TEST BANK For Adolescence 1 Edition Robert Feldman. Answers At The End Of Each Chapter

Chapter 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Those who study cognitive development of adolescents are interested in 1) A) adolescents' social relationships.

B) hormonal changes that take place during adolescence.

C) intellectual capabilities of adolescents.

D) the biological makeup of the body.

2) The perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

A) evolutionary B) sociocultural C) bioecological D) psychoanalytic

2)

3) Who recognized that geese are genetically pre-programmed to become attached to the first moving object that they see?

A) Lev Vygotsky B) Ivan Pavlov C) Konrad Lorenz D) B. F. Skinner

3)

4) Late adolescence approximately covers the age range of A) 10 to 13 years.

B) 8 to 12 years.

C) 14 to 17 years.

4)

D) 18 to 22 years.

5) Those who study social and personality development of adolescents are interested in A) adolescents' social relationships.

B) changes in adolescents' decision-making processes.

C) intellectual capabilities of adolescents.

D) the biological makeup of the body.

5)

6) An advantage of a sequential study is that A) it allows researchers to identify age-related changes and differences.

B) research participants are more likely to give an honest answer during the study.

C) it prevents participants from becoming test-wise.

D) it prevents participants from dropping out of the study.

6)

7) Kirsten is a developmental psychologist who is doing research about adolescents' decision-making processes. Kirsten is studying A) physical development.

B) social and personality development.

C) bioecological development.

D) cognitive development.

7)

8) A middle school teacher attempted to improve the behavior of her class by rewarding her students for good behavior. This approach is most consistent with which of the following developmental perspectives?

A) psychosocial perspective B) Piaget's perspective of development C) social-cognitive perspective D) operant conditioning perspective

8)

9) Piaget's theory of development focuses on A) qualitative changes in thinking as people grow older.

B) learning from reinforcements.

C) social cognitions based on observing and learning from the behaviors of others.

D) quantitative changes in thinking as people grow older.

9)

10) The focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

A) learning perspective B) psychoanalytic perspective

10)

C) cognitive perspective

D) behavioral perspective

11) When researchers use the term continuous change, they are referring to A) specific, atypical changes in adolescents' environments that occur on a daily basis.

B) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days.

C) gradual changes with achievements at one level building on previous levels.

D) changes that occur in distinct stages or steps.

11) ______

12) Which of the following is a criticism of the Piaget's cognitive perspective?

A) Piaget's cognitive perspective focuses too much on operant learning.

B) Piaget's cognitive perspective overemphasizes the universality of cognitive stages.

C) Piaget's cognitive perspective focuses too much on unconscious influences.

D) Piaget's cognitive perspective overemphasizes schemes.

12) ______

13) The field of study that examines how our biological makeup influences our behaviors is A) sociology.

B) anthropology.

C) ethology.

D) bioecology.

13) ______

14) A form of learning in which a person learns by observing the behavior of another person is A) reinforcements.

B) classical conditioning.

C) modeling.

D) operant conditioning.

14) ______

15) Personality is the study of A) how to overcome being shy and be more outgoing.

B) ways in which people interact with other people.

C) stability and change in enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another.

D) how people change to fit into society.

15) ______

16) Of the following, who recognized cultural influences as central components to development?

A) Ivan Pavlov B) Sigmund Freud C) Lev Vygotsky D) B. F. Skinner

16) ______

17) The information-processing perspective focuses on A) quantitative changes in how information is processed as people grow older.

B) reinforcements that people experience in their everyday environments.

C) processing of unconscious influences.

D) qualitative stages in how thinking changes as people grow older.

17) ______

18) The term ethnicity refers to a A) political category.

C) cultural background.

18) ______ B) biological concept.

D) ideological category.

19) The perspective of development that suggests it is more important to examine observable behaviors than unconscious influences is the A) stage perspective.

B) social-cognitive perspective.

C) behavioral perspective.

D) psychoanalytic perspective.

19) ______

20) A study that collects data from adolescents of different ages at a single point in time is best described as a(n) A) longitudinal study.

B) sequential study.

C) age-based study.

D) cross-sectional study.

20) ______

21) The connections between the various aspects of an adolescent's microsystem is the

21) ______

A) exosystem.

B) macrosystem.

C) microsystem.

D) mesosystem.

22) The perspective of development that examines adolescent development through the lens of brain processes is the A) cognitive neuroscience perspective.

B) psychoanalytic perspective.

C) behavioral perspective.

D) social-cognitive perspective.

22) ______

23) Which of the following is a criticism of the behavioral perspective?

A) The behavioral perspective focuses too much on mistakes that young children make when they attempt to use reason and logic.

B) The behavioral perspective overemphasizes qualitative stages.

C) The behavioral perspective focuses too much on unconscious influences.

D) The behavioral perspective is overly simplistic.

23) ______

24) Urie Bronfenbrenner is most closely associated with the A) social-cognitive perspective.

B) psychoanalytic perspective.

C) bioecological perspective.

D) behavioral perspective.

24) ______

25) Middle adolescence approximately covers the age range of A) 8 to 12 years.

B) 10 to 13 years.

C) 14 to 17 years.

25) ______ D) 18 to 22 years.

26) Schemes are A) organized mental patterns representing behaviors and actions.

B) adolescents' reinforcement schedules.

C) adolescents' patterns of behavior.

D) adolescents' quantitative understandings of their social world.

26) ______

27) The contextual perspective focuses on A) qualitative stages in how thinking changes as people grow older.

B) quantitative changes in how information is processed as people grow older.

C) relationships between adolescents and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.

D) reinforcements that people experience in their everyday environments.

27) ______

28) Biological and environmental challenges shared by adolescents who lived in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2005 and share experiences associated with hurricane Katrina are examples of A) history-graded influences.

B) age-graded influences.

C) sociocultural-graded influences.

D) nonnormative life events.

28) ______

29) Early adolescence approximately covers the age range of A) 14 to 17 years.

B) 18 to 22 years.

C) 10 to 13 years.

29) ______ D) 8 to 12 years.

30) The term nurture refers to A) traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents.

B) environmental influences that shape behavior.

C) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days.

D) normative and natural developmental pathways for adolescents.

30) ______

31) Who is most closely associated with the psychodynamic perspective?

A) Jean Piaget B) B. F. Skinner C) Ivan Pavlov D) Sigmund Freud

31) ______

32) A group of people born at around the same time and place is known as a A) cohort.

B) clique.

C) peer group.

32) ______ D) microsystem.

33) Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes A) daily reinforcements one receives in the environment.

B) the interconnectedness of the influences of development.

C) cognitive neuroscience processes.

D) how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions.

33) ______

34) The idea that a person's behavior is partially the result of unconscious influences is most consistent with A) operant conditioning.

B) social-cognitive theory.

C) social-learning theory.

D) psychoanalytic theories.

34) ______

35) History-graded influences are A) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents.

B) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual.

C) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised.

D) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment.

35) ______

36) Adolescence is a period of transitions in A) biology.

C) personality.

36) ______ B) cognitive abilities.

D) all of the above.

37) Professor Nathan was studying how hormones are related to changes in adolescents' brains. His research focus is on A) bioecological development.

B) physical development.

C) cognitive development.

D) social and personality development.

37) ______

38) The term nature refers to A) normative and natural developmental pathways for adolescents.

B) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days.

C) traits, abilities, and capacities that are inherited from one's parents.

D) environmental influences that shape behavior.

38) ______

39) Sociocultural-graded influences are A) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised.

B) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment.

C) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual.

D) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents.

39) ______

40) The phrase sturm und drang was created by A) G. Stanley Hall.

C) Sigmund Freud.

40) ______ B) Jean Piaget.

D) Erik Erikson.

41) The perspective of development that examines the relationships between adolescents and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds is the A) cognitive neuroscience perspective.

B) social-cognitive perspective.

41) ______

C) contextual perspective.

D) behavioral perspective.

42) Biological and environmental challenges that an adolescent experiences as the result of a sibling's death in an automobile accident is an example of A) sociocultural-graded influences.

B) nonnormative life events.

C) age-graded influences.

D) history-graded influences.

42) ______

43) The everyday immediate environment in which adolescents live their lives is the A) microsystem.

B) mesosystem.

C) exosystem.

D) macrosystem.

43) ______

44) Who is most closely associated with the psychosocial perspective?

A) B. F. Skinner B) Jean Piaget C) Ivan Pavlov

44) ______ D) Erik Erikson

45) Those who study adolescence are interested in A) stabilities in adolescents' lives.

B) consistency and continuity with prior behavior.

C) change and growth during adolescence.

D) all of the above.

45) ______

46) Biological and environmental challenges shared by black, but not white, adolescents are examples of A) sociocultural-graded influences.

B) history-graded influences.

C) nonnormative life events.

D) age-graded influences.

46) ______

47) A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by association with positive or negative consequences is A) classical conditioning.

B) reinforcements.

C) modeling.

D) operant conditioning.

47) ______

48) The theory that focuses most on qualitative changes in how people know and understand their world is most closely associated with A) Erik Erikson.

B) B. F. Skinner.

C) Ivan Pavlov.

D) Jean Piaget.

48) ______

49) According to Freud, the id A) is the part of the personality that is reasonable and rational.

B) represents a person's conscience and makes distinctions between right and wrong.

C) is the raw, unorganized, and inborn part of personality.

D) is a series of stages, in which pleasure or gratification is focused on erogenous zones.

49) ______

50) Cohort effects are examples of A) sociocultural-graded influences.

C) age-graded influences.

50) ______ B) history-graded influences.

D) nonnormative life events.

51) When researchers use the term discontinuous change, they are referring to A) specific, atypical changes in adolescents' environments that occur on a daily basis.

B) biological and environmental changes that take place continuously over several days.

C) gradual changes with achievements at one level building on previous levels.

D) changes that occur in distinct stages or steps.

51) ______

52) A cohort consists of A) a group of people born at around the same time and place.

B) a small group of people who have face-to-face contact.

52) ______

C) a small exclusive group of friends.

D) a small group of people who know each other, but may or may not be friends.

53) Biological and environmental challenges shared by adolescents in all times and in all cultures are examples of A) nonnormative life events.

B) sociocultural-graded influences.

C) history-graded influences.

D) age-graded influences.

53) ______

54) Broad cultural influences on an individual that may include the religious and political value systems are referred to as part of the A) exosystem.

B) microsystem.

C) mesosystem.

D) macrosystem.

54) ______

55) Who is most closely associated with the cognitive perspective?

A) Erik Erikson B) B. F. Skinner C) Ivan Pavlov

55) ______ D) Jean Piaget

56) Those who study physical development of adolescents are interested in A) the biological makeup of the body.

B) intellectual capabilities of adolescents.

C) adolescents' social relationships.

D) changes in adolescents' decision-making processes.

56) ______

57) Age-graded influences are A) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised.

B) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment.

C) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual.

D) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents.

57) ______

58) The perspective of development that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of others is the A) psychosexual perspective.

B) psychosocial perspective.

C) operant conditioning perspective.

D) social-learning perspective.

58) ______

59) The bioecological approach emphasizes the A) cultural cognitive view of development.

B) cognitive neuroscience processes.

C) interconnectedness of the influences of development.

D) daily reinforcements one receives in the environment.

59) ______

60) The bioecological approach is most closely associated with A) Erik Erikson.

B) Urie Bronfenbrenner.

C) B. F. Skinner.

D) Ivan Pavlov.

60) ______

61) One reason that adolescents in the United States have a different educational experience than adolescents in Japan is that the cultural values in the United States are more individualistic than those in Japan. Research, from a bioecological perspective, that emphasizes these differences is focused on the A) macrosystem.

B) exosystem.

C) microsystem.

D) mesosystem.

61) ______

62) Which of the following perspectives of development is most valid?

A) cognitive B) behavioral

62) ______

C) psychoanalytic

D) none of the above

63) The term race refers to a A) biological concept.

C) cultural background.

B) political category.

D) ideological category.

63) ______

64) An advantage of longitudinal studies is that A) change over time can be studied.

B) they are less expensive.

C) study participants become test-wise.

D) studies can be completed in a short amount of time.

64) ______

65) Nonnormative influences are A) biological and environmental influences associated with a particular historical moment.

B) biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they were raised.

C) specific, atypical events that occur in a particular person's life at a time when such events do not happen to most adolescents.

D) social and cultural factors present at a particular time for a particular individual.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) The study of ________ consists of examining stability and change in the enduring 66) _____________ characteristics that differentiate one person from another.

67) The study of ________ consists of examining intellectual abilities.

67) _____________

68) Researchers studying changes in the makeup of the body during adolescence are interested in the ________ topical area of development.

68) _____________

69) Information-processing approaches to cognitive development focus on how people take in, use, and ________ information.

69) _____________

70) The term that is used to describe social policies that provide more benefits to some generations, such as young children or older persons, than to other generations, such as adolescents, is ________.

70) _____________

71) The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is a process known as ________.

71) _____________

72) G. Stanley Hall is known for his ________ view of adolescence.

72) _____________

73) A(n) ________ based approach to social policy means that a particular approach has been tested and shown to be effective before implemented on a wide scale.

73) _____________

74) The ________ is the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and collection of data.

74) _____________

75) One of the primary forms of learning is ________, a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

75) _____________

76) Change that takes place in distinct steps or stages is referred to as ________ change.

76) _____________

77) ________ is a biological concept, which should be used only to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of a species.

77) _____________

78) Critics of the cognitive neuroscience approach to development suggest that the approach provides more of a description than a(n) ________ for development.

78) _____________

79) ________ is a broad term that refers to cultural background, nationality, religion, or language.

79) _____________

80) The dominant Western philosophy emphasizing personal identity, uniqueness, and freedom is known as ________.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) When evaluating evidence about adolescence, it is important to be skeptical.

81) ______

82) Maturation refers to the environmental influences that people experience as they grow older.

82) ______

83) Information-processing approaches to development focus on how people move from one cognitive stage to the next.

83) ______

84) Longitudinal research is research that measures the behavior of one or more study participants at more than one point in time.

84) ______

85) One criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that some people seem to never reach the highest level of cognitive sophistication.

85) ______

86) Developmental tasks are the activities and achievements that society and culture say are typical for normal development.

86) ______

87) In the past 100 years, the developmental period known as adolescence has been growing longer.

87) ______

88) A good source of information about adolescence is anecdotal evidence.

88) ______

89) The chronosystem focuses on large cultural influences on development that include political value systems and religious ideologies.

89) ______

90) The terms race and ethnicity are essentially two different words for the same concept.

90) ______

91) Ethnicity is a biological concept.

91) ______

92) Most adolescents have positive views of themselves and harmonious relationships with their parents.

92) ______

93) Race is a biological concept.

93) ______

94) For most, adolescence is a period characterized by low self-esteem and high levels of conflict with their parents.

94) ______

95) Cross-sectional research is research that measures the behavior of one or more study participants at more than one point in time.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Describe why G. Stanley Hall used the term sturm and drang to describe adolescence.

97) Describe the differences between continuous and discontinuous change.

98) What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

99) Define the three major structures of the personality that were identified by Freud and briefly describe the role of each.

100) Why are scientific methods of knowing about adolescence preferable to common sense about adolescence?

1) C 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) A 6) A 7) D 8) D 9) A 10) C 11) C 12) B 13) C 14) C 15) C 16) C 17) A 18) C 19) C 20) D 21) D 22) A 23) D 24) C 25) C 26) A 27) C 28) A 29) C 30) B 31) D 32) A 33) D 34) D 35) D 36) D 37) B 38) C 39) C 40) A 41) C 42) B 43) A 44) D 45) D 46) A 47) D 48) D 49) C 50) B 51) D

52) A 53) D 54) D 55) D 56) A 57) A 58) B 59) C 60) B 61) A 62) D 63) A 64) A 65) C 66) personality development 67) cognitive development 68) physical 69) store 70) generational inequality 71) maturation 72) storm and stress 73) empirically 74) scientific method 75) operant conditioning 76) discontinuous 77) Race 78) explanation 79) Ethnicity 80) individualism 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) G. Stanley Hall believed that adolescents experienced large mood swings so that they may be happy and pleasant and, in only a few moments, change to being unhappy and unpleasant.

97) Continuous change is gradual, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels. In other words, continuous change may be quantitative change, or change in degree. Qualitative change, in contrast, is a change in kind or category. Development that occurs in distinct stages or steps is an example of qualitative change.

98) Race is a biological concept that emphasizes physical or structural aspects of species. In contrast, ethnicity is a broader term that encompasses a person's cultural background, nationality, religion, or language.

99) The id is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth. The role of the id is to house the

primi related to sex, hunger, aggression, and irrational impulses. The ego is the part of personality that is rational and tive reasonable. The role of the ego is to act as a buffer between the real world outside us and the primitive id. The drive superego represents a person's conscience. The role of the superego is to make distinctions between right and s wrong.

100) Common sense about adolescents is often contradictory and wrong. There are numerous examples of things that are commonly believed about adolescents, such as the belief that adolescents have tumultuous relationships with parents, that have been contradicted by research.

Chapter 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The secular trend refers to the trend of 1) _______ A) decrease in the average age of the onset of puberty.

B) increased prevalence of immoral behaviors of adolescents.

C) increased activity in the HPG axis during adolescence.

D) increase in sexual awareness of adolescents.

2) The left hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities?

A) spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression B) regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate C) regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood D) speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning

2) _______

3) The gland that is sometimes referred to as the "master" gland is the ________ gland.

A) gonad B) pituitary C) hypothalamus D) thyroid

3) _______

4) About ________ of adolescents who are obese become obese adults.

A) 60% B) 80% C) 90%

4) _______

5) In regard to sleep, many adolescents develop A) a partial phase preference.

C) an interrupted phrase preference.

D) 70% 5) _______

B) a delayed phase preference.

D) an accelerated phase preference.

6) About ________ adolescents can be classified as obese.

A) one in ten B) one in forty C) one in twenty

6) _______ D) one in five

7) The rapid physical growth of adolescence is accompanied by A) a rapid decrease in self-esteem.

B) an increase in the intake of food energy.

C) a rapid increase in self-esteem.

D) a decrease in the intake of food energy.

7) _______

8) Spermarche refers to A) a boy's first ejaculation.

C) an interruption in the HPG axis.

8) _______ B) a rapid increase in levels of testosterone.

D) increased activity of the adrenal glands.

9) One of the major androgens is A) glucogen.

B) estradiol.

C) testosterone.

9) _______ D) estrogen.

10) Anorexia nervosa mostly affects adolescents who are from A) homeless families.

B) minority households.

C) poor families.

D) high-achieving, affluent households.

10) ______

11) Fundamental activities such as breathing and heart rate are regulated in the ________ of the brain.

A) prefrontal cortex B) cerebral cortex C) frontal lobes D) subcortical levels

11) ______

12) Girls' experiences with early maturation are largely determined by A) hormone levels.

B) interruptions in the HPG axis.

C) pituitary activation.

D) cultural norms and standards.

12) ______

13) About ________ of adolescents with anorexia nervosa are male.

A) 10% B) 8% C) 5%

13) ______ D) 2%

14) Leptin is a A) neurotransmitter.

B) hormone produced by the pituitary gland.

C) protein produced by fat cells.

D) hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

14) ______

15) An eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is A) myopia.

B) nervosic.

C) bulimia.

D) anorexia nervosa.

15) ______

16) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates A) sperm production in males and follicle production in females.

B) homeostasis and growth.

C) the metabolic rate and the immune system.

D) production of testosterone and estrogen.

16) ______

17) The adolescent growth spurt refers to very rapid growth in ________ that occurs during adolescence.

A) language development B) the myelin coating of axons C) synaptic density D) height and weight

17) ______

18) Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to ________ in males.

A) depression B) sadness C) anxiety

18) ______ D) anger

19) As compared to non minorities, minority adolescents are likely to have ________ health problems.

A) more B) less C) less urgent D) about the same number of

19) ______

20) About ________ adolescents can be classified as overweight.

A) one in twenty B) one in five C) one in ten

20) ______ D) one in forty

21) The function of the ________ is to monitor and regulate basic drives such as eating, drinking, self-protection, and sexual behavior.

A) hypothalamus B) pituitary C) gonad D) thyroid

21) ______

22) Which of the following is an example of a primary sex characteristic?

A) increased body hair B) growth of penis C) change in voice D) increased facial hair

22) ______

23) One of the major estrogens is A) testosterone.

B) insulin.

23) ______ C) glucogen.

D) estradiol.

24) The Tanner stages are regular patterns of ________ that occur during adolescence.

A) changes in hormone levels B) the development of secondary sex characteristics C) the development of primary sex characteristics D) cognitive development

24) ______

25) Plasticity refers to the A) degree to which a developing behavior or physical structure is modifiable.

B) ability of neurons to form synapses without actually touching.

C) myelin coating on axons.

D) ability of neurons to migrate.

25) ______

26) Chemical messengers that circulate through the blood system and affect the functioning or growth of parts of the body are A) laterals.

B) hormones.

C) myelins.

D) white blood cells.

26) ______

27) Adolescents' psychological reactions to the changes that occur during the onset of puberty are most likely related to A) cultural meanings associated with pubertal changes.

B) lower levels of adrenal gland activity.

C) pituitary activation.

D) interruptions in the HPG axis.

27) ______

28) The actual beginning of puberty is marked by A) andrenarche.

C) myelenation.

28) ______ B) endochronology.

D) gonadarche.

29) Synapses are A) small gaps between neurons.

B) neurotransmitters.

C) clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons.

D) long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.

29) ______

30) Androgens are in the bodies of A) only adults.

C) everyone.

30) ______ B) only male children and adults.

D) only female children and adults.

31) Girls who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to ________ than their same-age peers.

A) feel more uncomfortable and different B) be more ready for one-on-one dating situations C) be less sought after for dates D) experience less ridicule

31) ______

32) A delayed phase preference refers to A) interruptions in adolescents' sleep.

B) the propensity of adolescents to sleep too much.

C) adolescents' propensities to return to infant sleep patterns.

D) adolescents' changing sleep patterns.

32) ______

33) The ________ gland in the brain sends a signal via gonadotropins to increase the production of sex hormones to adult levels.

A) pituitary B) hypothalamus C) thyroid D) gonad

33) ______

34) Menarche refers to A) the onset of menstruation.

C) increased activity of the adrenal glands.

34) ______ B) an interruption in the HPG axis.

D) rapid increase in levels of testosterone.

35) For most adolescents, the major nutritional issue is A) guarding against the development of eating disorders.

B) ensuring that they consume a sufficient balance of appropriate foods.

C) getting sufficient nutritional intake.

D) limiting their nutritional intake.

36) The main category of male hormones are A) insulins.

B) estrogens.

35) ______

36) ______ C) androgens.

D) glucogens.

37) Puberty begins when the ________ gland signals the sex glands to raise hormones to adult levels.

A) thyroid B) pituitary C) hypothalamus D) gonad

37) ______

38) The pituitary gland works in tandem with the ________, the structure of the brain that monitors and regulates basic drives such as eating, drinking, self-protection, and sexual behavior.

A) gonad B) pituitary C) thyroid D) hypothalamus

38) ______

39) Androgens and estrogens first begin playing a large role in development during the ________ period of development.

A) adolescent B) infancy C) late childhood D) prenatal

39) ______

40) The leading cause of adolescent deaths is A) illness.

C) homicide.

40) ______ B) suicide.

D) unintentional injuries.

41) It is recommended that adolescents engage in at least ________ minutes of activity on most days of the week.

A) 60 B) 120 C) 30 D) 20

41) ______

42) The major reason for the lack of exercise among adolescents is that A) most do not make sports teams.

B) they spend time watching television and other sedentary activities.

C) most adolescents do not like organized sports.

D) they lack opportunities.

42) ______

43) The ________ system communicates by sending chemical messages throughout the body via the bloodstream.

A) nervous B) endocrine C) cognitive D) limbic

43) ______

44) The main category of female hormones are A) glucogens.

B) estrogens.

44) ______ C) androgens.

45) About ________ of adolescents regularly engage in vigorous exercise.

A) 10% B) 70% C) 25%

D) insulins.

45) ______ D) half

46) Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic?

A) growth of ovaries B) increased body hair C) growth of penis D) growth of testes

46) ______

47) Estrogens are in the bodies of A) only male children and adults.

C) only female children and adults.

47) ______ B) only adults.

D) everyone.

48) The hormonal change in the adrenal glands that begins around age 9, and sometimes earlier, is referred to as A) gonadarche.

B) andrenarche.

C) myelenation.

D) endochronology.

48) ______

49) Lateralization is the dominance of A) one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions.

B) the subcortical levels over the cortical levels of the brain for basic functions.

C) the frontal lobes over the parietal lobes of the brain for higher level cognitive functions.

D) the prefrontal cortex over the subcortical levels of the brain.

49) ______

50) A function of school-based health centers is to A) provide services for mental health problems.

B) improve students' academic performance.

C) provide services for adolescents with physical health problems.

D) all of the above.

50) ______

51) Obesity is caused by ________ factors.

A) a combination of genetic and environmental B) genetic C) biomedical D) environmental

51) ______

52) Axons are A) clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons.

B) long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.

C) small gaps between neurons.

D) neurotransmitters.

52) ______

53) Boys who mature earlier than their same-aged peers are likely to ________ than their same-age peers.

A) have more negative emotions B) have a more positive self-concept C) be less popular D) be less successful in athletics

53) ______

54) Adolescents who are sleep deprived are likely to A) have more difficulty in school.

C) sleep too much.

54) ______ B) sleep walk.

D) work well under pressure.

55) Lutenizing hormone (LH) regulates A) the metabolic rate and the immune system.

B) homeostasis and growth.

C) the production of testosterone and estrogen.

D) the production of insulin and glucogen.

56) Adolescents moods are affected by A) family relationships.

C) hormones.

55) ______

56) ______ B) life events.

D) all of the above.

57) Dendrites are A) clusters of fibers at the end of neurons that receive messages from neurons.

B) long extensions at the end of neurons that carry messages away from neurons.

57) ______

C) small gaps between neurons.

D) neurotransmitters.

58) Exceptionally high levels of hormones are related to ________ in females.

A) depression B) sadness C) aggressiveness

58) ______ D) anger

59) Adolescents from minority families are more likely than others to A) use health insurance.

B) visit the dentist.

C) use the emergency room.

D) visit a family physician.

59) ______

60) Most adolescents in the United States A) walk in their sleep.

C) get too much sleep.

60) ______ B) are sleep deprived.

D) get just the right amount of sleep.

61) The right hemisphere of the brain is associated with which of the following abilities?

A) speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning B) regulating basic life functions, such as breathing and heart rate C) regulating hormones related to sexual development and emotional mood D) spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression

61) ______

62) A biopsychosocial perspective ________ to understand adolescent health.

A) focuses on social transmission of poor health decisions, such as smoking B) emphasizes biological factors, instead of psychological and social factors C) emphasizes psychological and social factors, instead of biological factors D) focuses on the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

62) ______

63) Boys who mature later than their same-aged peers are likely to ________ than their same-age peers.

A) be more popular B) be more successful in athletics C) have fewer negative emotions D) have fewer difficulties in school

63) ______

64) The ability of some adolescents to overcome circumstances that place them at physical and psychological risk is A) overcomingness.

B) resilience.

C) stamina.

D) perseverance.

64) ______

65) Obesity is measured by A) weight.

C) skin fold measures.

65) ______ B) comparing weight to height.

D) a blood test.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) The period of rapid physical change characterized by the maturation of the sexual 66) _____________ organs is referred to as ________.

67) The pituitary, hypothalamus, and gonads form a feedback loop called the ________ axis.

67) _____________

68) The hypothalamus contains the ________, which operates a bit like the thermostat that regulates the furnace in a home.

68) _____________

69) A severe eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat is ________.

69) _____________

70) Axons of neurons become coated with ________, a fatty substance that provides

pro tection and

speeds 70) the transmiss ion of nerve impulses.

___ ___ ___ ___ _

71) Adolescents' desires to go to bed late at night is referred to as the ________ preference.

71) _____________

72) A severe eating disorder characterized by bingeing and purging is ________.

72) _____________

73) Unlike a school-based health center, a school-________ health center is located adjacent to a school, but is not in a school.

73) _____________

74) The onset of menstruation is ________.

74) _____________

75) The ability to overcome circumstances that place adolescents at risk for a variety of psychological and physical risks is referred to as ________.

75) _____________

76) The ________ is the rapid growth in height and weight that occurs during adolescence.

76) _____________

77) Obesity is defined as body weight that is ________ percent above the average weight for a given height.

77) _____________

78) ________ hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes of males and follicle production in the ovaries of females.

78) _____________

79) Although puberty doesn't formally start until later, ________ refers to hormonal changes in the adrenal glands and begins around age 9, but sometimes earlier.

79) _____________

80) ________ sex characteristics refer to organs and structures of the body that are directly related to sexual reproduction.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) The adolescent growth spurt begins earlier for boys than girls.

81) ______

82) Although each hemisphere of the brain specializes in specific functions, the specialization is not absolute.

82) ______

83) Androgens and estrogens are absent in the bodies of children prior to puberty.

83) ______

84) One way to identify changes associated with adolescence that are not influenced by culture is to study biological processes, such as brain lateralization.

84) ______

85) Sexual attraction begins before puberty.

85) ______

86) One explanation for the growth in cognitive abilities that takes place during adolescence is that adolescents grow many new neurons.

86) ______

87) Gonadarche begins about two years after the beginning of puberty.

87) ______

88) One function of school-based health centers is to increase the academic performance of students.

88) ______

89) Androgens are the main category of male hormones.

89) ______

90) Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents.

90) ______

91) The two hemispheres of the brain function interdependently and the differences between them are minor.

91) ______

92) Estrogens are the main category of male hormones.

92) ______

93) Synaptic pruning makes positive contributions to the development of cognitive abilities.

93) ______

94) It seems that it is the rapid increase in hormone levels, not just high levels of hormones, which influence adolescent's moods.

94) ______

95) Sex hormones begin playing a significant role in development as early as 8 - 12 weeks after conception.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Why are adolescents who spend a great deal of time in sedentary activities, such as watching television or playing video games, at exceptional risk for obesity?

97) Describe brain lateralization.

98) Why are early maturing boys more likely to become involved in delinquency and substance abuse?

99) How does a delayed phase preference contribute to poor academic performance?

100) Briefly describe the meaning of the HPG axis.

1) A 2) D 3) B 4) B 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) D 11) D 12) D 13) A 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) D 18) D 19) A 20) B 21) A 22) B 23) D 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) A 28) D 29) A 30) C 31) A 32) D 33) A 34) A 35) B 36) C 37) B 38) D 39) D 40) D 41) C 42) B 43) B 44) B 45) C 46) B 47) D 48) B 49) A 50) D 51) A

52) B 53) B 54) A 55) C 56) D 57) A 58) A 59) C 60) B 61) D 62) D 63) D 64) B 65) B 66) puberty 67) HPG 68) gonadostat 69) anorexia nervosa 70) myelin 71) delayed phase 72) bulimia 73) linked 74) menarche 75) resilience 76) adolescent growth spurt 77) twenty 78) Follicle-stimulating 79) adrenarche 80) Primary 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) Not only are adolescents not getting the exercise that they need, but they are often eating high-calorie snacks while involved in sedentary activities.

97) Brain lateralization is a process in which some functions are located more in one hemisphere than the other. For example, the left hemisphere concentrates on verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and reasoning. The right hemisphere concentrates on comprehension of spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, and emotional expression.

98) Their large size makes it likely that they will seek out the company of older boys who may involve them in activities that are inappropriate for their age.

99) If permitted to follow their natural sleep patterns, adolescents prefer to go to bed around 1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10 in the morning. Unfortunately, this is at odds with school schedules that require adolescents to wake up early in the morning. As a result, many adolescents are sleep deprived, resulting in poor academic performance.

100) The letters H-P-G stand for hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads which work together to form a feedback system that monitors levels of hormones in the body and attempts to keep them at a consistent level. The hypothalamus monitors levels of sex hormones in the body and sends messages to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland sends messages to gonads to increase or decrease levels of sex hormones.

Chapter 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) According to Vygotsky, the term scaffolding refers to the 1) _______ A) production, migration, and elimination of synaptic connections throughout adolescence.

B) zone of development in which adolescents were progressing from one stage of cognitive development to the next.

C) process of maturation in the prefrontal cortex.

D) support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.

2) Thinking that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples is ________ thought.

A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) propositional D) qualitative

2) _______

3) The term crystallized intelligence refers to A) the ability to deal with new problems and situations.

B) accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations.

C) changes in IQ that occur over time.

D) cross-cultural differences in the meaning and measuring of intelligence.

3) _______

4) A technique for teaching reading comprehension strategies that reflects Vygotsky's theory of development is A) reciprocal teaching.

B) accommodation.

C) assimilation.

D) cooperative learning.

4) _______

5) One reason that traditional educational practices may not lead to critical thinking is that A) there are cultural differences in the meaning of critical thinking.

B) the emphasis is on mental shortcuts that can be used to solve problems.

C) those educational practices do not account for how adolescents make cognitive progress from one stage to the next stage.

D) the focus is on what to think instead of how to think.

5) _______

6) In contrast to cognitive processes that require little or no attention, those that require a great deal of attention are A) controlled.

B) automatic.

C) processed.

D) encoded.

6) _______

7) A criticism of the information-processing approach is that A) there is too little focus on quantitative change over time.

B) there are many different kinds of memory that are not accounted for by this approach.

C) the approach does not account for metacognition.

D) the approach does not adequately paint a whole, comprehensive picture of cognitive development.

7) _______

8) A state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself is A) adolescent egocentrism.

B) selfishness.

C) self-reflectivity.

D) self-centeredness.

8) _______

9) The key cognitive ability associated with formal operations is the ability to think A) abstractly.

B) concretely.

C) qualitatively.

D) operationally.

9) _______

10) From an information-processing perspective, storage

10) ______

A) is the process by which information is initially recorded in an appropriate way.

B) refers to the placement of information in memory.

C) is dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts.

D) is the ability to acquire multiple intelligences.

11) The kind of thinking characterized by beginning with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deducing explanations for specific situations in which a particular outcome is observed is A) operational thinking.

B) qualitative thinking.

C) hypotheticodeductive reasoning.

D) concrete thinking.

11) ______

12) According to Vygotsky, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was the A) level at which an individual can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task, but can learn to do so with the assistance of someone more competent.

B) zone of development in which adolescents were progressing from one stage of cognitive development to the next.

C) ability of neurons to form synapses without actually touching.

D) cultural institution in which adolescent instruction takes place.

12) ______

13) Adolescents who take risks, such as driving at very fast speeds, are likely influenced by A) low levels of specific components of intelligence that enable them to make good decisions.

B) immaturity in their ability to think about unusual events.

C) immaturity in their ability to combine responses or ideas in novel ways.

D) their personal fables that make them feel invulnerable to risks that threaten others.

13) ______

14) The term personal fable refers to A) the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

B) adolescents' misperceptions of other people who they are observing and are attempting to learn from.

C) the adolescent version of children's imaginary friends.

D) fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves.

14) ______

15) Heuristics are A) ways of thinking that lead adolescents to make mistakes in thinking about risk behaviors.

B) cultural differences in thinking that lead to differences in IQ scores.

C) abilities to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions.

D) mental shortcuts that we employ to make decisions and solve problems.

15) ______

16) According to information-processing approaches, cognitive development consists of A) gradual improvements in the ways people perceive, understand, and remember information.

B) acquiring psychological tools from one's culture that can be used to process information.

C) the development of the use of formal logic to solve problems.

D) periods of homeostasis followed by rapid development from one stage to the next.

16) ______

17) The term fluid intelligence refers to A) cross-cultural differences in the meaning and measuring of intelligence.

B) changes in IQ that occur over time.

C) accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through

17) ______

experience and that they can apply in problem-solving situations.

D) the ability to deal with new problems and situations.

18) The emotional aspect of intelligence refers to A) the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.

B) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors.

C) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.

D) relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations.

18) ______

19) Intelligence refers to the A) use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

B) think with rationality.

C) capacity to understand the world.

D) all of the above.

19) ______

20) The process of change in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events is A) accommodation.

B) stagnation.

C) schemation.

D) assimilation.

20) ______

21) According to Sternberg, the practical aspect of intelligence refers to A) mental components involved in analyzing data used in solving problems.

B) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.

C) relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations.

D) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors.

21) ______

22) Lower average intelligence scores for minorities as compared to non minorities is attributable to A) differences in componential, but not experiential components of intelligence.

B) heredity.

C) differences in experiential, but not componential components of intelligence.

D) environmental conditions, such as poverty, lower employment, and other social factors.

22) ______

23) According to Vygotsky, cognitive development proceeds as a result of A) maturation of the prefrontal cortex of the brain.

B) social interactions in which partners jointly work together to solve problems.

C) proceeding through qualitative stages of development.

D) increased speed of information processing.

23) ______

24) From an information-processing perspective, cognitive growth is considered A) the ability to process information with increased speed and sophistication.

B) dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts.

C) reaching the next stage in development.

D) the ability to acquire multiple intelligences.

24) ______

25) A cognitive rule that is applied in judging the likelihood of an event by considering the ease with which it can be recalled from memory is A) the availability heuristic.

25) ______

B) the recall quotient.

C) metacognition.

D) the componential component of intelligence.

26) Divergent thinking refers to A) thinking that leads adolescents to behave in divergent or delinquent behaviors.

B) immaturity in their ability to combine responses or ideas in novel ways.

C) cultural differences in thinking that lead to differences in IQ scores.

D) the ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions.

26) ______

27) The information-processing perspective focuses on how people A) develop the abilities to use formal logic.

B) have multiple kinds of intelligences.

C) take in, use, and store information.

D) cognitively move from one stage to the next.

27) ______

28) In contrast to Piaget's approach, information-processing researchers A) focus on multiple kinds of intelligences.

B) consider the specific processes by which people acquire and use information to which they are exposed.

C) seek to identify the universal, broad milestones in cognitive development.

D) focus on how people make cognitive advances from one stage to the next.

28) ______

29) Information-processing approaches are analogous to a A) culture.

B) computer.

C) stage.

29) ______

30) Which of the following is an example of a cultural tool?

A) calculator B) pencil C) language

D) bucket.

30) ______ D) all of the above

31) According to Piaget, the cognitive stage most closely associated with adolescence is the ________ stage.

A) concrete operational B) formal operational C) sensorimotor D) preoperational

31) ______

32) The process in which a person understands an experience in terms of her or his current stage of cognitive development or way of thinking is A) assimilation.

B) schemation.

C) stagnation.

D) accommodation.

32) ______

33) A criticism of the information-processing approach is that A) there is too little focus on quantitative change over time.

B) the approach does not appropriately account for cultural differences in cognitive development.

C) there are many different kinds of memory that are not accounted for by this approach.

D) the approach does not account for metacognition.

33) ______

34) Robert Sternberg proposed that instead of focusing on the subcomponents that make up the structure of intelligence, an information-processing approach should focus on A) the fluid nature of intelligence as a person ages.

B) cooperative interaction between the individual who is being assessed and the person doing the assessment.

34) ______

C) both verbal and performance tasks of intelligence.

D) processes that underlie intelligent behavior.

35) One of the first intelligence tests developed by Binet A) provided an accurate way of identifying a person's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).

B) helped researchers to determine whether or not children were making adequate progress through Piaget's stages of cognitive development.

C) was guided by a clear theory of what intelligence means.

D) was developed using a trial-and-error process.

35) ______

36) Vygotsky's theory is growing in influence because A) he emphasized how children and adolescents progress cognitively from stage to stage.

B) research findings are supportive of his ideas that cognitive development proceeds through gradual quantitative improvements in attention, perception, understanding, and memory.

C) his idea that children's and adolescents' comprehension of the world is an outcome of their interactions with their parents, peers, and other members of society is both appealing and well supported by research findings.

D) he emphasized the link between brain development processes and information-processing perspectives.

36) ______

37) Vygotsky demonstrated how A) adolescents progress from one qualitative stage of development to another.

B) both assimilation and accommodation contribute to cognitive development.

C) culture emphasizes particular tasks that adolescents are expected to accomplish.

D) higher-order thinking is the result of maturation in the prefrontal cortex.

37) ______

38) An achievement test A) determines a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area.

B) measures intelligence.

C) predicts a person's ability in a particular area or line of work.

D) is a method of measuring a person's success in their career.

38) ______

39) Vygotsky's critics have raised concerns about A) Vygotsky's stage approach to cognitive development has not been supported by research suggesting that cognitive development is best characterized as a continuous process.

B) concepts, such as assimilation and accommodation, which are vague and difficult to test experimentally.

C) his emphasis on attention, encoding, and memory does not provide a comprehensive view of cognitive development.

D) concepts, such as the Zone of Proximal Development, which are vague and are difficult to test experimentally.

39) ______

40) The traditional method of calculating a person's intelligence quotient (IQ) was A) brain scans of the prefrontal cortex.

B) based on deviations from the average score.

C) based on the bell curve.

D) (MA/CA)*100, where MA is a person's mental age and CA is a person's chronological age.

40) ______

41) According to Binet, mental age refers to A) a measure of a person's psychological and emotional development.

B) simply a person's age.

C) development level of the prefrontal cortex.

41) ______

D) the typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age.

42) According to Sternberg, the experiential aspect of intelligence refers to A) the relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations.

B) both fluid and crystallized elements of intelligence.

C) mental components involved in analyzing data used in solving problems.

D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.

42) ______

43) It has been estimated that ________ of college students achieve formal operational thinking.

A) nearly all B) between 40% and 60% C) between 80% and 90% D) less than 10%

43) ______

44) Piaget defined ________ as organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions.

A) accommodations B) qualitative stages C) assimilations D) schemes

44) ______

45) Metacognition refers to the A) very rapid increase in cognitive abilities experienced during adolescence.

B) knowledge people have about their own thinking processes and the ability to monitor their own cognition.

C) stage of development that, according to Piaget, characterizes adolescents' thoughts.

D) ability to solve multiple problems at the same time.

45) ______

46) From an information-processing perspective, retrieval is A) the process by which information is located in memory, brought into awareness, and used.

B) the ability to acquire multiple intelligences.

C) dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts.

D) the process by which information is initially recorded in an appropriate way.

46) ______

47) Intelligence is a product of A) heredity.

C) nature.

47) ______ B) nurture.

D) both nature and nurture.

48) Encoding is A) the process by which information is initially recorded in an appropriate way.

B) the process of learning a new language.

C) the ability to acquire multiple intelligences.

D) dependent on persons' sociocultural contexts.

48) ______

49) Education practices that emphasize the importance of students working together in groups to achieve a common goal is A) accommodation.

B) scaffolding.

C) assimilation.

D) cooperative learning.

49) ______

50) An aptitude test A) measures intelligence.

B) determines a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area.

C) predicts a person's ability in a particular area or line of work.

D) is a method of measuring a person's success in their career.

50) ______

51) The process involving reanalysis, questioning, and challenging of underlying assumptions is A) heuristics.

B) critical thinking.

C) practical intelligence.

D) adolescent egocentrism.

51) ______

52) Education practices that emphasize the importance of students working together in groups to achieve a common goal are most consistent with ________ perspective of cognitive development.

A) Piaget's B) the information-processing C) Vygotsky's D) Skinner's

52) ______

53) The term imaginary audience refers to A) adolescents' misperceptions of other people who they are observing and are attempting to learn from.

B) the adolescent version of children's imaginary friends.

C) fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves.

D) the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

53) ______

54) Binet's definition of intelligence was A) based on measuring discrepancies between students' actual scores and where students should be according to Vygotsky's Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD).

B) based on measuring discrepancies between students' actual scores and where students should be on Piaget's stages of development.

C) that which his test measured.

D) based on how rapidly people could process information.

54) ______

55) According to Sternberg, the aspect of intelligence measured by most intelligence tests is the ________ aspect of intelligence.

A) practical B) componential C) experiential D) fluid

55) ______

56) Improvement in adolescents' critical thinking skills are the result of A) the ability to apply their new cognitive skills in novel situations to reach better solutions.

B) greater effectiveness in making judgments and solving problems.

C) a broader range of strategies that adolescents can use to obtain information.

D) all of the above.

56) ______

57) One criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that A) unlike Piaget theorized, nearly everyone reaches the highest stage of development.

B) Piaget's stages are out of order compared to actual observations of adolescents.

C) cognitive development is much more inconsistent with significant differences between individuals and even within individuals over time than Piaget suggested.

D) unlike Piaget theorized, people progress through cognitive stages with relative uniformity.

57) ______

58) Gains in cognitive abilities during adolescence make adolescents more likely to A) enjoy art classes more than math classes.

B) follow the crowd.

C) overcome the limitations of culture.

D) question authorities, including parents.

58) ______

59) The key to the effectiveness of the reciprocal teaching technique is that it A) provides strategies for retrieving information from memory.

B) emphasizes giving students the chance to take on the role of the teacher.

C) helps students encode information into memory.

D) increases students' capacities for paying attention.

59) ______

60) An advantage of the information-processing approach is that the approach A) emphasizes how cognitive development occurs in qualitative stages.

B) focuses on how cognitive development is influenced by cultural factors.

C) is precisely stated and capable of leading to testable hypotheses.

D) paints a whole, comprehensive picture of cognitive development.

60) ______

61) According to Sternberg, the componential aspect of intelligence refers to A) both fluid and crystallized elements of intelligence.

B) mental components involved in analyzing data used in solving problems.

C) the relationships among intelligence, people's prior experiences, and their ability to cope with new situations.

D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.

61) ______

62) Automatization refers to the A) development of complex schemes.

B) processes whereby information is located in memory, brought into awareness, and used.

C) placement of information into memory.

D) degree to which an activity requires attention.

62) ______

63) One of the results of having a growing store of knowledge from being exposed to more material is that adolescents have A) increased automatization.

B) more social skills.

C) greater inhibitory capacities.

D) increased memory capacity.

63) ______

64) Vygotsky argued that the focus of cognitive development should be on A) the processes of attention, memory, and retrieval.

B) qualitative stages representing different ways of thinking.

C) an individual's social and cultural world.

D) how frontal lobes of the brain contribute to higher level cognitive functions.

64) ______

65) The term concepts refers to A) information bits that are encoded prior to placement into long-term memory.

B) categorization of objects, events, or people that share common characteristics.

C) information bits that are located in memory, brought into awareness, and used.

D) processes that govern the development of complex schemes.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) In contrast to fluid intelligence, ________ intelligence is the store of information, skills, 66) _____________ and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences.

67) Adolescents in the formal operational stage use ________ reasoning, in which they start with a general theory about what produces a particular outcome and then deduce explanations for specific situations in which they see a particular outcome.

67) _____________

68) Adolescents often develop a ________, the view that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

68) _____________

69) The process involving reanalyses, questioning, and the challenging of underlying assumptions is ________ thinking and enables adolescents to think divergently, to consider the source of information when evaluating its reliability, and to identify the

ass ons that um underlie a pti statement.

69)

_____________ 70) Individuals' knowledge about their own thinking process and their ability to monitor their own cognition is ________.

70) _____________

71) The SAT and ACT tests are designed to predict how successful someone will be in college and are, therefore, referred to as ________ tests.

71) _____________

72) The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking is referred to as ________.

72) _____________

73) A technique for teaching reading comprehension strategies referred to as ________ teaching consists of encouraging students to skim a passage, raise questions about its central point, summarize the passage, and finally predict what will happen next.

73) _____________

74) Although Herrnstein and Murray created a large controversy by claiming the intelligence was largely heritable, most research suggests that variation in intelligence is largely the result of both nature and ________.

74) _____________

75) The ________ perspective focuses on gradual changes in how individuals take in, use, and store information.

75) _____________

76) Skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions is ________ intelligence, and allows people to get along well with others, to understand what others are feeling and experiencing , and to respond appropriately to the needs of others.

76) _____________

77) While academic success is based on knowledge of particular types of information, obtained largely from reading and listening, ________ intelligence is learned primarily through observing others and modeling their behaviors.

77) _____________

78) The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition (WAIS-III) provides separate measures for verbal and ________ skills, as well as a total score.

78) _____________

79) The process by which information is initially recorded into a form usable for memory is ________.

79) _____________

80) When we change our existing ways of thinking, understanding, or behaving in response to encounters with new stimuli or events, ________ takes place.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) One criticism of Vygotsky's theory is that it has little support from research.

81) ______

82) The information-processing approach focuses on how individuals take in, use, and store information.

82) ______

83) In Robert Sternberg's triarchic approach to intelligence, it is the contextual component that most resembles traditional IQ tests.

83) ______

84) Assimilation refers to changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

84) ______

85) Binet developed an intelligence test that was largely based on trial-and-error instead of a specific theory about intelligence.

85) ______

86) Automatization is the degree to which an activity requires attention.

86) ______

87) According to Vygotsky, cultural tools are things that change across cultures, such as languages, but are not items that are consistent across cultures, such as calculators.

87) ______

88) Researchers have found support of Piaget's theory in that, by the end of adolescence, nearly everyone solves problems consistent with the use of formal operations.

88) ______

89) There is widespread disagreement about the definition of intelligence.

89) ______

90) For most, IQ scores are highly related to career and social success throughout life.

90) ______

91) Modern intelligence quotients are based on how much an individual's score deviates from the average score.

91) ______

92) Practical intelligence refers to the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.

92) ______

93) Metacognition refers to knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their own cognition.

93) ______

94) During adolescence, the ability to think critically increases considerably.

94) ______

95) Piaget argued that movement from one stage to the next occurs when an individual reaches an appropriate level of physical maturation and is exposed to relevant experiences.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Describe two reasons why some adolescents do not develop critical thinking skills.

97) What is the Bell Curve controversy and how are racial differences in intelligence scores best explained?

98) Describe at least two criticisms of Piaget's theory of development.

99) What is a personal fable and what role do personal fables play in risk taking?

100) Describe Vygotsky's concept of cultural tools and give some examples.

1) D 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) D 8) A 9) A 10) B 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) A 15) D 16) A 17) D 18) A 19) D 20) A 21) D 22) D 23) B 24) A 25) A 26) D 27) C 28) B 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) A 33) B 34) D 35) D 36) C 37) C 38) A 39) D 40) D 41) D 42) A 43) B 44) D 45) B 46) A 47) D 48) A 49) D 50) C 51) B

52) C 53) C 54) C 55) B 56) D 57) C 58) D 59) B 60) C 61) B 62) D 63) D 64) C 65) B 66) crystallized 67) hypotheticodeductive 68) personal fable 69) critical 70) metacognition 71) aptitude 72) assimilation 73) reciprocal 74) nurture 75) information-processing 76) emotional 77) practical 78) performance 79) encoding 80) accommodation 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) Critical thinking requires effort, and adolescents may lack the motivation to implement critical thinking skills. Also, critical thinking develops as a result of experiences, and traditional educational practices do not focus on the development of critical thinking skills.

97) The authors of the controversial book the Bell Curve argued that race differences in intelligence were the result of heredity. Moreover, they argued that environmental conditions, such as poverty and low employment were the result of low intelligence. Research, however, suggests that intelligence is the result of factors associated with both nature and nurture, as well as environmental conditions, such as differences in socioeconomic status are the best explanation for racial differences in intelligence scores.

98) Some evidence suggests that Piaget's stages are not as universal as he claimed. For example, it is likely that not everyone reaches formal operations. Also, it is likely that development takes place more gradually over time than Piaget suggested instead of taking place rapidly as children and adolescents move from stage to stage.

99) Personal fables are adolescents' beliefs that their experiences are unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else.

These beliefs likely play a role in adolescent risk-taking behaviors because they lead them to believe that they are invulnerable to the risks that threaten others.

100) Cultural tools are actual, physical items, as well as an intellectual and conceptual framework for solving problems.

Examples could include calculators, computers, paper, and language.

Chapter 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Although it is clear that genetics plays an important role in determining the personalities of 1) _______ adolescents, ________ influences also play a significant role in making those traits consistent across the life span.

A) age B) environmental C) temperamental D) intelligence 2) Freud believed that adolescence began at the BEGINNING of the ________ stage.

A) latency B) genital C) anal D) oral

2) _______

3) From Piaget's perspective, the earliest stage of moral development is ________ and is characterized by children's beliefs that rules are invariant and unchangeable.

A) autonomous cooperation B) incipient cooperation C) heteronomous D) sensorimotor

3) _______

4) The raw, unorganized, inherited portion of personality that seeks to fulfill our primitive urges relating to hunger, sex, and aggression is, according to Freud, the A) superego.

B) unconscious.

C) id.

D) ego.

4) _______

5) The part of the personality that, according to Freud, impels adolescents to behave in a moral way is the A) ego.

B) unconscious.

C) superego.

D) preconscious.

5) _______

6) A purpose of a role is to A) determine whether or not an adolescent has achieved important milestones for society to consider that person an adult.

B) provide direction and guidelines for behavior.

C) clearly define laws about what adolescents can and cannot do, such as buy alcohol or cigarettes.

D) determine whether or not an adolescent is ready to participate in a rite of passage.

6) _______

7) When it comes to prosocial behavior, females are more likely than males to have a(n) ________ orientation.

A) communal B) agentic C) preconventional D) postconventional

7) _______

8) From a psychodynamic perspective, personality is shaped by A) an adolescent's cultural context.

B) adolescents' interactions with peers that take place on a daily basis.

C) inner forces and conflicts about which adolescents have little awareness or control.

D) how efficiently a person can process information.

8) _______

9) Someone who is very sympathetic, kind, and appreciative is likely to be described by the trait A) agreeableness.

B) openness to experience.

C) conscientiousness.

D) extraversion.

9) _______

10) Adolescents' growing cognitive abilities allow them to distinguish between prosocial behavior that is self-serving (done to gain something, such as looking better in others' eyes), or truly ________ (done to help others and requiring clear self-sacrifice).

A) altruistic B) moral C) concrete D) abstract

10) ______

11) In regard to adolescent roles, A) there is little change until adulthood.

B) adolescents reject most predetermined social roles.

C) adolescents may "try on" various roles, experiment with those roles, and make decisions to adopt some roles and reject other roles.

D) adolescents' new roles are the root of most behavioral problems.

11) ______

12) Personality is a A) pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate people, including the behaviors that make each adolescent a unique individual.

B) way of predicting whether or not adolescents are likely to have behavior problems.

C) method of determining how outgoing and friendly a person is.

D) reference to an adolescent's social status within a high school.

12) ______

13) G. Stanley Hall wrote that adolescence was a A) reenactment of earlier periods of life.

B) period of raging hormones.

C) time when adolescents were apt to be carried away by their impulses.

D) period of storm and stress.

13) ______

14) In regard to personality traits, there is some evidence that adolescence is a time of A) development of personality traits that cannot be observed in children.

B) relative consistency so that personality traits in childhood are consistent throughout adolescence.

C) unpredictability.

D) large changes in personality traits that occur between childhood and adulthood.

14) ______

15) Kohlberg's account of moral development focused on moral ________ of persons.

A) obedience B) behaviors C) processing D) judgments

15) ______

16) Which of the following is NOT a dimension of temperament?

A) irritability B) extraversion C) activity level

16) ______ D) adaptability

17) A ceremony or ritual that marks a person's transition from one stage of life to another A) is a rite of passage.

B) no longer exists in modern culture.

C) passage ceremony.

D) is a painful process for most boys.

17) ______

18) According to the social domain approach, adolescents' moral reasoning is based on A) universal principles of justice and fairness.

B) principles of non violence.

C) adolescents' levels of cognitive development.

D) considerations of the context in which judgments are being made at a given time.

18) ______

19) One challenge of blended families is role ambiguity, which means that A) there is declining dependence of adolescents on family members.

B) increased independence and autonomy are experienced by adolescents.

C) there are disagreements about whether or not adolescents are ready to participate in rites of passage.

D) roles and expectations are unclear.

19) ______

20) One change that takes place during adolescence is that the role of friend A) takes precedence over other roles.

20) ______

B) is the cause of most adolescents' behavior problems.

C) diminishes in importance as adolescents become more independent.

D) is the most problematic role for adolescents to resolve.

21) Kohlberg proposed a theory of moral development that suggested that moral reasoning emerges in a ________-level sequence that can by further subdivided into ________ substages.

A) six, seven B) two, five C) four, five D) three, six

21) ______

22) Studies of ________ have illustrated the importance of heredity in personality studies.

A) people in different cultures B) information processes C) identical twins D) extraversion

22) ______

23) From Piaget's perspective, the latest stage of moral development is ________ and is characterized by full awareness that formal game rules can be modified if the people who play them agree.

A) incipient cooperation B) sensorimotor C) autonomous cooperation D) heteronomous

23) ______

24) People who believe that it is their responsibility to behave in certain ways reason about morality from ________ orientation.

A) a communal B) a rights-based C) an entitlement D) a duty-based

24) ______

25) The period of life known as adolescence is A) defined in the law.

C) ambiguously defined.

25) ______ B) clearly defined.

D) biologically determined.

26) In regard to the "storm and stress" view of adolescence, most researchers have found A) that this view is a stereotype and inaccurately describes the experiences of most adolescents.

B) support for this view.

C) that the adolescent period of life represents a recapitulation of the evolutionary development of the species.

D) that the tumultuousness of the period is largely determined by hormones.

26) ______

27) For some adolescents, the role of student A) is taken on when adolescents acquire the ability to form multiple intelligences.

B) is consistent with the ability to process information with increased speed and sophistication.

C) marks the next stage in development.

D) may conflict with other roles that are rising in importance, such as the role of friend.

27) ______

28) From a social learning perspective, adolescents are more likely than children to base their behavior on general rules and principles of behavior that is referred to as A) post-conventional moral development.

B) concrete modeling.

C) moral reasoning.

D) abstract modeling.

28) ______

29) Which of the following may be an example of a modern rite of passage?

A) graduating from high school B) graduating from the 8th grade

29) ______

C) getting a driving license

D) all of the above

30) An important prerequisite for feeling empathy for collective groups, such as feeling empathy for people who live in poverty, is the ability to A) reason at the incipient cooperation level.

B) think postconventionally.

30) ______

C) think abstractly.

D) express sympathy.

31) Someone who is very talkative, fun-loving, and sociable is likely to be described by the trait A) conscientiousness.

B) agreeableness.

C) openness to experience.

D) extraversion.

31) ______

32) For early adolescents, the role of family member may be complicated because A) raging hormones cause adolescents to not meet the expectations of the role of family member.

B) parents may encourage adolescents to participate in rites of passage before adolescents are ready.

C) parents expect that adolescents will soon be moving out and forming their own families.

D) adolescents may view themselves as worthy of increasing independence, but parents may be reluctant to grant them the new autonomy they desire.

32) ______

33) Freud argued that much of behavior is motivated by ________, a part of personality of which a person is not aware.

A) a cultural awareness B) the unconscious C) a social role D) egocentrism

33) ______

34) A criticism of Freud's approach to personality is that A) he focused too much on personality development in adulthood and not enough on personality development during adolescence.

B) there is little scientific evidence to support his theory.

C) there is evidence that suggests that personality is fixed by the end of adolescence.

D) personality development is an unconscious process.

34) ______

35) According to Gilligan, girls understand morality in terms of A) broad principles, such as justice or fairness.

B) responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships.

C) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors.

D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.

35) ______

36) According to Freud, the ________ represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught by an individual's parents and society.

A) unconscious B) superego C) preconscious D) ego

36) ______

37) Prescribed roles are A) associated with and come to be expected of people in a given position.

B) milestones that mark the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood.

C) laws that govern what people of specific ages may or may not do, such as laws about underage drinking.

D) rules about being an adult that adolescents must learn and pass a test on before participating in a rite of passage.

37) ______

38) Prosocial behavior is behavior that A) reflects adolescents' misperceptions of other people who they are observing and are attempting to learn from.

B) promotes the moral development of children.

C) benefits others.

38) ______

D) reflects adolescents' preoccupation with maintaining social relationships.

39) According to Gilligan, boys understand morality in terms of A) broad principles, such as justice or fairness.

B) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors.

C) responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships.

D) the degree of success people demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world environments.

39) ______

40) Someone who is very independent, imaginative, and prefers variety is likely to be described by the trait A) openness to experience.

B) agreeableness.

C) conscientiousness.

D) extraversion.

40) ______

41) Which of the following describes a temperament?

A) high maintenance C) extraversion

41) ______ B) neuroticism D) irritability

42) Adolescents' sense of justice and of what is right and wrong is referred to A) justice orientation.

B) heteronomy.

C) egocentrism.

D) moral development.

42) ______

43) Adolescents who are shy and have a relatively high level of physiological reactivity to a novel situation are likely to be described as A) moody.

B) inhibited to the unfamiliar.

C) irritable.

D) extraverted.

43) ______

44) In regard to temperament, some adolescents may be easily upset and get bothered with little provocation. This refers to A) extraversion.

B) irritability.

C) adaptability.

D) activity level.

44) ______

45) Kohlberg used the term ________ to refer to the first level of moral development that was characterized by concern about rewards and punishments.

A) autonomous cooperation B) conventional C) preconventional D) postconventional

45) ______

46) The part of the personality that seeks to balance the desires of the id with the realities of the objective, rational world is, according to Freud, the A) ego.

B) superego.

C) unconscious.

D) preconscious.

46) ______

47) Personality researchers have identified ________ broad traits that describe basic personality.

A) two B) five C) four D) three

47) ______

48) When it comes to prosocial behavior, males are more likely than females to have a(n) ________ orientation.

A) postconventional B) agentic C) communal D) preconventional

48) ______

49) There is some evidence that the ________ system in the brain may be the source of unconscious motivations, in support of Freud's theory.

A) frontal B) limbic C) cortex D) parietal

49) ______

50) According to Gilligan, the most advanced level of moral development for girls is referred to as A) an orientation toward individual survival.

B) post conventional morality.

C) goodness as self-sacrifice.

D) a morality of non violence.

50) ______

51) Kohlberg used the term ________ to refer to the second level of moral development that was characterized by people's concern about their own position as good, responsible members of society.

A) conventional B) postconventional C) autonomous cooperation D) preconventional

51) ______

52) Someone who is careful, disciplined, and organized is likely to be described by the trait A) neuroticism.

B) openness to experience.

C) extraversion.

D) conscientiousness.

52) ______

53) People who believe that certain rights, such as the freedom of speech, are assumed, do not have to be earned, and are the birthright of every citizen reason about morality from ________ orientation.

A) a communal B) a rights-based C) a duty-based D) an entitlement

53) ______

54) The theoretical perspective that focuses on moral behavior, instead of moral reasoning, is based on A) Piaget's approach to moral development.

B) a social learning perspective.

C) Gilligan's account of moral development for boys and girls.

D) Kohlberg's sequence of moral development.

54) ______

55) Temperaments are A) patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring.

B) patterns of enduring characteristics that differentiate people.

C) the development of personality traits that cannot be observed in children.

D) large changes in personality traits that occur between childhood and adulthood.

55) ______

56) Researchers suggest that adolescents' temperaments may ________ environmental influences, such as when an adolescent who is irritable may cause people around him or her to also be irritable.

A) be resilient to B) be influenced by C) be tempered by D) evoke

56) ______

57) Adolescents often volunteer because it is A) a reflection of their wish to truly help others, even at significant personal expense.

B) a way of winning the social approval of others.

C) an expression of their personal values and compassion.

D) all of the above.

57) ______

58) The period of adolescence is best described as a(n) A) legal transition.

C) biological or pubertal transition.

58) ______ B) educational transition.

D) social construction.

59) One approach to understanding personality is to examine ________, enduring dimensions of

personality

character 59) istics along which adolesce nts differ.

A) processes

___ ___

B) egos

C) traits

D) superegos

60) From Piaget's perspective, the second stage of moral development is ________ and is characterized by an increasingly social nature of children's games.

A) heteronomous B) autonomous cooperation C) incipient cooperation D) preoperational

60) ______

61) Kohlberg used the term ________ to refer to the third level of moral development that was characterized by people's concern about universal moral principles that are considered broader than rules of the particular society in which they live.

A) preconventional B) conventional C) autonomous cooperation D) postconventional

61) ______

62) According to some developmentalists, ________, the understanding of what another individual feels, lies at the heart of many kinds of moral behavior.

A) perspective B) empathy C) sympathy D) altruism

62) ______

63) Freud believed that adolescence began at the END of the ________ stage.

A) latency B) oral C) genital

63) ______ D) anal

64) Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that adolescence was a period of tumultuous change, so much so that it represented a A) time when adolescents were apt to be carried away by their impulses.

B) reenactment of earlier periods of life.

C) period of storm and stress.

D) period of raging hormones.

64) ______

65) The shyness that is associated with inhibition to the unfamiliar likely A) has a biological basis and is consistent across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

B) is related to a high degree of irritability.

C) is related to a high degree of moodiness.

D) goes away when children become adolescents.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) According to Freud, adolescence coincides with the ________ stage of development.

66) _____________ 67) Prosocial behavior that is truly ________ is motivated by a desire to help others and requires clear self-sacrifice.

67) _____________

68) Ceremonies or rituals that mark a person's transition from one stage of life to another are ________.

68) _____________

69) ________ approaches to personality are based on assumptions that adolescents are inherently good and have a tendency to function at more sophisticated levels as they age.

69) _____________

70) Adolescents gain the ability to experience ________ for collective groups, such as the homeless, whose experiences may be completely unfamiliar to them.

70) _____________

71) Piaget believed that the earliest stage of moral development was ________ morality and was characterized by perceiving rules as invariant and unchanging.

71) _____________

72) The process in which modeling paves the way for development of more general rules and principles is a process called ________ modeling.

72) _____________

73) Moral reasoning based on the assumption that people are expected to behave in a certain way because it is their responsibility are using ________-based reasoning.

73) _____________

74) According to the social domain approach, contexts involving the need for social groups to function well are part of the ________ domain.

74) _____________

75) In regards to gender, volunteers are more likely to be ________ than ________.

75) _____________

76) The dimension of temperament that has been termed ________ is characterized by high reactivity to a novel stimulus and is exhibited as shyness.

76) _____________

77) One challenge of stepfamilies is there is often a fair amount of ________, in which roles and expectations are unclear.

77) _____________

78) Whereas Piaget and Kohlberg focused on moral reasoning, social learning approaches to moral development focus on moral ________.

78) _____________

79) Whereas males are more likely to have an agentic orientation in regards to prosocial behavior, females are likely to have a ________ orientation that centers on interests in relationships and community.

79) _____________

80) A ________ is a shared notion or reality, one that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Most evidence suggests that personality traits undergo extensive changes during adolescence so that by the time adolescence is over, most individuals have completely different personalities as compared to when adolescence began.

81) ______

82) Women typically score lower than men on measures of moral development that are based on Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

82) ______

83) One focus of those who study personality is to determine why some people have good personalities and are fun to spend time with and other people have bad personalities.

83) ______

84) Adolescence is a period in the life span that is, in many ways, arbitrarily and culturally derived.

84) ______

85) Studies that show how personality traits are strongly influenced by genes also prove that environments have very little influence in the development of personality traits.

85) ______

86) Gilligan argued that there are fundamental differences in how males and females view moral behavior.

86) ______

87) One reason for adolescent behavior problems is that there is a decline in empathy during puberty.

87) ______

88) Piaget suggested that moral development of children and adolescents was closely related to cognitive development.

88) ______

89) Temperaments are inherited from our parents and strongly influenced by genes.

89) ______

90) During adolescence, it is common that the role of friend takes precedence over other roles.

90) ______

91) Carol Gilligan's research focused on similarities in how males and females made moral judgments.

91) ______

92) Unlike Kohlberg and Gilligan who focus on moral reasoning, the social learning perspective provides insight into moral behavior.

92) ______

93) The belief in immanent justice is the belief that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment and is characteristic of the heteronomous stage of moral development.

93) ______

94) Prescribed roles have little effect on the behavior of adolescents in contemporary society.

94) ______

95) People who base their moral reasoning on what they perceive as required to be a good, responsible member of society are, according to Kohlberg, using moral reasoning consistent with the postconventional stage of moral development.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) What is the difference between trait and temperament approaches to personality?

97) Describe at least two criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

98) Define a rite of passage and give some examples.

99) Briefly describe Piaget's approach to moral development.

100) What are some reasons that adolescents volunteer?

1) B 2) B 3) C 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) A 8) C 9) A 10) A 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) B 15) D 16) B 17) A 18) D 19) D 20) A 21) D 22) C 23) C 24) D 25) C 26) A 27) D 28) D 29) D 30) C 31) D 32) D 33) B 34) B 35) B 36) B 37) A 38) C 39) A 40) A 41) D 42) D 43) B 44) B 45) C 46) A 47) B 48) B 49) B 50) D 51) A

52) D 53) B 54) B 55) A 56) D 57) D 58) D 59) C 60) C 61) D 62) B 63) A 64) B 65) A 66) genital 67) altruistic 68) rites of passage 69) Humanistic 70) empathy 71) heteronomous 72) abstract 73) duty 74) social-conventional 75) female, male 76) inhibition to the unfamiliar 77) role ambiguity 78) behaviors 79) communal 80) social construction 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) Traits are enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which adolescents differ. Many personality specialists have identified five broad trait factors that describe basic personality and are referred to as the Big Five.

In contrast, temperaments are patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring. Examples may include activity level, irritability, inhibition to the unfamiliar, and others.

97) There is little scientific evidence that supports Freud's theory. Also, Freud believed that little change in personality occurred during the latency stage of development, a belief that is at odds with research findings.

98) A rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual that marks a person's transition from one stage of life to another. Examples may include Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, quinceaneras, or school graduations.

99) Piaget argued that moral development proceeded in three stages. The earliest stage was referred to as heteronomous morality, in which rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable and roughly coincides with children aged 4 to 7. At about ages 7 to 10 years, the stage of moral reasoning is referred to as the incipient-cooperation stage and is characterized by children's knowledge of game rules that are perceived to be unchangeable. The final stage of moral development was referred to as the autonomous cooperation stage, which begins at about age 10. The final stage is characterized by children's knowledge that rules of law are created by people and are subject to change according to the will of people.

100) Motivations for volunteering may be completely altruistic, as well as self-serving. More specifically, adolescents may volunteer as an expression of personal values and compassion, reflecting the wish to truly provide help to others. Volunteering may provide greater self-understanding and be personally challenging, supporting personal growth. Volunteers may learn new skills. Also, volunteerism may help adolescents win the social approval of others, build their resume, get into the college of their choice, or enhance the possibilities of getting a good job in the future.

Chapter 5 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) A seven-year study by Baldwin and Hoffman (2002) found that adolescent self-esteem reflected 1) _______ adolescents' gender and ________.

A) temperament.

B) personality.

C) specific events in their lives.

D) cognitive development.

2) Adolescents increasingly rely on ________ as sources of information about their identity.

A) parents B) teachers and advisors C) television and music D) peers and friends

2) _______

3) In contrast to girls, boys may have higher self-esteem partly because their attitudes toward physical appearance, social success, and academic success are more ________ than girls.

A) achievement-oriented B) impactful C) important D) casual

3) _______

4) A criticism of Erikson's theory of identity development is that A) it leads to role confusion for many adolescents.

B) he did account for earlier stages of development that occur prior to adolescence.

C) it is not consistent with other psychosocial theories of development.

D) he used male development as the standard against which to compare female identity.

4) _______

5) The term ________ refers to the affective component of self, an individual's general and specific positive and negative self-evaluations.

A) self-competency B) self-esteem C) self-concept D) heteronomy

5) _______

6) James Marcia argued that the two key characteristics for identity are ________ and commitment.

A) role confusion B) latency C) crisis D) moratorium

6) _______

7) One characteristic of identity foreclosure is that adolescents A) show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict.

B) are happy and satisfied, have a high need for social approval, and tend to be authoritarian.

C) tend to by flighty, shifting from one thing to the next.

D) are psychologically healthy, higher in achievement motivation and moral reasoning than adolescents in any other status.

7) _______

8) A consequence of low self-esteem is A) inability to cope with stress.

C) physical illness.

8) _______ B) psychological disturbance.

D) all of the above.

9) Adolescents' self-concepts are becoming A) divided into increasingly differentiated spheres.

B) more difficult for them to accept.

C) more concrete and less abstract.

D) more physical and less psychological.

9) _______

10) Social comparison refers to A) the desire to evaluate one's own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them with others.

B) adolescents' beliefs that they are worthy of increasing independence even if their parents

10) ______

are reluctant to grant them the new autonomy they desire.

C) parents' judgments about adolescents' readiness to participate in rites of passage.

D) the practice of motivating adolescent students and athletes to achieve by comparing them with others.

11) Adolescents in ________ cultures see themselves as self-contained and autonomous, competing with others to better their lot in life.

A) Eastern B) environmental C) individualistic D) collectivistic

11) ______

12) Skill-based programs to raise self-esteem of adolescents focus on A) thinking postconventionally.

B) specific competencies in which they can experience success.

C) developing athletic abilities.

D) positive feedback, regardless of their performance.

12) ______

13) One characteristic of identity achievement is that adolescents A) tend to by flighty, shifting from one thing to the next.

B) are psychologically healthy, higher in achievement motivation and moral reasoning than adolescents in any other status.

C) show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict.

D) are happy and satisfied, have a high need for social approval, and tend to be authoritarian.

13) ______

14) The term ________ refers to the learned expectation that one is capable of carrying out a behavior or producing a desired outcome in a particular situation.

A) self-concept B) self-competent C) self-efficacy D) self-esteem

14) ______

15) Some researchers have suggested that low self-esteem can be a self-fulfilling prophecy in that A) adolescents consistently hear messages from their families about their inadequacy, and those messages serve as prophecies of failure.

B) adolescents consistently hear messages from the media about their inadequacy, and those messages serve as prophecies of failure.

C) adolescents act in a way that is consistent with their expectations and beliefs and thereby increase the likelihood that the event or behavior will occur.

D) self-esteem is differentiated into domains in which adolescents are most likely to experience failure.

15) ______

16) Adolescents who have chronically low self-esteem are more likely than others to A) inappropriately estimate their strengths after failure causing them to set unrealistic expectations.

B) respond more negatively to failure focusing on their shortcomings after experiencing failure.

C) live in collectivistic instead of individualistic cultures.

D) live in individualistic instead of collectivistic cultures.

16) ______

17) As compared to adolescents from lower SES households, those from higher SES households A) are no different in regard to self-esteem.

B) have lower levels of self-esteem.

C) have higher levels of self-esteem.

D) have more unstable self-esteem.

17) ______

18) Adolescents who compare themselves with others who are slightly more proficient or skilled than themselves are engaging in ________ social comparison.

A) upward B) motivational C) downward D) non egocentric

18) ______

19) Self-esteem of adolescents is particularly unstable during the ________.

A) period immediately after adolescence.

B) middle period of adolescence.

C) late period of adolescence.

D) early period of adolescence.

19) ______

20) As compared to children, adolescents' thoughts about themselves are likely to A) be more concrete and less abstract.

B) take into account various aspects of the self simultaneously.

C) be more physical and less psychological.

D) to be less influenced by what they believe that other people think about them.

20) ______

21) Adolescents who compare themselves with others who are slightly less proficient or skilled than themselves are engaging in ________ social comparison.

A) motivational B) non egocentric C) upward D) downward

21) ______

22) According to Marcia, the term identity ________ refers to identity development where crisis is absent and commitment is present.

A) moratorium B) diffusion C) achievement D) foreclosure

22) ______

23) Which of the following refers to aspects of adolescents' selves that are related to the future?

A) self-concept B) possible selves C) esteemed selves D) self-esteem

23) ______

24) Erikson used the term ________ to refer to a period during which adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and responsibilities.

A) exploration imperative B) explorative period C) psychological moratorium D) responsibility break

24) ______

25) Adolescents begin to think differently about themselves because they are A) having high levels of conflict with their parents.

B) experiencing physical changes associated with puberty.

C) becoming more depressed.

D) experiencing bullying in middle schools.

25) ______

26) A criticism of Erikson's concept of a psychological moratorium is that A) adolescents take time off from responsibilities.

B) many adolescents cannot, for practical reasons, pursue a relatively leisurely exploration of various identities.

C) adolescents spend time exploring various possibilities for identity.

D) it leads to role confusion.

26) ______

27) Possible selves are important because they A) provide guidelines for middle school advisors and teachers to use when enrolling students in classes.

B) determine whether or not an adolescent has achieved important milestones for society to consider that person an adult.

C) influence adolescents' current behavior and the choices they make.

D) play an important role in setting adolescents' potential.

27) ______

28) As compared to adolescents with low self-esteem, those with high self-esteem are likely to A) care less about being successful.

B) put forth more effort.

C) act more autonomously.

D) put forth little effort.

28) ______

29) The ability to effectively understand and manage emotional situations is A) emotional competence.

B) emotional self-regulation.

C) emotional ability.

D) emotional self-efficacy.

29) ______

30) Erikson argued that development is the result of A) society.

C) social interactions with others.

30) ______ B) culture.

D) all of the above.

31) A pluralistic society model suggests to adolescents who are members of minority groups that A) minority group members can form a bicultural identity in which they draw from their own cultural identity while integrating themselves into the dominant culture.

B) racial and ethnic factors become a central part of adolescents identity and are not submerged in an attempt to assimilate into the majority culture.

C) society should be color-blind, that race and ethnic background should not matter in terms of opportunities and achievement, and if they do achieve, society will accept them.

D) individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified U.S. culture.

31) ______

32) Emotions are important because they A) help adolescents prepare for the future, shaping upcoming behavior.

B) help adolescents interact more effectively with other people.

C) prepare adolescents for action.

D) all of the above.

32) ______

33) In regard to raising adolescents' self-esteem, research has shown that one of the most effective strategies involves A) offering adolescents a range of experiences in which they can develop competence and come to view themselves as "experts" in particular areas.

B) allowing adolescents to experience a great deal of failure so that they learn to cope with negative experiences.

C) avoiding all criticisms and praising adolescents regardless of performance.

D) only allowing adolescents to participate in activities in which they will be successful.

33) ______

34) James Marcia defined a crisis as a time when A) adolescents are consciously choosing between various alternatives in regard to identity.

B) adolescents are becoming confused about their roles.

C) adolescents' identities are characterized by latency.

D) adolescents' identities are at risk.

34) ______

35) Two competing models explaining the experience of racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. are the melting pot model and the ________ model.

A) adaptability B) multicultural C) pluralistic society D) ethnic-biased

35) ______

36) The two kinds of school-based programs to raise self-esteem are ________ programs and skill-based programs.

A) empathy-based B) academically-oriented C) cognitive-oriented D) socioemotional

36) ______

37) Research has suggested that the development of a bicultural identity is ________ among minority adolescents.

A) not realistic B) increasingly common C) decreasingly common D) not beneficial

37) ______

38) Among African American adolescents, higher self-esteem is related to A) the degree to which a person observes others and models their behaviors.

B) foreclosed identity status valued by the African American community.

C) their ability to assimilate into majority culture.

D) social movements within the African American community that bolster racial pride.

38) ______

39) Two competing models explaining the experience of racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. are the ________ model and the pluralistic society model.

A) ethnic-biased B) adaptability C) multicultural D) melting pot

39) ______

40) The ability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity is referred to as A) self-efficacy.

B) the fight-or-flight syndrome.

C) emotional self-regulation.

D) inhibitionary ability.

40) ______

41) Implicit rules that define what type of nonverbal behavior is appropriate for a given situation or interpersonal relationship, and what type is not are A) communal rules.

B) culture-based roles.

C) non verbal agreements.

D) display rules.

41) ______

42) Feelings that have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behaviors are A) emotions.

B) agentic cognitions.

C) communal experiences.

D) postconventional perceptions.

42) ______

43) Consequences to pursuing contingent self-worth include costs to A) learning.

B) mental and physical health.

C) relationships.

D) all of the above.

43) ______

44) As compared to children, adolescents' thoughts about themselves are likely to A) be more physical and less psychological.

B) be more concrete and less abstract.

C) take both their own and others' views into account.

D) be less influenced by what they believe that other people think about them.

44) ______

45) A seven-year study by Baldwin and Hoffman (2002) found that adolescent self-esteem reflected adolescents' ________ and specific events in their lives.

A) personality B) gender C) cognitive development D) temperament

45) ______

46) According to Marcia, the term identity ________ refers to identity development where crisis is present and commitment is absent.

A) diffusion B) moratorium C) achievement D) foreclosure

46) ______

47) One characteristic of identity moratorium is that adolescents A) tend to by flighty, shifting from one thing to the next.

B) are psychologically healthy, higher in achievement motivation and moral reasoning than adolescents in any other status.

C) are happy and satisfied, have a high need for social approval, and tend to be authoritarian.

D) show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict.

47) ______

48) According to Marcia, the term identity ________ refers to identity development where both crisis and commitment are present.

48) ______

A) moratorium

B) foreclosure

C) diffusion

49) James Marcia proposed ________ categories of adolescent identity.

A) four B) three C) five

D) achievement 49) ______ D) six

50) Self-efficacy is related to A) adolescents' ability to regulate their cognitive processes.

B) adolescents' ability to regulate their emotions.

C) a greater exertion of effort and greater persistence when faced with challenging tasks.

D) lower self-esteem.

50) ______

51) According to Erikson, what might be an outcome for adolescents who do not develop a coherent identity?

A) They become driven by inner forces and conflicts about which they have little awareness or control.

B) They may have difficulty forming and maintaining long-lasting close personal relationships.

C) They might have difficulty with cognitive development.

D) They learn their unique capabilities and believe in them.

51) ______

52) Carol Gilligan suggested that women develop identity through A) a psychological moratorium.

B) the establishment of relationships.

C) identity stabilization.

D) role confusion reduction.

52) ______

53) Which of the following is the correct label that Erikson gave to the psychosocial crisis corresponding to adolescence?

A) intimacy v. isolation B) ego-integrity v. despair C) identity v. role confusion D) trust v. mistrust

53) ______

54) James Marcia argued that the two key characteristics for identity are crisis and ________.

A) moratorium B) role confusion C) commitment D) latency

54) ______

55) Social reality refers to A) parents' judgments about adolescents' readiness to participate in rites of passage.

B) adolescents' beliefs that they are worthy of increasing independence even if their parents are reluctant to grant them the new autonomy they desire.

C) the practice of motivating adolescent students and athletes to achieve by comparing them with others.

D) understanding that is derived from how others act, think, feel, and view the world.

55) ______

56) Adolescents in ________ cultures see themselves as part of a larger social network in which they work with others to maintain harmony.

A) Western B) collectivistic C) environmental D) individualistic

56) ______

57) The concept that an adolescent's value and worth is related to accomplishments in specific, important domains is referred to as ________ self-worth.

A) contingent B) achieved C) foreclosed D) differentiated

57) ______

58) A melting pot model suggests to adolescents who are members of minority groups that A) racial and ethnic factors become a central part of adolescents' identity and are not submerged in an attempt to assimilate into the majority culture.

B) society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their

58) ______

individual

cultural features.

C) minority group members can form a bicultural identity in which they draw from their own cultural identity while integrating themselves into the dominant culture.

D) society should be color-blind and that individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified U.S. culture.

59) James Marcia defined a commitment as a time when A) adolescents' identities are characterized by latency.

B) adolescents have made a psychological investment in a course of action or ideology.

C) adolescents are developing close personal relationships.

D) adolescents' decision to base their identity on a relationship with a specific significant other in their lives.

59) ______

60) According to Marcia, the term identity ________ refers to identity development where both crisis and commitment are absent.

A) foreclosure B) diffusion C) achievement D) moratorium

60) ______

61) Adolescents begin to think differently about themselves because A) they are having high levels of conflict with parents.

B) others are reacting to them in ways to which they are unaccustomed.

C) they are becoming more depressed.

D) they are experiencing bullying in middle schools.

61) ______

62) Adolescents begin to think differently about themselves because they are A) becoming more depressed.

B) experiencing bullying in middle schools.

C) having high levels of conflict with their parents.

D) developing adultlike intellectual capacities.

62) ______

63) According to Susan Harter, self-esteem is A) based on an adolescent's identity status.

B) a consequence of competence in the particular domains that are personally important to adolescents.

C) a consequence of personality that varies little during adolescence.

D) an adolescent's global evaluation about her self-worth.

63) ______

64) Which of the following is FALSE about adolescents' possible selves?

A) Possible selves are always positive.

B) Possible selves may sometimes include aspirations of educational or career achievement.

C) Possible selves are those aspects of the self that relate to the future.

D) Possible selves may include expectations about physical or psychological characteristics of a person.

64) ______

65) One characteristic of identity diffusion is that adolescents A) tend to by flighty, shifting from one thing to the next.

B) show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict.

C) are psychologically healthy, higher in achievement motivation and moral reasoning than adolescents in any other status.

D) are happy and satisfied, have a high need for social approval, and tend to be authoritarian.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) According to Marcia, ________ best describes the identity category of adolescents who are in the midst of a

crisis, but 66) have made no commitm ents to a particula r identity.

___ ___ ___ ___ _

67) During adolescence, the self-esteem of males is generally ________ than the self-esteem of females.

67) _____________

68) The ________ model of identity development for adolescents who belong to minority groups suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features.

68) _____________

69) Erikson's label for the crisis corresponding with adolescence was ________ v. role confusion.

69) _____________

70) Adolescents in ________ societies are likely to see themselves as self-contained and autonomous, competing with others to better their lot in life.

70) _____________

71) According to Erikson, identity ________ is the identity category that describes adolescents who have not experienced a crisis but have made a commitment.

71) _____________

72) Erikson suggested that the psychological ________ is a period during which adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and possibilities.

72) _____________

73) Adolescents who are higher in self-________, which is the learned expectation that one is capable of carrying out a behavior or producing a desired outcome in a particular situation, tend to exert greater effort and show greater persistence when faced with challenging tasks.

73) _____________

74) Adolescents engage in ________ when they evaluate their own behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions by comparing them to those of others.

74) _____________

75) Adolescents vary greatly in their levels of emotional ________, the ability to effectively understand and manage emotional situations.

75) _____________

76) When concrete, objective measures of ability are lacking, people turn to ________ to evaluate themselves by gaining understanding derived from how others act, think, feel, and view the world.

76) _____________

77) In contrast to self-concept, which reflects an adolescent's beliefs and cognitions regarding his or her self, ________ is more emotionally oriented.

77) _____________

78) Most research findings suggest either that African American adolescents differ little from whites in their levels of self-esteem or have ________ levels of self-esteem.

78) _____________

79) Emotional self-________ is the ability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity.

79) _____________

80) Adolescents are engaging in ________ social comparison when they compare themselves with others who are obviously less competent or successful.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) The self-esteem of adolescents is closely linked to specific events in their lives.

81) ______

82) In regard to emotions, adolescence is often a period of relative stability.

82) ______

83) People from individualistic cultures are likely to see themselves as part of a larger social network in which they work with others to maintain social harmony.

83) ______

84) Recent research consistently finds that African American adolescents have lower self-esteem than white adolescents.

84) ______

85) Interventions attempting to raise the self-esteem of adolescents may be more effective if they focus on parents instead of schools.

85) ______

86) Interventions that have successfully raised academic performance of adolescents have focused on self-efficacy instead of self-esteem.

86) ______

87) It is difficult to break cycles of failure that are associated with low self-esteem.

87) ______

88) A great deal of research has supported the value of the melting pot model for increasing self-esteem of adolescents who are members of minority groups.

88) ______

89) Emotional competence is one key for developing appropriate peer relationships.

89) ______

90) Recent studies on adolescent self-esteem suggest that the best way to understand adolescent self-esteem is in terms of a global and general evaluation of self-worth.

90) ______

91) Adolescents' possible selves can have both positive and negative effects on their behavior.

91) ______

92) Erikson argued that identity development during adolescence was primarily negotiating the crisis between trust and mistrust.

92) ______

93) Schools that limit criticism and only give praise to adolescents have been very successful in raising adolescents' self-esteem, as well as their academic performance.

93) ______

94) Self-esteem of minority adolescents is bolstered when racial and ethnic factors become a central part of their identity and are not submerged in an attempt to assimilate into the majority culture.

94) ______

95) Adolescents whose identity status is characterized by foreclosure are likely to be very unhappy.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Contrast the two categories of programs that seek to raise the self-esteem among adolescents.

97) Define a psychological moratorium, give a few examples, and a criticism of this concept.

98) Why are emotions important to adolescents?

99) Describe some strategies that adolescents use to regulate their emotions.

100) Contrast the "melting pot" model of minority adolescent identity with the "pluralistic society" model of minority identity development.

1) C 2) D 3) D 4) D 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) D 9) A 10) A 11) C 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) D 17) C 18) A 19) D 20) B 21) D 22) D 23) B 24) C 25) B 26) B 27) C 28) B 29) A 30) D 31) B 32) D 33) A 34) A 35) C 36) D 37) B 38) D 39) D 40) C 41) D 42) A 43) D 44) C 45) B 46) B 47) D 48) D 49) A 50) C 51) B

52) B 53) C 54) C 55) D 56) B 57) A 58) D 59) B 60) B 61) B 62) D 63) B 64) A 65) A 66) moratorium 67) higher 68) pluralistic 69) identity 70) individualistic 71) foreclosure 72) moratorium 73) efficacy 74) social comparison 75) competence 76) social reality 77) self-esteem 78) higher 79) regulation 80) downward 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) Socioemotional programs seek to directly raise self-esteem by making adolescents feel good about themselves.

Participants are praised for their accomplishments, and efforts are made to teach them to evaluate their accomplishments, whatever they may be, in a way that is more positive. In contrast, skill-based programs seek to provide specific skills to be successful in areas that adolescents identify as important to themselves.

97) A psychological moratorium is a period during which adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore the various roles and possibilities. Examples include taking a semester off to travel, work, or find some other way to examine their priorities. A criticism is that many adolescents are unable, for practical reasons, to pursue a relatively leisurely exploration of various identities.

98) Emotions prepare adolescents for action by linking events that occur with emotional responses. Emotions prepare adolescents for the future by shaping upcoming behavior. Finally, emotions help adolescents to interact more effectively with other people in their lives.

99) Adolescents try to cognitively reappraise events that produce emotional responses by trying to change the way they think about something. Also, adolescents may try to suppress troubling emotions by inhibiting the outward signs of inner emotional states.

100) The melting pot model of identity development reflects the belief that society should be color-blind, that race and ethnic background should not matter in terms of opportunities and achievement. This view holds that individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified U.S. culture. In contrast, the pluralistic model suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal groups that should preserve their individual and cultural features.

Chapter 6 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following leads to increased adolescent conflict with parents?

1) _______ A) cognitive gains B) increased desire for autonomy C) increased expectations of independence D) all of the above 2) A focus on adolescents' close relationships with others, and particularly their parents, is referred to as ________ autonomy.

A) socio-centric B) attitudinal and value C) emotional D) behavioral

2) _______

3) Adolescents who have ________ parents tend to be dependent and moody, low in social skills and self-control.

A) authoritative B) permissive C) authoritarian D) uninvolved

3) _______

4) The positive emotional bond between a child and particular, special individuals is referred to as ________.

A) achievement B) ego-integrity C) attachment D) foreclosure

4) _______

5) The process by which mothers and fathers coordinate their child-rearing practices is referred to as A) reciprocal parenting.

B) circular parenting.

C) coparenting.

D) continuity parenting.

5) _______

6) The approach to understanding parenting that suggests that the roots of parent-child ways of relating to one another are found early in life is referred to as the ________ approach.

A) discontinuity B) circular C) reciprocal D) continuity

6) _______

7) Autonomous, well-adjusted adolescents are most likely those who A) disengage from their parents.

B) have close and warm relationships with their parents.

C) have high levels of conflict with their parents.

D) reject their parents' attitudes and beliefs and develop their own.

7) _______

8) Parenting that includes warmth, calm discussion during disciplinary episodes, and interest and involvement in children's peer activities is referred to as ________ parenting.

A) accommodative B) authoritarian C) permissive D) supportive

8) _______

9) As compared to adolescents in non industrialized cultures, adolescents in industrialized cultures are likely to A) be more tolerant of parents' rules about behavior.

B) experience fewer mood swings and instances of risky behavior.

C) have fewer and less intense conflicts with their parents.

D) have more mood swings and more instances of risky behavior.

9) _______

10) Because adolescents in non industrialized societies do not value individualism as much as those in industrialized societies, they have ________ compared to adolescents in more industrialized societies.

A) more mood swings B) more conflict with their parents

10) ______

C) less conflict with their parents D) more difficulty negotiating independence with their parents 11) The degree to which parents monitor their children's activities and provide consistent, clear guidelines for acceptable behavior is referred to as ________ control.

A) cognitive B) psychological C) personality D) behavioral

11) ______

12) As a result of developing autonomy, adolescents are A) likely to reject their parents authority over them.

B) increasingly likely to rebel against their parents.

C) more likely to adopt attitudes and opinions that are their own and less influenced by their peers.

D) more likely to adopt the attitudes and opinions of their peers instead of their parents.

12) ______

13) Compared to adolescents in non industrialized societies, adolescents in industrialized societies have A) fewer mood swings.

B) more conflict with their parents.

C) less conflict with their parents.

D) less difficulty negotiating independence.

13) ______

14) Adolescents who report strong, accessible, and supportive fathers A) are less likely to experience authoritative parenting.

B) are less likely to experience reciprocal socialization.

C) are better adjusted, reporting lower conflict and more positive emotions.

D) have outcomes similar to adolescents who have authoritarian parents.

14) ______

15) Living in poverty may have a negative impact on adolescents because economic strain on parents may A) increase rates of depression among parents.

B) lead to ineffective child-rearing practices.

C) lead to increased conflict between parents and adolescents.

D) all of the above.

15) ______

16) As the cognitive abilities of early adolescents grow, they begin to A) experience the pressures of the secular trend.

B) gain more control over their mood swings.

C) demand valid reasons for the rules they are asked to follow.

D) have lower levels of conflict with their parents.

16) ______

17) One reason that adolescents have conflict with their parents is that, unlike their parents, adolescents are likely to define things, such as what clothes to wear as matters A) differentiated into different spheres.

B) related to right, wrong, and morality.

C) related to identity development.

D) of personal choice.

17) ______

18) Maintaining strong attachments to parents is important because attachment A) reinforces parents' authority over adolescents.

B) delays the development of autonomy for early adolescents.

C) protects adolescents from peer pressure.

D) provides adolescents a sense of security based on the presence of the person with whom they are attached.

18) ______

19) Adolescents with a(n) ________ attachment pattern steer clear of relationships and may shut down emotionally because they are fearful of being hurt.

19) ______

A) secure

B) avoidant

C) disoriented

D) ambivalent

20) Adolescents who rely less on others and who believe less in luck and more in their own abilities to determine what occurs in their lives are often described as A) attached.

B) integrated.

C) resilient.

D) assimilated.

20) ______

21) Parents' efforts to change children's feelings or thoughts to those that parents feel are more acceptable are types of ________ control.

A) personality B) psychological C) cognitive D) behavioral

21) ______

22) The development of autonomy is viewed A) as relying more on peers than on parents.

B) a rejection of parents' attitudes and beliefs.

C) more positively in individualistic than collectivistic cultures.

D) more positively in collectivistic than individualistic cultures.

22) ______

23) The process by which at one and the same time parents socialize their children and adolescents, and children and adolescents socialize their parents is referred to as ________ socialization.

A) reciprocal B) behavioral C) interactive D) circular

23) ______

24) Parents who set clear, firm, and consistent limits for their adolescent children are best described as ________ parents.

A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive

24) ______

25) The emotional expression of feeling ________, as well as having the knowledge and ability to achieve one's goals, provides adolescents with a sense of themselves as individuals.

A) autonomy B) ego-integrity C) assimilation D) trust

25) ______

26) Adolescents with a(n) ________ attachment pattern are well adjusted, have positive self-esteem, and social competence.

A) avoidant B) secure C) disoriented D) ambivalent

26) ______

27) Parents described as ________ parents show little interest in their children, showing indifferent, rejecting behavior.

A) authoritative B) uninvolved C) permissive D) authoritarian

27) ______

28) Divorce may affect adolescents A) positively by reducing hostility and anger in homes.

B) negatively by placing them at higher risk for getting divorced themselves later in life.

C) negatively by lowering their socioeconomic status.

D) all of the above.

28) ______

29) Adolescents' development of a view of themselves as unique and different from others is important for their development of A) autonomy.

B) trust.

C) ego-integrity.

D) assimilation.

29) ______

30) Adolescents are likely to find their parents' efforts to exert behavioral control more legitimate than parents' efforts to exert ________ control.

A) figurative B) psychological C) symbolic D) abstract

30) ______

31) As compared to Caucasian American families, ________ parenting is less frequent in African American, Asian American, and Hispanic families.

31) ______

A) authoritarian

B) reciprocal

C) authoritative

D) circular

32) Adolescents who have gay or lesbian parents are ________ as compared to adolescents with heterosexual parents.

A) likely to be no different in sexual orientation or overall adjustment B) more likely to be depressed and suffer from gender dysfunctions C) more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves D) more likely to be more sexually promiscuous

32) ______

33) The growing ability of adolescents not only to make their own decisions but also to carry them out is referred to as ________ autonomy.

A) emotional B) socio-centric C) behavioral D) attitudinal and value

33) ______

34) In some ways, the pressures of middle adulthood for some parents are ________ the developmental experiences of adolescents.

A) the opposite of B) not related to C) barriers to D) the same as

34) ______

35) From the ________ perspective, family members participate in a variety of subunits, such as relationships between adolescents and their fathers, adolescents and their mothers, and adolescents and their individual siblings.

A) ecological-families B) communal families C) culture-based roles D) family systems

35) ______

36) Adolescents have a considerable degree of ________, the ability to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or physical damage.

A) resilience B) assimilation C) attachment D) ego-integrity

36) ______

37) Adolescents with a(n) ________ attachment pattern need frequent reassurance that they are loved, and they may be afraid that they will be abandoned.

A) secure B) ambivalent C) disoriented D) avoidant

37) ______

38) Conflicts that occur between adolescents and their parents often involve A) social or political beliefs.

B) mundane things, such as keeping their room clean or taking out the garbage.

C) future educational plans.

D) religion and values.

38) ______

39) Adolescents who have the most difficulty, who may have disrupted emotional development leading them to feel unloved and emotionally detached are likely to have ________ parents.

A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) uninvolved

39) ______

40) Increased parent-child conflict during adolescence is partially related to A) adolescent cognitive development.

B) concrete thinking of adolescents.

C) pre-formal thought by adolescents.

D) the secular trend.

40) ______

41) The development of independence in the realm of attitudes and values is referred to as ________ autonomy.

A) socio-centric B) attitudinal and value C) emotional D) behavioral

41) ______

42) In psychologically strong and supportive families,

42) ______

A) adolescents are encouraged to pursue autonomy.

B) adolescents learn to accept their parents' authority over them.

C) adolescents retain a highly idealized view of their parents.

D) parents exercise more control over adolescents' activities.

43) Sibling rivalry is likely to be more intense when siblings are A) similar in age and sex.

B) dissimilar in both age and sex.

C) dissimilar in age but similar in sex.

D) similar in age but dissimilar in sex.

43) ______

44) Adolescents begin to set their own standards and form a coherent view of themselves leading to increased autonomy during A) late adolescence.

B) the explorative period.

C) middle adolescence.

D) early adolescence.

44) ______

45) Adolescents with ________ parents are likely to be withdrawn and show low levels of sociability.

A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive

45) ______

46) Parental ________ is associated with higher levels of interpersonal competence.

A) authoritarianism B) socialization C) support D) withdrawal

46) ______

47) Research suggests that both autonomy and ________ are necessary components of good adjustment during adolescence.

A) assimilation B) authority C) attachment D) ego-integrity

47) ______

48) Major, sustained clashes between adolescents and parents is A) simply an inevitable part of adolescence.

B) the result of the secular trend in American society.

C) usually a continuity of patterns of conflict that began during preadolescence.

D) influenced by generational conflicts caused by the generation gap.

48) ______

49) Independent adolescents who are friendly with their peers, self-assertive, and cooperative are likely to have ________ parents.

A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) uninvolved D) permissive

49) ______

50) The ________ supposedly reflects profound differences between adolescents and others in behavior, values, attitudes, lifestyle choices, and experiences.

A) cohort decline B) generation gap C) secular trend D) moral imperative

50) ______

51) Parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold are ________ parents.

A) uninvolved B) authoritarian C) authoritative

51) ______ D) permissive

52) Adolescents are likely to find their parents' efforts to exert ________ control more legitimate than parents' efforts to exert psychological control.

A) behavioral B) figurative C) symbolic D) abstract

52) ______

53) On social, political, and religious issues, adolescents tend to ________ their parents.

A) have dramatically different opinions than those of B) be more restrictive than C) have large disagreements with

53) ______

D) be in synch with 54) Adolescents with a secure attachment pattern A) may shut down emotionally because they are fearful of being hurt.

B) need frequent reassurance that they are loved, and they may be afraid that they will be abandoned.

C) show relatively high anxiety and experience psychological conflict.

D) are well-adjusted, have positive self-esteem, and social competence.

54) ______

55) Parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback to their adolescent children are ________ parents.

A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

55) ______

56) In individualistic cultures, the development of autonomy A) is viewed as rejection of parents' attitudes and values.

B) is generally considered a positive development.

C) leads to adolescents' problems with authority figures.

D) leads to adolescents' reliance on peers more than parents.

56) ______

57) One study based on videotapes of adolescents and their parents discussing family problems found that conflict between adolescents and their parents peaked around the age of ________ years.

A) 12 - 14 B) 19 - 20 C) 17 - 18 D) 15 - 16

57) ______

58) Adolescents' expression of independence is referred to as A) ego-integrity.

B) trust v. mistrust.

C) autonomy.

D) identity.

58) ______

59) Adolescents with ________ parents show better adjustment and are better protected from the consequences of later adversity they may encounter.

A) authoritarian B) permissive C) supportive D) accommodative

59) ______

60) Maintaining strong attachments to parents is important because attachment A) protects adolescents from peer pressure.

B) delays the development of autonomy for early adolescents.

C) figures can provide hints about how to respond in unfamiliar situations.

D) reinforces parents' authority over adolescents.

60) ______

61) The approach to understanding parenting that suggests that significant growth and change can occur in how one approaches relationships over the course of development is referred to as the ________ approach.

A) circular B) discontinuity C) continuity D) reciprocal

61) ______

62) Parents who value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children are ________ parents.

A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) permissive

62) ______

63) By the end of adolescence, most adolescents A) develop a more idealized view of their parents.

B) have completed the period of rebellion against their parents.

C) develop a more egalitarian relationship with their parents.

D) learn to accept their parents' authority over them.

63) ______

64) According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, attachment is based primarily on A) infants' needs for safety and security—their genetically determined motivation to avoid predators.

B) too rapid development of adolescent autonomy.

C) adolescents' childlike and immature dependence on their parents.

D) adolescents' inabilities in some cases to separated from their parents and become individuated.

64) ______

65) Families consisting of remarried couples and at least one stepchild are referred to as A) blended families.

B) cofamilies.

C) postconventional families.

D) communal families.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) The process of ________ is characterized by mothers and fathers coordinating their 66) _____________ child-rearing practices.

67) The ________ approach suggests that the way that parents and adolescents relate to one another is determined when the child is very young.

67) _____________

68) The ________ is a divide between adolescence and other periods of life that supposedly reflects profound differences in behavior, values, attitudes, and lifestyle choices.

68) _____________

69) One cause of sibling conflict is ________, the situation in which siblings compete with one another.

69) _____________

70) Adolescents who have a considerable degree of ________ have the ability to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or physical damage, such as the extremes of poor parenting, poverty, or homes that are faced with violence.

70) _____________

71) Compared to adolescents from more individualistic societies, those in more ________ societies tend to feel a greater obligation to their families, accepting that they have a duty to fulfill family expectations.

71) _____________

72) The most preferred arrangement for families is the ________ family that consists of a married couple and their unmarried children living together.

72) _____________

73) An ________ attachment pattern is characterized by a combination of positive and negative reactions to their parents.

73) _____________

74) According to the ________ perspective, family members participate in a variety of subunits, such as relationships between adolescents and their fathers, adolescents and their mothers, and adolescents and their individual siblings.

74) _____________

75) The development ________ autonomy refers to the growing ability of adolescents not only to make their own decisions but also to carry them out.

75) _____________

76) The development of ________ autonomy focuses on adolescents' relationships with others, and particularly their parents.

76) _____________

77) Adolescents who have a ________ attachment pattern are well adjusted, having positive self-esteem and social competence.

77) _____________

78) One challenge for blended families is role ________, in which roles and expectations are unclear.

78) _____________

79) Families consisting of remarried couples with at least one stepchild living with them is referred to as a ________ family.

79) _____________

80) The term ________ describes parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Some researchers have noted that not only do parents socialize adolescents, but some parenting practices are the result of adolescent behaviors.

81) ______

82) Most adolescents living in orphanages are pitiful, poorly clothed youngsters living in huge, prison-like conditions.

82) ______

83) Many adolescents are able to overcome circumstances, such as poor parenting, poverty, homes racked with violence, and other forms of social disorder because they have a considerable degree of resilience.

83) ______

84) For the relatively few parent-adolescent relationships that have major sustained clashes, parents and children had rocky relationships before the period, and the conflict they experience during the period is an extension of earlier battles.

84) ______

85) Adolescents are likely to view parental psychological control as more legitimate than behavioral control.

85) ______

86) Strong parent attachments are barriers to the achievement of autonomy.

86) ______

87) As compared to those in industrialized countries, adolescents in traditional cultures are likely to have more conflict with their parents.

87) ______

88) One challenge for parent-adolescent relationships is overcoming large generation gaps that exist between most parents and adolescents.

88) ______

89) The pressures of middle adulthood make for challenges that are in many ways the reverse of those faced by their adolescents.

89) ______

90) Adolescents with gay and lesbian parents are more likely to be gay or lesbian, as compared to adolescents with heterosexual parents.

90) ______

91) Because girls mature earlier than boys, girls are often allowed to develop autonomy earlier than boys.

91) ______

92) African American parents are more likely than Caucasian American parents to have parenting practices best described as authoritarian.

92) ______

93) The conflict between most parents and adolescents focuses around serious issues, such as criminal activity or drug use.

93) ______

94) One step in the development of autonomy is a preoccupation with the opinions and judgments of others in middle adolescence.

94) ______

95) One source of conflict between parents and adolescents is differences in their views about an appropriate timetable for the development of autonomy.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) What does value and attitudinal autonomy encompass?

97) What are some of the effects of poverty on families and adolescents?

98) What does research have to say about the generation gap between adolescents and their parents?

99) Describe the development of autonomy through early, middle, and late adolescence.

100) What are three sets of parenting behaviors that are associated with positive adolescent outcomes?

95) ______

1) D 2) C 3) B 4) C 5) C 6) D 7) B 8) D 9) D 10) C 11) D 12) C 13) B 14) C 15) D 16) C 17) D 18) D 19) B 20) C 21) B 22) C 23) A 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) B 28) D 29) A 30) B 31) C 32) A 33) C 34) A 35) D 36) A 37) B 38) B 39) D 40) A 41) B 42) A 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) C 47) C 48) C 49) A 50) B 51) B

52) A 53) D 54) D 55) A 56) B 57) D 58) C 59) C 60) C 61) B 62) A 63) C 64) A 65) A 66) coparenting 67) continuity 68) generation gap 69) sibling rivalry 70) resilience 71) collectivistic 72) nuclear 73) ambivalent 74) family systems 75) behavioral 76) emotional 77) secure 78) ambiguity 79) blended 80) authoritarian 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) Value and attitudinal autonomy refers to the development of independence in the realm of attitudes and values, in which adolescents begin to adopt attitudes and values that represent more who they are and less what their parents and other authority figures want them to be. Also, as they get older, adolescents rely more on broad, general principles to guide their behavior, and their thinking becomes more abstract.

97) Poverty increases levels of depression for parents, intensifies arguments between parents and adolescents, and may also lead to marital conflict and shaky marriages. Parents may be focused on their own difficulties, and consequently spend less time providing direct care to their adolescents. Parenting practices may be more harsh and inconsistent when parents are under economic strain.

98) Research about the generation gap between adolescents and their parents has suggested that it is largely a myth because most adolescents have deep love, affection, and respect for their parents, most have positive relationships with their parents, and most share their values and beliefs.

99) In early adolescence, individuals become increasingly dependent of feedback from others to understand who they are. In midadolescence, there is a near preoccupation with the opinions and judgments of others, as well as their expectations. In late adolescence, individuals begin to set their own standards and form a coherent view of themselves.

100) Parental support that creates an emotionally positive environment is associated with higher levels of interpersonal competence and confidence in adolescents. A lack of psychological control is related to better psychological and emotional development of adolescents. Psychological control refers to parents trying to change children's feelings or thoughts to those that the parent feels are more acceptable, threatening to withdraw love, or inducing guilt.

Increased behavioral control refers to monitoring activities and providing clear and consistent guidelines for acceptable behavior, and is associated with lower levels of antisocial behavior on the part of adolescents.

Chapter 7 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Adolescents who are mostly liked by their peers are referred to as ________ adolescents.

1) _______ A) controversial B) popular C) rejected D) neglected 2) During middle and late adolescence, teenagers turn to ________ on any given dimensions.

A) peers B) those they see as experts C) teachers D) parents

2) _______

3) During the transition from childhood to adolescence, boys are likely to interact primarily with boys and girls are likely to interact primarily with girls, a phenomenon referred to as A) sex segregation.

B) sex accommodation.

C) sex differentiation.

D) sex cleavage.

3) _______

4) For some adolescents who experience rejection, the source of rejection may be caused by A) early social maturity so that they interact better with adults than their peers.

B) adolescents' inabilities to interpret the meaning of their peers' behaviors.

C) poor academic achievement.

D) the inability to participate at a high level in high school sports.

4) _______

5) According to Dodge, social problem solving proceeds through a series of steps that correspond to A) social responding.

B) Kohlberg's stages of development.

C) information-processing strategies.

D) Piaget's stages of development.

5) _______

6) In regard to race, A) has no effect on clique membership.

B) cliques are likely to be very heterogeneous and include members from many different races.

C) segregation according to race is substantial even in schools that are quite heterogeneous in terms of racial composition.

D) racial mix in cliques largely reflect the racial mixtures of schools.

6) _______

7) The term ________ refers to individuals who are about the same age or level of maturity, and play a potent role in the development of adolescents.

A) peers B) friends C) colleagues D) cohorts

7) _______

8) Adolescents are more likely to conform to ________ on major issues, such as values and beliefs.

A) peer groups more than parents B) crowd norms more than parental norms C) clique members more than parents D) parents more than peer groups

8) _______

9) Adolescents who are liked by some and not by other of their peers are referred to as ________ adolescents.

A) neglected B) controversial C) popular D) rejected

9) _______

10) The labels of "jocks," "normals," "toughs," and other labels are examples of A) cohort groups.

B) crowds C) cliques.

10) ______ D) status groups.

11) The practice of ________ ultimately guaranteed that there would be a significant degree of age segregation within adolescent peer groups.

A) reciprocal socialization B) age grading

11) ______

C) assimilation

D) cohorting

12) By late adolescence, A) mixed-sex cliques begin to outnumber same sex-cliques.

B) group membership becomes less influential as males and females develop serious relationships and individual pairings become more prominent.

C) mixed-sex cliques tend to be lower in status than same-sex cliques.

D) mixed-sex cliques tend to be higher in status than same sex-cliques.

12) ______

13) Non physical aggression meant to hurt another person's psychological well-being is referred to as ________ aggression.

A) relational B) socialization C) withdrawal D) psychological

13) ______

14) Participation in voluntary activities A) peaks in high school and college, reflecting the wide range of extracurricular activities that are available.

B) is higher in childhood immediately before the transition to adolescence.

C) declines in middle adulthood with increasing career responsibilities.

D) rises in early adulthood, as people are raising families.

14) ______

15) Positive aspects of groups to which adolescents belong—called ________ —are exaggerated and inflated.

A) cohort groups B) status groups C) ingroups D) outgroups

15) ______

16) Adolescents who are not members of cliques, but are friends with clique members and often interact with members of several cliques are A) liaisons.

B) normals.

C) isolates.

D) independents.

16) ______

17) The emergence of distinct crowds during middle adolescence reflects in part the increased A) outgroup invariability.

B) clique exclusivity.

C) cognitive abilities of adolescents.

D) ingroup bias.

17) ______

18) One kind of pressure to conform, referred to as ________, emanates from adolescents' assumptions that others have knowledge that they lack.

A) informational social influence B) ingroup bias C) ingroup informational influence D) outgroup information variability

18) ______

19) Adolescents who are popular in high school may face A) difficulty making new friends because lower status adolescents avoid them for fear of social rejection.

B) many more social problems than unpopular adolescents.

C) being rejected by adults because of their high popularity.

D) being bullied by lower status members in the high school.

19) ______

20) Groups to which adolescents do not belong—referred to as ________ —are often scorned and disparaged.

A) outgroups B) cohort groups C) ingroups D) status groups

20) ______

21) In addition to providing information about expected behavior, ________ influence attitudes and how adolescents think about themselves.

A) autonomies B) cohorts C) colleagues D) roles

21) ______

22) If they have social concerns, such as preferences for dress or music, adolescents are likely to turn to ________ for advice.

A) peers B) teachers C) parents D) outgroups

22) ______

23) In early adolescence, A) mixed-sex cliques begin to outnumber same sex-cliques.

B) same-sex cliques tend to be more common than mixed-sex cliques.

C) mixed-sex cliques tend to be lower in status than same-sex cliques.

D) mixed-sex cliques tend to be higher in status than same sex-cliques.

23) ______

24) A ________ is a group of from 2 to 12 people who members have frequent social interactions with one another.

A) crowd B) clique C) norm group D) reference group

24) ______

25) High school students spend twice as much time with ________ as with other important people in their lives.

A) colleagues B) cohorts C) families D) peers

25) ______

26) In regard to popularity and status, ________ adolescents tend to have higher status.

A) rejected and neglected B) controversial and popular C) popular and neglected D) popular and rejected

26) ______

27) As compared to friendship groups of children, adolescent friendship groups A) are less likely based on psychological factors.

B) are more likely based on shared activities.

C) are more heterogeneous consisting of a wider array of individuals.

D) are smaller.

27) ______

28) Adolescents who are neither liked nor disliked by their peers are referred to as ________ adolescents.

A) neglected B) rejected C) popular D) controversial

28) ______

29) As boys begin to reduce the amount of time that they spend with parents, they are likely to replace that time with time spent A) with peers.

B) alone.

C) with colleagues.

D) with cohorts.

29) ______

30) Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are A) cliques.

B) status groups.

C) cohort groups.

D) reference groups.

30) ______

31) In a historical sense, the age segregation in the U.S. today A) is more extreme than in the past so that adolescents have fewer opportunities to interact with others who differ from them in age.

B) is not as influential on adolescent development as in the past.

C) is less extreme because of middle and high schools.

D) provides adolescents with many opportunities to interact with other adolescents who differ from them in age.

31) ______

32) Reference groups present a set of ________, or standards, against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success.

32) ______

A) references

B) norms

C) roles

D) rules

33) Informal and formal groups composed of individuals of approximately the same age and status are ________ groups.

A) peer B) postformal C) cliques D) cohort

33) ______

34) Peer groups provide adolescents with the opportunity to compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and even physical changes—a process called A) social comparison.

B) assimilation.

C) accommodation.

D) integration.

34) ______

35) Pressure to conform that reflects group norms, referred to as ________, is based on expectations regarding appropriate behavior held by those who belong to groups.

A) informational social influence B) outgroup information variability C) ingroup bias D) normative social influence

35) ______

36) Participation in extracurricular activities is related to A) higher levels of self-esteem for adolescents.

B) lower levels of self-efficacy.

C) reduced self-confidence and poorer self-images.

D) decreased likelihood that they will participate in formal groups and organizations as adults.

36) ______

37) An adolescent's social rank held within a group is referred to as A) status.

B) ego-integrity.

C) role.

37) ______ D) seniority.

38) As the amount of time spent with peers grows during adolescence, A) peers replace parents in terms of psychological influence.

B) the degree of adult supervision declines.

C) adolescents become increasingly likely to adopt values and attitudes that are at odds with those of their parents.

D) the social groups that adolescents spend time in shrink in size.

38) ______

39) One change in crowd membership that occurs between early and late adolescence is that A) adolescents place increasingly more importance in membership in crowds.

B) crowd membership becomes less rigid, making it less difficult for adolescents to change crowds.

C) crowds become more distinct in later adolescence.

D) membership in some crowds, such as "studious" becomes particularly less stable.

39) ______

40) Strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others are referred to as A) social responding.

B) reciprocal socialization.

C) circular socialization.

D) social problem solving.

40) ______

41) Large and loose groups, referred to as ________, are comprised of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another.

A) cliques.

B) status groups.

C) crowds D) cohort groups.

41) ______

42) Groups in which members who find membership in the group attractive and members are strongly identified with a group have a great deal of A) informational social influence B) ingroup bias

42) ______

C) cohesiveness.

D) normative social influence

43) Which of the following contributes to increased age-segregation?

A) middle and high schools B) extracurricular activities C) child labor laws D) all of the above

43) ______

44) Adolescents who are uniformly disliked by their peers are referred to as ________ adolescents.

A) controversial B) rejected C) neglected D) popular

44) ______

45) Adolescents who are friends with single members of a clique or, in rarer cases, have no friends are referred to as A) normals.

B) liaisons.

C) isolates.

D) independents.

45) ______

46) Adolescent conformity pressure typically occurs through ________, in which there is an implicit appreciation that youth in the same crowd should stick together, behave in similar ways, and generally conform to the implicit norms of the crowd.

A) normative regulation B) ingroup bias C) cohesiveness.

D) informational social influence

46) ______

47) Researchers studying unpopular adolescents have suggested that they are likely to be A) excessively aggressive.

B) withdrawn.

C) any of the above.

D) aggressive-withdrawn.

47) ______

48) Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between popularity and academic achievement?

A) The relationship between academic achievement and popularity depends on the culture in which an adolescent lives, so that it may be either positively or negatively related to academic achievement.

B) There is no relationship between academic achievement and popularity.

C) Academic achievement is positively related to popularity.

D) Academic achievement is negatively related to popularity.

48) ______

49) In regard to social class, A) cliques are likely to be very heterogeneous and include members from many different social classes.

B) has no effect on clique membership.

C) SES mix in cliques largely reflects the SES mixtures of schools.

D) cliques are likely composed of members who are similar in regard to social class partly because of SES differences in extracurricular activities.

49) ______

50) Popular adolescents are better able to A) engage in circular socialization.

B) engage in reciprocal socialization.

C) accurately interpret the meaning of others' behavior.

D) overcome challenges to development, such as the extremes of poor parenting or low SES.

50) ______

51) The ________ suggests that physically attractive persons possess a wide range of positive characteristics, such as higher sociability, greater dominance, and better social skills.

A) physicality factor B) ingroup bias C) sociobiological imperative D) beautiful-is-good stereotype

51) ______

52) The ________ is the perception that there is less variability among the members of outgroups

tha n there

is in 52) one's own ingroup.

A) comparison group perspective C) outgroup invariability

___ ___

B) ingroup view D) outgroup homogeneity bias

53) Popular and ________ adolescents have more close friends, engage more frequently in activities with their peers, and disclose more about themselves to others than less-popular students.

A) controversial B) uninvolved C) rejected D) neglected

53) ______

54) Peer groups A) are the reason that adolescents begin to experience the pressures of the secular trend.

B) have their own roles that define behaviors that are associated with and come to be expected of people in a specific position.

C) are exclusive groups of no more than 10 persons where adolescents develop close personal relationships.

D) help adolescents gain more control over their mood swings.

54) ______

55) Changes in behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of others is referred to as A) conformity.

B) outgroup homogeneity bias.

C) ingroup bias.

D) outgroup invariability.

55) ______

56) As girls begin to reduce the amount of time that they spend with parents, they are likely to replace that time with time spent A) with peers.

B) with colleagues.

C) alone.

D) with cohorts.

56) ______

57) Rejected and neglected adolescents ________ than their more popular peers.

A) engage in social activities less often B) have fewer friends C) have fewer contacts with the opposite sex D) all of the above

57) ______

58) As compared to friendship groups of children, adolescent friendship groups A) are more likely based on psychological factors.

B) are smaller.

C) replace parents in psychological influence.

D) are more likely based on shared activities.

58) ______

59) Voluntary activities, referred to as ________ activities, are school-sponsored activities for students that lie outside the normal school curriculum.

A) extracurricular B) extended-school C) informal school D) additional-school

59) ______

60) As adolescents progress from early to late adolescence they are likely to conform A) increasingly more to parents than to peers.

B) increasingly more to teachers than their parents.

C) increasingly more to peers than to parents.

D) less to anyone and be more autonomous.

60) ______

61) ________ programs, involve groups that seek to engage in activities meant to improve the social welfare of a town, city, or even the nation.

A) Extracurricular B) Community service C) Ingroup D) Social welfare

61) ______

62) One change in crowd membership that occurs between early and late adolescence is that A) adolescents place increasingly more importance in membership in crowds.

B) crowd membership becomes more rigid, making it more difficult for adolescents to change crowds.

C) membership in some crowds, such as "studious" becomes particularly less stable.

D) crowds become less distinct in later adolescence.

62) ______

63) In regard to popularity and status, ________ adolescents tend to have lower status.

A) popular and rejected B) popular and neglected C) controversial and popular D) rejected and neglected

63) ______

64) Adolescents from lower SES families participate in fewer extracurricular activities because A) they are more likely to be holding after-school jobs and are therefore less able to participate in extracurricular activities.

B) participating in extracurricular activities is related to higher levels of self-esteem.

C) their communities offer a wider variety of extracurricular activities.

D) only adolescents with more positive self-concepts participate in extracurricular activities.

64) ______

65) The Fast Track program aims to A) provide opportunities for adolescents to accelerate their academic progress.

B) provide for early entry into college.

C) prevent serious antisocial behavior and encourage positive social interactions in adolescents.

D) teach parents positive authoritative parenting practices.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) ________ are individuals who are about the same age or level of maturity, and they play 66) _____________ a potent role in the development of adolescents.

67) One similarity between popular and controversial adolescents is that they tend to have higher social ________ than rejected or neglected adolescents.

67) _____________

68) Behaviors that are associated with and come to be expected of people in a given position are ________.

68) _____________

69) Peer groups with ________ are groups with members who strongly identify with the group and are intensely attracted to it.

69) _____________

70) One reason that some adolescents may be unpopular or rejected is that they lack ________ skills—a set of strategies for solving social problems in a way that is satisfactory to oneself and to others.

70) _____________

71) Non physical aggression, referred to as ________ aggression, is meant to hurt another person's psychological well-being.

71) _____________

72) Groups with whom one compares oneself are ________ groups.

72) _____________

73) The terms "jocks," "normals," "druggies," and "toughs" are examples of peer groups referred to as ________.

73) _____________

74) A ________ is a peer group of between 2 and 12 persons whose members have frequent social interactions with one another.

74) _____________

75) Adolescents who are liked by some and disliked by other adolescents are ________ adolescents.

75) _____________

76) Successful social problem solving proceeds through a series of steps that correspond to ________ strategies.

76) _____________

77) A process called ________ is comparing and evaluating opinions, abilities, and even physical changes.

77) _____________

78) Popular adolescents tend to have high ________ intelligence, knowing how to act appropriately in given situations.

78) _____________

79) Positive aspects of groups to which an adolescent belongs—called ________ —are exaggerated and inflated.

79) _____________

80) Adolescent conformity pressure typically occurs through ________, in which there is an implicit appreciation that youth in the same crowd should stick together, behave in similar ways, and generally conform to the implicit norms of the crowd.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Adolescents from lower SES families participate in fewer extra-curricular activities partly because schools in poorer neighborhoods do not have the resources to develop or sustain a wide array of extracurricular activities.

81) ______

82) As time spent with parents declines and as time spent with peers begins to increase, parents' psychological influence begins to decrease.

82) ______

83) One change that occurs between early and late adolescence is that crowd membership becomes more rigid, making it more difficult for adolescents to change crowds.

83) ______

84) Controversial adolescents are regarded as similar to popular adolescents in that both groups are likely to be relatively high in status.

84) ______

85) If adolescents are asked to identify their significant others—the people who are most important to them—close to half of the people named are of the same age as they are.

85) ______

86) Adolescents spend about the same amount of time with peers as they spend with their parents.

86) ______

87) A partial explanation for some adolescents who are unpopular and rejected is that they are unskilled at social problem solving.

87) ______

88) Adolescents are more likely to conform to peers than parents on major issues, such as values and beliefs.

88) ______

89) Participation in extracurricular activities promotes age segregation.

89) ______

90) The widespread and extreme age segregation is a relatively recent phenomenon, at least in a historical sense.

90) ______

91) Groups in which members who find membership in the group attractive and members are strongly identified with a group have a great deal of cohesiveness.

91) ______

92) In spite of common beliefs, physical attractiveness is not related to social status during adolescence.

92) ______

93) Participation in extracurricular activities is related to higher levels of self-esteem for adolescents.

93) ______

94) Because of extracurricular activities, adolescent cliques are likely to form and consist of adolescents from a variety of social classes.

94) ______

95) In early adolescence, mixed-sex cliques begin to outnumber same sex-cliques.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) What are three functions of peer groups?

97) What are some reasons for age segregation in the United States?

98) Describe the three-category description of unpopular, rejected adolescents.

99) What are some reasons that adolescents from lower SES families participate in extra-curricular activities at lower levels than other adolescents?

100) What is the relationship between crowd membership and self-esteem?

1) B 2) B 3) D 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) B 10) B 11) B 12) B 13) A 14) A 15) C 16) A 17) C 18) A 19) A 20) A 21) D 22) A 23) B 24) B 25) D 26) B 27) C 28) A 29) B 30) D 31) A 32) B 33) A 34) A 35) D 36) A 37) A 38) B 39) B 40) D 41) C 42) C 43) D 44) B 45) C 46) A 47) C 48) A 49) D 50) C 51) D

52) D 53) A 54) B 55) A 56) A 57) D 58) A 59) A 60) D 61) B 62) D 63) D 64) A 65) D 66) Peers 67) status 68) roles 69) cohesiveness 70) social problem solving 71) relational 72) reference 73) crowds 74) clique 75) controversial 76) information-processing 77) social comparison 78) emotional 79) ingroups 80) normative regulation 81) TRUE 82) FALSE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) TRUE 92) FALSE 93) TRUE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) Groups have their own roles that set expectations for behavior of people in a given situation. Second, groups provide social comparison opportunities so that adolescents can compare and evaluate opinions, abilities, and even physical changes. Peer groups act as reference groups by providing information about what roles and behavior are most acceptable.

97) Age grading was the basic organizing principle of the universal, free education model developed in the mid-1800s.

Also, competition between members of grades is sometimes encouraged. Child labor laws also removed adolescents from the workforce where, in the past, they often interacted with adults.

98) Unpopular adolescents may be excessively aggressive, showing overt violence or bullying or sometimes relational

aggr n. Withdrawn adolescents may be shy, timid, and victims of bullying. Aggressive-withdrawn adolescents show essio qualities of being both aggressive, and having difficulty initiating relationships.

99) Adolescents in low SES families may be holding jobs after school that prevents them from participating in extracurricular activities. Also, schools in poorer neighborhoods often do not have the resources to develop and sustain a wide array of extracurricular activities.

100) Generally, membership in high status crowds is related to high self-esteem. However, those who find themselves associated with some low-status crowds may derive a kind of liberation from their low-status position by identifying with a group.

Chapter 8 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) One function that dating fulfills for adolescents is that dating 1) _______ A) fulfills needs for both companionship and intimacy.

B) provides opportunities for hooking up.

C) provides practice for marriage.

D) helps adolescents learn about ingroup bias in romantic relationships.

2) Adolescents sharing personal feelings are engaging in ________ self-disclosure.

A) the second stage of B) evaluative C) advanced D) descriptive

2) _______

3) According to Sternberg, ________ love is the type of love that consists of all three components of love.

A) companionate B) fatuous C) romantic D) consummate

3) _______

4) According to Sternberg, ________ love is the type of love that consists of intimacy and decision/commitment only.

A) romantic B) companionate C) fatuous D) consummate

4) _______

5) Individual-choice courtship, referred to as ________, is characterized by boys and girls pairing off together as couples in committed relationships.

A) going out B) carrying C) cohabitation D) dating

5) _______

6) One important role of friendships during adolescence is to provide a source for ________, bolstering each other's ego, affirming that the other person is worthwhile and offering support when the friend is in need of bolstering.

A) stimulation B) psychological support C) intimacy and affection D) interpersonality

6) _______

7) Which of the following describes an important role that friendships play in adolescents' lives?

A) Friendships offer a safe environment to discuss intimate thoughts with friends, who are typically perceived as being less judgmental and more tolerant of unusual ideas and feelings than parents or other adults.

B) Stimulation refers to the opportunity to have something to do and pass the time that is offered by friends.

C) Friendships offer psychological support when they bolster each other's ego, affirming that the other person is worthwhile.

D) all of the above

7) _______

8) In regard to sexual-minority youth, A) have relationships that are more sexually promiscuous than heterosexual youth.

B) do not develop romantic relationships characterized by true, deep and intimate feelings for another person.

C) have fewer opportunities to form romantic relationships than heterosexual youth.

D) usually do not date members of the opposite sex.

8) _______

9) One important role of friendships during adolescence is to provide a source for ________, the opportunity to carry out activities together.

A) intimacy and affection B) social comparison C) companionship D) stimulation

9) _______

10) Adolescents sharing facts about their lives are engaging in ________ self-disclosure.

A) descriptive B) evaluative C) the first stage of D) remedial

10) ______

11) One reason for differences in friendships between males and females is that A) self-disclosure declines for males and increases for females during adolescence.

B) although self-disclosure increases for both male and female adolescents, self-disclosure increases more among female adolescents than among males adolescents.

C) females, but not males, develop self-disclosure skills.

D) unlike females, males have no interest in self-disclosure and intimacy.

11) ______

12) One important role of friendships during adolescence is to provide a source for ________, a pool of useful individuals with whom to compare oneself.

A) companionship B) stimulation C) social comparison D) intimacy and affection

12) ______

13) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love encompasses both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determination to maintain that love.

A) companionate B) passion C) decision/commitment D) intimacy

13) ______

14) According to Erikson, intimacy encompasses A) the need to accommodate another person's identity into one's own.

B) the final resolution of identity moratorium and the development of a strong identity.

C) sexuality, particularly the experience of joint pleasure from focusing not just on one's own gratification, but also on that of one's partner.

D) the resolution of the trust v. mistrust stage when one is finally able to trust another.

14) ______

15) Adolescents tend to have friends who are similar to them because A) of norms enforced by cliques.

B) self-disclosure norms make friendships with people who are dissimilar difficult.

C) adolescents adopt and learn attitudes, values, likes, and dislikes of their friends.

D) of reciprocal socialization pressures from parents about their choices of friends.

15) ______

16) Adolescents with high-quality friendships may be more A) independent thinking than other adolescents.

B) at risk from difficulty developing intimacy with romantic partners.

C) isolated from parents and adults than other adolescents.

D) at risk for deviant behavior if their friends engage in antisocial activities.

16) ______

17) In one recent study, it was found that areas of the brain associated with ________ were activated when participants were viewing pictures of their loved ones.

A) formal operational thought B) memory and intimacy C) reward and motivation D) impressionistic thought

17) ______

18) According to Sullivan, as preadolescents enter puberty, they experience the need for A) attachment.

B) empathy.

C) sexual contact.

D) intimacy.

18) ______

19) One risk that, compared to other adolescents, those with high-quality relationships have is that they may A) have more difficulty developing independent thinking skills.

19) ______

B) have difficulty forming romantic relationships.

C) be at risk for extraordinarily painful experiences from rejection or betrayal.

D) be more isolated from parents and adults than other adolescents.

20) A form of loneliness, referred to as ________, is characterized lack of friends, associates, or relatives.

A) outgroup invariability B) social isolation C) emotional isolation D) outgroup homogeneity bias

20) ______

21) Erikson viewed the strong sexual desires of adolescents as A) an indicator that adolescents are developing an identity.

B) an indicator that they are ready for intimate relationships.

C) a barrier to adolescents' development of identity.

D) pseudo intimacy, lacking deep intimacy.

21) ______

22) In some cases, A) too much, too early self-disclosure can be unsettling and sometimes off-putting.

B) intimacy may develop in the absence of self-disclosure.

C) descriptive self-disclosure leads to more intimacy than evaluative self-disclosure.

D) close friendships develop without high levels of self-disclosure.

22) ______

23) A criticism of Sullivan's theory is that A) he concentrated too much on male-female romantic relationships, largely ignoring the possibility of gay or lesbian relationships.

B) he focused too much on the role of ego-integrity in the development of interpersonal relationships.

C) research has not supported his view that early relationships with parents affect later romantic relationships.

D) there is no evidence to support his view that success in same-sex relationships would be related to later success in romantic relationships.

23) ______

24) Sullivan's theory of ________ development focuses on the specific needs that must be resolved to attain growth.

A) interpersonal B) attachment C) intimacy D) empathy

24) ______

25) A form of loneliness, referred to as ________, is characterized by a lack of deep emotional attachment to one specific person.

A) emotional isolation B) social isolation C) outgroup homogeneity bias D) outgroup invariability

25) ______

26) To Sullivan, ________ needs are in many ways as important as biological needs, such as the need for sleep and food, and the degree to which children's and adolescents' needs are fulfilled affects their later development in significant ways.

A) attachment B) interpersonal C) empathy D) ego

26) ______

27) According to Sternberg, ________ love is the type of love that consists only of passion.

A) consummate B) fatuous C) companionate D) romantic

27) ______

28) According to Sternberg, ________ love is the type of love that consists of intimacy and passion only.

A) companionate B) romantic C) consummate D) fatuous

28) ______

29) According to Sullivan, preadolescents experience the need for ________ with a few close friends, typically of the same sex.

A) empathy B) intimacy C) attachment D) interpersonality

29) ______

30) Conflict in adolescents' friendships is likely characterized by A) declines in social problem-solving skills.

B) dissolution of most adolescent friendships by early adulthood.

C) direct assertions of power.

D) negotiation and persuasion, as well as give-and-take.

30) ______

31) The ________ theory of passionate love suggests that individuals experience love when they experience intense physiological arousal and, at the same time, situational cues that indicate love is the appropriate label for the feelings that are being experienced.

A) situational B) labeling C) two-step D) intensity

31) ______

32) The shift in how adolescents view friendship is partly related to A) the declining importance of parents.

B) age segregation.

C) growing cognitive sophistication.

D) norms associated with crowds.

32) ______

33) For contemporary adolescents, the term ________ refers to short-term romantic encounters that may last only a single night.

A) dating B) cohorting C) hooking up D) standing

33) ______

34) ________ self-disclosure leads to more intimacy among friends than other types of self-disclosure.

A) The second stage of B) Evaluative C) Advanced D) Descriptive

34) ______

35) In many non industrialized, agriculturally based cultures, A) dating begins later than in the West and proceeds more rapidly toward marriage.

B) dating simply does not exist.

C) dating begins later than in the West and proceeds more slowly toward marriage.

D) dating is very similar to dating in the West.

35) ______

36) In regard to adolescent friendships, adolescents' friends tend to be A) dissimilar in terms of age, sex, and ethnicity, but similar in terms of attitudes, values, and personality.

B) similar in terms of age, sex, and ethnicity, but dissimilar in terms of attitudes, values, and personality.

C) similar in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, attitudes, values, and personality.

D) dissimilar in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, attitudes, values, and personality.

36) ______

37) Erikson's stage of development that coincided with young adulthood is the ________ stage.

A) identity v. role confusion B) ego-integrity v. despair C) trust v. mistrust D) intimacy v. isolation

37) ______

38) In one view, Phase 3 of romantic relationships is ________ and characterized by an increase in concern for relationships and a decrease in concern for how others view them.

A) bonding B) scripted C) intimacy D) status

38) ______

39) According to Erikson, intimacy encompasses

39) ______

A) deep devotion, marked by efforts to fuse one's identity with the identity of a partner.

B) the need to accommodate another person's identity into one's own.

C) the resolution of the trust v. mistrust stage when one is finally able to trust another.

D) the final resolution of identity moratorium and the development of a strong identity.

40) Erikson believed that the development of ________ must precede the development of deep intimacy.

A) social B) empathy C) identity D) isolation cognition

40) ______

41) Research suggests that A) identity is more important for successful friendships than romantic relationships.

B) the development of identity and intimacy are closely linked throughout adolescence, facilitating positive relationships with both friends and romantic partners.

C) identity is more important for successful romantic relationships than for friendships.

D) the development of identity can not be fully completed until one develops a close romantic relationship.

41) ______

42) In one view, Phase 2 of romantic relationships is ________ and characterized by dating the "right" person in an effort to improve one's popularity.

A) status B) scripted C) infatuation D) initiation

42) ______

43) Which of the following aspects of friendships only become primary during adolescence?

A) competition and disagreements B) sharing and reciprocating C) intimacy and loyalty D) playing and sharing activities

43) ______

44) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love encompasses the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance and is exemplified by intense, physiologically arousing feelings of attraction.

A) intimacy B) decision/commitment C) companionate D) passion

44) ______

45) In contrast to peers, ________ are people with whom there is a positive, reciprocal relationship between two people.

A) clique members B) cohorts C) crowd members D) friends

45) ______

46) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness.

A) companionate B) intimacy C) passion D) decision/commitment

46) ______

47) For many adolescents, dating scripts are highly influenced by A) traditional gender stereotypes.

B) romance roles.

C) dating roles.

D) romance scripts.

47) ______

48) Erikson believed that when true intimacy arose between two people, their identities became, in a way, A) accommodated.

B) differentiated.

C) merged.

D) segregated.

48) ______

49) Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable when breakups occur because

49) ______

A) adolescents may have difficulty developing consummate love relationships in the future.

B) their sense of themselves and their self-worth are still evolving and sometimes fragile.

C) adolescents may be at more risk for divorce later in life.

D) it puts relationships with their friends at risk.

50) Adolescents tend to have friends who are similar to them because A) self-disclosure norms make friendships with people who are dissimilar difficult.

B) of reciprocal socialization pressures from parents about their choices of friends.

C) they often live in homogenous neighborhoods geographically close to people who are similar to them in socioeconomic status, race, and other demographic characteristics.

D) of norms enforced by cliques.

50) ______

51) The emergence of distinct crowds during middle adolescence reflects in part the increased A) outgroup invariability.

B) clique exclusivity.

C) ingroup bias.

D) cognitive abilities of adolescents.

51) ______

52) Cognitive models of what behavior and expectations are appropriate and inappropriate within the context of a dating relationship are A) dating roles.

B) dating scripts.

C) romance roles.

D) romance scripts.

52) ______

53) Conversations characterized by ________ are those in which information about the self is exchanged with others.

A) cohorting B) social reciprocating C) self-disclosure D) accommodating

53) ______

54) One strategy to create a favorable impression is ________, often through flattery, but it may fail to bring about the desired result if not used with subtlety.

A) displaying B) accommodation C) face-saving D) ingratiation

54) ______

55) Sullivan believed that people whose interpersonal needs are unfulfilled will likely experience a great deal of ________ that affects their interpersonal relationships.

A) despair B) ambivalence C) anxiety D) depression

55) ______

56) In regard to romance, A) girls are more likely than boys to say that they have been in love in the past.

B) boys are more likely than girls to say that they are currently in love.

C) girls report being romantically interested in boys at an earlier age than boys report being romantically interested in girls.

D) girls are more likely than boys to say that they are currently in love.

56) ______

57) Sullivan believed that success in opposite-sex relationships was built on a foundation of success in A) cliques.

B) intimacy-based groups.

C) same-sex relationships.

D) crowds.

57) ______

58) The inability to maintain the level of affiliation that one desires is referred to as A) accommodation.

B) ingratiation.

C) displaying.

D) loneliness.

58) ______

59) In one view, Phase 1 of romantic relationships is ________ and characterized by short, unserious

rela tionshi

ps 59) partially because adolesce nts are mostly focused on learning about themselv es.

A) initiation

___ ___

B) infatuation

C) scripted

D) status

60) The ability to experience ________, the feeling of emotional closeness and interconnectedness with another person, develops during adolescence because of the cognitive, social, and physical advances that occur during that period.

A) attachment B) intimacy C) interpersonality D) empathy

60) ______

61) In regard to sexual minority youth, A) relationships face significant social condemnation.

B) they do not follow consistent patterns in their dating behavior, making it difficult to make generalizations.

C) their own sexuality may be unclear to them.

D) all of the above

61) ______

62) Adolescents with high-quality friendships tend to be A) early maturers.

B) better adjusted emotionally.

C) liaisons.

D) more dependent than other adolescents.

62) ______

63) One advantage of the labeling theory of passionate love is that it helps to explain A) changing dating behaviors of contemporary adolescents.

B) the importance of companionate love.

C) the three components of love.

D) why some adolescents may feel deepened love even when they experience continual rejections or hurt from someone to whom they are attracted.

63) ______

64) Sullivan believed that after achieving success in intimate, romantic relationships, adolescents are ready to confront the challenge of fulfilling their need of A) cohorting.

B) integration into adult society.

C) assimilation.

D) reciprocal socialization.

64) ______

65) According to Erikson, intimacy encompasses A) a degree of selflessness, involving the sacrificing of one's own needs for another.

B) the final resolution of identity moratorium and the development of a strong identity.

C) the need to accommodate another person's identity into one's own.

D) the resolution of the trust v. mistrust stage when one is finally able to trust another.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) Cognitive models of what behaviors and expectations are appropriate and inappropriate 66) _____________ within the context of dating relationships are ________.

67) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness.

67) _____________

68) Conversations characterized by ________ are those in which information about the self is exchanged with others.

68) _____________

69) According to Sternberg, ________ love is the type of love that consists of all three components of love.

69) _____________

70) The type of self-disclosure that leads to increased intimacy is ________ self-disclosure.

70) _____________

71) A form of loneliness, referred to as ________, is characterized by a lack of friends, associates, or relatives.

71) _____________

72) According to Sternberg, ________ love is the type of love that consists of intimacy and passion only.

72) _____________

73) In contrast to peers, ________ are people with whom there is a positive, reciprocal relationship between two people.

73) _____________

74) Erikson's stage of development that coincided with young adulthood was ________.

74) _____________

75) In one recent study, it was found that areas of the brain associated with ________ were activated when participants were viewing pictures of their loved ones.

75) _____________

76) Adolescents sharing personal feelings are engaging in ________ self-disclosure.

76) _____________

77) Sullivan's theory of ________ development focuses on the specific needs that must be realized to attain growth.

77) _____________

78) Erikson believed that the development of ________ must precede the development of deep intimacy.

78) _____________

79) According to Sullivan, preadolescents experience the need for intimacy with a few close friends, typically of the ________ sex.

79) _____________

80) According to Sternberg, the ________ component of love encompasses the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance and is exemplified by intense, physiologically arousing feelings of attraction.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) One advantage of the labeling theory of passionate love is that it helps to explain the importance of companionate love.

81) ______

82) Sullivan believed that success in opposite-sex relationships was built on a foundation of success in same-sex relationships.

82) ______

83) To Sullivan, interpersonal needs are in many ways as important as biological needs.

83) ______

84) The shift in how adolescents view friendship is partly related to the declining importance of parents.

84) ______

85) In many non industrialized, agriculturally based cultures, dating simply does not exist.

85) ______

86) Descriptive self-disclosure leads to more intimacy among friends than evaluative self-disclosure.

86) ______

87) A criticism of Sullivan's theory was that he put too much emphasis on homosexual relationships.

87) ______

88) Sexual minority youth do not develop romantic relationships characterized by true, deep, and intimate feelings for another person.

88) ______

89) In one recent study, it was found that areas of the brain associated with formal operational thought are activated when participants viewed pictures of their loved ones.

89) ______

90) Adolescents sharing facts about their lives are engaging in evaluative self-disclosure.

90) ______

91) Erikson believed that when true intimacy arose between two people, their identities became, in a way, merged.

91) ______

92) Adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to breakups because their sense of themselves and their self-worth is still evolving and sometimes fragile.

92) ______

93) Boys report being romantically interested in girls earlier than girls report being romantically interested in boys.

93) ______

94) According to Sternberg, consummate love consists of passion, intimacy, and decision/commitment.

94) ______

95) Emotional isolation is a type of loneliness characterized by a lack of deep emotional attachment to one specific person.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Describe Sternberg's three components of love.

97) How did Erikson define intimacy?

98) Describe the four phases of intimacy.

99) What are the two kinds of self-disclosure and how are they related to intimacy?

100) What are the reasons for similarity between friends?

1) A 2) B 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) B 7) D 8) C 9) C 10) A 11) B 12) C 13) C 14) C 15) C 16) D 17) C 18) C 19) C 20) B 21) D 22) A 23) A 24) A 25) A 26) B 27) B 28) B 29) B 30) D 31) B 32) C 33) C 34) B 35) B 36) C 37) D 38) C 39) A 40) C 41) B 42) A 43) C 44) D 45) D 46) B 47) A 48) C 49) B 50) C 51) D

52) B 53) C 54) D 55) C 56) B 57) C 58) D 59) B 60) B 61) D 62) B 63) D 64) B 65) A 66) dating scripts 67) intimacy 68) self-disclosure 69) consummate 70) evaluative 71) social isolation 72) romantic 73) friends 74) intimacy v. isolation 75) reward and motivation 76) evaluative 77) interpersonal 78) identity 79) same 80) passion 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) FALSE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) The intimacy component encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness. The passion component comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance, and is exemplified by the intense, physiologically arousing feelings of attraction. The decision/commitment component embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determination to maintain that love relationship.

97) Erikson believed that there are three components to intimacy. Selflessness involves the sacrifice of one's own needs to those of another. Sexuality is the experience of joint pleasure from focusing not just on one's own gratification but also on that of one's partner. Also, there is deep devotion, marked by efforts to fuse one's identity with the identity of a partner.

98) In the infatuation stage, adolescent relationships are actually not very serious because they focus more on learning about themselves. In the status phase, adolescents date to maintain or improve their status among their peers. The intimate phase represents a more authentic type of romance in which partners become more concerned with their relationship and less concerned with how their peers are viewing them. In the bonding phase, romantic partners begin to consider the issue of long-term commitment.

99) Descriptive self-disclosure is the sharing of facts about their lives. Evaluative self-disclosure refers to the sharing of personal feelings. Evaluative self-disclosure leads to greater intimacy than descriptive self-disclosure.

100) One reason is geographic. Adolescents and their families often live in homogeneous neighborhoods with others of similar SES, race, and other demographic categories. Selection suggests that adolescents choose their friends and are most comfortable choosing friends who are similar to them. Finally, socialization suggests that similarity is the result of having friends with characteristics that adolescents learn and adopt.

Chapter 9 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Most frequently, rapists 1) _______ A) use sex to exert power and control over the victim.

B) have exorbitantly strong sex drives that are not satisfied by ordinary sexual contact.

C) are people that the victim does not know.

D) resort to rape as the final attempt to satisfy their sexual desires.

2) According to the results of one survey, ________ of middle and high school students reported receiving some form of sexual harassment in school.

A) 41% B) 81% C) 71% D) 61%

2) _______

3) For Hispanic adolescents, the average of first sexual intercourse is ________ years old.

A) 15.7 B) 16.6 C) 17 D) 18.1

3) _______

4) In the United States, almost ________ of teenagers will become pregnant before they are 18 years old.

A) one quarter B) 10% C) one in three D) 45%

4) _______

5) Overall, a woman has a ________ chance of being a victim of rape during her lifetime.

A) 36 to 40% B) 30 to 34% C) 14 to 25% D) 25 to 30%

5) _______

6) The most ineffective contraceptive method is A) abstinence.

C) birth control pills.

6) _______ B) condoms.

D) the withdrawal method.

7) In regard to sexuality, one challenge for adolescents is to A) make choices about what is and isn't acceptable for themselves in terms of their own sexual behaviors.

B) stop thinking about sex and focus on school work.

C) not pay attention to media messages about sexuality.

D) not allow oneself to be influenced by the physical maturation associated with puberty.

7) _______

8) Sexuality becomes a central aspect of adolescents' lives partly because A) of the physical maturation associated with puberty.

B) of the influence of the media.

C) children do not think about sex until adolescence.

D) reductions in androgens and estrogens associated with puberty.

8) _______

9) A common reason for adolescents to fail in regard to effectively using contraceptives is that A) many are isolated from parents and other adults who often provide effective contraceptives for them to use.

B) they may have difficulty forming romantic relationships and be fearful that contraceptives will reduce their levels of intimacy.

C) their limited cognitive abilities may prevent them from thinking about the hypothetical consequences of becoming pregnant and raising a child and the impact it would have on their lives.

D) they are likely to have high levels of depression and other psychological problems that lead to poor decisions.

9) _______

10) A common reason for adolescents to fail in regard to effectively using contraceptives is that

10) ______

A) they are likely to have high levels of depression and other psychological problems that lead to poor decisions.

B) they are legally barred from obtaining contraceptives, or they do not know where to purchase them.

C) many are isolated from parents and other adults who often provide effective contraceptives for them to use.

D) they may have difficulty forming romantic relationships and be fearful that contraceptives will reduce their levels of intimacy.

11) The most common STI is ________.

A) genital herpes B) gonorrhea

11) ______ C) AIDS

D) chlamydia

12) African Americans and Hispanics account for some ________ of AIDS cases, although they make up 18% of the population.

A) 40% B) 10% C) 50% D) 60%

12) ______

13) By the age of 15, some ________ of teenage girls report that they have masturbated.

A) 20% B) 50% C) 90% D) 80%

13) ______

14) A common STI, ________, is caused by a virus that causes small blisters or sores around the genitals, which may break open and become quite painful.

A) gonorrhea B) AIDS C) chlamydia D) genital herpes

14) ______

15) For African-American adolescents, the average of first sexual intercourse is ________ years old.

A) 15.7 B) 16.6 C) 17 D) 18.1

15) ______

16) One factor that contributes to the likelihood that a teenager will become pregnant is A) providing free contraceptives to high school students.

B) declining morals.

C) peer pressure to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected and early sex.

D) the easy availability of abortion.

16) ______

17) According to surveys, adolescents are ________ to use contraception the first time they have sex.

A) not at all likely B) unsure about how C) more likely than ever D) less likely than ever

17) ______

18) In the last 10 years, the teenage birth rate among African Americans has dropped by A) 5%.

B) 10%.

C) 40%.

D) 30%.

18) ______

19) In 2000, about ________ of teenagers who gave birth were unmarried.

A) 50% B) 13% C) 80%

19) ______ D) 40%

20) According to one study, virginity pledges had no effect A) for any adolescents.

B) in schools where only a minority, less than 30%, of adolescents took the pledge.

C) in schools where over 30% of adolescents took the pledge.

D) for 16 and 17 year old adolescents.

20) ______

21) One factor that contributes to the likelihood that a teenager will become pregnant is A) providing free contraceptives to high school students.

B) declining morals.

C) having a distant relationship with her parents.

21) ______

D) the easy availability of abortion.

22) One reason for the high teen pregnancy rate in the U.S. is A) the easy availability of abortion.

B) a lack of good contraceptive services.

C) providing free contraceptives to high school students.

D) declining morals of U.S. teenagers.

22) ______

23) About what percentage of adolescents have had sexual intercourse by the age of 20 years old?

A) 40% B) 30% C) 90% D) 80%

23) ______

24) Most experts believe that homosexuality is best explained by A) levels of hormone production.

B) a complex interplay of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors.

C) genetic inheritance.

D) family and peer environments.

24) ______

25) Sexual arousal is most influenced by A) thinking about sex.

C) touching erogenous zones.

25) ______ B) availability of contraceptives.

D) the mass media.

26) Adolescents who are unwilling to be abstinent rely on ________, the intentional prevention of pregnancy.

A) abortions B) liaisons C) contraception D) circumcision

26) ______

27) The permissiveness with affection norm refers to the sexual norm characterized by the belief that premarital sex is A) an indicator that adolescents are developing an identity.

B) permissible for males but not for females.

C) not permissible under any circumstances, even though many adolescents are sexually active.

D) permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of a stable, committed, and loving relationship.

27) ______

28) The country with the highest teenage pregnancy rate in the developed world is A) France.

B) Canada.

C) the United States.

D) Sweden.

28) ______

29) A common reason for adolescents to fail in regard to effectively using contraceptives is that A) many are isolated from parents and other adults who often provide effective contraceptives for them to use.

B) they may have difficulty forming romantic relationships and be fearful that contraceptives will reduce their levels of intimacy.

C) they are likely to have high levels of depression and other psychological problems that lead to poor decisions.

D) some fear that conversations about sex prior to a date will ruin chances of spontaneous sex.

29) ______

30) The double-standard refers to the sexual norm characterized by the belief that premarital sex is A) permissible for males but not for females.

B) an indicator that adolescents are developing an identity.

C) permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of a stable, committed, and loving relationship, but not short-term casual relationships.

30) ______

D) not permissible under any circumstances, even though many adolescents are sexually active.

31) The increase in the sex drive that occurs during adolescence is partly the result of the increase in A) sexually explicit media.

B) estrogens.

C) availability of contraceptives.

D) androgens.

31) ______

32) In the last decade, the number of women seeking abortions has A) increased.

B) declined.

C) become more difficult to track.

D) stayed about the same.

32) ______

33) In the last 10 years, the teenage birth rate has dropped by A) 30%.

B) 5%.

C) 40%.

33) ______ D) 10%.

34) Adolescents who engage in sexual activity are A) no more or less likely than their peers to be psychologically maladjusted.

B) likely to be psychologically disturbed.

C) likely to develop psychological problems after engaging in sex.

D) likely to have higher levels of hormones than their non sexually active peers.

34) ______

35) By the age of 15, some ________ of teenage boys report that they have masturbated.

A) 20% B) 50% C) 90% D) 80%

35) ______

36) An STI that initially has few symptoms, but later results in burning urination and a discharge from the penis or vagina is ________.

A) gonorrhea B) chlamydia C) AIDS D) genital herpes

36) ______

37) People who are ________ may pursue sexual reassignment surgery, a prolonged course of treatment in which they receive hormones and reconstructive surgery to enable them to take on the physical characteristics of the other sex.

A) gender misidentified B) bisexual C) homosexual D) transgendered

37) ______

38) In the United States, almost ________ of teenagers will become pregnant before they are 21 years old.

A) one quarter B) one in three C) 10% D) 45%

38) ______

39) In one study, about ________ of high school females and 24% of males said that forced sex was never permissible.

A) 34% B) 94% C) 44% D) 84%

39) ______

40) For white adolescents, the average of first sexual intercourse is ________ years old.

A) 15.7 B) 16.6 C) 17 D) 18.1

40) ______

41) Over half of adolescents begin having sexual intercourse between the ages of A) 17 - 19 years old.

B) 15 - 18 years old.

C) 20 - 25 years old.

D) 12 - 14 years old.

41) ______

42) One key for the possible effectiveness of virginity pledges is that they A) offer adolescents a sense of identity, similar to the way joining a club does.

B) require adolescents to be accountable for their sexuality.

C) provide alternatives to condoms for preventing pregnancy.

42) ______

D) raise adolescents' awareness about their own sexuality.

43) One factor that contributes to the likelihood that a teenager will become pregnant is A) providing free contraceptives to high school students.

B) inadequate or ineffective use of contraception.

C) declining morals.

D) the easy availability of abortion.

43) ______

44) According to one study, adolescents who took a virginity pledge delayed sex about ________ longer than those who had never taken the pledge.

A) 18 months B) 1 year C) 5 years D) 2 years

44) ______

45) Because adolescents' sex lives often play out in unplanned, haphazard ways, A) the are more careful than adults about using contraceptives.

B) they are at risk for emotional or psychological damage if they become sexually active.

C) they are the largest consumers of contraceptives.

D) their use of contraceptives can also be somewhat chaotic.

45) ______

46) The recent decline in adolescent rates of pregnancy is partly because of the A) increased moral behaviors and attitudes among adolescents.

B) increase in the number of adolescents taking virginity pledges.

C) decreased availability of condoms and other forms of contraception that actually encourage adolescents to have sex.

D) increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception among teenagers.

46) ______

47) Human papilloma virus causes ________, small, lumpy warts that form on or near the penis or vagina that look like small cauliflower bulbs.

A) blisters B) herpes C) papillomas D) genital warts

47) ______

48) The recent decline in adolescent rates of pregnancy is partly because A) increased prevalence of substitutes for sex, such as oral sex.

B) increase in the number of adolescents taking virginity pledges.

C) decreased availability of condoms and other forms of contraception that actually encourage adolescents to have sex.

D) increased moral behaviors and attitudes among adolescents.

48) ______

49) In 1950, about ________ of teenagers who gave birth were unmarried.

A) 50% B) 80% C) 40%

49) ______ D) 13%

50) About one in ________ women seeking an abortion is a teenager.

A) seven B) five C) two

D) three

50) ______

51) One reason for the high teen pregnancy rate in the U.S. is A) declining morals of U.S. teenagers.

B) providing free contraceptives to high school students.

C) a lack of adequate sex education.

D) the easy availability of abortion.

51) ______

52) Evidence suggests that ________, defined as unwanted sexual attention, the creation of a hostile or abusive environment, or explicit coercion to engage in unwanted sexual activity, is alive and well in U.S. schools.

A) sexual innuendos B) sexual harassment

52) ______

C) sexual dysfunction

D) sexually explicit media messages

53) One kind of sexual disorder, ________, is probably one of the most embarrassing of disorders for adolescent males and is characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

A) erectile dysfunction B) ejaculation dysfunction C) premature ejaculation D) penile dysfunction

53) ______

54) Masturbation is a A) useful way to learn about one's own sexuality.

B) normal, healthy, and harmless activity.

C) source of shame and guilt for many adolescents.

D) all of the above.

54) ______

55) One reason that adolescents have sex is ________, characterized by adolescents' attempts to gain social status.

A) companionship B) intimacy and affection C) peer pressure D) social comparison

55) ______

56) According to the results of one survey, about ________ in ten middle and high school students reported receiving some form of physical sexual harassment in school.

A) six B) four C) five D) three

56) ______

57) The friends with benefits norm refers to the sexual norm characterized by the belief that premarital sex is A) permissible between individuals who may be close friends (or even not-so-close friends), but are not interested in a long-term committed relationship.

B) permissible for males but not for females.

C) permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of a stable, committed, and loving relationship.

D) not permissible under any circumstances, even though many adolescents are sexually active.

57) ______

58) Sexuality becomes a central aspect of adolescents' lives partly because A) the growing cognitive maturity of adolescents allows them to think about sex in a more abstract and hypothetical way.

B) of the influence of the media.

C) reductions in androgens and estrogens associated with puberty.

D) children do not think about sex until adolescence.

58) ______

59) Adolescents with ________ parents are more likely to postpone sex.

A) permissive B) neglectful C) authoritative

59) ______ D) authoritarian

60) A sexual script refers to A) a fairly regular progression of behaviors that ultimately leads to oral-genital sex.

B) prescription for contraceptives that lead to increased sexual behavior.

C) laws and policies that govern sexual behavior.

D) a television or movie script that is sexually explicit.

60) ______

61) The term gender identity refers to A) the gender a person believes he or she is psychologically.

B) a specific type of sexual disorder.

C) the gradual internalization of norms regarding sexual behavior.

61) ______

D) sexual orientation.

62) Norms are A) guidelines that must be met before adolescents are given access to contraceptives.

B) characteristics of the behaviors of normal persons.

C) rules and policies of governments, schools, or other institutions that regulate sexual behaviors.

D) informal, widely held views and attitudes about a particular topic.

62) ______

63) According to one study, virginity pledges had no effect A) for 16- and 17-year-old adolescents.

B) for adolescents 18 years old and older.

C) for any adolescents.

D) in schools where only a minority of adolescents took the pledge.

63) ______

64) About one out of ________ adolescents contracts an STI before graduating from high school.

A) four B) three C) two D) five

64) ______

65) Erectile dysfunction is, in most cases, A) due to situational factors and, therefore, self-correcting and temporary.

B) a disorder that is not relevant to adolescent males.

C) a serious disorder that is treated exclusively with surgery.

D) a serious disorder treated exclusively with medication.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) The most common STI is ________.

66) _____________ 67) The sexual norm ________ is characterized by the belief that premarital sex is permissible for both men and women if it occurs in the context of a stable, committed, and loving relationship.

67) _____________

68) A ________ rape is a rape committed by a date or close acquaintance of the victim.

68) _____________

69) Over half of adolescents begin having sexual intercourse between the ages of ________.

69) _____________

70) According to the results of one survey, ________ % of middle and high school students reported receiving some form of sexual harassment in school.

70) _____________

71) ________ are informal, widely held views and attitudes about a particular topic.

71) _____________

72) Adolescents who have parents with a(n) ________ parenting style are more likely to postpone sex.

72) _____________

73) One kind of sexual disorder, ________, is probably one of the most embarrassing of disorders for adolescent males and is characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain an erection.

73) _____________

74) A sexual ________ is a fairly regular progression of behaviors that ultimately leads to oral-genital sex.

74) _____________

75) A common STI, ________, is caused by a virus that causes small blisters or sores around the genitals, which may break open and become quite painful.

75) _____________

76) Adolescents who are unwilling to be abstinent rely on ________, the intentional prevention of pregnancy.

76) _____________

77) In 2000, about ________ % of teenagers who gave birth were unmarried.

77) _____________

78) Increase in hormones referred to as ________ is partially responsible for the increased sex drive associated with puberty.

78) _____________

79) Sexual ________ is defined as unwanted sexual attention, the creation of a hostile or abusive environment, or explicit coercion to engage in unwanted sexual activity.

79) _____________

80) People who are ________ may pursue sexual reassignment surgery, a prolonged course of treatment in which they receive hormones and reconstructive surgery to enable them to take on the physical characteristics of the other sex.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Genital herpes is the most common sexually transmitted infection.

81) ______

82) Children do not ordinarily think about sex until puberty.

82) ______

83) Masturbation can be a useful way for adolescents to learn about their own sexuality.

83) ______

84) Laws and policies that govern sexual behavior are referred to as sexual scripts.

84) ______

85) Adolescents are likely to develop psychological problems shortly after becoming sexually active.

85) ______

86) Virginity pledges are more effective when nearly all students in a school take the pledge.

86) ______

87) In the last 10 years, there has been a dramatic increase in teen pregnancy rates.

87) ______

88) Evidence suggests that adolescents are more likely than ever to use contraception the first time they have sex.

88) ______

89) Gender identity refers to one's sexual orientation.

89) ______

90) One study found that nearly all high school female students believed that forcible sex was never permissible.

90) ______

91) One reason for the decline of adolescent pregnancy rates is the increase in prevalence of sexual substitutes, such as oral sex.

91) ______

92) Sexual arousal is most influenced by thinking about sex.

92) ______

93) The sexual norm most often endorsed by adolescents is referred to as friends with benefits.

93) ______

94) In the last decade, the number of women seeking abortions has increased.

94) ______

95) About 80% of adolescents have had sex by the age of 20.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Name and define are the common norms regarding premarital sexuality in the United States.

97) Describe the symptoms of the most common sexually transmitted infection.

98) What are relatively common sexual disorders experienced by adolescents?

99) What is the difference between homosexuality and gender identity?

100) Under what conditions are virginity pledges effective?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) C 6) D 7) A 8) A 9) C 10) B 11) D 12) A 13) A 14) D 15) A 16) C 17) C 18) C 19) C 20) C 21) C 22) B 23) D 24) B 25) A 26) C 27) D 28) C 29) D 30) A 31) D 32) B 33) A 34) A 35) D 36) B 37) D 38) D 39) C 40) B 41) B 42) A 43) B 44) A 45) D 46) D 47) D 48) A 49) D 50) B 51) C

52) B 53) A 54) D 55) C 56) A 57) A 58) A 59) C 60) A 61) A 62) D 63) B 64) A 65) A 66) chlamydia 67) permissiveness with affection 68) date 69) 15 and 18 70) 81 71) Norms 72) authoritative 73) erectile dysfunction 74) script 75) genital herpes 76) contraception 77) 80 78) androgens 79) harassment 80) transgendered 81) FALSE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) FALSE 86) FALSE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) FALSE 91) TRUE 92) TRUE 93) FALSE 94) FALSE 95) TRUE 96) The double standard is a norm that considers premarital sex permissible for males, but not for females.

Permissiveness with affection reflects the belief that premarital sex is permissible in the context of a stable, committed, and loving relationship. Friends with benefits refers to the norm suggesting that sex is permissible between adolescents who are not interested in long-term committed relationships. Abstinence is the norm suggesting that premarital sex is never permissible.

97) Chlamydia is a bacterial disease that is the most common STI. Initially it has few symptoms, but later it causes burning urination and a discharge from the penis or vagina.

98) Premature ejaculation is the inability of a male to delay orgasm as long as he wishes. Erectile dysfunction is the

inabi lity of a male to achieve or maintain an erection. Female orgasmic disorder is a lack of orgasm in a woman.

99) Homosexuality refers to sexual attraction and behavior oriented toward members of the same sex. In contrast, gender identity refers to the gender a person believes he or she is psychologically.

100) Virginity pledges are effective for adolescents between the ages of 16 and 17 years old and when those taking the pledge go to a school where less than 30% of other students take the pledge.

Chapter 10 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) One factor in the differential success of various ethnic and racial group members has to do with 1) _______ academic ________ —their explanations of the reasons behind academic success.

A) attributions B) motivations C) assimilations D) self-efficacies 2) Around ________ of those who start college finish 4 years later with a degree.

A) 40% B) 50% C) 55% D) 45%

2) _______

3) Middle school represents a challenge for adolescents because A) they have not yet begun the process of puberty.

B) they are typically older than their classmates during the transition.

C) of the influence of the media.

D) they are typically the youngest and least experienced and at the bottom of the status hierarchy.

3) _______

4) Advocates of the ________ model argued that teachers, by discouraging students' use of their native tongues, denigrated students' cultural heritages and lowered their self-esteem.

A) cultural assimilation B) cultural accommodation C) multicultural D) pluralistic society

4) _______

5) The term ________ refers to a major educational phenomenon in which students are taught not by teachers in schools, but by their parents in their own homes.

A) parents as teachers B) back to basics C) home schooling D) parent education

5) _______

6) Which of the following is NOT one of the eight principles that underlie good education for adolescents in middle schools?

A) Provide opportunities for students to learn to succeed through independent learning where students achieve a goal without the assistance from other students.

B) Create learning communities to make larger schools more manageable and to promote teacher-student and student-student relationships.

C) Identify and teach a common core of knowledge, helping students to make the connections between different disciplines.

D) Support academic instruction by providing programs to address adolescents' health and fitness needs.

6) _______

7) Adolescents from poor families may lack ________, the learned expectation that one is capable of carrying out a behavior or producing a desired outcome in a particular situation.

A) self-esteem B) self-worth C) self-motivation D) self-efficacy

7) _______

8) Middle school represents a challenge for adolescents because A) of the influence of the media.

B) they are older than their classmates during the transition.

C) rather than spending the day in a self-contained classroom, students move from one class to another.

D) they have not yet begun the process of puberty.

8) _______

9) An advantage of mainstreaming is that A) it is less expensive for schools to integrate exceptional students into the same classrooms as

9) _______

the non

exceptional students.

B) exceptional students are—to the greatest extent possible—provided opportunities to choose their goals on the basis of a full education.

C) teachers do not need special training for exceptional students because those students are full participants in regular classrooms.

D) greater harmony between parents of exceptional and parents of non exceptional children is developed.

10) High school dropouts earn ________ less than high school graduates.

A) 46% B) 42% C) 52%

10) ______ D) 56%

11) One approach to educating students who don't at first speak English is ________ education, in which adolescents are initially taught in their native language.

A) bilingual B) special needs C) extra-curricular D) English-immersion

11) ______

12) One reason for the discouraging research results about the effectiveness of middle schools may be that A) students in middle schools are unmotivated to learn and do well on standardized exams.

B) the middle school philosophy was based on unfounded assumptions about adolescent development.

C) the middle school philosophy may not have been fully implemented in many schools.

D) many school districts returned to traditional school configurations before middle schools had time to become effective.

12) ______

13) In contrast to mothers, teachers, and students in the U.S., those in Japan and Taiwan all believe strongly that A) students in a typical class have the same amount of ability.

B) there are significant differences in ability among students in a typical class.

C) only a select few students should be encouraged to take college prep classes in high school.

D) academic success is a matter of luck.

13) ______

14) John Ogbu suggested that the motivation of African-American adolescents to succeed may be the result of A) involuntary immigration of their ancestors who came to the U.S. as slaves.

B) low levels of self-esteem and self-efficacy.

C) socioeconomic factors.

D) the lack of African-American role models.

14) ______

15) People whose IQ scores range from around 50 or 55 to 70 are classified as having ________ retardation.

A) severe B) moderate C) profound D) mild

15) ______

16) The teacher expectancy effect can be viewed as a special case of a broader concept known as the ________, in which a person's expectation is capable of bringing about an outcome.

A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) self-efficacy effect C) Pygmalion effect D) self-esteem effect

16) ______

17) An approach to education, known as the ________ model, attempts to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures.

A) cultural accommodation B) pluralistic society

17) ______

C) cultural assimilation

D) multicultural

18) In contrast to mothers, teachers, and students in Japan and Taiwan, those in the U.S. believe strongly that A) students in a typical class have the same amount of ability.

B) all students should be encouraged to take college prep classes in high school.

C) academic success is a matter of hard work and persistence.

D) there are significant differences in ability among students in a typical class.

18) ______

19) Typically, the retardation of people with ________ retardation is not even identified before they reach school, although their early development is often slower than average.

A) profound B) moderate C) mild D) severe

19) ______

20) The disability ________ is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior involving conceptual, social, and practical adaptive kills.

A) Downs syndrome B) ADHD C) mental retardation D) cognitive dissonance

20) ______

21) Adolescents who enter school with little or no English proficiency, known as ________, must learn both the standard curriculum and the language in which that curriculum is taught.

A) special needs students B) high needs students C) English abstainers D) English language learners

21) ______

22) Males make up about ________ of the college population.

A) 46% B) 54% C) 44%

22) ______ D) 56%

23) Which of the following is NOT a reason that students from middle- and high-SES homes achieve at higher levels than those from low-SES schools?

A) They may have access to more adequate schools that are well equipped with books and resources that contribute to learning.

B) They may have more adequate nutrition and health.

C) They may be more likely to live in homes with adequate space to do homework and where computers and books are commonplace.

D) They may be more likely to be home schooled.

23) ______

24) An approach to education, known as the ________ model, suggests that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features.

A) cultural accommodation B) multicultural C) pluralistic society D) cultural assimilation

24) ______

25) Being pushed to attend a ________ school is one type of intense pressure under which Asian children are often placed.

A) home B) community C) motivation D) cram

25) ______

26) Middle school advocates promoted an emphasis on ________ learning, in which students are given the opportunity to participate in hands-on learning experience, identifying principles on their own through experimentation.

A) discovery B) modern C) formal D) wholistic

26) ______

27) An approach to education, known as the ________ model, suggests that the goal of education is to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture.

27) ______

A) pluralistic society C) multicultural

B) cultural assimilation D) cultural accommodation

28) Steele suggested that African Americans may ________ with academic success by putting forth less effort on academic tasks and generally downgrading the importance of academic achievement.

A) identify B) disidentify C) unassimilate D) misidentify

28) ______

29) One problem with the definition of mental retardation is that A) people should not be categorized as mentally retarded.

B) it included many adolescents who experts believe should not be classified as mentally retarded.

C) it excludes many adolescents who experts believe should not be classified as mentally retarded.

D) it leaves a great deal of room for interpretation.

29) ______

30) One approach to the education of gifted and talented students is ________, which keeps students at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic.

A) mainstreamed B) fully included C) enrichment D) acceleration

30) ______

31) Children who are ________ give evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields.

A) mainstreamed B) gifted and talented C) fully included D) genius-oriented

31) ______

32) Which of the following was NOT a finding of the study by David Crystal and colleagues?

A) Asian students reported that their parents were less satisfied with their academic success than parents of U.S. students.

B) Asian students experienced lower levels of stress than their U.S. counterparts.

C) Asian students reported that their parents held higher expectations for their academic achievement than U.S. students.

D) Asian students experienced higher levels of depression than their U.S. counterparts.

32) ______

33) Boys are ________ likely to be placed in special education classes.

A) slightly less B) half as C) three times as

33) ______ D) twice as

34) Adolescents high in self-efficacy may A) be at risk for low academic achievement.

B) be at risk for low self-esteem.

C) exert more effort and show more persistence when faced with challenging tasks.

D) exert less effort and show less persistence when faced with challenging tasks.

34) ______

35) Which model of education would discourage non-English speaking students from speaking their native tongues and totally immerse those students in English?

A) pluralistic society B) cultural assimilation C) cultural accommodation D) multicultural

35) ______

36) People with ________ retardation are slow to develop language skills, and their motor development is also affected, although they are capable of learning occupational and social skills and can learn to travel independently to familiar places.

A) profound B) severe C) moderate D) mild

36) ______

37) One factor that may contribute to declining male academic performance may be A) a decline in the number of male teachers in high schools.

B) curriculum reforms that have cut back on physical education and sports.

C) increased feminization of schools.

D) declining morals among males.

37) ______

38) One approach to the education of gifted and talented students is ________, which allows students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels.

A) acceleration B) fully included C) enrichment D) mainstreamed

38) ______

39) An educational practice referred to as ________ integrates all students, even those with the most severe disabilities into regular classes.

A) mainstreaming B) integration C) full inclusion D) unrestrictive

39) ______

40) The intent of Public Law 94-124, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, in the mid-1970s was to ensure that students with special needs received a full education in the ________ environment, the setting most similar to that of students without special needs.

A) least restrictive B) special educational C) special needs D) learning disabled

40) ______

41) Psychologist Claude Steele has argued that because women are aware of society's stereotypes about achievement in particular domains, women A) achieve higher than men in those domains.

B) may be hindered as they are distracted by worries about the failure that society predicts for them.

C) employees are more highly valued in those domains.

D) try harder than men in those domains.

41) ______

42) The phenomenon referred to as the ________ refers to the cycle of behavior in which a teacher transmits an expectation about a student and thereby actually brings about the expected behavior.

A) Pygmalion effect B) teacher expectancy effect C) self-esteem effect D) self-efficacy effect

42) ______

43) The national dropout rate for African American college students is about A) 70%.

B) 60%.

C) 65%.

43) ______ D) 55%.

44) Proponents of middle school suggested that schools needed to go beyond the subject-matter curriculum and engage students socially and emotionally, addressing the needs of the ________ child.

A) modern B) needy C) preadolescent D) whole

44) ______

45) About ________ of U.S. high school students graduate.

A) 78% B) 68% C) 88%

45) ______ D) 98%

46) As compared to Asian students, U.S. students may A) perceive more pressure from their parents to achieve academically.

B) view academics as only one of many spheres in which they need to achieve.

C) be more focused on the pursuit of academic excellence and feel less conflict from competing demands.

D) perceive that the major task they face during adolescence is achieving high levels of

46) ______

academic

success.

47) Knowing more than one language likely A) puts adolescents at risk for low self-esteem in English-only cultures.

B) is related to higher scores on tests of intelligence.

C) limits the creativity needed to assess and solve complex problems.

D) delays cultural assimilation that is needed to be successful in school.

47) ______

48) An educational practice referred to as ________ is an attempt to integrate exceptional students as much as possible into the traditional educational system and provide them with a broad range of educational alternatives.

A) integration B) full inclusion C) mainstreaming D) unrestrictive

48) ______

49) In regard to gender in college classrooms, A) men are more likely that women to receive extra help from professors outside of class.

B) professors are more likely to call on women than men in class.

C) professors are more likely to make eye contact with women than men in class.

D) female students are likely to receive more positive feedback for their comments than males.

49) ______

50) High school students from middle- and high-SES homes are more likely than those from low-SES homes to A) score higher on achievement tests.

B) complete fewer years of schooling.

C) drop out before finishing high school.

D) earn, on average, lower grades.

50) ______

51) Junior high schools were typically comprised of grades A) 7 to 9.

B) 6 to 9.

C) 6 to 8.

51) ______ D) 7 to 8.

52) The practical implication of Public Law 94-124 is that students with special needs must be A) provided with non traditional educational opportunities that are specifically designed to meet their needs.

B) integrated into regular classrooms and regular activities to the greatest extent possible, as long as doing so is educationally beneficial.

C) segregated from regular students and provided with an education that meets their special needs.

D) provided with special education classrooms.

52) ______

53) Typical middle schools comprise grades A) 5 to 1.

B) 6 to 1.

53) ______ C) 6 to 9.

D) 6 to 8.

54) Dissatisfaction with junior high schools began to increase because it was argued that A) demographic factors led to new enrollment patterns with elementary school enrollments growing and secondary school enrollments declining.

B) students between elementary school and high school needed a structure that was significantly less rigid than the structure of high school.

C) the developmental stage of early adolescence required a different form of education from that supplied to older adolescents.

D) all of the above.

54) ______

55) According to some developmentalists, different ________ orientations may explain the fact that Asian students frequently outperform American students in international comparisons of student achievement.

A) self-efficacy B) attributional C) motivation D) assimilational

55) ______

56) The unemployment rate for high school dropouts is A) 55%.

B) 45%.

C) 50%.

56) ______ D) 60%.

57) One drawback to home schooling is that it may A) delay cultural assimilation that is needed to be successful in school.

B) limit students' abilities to be accepted into college.

C) limit social interaction with groups of adolescents that is inherent in classrooms in traditional schools.

D) put students at a disadvantage in regard to standardized test scores.

57) ______

58) The ultimate goal of bilingual education is to A) assist students to assimilate into American culture.

B) develop two schools, one for English-speaking students and another for non-English speaking students.

C) immerse students in an English environment so that they develop proficiency at a very rapid rate.

D) gradually shift instruction into English.

58) ______

59) Students are more likely to do better in school if they believe that success is the result of A) external causes over which they have no control.

B) temporary situational factors such as how hard they work.

C) societal biases.

D) luck.

59) ______

60) Which of the following is NOT a criticism of middle schools?

A) Over half of eighth graders do not achieve proficiency in reading, math, and science according to national standards.

B) In comparison to their peers in other countries, eighth graders rank in 12 th place

60) ______

academically, which places them below average.

C) Middle school students fare much worse than students in other school configurations, such as junior high schools.

D) The proportion of middle school students who suffer from emotional problems is higher for students in the United States than for students in all 11 of the other countries examined by the World Health Organization.

61) One reason for the development of junior high schools was that A) concerns arose that students were not starting college preparation early enough and earlier and more rigorous training was needed.

B) demographic factors led to new enrollment patterns with elementary school enrollments growing and secondary school enrollments declining.

C) the developmental stage of adolescence required a different form of education from that supplied to older adolescents.

D) students between elementary school and high school needed a structure that was significantly less rigid than the structure of high school.

61) ______

62) Approximately ________ of the school-age population is considered mentally retarded.

A) 3 - 5% B) 1 - 3% C) 5 - 7 % D) 7 - 9%

62) ______

63) Which of the following is NOT true about knowing more than one language?

A) Knowing more than one language offers several cognitive advantages.

B) Knowing more than one language provides adolescents with the ability to solve problems

63) ______

with increased creativity and versatility.

C) Knowing more than one language provides adolescents with a wider range of linguistic possibilities to choose from as they assess a situation.

D) Knowing more than one language slows the important process of assimilation into American culture and, as a result, lowers adolescents' self-esteem.

64) A pluralistic society model for education is likely to promote a ________ identity among students, a dual identity in which adolescents maintain their original cultural identities while also integrating themselves into the dominant culture.

A) accommodated B) multicultural C) assimilated D) bicultural

64) ______

65) People whose IQ scores range from around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55 are classified as having ________ retardation.

A) moderate B) profound C) mild D) severe

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) Schools the typically comprise grades 6 - 8 and intended to engage students socially and 66) _____________ emotionally, addressing the needs of the whole child, are known as ________ schools.

67) Children who are ________ give evidence of high performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields.

67) _____________

68) The intent of Public Law 94-124, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, in the mid-1970s was to ensure that students with special needs received a full education in the ________ environment, the setting most similar to that of students without special needs.

68) _____________

69) Middle school advocates promoted an emphasis on ________ learning, in which students are given the opportunity to participate in hands-on learning experience, identifying principles on their own through experimentation.

69) _____________

70) An approach to education, known as the ________ model, suggests that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features.

70) _____________

71) The disability ________ is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior involving conceptual, social, and practical adaptive kills.

71) _____________

72) Adolescents high in ________ may exert more effort and show more persistence when faced with challenging tasks.

72) _____________

73) The term ________ refers to a major educational phenomenon in which students are taught not by teachers in schools, but by their parents in their own homes.

73) _____________

74) People with ________ mental retardation are slow to develop language skills, and their motor development is also affected, although they are capable of learning occupational and social skills and can learn to travel independently to familiar places.

74) _____________

75) An educational practice referred to as ________ is an attempt to integrate exceptional students as much as possible into the traditional educational system and provide them with a broad range of educational alternatives.

75) _____________

76) One factor in the differential success of various ethnic and racial group members has to do with academic ________ —their explanations of the reasons behind academic success.

76) _____________

77) Being pushed to attend a ________ school is one type of intense pressure under which Asian children are often placed.

77) _____________

78) An approach to education, known as the ________ model, attempts to help minority students develop competence in the culture of the majority group while maintaining positive group identities that build on their original cultures.

78) _____________

79) Schools known as ________ schools are typically comprised of grades 7 and 8 and were developed to provide a more rigorous curriculum for students prior to entering high school.

79) _____________

80) The phenomenon referred to as the ________ effect refers to the cycle of behavior in which a teacher transmits an expectation about a student and thereby actually brings about the expected behavior.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) About half of high school dropouts are unemployed.

81) ______

82) The ultimate goal of bilingual education is to gradually shift instruction into English.

82) ______

83) One reason for the discouraging research results about the effectiveness of middle schools may be that the middle school philosophy may not have been fully implemented in many schools.

83) ______

84) Boys are twice as likely to be placed in special education classes.

84) ______

85) In contrast to mothers, teachers, and students in the U.S., those in Japan and Taiwan all believe strongly that students in a typical class have the same amount of ability.

85) ______

86) Steele suggested that African Americans may disidentify with academic success by putting forth less effort on academic tasks and generally downgrading the importance of academic achievement.

86) ______

87) Adolescents from poor families may lack self-efficacy, the learned expectation that one is capable of carrying out a behavior or producing a desired outcome in a particular situation.

87) ______

88) A pluralistic society model for education is likely to promote a bicultural identity among students, a dual identity in which adolescents maintain their original cultural identities while also integrating themselves into the dominant culture.

88) ______

89) Minority students achieve at higher levels when they attend schools characterized by the cultural assimilation model.

89) ______

90) The intent of Public Law 94-124, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, in the mid-1970s was to ensure that students with special needs received a full education in the least restrictive environment, the setting most similar to that of students without special needs.

90) ______

91) Slightly more than 90% of high school students graduate.

91) ______

92) Knowing more than one language is likely related to higher scores on tests of intelligence.

92) ______

93) Because of the intense pressure to succeed academically, Asian students are more likely than U.S. students to experience high levels of stress.

93) ______

94) The cultural assimilation model suggests that America is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features.

94) ______

95) Males make up more than half of the college population.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) What are some reasons for the relatively low academic achievement levels of adolescents from low-SES households compared to those from middle- or high-SES households?

97) Why is the transition to middle school difficult for some adolescents?

98) Describe two approaches to education for gifted and talented students.

99) What are the differences between a cultural assimilation model and a pluralistic society model?

100) What are two reasons given for the research findings that suggest that students in middle schools are not academically performing at high levels?

1) A 2) A 3) D 4) D 5) C 6) A 7) D 8) C 9) B 10) B 11) A 12) C 13) A 14) A 15) D 16) A 17) D 18) D 19) C 20) C 21) D 22) C 23) D 24) C 25) D 26) A 27) B 28) B 29) D 30) C 31) B 32) D 33) D 34) C 35) B 36) C 37) B 38) A 39) C 40) A 41) B 42) B 43) A 44) D 45) A 46) B 47) B 48) C 49) A 50) A 51) D

52) B 53) D 54) D 55) B 56) C 57) C 58) D 59) B 60) C 61) A 62) B 63) D 64) D 65) A 66) middle 67) gifted and talented 68) least restrictive 69) discovery 70) pluralistic society 71) mental retardation 72) self-efficacy 73) home schooling 74) moderate 75) mainstreaming 76) attributions 77) cram 78) multicultural 79) junior high 80) teacher expectancy 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) FALSE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) For one thing, adolescents living in poverty lack many of the advantages enjoyed by other adolescents. Their nutrition and health may be less adequate. Living in crowded conditions and attending inadequate schools, they may have few places to do homework. Their homes may lack the books and computers commonplace in more economically advantaged households. Further, poor adolescents may lack self-efficacy, which is the learned expectation that one is capable of carrying out a behavior or producing a desired outcome in a particular situation.

97) At the same time that adolescents are making the transition to middle school, most are beginning puberty and coming to grips with the changes taking place in their bodies. Furthermore, their thinking is becoming more sophisticated, and their relationships with their family and friends are becoming far more complicated than ever

befor le schools provide a very different educational structure from the one they grew accustomed to in elementary e. school. Also, because they are the youngest and least experienced, students in middle school enter an environment Also, in which they suddenly find themselves at the bottom of the status hierarchy. Finally, middle schools are typically midd considerably larger than elementary schools.

98) One approach is acceleration, which allows gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels. An alternative approach is enrichment, through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a given topic.

99) A cultural assimilation model is an approach in which the goal of education was to assimilate individual cultural identities into a unique, unified American culture. In contrast, a pluralistic society model is based on the concept that American society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their individual cultural features.

100) First, it is not clear that students in middle schools fare worse than students in other school configurations. Only a limited number of studies compare outcomes in schools with different grade configurations. Second, in many cases, the philosophy behind the middle school movement—such as a focus on discovery learning—never was fully implemented. In fact, many school districts replaced large junior high schools with large middle schools and otherwise made only minimal changes.

Chapter 11 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) A premature focus on work also may cause some adolescents to experience a phenomenon 1) _______ known as ________, which involves an unusually early entry into adult roles before an adolescent is ready developmentally to assume them.

A) pseudomaturity B) primarily oriented C) secondarily oriented D) adolescent prematurity 2) Research using the Experience Sampling Method has found that more than half of adolescents A) spend time on only one or just a few activities, such as primarily engaging in paid employment, with little or no engagement in extracurricular activities.

B) spend most of their time engaged in maintenance activities, such as eating, transportation, chores, or personal hygiene.

C) spend most of their time hanging out with friends, and neither work nor participate in extracurricular activities.

D) are quite busy, spending significant amounts of time on homework, extracurricular activities, time with friends after school and on weekends, chores, and sometimes paid work.

2) _______

3) Using the Experience Sampling Method, researchers have found that suburban, middle-class white adolescents spend, on average, almost ________ of their time in leisure activities.

A) one-fifth B) half C) two-thirds D) one-third

3) _______

4) According to Holland, people with a ________ personality prefer highly structured tasks and make good clerks, secretaries, and bank tellers.

A) realistic B) intellectual C) enterprising D) conventional

4) _______

5) According to Holland, people with a ________ personality are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers who are physically strong, but their social skills are mediocre and they make good farmers, laborers, and truck drivers.

A) intellectual B) realistic C) enterprising D) conventional

5) _______

6) People who view R-rated violent "slasher" movies later show A) higher levels of anxiety.

B) less sympathy toward victims of rape.

C) serious criminal convictions by age 30.

D) higher levels of depression.

6) _______

7) As compared to about 87% of white students, only about ________ of African-American students reported using a personal computer frequently.

A) 67% B) 72% C) 57% D) 77%

7) _______

8) According to the ________ model, adolescents usually focus their attention mainly either on school or work, but not both.

A) limited multitasking B) secondary orientation C) primary orientation D) work-school exclusivity

8) _______

9) Evidence suggests that preferences for violent television shows at age 8, A) may be related to the seriousness of criminal convictions by age 30.

B) is related to higher levels of anxiety by age 30.

C) is related to higher levels of depression by age 30.

D) does not lead to subsequent aggression later in life.

9) _______

10) One reason that media violence, like that found on television and in moves, may contribute to real-life aggressive behavior, is that A) it leads to higher levels of anxiety and, therefore, violence.

B) viewing violent media actually teaches people how to act on their aggression.

C) it leads to higher levels of depression and, therefore, violence.

D) it becomes more likely that violence will be viewed as socially acceptable.

10) ______

11) According to Super, a ________ is a sense of oneself viewed though the context of work.

A) practical self-concept B) career self-concept C) career orientation D) practical orientation

11) ______

12) Evidence suggests that observing violent behavior is A) related to higher levels of anxiety in a laboratory.

B) related to higher levels of depression in a laboratory.

C) not related to later actual aggression in a laboratory.

D) related to later actual aggression in a laboratory.

12) ______

13) The ________ is one of the last areas of the brain to mature, suggesting that younger adolescents may be less efficient at multitasking than older ones.

A) cerebellum B) corpus collosum C) prefrontal cortex D) amygdala

13) ______

14) About ________ of U.S. 8- to 18-year-olds have television sets in their bedrooms.

A) two-thirds B) one-fifth C) one-third D) half

14) ______

15) A criticism of career and technical education programs is that A) students are more likely to be unemployed shortly after graduation.

B) students have a more difficult time finding jobs after graduation.

C) students are much less likely to graduate from high school.

D) the programs are sometimes considered dumping grounds for less academically inclined students or those who are disruptive and have discipline problems.

15) ______

16) Almost ________ of full-time college students work at least a few hours a week.

A) one-fifth B) two-thirds C) one-third D) three-quarters

16) ______

17) Holland developed a model of career choice that attempted to A) match personality types with specific careers.

B) base career choices on the kinds of educational experiences adolescents have had, including participation in extracurricular activities.

C) identify stages of career choices through which people progressed before deciding on a career.

D) provide non traditional educational opportunities designed to meet the needs of students desiring non traditional careers.

17) ______

18) According to Super, adolescents in the ________ stage are not only actively seeking information about potential careers but also beginning to choose courses and get training related to their career possibilities.

A) specification B) realistic orientation C) crystallization D) implementation

18) ______

19) Long-term exposure to violent and sexually degrading depiction of women leads to A) serious criminal convictions by age 30.

19) ______

B) emotional and physiological desensitization.

C) higher levels of anxiety.

D) higher levels of depression.

20) Traditionally, men were considered most appropriate for ________ professions, occupations associated with getting things accomplished.

A) mainstreamed B) fully included C) agentic D) communal

20) ______

21) Men exposed to violent pornography are more apt to A) have higher levels of anxiety.

B) suffer from higher levels of depression.

C) have difficulty with employers and be unemployed.

D) subscribe to the dangerous and misguided myth that women enjoy being the victims of violent sexual assault.

21) ______

22) According to Super, adolescents in the ________ stage think of careers that are consistent with their global self-concept, using their current strengths and interests to guide their thinking.

A) realistic orientation B) implementation C) specification D) crystallization

22) ______

23) Work that is primarily based on ________ motivation causes individuals to work for their own enjoyment, not for the reward the work brings them.

A) intrinsic B) extrinsic C) primary D) secondary

23) ______

24) Compared to the early part of the twentieth century, today the opposite is true: A) High schoolers who work are likely to be more depressed and anxious than those who do not work.

B) High schoolers who work are less likely to come from middle- and upper-middle-class homes than from lower socioeconomic classes.

C) High schoolers who work are more likely to come from middle- and upper-middle-class homes than from lower socioeconomic classes.

D) High schoolers who work are likely to be less depressed and anxious than those who do not work.

24) ______

25) What is an advantage of having a job in high school?

A) Participation in jobs and paid internships can help adolescents understand the nature of work in specific employment settings.

B) Jobs may decrease levels of psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression.

C) Adolescents who work are less likely to spend time in bars, attend parties, and cruise around in cars.

D) Jobs lead to fewer opportunities for adolescents to spend time in unsupervised, unstructured, and potentially inappropriate activities.

25) ______

26) According to Ginzburg, the ________ period is the period in which career choices are made—and discarded—without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities.

A) realistic B) tentative C) agentic D) fantasy

26) ______

27) One reason for the trend of increased work for high school students was A) the emergence of jobs that were suitable for relatively unskilled labor, such as service jobs in fast-food restaurants and retail chains.

B) more opportunities to pursue jobs that would prepare adolescents for future careers.

C) lower levels of adult monitoring.

27) ______

D) declining academic standards in schools.

28) One reason that affluent (and white) students are more likely to get jobs is because A) they are less likely to be depressed and anxious than other students.

B) many of the jobs most suitable for high school students are located in malls or other areas in the suburbs, where more affluent adolescents reside.

C) they place a higher value on hard work than other students.

D) they are under more pressure from their parents.

28) ______

29) Students who complete career and technical educational programs often ________ as compared to students without training.

A) are more likely to be unemployed B) find jobs with higher salaries C) have a more difficult time finding jobs after graduation D) are much less likely to graduate from high school

29) ______

30) According to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, the brain's ________ is responsible for switching attention from one task to another.

A) cerebellum B) posterior prefrontal cortex C) anterior prefrontal cortex D) amygdala

30) ______

31) According to Ginzburg, the ________ period is the period in which people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with those requirements.

A) agentic B) realistic C) fantasy D) tentative

31) ______

32) Not only do media provide information and entertainment, but they also A) contribute to adolescents' multitasking abilities.

B) cause depression among many adolescents.

C) lead to high levels anxiety.

D) help adolescents cope with the stress of everyday life.

32) ______

33) Of mass media, the most frequently used by adolescents is A) playing video games.

B) watching television.

C) text messaging.

D) surfing the Internet.

33) ______

34) A criticism of career and technical education programs is that students A) have a more difficult time finding jobs after graduation.

B) are more likely to be unemployed shortly after graduation.

C) are much less likely to graduate from high school.

D) may be forced to make major career decisions very early in life and may make choices that are not optimal or just plain wrong.

34) ______

35) Surveys find that about ________ of prime-time shows contain sexual scenes at the rate of more than three per hour.

A) two-thirds B) half C) one-third D) one-fifth

35) ______

36) One reason that media violence, like that found on television and in moves, may contribute to real-life aggressive behavior, is that A) viewing violent media actually teaches people how to act on their aggression.

B) it leads to higher levels of depression and, therefore, violence.

C) it leads to higher levels of anxiety and, therefore, violence.

36) ______

D) observing violence continually may lower inhibitions against acting aggressively.

37) A criticism of career and technical education programs is that students A) may not be taking courses that would prepare them for college-level work and find it difficult to enroll in college if their aspirations later change.

B) have a more difficult time finding jobs after graduation.

C) are more likely to be unemployed shortly after graduation.

D) are much less likely to graduate from high school.

37) ______

38) Traditionally, women were considered most appropriate for ________ professions, occupations associated with relationships.

A) communal B) fully included C) mainstreamed D) agentic

38) ______

39) In regard to multitasking, A) adolescents are able to process more than one kind of information in multiple channels.

B) adolescents are able to begin multitasking because development in a particular part of the brain permits them to process different kinds of information simultaneously.

C) adolescents' brains switch back and forth between different sources, prioritizing the information that is of greatest interest and importance.

D) adolescents are more adept than adults at multitasking.

39) ______

40) Almost ________ of 15- to 17-year-olds report having encountered pornographic material on the Web even when they weren't looking for it.

A) two-thirds B) one-fifth C) one-third D) three quarters

40) ______

41) According to a comprehensive survey using a sample of boys and girls 8 to 18 years old conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation, young people spend an average of ________ hours a day with media.

A) 7.5 B) 4.5 C) 5.5 D) 6.5

41) ______

42) Using the Experience Sampling Method, researchers have found that suburban, middle-class white adolescents spend, on average, almost ________ of their time in productive activities, such as school, homework, and paid work.

A) 39% B) 29% C) 9% D) 19%

42) ______

43) Almost ________ of prime-time fictional dramas involve violence.

A) one-fifth B) half C) two-thirds

43) ______ D) one-third

44) Adolescents who tend to be more academically successful are those that A) spend more time in paid work.

B) are busier.

C) are engaged in fewer tasks.

D) spend more time in maintenance activities.

44) ______

45) As the proportion of less-affluent students attending high school rose during the second half of the twentieth century, A) part-time work became more common.

B) adolescents became more likely to forgo work to concentrate on academics.

C) working full-time jobs became less common.

D) working part-time jobs became less common.

45) ______

46) Work that is primarily based on ________ motivation causes individuals to work for the tangible

rew ards

they receive.

46) A) extrinsic

___ ___ B) primary

C) intrinsic

47) Today, women make up ________ of the workforce.

A) 36% B) 50% C) 40%

D) secondary 47) ______ D) 46%

48) Which of the following is NOT a description of how television may impact the well-being of adolescents?

A) Television often presents an unrealistic view of women's bodies, contributing to a negative body image.

B) Obesity has been linked to the level of television viewing.

C) Teenagers with the greatest number of electronic devices were twice as likely to fall asleep in school.

D) Depression and anxiety are related to television watching.

48) ______

49) About ________ of 15-year-olds have regular employment during the school year.

A) 18% B) 28% C) 38% D) 48%

49) ______

50) Evidence supports the notion that observation of media violence A) does not lead to subsequent aggression later in life.

B) can lead to a greater readiness to act aggressively, bullying, and an insensitivity to the suffering of victims of violence.

C) is related to higher levels of anxiety by age 30.

D) is related to higher levels of depression by age 30.

50) ______

51) The philosophy of most schools is that A) preparing adolescents with practical job skills is more important than pure academic skills, such as reading, writing, and math.

B) the basic skills, such as reading, writing, and math are more important than practical job skills.

C) curriculum reforms that include preparation in basic job skills will result in cut backs on physical education and sports.

D) there should be an equal focus on basic academic skills and practical job skills.

51) ______

52) Adolescents who are members of a group that has been traditionally discriminated against in U.S. society face a number of significant challenges as they make occupational decisions because A) due to prejudice in society, they may have experienced less success educationally.

B) they may have less information about various career paths available to them.

C) the lower income of the families restricts the opportunities available to them compared to those of racial and ethnic majorities.

D) all of the above

52) ______

53) One method that social scientists have devised to study how adolescents spend their time is the ________ Method in which study participants wear an alarm watch that is remotely signaled to sound once every two hours during participants' waking hours.

A) Watch-based B) Experience Sampling C) Daily Diary D) Remote Questionnaire

53) ______

54) High schools invest ________ resources in programs for students who plan to enter the workforce when they leave school than on students who plan to attend college when they leave school.

54) ______

A) far fewer C) a disproportionately large amount of

B) far more D) about the same amount of

55) Formerly called vocational education, ________ education programs are designed to provide specific skills in careers such as automotive technology, data entry, and allied health professions.

A) alternative B) internship C) career and technical D) neo-vocational

55) ______

56) In regard to the link between work and academic performance, studies have found that A) working at a job forces adolescents to focus on their academic work and raises their performance.

B) jobs raise students' socioeconomic level and, therefore, they achieve at higher levels academically.

C) the more hours on a job, the lower a student's grades.

D) working at a job better prepares students for the rigors of academic work.

56) ______

57) Although there is significant ________ in job status in the United States (meaning that most adolescents end up in jobs that are at a higher occupational level than those of their parents), much of the mobility is relatively minor.

A) enrichment B) acceleration C) upward mobility D) upward variability

57) ______

58) The Experience Sampling Method is a reliable measure of how adolescents use their time because A) it is based on a daily recall of events.

B) the method does not rely on self-report.

C) before going to bed, adolescents record significant experiences they have had during the day.

D) it relies less on memory and more on immediate self-report.

58) ______

59) According to Ginzburg, the ________ period is the period in which people explore specific career options, either though actual experience on the job or though training for a profession.

A) tentative B) realistic C) agentic D) fantasy

59) ______

60) The ________ is an invisible barrier in an organization that prevents individuals from being promoted beyond a certain level because of discrimination.

A) implicit barrier B) promotional wall C) promotional barrier D) glass ceiling

60) ______

61) Poorer adolescents and members of minority groups have less access to computers than more affluent adolescents and members of socially advantaged groups—a phenomenon known as the A) digital gap.

B) computer gap.

C) SES-divide.

D) digital divide.

61) ______

62) The more tasks that individuals attempt to accomplish, A) the more efficiency that they are able to gain.

B) errors increase, and efficiency declines.

C) the more rapidly they are able to complete tasks.

D) accuracy increases.

62) ______

63) In the early 1900s, when only a minority attended postprimary school, it was A) commonplace for high school students to work part-time jobs.

B) uncommon for students to work.

63) ______

C) commonplace for high school students to work full-time jobs.

D) uncommon for people to view school and work as mutually exclusive.

64) On average, women earn ________ cents for every dollar that men earn.

A) 86 B) 66 C) 96

64) ______ D) 76

65) Most of the time, adolescents are visiting Web sites that have to do with A) information they need for school.

B) self-help, or self-improvement advice.

C) sports and entertainment.

D) coping with parent relationships.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) According to Super, the ________ stage, which generally occurs between 22 and 24 years 66) _____________ of age, is the one in which people actually seek out work in their chosen profession and begin their careers.

67) A premature focus on work also may cause some adolescents to experience a phenomenon known as ________, which involves an unusually early entry into adult roles before an adolescent is ready developmentally to assume them.

67) _____________

68) According to Holland, traits associated with the ________ personality type are related to verbal skills and interpersonal relations.

68) _____________

69) The ________ is one of the last areas of the brain to mature, suggesting that younger adolescents may be less efficient at multitasking than older ones.

69) _____________

70) Although there is significant ________ in job status in the United States (meaning that most adolescents end up in jobs that are at a higher occupational level than those of their parents), much of the mobility is relatively minor.

70) _____________

71) Work that is primarily based on ________ motivation causes individuals to work for their own enjoyment, not for the reward the work brings them.

71) _____________

72) Traditionally, women were considered most appropriate for ________ professions, occupations associated with relationships.

72) _____________

73) Surveys find that about ________ of prime-time shows contain sexual scenes.

73) _____________

74) One method that social scientists have devised to study how adolescents spend their time is the ________ Method in which study participants wear an alarm watch that is remotely signaled to sound once every two hours during participants' waking hours.

74) _____________

75) According to Holland, individuals with the ________ personality type would be well suited for careers as managers or politicians.

75) _____________

76) Formerly called vocational education, ________ education programs are designed to provide specific skills in careers such as automotive technology, data entry, and allied health professions.

76) _____________

77) According to Super, the ________ stage, which generally occurs between 25 and 35 years old, is the one in which people become familiar with their jobs and settle into their careers.

77) _____________

78) The ________ is an invisible barrier in an organization that prevents individuals from being promoted beyond a certain level because of discrimination.

78) _____________

79) About ________ of 15-year-olds have regular employment during the school year.

79) _____________

80) Today, women make up ________ of the workforce.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Mass media provide adolescents with a way to cope with the stress of everyday life.

81) ______

82) One drawback to career development theories is that adolescents' choices of career paths are not only influenced by their interests and personalities, but also by what they (and others in society) perceive as appropriate.

82) ______

83) In the early 1900s, it was commonplace for adolescents to work part-time jobs.

83) ______

84) More than half of 15- to 17-year-olds report having encountered pornographic material on the Web even when they weren't looking for it.

84) ______

85) In part, lower career expectations among minority adolescents reflect the reality that occupational opportunities and upward mobility are more restricted for them.

85) ______

86) The more tasks that individuals attempt to accomplish at the same time, the more efficiency they are able to gain.

86) ______

87) Students who complete career and technical education programs usually find jobs after graduation, and their salaries are higher than those of individuals without such training.

87) ______

88) Men exposed to violent pornography are more apt to subscribe to the dangerous and misguided myth that women enjoy being the victims of violent sexual assault.

88) ______

89) The prefrontal cortex is one of the last areas of the brain to mature, suggesting that younger adolescents may be less efficient at multitasking than older ones.

89) ______

90) Adolescents are more adept at multitasking than adults.

90) ______

91) One advantage of Ginzburg's view of career development is that it provides insight into how socioeconomically disadvantaged and minority adolescents develop career paths.

91) ______

92) According to Super, a career self-concept is a sense of oneself viewed through the context of work.

92) ______

93) Adolescents who work a great deal—more than 20 hours per week—are more likely to hold less ethical views of business and, at the same time, have greater knowledge about the world of business, money, and consumers.

93) ______

94) Today, high school students who work are more likely than those who do not work to come from upper- and middle-class households.

94) ______

95) One advantage of Holland's theory of career development is that it provides six personality types so that everyone can easily determine which type best describes them and what careers would be appropriate for them.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) How did high school students' experiences of work change between the first and second half of the twentieth century?

97) What is the Experience Sampling Method?

98) What are some limitations to career development theories?

99) What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

100) Describe how media violence, like that found on television and in movies may contribute to real-life aggressive behavior.

1) A 2) D 3) B 4) D 5) B 6) B 7) D 8) C 9) A 10) D 11) B 12) D 13) C 14) A 15) D 16) D 17) A 18) A 19) B 20) C 21) D 22) D 23) A 24) C 25) A 26) D 27) A 28) B 29) B 30) C 31) D 32) D 33) B 34) D 35) A 36) D 37) A 38) A 39) C 40) D 41) D 42) B 43) C 44) B 45) A 46) A 47) D 48) D 49) C 50) B 51) B

52) D 53) B 54) A 55) C 56) C 57) C 58) D 59) B 60) D 61) D 62) B 63) B 64) D 65) C 66) implementation 67) pseudomaturity 68) social 69) prefrontal cortex 70) upward mobility 71) intrinsic 72) communal 73) two-thirds 74) Experience Sampling 75) enterprising 76) career and technical 77) stabilization 78) glass ceiling 79) 38% 80) 46% 81) TRUE 82) TRUE 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) FALSE 87) TRUE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) FALSE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) TRUE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) In the first half of the twentieth century, the typical student did not proceed beyond the eighth grade and most adolescents were working in full-time jobs by the time they were 15 years old. Only a minority of students from affluent families attended high school and it was unusual for them to work. As high school attendance became more nearly universal, the proportion of less affluent adolescents in high schools rose and part-time work among high school students became more common. Supporting this trend was the emergence of jobs that were suitable for relatively unskilled labor, such as service jobs in fast-food restaurants and retail chains.

97) The Experience Sampling Method is used by researchers to study how adolescents use their time. Participants wear an alarm watch that is remotely signaled to sound once every two hours during participants' waking hours. When

the m sounds, participants complete a self-report form that asks what they are doing, the situation, and their emotional alar state.

98) Interests and competencies are at least potentially changeable during adolescence (as well as in adulthood). Even some personality traits may change over the course of development. Thus, rather than personality affecting job selection, the opposite can be true. Also, adolescents' choices of career paths are not only influenced by their interests and personalities, but also by what they (and others in society) perceive as appropriate.

99) Extrinsic motivation is motivation that causes people to participate in activities for the tangible reward they receive.

In contrast, intrinsic motivation causes people to participate in activities for their own enjoyment, not for the reward the activities bring them. If work is seen purely as a means to an end (as in extrinsic motivation), it may be less likely to produce positive benefits than if the work itself is seen as meaningful (as in intrinsic motivation).

100) Observing violence continually may lower inhibitions against acting aggressively. Aggression may be seen as a reasonable response to frustration, and it is more likely that violence will be viewed as socially acceptable.

Chapter 12 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) A ________ is a set of traditions, behaviors, beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations shared by 1) _______ members of a particular society.

A) culture B) creed C) particularistic belief D) code 2) A ________ is a set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group that are held simply because of their membership in the group.

A) prejudice B) discrimination C) stereotype D) social identity

2) _______

3) One explanation of the greater identification with the majority culture by minority adolescents who are immigrants is that they are likely to A) have low levels of self-esteem.

B) subscribe to the multicultural society model of United States culture.

C) be from relatively higher educational and socioeconomic families.

D) subscribe to the pluralistic society model of United States culture.

3) _______

4) The term ________ identity refers to how members of ethnic, racial, and cultural minorities view themselves, both as members of their own group and in terms of their relationships with other groups.

A) assimilative B) ethnic C) bicultural D) diffused

4) _______

5) Stereotypes about gender roles are reflected in ________, negative attitudes and behavior toward a person that are based on that person's gender.

A) agentic beliefs B) sexism C) extrinsic gender judgments D) gendered identities

5) _______

6) First-generation immigrants are more likely to A) have fully completed cultural assimilation.

B) feel more or less completely integrated into American society.

C) be more invested in maintaining the culture of their country of origin because it is so much a part of them.

D) develop a strong bicultural identity in which they view themselves as both American and members of their family's culture of origin.

6) _______

7) ________ adolescents are sometimes described as members of the model minority.

A) Asian American B) Native American C) African American D) Hispanic American

7) _______

8) Why do some adolescents assume the outgroup is homogenous?

A) because members of outgroups do not speak the same language as members of ingroups B) because adolescents seldom think of themselves as members of an outgroup C) because members of outgroups are older than members of ingroups D) because adolescents have less complex conceptualizations of outgroup members

8) _______

9) In the view of some theorists, as part of their motivation to form a clear sense of identity, adolescents establish a gender ________, a perception of themselves as male or female.

A) schema B) identity C) orientation D) theory of mind

9) _______

10) ________ reflect the tendency of people to act in ways that are consistent with their expectations,

beli efs, or

cognition 10) s about an event or behavior, thereby increasin g the likelihoo d that the event or behavior will occur.

A) Expectation effects C) Prejudicial behaviors

___ ___

B) Self-fulfilling prophecies D) Social identities

11) ________ racism is a subtle form of prejudice in which adolescents appear, on the surface, not to harbor prejudice, while actually holding racist attitudes.

A) Unconscious B) Implicit C) Modern D) Explicit

11) ______

12) One explanation of the greater identification with the majority culture by minority adolescents whose parents are immigrants is that they A) are more likely to subscribe to the multicultural society model of United States culture.

B) are more likely to subscribe to the pluralistic society model of United States culture.

C) are more likely to support the view of America as a "melting pot" where all are welcome.

D) have low levels of self-esteem.

12) ______

13) It may be difficult for minority adolescents to integrate into the majority because A) the majority culture may resist their efforts.

B) it may lead to anxiety and depression.

C) it may result in lower levels of academic performance.

D) the result may be a foreclosed identity.

13) ______

14) The ________ view suggests that people develop prejudice and stereotypes about members of various groups in the same way they learn other attitudes, beliefs, and values.

A) social learning B) collectivistic C) social identity D) prejudicial

14) ______

15) Some cultural ________, such as cooking and funeral ceremonies, may be practiced in different ways, but are found in every culture.

A) particulars B) codes C) creeds D) universals

15) ______

16) According to Phinney, the first stage of ethnic identity development is ________ and is characterized by a lack of consideration or exploration of one's ethnicity.

A) biculturation B) assimilation C) unexamined ethnic identity D) ethnic identity presearch

16) ______

17) The term ________ is a broad term, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

A) clan B) ethnicity C) clade D) race

17) ______

18) Although culture is often thought of in a relatively broad context (as in "Western culture" or

"Asian

culture"), 18) it is also possible to focus on particula r ________ groups with a larger, more encompa ssing culture.

A) subcultural

___ ___

B) normative

C) cross-cutting

D) immigrant

19) Androgynous males A) are more likely to have same-sex attractions.

B) are not likely to hold traditional gender roles.

C) are likely to have gender roles that resemble those more traditionally associated as applicable to women.

D) have gender roles that encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes.

19) ______

20) A process called ________ refers to switching back and forth between the majority and minority cultures depending on the specific situation.

A) multitasking B) assimilating C) code switching D) integrating

20) ______

21) The tendency to view outgroups as more homogenous than ingroups is referred to as the A) collective groups bias.

B) outgroup homogeneity bias.

C) non-identity groups prejudice.

D) outgroup stereotype.

21) ______

22) Androgynous females A) are not likely to hold traditional gender roles.

B) have gender roles that encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes.

C) are likely to have gender roles that resemble those more traditionally associated as applicable to men.

D) are more likely to have same sex attractions.

22) ______

23) Part of the corpus collosum, the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain, is A) not different in size, but is more active in women than men.

B) proportionally larger in women than in men.

C) proportionally larger in men than in women.

D) not different in size, but is more active in men than women.

23) ______

24) The process of ________ is particularly significant for adolescents belonging to racial and ethnic minorities who are faced with reconciling the demands of their own culture with those of the dominant culture.

A) acculturation B) assimilation C) reification D) accommodation

24) ______

25) The process of ________ sometimes occurs with new immigrants, who may have difficulty with

inte grating

into their 25) new society because of a lack of understa nding of the dominan t culture.

A) integration C) marginalization

___ ___

B) assimilation D) separation

26) ________ refers to the negative (or positive) actions taken toward members of a particular group because of their membership in the group.

A) Social identity B) Discrimination C) Stereotype D) Prejudice

26) ______

27) In regard to acculturation, ________ is the process in which adolescents maintain their own culture while simultaneously seeking to adapt and incorporate the majority culture.

A) separation B) assimilation C) marginalization D) integration

27) ______

28) In regard to acculturation, ________ is the process in which adolescents begin to identify with the mainstream culture and reject the minority culture.

A) assimilation B) integration C) marginalization D) separation

28) ______

29) Third-generation immigrants are more likely to A) have fully completed cultural assimilation.

B) feel more or less completely integrated into American society.

C) develop a strong bicultural identity in which they view themselves as both American and members of their family's culture of origin.

D) be more invested in maintaining the culture of their country of origin because it is so much a part of them.

29) ______

30) In an effort to raise their own self-esteem, adolescents may come to think that their own group, known as the ________, is superior to groups to which they do not belong.

A) identity group B) pride group C) collective group D) ingroup

30) ______

31) The difference in the way boys and girls are treated is a result of gender ________, the set of expectations, defined by society, that indicate what is appropriate behavior for males and females.

A) roles B) intrinsic C) differentials D) extrinsic

31) ______

32) The most visible of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States are A) Asian Americans.

B) Native Americans.

C) Hispanic Americans.

D) African Americans.

32) ______

33) Ethnic identity is weakest among members of A) minority groups that make up a relatively small minority.

33) ______

B) minority groups that experience the most prejudice and discrimination.

C) minority groups that experience little prejudice and discrimination.

D) the dominant social group.

34) For minority adolescents, strongly identifying with the majority culture may A) lead to anxiety and depression.

B) be seen negatively by one's minority peers.

C) result in lower levels of academic performance.

D) result in a foreclosed identity.

34) ______

35) Adolescents who employ integration often have a(n) ________ identity in which they see themselves as part of, and comfortable with, two different cultures.

A) bicultural B) assimilative C) foreclosed D) diffused

35) ______

36) The ________ approach sees children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

A) evolutionary B) social learning C) psychoanalytic D) intellectual

36) ______

37) The term ________ is a biological concept, which should be used to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species.

A) ethnicity B) race C) clade D) clan

37) ______

38) Adolescents who are ________ have lower levels of self-esteem than adolescents in any other minority group in the United States, as well as problems developing a stable identity.

A) Hispanic Americans B) Asian Americans C) Native Americans D) African Americans

38) ______

39) The centrality of ________ among Mexican Americans has sometimes acted to increase the barriers that divide them and their Protestant neighbors in the southwestern United States.

A) the Spanish language B) Mormonism C) Catholicism D) collectivism

39) ______

40) In an effort to raise their own self-esteem, adolescents may come to think that their own group is superior to groups to which they do not belong, known as A) outgroups.

B) non identity groups.

C) non belonging groups.

D) collective groups

40) ______

41) Modern racism is evident when A) the lower income of the families restricts the opportunities available to them compared to those of the dominant culture.

B) due to prejudice in society, minorities are more likely to get jobs and opportunities.

C) people avoid publicly endorsing overtly racist statements because of social pressures against such behavior, but when more subtle measures are used, it becomes clear that many negative stereotypes of minorities remain in force.

D) minority adolescents have less information about various career paths available to them.

41) ______

42) Some cases of unequal treatment of women represent ________ sexism in which women are placed in stereotyped and restrictive roles that appear, on the surface, to be positive.

A) agentic B) benevolent C) intrinsic D) extrinsic

42) ______

43) From a psychoanalytic perspective, ________ is the process in which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values.

43) ______

A) social learning

B) modeling

C) assimilating

D) identification

44) Scientists, who see gender differences as serving the goal of survival of the species through reproduction and base their work on an evolutionary approach, study gender differences from a ________ perspective.

A) social learning B) theory of mind C) biological D) psychoanalytic

44) ______

45) Ethnic minority youth who are foreign born A) show greater identification with the dominant culture in the United States than native-born ethnic minority youth.

B) are less likely than native-born ethnic minority youth to identify with the dominant culture.

C) have more significant difficulties with ethnic identity development than minorities who are not foreign born.

D) are less accommodated into dominant culture than native-born youth.

45) ______

46) Some cases of unequal treatment of women represent ________ sexism in which people treat women in a way that is overtly harmful.

A) intrinsic B) extrinsic C) hostile D) agentic

46) ______

47) Ultimately, the nature and strength of adolescents' ethnic identities are determined by A) adolescents' cognitive development.

B) parental socialization and by the particular experiences that an individual encounters.

C) both assimilation and accommodation processes.

D) socioemotional development.

47) ______

48) Asian cultures largely follow a(n) ________ philosophy, meaning that the well-being of the group is viewed as more important than that of the individual.

A) assimilative B) accommodationist C) collectivistic D) communistic

48) ______

49) The process of ________ refers to the changes and adjustments that occur when groups of different people come into sustained firsthand contact.

A) accommodation B) assimilation C) reification D) acculturation

49) ______

50) In regard to acculturation, ________ is the process in which adolescents identify with the ethnic minority culture to which they belong while rejecting or rebuffing the majority culture.

A) marginalization B) separation C) integration D) assimilation

50) ______

51) The issue of ________ is particularly relevant for adolescents who enter a new culture though immigration, an experience that typically involves leaving their native country and suddenly finding themselves in an entirely new culture.

A) assimilation B) acculturation C) reification D) accommodation

51) ______

52) A ________ comprises the ideas, beliefs, customs, values, language, and artifacts of a particular group of individuals.

A) code B) creed C) particularistic D) culture

52) ______

53) According to Phinney, ________ is developed when adolescents fully embrace their ethnic

ide ntity.

53)

______ A) achieved ethnic identity C) assimilation

B) unexamined ethnic identity D) ethnic identity search

54) About ________ of adolescents in the United States live in poverty.

A) 20% B) 15% C) 10%

54) ______ D) 25%

55) According to Phinney, the second stage of ethnic identity development is ________ in which adolescents experience some sort of crisis that makes them become aware of ethnicity as a significant factor in their lives.

A) ethnic identity search B) biculturation C) unexamined ethnic identity D) assimilation

55) ______

56) The median household income of African-American households is ________ that of whites.

A) 60% B) 80% C) 70% D) 50%

56) ______

57) As adolescents develop a gender identity, they build a gender ________, a mental framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

A) construct B) schema C) theory of mind D) orientation

57) ______

58) Although Hispanic Americans are a diverse group, the common thread among them is their A) Mexican heritage and culture.

B) Spanish origin and culture.

C) Latin American heritage and culture.

D) tendency to develop strong bicultural identities.

58) ______

59) ________ identity relates to that part of adolescents' self-concept that is derived from their awareness and knowledge that they are members of a distinct social group.

A) Assimilative B) Diffused C) Ethnic D) Bicultural

59) ______

60) Second-generation immigrants are more likely to A) be more invested in maintaining the culture of their country of origin because it is so much a part of them.

B) feel more or less completely integrated into American society.

C) have fully completed cultural assimilation.

D) develop a strong bicultural identity in which they view themselves as both American and members of their family's culture of origin.

60) ______

61) In regard to acculturation, ________ is the process in which adolescents identify with neither their minority culture nor with the majority culture.

A) marginalization B) separation C) assimilation D) integration

61) ______

62) According to ________ theory, adolescents use group membership as a source of pride and self-worth.

A) social identity B) social learning C) prejudicial D) collectivistic

62) ______

63) Adolescents who are ________ have among the highest school dropout rate, as well as the suicide rate.

A) Native Americans B) African Americans C) Asian Americans D) Hispanic Americans

63) ______

64) As compared to native-born ethnic minority youth, immigrant youth A) have low levels of identification with the dominant culture.

B) do not do as well in school.

C) have lower levels of self-esteem.

D) are less likely to be involved in antisocial behavior such as drug use.

64) ______

65) ________ refers to the negative (or positive) evaluations or judgments of members of a group that are based primarily on group membership, and not necessarily on the particular characteristics of individuals.

A) Social identity B) Discrimination C) Stereotype D) Prejudice

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) A ________ is a set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group that are held 66) _____________ simply because of their membership in the group.

67) ________ racism is a subtle form of prejudice in which adolescents appear, on the surface, not to harbor prejudice, while actually holding racist attitudes.

67) _____________

68) The ________ approach sees children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

68) _____________

69) ________ females have gender roles that encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes.

69) _____________

70) Adolescents who are ________ have among the highest school dropout rate, as well as the suicide rate.

70) _____________

71) In regard to acculturation, ________ is the process in which adolescents maintain their own culture while simultaneously seeking to adapt and incorporate the majority culture.

71) _____________

72) The term ________ identity refers to how members of ethnic, racial, and cultural minorities view themselves, both as members of their own group and in terms of their relationships with other groups.

72) _____________

73) A ________ is a set of traditions, behaviors, beliefs, values, attitudes, and expectations shared by members of a particular society.

73) _____________

74) A ________ comprises the ideas, beliefs, customs, values, language, and artifacts of a particular group of individuals.

74) _____________

75) The term ________ is a broad term, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

75) _____________

76) The term ________ is a biological concept, which should be used to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species.

76) _____________

77) Asian cultures largely follow a ________ philosophy, meaning that the well-being of the group is viewed as more important than that of the individual.

77) _____________

78) Some cases of unequal treatment of women represent ________ sexism in which women are placed in stereotyped and restrictive roles that appear, on the surface, to be positive.

78) _____________

79) Adolescents who employ integration often have a ________ identity in which they see themselves as part of, and comfortable with, two different cultures.

79) _____________

80) A process called ________ refers to switching back and forth between the majority and minority cultures depending on the specific situation.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Third-generation immigrants are more likely to feel more or less completely integrated into American society.

81) ______

82) In regard to acculturation, assimilation is the process in which adolescents maintain their own culture while simultaneously seeking to adapt and incorporate the majority culture.

82) ______

83) Ethnic minority youth who are foreign born are likely to show greater identification with the dominant culture in the United States than native-born ethnic minority youth.

83) ______

84) The process of assimilation refers to the changes and adjustments that occur when groups of different people come into sustained firsthand contact.

84) ______

85) Part of the corpus collosum, the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain, is proportionally larger in women than in men.

85) ______

86) For some minority adolescents, strongly identifying with the majority culture may be seen negatively by one's minority peers.

86) ______

87) The psychoanalytic approach sees children as learning gender-related behavior and expectations by observing others.

87) ______

88) Some cultural universals, such as cooking and funeral ceremonies, may be practiced in different ways, but are found in every culture.

88) ______

89) Ethnic identity is strongest among the dominant social group.

89) ______

90) Asian-American adolescents are sometimes described as members of the model minority.

90) ______

91) The most visible of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States are Hispanic Americans.

91) ______

92) Although Hispanic Americans are a diverse group, the common thread among them is their Mexican heritage and culture.

92) ______

93) Androgynous females are more likely to have same-sex attractions.

93) ______

94) As compared to native-born ethnic minority youth, immigrant youth are more likely to be involved in antisocial behavior such as drug use.

94) ______

95) Some cases of unequal treatment of women represent benevolent sexism in which women are placed in stereotyped and restrictive roles that appear, on the surface, to be positive.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

97) What are the three stages of ethnic identity development, according to Jean Phinney?

98) Describe four possible outcomes of acculturation.

99) Describe how poverty may affect adolescents.

100) What are some explanations for greater identification with the majority culture by minority adolescents whose parents are immigrants, as compared to native-born minority adolescents?

1) A 2) C 3) C 4) B 5) B 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) B 10) B 11) C 12) C 13) A 14) A 15) D 16) C 17) B 18) A 19) D 20) C 21) B 22) B 23) B 24) A 25) D 26) B 27) D 28) A 29) B 30) D 31) A 32) D 33) D 34) B 35) A 36) B 37) B 38) C 39) C 40) A 41) C 42) B 43) D 44) C 45) A 46) C 47) B 48) C 49) D 50) B 51) B

52) D 53) A 54) B 55) A 56) A 57) B 58) B 59) C 60) D 61) A 62) A 63) A 64) D 65) D 66) stereotype 67) Modern 68) social learning 69) Androgynous 70) Native Americans 71) integration 72) ethnic 73) culture 74) culture 75) ethnicity 76) race 77) collectivistic 78) benevolent 79) bicultural 80) code switching 81) FALSE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) FALSE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) FALSE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) FALSE 95) TRUE 96) Race is a biological concept, which should be used to refer to classifications based on physical and structural characteristics of species. In contrast, ethnicity is a broader term, referring to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

97) The first stage is unexamined ethnic identity, which is characterized by a lack of consideration or exploration of one's ethnicity, as well as acceptance of the norms, beliefs, and attitudes of the dominant culture. In ethnic identity search, adolescents experience some sort of crisis that makes them become aware of ethnicity as a significant factor in their lives. The last stage of ethnic identity development is achieved ethnic identity, in which adolescents fully embrace their ethnic identity.

98) Integration is the process in which adolescents maintain their own culture while simultaneously seeking to adapt and incorporated the majority culture. Assimilation is the process in which an adolescent begins to identify with the mainstream culture and rejects the minority culture. Separation is the process in which adolescents identify with the ethnic minority culture to which they belong while rejecting or rebuffing the majority culture.

Marginalization is the process that occurs when adolescents identify neither with their minority culture nor with the majority culture.

99) In some households, there is not enough food and adolescents go to school and to bed hungry. Because many poor households lack health insurance, adolescents living in poverty are unable to afford good medical care, and minor illnesses, left untreated, become major ones. Poverty may impede adolescents' ability to learn and can slow their cognitive development, making academic success less likely. Adolescents living in persistent poverty are less well adjusted and have more conduct problems, in part because their parents' emotional well-being is reduced, making them less-successful caregivers.

100) Immigrant adolescents come to the United States with especially idealistic attitudes about the nature of society.

They come seeking a better life for themselves, and they support the view of America as a "melting pot" where all are welcome. Also, the better adjustment of immigrant youth may be explained by the relatively higher educational and socioeconomic status of families that choose to immigrate to the United States. In contrast to stereotypes, immigrant families are likely to be well educated and come to the United States seeking greater opportunities.

Chapter 13 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) In adolescence, the rate of suicide is higher in 1) _______ A) girls, although boys attempt suicide more frequently.

B) boys, although girls attempt suicide more frequently.

C) boys, and they attempt suicide more frequently.

D) girls, and they attempt suicide more frequently.

2) The prevalence of illegal activities peaks at around the age of A) 23-25.

B) 18-20.

C) 12-13.

2) _______ D) 15-16.

3) Girls may be more apt than boys to react to stress by A) turning inward.

B) acting with aggression.

C) acting impulsively.

D) using alcohol.

3) _______

4) Most adolescents who begin smoking A) expect to continue smoking, and do.

B) expect to stop smoking within a few years, and do.

C) expect to stop smoking within a few years, but do not.

D) expect to continue smoking, but do not.

4) _______

5) Tobacco companies use marketing strategies like ________ in order to get adolescents abroad hooked on smoking.

A) portraying the use of cigarettes as primarily an adult activity B) portraying use of cigarettes as a European, and therefore prestigious, habit C) charging premiums for young smokers, making cigarettes more prestigious and attractive D) giving away free samples

5) _______

6) Internalizing disorders include problems such as A) destructiveness and truancy.

C) aggression and fighting.

6) _______ B) attention and behavior problems.

D) depression and anxiety.

7) Disproportionate minority contact refers to A) minorities more frequently contacting local police services than whites.

B) adolescents of ethnic and racial minorities being more likely to report crime than whites.

C) assault being more frequently against ethnic and racial minorities than whites.

D) adolescents of ethnic and racial minorities being more likely to have criminal records than whites.

7) _______

8) When attempting suicide, girls more commonly use ________ than boys.

A) drugs B) effective strategies C) violent means D) guns

8) _______

9) Situations in which various difficulties co-occur in the same adolescent is known as A) comorbidity.

B) truancy.

C) delinquency.

D) experimentation.

9) _______

10) The number of violent crimes committed by U.S. adolescents over the past decade has shown a A) 40% decline.

B) 40% increase.

C) 10% decline.

D) 10% increase.

10) ______

11) According to the cycle of violence hypothesis,

11) ______

A) violence sometimes begins as a result of adolescent internalizing problems.

B) spanking and other milder forms of physical punishment start a cycle of physical punishment that eventually escalates into abuse.

C) the abuse and neglect that children and adolescents suffer predispose them to abuse and neglect their own children as adults.

D) stressors in the lives of adults often start abusive patterns at home.

12) Adolescents become throwaways for all the reasons EXCEPT A) they are forced to leave home by parents or guardians.

B) they want to leave home because they feel alienated from their family.

C) they are rejected by their parents because of their drug use.

D) their parents use drugs and are psychologically abusive.

12) ______

13) Compared to early-onset delinquents, late-onset delinquents A) have more temperamental difficulties early on.

B) do not have the cognitive deficits of the early-onset group.

C) do not display the same level of delinquency as early-onset delinquents in adolescence.

D) display more aggression prior to puberty.

13) ______

14) Arguments made against using antidepressants in adolescence include A) the finding that medications are nearly always ineffective for adolescents.

B) antidepressants causing anxiety.

C) lack of information pertaining to correct dosages in adolescents.

D) problems with short-term effectiveness.

14) ______

15) According to the World Health Organization, ________ of the world's population will die because of smoking.

A) 2% B) 5% C) 20% D) 10%

15) ______

16) All of the following are risks for developing depression EXCEPT A) being popular.

B) experiencing the death of a loved one.

C) having few close friends.

D) growing up with an alcoholic parent.

16) ______

17) Psychological maltreatment may be the result of A) overt behavior.

B) inhibition.

17) ______ C) neglect.

D) perfectionism.

18) Cluster suicide is when A) one suicide attempt leads to attempts by others to kill themselves.

B) people decide to kill themselves at the same time.

C) suicide attempts are unsuccessful.

D) a person asks another to help them commit suicide.

18) ______

19) The rate of adolescent suicide in the United States has ________ in the last 30 years.

A) decreased by one-half B) tripled C) decreased by one-third D) doubled

19) ______

20) About ________ of girls report being sexually abused as a child.

A) 5% B) 10% C) 40%

20) ______

21) Abuse during childhood can lead to A) overexcitation of the limbic system.

B) reductions in the size of the hippocampus.

D) 20% 21) ______

C) reductions in the size of the amygdala.

D) all of the above.

22) The two broad categories of problems adolescents face are A) externalizing disorders and destructive disorders.

B) internalizing disorders and externalizing disorders.

C) externalizing disorders and psychological disorders.

D) internalizing disorders and psychological disorders.

22) ______

23) In the year of the Columbine shooting, the number of deaths in school-related incidents A) decreased 10% from the previous year.

B) decreased 40% from the previous year.

C) increased 10% from the previous year.

D) increased 40% from the previous year.

23) ______

24) Statistics show that about ________ of people who were abused or neglected as children abuse their own children.

A) two-thirds B) one-third C) three-fourths D) one-fourth

24) ______

25) ________ are persons with alcohol problems who have learned to depend on alcohol and are unable to control their drinking.

A) Alcoholics B) Delinquents C) Binge drinkers D) College drinkers

25) ______

26) Parents telling their child that they wish they had never been born is an example of ________ abuse.

A) physical B) psychological C) behavioral D) sexual

26) ______

27) The highest rate of suicide is found in A) young adults.

B) late adulthood.

27) ______ C) children.

D) adolescents.

28) ________ influence the onset of long-term depression.

A) Biological factors B) Social factors C) Environmental factors D) All of the above

28) ______

29) ________ are more likely to experiment with cigarettes.

A) African-American children and children in higher socioeconomic status households B) African-American children and children in lower socioeconomic status households C) White children and children in higher socioeconomic status households D) White children and children in lower socioeconomic status households

29) ______

30) ________ percent of 12th graders report having used at least one other illegal drug beyond

30) ______

marijuana.

A) Nineteen

B) Forty-eight

C) Thirty-three

D) Five

31) The chapter suggested that all of the following are possible explanations of comorbidity in externalizing problems EXCEPT A) problems with self-regulation.

B) birth order.

C) family influences.

D) unconventionality.

31) ______

32) Suicide is the ________ cause of death in the 15- to 24-year-old age group.

A) third least common B) third most common C) most common D) least common

32) ______

33) Adolescents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parental supervision are known as A) faultless delinquents.

B) late-onset delinquents.

C) socialized delinquents.

D) unsocialized delinquents.

33) ______

34) ________ are related to adolescent alcoholism.

A) Higher constraint of impulses and higher negative emotionality B) Lower constraint of impulses and higher negative emotionality C) Lower constraint of impulses and lower negative emotionality D) Higher constraint of impulses and lower negative emotionality

34) ______

35) Psychological maltreatment has been associated with A) high self-esteem, high achievement in school, and lying.

B) low self-esteem, lying, and underachievement in school.

C) low self-esteem and underachievement in school, but honesty.

D) low self-esteem and lying, but high achievement in school.

35) ______

36) ________ leave home voluntarily for at least one night, without parental permission.

A) Runaways B) Delinquents C) Convicts D) Throwaways

36) ______

37) The most vulnerable age for being molested is between ________ years old.

A) 5 and 10 B) 18 and 24 C) 14 and 20

37) ______ D) 7 and 13

38) Child abuse is more likely A) in two-parent households than one-parent households.

B) when there is a history of violence against spouses.

C) against one's own offspring in comparison to stepchildren.

D) in affluent households than households in poverty.

38) ______

39) ________ are all examples of externalizing problems faced in adolescence.

A) Juvenile delinquency, depression, and substance use B) School violence, juvenile delinquency, and substance use C) Juvenile delinquency, school violence, and depression D) School violence, substance use, and anxiety

39) ______

40) There is some evidence linking antidepressant medication usage with an increase in A) suicide attempts.

B) suicidal thoughts.

C) actual suicide.

D) all of the above.

40) ______

41) Compared to late-onset delinquents, as adults, early-onset delinquents are A) less likely to be unemployed.

B) less likely to engage in criminal activities.

C) more likely to have substance abuse and marital problems.

D) equally as likely to be arrested.

41) ______

42) ________ are all characteristics associated with individuals who are at risk for carrying out violence in schools.

A) High tolerance for frustration, good coping skills, and increased resiliency B) Low tolerance for frustration, poor coping skills, and increased resiliency C) High tolerance for frustration, poor coping skills, and alienation D) Low tolerance for frustration, poor coping skills, and alienation

42) ______

43) Binge drinking is defined as A) being drunk at least three times a month.

B) having four drinks or more in one sitting.

C) having more than 16 drinks in one week.

D) becoming unconscious from drinks consumed in one sitting.

43) ______

44) Overall, about ________ of all arrests for serious crimes involved a person under the age of 18.

A) 16% B) 65% C) 7% D) 40%

44) ______

45) Experiences involving ________ are the most damaging forms of sexual abuse.

A) fathers, genital contact and penetration, and the use of force B) watching R-rated movies C) consensual sex with close age siblings D) consensual sex among cousins

45) ______

46) People who smoke as few as ________ cigarettes early in their lives stand an 80% chance of becoming habitual smokers.

A) 10 B) 20 C) 50 D) 1

46) ______

47) ________ are all related to a greater risk of suicide.

A) Social inhibition, a low level of anxiety, and a high level of stress B) Perfectionism, being comfortable in social situations, and a high level of anxiety C) Perfectionism, social inhibition, and a high level of anxiety D) Being comfortable in social situations, a high level of anxiety, and a high level of stress

47) ______

48) According to the social control perspective, co-occurrence in externalizing disorders is due to A) family influences and genetic factors.

B) one externalizing problem leading to another.

C) risk-taking tendencies that restrict selection of environments.

D) a failure to learn appropriate methods of self-control and self-regulation.

48) ______

49) Negative affectivity is A) hostility towards adults and authority figures.

B) a pattern of aggressiveness, fighting, destructiveness, and truancy.

C) a syndrome in which an adolescent becomes upset or distressed easily.

D) being continuously angry with parents and peers.

49) ______

50) A number of studies have shown that about ________ gay and lesbian adolescents attempt suicide.

A) one in ten B) one in two C) one in seven D) one in three

50) ______

51) When looking at prevalence rates of depression in adolescents A) there are no differences between boys and girls.

B) boys experience depression more than girls.

C) there are no racial differences.

D) girls experience depression more than boys.

51) ______

52) In externalizing disorders, problems are generally directed A) inward and primarily affect only the adolescent in question.

B) inward and are displayed as behavioral problems.

C) outward and are displayed as behavioral problems.

D) outward and primarily affect only the adolescent in question.

52) ______

53) The most widely used illegal drug is A) cocaine.

B) tobacco.

53) ______ C) alcohol.

D) marijuana.

54) According to strain theory, runaways leave home because A) they have not internalized appropriate values and norms.

B) they do not want to be controlled.

C) they have become alienated from their families.

D) they have become alienated from their peers.

54) ______

55) Although many teenagers experience symptoms of depression, only ________ of adolescents experience major depression.

A) 1% B) 3% C) 15% D) 10%

55) ______

56) Alcoholism is related to each of the following EXCEPT A) lower impulse constraint.

B) lower negative emotionality.

C) alcohol use by peers.

D) genetics.

56) ______

57) The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1996) recommended ________ as one of their pieces of advice in quitting smoking.

A) hiding your smoking materials B) not getting discouraged by relapses C) not using medication D) not telling anyone you are trying to quit smoking

57) ______

58) Throwaway adolescents make up about ________ of all runaways.

A) 75% B) 50% C) 20%

58) ______ D) 5%

59) Which of the following are symptoms of drug and alcohol abuse?

A) increased participation in extracurricular activities and hobbies B) hostility discussing drugs C) having very little money D) binge drinking at parties

59) ______

60) Throwaways are youth who A) leave home voluntarily for at least one night.

B) are asked to stay home, but leave because of the behavior of their parents or guardians.

C) decide to dropout of school before finishing high school.

D) are forced to leave home because of the behavior of their parents or guardians.

60) ______

61) When drugs produce a ________ addiction, their presence in the body becomes so common that the body is unable to function in their absence.

A) comorbid B) biological C) dependent D) psychological

61) ______

62) Major depression is A) a temporary condition that most adolescents will eventually outgrow.

B) a full-blown psychological disorder in which depression is severe and lingers for long periods.

C) experienced by the majority of adolescents.

D) a condition that lasts only a couple of days.

62) ______

63) ________ delinquency is more likely to persist beyond adolescence and set the stage for a

lifet ime of

crime 63) and violence.

A) Early-onset

___ ___ B) Late-onset

C) Socialized

D) Destructive

64) ________ is NOT a warning sign of suicide.

A) Preoccupation with death in music, art, or literature B) Being argumentative C) Writing a will D) Talking about suicide

64) ______

65) Most psychological maltreatment occurs in A) the privacy of people's homes.

C) churches.

65) ______ B) public.

D) schools.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) ________ are drugs that produce a biological or psychological dependence in users, 66) _____________ leading to increasingly powerful cravings for them.

67) The most vulnerable age to be molested is between ________ years.

67) _____________

68) Difficulties often co-occur, or are ________, in the same adolescent.

68) _____________

69) In ________ suicide, one suicide leads to attempts by others to kill themselves.

69) _____________

70) The highest rate of suicide is found in ________.

70) _____________

71) Maltreatment during childhood and adolescence can lead to reductions in the size of the ________ and the ________ in brains of adults.

71) _____________

72) The most widely used illegal drug is ________.

72) _____________

73) Despite the frequent appearance of depressive symptoms during adolescence, only about ________ % of adolescents will develop major depression.

73) _____________

74) The ________ suggests that abuse and neglect that children and adolescents suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children.

74) _____________

75) There is some evidence linking the use of ________ with an increase in suicide in adolescents.

75) _____________

76) Surveys find that about half of male college students say they have participated in ________ during the prior two weeks.

76) _____________

77) ________, that involves children and adolescents who are unsupervised or uncared for, is the most frequent form of psychological maltreatment.

77) _____________

78) The problems of adolescence fall into two broad categories: ________.

78) _____________

79) Runaways leave home voluntarily for at least ________ night, without parental permission.

79) _____________

80) ________ occurs when parents or other caregivers harm their child's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning through either overt behavior or neglect.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) Adolescent boys and girls experience similar rates of depression.

81) ______

82) Ironically, affluent adolescents are more likely to have arrest records than poor adolescents.

82) ______

83) Individuals who do not try smoking before adolescence rarely begin afterward.

83) ______

84) Between one-half and two-thirds of adolescents who experience significant depression have at least one additional condition.

84) ______

85) Unsocialized delinquents pass through a period during adolescence when they engage in some petty crimes, but they do not continue lawbreaking into adulthood.

85) ______

86) One reason that psychological abuse produces so many negative consequences in younger individuals is because the brains of victims undergo permanent changes due to the abuse.

86) ______

87) Boys are far more likely to be involved in delinquency than girls.

87) ______

88) It is easy to label all adolescent problems as either internalizing or externalizing disorders.

88) ______

89) Smoking is on the rise in girls.

89) ______

90) Most cases of sexual abuse are committed by a relative or acquaintance.

90) ______

91) School violence is on the upswing.

91) ______

92) Among runaways, throwaway adolescents are typically the least needy.

92) ______

93) The highest rate of suicide is found in adolescence.

93) ______

94) Drinking heavily because one is convinced that everyone else is drinking heavily is known as the false consensus effect.

94) ______

95) Most parents that abuse their children later express bewilderment and regret about their own behavior.

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Name and define the two types of drug addiction.

97) Define a throwaway and identify at least three reasons adolescents become throwaways.

98) What is negative affectivity and how might it explain comorbidity in internalizing disorders?

99) Name and define the two major types of delinquents and identify which type is more common and which is more chronic.

100) Name and define the two broad categories of adolescent problems and provide an example of each.

1) B 2) D 3) A 4) C 5) D 6) D 7) D 8) A 9) A 10) A 11) D 12) B 13) B 14) C 15) D 16) A 17) B 18) A 19) B 20) D 21) D 22) B 23) B 24) B 25) A 26) B 27) B 28) D 29) D 30) A 31) B 32) B 33) D 34) B 35) B 36) A 37) D 38) B 39) B 40) D 41) C 42) D 43) B 44) A 45) A 46) A 47) C 48) D 49) C 50) D 51) D

52) C 53) D 54) C 55) B 56) B 57) B 58) C 59) B 60) D 61) B 62) B 63) A 64) B 65) A 66) Addictive drugs 67) 7 and 13 68) comorbid 69) cluster 70) late adulthood 71) amygdala; hippocampus 72) marijuana 73) three 74) cycle of violence hypothesis 75) antidepressants 76) binge drinking 77) Profound neglect 78) internalizing and externalizing 79) one 80) Psychological maltreatment 81) FALSE 82) FALSE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) FALSE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) FALSE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) TRUE 96) Biological (or physical) addiction is when a drug's presence in the body becomes so common that the body is unable to function in the drug's absence. Psychological addiction is when people grow to depend on drugs to cope with the everyday stress of life.

97) A throwaway is a youth who does not leave home willingly, but is forced to leave because of the behavior of parents or guardians. Reasons adolescents become throwaways include: they are told to leave home; their parents make home life so difficult that they feel they have no other choice except leaving; parents are physically or sexually abusive; parental rejection because of substance abuse or behavioral problems; little or no parental support; parental drug abuse; psychological abuse or no emotional encouragement from parents.

98) Negative affectivity is a syndrome in which an adolescent becomes upset or distressed easily. It might explain comorbidity because it may predispose adolescents to depression, anxiety, and a number of other internalizing symptoms. Being high in negative affectivity could explain comorbidity because it might be an underlying psychological syndrome that causes multiple internalizing problems.

99) Undersocialized delinquents are adolescents who are raised with little discipline or with harsh, uncaring parental supervision; this type is more chronic. Socialized delinquents are adolescents that know and subscribe to the norms of society and are fairly normal psychologically; this type is more common.

100) Internalizing disorders are physical and psychological problems that are turned inward and primarily affect only the adolescent in question; they include such problems as depression, anxiety, and phobias. Externalizing disorders are problems that are directed outward, toward others, and typically are displayed as behavioral problems such as aggression, fighting, destructiveness, and truancy.

Chapter 14 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Hardy adolescents 1) _______ A) have little self-control.

B) feel their activities are insignificant.

C) feel that stability is the normal course of life.

D) embrace change and perceive challenge as something positive.

2) Cataclysmic events include things like A) conflict at home, having few friends, and other interpersonal difficulties.

B) hurricanes, floods, and terrorist attacks.

C) death of a loved one, termination of an important relationship, and a major job failure.

D) physical assault, rape, and emotional abuse.

2) _______

3) Stress can make adolescents A) grow in terms of their identity and feelings of self-worth.

B) more alert and vigilant about their surroundings.

C) reevaluate their goals and become more realistic.

D) all of the above

3) _______

4) The assessment of whether adolescents feel their coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor is known as A) primary appraisal.

B) coping perception.

C) secondary appraisal.

D) stress perception.

4) _______

5) In adolescence, boys report A) more stress than girls.

B) less stress than girls.

C) more concerns about interpersonal issues than girls.

D) less conscious avoidance of stressors than girls.

5) _______

6) In general, adolescents tend to rate themselves as A) always happy.

B) more happy than sad.

C) much more sad than happy.

D) sad and happy about equal amounts of time.

6) _______

7) The ________ is the system of organs, glands, and cells that make up the body's defense against disease.

A) limbic system B) immune system C) psychosomatic system D) lymphatic system

7) _______

8) Strong stressors that occur suddenly and affect many adolescents simultaneously are known as A) background stressors.

B) family events.

C) personal stressors.

D) cataclysmic events.

8) _______

9) ________ is a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.

A) Conscientiousness B) Passivity C) Hardiness D) Inhibition

9) _______

10) Research suggests that everyone has a ________ for happiness, a genetically determined

characterist

ic level of 10) mood.

A) range

___ ___ B) threshold

C) bracket

D) set point

11) ________ are best in situations in which the stressor cannot be controlled.

A) Primary control coping strategies B) Cognitive approaches to coping C) Emotion-focused coping D) Secondary control coping strategies

11) ______

12) The suicide rate for veterans of the Vietnam War is as much as ________ higher than it is for the general population.

A) 5% B) 40% C) 60% D) 20%

12) ______

13) ________ would be an example of defensive coping.

A) Calling a parent when experiencing problems B) Trivializing a life-threatening illness C) Dropping a stressful class D) Getting advice from a friend

13) ______

14) The three components of hardiness include A) commitment, challenge, and control.

C) commitment, challenge, and constancy.

14) ______ B) challenge, constancy, and control.

D) commitment, constancy, and control.

15) When people are asked to compare themselves with others, even in comparison to the rich and famous, individuals tend to rate themselves as A) equally as happy.

B) more happy.

C) slightly less happy.

D) much less happy.

15) ______

16) ________ teaches adolescents the skills they need to systematically reframe situations that are producing stress by identifying faulty thoughts and replacing them with new ones.

A) Primary control coping strategies B) Cognitive approaches to coping C) Emotion-focused coping D) Secondary control coping strategies

16) ______

17) ________ is a new growing branch of psychology that focuses on well-being and happiness.

A) Positive psychology B) Optimistic psychology C) Clinical psychology D) Subjective psychology

17) ______

18) Background stressors are also known as A) uplifts.

C) daily hassles.

18) ______ B) cataclysmic events.

D) traumas.

19) All of the following strategies have proven effective in teaching adolescents to cope with stress EXCEPT A) exerting control over the situation.

B) using relaxation techniques.

C) seeking out social support.

D) realizing that stressors are often threats.

19) ______

20) Social support of others is valuable in coping with stress as it can A) reduce illness.

B) reduce anxiety and pain.

C) provide emotional encouragement.

D) all of the above

20) ______

21) In ________ adolescents may unconsciously use strategies that distort or deny the true nature of the situation in order to reduce stress.

A) defensive coping B) emotion-focused coping

21) ______

C) stress-focused coping

D) problem-focused coping

22) Replacing dysfunctional statements with ones that can help adolescents better deal with stress is an example of A) an emotion-focused coping.

B) a secondary control coping strategy.

C) a cognitive approach to coping.

D) a primary control coping strategy.

22) ______

23) Two of the key resources to which adolescents can turn in situations of stress are A) social support and avoidance and denial of the problem.

B) defensive coping and exercising control over the situation.

C) social support and using defensive coping.

D) social support and exercising control over the situation.

23) ______

24) Adolescents' evaluations of their lives in terms of their thoughts and their emotions is known as A) positive psychology.

B) subjective well-being.

C) cognitive appraisal.

D) personal evaluation.

24) ______

25) ________ is the response to events that threaten or challenge an individual.

A) Coping B) Resilience C) Hardiness

25) ______ D) Stress

26) Medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties are known as A) stressors.

B) post traumatic stress disorder.

C) psychosomatic disorders.

D) general adaptation syndromes.

26) ______

27) ________, or positive stress, can motivate adolescents to seek to better understand their circumstances in life.

A) Prostress B) Eustress C) Destress D) Distress

27) ______

28) In ________, resilient adolescents cope by using problem-solving strategies and controlling their emotions.

A) cognitive approaches to coping B) primary control coping strategies C) secondary control coping strategies D) emotion-focused coping

28) ______

29) A cognitive approach to coping encourages adolescents to ask themselves all of the following questions EXCEPT: A) what is the evidence for my thinking?

B) are there other ways of viewing the situation?

C) shouldn't I react more normally like other people do?

D) how could I cope if the worst case is true?

29) ______

30) In terms of coping strategies, research has indicated that A) both problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping are invariably effective.

B) emotion-focused coping is better than problem-focused coping.

C) success of problem-focused coping or emotion-focused coping might depend upon the situation.

D) problem-focused coping is better than emotion-focused coping.

30) ______

31) Nearly ________ of all adolescents have been bullied at some point.

A) one-half B) one-third C) three-fourths

31) ______ D) one-fifth

32) ________ is the single most troubling social problem that adolescents in the United States face.

32) ______

A) Moving

B) Drugs

C) Divorce

D) Poverty

33) ________ is a coping strategy in which adolescents attempt to manage a stressful problem or situation by directly changing the situation to make it less stressful.

A) Emotion-focused coping B) Defensive coping C) Problem-focused coping D) Stress-focused coping

33) ______

34) ________ is the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress.

A) Adaptation B) Support C) Psychoneuroimmunology D) Coping

34) ______

35) ________ is one of only four psychological disorders that is found in all cultures.

A) Bipolar disorder B) Anorexia nervosa C) Avoidant personality disorder D) Dissociate identity disorder

35) ______

36) The three main types of stressors are A) family events, cataclysmic events, and personal stressors.

B) cataclysmic events, family events, and daily hassles.

C) family events, daily hassles, and personal stressors.

D) cataclysmic events, personal stressors, and daily hassles.

36) ______

37) ________ occurs when the negative consequences of stress (such as illness) occur when coping is inadequate.

A) Alarm and mobilization B) Exhaustion C) Resistance D) Reluctance

37) ______

38) Emotion-focused coping is a coping strategy in which adolescents A) attempt to manage a stressful problem or situation by directly changing the situation to make it less stressful.

B) dwell on their emotions and are therefore unable to effectively cope with them.

C) unconsciously use strategies that distort or deny the true nature of the situation in order to reduce stress.

D) try to deal with stress by consciously regulating their emotions.

38) ______

39) Research indicates that ________ is problematic because it does not deal with the reality of the stressor.

A) problem-focused coping B) stress-focused coping C) defensive coping D) emotion-focused coping

39) ______

40) Happiness is linked to A) extroversion, a lack of control, and optimism.

B) introversion, a sense of control, and optimism.

C) introversion, a lack of control, and optimism.

D) extraversion, a sense of control, and optimism.

40) ______

41) ________ of those living in New York City experienced some form of post traumatic stress disorder in the months following the September 11 terrorist attack.

A) One-quarter B) One-tenth C) One-half D) One-fifth

41) ______

42) In comparison to women, males use ________ coping more often.

A) problem-focused B) emotion-focused

42) ______

C) both problem-focused and emotion-focused D) neither problem-focused nor emotion-focused 43) The three main types of consequences of stress are A) direct physiological effects, harmful behaviors, and indirect health-related behaviors.

B) harmful behaviors, increased stressors, and indirect health-related behaviors.

C) direct physiological effects, harmful behaviors, and psychosomatic effects.

D) direct physiological effects, psychosomatic effects, and indirect health-related behaviors.

43) ______

44) Which of the following are reasons why adolescence is generally more stressful than childhood?

A) Relations with parents and other family members become more intense.

B) Adolescents' social worlds become more complex.

C) There are increases in the production of hormones.

D) all of the above

44) ______

45) Studies show that ________ U.S. citizens say they are "very happy."

A) 3 out of every 10 B) 1 out of every 10 C) 8 out of every 10 D) 5 out of every 10

45) ______

46) Resilience is effective is successfully coping with A) short-term, but not long-term problems.

B) long-term, but not short-term problems.

C) both short-term and long-term problems.

D) neither short-term nor long-term problems.

46) ______

47) ________ occurs when adolescents first become aware of a stressor that is affecting them.

A) Resistance B) Exhaustion C) Alarm and mobilization D) Reluctance

47) ______

48) All of the following are true about stress EXCEPT A) peripheral events are more likely to produce stress than ones that are central to the adolescent's life.

B) circumstances that are ambiguous typically produce more stress that those that are precise.

C) events that are uncontrollable are more stressful that those that can be controlled.

D) negative events are more apt to produce stress than positive ones.

48) ______

49) Expressive writing about traumatic or emotional experiences has been associated with A) increased crying and increased social support.

B) increased depression and insomnia.

C) social withdrawal and depression.

D) lowered blood pressure and better immune system functioning.

49) ______

50) The immediate reaction to stress generally includes A) increase in skin conductance.

B) secretion of hormones.

C) increased heart rate.

D) all of the above.

50) ______

51) According to set point theory, after negative things happen A) individuals return to a happier state, but one much less happier than prior to the negative event.

B) individuals are in a set state of depression.

C) individuals are apt to eventually return to their happier state.

D) individuals maintain their set point for happiness, even immediately after the negative

51) ______

event.

52) College students in Korea more often associate satisfaction with experiences involving ________ than students in the United States.

A) independence B) self-esteem C) other people D) experiences related to the self

52) ______

53) ________ is the study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain.

A) Psychology B) Primary appraisal C) Psychoneuroimmunology D) Psychosomatic study

53) ______

54) One of the most stable associations is between happiness and ________, viewing themselves and the world more positively.

A) sociability B) money C) self-esteem D) achievement

54) ______

55) The assessment of an event or circumstance to determine whether its implications are positive, neutral, or negative is known as A) secondary appraisal.

B) primary appraisal.

C) stress perception.

D) coping perception.

55) ______

56) ________ is an example of a direct physiological effect of stress.

A) Decreases in immune system B) Elevated blood pressure functioning C) Increased hormonal activity D) all of the above

56) ______

57) A psychological syndrome in which victims of major incidents reexperience the original stress-producing event and associated feelings in flashbacks or dreams is known as A) post traumatic stress disorder.

B) cataclysmic disorder.

C) event trauma.

D) hallucinatory disorder.

57) ______

58) The ________ is a model that suggests that the physiological response to stress follows a similar three-stage pattern, regardless of the kind of stressor that produces the stress.

A) immune model B) stress-generation syndrome C) general adaptation syndrome D) tri-stage model

58) ______

59) Stress can be at the root of A) both externalizing and internalizing disorders.

B) externalizing, but not internalizing disorders.

C) internalizing, but not externalizing disorders.

D) neither externalizing nor internalizing disorders.

59) ______

60) An example of an uplift is A) arguing with friends.

C) having the flu.

60) ______ B) eating dinner out.

D) winning a million dollars.

61) If initial efforts to deal with a stressor are inadequate and the stressor persists, adolescents move into the ________ stage, the second stage of response to stress.

A) exhaustion B) reluctance C) alarm and mobilization D) resistance

61) ______

62) ________ is the ability to overcome circumstances that place an adolescent at high risk for

psy chologi

cal or 62) physical damage.

A) Resilience C) Emotion-focused coping

___ ___ B) Problem-focused coping D) Hardiness

63) When asked to recall a time of happiness, college students generally focus on the satisfaction of A) sexual needs.

B) psychological needs.

C) educational success.

D) material needs.

63) ______

64) Bullying tends to A) decline in frequency with age and stop before later adolescence.

B) increase in frequency with age, but stop before later adolescence.

C) increase in frequency with age, with many victims continuing to be bullied throughout later adolescence and even into adulthood.

D) decline in frequency with age, although some victims continue to be bullied throughout later adolescence and even into adulthood.

64) ______

65) Resilient adolescents deal with stressors by using two forms of coping: A) emotion-focused coping and primary control coping strategies.

B) emotion-focused coping and social support.

C) problem-focused coping and social support.

D) primary control coping strategies and secondary control coping strategies.

65) ______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

66) ________ is the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. 66) _____________ 67) The ________ is a model that suggests that the physiological response to stress follows a similar three-stage pattern, regardless of the kind of stressor that produces the stress.

67) _____________

68) Research suggests that everyone has a ________ for happiness, a genetically determined characteristic level of mood.

68) _____________

69) ________ are circumstances that produce threats to one's well-being.

69) _____________

70) Strong stressors that occur suddenly and affect many adolescents simultaneously, such as tornadoes and floods, are known as ________.

70) _____________

71) ________ is a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness.

71) _____________

72) ________ refers to adolescents' evaluations of their lives in terms of their thoughts and their emotions.

72) _____________

73) ________ is the assessment of an event or circumstance to determine whether its implications are positive, neutral, or negative.

73) _____________

74) ________ help adolescents identify faulty thoughts and replace them with more realistic ones in order to help adolescents better deal with stress.

74) _____________

75) ________ is the ability to overcome circumstances that place an adolescent at high risk for psychological or physical damage.

75) _____________

76) Assistance and comfort supplied by a network of caring, interested individuals is known as ________.

76) _____________

77) ________ are medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties.

77) _____________

78) The ________ is the system of organs, glands, and cells that make up the body's defense against disease.

78) _____________

79) In ________ coping adolescents may unconsciously use strategies that distort of deny the true nature of the situation in order to reduce stress.

79) _____________

80) ________ is the single most troubling social problem that adolescents living in the United States face.

80) _____________

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

81) The assessment of an event or circumstance to determine whether its implications are positive, neutral, or negative is known as secondary appraisal.

81) ______

82) Poverty is the single most troubling social problem adolescents living in the United States face.

82) ______

83) Schizophrenia is one of the few psychological disorders that is found in all countries.

83) ______

84) The study of the relationship among psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain is known as psychoneuroimmunology.

84) ______

85) Positive psychology is a new growing branch of psychology that focuses on well-being and happiness.

85) ______

86) Adolescence is generally more stressful than childhood.

86) ______

87) Compared to less hardy adolescents, hardy adolescents have little self-control and have problems dealing with change.

87) ______

88) Secondary control coping strategies are often better than primary control coping strategies in situations in which the stressor cannot be controlled.

88) ______

89) Research suggests that everyone has a set point for happiness, a genetically determined characteristic level of mood.

89) ______

90) Sustained levels of stress can lead to illness.

90) ______

91) Resistance is the first stage to stress according to the general adaptation syndrome.

91) ______

92) Among the various coping strategies, defensive coping generally works best.

92) ______

93) Emotion-focused coping is a coping strategy in which adolescents attempt to manage a stressful problem or situation by directly changing the situation to make it less stressful.

93) ______

94) When asked to recall a time of happiness, college students generally focus on the satisfaction of material needs.

94) ______

95) Studies show that only about 1 out of every 10 U.S. citizens say they are "very happy."

95) ______

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

96) Name each of the three major types of consequences that result from stress, and provide at least one example of each.

97) Name and explain the three components of hardiness.

98) Name and explain the three main types of events or circumstances that bring stress.

99) Name and describe the three major stages of the general adaptation syndrome.

100) Name and explain the two types of stress appraisal.

1) D 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) B 6) B 7) B 8) D 9) C 10) D 11) D 12) D 13) B 14) A 15) B 16) B 17) A 18) C 19) D 20) D 21) A 22) C 23) D 24) B 25) D 26) C 27) B 28) B 29) C 30) C 31) B 32) D 33) C 34) D 35) A 36) D 37) B 38) D 39) C 40) D 41) B 42) A 43) A 44) D 45) A 46) C 47) C 48) A 49) D 50) D 51) C

52) C 53) C 54) C 55) B 56) D 57) A 58) C 59) A 60) B 61) D 62) A 63) B 64) D 65) D 66) Coping 67) general adaptation syndrome 68) set point 69) Stressors 70) cataclysmic events 71) Hardiness 72) Subjective well-being 73) Primary appraisal 74) Cognitive approaches to coping 75) Resilience 76) social support 77) Psychosomatic disorders 78) immune system 79) defensive 80) Poverty 81) FALSE 82) TRUE 83) TRUE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) FALSE 88) TRUE 89) TRUE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) FALSE 93) FALSE 94) FALSE 95) FALSE 96) Direct physiological effects such as elevated blood pressure, decreased immune system functioning, increased hormonal activity, and psychophysiological conditions. Harmful behaviors like increased smoking, alcohol use, decreased nutrition, decreased sleep, increased drug use. Indirect health-related behaviors such as decreased compliance with medical advice, increase in delays in seeking medical help, decreased likelihood of seeking medical advice.

97) Commitment is a tendency to throw oneself into whatever one is doing, assuming that one's activities are significant and have important consequences. Challenge is the viewpoint that change is a normal course of life and challenge is something positive. Control is believing that one has the ability to significantly influence events and

circu mstances.

98) Cataclysmic events are strong stressors that occur suddenly and affect many adolescents simultaneously, such as tornadoes and floods. Personal stressors are major life events that have immediate negative consequences.

Background stressors (or daily hassles) are the small irritants of life that produce minor stress.

99) The first stage, the alarm and mobilization stage, occurs when adolescents first become aware of a stressor that is afflicting them. The second stage, resistance, occurs when initial efforts to deal with the stressor are inadequate and the stressor persists. In this stage, the adolescent tries to cope with the stressor and resists the stressor. The third stage, exhaustion, happens when resistance is insufficient or fails. In this stage, the negative consequence of stress (such as illness) occur due to inadequate coping.

100) Primary appraisal is the assessment of an event of circumstance to determine whether its implications are positive, neutral, or negative. Secondary appraisal is the assessment of whether adolescents feel their coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor.