expected reporting detail increases. Therefore, contractors need to determine how much information they want from their cost systems, according to their managers and the needs of their risk partners, such as banks and bonding companies, and compare this to the staff costs to Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 12: Time and Cost Control compile this information. Cost control involves construction expertise from construction engineers or project controls specialists as well as accounting staff.

55. What is the primary objective in setting up a project cost control system?

ANSWER: The primary objective in setting up a project cost control system is the correlation of the cost control activities from the estimate with reportable construction activities. The cost control activity should be related to a crew assignment so that reporting labor hours can easily be tracked. The activity should not be so small that reporting hours becomes difficult for the foreman. The items should be narrow enough to identify a problem, facilitating a solution. Cost control activities will be used as historical data in estimating future projects and can be applied to several projects, not just one.

56. Explain why contractors benefit from project duration control.

ANSWER: The construction project owner will always need a project completed within a specific time period, whether explicitly stated in the contract documents or not. The owner’s date for a project completion establishes a parameter and a maximum duration for the project. The contractor must estimate the necessary means of achieving the owner’s completion date. If there is insufficient time to complete the project using normal construction shifts and techniques, the contractor is expected to use multiple shifts or other methods to complete the project by the specified date. The owner’s completion date rarely has a direct relationship to the actual amount of time needed to construct the project.

57. List the identifying attributes of activities in construction schedules.

ANSWER: Each activity in the construction schedule must be identifiable, with the following attributes: • • • •

Able to be described as a separate function Must have a labor crew with attributable crew hours for the activity Must have a specific duration definable for the work Must be able to be monitored by comparing planned duration with actual duration during the construction process

58. List and describe three different construction activity sequences which may be used on a typical construction project.

ANSWER: Three construction activity sequences include the following: • • •

Finish-to-start, the second activity does not start until the first one is completed Start-to-start, two activities may need to begin at the same time Finish-to-finish, two activities may need to begin at the same time

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management 1. Waste management is new to the construction process. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Project owners are unwilling to participate in “green building” and are generally only concerned with project cost. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Typical construction waste management plans include an evaluation plan, which includes full waste management audits as well as cost and materials tracking. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. Although contractors are heavily involved in waste management during construction operations, they are rarely active in waste management planning during the design phase. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. During construction activities, waste is generated randomly and is difficult to schedule. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. Life cycle costing is a key to creating the economics for the use of new, “green” materials that may cost more on installation but create long-term savings in other areas. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. Designers typically consider both the properties and waste generated by the materials they choose. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Jobsite recycling programs involve simply separating jobsite waste into bins by material type. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 9. Today, most local governments have legislation on sustainable practices. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management b. False ANSWER: True 10. Building indoor air starts with creation of a construction air quality plan (CAQP). a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. LEED is an acronym for which of the following? a. Leadership in Efficiency and Economical Design b. Leadership in Economical and Expeditious Design c. Leadership in Energy and Efficiency Design d. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ANSWER: d 12. As owner occupancy occurs, the contractor should provide documents that will ensure that the owner will be able to do which of the following? a. Recycle construction waste b. Control storm water runoff c. Maintain and operate the equipment d. Remediate construction contamination ANSWER: c 13. Which of the following is does NOT occur during the occupancy and operations phase of the building commissioning process? a. Perform verification checks b. Resolve outstanding commissioning issues c. Perform seasonal/deferred testing d. Perform near warranty-end review ANSWER: a 14. Which of the following is does NOT occur during the construction phase of the building commissioning process? a. Perform near warranty-end review b. Perform verification checks c. Perform diagnostic monitoring d. Perform functional testing ANSWER: a 15. Which of the following does NOT occur during the design phase of the building commissioning process? a. Update commissioning plan b. Perform commissioning-focused design review c. Develop commissioning requirements for the specification d. Begin developing owner’s project requirements ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management 16. When considering commissioning on the complete building, commissioning will start in which of the following phases? a. Predesign b. Design c. Construction d. Post-construction ANSWER: a 17. Guidelines for commissioning fall into two major categories which are the full building process from design through construction and _____ _____. a. electrical commissioning b. structural commissioning c. wastewater commissioning d. HVAC commissioning ANSWER: d 18. Which of the following construction materials can contribute to poor indoor air quality? a. Concrete b. Steel reinforcement c. Window glass d. Manufactured wood products ANSWER: d 19. In which year did EPA release CGPs that deal with discharges of storm water from construction sites? a. 1960 b. 1978 c. 1999 d. 2008 ANSWER: d 20. Construction storm water runoff is NOT a cause for which of the following? a. Higher surface water clarity b. Fish destruction c. Plant destruction d. Sedimentation and erosion ANSWER: a 21. In order to require an SWPP, how many acres must a construction project disturb? a. Five b. One c. Ten d. Twenty ANSWER: b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management 22. Which of the following is most effective if done from the beginning of the project? a. Building inspection b. Commissioning study c. Waste source reduction d. Equipment maintenance training ANSWER: c 23. Which of the following is NOT an effective method for storm water prevention? a. Concrete washout b. Creating stable soil conditions c. Using grasses during construction d. Use of filter fences ANSWER: a 24. Which of the following accounts for the greatest percentage of construction waste? a. Paper b. Metal c. Glass d. Plastic ANSWER: a 25. Which of the following accounts for the least percentage of construction waste? a. Rocks b. Gypsum boards c. Metal d. Concrete ANSWER: d 26. The sustainable method of design consists of schedule, cost, quality, the environment, and _____. a. maintenance b. materials c. quantity d. people ANSWER: d 27. Which of the following are NOT sources of waste in the construction phase of projects? a. Theft b. Operations c. Purchasing d. Inspection ANSWER: d 28. The SWPPP is an acronym for which of the following? a. Storm Water Pollution Protection Policy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management b. Storage of Wastes and Potential Pollution Policy c. Storage of Wastes and Pollution Prevention Plan d. Storm Water Pollution Protection Plan ANSWER: d 29. No contractor or project team member knowingly orders extra material or throws away good material when it can be returned, reused, or _____.

ANSWER: recycled 30. Contractors are often active in the design phase for project delivery models such as agency construction management, construction management at risk, and _____.

ANSWER: design-build 31. For each application, the contractor must be aware of the efficient use of material and _____.

ANSWER: waste 32. Schedule requirements should illustrate when and how waste will be _____.

ANSWER: generated 33. Many of the green materials used in construction are expensive and not readily available, making them susceptible to jobsite _____.

ANSWER: theft 34. Much waste prevention can happen during the ____ _____.

ANSWER: purchase process 35. Because installation of materials is production based, subcontracts must contain incentives and directions in the area of _____.

ANSWER: waste 36. Recycling and reuse of waste does not just happen and must be included in jobsite _____ _____.

ANSWER: planning 37. Mold is often associated with occupant health issues known as ______ _____ _____.

ANSWER: sick building syndrome 38. As part of setting up a project, research needs to be done on local disposal and _____ _____.

ANSWER: recycling options 39. Today, sustainable practices are included in all local government_____.

ANSWER: legislation 40. Preventing storm water runoff is not only a green requirement; it is _____ _____.

ANSWER: federal law or the law 41. The SWPPP should illustrate how those materials will be handled during the process of completing the project and in the case of _____ _____.

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management ANSWER: inclement weather 42. Why are green materials susceptible to theft?

ANSWER: Many of the green materials used in construction are expensive and not readily available, making them attractive for jobsite theft. When implementing jobsite security systems, emphasis should be placed on the “green” materials. Theft and vandalism will create unanticipated waste that will cause extra costs and delays.

43. How does recycling and reuse of waste onsite occur?

ANSWER: Recycling and reuse of waste does not just happen; it is a planned activity. There is more to recycling than supplying separate bins for a jobsite’s waste. It is important to understand the project and its waste stream to have a cohesive, well-thought-out plan for the recycling, reuse, and/or discarding of all waste material that is generated on the jobsite. This plan should include documentation of how the waste is generated and a plan of implementation for dealing with such items as scrap lumber, the disposal and reuse of concrete rubble, the reuse of plant material, and the disposal or reuse of drywall. This list varies with the nature of the project and the project’s requirements. Recycling and its accountability can happen only through education of all participants involved in the project. Sometimes personnel or company policies will defeat the purpose of a good waste and recycling plan on a project, such as the policy that craftspeople are not allowed to remove excess material from the project 44. Explain the importance of preventing storm water runoff.

ANSWER: Preventing storm water runoff is not only a green requirement; it is federal law. The jobsite creates many different kinds of pollutants that can enter our streams, lakes, and other sources of freshwater. Every vehicle onsite is fueled by gas or diesel, which is considered a hazardous material with specific cleanup and reporting requirements, as is excess concrete and concrete washout and other hazardous material found on the jobsite. A site must be ready for the potential storms that will occur, thus the need for storm water pollution prevention plans that begin with recognizing the hazardous materials on the job site. The plan should also include identification of responsible parties and detail possible penalties if the plan is not implemented.

45. What is required for certifications in sustainable design such as LEED and Green Globes?

ANSWER: Most certifications require a specific level of documentation. Important job documents that could affect profitability and performance can be lost forever if not created at the time the activity happens. Contractors generally will have requirements to keep record drawings as the project progresses but will also have documentation requirements associated with LEED and Green Globes. These can be accomplished by specific reference in project subcontracts but also need to be part of the ongoing review of subcontractor requirements, similar to the procedure used with record drawings.

46. As owner occupancy occurs, what documents should the contractor provide to the owner?

ANSWER: As owner occupancy occurs, the contractor should provide the documents that will ensure that the owner will be able to maintain and operate the equipment. The owner should be provided with all documentation and/or training for schedule concerns on maintenance items, such as air filters, that will need to be addressed and executed by their maintenance people. As an alternate, the contractor can arrange for an outside vendor who will provide continuous service and filter changing into the future for the owner.

47. Describe the role of scheduling in construction waste management.

ANSWER: Waste is generated in a systematic process that can be scheduled. Begin making schedule requirements that will illustrate when and how waste will be generated. The schedule should be better use to understand waste generated and how best to recycle, reuse, or dispose o the different kinds of materials being used on the project.

48. What questions should be asked when considering waste prevention during the purchasing process?

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Chapter 13: Waste and Environmental Management ANSWER: The following questions should be asked when preventing waste during purchasing: • • • • •

How is the material packaged?

Is the packaging material green?

Can the packaging material be used in other ways?

How is the material shipped?

Is there a plan or a buyback program for returning pallets and containers and/or excess material?

49. List four questions which should be asked when developing a program for salvage and jobsite recycling.

ANSWER: Any four of the following questions should be asked when developing jobsite recycling and salvage requirements: • • • • • • •

Where are the disposal sites?

Are they close to the project?

What type of waste is accepted for disposal or recycling?

Are waste transit services offered or does the contractor need to deliver the materials to the disposal site?

What is the disposal fee?

Does the disposal fee center on poundage of waste or per item?

Are the fees the same for green and nongreen waste?

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling 1. Building Information Modeling (BIM) uses two-dimensional (2D) drawings, with additional information provided within the system. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Although the 2D construction document system has been used successfully for a very long time, there are some aspects of the system that can be improved. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Construction owners typically have expertise in reading construction documents. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. 2D models provide a more accurate view of the proposed project than 3D drawings. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Construction has evolved into a completely paperless business. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. Today’s construction sites rarely have wireless service available. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. BIM systems cannot be used for renovation projects. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. The BIM model can facilitate understanding of each installation by embedding information about the material, its cost, and scheduled delivery dates. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. Clash detection is identification of locations that building elements could incompatibly intersect. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling b. False ANSWER: True 10. With the increasing use of BIM in the field, contractors are adapting to dissemination of the model to all their _____. a. subcontractors b. design partners c. personnel d. vendors ANSWER: c 11. With BIM software, information is available to foremen and installation crews on _____ _____. a. printed documents b. paper drawings c. written lists d. mobile devices ANSWER: d 12. The BIM model can be used by the facility manager for activities related to maintenance and _____. a. design b. planning c. remediation d. operations ANSWER: d 13. Operations and maintenance information can also be embedded within the model, providing full information for _____ _____. a. building designers b. building inspectors c. facility operators d. construction managers ANSWER: c 14. One advantage of BIM systems over paper drawing and construction documents is that information on the BIM model is _____. a. current b. concise c. precise d. historical ANSWER: a 15. A completed BIM model can be used automatically provide the latest version of the following to jobsite personnel EXCEPT? a. Drawings b. Specifications Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling c. Required construction materials d. Government regulations ANSWER: d 16. BIM models can produce additional dimensions, such as vertical dimension and _____. a. offsets b. divisions c. diagonals d. projections ANSWER: c 17. By doing tasks correctly the first time, the work is completed _____. a. redundantly b. incrementally c. optimally d. proactively ANSWER: c 18. Using 3D drawings with clash detection software, architectural, structural, plumbing, HVAC, fire sprinkler, and electrical drawings can be compared for _____. a. compatibility b. expense c. accuracy d. Intersection ANSWER: d 19. BIM models include details provided by shop drawings. Shop drawings would be created by all of the following EXCEPT: a. Structural steel fabricators b. Contractor labor c. Fire sprinkler contractors d. HVAC contractors ANSWER: b 20. By eliminating field clashes due misinterpretation of shop drawings delays, change orders will be _____. a. increased b. eliminated c. updated d. decreased ANSWER: d 21. The detailed information available in BIM models can provide enough information for systems to be prefabricated by _____. a. contractors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling b. designers c. superintendents d. subcontractors ANSWER: d 22. An in-progress construction model can be used for analysis of the schedule to save time or speed up _____. a. deliveries b. orders c. production d. meetings ANSWER: c 23. BIM models can be manipulated to examine areas that may be obscure in traditional _____. a. reports b. specifications c. drawings d. dimensions ANSWER: c 24. A preferred method for field personnel to access BIM information is through use of _____ _____. a. Paper drawings b. Written specifications c. Mobile tablets d. Computer terminals ANSWER: c 25. As the project moves from the design process to the construction process, the BIM model can be adjusted to include cost, schedule, and current _____. a. vendors b. progress-to-date c. suppliers d. subcontractors ANSWER: b 26. In renovation projects, BIM models can use data from laser scanning to reflect exact existing _____. a. dimensions b. vendors c. suppliers d. conditions ANSWER: d 27. Use of the 3D BIM model during the design period, the architect/engineer can more accurately communicate their interpretation of the owner’s _____. a. Preferred vendors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling b. Required completion date c. Needs and preferences d. budget ANSWER: c 28. The BIM feature which allows the user to determine the physical issues of space between two building pieces occupying the same space is known as _____ _____. a. edge detection b. threat detection c. clash detection d. deception detection ANSWER: c 29. BIM models can provide accurate depictions of construction progress when materials and installed equipment are barcodes and have radio frequency _____ _____.

ANSWER: identification tags 30. Design and construction have relied on two-dimensional (2D) drawings and a separate manual of contractual requirements and specifications for communicating the intent of the project into the actual construction of the _____ _____.

ANSWER: physical project 31. Scheduling and assembly sequences can be clarified through use of BIM _____.

ANSWER: animation 32. As the use of CAD systems increased, technological advances also provided opportunity for more comprehensive _____.

ANSWER: documents 33. As architects realize that the construction owner needs to understand the appearance of the project, they often have renderings prepared, showing a more realistic look of the building _____.

ANSWER: exterior 34. When the construction documents actually depict existing conditions, estimators can identify the costs necessary for the construction work, eliminating or reducing _____.

ANSWER: contingencies 35. External features and aerial views of land and real estate can be easily and safely achieved using _____.

ANSWER: drones 36. The view of subsurface conditions for excavation, piping, waterproofing, and other operations can be enhanced by 3D images with the ability to turn, invert, and manipulate the _____.

ANSWER: image 37. Sequence animation can clarify responsibilities of suppliers, trades, and _____.

ANSWER: subcontractors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling 38. The 3D models provide a more accurate view of the proposed project than the traditional 2D _____.

ANSWER: drawings 39. As detail of the model develops through the design process, increasing detail can be available for all of the project’s _____.

ANSWER: stakeholders 40. Aerial views of land and real estate can be achieved easily and safely using _____.

ANSWER: drones 41. Describe the traditional form of construction documents the requisite expertise of the constructor.

ANSWER: Design and construction has depended on two-dimensional (2D) drawings and a separate manual of contractual requirements and specifications for communicating the intent of the project into the actual construction of the physical product. These documents use standard representation of the project elements through a variety of symbols and drawing conventions. The users of the drawings, particularly the constructors, need to be able to convert these 2D drawings to a 3D full-scale actual facility. The constructors use their expertise to provide the means and methods of construction, along with material data, installation standards, code requirements, fabrication drawings, cost estimates, schedules, and other information. The constructor needs to compile all of this information and assemble the project to satisfy the owner’s needs.

42. Describe the design-phase limitations of 2D drawing systems.

ANSWER: Although architects and engineers are comfortable using 2D drawing systems, communication of the intent of the drawings was not always understood by the parties using the drawings. Construction owners don’t always have the expertise in reading construction documents. As the customer and users have varied backgrounds, the architects and engineers aren’t always able to adequately communicate the design of the project to those will use the project. This disconnection in communication results in delays in design and construction, and often results in changes to the project during construction.

43. How can BIM embedded cost and schedule information can optimize construction operations?

ANSWER: The BIM model can facilitate understanding of each installation by embedding information about the material, its cost, and scheduled delivery dates. This information can be easily accessed in the model and can provide immediate answers to questions and problems. If delivery information is updated, the schedule can continue to reflect the current conditions. The detailed information available in BIM models can provide enough information for systems to be prefabricated by subcontractors. Some prefabrication of systems has been done in the past, but the depth of the information available allows more prefabrication. High-quality prefabricated systems can speed up the construction process and increase the quality of the installations.

44. How does BIM clash detection avoid schedule delays during construction.

ANSWER: BIM and the associated software can perform clash detection. Clash detection is identification of locations that building elements could incompatibly intersect. These clashes can happen frequently when using traditional 2D drawings, as the vertical position is not usually shown on the traditional drawings. When the different elements conflict in location in the field, delays result in repositioning the pieces of the systems. These delays can affect several trades simultaneously, consuming a great deal of time. The conflict between elements often results in conflict between trades during construction. If these conflicts are eliminated, considerable time will be saved and unnecessary disputes between trades will also be eliminated.

45. How can use of a BIM model contribute to more use of more accurate construction dimensions?

ANSWER: When the BIM model is complete, including accurate shop drawings and product information, accurate dimensions can be provided for the field. In traditional construction drawings, horizontal dimensions are Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 14: Building Information Modeling shown explicitly and scaled for installation; however, the field personnel usually need to do some field calculations. The BIM model can produce exact dimensions for daily use in construction activities. The model can produce additional dimensions, such as vertical dimension and diagonals.

46. What benefits can a BIM model provide to the building user after construction?

ANSWER: The BIM model can be used by the facility manager during the operation of the facility for many maintenance and operation activities. The BIM model can provide accurate as-built information. As material information is embedded in the model, necessary information is easily available by accessing the model. Operations and maintenance information can also be embedded within the model, providing full information for facility operators.

47. For construction firms which use BIM systems and have jobsite Wi-Fi access, what methods are available for foremen and installation crews to access contract document information?

ANSWER: If a construction firm uses BIM and has jobsite Wi-Fi, contract document information can be made available on gang boxes, mobile phones, and tablets to foremen, installation crews, and other jobsite personnel.

48. Describe how BIM can optimize renovation and remodeling projects.

ANSWER: Laser scanning can be used to reflect exact conditions in renovation projects that can be used in the BIM model. This process increases the accuracy of the BIM model, and provides reliable information for estimators and constructors. When the construction documents actually depict existing conditions, estimators can identify the costs necessary for the construction work, eliminating or reducing contingencies. Architects and engineers can also use these tools in preparing documents for remodels, renovations, and connections to existing facilities.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims 1. Changes in construction projects are typically small, such as clarifications to drawings or specifications. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Construction project changes may be made at no cost and with no change in duration. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Change orders are a means for a contractor to increase project profit with a specified markup on each item. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. A change in the scope of work is when the amount of work is changed from that contained in the contract, as indicated by the contract documents. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. A constructive change occurs when a supplier or subcontractor causes the contractor to perform work outside the contract. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. Provided that construction documents are completed within industry standards, the optimum price on construction work for the owner is contained in the original bid. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 7. Change may be authorized through written or verbal communication. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. The fee for overhead and profit allowed in change orders is usually stated in the contract documents. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. Most time extensions are fairly objective, because the true impact of the change can be easily calculated using estimation and scheduling software.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims a. True b. False ANSWER: False 10. After receiving a signed change order, the contractor’s project team has completed their work. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. The contractor must do which of the following after receiving a signed change order? a. Revise contract drawings b. Update architect’s specifications c. Issue change orders to subcontractors d. Revise as-built drawings ANSWER: c 12. When a contractor is assembling a COP, at what point should time and cost input from subcontractors be requested? a. During initial COP drafting b. After completion of negotiations c. Only if the COP is rejected by the owner d. At each negotiation stage ANSWER: d 13. Which of the following should NOT be included in a formal change order? a. Partial change descriptions b. Specification descriptions c. Sketches d. Additional drawings ANSWER: a 14. When using an AIA contract, which of the following forms should be used as the formal change order? a. AIA Document A901 b. AIA Document G706 c. AIA Document G701 d. AIA Document B802 ANSWER: c 15. Which of the following is NOT required to sign the formal change order? a. Subcontractor b. Owner c. Architect d. Contractor ANSWER: a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims 16. Which of the following should NOT be included in a change order log? a. COP number b. Status of other change orders in process c. Number of calendar days for extension of contract requested d. Price associated with the COP ANSWER: b 17. Most contracts allow extension of contract time for delays due to which of the following? a. Scheduling errors b. Rework due to failed inspection c. Normal and expected weather d. Labor disputes ANSWER: d 18. According to the Change Order Process, what must occur before the owner sends the change order to the contractor? a. The owner signs change order. b. The contractor agrees to and signs the CO or CCD. c. The owner signs a C.C.D. d. The architect sends the CCD to the contractor.

ANSWER: a 19. According to the Change Order Process, what occurs after the Owner accepts partial payment? a. Contractor partially agrees with C.C.D. b. Architect documents amount not in dispute c. Architect sends C.C.D. to contractor d. Bills sent to Architect for evaluation ANSWER: b 20. According to the Change Order Process, which step immediately precedes Architect certifies payment? a. The contractor submits the application for payment. b. The change is order prepared and signed. c. The owner and contractor agree. d. The owner accepts partial payment.

ANSWER: a 21. If the owner and architect agree with the proposal by the contractor, which of the following happens? a. The contractor revises the proposal. b. The contractor withdraws the proposal. c. The change order is processed. d. The change proposal becomes a claim.

ANSWER: c 22. If the owner and architect disagree with the contractor’s proposal, which of the following does NOT happen? a. The contractor revises the proposal.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims b. The contractor withdraws the proposal. c. The change order is processed. d. The change proposal becomes a claim.

ANSWER: c 23. Which of the following is NOT true regarding liquidated damages? a. They are stated in a monetary amount per day. b. They are intended to be a penalty to the contractor. c. They compensate the owner for impact costs of late project completion. d. They are Included in many contracts.

ANSWER: b 24. If an owner adds or deducts portions of work that qualify as a change in scope, which type of change order is needed? a. Owner-directed change b. Constructive change c. Jobsite discovery change d. Substitution change ANSWER: a 25. Which of the following changes occurs as a result of owner-directed and constructive changes? a. Vendor changes b. Discovery changes c. Code revisions d. Consequential changes ANSWER: d 26. In which of the following contracts are quantities specified and may compensation for variance with the specified quantities be available? a. Lump sum b. Unit price c. Cost-plus d. Incentive ANSWER: b 27. Which of the following is an amount stipulated in the contract document that states that the owner receives compensation for impacted costs of late completion of a project? a. Indemnification damages b. Severability clause c. Statute of limitations d. Liquidated damages ANSWER: d 28. AIA Document A201 requires that the claim be made with how many days after recognizing the change? a. 5 days Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims b. 7 days c. 14 days d. 21 days ANSWER: d 29. The change type that addresses additional work scope is generally a(n) ______ ______.

ANSWER: owner-directed change 30. The way in which the contractor constructs the designed project is know as ____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: means and methods 31. The specific document signed by the contractor and owner that authorizes an addition, a deletion, or a revision in the scope of the work is known as a _____ _____.

ANSWER: change order 32. An unresolved change request is a _____.

ANSWER: claim 33. A written notice directing a change in the work is a ______ _____ _____.

ANSWER: Constructive Change Directive (CCD) 34. The change order process can be initiated by any of the parties involved but must be made in _____.

ANSWER: writing 35. Changes can be made at no cost and with no change in duration, perhaps clarifying a construction detail or an _____ _____.

ANSWER: installation method 36. The change order should be viewed as a means for the owner to pay for project elements that were not included in the original documents rather than as an opportunity for the contractor to make _____ ______.

ANSWER: unreasonable profits 37. Owners will occasionally add or deduct portions of work that qualify as a change in _____.

ANSWER: scope 38. Differing site conditions usually apply to differing subsurface conditions than are indicated by contract documents or are available from _____ _____.

ANSWER: geotechnical reports 39. Unknown, or latent, conditions can appear after the start of _____.

ANSWER: construction 40. Discovery of hazardous materials on the jobsite usually requires that all construction work _____.

ANSWER: stop or stops 41. Additional problems can occur near the end of the project when the contractor is requested to coordinate with vendors that supply and install _____ _____.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims ANSWER: outside equipment 42. If market conditions shift, specified products may no longer be _____.

ANSWER: available 43. What occurs when an owner directs a change of scope?

ANSWER: When an owner directs a change in scope, the amount of work is changed from that contained in the contract, as indicated by the contract documents. A change order is almost always authorized for this kind of change, although the cost of the change will influence the owner’s decision to accept it.

44. Explain how differing site conditions may call for contract changes.

ANSWER: A differing site condition change order is needed If subsurface conditions are different from those indicated by contract drawings or geotechnical reports, or actual conditions do not appear as assumed by the designer and indicated on the contract drawings.

45. What may occur as the result of a code revision?

ANSWER: If the construction contract has been written before the final plan check by the inspection agencies, change orders must be written to modify the change of scope caused by the review.

46. Explain the sequence of events in a typical change order process.

ANSWER: The following sequence of events is typical of the change order process, although some construction contracts will require specific time frames and slightly different sequences: 1. The contractor notices a difference between actual conditions and the conditions shown in the construction documents. The contractor notifies the architect via a request for information of the varying condition and requests direction.

2. The architect must respond to the contractor regarding what needs to be done. This is normally done in contract clarification.

3. The contractor must determine if this clarification is considered additional work. If it is, the contractor must price the work as quickly as possible. The architect may prepare a proposal request, followed by the official Change Order Proposal (COP), which is completed by the contractor with the pricing and request for time extension. If the architect agrees that the price is appropriate for the work and if the owner agrees that a change order is necessary, the architect can prepare a change order. Work is not authorized to proceed until the change order is signed by both the owner and contractor. Because the processing of a change order takes considerable time, the architect might issue a change directive or field order for the contractor to proceed with the work immediately. This change directive specifies a price for the work, or a method to determine the price, such as cost-plus-a-fee. The owner must to sign the change directive. A change order may be a summary of several change directives.

47. Describe how the change order process is initiated and what happens if the owner, architect, and contractor all agree with the proposed change.

ANSWER: The change order process can be initiated by any of the parties involved but must be made in writing. These notifications must be made within a certain time period and in a specified format. As the process continues, the owner and architect have opportunities to agree or disagree with the proposal from the contractor. If the owner and architect agree with the proposal by the contractor, the change order is processed.

48. Describe what must be done by a contractor after they receive a signed change order.

ANSWER: The contractor’s project team has not completed their work even after receiving a signed change order.

Issuance of change orders to the subcontractors affected must also be accomplished. Many times, the actual Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 15: Changes and Claims subcontractor change order still must be finalized and negotiated. If the contractor has asked for cost and time input from the subcontractor at each negotiation stage, form the original change order proposal to the finalized change order completion, then a finalized subcontract change order will not be hard to accomplish. This becomes a difficult process if the contractor has negotiated different terms with the owner than proposed by the subcontractor.

49. Describe the conditions which would require a constructive change.

ANSWER: The architect or owner representative causes the contractor to perform work outside the contract. This change could occur from a simple defective specification to a directed change in the contractor’s method of accomplishing the work at hand. Construction document errors and omissions can fall into this category.

50. Describe the conditions that prompt the need for a consequential change.

ANSWER: The need for consequential change arises as a consequence of owner-directed and constructive changes. It is the impact cost that occurs on the other work that is being accomplished. Sometimes delays, resequencing and rework of other work, or the cost of extended overhead will occur. This type of change is generally the hardest to price, understand, and explain and sell to the owner and architect on the project.

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments 1. Prompt, accurate, and efficient processing of the payment request can save the contractor thousands of dollars on each project. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 2. The most common method of payment in commercial building construction in the traditional owner-contractor contract, is the turnkey arrangement. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Speculative construction normally requires payment before the project is completed. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. Retainage is the amount held by the owner until the final completion of the contract. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. The shorter the payment processing period, the lower the interim financing costs incurred by the contractor. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 6. The schedule of values is time-related and lists the construction activities in the order in which they are performed. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. Cost-plus contracts increase a contractor’s risk by separating profit from a project’s direct and indirect expenses. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. Direct costs, known as the cost of goods sold, are the more obvious costs that relate to the specific job in the contract. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. According to AIA Document A111 Article 8, the expenses of the contractor’s principal office and offices other than the site office are reimbursable costs. a. True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments b. False ANSWER: False 10. Some architects and engineers request a rough payment to review, then the final application is prepared with the architect’s comments. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. Based on the standard progress payment process, which action follows the Owner Review? a. Architect Submits to Owner b. Owner Processes Payment c. Contractor’s Activity Completion d. Material on Site ANSWER: b 12. Based on the standard progress payment process, which action immediately follows Architect Submits to Owner? a. Architect Submits to Owner b. Owner Processes Payment c. Contractor’s Activity Completion d. Owner Review ANSWER: d 13. Based on the standard progress payment process, which action immediately precedes the check for application correctness? a. Architect Submits to Owner b. Owner Processes Payment c. Contractor’s Activity Completion d. Submit Application to Architect ANSWER: d 14. Most contracts specify how long the owner can take to process payment after receipt of the certified application, but the period is usually which of the following? a. One week b. Three days c. Thirty days d. Fourteen days ANSWER: c 15. The AIA forms for payment are G702, “Application and Certificate for Payment” as well as form _____. a. G726 b. G701 c. G703 d. G753 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments ANSWER: c 16. Because cash flow projections are used by the owner and contractor for financial arrangements, the projected payments should reflect material delivery and other factor that would influence the payment _____. a. amount b. timing c. delay d. scheduling ANSWER: a 17. When using a Gantt chart to display the construction schedule, the percentage complete for each payment period is the _____ _____. a. one-time expense b. absolute cost c. cumulative total d. project float ANSWER: c 18. Because the cash flow projection is based on the construction schedule, the projections are _____. a. calculations b. estimations c. exact d. excessive ANSWER: b 19. The retainage held by owners usually varies between_____? a. 5% and 10% b. 10% and 15% c. 1% and 2% d. 15% and 20% ANSWER: a 20. The actual payment period varies from contact to contact, but the payment frequency is generally on which basis? a. 30 days b. 7 days c. 3 months d. 14 days ANSWER: a 21. The schedule of values is a written list in tabular form and includes work activities and their associated _____ _____. a. completion date b. estimated duration c. optimal sequencing d. monetary amounts Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments ANSWER: d 22. The schedule of values should NOT include items in which of the following categories? a. Bidding b. Mobilization c. General Conditions d. Punch List ANSWER: a 23. Which of the following items would be included in a front-loaded distribution of profit and overhead? a. Final cleanup b. Punch list items c. Mobilization d. Finish work ANSWER: c 24. Which of the following is a written list in tabular form of the value amounts relating to the activities of work, associated with appropriate monetary amounts for each activity? a. Schedule of values b. Estimate summary c. Progress schedule chart d. Project projection ANSWER: a 25. Which of the following is a list of items that must be completed or repaired prior to final project completion? a. Estimate summary b. Punch list c. Schedule of values d. Project projections ANSWER: b 26. The shape of the cash flow curve is normally a(n)_____. a. bell b. erratic-M c. straight line d. lazy-S ANSWER: d 27. Which of the following is a method of allocating overhead to items completed early in the project? a. Turnkey b. Uniform loading c. Estimated distribution d. Front loading ANSWER: d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments 28. Which of the following contract types involves a contractor billing for a project’s direct and indirect expenses plus an additional fee? a. Lump sum b. Cost-plus c. Turnkey d. Speculative ANSWER: b 29. The most common method of payment in commercial building construction, in the traditional owner-contractor contract includes partial payments for work completed during a portion of the project, known as _____ _____.

ANSWER: progress payments 30. Payment for the project at project completion and upon delivery to the owner is known as the _____ _____.

ANSWER: turnkey arrangement 31. An amount held by the owner until final contract completion is known as _____.

ANSWER: retainage 32. Allocation of overhead items that will be completed early in the project is a practice known as _____.

ANSWER: front-loading 33. The relationship of the schedule of values to the construction schedule, projecting progress payments through the duration of the project, is referred to as a _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: project cash-flow projection 34. Payment for the work in place and material delivered during an applicable period is known as a _____ _____.

ANSWER: progress payment 35. Material delivered to the jobsite, even when not actually incorporated into the work, is usually included in the _____ _____.

ANSWER: progress payment 36. Several items are optional for inclusion in the schedule of values, depending on the customs of the engineer, architect, and _____.

ANSWER: owner 37. The contractor’s estimate is normally not arranged into the necessary items for a schedule of _____.

ANSWER: values 38. Contractors normally use a single markup for all costs, including their work and the _____.

ANSWER: subcontract 39. GMP contract variation may factor in incentive for work completed ahead of schedule or exceeding original specifications, or stipulate fee increases if project costs _____.

ANSWER: increase

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments 40. The owner makes financial arrangements using the cash flow _____.

ANSWER: projection 41. When executing a project, contractors prefer to have material delivered as soon as possible, when feasible, rather than delaying the work by waiting for _____ _____.

ANSWER: material delivery 42. Describe the procedure for payment processing for the time the contractor submits the payment application.

ANSWER: After the contractor completes the application for payment, the architect and engineer review the application and certify the payment request if correct. Some architects and engineers request a rough payment to review, then the final application is prepared with the architect’s comments. This procedure usually saves time and avoids rejection of the application for payment. Most contracts specify how long the owner can take to process the progress payment after receipt of the certified application. This period usually is 30 days but can vary, depending on specific factors relating to the owner and project financing. Many owners, even public owners, try to expedite progress payments to the contractor.

43. Explain how to complete the sections of AIA Form G702, “Application and Certificate for Payment”.

ANSWER: (1) General information: contract information, contractor, architect, owner, payment number, and so on. (2) Contract status: change orders to date, approved change orders during this period, and net contract change by change orders. (3) Payment computation: total contract, progress to date, retainage, sales tax (if applicable), and payment due. (4) Contractor’s certifications: several certifications are necessary with each payment. The contractor must certify that the payment request represents work completed and that the work completed is in accordance with the contract documents. The contractor also must certify that bills were paid relating to previous payments. (5) Architect’s certification: certification that the architect has reviewed the work in progress and the payment request 44. What are unit price contracts and under what conditions are they most likely to be used?

ANSWER: Some contracts require that the bid be presented in unit prices for particular items of work. These types of contracts usually are in engineering construction and are found frequently in public works contracts. In these contracts, the unit-price breakdown is used as the schedule of values. Each unit price includes labor, material, equipment, subcontracts, direct overhead, indirect overhead, and distributed profit. A finite quantity is usually furnished in the bid forms, and the contractor supplies the unit price. A variety of strategies is used in allocating overhead and profit to the unit prices, including front-loading.

45. Describe the costs incurred by the contractor associated with mobilization.

ANSWER: A number of costs are incurred by the contractor at the very start of a project. Some relate to temporary facilities, including transportation and setup of office and storage facilities for the contractor and subcontractors; temporary security fencing; installation of temporary utilities, such as power, water, and telephone; and access routes for the jobsite. Some of these initial costs include immediate payments required for performance and payment bonds, builder’s risk insurance, and building permits.

46. What are direct costs in the context of a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contract?

ANSWER: These are the more obvious costs that relate to the specific job in the contract. Known as the cost of goods sold (COGS) in other contexts, examples of direct costs include labor for the project, raw materials required to complete the project, equipment purchased or rented for the job, subcontractors and fees for outside specialists such as engineers or consultants.

47. What are indirect/overhead costs in the context of a GMP contract?

ANSWER: Also known as overhead costs, indirect costs are the countless expense categories associated with running a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 16: Progress Payments business. Such costs include administrative expenses, such as office leases, insurance fees, licensing, transportation expenses, and utilities. A percentage of the contractor’s overall overhead is usually included in a cost-plus contract, with the amount depending on the size and timespan of the project.

48. According to AIA Document A111 Article 7, what costs can be reimbursed under a GMP contract?

ANSWER: The Cost of the Work, which is defined as all cost chargeable to the 0wner and actually and necessarily incurred by the contractor in the proper performance of the work by the contractor, without markup or add on of any kind by or at the request of the contractor, and less all discounts, rebates, and salvages.

49. Describe the forms and procedures used to process progress payments.

ANSWER: Each owner will have specific progress payment requirements. Many will use the forms and procedures recommended by the AIA documents. Most public agencies have specific procedures required by law for the municipality, state, or federal agency. Most owners will require a detailed sheet for the period and a certificate of payment, which is a summary of payments, and certification by the contractor and the architect and engineer, as representative of the owner.

50. Describe the shape of a normal cash flow curve as well as the effect of a front-loaded schedule.

ANSWER: The cash flow curve is normally a “lazy-S” curve. Since the curve is related to specific amounts at payment dates, the curve is not a smooth line, but rather is segmented at the payment dates. A front-loaded schedule of values will have a steeper initial section on the cash flow curve than a schedule of values with an evenly distributed overhead.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout 1. Completing a construction project rarely takes a long time because minimal deliveries, repair work, and paperwork remain to be completed well before project closure. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Project closeout consists of the physical activities that complete the project requirements. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 3. Project closeout items, both physical completion and paperwork requirements, require minimal additional effort and will be completed without being deliberately pursued. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 4. Most construction contracts require that this preliminary or contractor’s punch list be completed prior to notification of the architect and engineer. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 5. When the preliminary punch list is complete, the owner is presented with a payment application. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. The owner’s maintenance personnel often make a punch list that is independent of and not coordinated with the architect’s punch list. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. Once a project reaches substantial completion, it is acceptable for owner use and occupancy. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 8. Prompt pursuit of finalizing lien releases, written warranties, contract receivables, and O & M manuals is essential to releasing the final payment for the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. During the project closeout, the contractor continues to incur overhead costs.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout a. True b. False ANSWER: True 10. Punch lists can be typed or handwritten. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 11. Which of the following determines the storage duration for construction project records? a. Company policy b. Historical practice for the state in which the project is located c. Statute of limitations in the state in which the project is located d. Industry standard practice ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following is NOT a reason to store project records? a. Complete project closeout activities b. Dispute resolution c. Public agency audits d. Financial (tax) accounting ANSWER: a 13. Which of the following is NOT a project document that should be archived for reference? a. Project bidding information b. As-built drawings, specifications, and change orders c. Photographs and videotapes d. Submittal and phone logs ANSWER: a 14. Which of the following is the primary reason for performing final accounting of a project as the final resolutions close? a. To resolve disputes with subcontractors b. To simplify closeout documents c. To determine whether a profit or loss was realized d. To estimate project completion date ANSWER: c 15. What is the minimal variance versus the activity cost estimate should prompt an examination? a. 1% b. 5% c. 10% d. 15% ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout 16. Which of the following actions can the contractor take if there are projects that need to be completed or issues need to be resolved towards the end of the project? a. Issue a certificate of substantial completion b. Post a retainage bond c. Estimate the cost of work activities d. Schedule all project activities ANSWER: b 17. Which of the following should the contractor determine for each subcontract as the project approaches its end? a. Estimated cost for total work on the project b. Scheduled start date for work activities c. Required equipment d. Approximate dates of completion for the remaining work ANSWER: d 18. Which of the following is NOT information that the contractor should determine regarding subcontractors as the project approaches its end? a. Estimated cost for total work on the project b. Amount of retainage due c. Amount of back-charges and disputed payment d. Amount of payment, excluding retainage, due ANSWER: a 19. Which of the following is typically integrated with construction progress documentation in project management programs? a. Marketing strategy b. Architectural design c. Closeout procedures d. Engineering practice ANSWER: c 20. On public works projects, contractors are required to supply certifications, affidavits, and which of the following? a. Bids b. Contracts c. Releases d. Securities ANSWER: c 21. Which of the following AIA standard forms is used for Consent of Surety Company to Final Payment? a. G706 b. G701 c. G702 d. G707 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout ANSWER: d 22. Which of the following AIA standard forms is used for the Contractor’s Affidavit of Payment of Debts and Claims? a. G706 b. G701 c. G702 d. G707 ANSWER: a 23. What is the typical contract warranty period for completed construction projects? a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 5 years d. 10 years ANSWER: a 24. Which of the following items can require emergency repair during the warranty period? a. Mechanical and electrical systems b. Exterior finishes c. Outdoor furnishings d. Interior flooring ANSWER: a 25. Which of the following is a reason building owners insist that permanent keying of locks be done just prior to occupancy? a. Security b. Cost-savings c. Scheduling d. Convenience ANSWER: a 26. Based on the steps in the project closeout process, which of the following immediately follows contractor completion of contract requirements? a. Architect makes punch list b. Final payment and release of retainage c. Notify architect of completion d. Architect issues Certificate of Substantial Completion ANSWER: b 27. The term used to indicate when a facility can be used for its intended purpose is _____ _____. a. preliminary occupancy b. beneficial occupancy c. utility occupancy d. exploratory occupancy Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout ANSWER: b 28. Which of the following is executed by the bonding company, indicating approval of the contractor’s receiving final payment for the project? a. Affidavit of Occupancy b. Inspection Agency Release c. Consent of Surety d. Certificate of Substantial Completion ANSWER: c 29. Although most contacts require a 1-year warranty on all installations in the project, some items may require warranties as long as _____. a. 5 years b. 8 years c. 10 years d. 12 years ANSWER: a 30. Retainage, in many cases, is reserved solely for payment of “labor and materialmen” and cannot be released until who has some assurance that these entities have been paid? a. The contractor b. The owner c. The manufacturer d. The foreman ANSWER: b 31. Completing a construction project can take a long time because of waiting for delivery of minor items, repair work, or completion of required _____.

ANSWER: paperwork 32. Project closeout naturally includes the physical completion of the project, with the all items completed and the any defective areas _____.

ANSWER: repaired 33. As the project approaches completion, the majority of the subcontractor’s work is complete and most of the payment has been received, therefore the subcontractor is not highly motivated to return the project to complete minor items and repair _____ _____.

ANSWER: defective work 34. Notification to the architect should always be in writing as it begins to establish the completion _____.

ANSWER: sequence 35. Punch lists come in every and any form, including both typed and _____.

ANSWER: handwritten 36. Substantial completion is defined as the point in the project when the architect has determined that the facility or a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout portion of the facility is acceptable for owner use and _____.

ANSWER: occupancy 37. Most public work requires releases over and above those required for private projects, including additional releases, certifications, and affidavits from _____ _____.

ANSWER: public agencies 38. The point in the project when the architect has determined that the facility or a portion of the facility is acceptable for owner use and occupancy is known as _____ _____.

ANSWER: substantial completion 39. Mechanical and electrical information, as well as relevant facts about other operating systems installed by the subcontractor or contractor, are normally included in the _____ _____.

ANSWER: O & M Manuals 40. Certification that payment of all debts and claims relating to the project has been made, with exception of retainage, is made via the _____ _____ ______.

ANSWER: affidavit of payment 41. For items that need to be completed or issues that need to be resolved, the contractor can post a retainage bond for the amount of retainage or _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: amount being held 42. Most spare parts and extra material come from _____.

ANSWER: subcontractors 43. Describe what happens after the preliminary punch list is completed.

ANSWER: When the preliminary punch list is complete, the architect is notified and requested to perform a punch list on the project. Notification to the architect should always be in writing as it begins to establish the completion sequence. The architect and consulting engineers will then inspect the project or the requested portions of the project and compile the punch list. Consulting engineers, such as electrical and mechanical engineers, usually will prepare a separate punch list that relates only to their portion of the work.

44. When does system testing occur and what methods can be used to accomplish system testing?

ANSWER: During the punch list and closeout period, certain building systems are tested for compliance to specifications.

Most tests are in the mechanical and electrical subcontract areas. Testing may be required in several different ways: 1. Independent testing, contracted to the owner; this could be testing a specific system or the overall testing and adjustment of the entire building system, usually referred to as “commissioning” 2. Independent testing, contracted to the subcontractor 3. Testing and start-up by an authorized manufacturer’s representative 4. Testing by the mechanical and/or electrical subconsultant 5. Testing by the owner’s personnel 45. Who provides the spare parts and extra materials turned over to the owner upon conclusion of a project?

ANSWER: Most contracts require delivery of extra material and spare parts to the owner at the conclusion of the project.

The technical specification for each area of work will specify, if required, the necessary spare parts or material to leave on the project. Material and equipment installed during construction projects can be quickly dated from the manufacturer or supplier. Finish materials usually are in specific dye lots that cannot be easily Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 17: Project Closeout matched. Technical specifications require extra material, such as carpet, floor tile, or paint, to patch changes or future damage. Some spare parts will be specified to enable the owner to quickly repair equipment items that are worn.

46. Under what conditions are prevailing wage certificates and affidavits are required?

ANSWER: Prevailing wage certificates and affidavits are required on most public work where Davis-Bacon regulations or state prevailing wage laws apply. For federal projects, weekly payroll certificates are required for all labor on the project, both contractor and subcontractor. These certified payrolls should be submitted prior to the closeout period, but some may still need to be completed. Each state has different prevailing wage requirements for state-funded work. Some states require notarized affidavits from each contractor and subcontractor stating that wages were paid. All affidavits and certifications must be promptly submitted at the end of the project, as final payment will not be made until release by the monitoring agency.

47. At the end of the project or approaching the end of the project, what information must the contractor determine for each subcontract?

ANSWER: At the end of the project or approaching the end of the project, the contractor should determine the following for each subcontract: 1. The amount of work remaining and the value of such work 2. The amount of payment, excluding retainage, due 3. The amount of back-charges and disputed payment 4. The amount of retainage due 5. The approximate dates of completion of the remaining work 48. What are record drawings and what information do they generally contain?

ANSWER: Most contracts require the contractor to prepare record drawings or “as-built” drawings during the project.

This process entails recording actual dimensions, location of utilities, and any changes in drawings. These changes and dimensions usually are written on clean sets of drawings during the entire project. Electrical and mechanical contractors normally record relevant information on their own drawings.

49. Briefly describe the paperwork requirements associated with construction project closure.

ANSWER: Most contracts contain provisions for lien releases, written warranties, and contract receivables, such as operating and maintenance (O & M) manuals. Most public work requires further releases, certifications, and affidavits from public agencies. Prompt pursuit of these finalizing documents is essential to releasing the final payment for the project. The majority of documents are completely by subcontractors and governmental agencies. The contractor must actively pursue all responsible parties to quickly process these documents.

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction 1. Lean practices are applicable in the construction phase, but not in the design phase. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 2. Few contractors are currently using computerized scheduling software based on the critical path method. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 3. Although critical path scheduling provides a path for the project, it may not adequately address the in-progress detail of all of the contractors and subcontractors on the project. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 4. The Last Planner System® uses input from all project managers involved in the work, interchanging ideas of process constraints. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 5. Value stream mapping is a tool to analyze waste sources following the conclusion of the construction process. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 6. The goal of value stream mapping is to complete the project with the smallest possible project duration. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 7. Value stream mapping is a tool to identify cost control opportunities in the construction process. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 8. The Plan-Do-Check-Act method provides a framework for the discovery process. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 9. The lean construction approach reveals many problems to be solved by optimizing lean principles. a. True b. False Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction ANSWER: True 10. The most efficient material delivery method is from atruck to an onsite storage location. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 11. Which of the following is NOT an element of the Last Planner System®? a. Work-ready planning b. Phase scheduling c. Cost reduction d. Weekly work planning ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following are drawbacks to the Last Planner System®? a. Minimal training is required for full implementation. b. The system is fairly complex. c. The initial cost is low. d. The system is effective in operating a smooth flowing project ANSWER: b 13. The Last Planner System® uses input from all foremen involved in the work, interchanging ideas of process _____. a. optimization b. cost-control c. constraints d. estimation ANSWER: c 14. The value stream map examines raw material and information flows, decision points, hand-offs, and interactions with other _____. a. budgets b. subcontractors c. suppliers d. systems ANSWER: d 15. Value stream mapping can be accomplished early in the process or after production of the _____ _____. a. initial estimate b. project closeout c. master schedule d. delivery schedule ANSWER: c 16. Which of the following is NOT a tent of Lean?

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction a. Respect for people b. Minimization of cost c. Focus on process and flow d. Optimize the whole ANSWER: b 17. Typical construction operations result in what percent waste? a. 50 b. 35 c. 25 d. 40 ANSWER: a 18. Which of the following is a cause of wasted labor? a. Sequential work activities b. Excess inventory c. Just-in-time delivery d. Detailed budget ANSWER: b 19. In lean construction, every participant in the construction project is acknowledged as being experienced and ______. a. costly b. replaceable c. trainable d. knowledgeable ANSWER: d 20. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of collaboration among construction project contract participants? a. Obtaining a full view of problems b. Providing optimum value to the project c. Ensuring maximum profit for a single participant d. Analyzing design solutions successfully ANSWER: c 21. Rather than using input from other knowledgeable participants, problem solving in the construction industry traditionally obtained results through _____ _____. a. multidisciplinary effort b. team collaboration c. individual effort d. management directive ANSWER: c 22. Which of the following represent the correct order to conduct a 5-S activity? a. Sort, Shine, Set-to-Order, Sustain, Standardize Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction b. Shine, Sort, Set-to-Order, Standardize, Sustain c. Set-to-Order, Sort, Shine, Sustain, Standardize d. Sort, Set-to-Order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain ANSWER: d 23. Which of the following activities are conducted in the Sort phase of the 5-S process? a. Identify waste b. Organize revised tasks c. Clean and organize d. Establish routines ANSWER: a 24. The second step in the 5-S process is organizing revised tasks in a logical and _____ _____. a. cost-effective manner b. profitable manner c. timely manner d. sequential manner ANSWER: c 25. Which of the following is NOT an activity conducted in the Shine phase of the 5-S process? a. Establish routines b. Store material and equipment in an orderly manner c. Contain trash d. Maintain access roads ANSWER: a 26. The A3 Problem Solving method includes which of the following steps, in order: a. Plan-Check-Do-Act b. Check-Do-Plan-Act c. Plan-Do-Check-Act d. Plan-Check-Act-Do ANSWER: c 27. Constructed facilities are structures that require unique materials that are mostly supplied direct to the project, rather than from _____. a. subcontractors b. suppliers c. inventory d. vendors ANSWER: c 28. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of just-in-time delivery? a. Reduced inventory cost b. Reduced movement cost on the jobsite Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction c. Increased scheduling reliability d. Reduced jobsite clutter ANSWER: c 29. A construction site needs to be seen by the owner and observers as a place of _____.

ANSWER: business 30. Choppy project delivery is not profitable for the contractor and subcontractors and is irritating for the _____.

ANSWER: owner 31. Ideally, implemented changes in work habits will not revert to original methods, but will be _____.

ANSWER: permanent 32. Careful examination of all work tasks will expose the labor and material currently being ______.

ANSWER: wasted 33. Areas of waste include disconnected processes, insufficient information flow, uneven workloads, wasted time in activities, long delays in material delivery or by subcontractors, ineffective quality outcomes, cost overrun, and _____ ______ ______.

ANSWER: disappointing the customer 34. The result of increased productivity is increased _____.

ANSWER: profitability 35. Contractors have found that profitability increases for all involved when the jobsite is respectful and _____.

ANSWER: cooperative 36. Controlled open discussion with professionals collaborating can be successful in optimizing _____ _____.

ANSWER: value decisions 37. Contractors have used just-in-time delivery of material in most construction projects because construction sites have limited space for _____ _____.

ANSWER: site storage 38. In quality management, the “Check” phase of A3 Problem Solving refers to informed _____.

ANSWER: inspections 39. The value stream mapping technique can identify specific types of waste while examining the _____.

ANSWER: processes 40. Most contractors are currently using computerized scheduling based on the _____ _____ _____.

ANSWER: critical path method 41. Describe the goals of the 5-S process with respect to construction projects.

ANSWER: The 5-S process is the optimization of value in the construction project. It is basically inventory and analysis of the construction process leading to the successful revision and implementation of those processes. The purpose of these steps is to identify and eliminate waste and optimize value in the project for the owner.

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction During the enhanced process, efficiency is increased resulting in the potential of increased profitability.

42. What is value stream mapping and how can it be used to enhance the outcome of the process?

ANSWER: Value stream mapping is a tool to identify value streams in the construction process. It maps the process of creating value, which the customer is willing to purchase as a product or service. It maps out the steps in the working process, enabling the team to identify the value stream and wasted effort. In identifying the value and the waste, the project team is able to streamline the flow of the work. The value stream mapping technique can identify specific types of waste while examining the processes. Value stream mapping can be implemented in several different phases in the process. The goal of value mapping is to enhance the outcome of the process.

43. Describe the “Big Room” technique and how it is used in lean construction delivery systems.

ANSWER: A technique used in lean construction delivery systems is the “Big Room.” This technique is used in the design process but could be used in major construction decisions. A large room is used with tables around the perimeter, accommodating several participants. This technique can be used for brainstorming and problem solving. Controlled open discussion with professions collaborating can be successful in optimizing value decisions.

44. List the six tenets of lean construction as described by the Lean Construction Institute.

ANSWER: The Lean Construction Institute states that “Lean can be implemented into any project business plan through focusing on six tenets”: (1) Respect for people, (2) removal of waste, (3) focus on process and flow, (4) generation of value, (5) continuous improvement, (6) optimize the whole.

45. What is the primary goal of the Sustain step of the 5-S process?

ANSWER: The “Sustain” is the fifth phase of the 5-S group of activities establishing lean construction on the jobsite.

Programs that implement change in work habits typically can revert to the original methods. Considerable effort is necessary by management and workers to sustain the changed program. The elimination of waste and optimization of value needs to be monitored with continued training to achieve the goals. A dedicated team to achieving lean construction can contribute to sustaining the goals of the program.

46. What is the A3 Problem Solving method and what essential steps does it contain?

ANSWER: The lean construction approach reveals many problems to be solved by optimizing lean principles. A3 Problem Solving is a tool that solves a problem, encourages collaborative work, and provides reporting to management. The A3 Problem Solving includes four steps: Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA). The PDCA method provides a framework for the discovery process. It examines the problem for background, current situation, applicable standards, possible solutions, application of solution, analysis of the solution results, and adjustment to optimize the solution.

47. Describe the advantage of just-in-time delivery systems for construction projects.

ANSWER: Just-in-time delivery reduces inventory cost and the cost of storing and handling the extraneous inventory. Site storage is very limited on construction sites and contractors have used just-in-time delivery of material in most construction projects. Constructed facilities are structures which require unique materials that are mostly supplied direct to the project, rather than from inventory. Just-in-time delivery reduces inventory cost, storage space on the jobsite, movement cost on the jobsite, and jobsite clutter.

48. Describe how lean methods can be applied to the design portion of construction projects.

ANSWER: Lean practices are applicable to both the design phase and the construction phase. When the contractor is involved during the design phase, such as in design-build or GC Construction Management, the contractor needs to lead and implement lean methods. Several of the lean methods typically used in the construction process can be adapted to the design process. Some lean techniques applicable for both design and Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chapter 18: Lean Construction construction include collaborative decision making and A3 thinking.

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