TEST BANK for Canadian Corrections 5th Edition by Curt Griffiths.

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Chap 01_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which perspective on crime and criminal justice is exemplified by the belief that providing correctional

treatment to offenders can stop crime? a. the Liberal School b. the Marxist School c. the Classical School d. the Reintegration School 2. In what year was the first house of correction opened in England? a. 1437 b. 1557 c. 1627 d. 1717 3. Which terms best categorize the three competing perspectives on crime and criminal offenders, and on the

objectives of corrections? a. conservative, liberal, or radical b. theological, emotional, or spiritual c. biological, medical, or psychological d. social, economic, or geographical 4. What leading reformer of English criminal law during the 1800s suggested that offenders engaged in hedonistic

calculus? a. Voltaire b. Montesquieu c. Cesare Beccaria d. Jeremy Bentham 5. What perspective on crime forms the basis of the beliefs that society lacks discipline and is in a state of social

disorder, that traditional institutions and values have broken down, and that a lenient criminal justice system has led to a view that “crime pays”? a. the moral perspective b. the conservative perspective c. the liberal perspective d. the radical perspective

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Chap 01_5e 6. Which term is defined as corrections policies that are formulated in pursuit of political objectives, often in the

absence of an informed public or in spite of public opinion, and are centred on being “tough on crime”? a. penal populism b. positivist penality c. punitive penology d. philosophical punishment 7. Which of the following best defines John Howard’s reformation efforts during the 1700s? a. hard labour, more prayer, and religious reflection b. silence and meditation on one’s crimes and personal life actions c. better trained staff and improved facilities and amendments for the prisoners d. “earned release” for prisoners who behave and work hard, and other benefits for model prisoners.

8. In which century did the Catholic Church start operating ecclesiastical prisons? a. 6th century b. 7th century c. 8th century d. 9th century 9. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of “corrections”? a. the structures, policies, and programs delivered by governments to sanction, punish, treat, and supervise

offenders b. the structures, buildings, and institutions that hold offenders for both federal and provincial offences c. the action of processing an accused from the time of arrest to the time of incarceration d. the action of modifying a behaviour for the betterment of society 10. In 1703, an offender was convicted of committing a criminal offence in England and was sent to America as

punishment. Which correctional strategy was the offender subjected to? a. exile b. deportation c. repatriation d. transportation 11. Which statement best describes “hedonistic calculus”? a. The costs of crime need to outweigh any benefits. b. Officials can calculate the likelihood that a prisoner will reoffend. c. Prisoners seek pleasure in their imprisonment at any cost. d. Time will be calculated off a prisoner’s sentence for good behaviour.

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Chap 01_5e 12. What perspective on crime supports the primary goal of deterrence, NOT revenge; the idea that to be

effective, punishment must be certain and must fit the crime; the view that people can be dissuaded from committing a crime by the spectre of certain, swift, and measured consequences; and the perspective of recent “tough on crime” approaches that involve mandatory minimum sentences and mass incarceration to reduce crime rates? a. the Rational School b. the Classical School c. the Punitive School d. the Critical School 13. What perspective on crime forms the basis of the beliefs that the system is inherently inhumane, that crime is a

result of the way society is structured, that any attempt to reduce crime must focus on the system rather than on individual offenders, and that the criminal justice system is used to repress the lower classes? a. the moral perspective b. the conservative perspective c. the liberal perspective d. the radical perspective 14. Which four principal justifications for punishing criminal offenders apply to our present-day view of

punishment? a. retribution, discipline, corporal punishment, and silent meditation b. retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation/reintegration c. psychological assessment, treatment, medical intervention, and electric shock therapy d. minimal intervention, cooperative treatment, more freedom, and autonomy 15. Which was a shared belief of Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo? a. The consequences of crime should be certain, swift, and measured. b. The primary goal of criminal justice is deterrence. c. Offenders are influenced by external societal factors. d. The scientific method should be used to study criminal behaviour.

16. Which perspective on crime and criminal justice is exemplified by the belief that crime is a result of poverty,

racism, and other social injustices? a. the Radical School b. the Marxist School c. the Classical School d. the Positivist School

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Chap 01_5e 17. Which term best describes the key concept in corrections that is characterized by laws and correctional

policies that increase the severity of criminal sanctions and expand the control exercised over offenders by systems of corrections, often referred to as “tough-on-crime” legislation? a. punitive penology b. recidivism c. socioeconomic maltreatment d. community rehabilitation 18. The study of the history of corrections in society today has revealed two distinct trends. One trend is the

centralization and professionalization of punishment in corrections. What is the other trend? a. a movement toward releasing all prisoners into the community earlier in their sentence b. an expansion of surveillance and control over offenders c. a movement to use psychotherapy on all violent offenders regardless of their desire to improve themselves d. an expanded use of ethic/cultural specific rehabilitation methods 19. Which perspective on crime, offenders, and punishment is exemplified by an individual who decides NOT to

rob a bank out of concern for being caught, convicted, and sentenced to a term of imprisonment? a. the Critical School b. the Punitive School c. the Classical School d. the Rational School 20. What shift in correctional philosophy is now being pressed into service in the United States to assist in

revitalizing the U.S. correctional systems? a. “three strikes you’re out” b. “lock’em up and forget about them” c. evidence-based programs d. electroconvulsive therapy 21. Which perspective on crime and criminal justice is exemplified by the belief that offenders commit crime

because of neurological disorders? a. the Radical School b. the Positivist School c. the Treatment School d. the Conservative School

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Chap 01_5e 22. Which individual writing during the Age of Enlightenment believed the certainty of punishment was the most

effective deterrent against criminal behaviour? a. Voltaire b. Montesquieu c. Cesare Beccaria d. Jeremy Bentham 23. The government announces that nine new halfway houses will be built in the next 12 months. What concept

does this infrastructure development best illustrate? a. penal moderation b. restorative justice c. correctional change d. community decentralization 24. Who said that the gravity of the offence should be measured by the injury done to society, that certainty of

punishment was the most effective deterrent against criminal behaviour, and that punishments that were too severe served only to embitter offenders and perpetuate criminal conduct? a. Malcolm Howe b. Raffaele Garofalo c. Cesare Lombroso d. Cesare Beccaria 25. Who theorized that crime centres on the exploitative nature of the capitalist system and uses the justice system

to oppress the lower classes? a. Montesquieu b. Karl Marx c. Cesare Lombroso d. Voltaire 26. The advent of mass incarceration in the United States has been extensively documented. Describe and discuss

the factors that have influenced the present shift away from the mass incarceration model.

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Chap 01_5e 27. John Howard’s classic work, The State of Prisons in England and Wales (1777), proposed several prison

reforms. Describe some of the reforms that were introduced and discuss whether these reforms were successful then, and whether they are successful or malfunctioning in their present form.

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Chap 01_5e Answer Key 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. a 10. d 11. a 12. b 13. d 14. b 15. d 16. a 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. c 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. d 25. b

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Chap 01_5e 26. 1) Fiscal reality

2) Constitutional court decisions—overcrowding 3) Advocacy group pressure 4) Research on the apparent failure to ensure community safety and security 5) Recidivism rates not changing 6) No change in the influence of specific or general deterrence 27.

1) Separate sleeping arrangements 2) Separation of youth from adults 3) Separation of women from men 4) No alcohol inside 5) Staff that were trained and understanding 6) Solitary confinement of prisoners 7) These reforms have continued a pattern of deprivation.

8) Segregation continues the isolation of prisoners.

9) More empathy from educated understanding staff 10) More emphasis on behavioural modification and less on punitive actions toward prisoners

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Chap_02_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Between 1790 and 1830, how did crime come to be viewed as a result of influences from the United States? a. as a consequence of community disorder and family instability b. as a consequence of a mental disorder c. as a failure of the religious community to affect the community d. as government’s failure to restrict people’s actions.

2. What main ideals shaped the early days of the Kingston Penitentiary, where prisoners were separated by

gender and type of offence; were allowed to have their own bedding, clothing, and food; and their daily lives centered around ideas that were thought to be able to effect change? a. religious study and contemplation b. silence and stillness c. remedial studies and learning job skills d. hard labour and discipline 3. What term refers to prisons that were traditionally built as grandiose buildings whose exteriors contrasted

starkly with the drabness and depressing conditions inside? a. building severity into the punishment b. moral architecture c. exploiting the government’s power d. aggression by expression 4. Which of the following resulted from the findings of the Brown Commission (1848–49), which examined the

operation of Kingston penitentiary? a. Kingston penitentiary was closed. b. The warden of Kingston penitentiary was fired. c. Hard labour was no longer a feature of life in Kingston penitentiary. d. Canadians reconsidered using Kingston penitentiary as a place to reform offenders.

5. Which Commission concluded that the goal of prisons should be NOT only to protect society by incarcerating

offenders but also to reform and rehabilitate offenders? a. The Royal Arbour Commission b. The Provincial Milligan Commission on Incarceration c. The Ouimet Commission d. Royal Commission on the Penal System

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Chap_02_5e 6. An inmate wakes up in the morning, leaves his cell to eat breakfast in the dining hall, and then walks to the

institution’s auto body shop, where he is employed with 10 other inmates. Which model of prisons does he reside in? a. the Auburn model b. the Bentham model c. the Living Unit model d. the Pennsylvania model 7. In what year was Kingston Penitentiary completed? a. 1820 b. 1825 c. 1830 d. 1835 8. What style of incarceration was the emphasis of the Pennsylvania model of prisons? a. a separate and silent life b. hard labour outside c. rehabilitative schooling d. an open co-ed inmate life 9. Which of the following best describes the primary objective of the federal Conservative government (2006–

2015), when it introduced a conservative, American-style, “get tough” approach to offenders? a. to hold offenders accountable, to address perceived leniency, and to address truth in sentencing b. to fill the correctional institutions to keep criminals off the street c. to rehabilitate everyone who came into conflict with the criminal justice system d. to reduce recidivism by keeping offenders in jail longer, under tougher living conditions 10. Which design was followed in constructing federal penitentiaries in Canada in the 1800s? a. the Auburn model b. the Bentham model c. the Living Unit model d. the Pennsylvania model 11. What major change resulted from the publication of Creating Choices (1990), a report produced by the Task

Force on Federally Sentenced Women? a. Women were permitted to freely walk around the prisons without supervision. b. Kingston Prison for Women (P4W) was eventually closed. c. Women were permitted to keep their children with them while in prison. d. Women were dispersed throughout the country to other prisons.

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Chap_02_5e 12. What deficiency was highlighted by the highly publicized death of a woman offender with an intellectual

disability at Grand Valley Institution for Women in 2007? a. the inability of prisons to retrain an offender for release b. the inability to address the needs of inmates and the challenges of those who work with them c. the inability of the media to support a tougher stance on offenders d. the disinterest of the citizens of Canada to delve into the issues of corrections 13. Which provision of Canada’s new penology will likely contribute to overcrowding in federal prisons? a. changes in the rules of pretrial detention for young offenders b. an increase in the waiting period to apply for a record suspension c. restrictions on the types of offences that can be considered for conditional sentences d. mandatory minimum sentences for some drug crimes and sexual offences 14. What device did both staff and inmates despise that was used to announce every function in an inmates’ day-

to-day prison activities? a. the prisoner’s friend b. the loud staff member c. the discipline bell d. the Chaplain’s angel 15. Which penitentiary was considered “state of the art” in its time; viewed hard labour and a strong emphasis on

religion as core elements of the reformation process; and aimed to eradicate the underlying causes of crime, identified as intemperance, laziness, and a lack of moral values? a. Kingston Penitentiary for Woman b. Maplehurst Correctional Complex c. Warkworth Institution d. Kingston Penitentiary 16. What specific question has led to systems of corrections undergoing constant change driven by the ideologies

of the provincial and federal governments of the day, fiscal crises, pressures exerted by public interest groups, and a variety of other influences? a. What better facilities are needed to house inmates? b. What emphasis must now be placed on dealing with cultural issues? c. Why do persons become involved in the corrections system? d. How does the system mitigate the issues of emotional trauma on prisoners?

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Chap_02_5e 17. When the Kingston penitentiary was completed, what did it symbolize? a. a moral architecture, representing order and morality b. that punitive responses to crime acted as successful deterrents c. a unique Canadian institution, quite different from U.S. prisons d. the success of taking an intensive rehabilitative approach to convicted offenders 18. Which of the following resulted from the Conservative government’s “get tough on crime” initiatives? a. an increase in Indigenous and Black inmates b. a shift toward tougher attitudes regarding women offenders c. the incarceration of more emotionally and mentally handicapped persons d. the release of more Caucasian male prisoners 19. What has been a major effect of overcrowding on prison populations? a. an increase in illicit drug use in prison cells b. a notable increase in sexual assault and homosexual attitudes/incidents c. an increase in violence and the inability of prisoners to move through security levels to complete

their treatment programs d. extensive psychological trauma and emotional venting by the prisoners, causing correctional staff to be overworked in their duties 20. What has research evidence shown about “big box” prisons constructed by provincial corrections systems and

the rates of prisoners reoffending upon release? a. The evidence shows a marked decrease in reoffending rates. b. The evidence shows that “big box” prisons have contributed to higher rates of reoffending. c. The evidence shows that architectural styles of prisons have NO effect on rates of reoffending. d. The lack of research makes it difficult to determine whether prison design affects rates of reoffending.

21. An inmate rarely interacts with prison staff and sleeps in a large cell that provides considerable privacy. In what

decade is this inmate incarcerated? a. 1920s b. 1930s c. 1940s d. 1950s

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Chap_02_5e 22. An Indigenous inmate has a cell resembling a bedroom located in a living unit with five other inmates, where he

eats and sleeps when NOT participating in Indigenous-focused treatment programs. In what era is this inmate incarcerated? a. 1970s b. 1980s c. 1990s d. early 2000s 23. During the 1960s, several new medium- and minimum-security facilities were constructed across Canada,

designed to hold small populations of offenders. The facilities introduced expanded visiting privileges, education, and training opportunities, and included prison physicians as part of the treatment team. What was this model of corrections known as? a. the pyscho-social model b. the reverse influence model c. the medical model d. the natural model of punishment 24. What perspective on criminal offenders is exemplified when a prison’s mental health employee diagnoses an

inmate as having Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and prescribes correctional treatment programming to rehabilitate the offender? a. the medical model b. the pathological model c. the reintegration model d. the psychological model 25. When did modern reform begin in the Canadian corrections system? a. 1850–1890 b. 1890–1930 c. 1930–1970 d. 1970–2010 26. The Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston (Arbour) completed an

extensive review of the Kingston Prison for Woman. Describe and explore the issues and resultant recommendations put forward.

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Chap_02_5e 27. Many of the challenges confronting corrections systems at the beginning of the 21st century were first identified

early in the 19th century. Describe and explain the various challenges that were encountered:

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Chap_02_5e Answer Key 1. a 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. a 7. d 8. a 9. a 10. a 11. b 12. b 13. d 14. c 15. d 16. c 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. b 21. d 22. c 23. c 24. a 25. c

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Chap_02_5e 26. ∙ Women offenders were stripped of clothing by male members of the Institutional Emergency Response Teams. ∙ Cross-gender staffing ∙ The use of force and Institutional Emergency Response Teams ∙ The needs of Indigenous women ∙ The operation of segregation units ∙ Ways of ensuring the accountability of corrections personnel ∙ Adherence to the rule of law, and procedures for handling inmate complaints and grievances

27. ∙ Ensuring corrections systems are accountable ∙ Ensuring safe conditions within institutions ∙ Establishing effective treatment programs ∙ Establishing training programs ∙ Providing the support services and programs to assist offenders released from prison

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Chap_03_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which not-for-profit agency assists Canada’s correctional services system and lobbies for reform at all levels

of the criminal justice system, with a particular focus on women in conflict with the law? a. Religions for Freedom b. Salvation Army c. PACT Urban Peace Programs d. Elizabeth Fry Society 2. According to your textbook, of all cases reported to the police, what percentage ultimately results in a prison

sentence? a. 0–5 percent b. 10–15 percent c. 20–25 percent d. 30–35 percent 3. According to the most recent General Social Survey rating of the performance of the various facets of the

criminal justice system, which statement best reflects the Canadian public’s perception of correctional services? a. Prisons do a poor job of rehabilitating offenders and releasing offenders at the right time. b. The police and corrections are equally poor in terms of providing a quality service. c. The courts and corrections work toward being too lenient on offenders. d. Corrections as a whole is doing a very good job.

4. What primary piece of legislation guides the operation of Canada’s federal correctional system? a. Corrections and Conditional Release Act b. The Constitution Act (1867) c. North American Convention on Correctional Practices d. United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 5. What is the significance of the two-year rule? a. It is a now-repealed law that established correctional jurisdiction in Canada. b. It is the foundation for the division of responsibility for convicted offenders in Canada. c. It is the maximum length of time that offenders can remain under supervision in the community. d. It is the requirement that judges sentence offenders convicted of certain offences to confinement for at

least two years.

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Chap_03_5e 6. Which agency examines the complaints of federal inmates who have formally complained about being placed in

administrative segregation? a. Citizens Advisory Committee b. Independent Investigations Office c. Union of Provincial Ombudspersons d. Office of the Correctional Investigator 7. Community sentiment on corrections is often expressed through interest groups that lobby for harsher

sanctions for convicted persons, longer periods of incarceration, and more stringent requirements for release.

Which term best describes Canadian citizens’ role in corrections? a. reactive b. proactive c. blasé d. laissez-faire 8. Which of the following best reflects the present mission statement of Correctional Service Canada? a. an attempt to ensure that incarceration changes offenders’ attitude toward crime b. a movement toward an attitude of “tough-on-crime” c. an attempt to balance the protection of society with the rights of offenders d. a movement to match the philosophy of the American “three strikes” rule 9. Which of the following is defined as “the resistance of community residents to efforts of corrections systems to

locate programming and residences for offenders in the community”? a. NOTE (Not over There Either) b. NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard) c. NIMN (Not in My Neighbourhood) d. NIAC (Not in Anyone’s Community) 10. What do judges, citizen advisory committees, and community volunteers have in common? a. They are the 'who' of noncarceral and carceral components of corrections. b. They are all noncarceral components of systems of corrections. c. They are all government components of systems of corrections. d. They are all non-government components of systems of corrections.

11. In what year was the two-year rule established for Canadian corrections? a. 1847 b. 1857 c. 1867 d. 1877

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Chap_03_5e 12. Which statement best describes the “justice funnel? a. The deeper into the process, the smaller the number of cases. b. More offenders can be packed into the system. c. Offenders are guided through the system with care and understanding. d. Reduce the charges against offenders to funnel them to jail.

13. What is a key feature of the concept of restorative justice? a. community involvement in addressing the issues surrounding a criminal offence b. the imposition of severe punishment on the offender c. the ability to have the community show their disdain for the offender d. allowing the victim to criticize offenders and their actions 14. What do probation, fine options, bail supervision, community service, and diversion programs have in

common? a. All are programs and services offered by municipalities. b. All are programs and services offered by private contractors. c. All are programs and services offered by provinces/territories. d. All are programs and services offered by the federal government.

15. An offender is given a 14-month term of imprisonment. Who has jurisdiction over the offender? a. private correctional authorities b. federal correctional authorities c. municipal correctional authorities d. provincial/territorial correctional authorities 16. What is a major negative implication that has been attributed to a sentence in the provincial correctional system

instead of the federal correctional system? a. The shorter sentence period makes it difficult to provide treatment programs. b. The fast turnover rate prevents prisoners from getting to know one another. c. The food and living conditions are substandard compared with the federal system. d. Provincial correctional facilities are typically located far from prisoners’ families.

17. Who are the members of the Citizen Advisory Committees that are designed to provide an alternative view in

corrections? a. provincial government employees acting as a conduit to the community b. local citizens and volunteers c. trained and employed members of Correctional Service Canada d. local citizens who have experience in the correctional services

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Chap_03_5e 18. Which of the following best reflects the “rule of law,” which forms the basis of Canadian society today,

including Canada’s criminal justice system and system of corrections? a. All people must obey the law, except for those in the criminal justice system. b. Governments and individuals are subject to and must abide by the law. c. Only if you are caught will you be subject to the laws of Canada. d. Justice must be swift and sure, and the punishment must be severe.

19. Which term refers to the status of accused persons who have been charged and detained in custody and have

either been denied bail, have yet to appear before a judge, or are awaiting sentencing? a. post-sentence incarceration b. remedial/therapeutic incarceration. c. psychiatric evaluation incarceration d. remand 20. What primary “law of the land guarantees fundamental freedoms, legal rights, and equality rights for all citizens

of Canada, including those accused of crimes”? a. Criminal Code b. The Constitution Act (1867) c. Canadian Bill of Rights d. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 21. On average, how long is an offender incarcerated in a provincial corrections institution? a. 1 month b. 4 months c. 11 months d. 18 months 22. What does the “split personality” of corrections refer to? a. the rules separating correctional jurisdictions b. classical versus radical approaches to offenders c. critical versus conservative approaches to punishment d. punishment versus treatment as the goals of corrections 23. A judge imposes a sentence of 80 community service hours and one year of probation. Who has jurisdiction

over the offender? a. the federal system of corrections b. a municipal system of corrections c. a community corrections service provider d. a provincial/territorial system of corrections

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Chap_03_5e 24. A federal inmate is applying for day parole before a parole board in Ontario. Which agency is making the

conditional release decision? a. Ontario Parole Board b. Parole Board of Canada c. Ontario Correctional Services d. Correctional Service of Canada 25. What is most Canadians’ primary source of information about crime and criminal justice? a. the media b. family and friends c. personal experience d. high school and college/university classes 26. Concerns about the effectiveness of the traditional adversarial system of criminal justice and a variety of other

influences have led to the search for alternative ways to respond to people in conflict with the law. Restorative justice is based on many various principles. List and describe these various principles.

27. In the past, policies and regulations were lacking inside Canada’s correctional services. The public and the

government both had a simple ideal of a “hands-off” approach. What went on behind the walls was not talked about. Public outcry and progressive research has led to a shift in the perspective of protection of inmates and staff’s human rights. Systems of corrections now must adhere to a number of human rights obligations.

Summarize the four key principles:

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Chap_03_5e Answer Key 1. d 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. b 10. a 11. c 12. a 13. a 14. c 15. d 16. a 17. b 18. b 19. d 20. d 21. a 22. d 23. d 24. b 25. a

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Chap_03_5e 26. ∙ Criminal behaviour injures NOT only victims but also communities and offenders. ∙ Efforts to address and resolve the problems created by criminal behaviour should involve all of these parties. ∙ Healing, reparation and reintegration, and the prevention of future harm are integral to success. ∙ The focus is on problem-solving. ∙ The needs of victims and offenders need to be addressed. ∙ The community is involved on a proactive basis. ∙ Sanctions can be fashioned to reduce the likelihood of reoffending.

27. ∙ The safety of correctional staff, prisoners, and society at large is paramount. ∙ Prisoners retain the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all members of society, except those that are

necessarily removed as a consequence of their sentence. ∙ Decisions affecting prisoners are made in a fair and forthright manner. ∙ Correctional authorities apply the “least restrictive measures” consistent with public safety.

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Chap_04_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following was a finding in the Supreme Court decision on R. v. Gladue? a. Indigenous persons should NOT receive special consideration at sentencing. b. Indigenous persons CANNOT be sent to prison unless there are exceptional circumstances. c. Judges can impose, and then suspend, the imposition of a prison sentence for Indigenous persons. d. Where a term of incarceration would normally be imposed, judges must consider the unique

circumstances of Indigenous people 2. A convicted offender is required to fulfil the conditions of a probation order. Upon successfully completing the

order, the offender is set free without a criminal record. Which sentencing option does this situation exemplify? a. absolute discharge b. suspended sentence c. conditional discharge d. conditional sentence order 3. What type of sentence can a judge order for an offender who has been designated as dangerous? a. a life sentence (25 years) b. a sentence of 10 years plus 1 day c. a sentence of indeterminate period d. a psychiatric assessment (60 days) 4. Upon conviction, an offender is placed under supervision in the community for a specified period of time

(maximum three years), must fulfill general conditions, and may be required to adhere to, or complete, specific conditions (e.g., attend alcohol or drug counselling). What is this sentence called? a. probation b. parole c. bail d. intermittent sentence 5. In what year was the death penalty abolished in Canada? a. 1982 b. 1976 c. 1968 d. 1959

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Chap_04_5e 6. What specific crimes can receive the long-term offender designation, when the Crown lacks the rigid

requirements or level of evidence needed to file a dangerous offender application? a. frauds over $5,000 b. second-degree murders c. infanticides d. sexual offences 7. What sentencing goals are exemplified when a judge imposes a term of imprisonment for a convicted offender

and states that the sentence is designed to discourage the offender from repeating the offence? a. utilitarian goals b. deterrence goals c. restorative goals d. retributive goals 8. A judge imposes a sentence to express society’s disapproval of an offender’s conduct and to validate existing

laws. What is the goal of this sentence? a. censure b. retribution c. just desserts d. denunciation 9. What sentencing goals are exemplified when a judge imposes a term of probation for a convicted offender and

states the sentence is designed to address the offender’s drug addiction issues, which contributed to the offender’s criminality? a. utilitarian goals b. deterrence goals c. restorative goals d. retributive goals 10. A judge sentenced an offender to 13 months for a property offence and 12 months for a sexual offence, and

the offender served a total of 25 months in prison. Which type of sentence did the offender receive? a. a concurrent sentence b. a coinciding sentence c. a continuous sentence d. a consecutive sentence

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Chap_04_5e 11. What are judicial determination and dangerous and long-term offender designations designed to manage? a. the risk of sexual offenders b. the risk of federal offenders c. the risk of Indigenous offenders d. the risk of provincial/territorial offenders 12. Which term refers to serving time on a “part-time” basis (generally weekends, from Friday evening until

Monday morning) and generally for NO more than 90 days? a. pretrial detention b. day parole c. interim release d. intermittent sentence 13. In R. v. Ipeelee, in which two Indigenous men were arrested for drug smuggling at the U.S. border, the

Supreme Court of Canada ruled that they should NOT be extradited to the United States. Which statement best reflects the basis of this decision? a. Americans do NOT like Indigenous people, and they would likely be mistreated at the border. b. The men’s Indigenous heritage would NOT be considered at sentencing, as required in Canada. c. Drug trafficking across the border is too minor an offence for them to be extradited to the United States. d. U.S. jails were already too full of drug importers, and they would NOT have room for them.

14. Which sentencing goals are based on the principle that criminal behaviour injures NOT only the victim but also

communities and offenders, and are designed to protect the public from future criminal behaviour? a. utilitarian goals b. deterrence goals c. restorative goals d. retributive goals 15. When deciding on sentencing, the judge considers that the offender abused a position of authority when

committing sexual assault. What type of factor did the judge consider? a. the pre-sentence report b. a victim impact statement c. a mitigating circumstance d. an aggravating circumstance

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Chap_04_5e 16. What is the goal of a sentence that is designed to prevent other offenders from engaging in future criminal

conduct? a. rehabilitation b. incapacitation c. general deterrence d. specific deterrence 17. An offender is sentenced to six years in prison and becomes eligible to apply for parole after serving three

years. What Criminal Code clause did the judge impose on the offender at sentencing? a. the faint-hope clause b. judicial determination c. long-term offender designation d. dangerous offender designation 18. According to public opinion survey results collected over the past three decades, what percentage of

Canadians view sentencing as too lenient? a. 55 percent b. 65 percent c. 75 percent d. 85 percent 19. Which of the following is a principle of circle sentencing? a. The result is least important. b. The focus is on past conduct. c. The sentence resolves the issue. d. The crime is viewed as the conflict.

20. Which term refers to a person who has been convicted of committing a serious personal injury offence (except

murder) or has a pattern of serious violent offences, has been deemed to present a danger to society, and is highly likely to put the community at risk if NOT imprisoned? a. a serial criminal b. a habitual criminal c. a committed violent offender d. a dangerous offender 21. What does research evidence reveal about the effectiveness of sentencing? a. There is consistency in sentencing. b. The certainty of punishment has the greatest deterrent effect on offenders. c. Increasing the severity of punishment results in reduced rates of reoffending. d. Judges have perfected the art of matching sentencing options with the needs and risks of offenders.

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Chap_04_5e 22. What term refers to the process that involves using the law and the courts’ authority as change agents to

promote the health and well-being of offenders, while also ensuring that their legal rights are protected and that justice is done? a. therapeutic justice b. healthy offender status c. psychological impudence d. stem the flow with nutrition 23. What term refers to the variety of courts that have been developed to divert offenders with special needs from

the criminal justice system, including mental health courts, domestic violence courts, and others? a. Judicial Branch Courts b. Superior Courts of Jurisdiction c. Provincial/Territorial Courts d. Problem-Solving Courts 24. What report is prepared by a probation officer; presents information on the offender’s background, present

situation, and risk/needs; and sets out options for sentencing that the judge will consider? a. the pre-sentence report b. the intermediate post-trial report c. the psychological evaluation d. the pre-release reintegration report 25. A person convicted of a sexual assault (Level 1) will serve six months on house arrest, and then be subjected

to a 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. curfew. He is also ordered to provide a sample of his DNA for the National DNA Data Bank and will be listed on the National Sex Offender Registry for 20 years. He must abstain from the purchase, possession, consumption, and use of alcohol and illegal substances; attend assessment, treatment, and counselling; NOT associate with the victims of his assault; and NOT be present in the community where the assault occurred without the permission of his probation officers. What type of sentence has this person received? a. judicial interim release b. bail c. probation d. statutory release

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Chap_04_5e 26. Circle sentencing, a form of restorative justice, was first developed in several Yukon communities as a

collaboration between community residents and territorial justice personnel, primarily RCMP officers and judges from the Territorial Court of Yukon. Compare the formal, adversarial criminal court system with the community-based, restorative approach as exemplified by community circles.

27. Today’s criminal justice system has shifted to a newer approach to dealing with special high-risk groups in

court. Compare the various functions of the traditional court with the various functions of the newer problemsolving court.

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Chap_04_5e Answer Key 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. d 9. a 10. d 11. b 12. d 13. b 14. c 15. d 16. c 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. d 21. b 22. a 23. d 24. a 25. c

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Chap_04_5e 26.

Criminal Courts: ∙ The conflict is viewed as the crime ∙ A sentence is handed down to resolve the conflict ∙ Focus on past and present conduct ∙ A narrow view of behaviour ∙ Avoid concern with social conflict ∙ Result (i.e., the sentence) is most important

Community Circles: ∙ The crime is viewed as a small part of a large conflict ∙ The sentence is viewed as a small part of the conflict ∙ Focus on present and future conduct ∙ A broad, holistic view of behaviour ∙ Focus on social conflict ∙ Result is least important ∙ The process shapes the relationships among all parties

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Chap_04_5e 27. Traditional Court: ∙ Adversarial/legalistic ∙ The goal is the resolution of the dispute ∙ Anonymous/impersonal ∙ Backward-looking ∙ Little collaboration among criminal justice/social service personnel ∙ Offence-focused ∙ Sanction-focused ∙ Generic supervision ∙ Minimal community involvement ∙ Success is measured by compliance

Problem-Solving Court: ∙ Therapeutic/restorative ∙ The goal is the resolution of the underlying problem ∙ Personalized ∙ Forward-looking ∙ Collaborative ∙ Offender-focused ∙ Problem-focused ∙ Individualized supervision ∙ Community involvement, such as personal mentors, judges who act as arbiters, and judges who act as coaches ∙ Success is measured by remediation of underlying problem

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Chap_05_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which principle of effective correctional treatment programming is reflected when an offender is enrolled in a

correctional treatment program that targets her cocaine addiction? a. the risk principle b. the need principle c. the responsivity principle d. the criminogenic principle 2. An offender takes responsibility for vandalizing a local community centre and, with the assistance of the local

police, arranges to paint it back to its original colour within 30 days. The offender meets these conditions and is NOT processed further in the justice system. What alternative to confinement does this scenario exemplify? a. pre-charge diversion b. post-charge diversion c. post-sentencing diversion d. pre-confinement diversion 3. Which term is defined as “a document prepared by the probation officer for the judge that contains information

on the convicted offender, including for example, socio-biographical information”? a. risk assessment b. pre-sentence report c. community assessment d. judicial monitoring report 4. When must an adult offender be placed on probation? a. when the offender must pay a fine b. when the offender receives a suspended sentence c. when the offender receives a conditional sentence d. when the offender receives a prison term of two years or less 5. What category of activities is represented when a probation officer spends an entire day writing progress

reports for probationers? a. assessment b. investigation c. officer of the court d. surveillance/enforcement

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Chap_05_5e 6. What is the maximum length of time that an adult offender can be placed under probation supervision? a. 1 year b. 2 years c. 3 years d. 4 years 7. What term refers to a sentence imposed on an offender by a criminal court judge that provides for the

supervision of the offender in the community by a government agent, either as an alternative to custody or in conjunction with a period of incarceration? a. parole b. suspended sentence c. probation d. absolute discharge 8. What alternative to confinement does a judge impose when an offender is sentenced to an alternative to

confinement that requires 18 months of supervision in the community and the conditions of supervision are numerous and difficult, requiring the offender to be under house arrest from 5:30 p.m. to 8:00 a.m.? a. probation b. suspended sentence c. conditional discharge d. conditional sentence order 9. What has research evidence revealed about the effectiveness of probation? a. Traditional probation practice reduces reoffending. b. Traditional probation practice results in net widening. c. Intensive supervision probation is more costly than incarceration. d. Probation outcomes are impacted by low program completion rates.

10. An offender is in court for breaching the conditions of his alternative to confinement. The offender must prove

to the judge that the allegations are false and that the breach did NOT occur. Which alternative to confinement has the offender been serving in the community? a. suspended sentence b. conditional discharge c. conditional sentence order d. intensive supervision probation

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Chap_05_5e 11. Which statement best describes diversion programs in the Canadian criminal justice system? a. They are designed to allow an offender to progress through the educational system while in prison. b. They allow prisoners to enter reintegration programs earlier in their sentence. c. They are designed to keep offenders from being processed further into the formal criminal justice

system. d. They entitle a prisoner to be given religious and cultural freedom to practise their religious and cultural traditions.

12. What has research evidence revealed about the effectiveness of specialized supervision units? a. They do NOT reduce rates of reoffending. b. They do NOT promote offender accountability. c. They reduce institutional correctional populations. d. They have a positive impact on victim satisfaction.

13. Which is an example of a system-oriented objective underlying the use of intermediate sanctions? a. controlling offenders b. reducing rates of recidivism c. ensuring real punishment is imposed d. securing some degree of incapacitation 14. What has research evidence revealed about the effectiveness of electronic monitoring? a. It reduces prison admissions. b. It reduces rates of recidivism c. It costs less than incarceration. d. It is used as a true alternative to confinement.

15. Over the past few years, what has been the average length of probation orders? a. 9 months b. 12 months c. 15 months d. 18 months 16. Which alternative to confinement is the most widely used in Canada? a. probation b. community service c. electronic monitoring d. conditional sentence orders

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Chap_05_5e 17. What type of electronic monitoring is at work when a federal offender is released on day parole and is

required to wear a monitoring device to fulfil a mandatory condition of the parole certificate? a. active electronic monitoring b. passive electronic monitoring c. back-end electronic monitoring d. front-end electronic monitoring 18. What has research evidence revealed about the experiences of many persons on probation? a. Many believe probation is an effective deterrent. b. Many had a negative overall experience of probation. c. Many faced difficulty accessing programs while on probation. d. Many did NOT think their probation officers treated them fairly.

19. An offender is being considered for electronic monitoring. The criminal justice actors must consider whether

this system should be used as a “front end” or “back end” program. What do “front end” and “back end” refer to? a. the stage of the correctional process at which the strategy is used b. how the device is mounted onto the offender’s body c. whether the monitoring company can see offenders as they leave their home d. whether the GPS system can monitor offenders within a specific distance around their home 20. Which is a feature of probation? a. An administrative tribunal makes the decision. b. It is available to federal and provincial/territorial offenders. c. Breach of condition may result in suspension or revocation. d. When used in conjunction with imprisonment, it is limited to provincial/territorial offenders.

21. An offender is released on day parole from an institution in British Columbia that houses offenders serving

sentences of less than two years. Who will supervise the parolee in the community? a. a federal parole officer b. a provincial parole officer c. a federal probation officer d. a provincial probation officer 22. Which challenge in probation practice is represented when a probation officer complains about the increasing

amount of paperwork that must be completed for parole hearings and court hearings? a. high caseloads b. heavy workloads c. increasing needs and risks of probationer d. a lack of PO–offender contact and intervention Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chap_05_5e 23. A woman offender is sentenced to a period of probation, and a risk assessment tool reveals that she is at risk

to reoffend due to a lack of education and a poor record of employment. What risk assessment tool did the probation officer use to measure her level of risk? a. Case Management Inventory (CMI) b. Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) c. Female Case Management Inventory (F-CMI) d. Female Level of Service Inventory-Revised (FLSI-R) 24. Over the past few years, what percentage of cases received a sentence of probation? a. 30 percent b. 35 percent c. 40 percent d. 45 percent 25. What has research evidence revealed about the effectiveness of alternatives to confinement? a. RNR-based probation practices are successful. b. Success rates for conditional sentence orders are high. c. Restorative justice alternatives do NOT reduce rates of reoffending. d. Diversion programs do NOT widen the net by focusing on low-risk, first-time offenders.

26. Name the nine areas that are incorporated into all pre-sentence reports that are completed by a probation

officer, upon the request of the presiding judge.

27. Identify the five main activities of probation officers in their day-to-day work and give examples of each

activity.

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Chap_05_5e Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. c 7. c 8. d 9. d 10. c 11. c 12. d 13. b 14. b 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. a 19. a 20. d 21. a 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. a

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Chap_05_5e 26.

1) the offence, e.g., severity, aggravating and mitigating circumstances 2) criminal record 3) responses to previous sentences, if any 4) offender’s risk/needs, motivation 5) family, education, work and community situation 6) assessments and specialists’ opinions 7) victim impact information 8) available programs and services 9) options and recommendations 27.

Investigation: Preparing pre-sentence reports; preparing community assessments (for provincial parole boards in Ontario and Québec); preparing case files.

Assessment: Risk assessment and case management planning (e.g., interviewing clients and collateral contacts); making evidence-based assessments of offenders; determining appropriate interventions to address risk and need areas.

Counselling: Conducting initial interviews; motivational interviewing; challenging difficult client attitudes and behaviours; individual supervision; group counselling; facilitating core programs (in provinces where parole officers play this role) such as Respectful Relationships and Substance Abuse Management Service Coordination: Collaborating with police and social services; identifying educational, vocational, and employment goals; providing treatment opportunities; assisting with locating housing; addressing family, financial, and other issues Surveillance and Enforcement: Monitoring compliance with conditions of probation; monitoring compliance with conditions of provincial parole (in Ontario and Québec); conducting home visits; documenting violations; preparing violation reports and recommendations; preparing violation reports for provincial parolees

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Chap_06_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What crimes are elderly people most likely to be sentenced for? a. theft, fraud, and forgery under $5,000 b. kidnapping, forcible confinement, and assault Level 1 c. violent offences or sexual assault d. impaired driving, pedophilia, theft over $5,000 2. Inmates in a federal prison have unlimited freedom of movement throughout the day but are restricted to their

living units at night. What is the security level of this institution? a. open b. medium c. minimum d. multilevel 3. The number of inmates over the age of 50 has doubled over the past decade. What percentage of Canada’s

federal offenders and federal offenders under supervision in the community are now over the age of 50? a. approximately 10% b. approximately 30% c. approximately 55% d. approximately 70% 4. What term refers to the status of accused persons who have been charged and detained in custody, and have

either been denied bail, have yet to appear before a judge, or are awaiting sentencing or the commencement of a custodial sentence? a. pre-sentence custody b. post-offence custody c. judicial interim release d. remand 5. What management model is in place when inmates interact with some correctional officers who provide

assistance, support, and programming, while other correctional officers staff gun towers and security posts? a. the unit management model b. the security management model c. the fixed operational management model d. the flexible operational management model

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Chap_06_5e 6. Which of the following is considered part of the “internal” environment of a correctional institution? a. courts b. vendors c. civilian staff d. community interest groups 7. What does research evidence reveal about the effectiveness of Intensive Support Units (ISUs) in federal

correctional facilities? a. ISUs have strong support among inmates and staff. b. ISUs have lower rates of institutional misconduct. c. Inmates who resided in ISUs have lower rates of reoffending than inmates who did NOT reside in ISUs. d. Inmates who resided in ISUs have lower rates of subsequent substance abuse than inmates who did NOT reside in ISUs. 8. In correctional systems, what strategies promote the use of dental dams, bleach kits, and tattoo parlours? a. proactive strategies b. prevention strategies c. responsive strategies d. educational strategies 9. As new arrivals are introduced to prison life, they are introduced into a system that has been called the “total

institution.” What is the implication of this system for inmates? a. Inmates have substantial autonomy. b. Inmates are subject to rigid scheduling. c. Inmates exercise freedom of movement. d. Inmates participate in decision-making processes.

10. How does the rate of HIV/AIDS infection among federal inmates compare with the rate in Canada’s general

population? a. It is less than the rate in the Canadian general population. b. It is about the same as the rate in the Canadian general population. c. It is about three times the rate in the Canadian general population. d. It is about fifteen times the rate in the Canadian general population.

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Chap_06_5e 11. What federal correctional facility houses inmates who pose such a high risk to inmates and staff that they

CANNOT be confined in maximum-security institutions? a. high-risk facility b. maximum-security institution c. secure-level facility d. special handling unit 12. What does research evidence reveal about the effectiveness of incarceration? a. Incarceration is an effective deterrent. b. To be effective, incarceration must be for a lengthy period of time. c. Incarceration is more cost-effective than alternatives to confinement. d. Incarceration is less effective in reducing reoffending than community supervision.

13. What strategies are in place when an inmate’s mother arrives for a family visit, her belongings are searched by

correctional officers, and a drug dog sniffs her body? a. security strategies b. avoidance strategies c. prevention strategies d. interdiction strategies 14. What are the three security levels in federal correctional facilities? a. easy handling, middle security, and hard time b. easy handling, medium security, and maximum security c. minimum security, medium security, and maximum security d. minimum security, middle security, and hard security 15. What does Erving Goffman define as “a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated

individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life”? a. living on the “green mile” b. a total institution c. “hard time” d. maximum security 16. What are Correctional Service Canada healing lodges designed to provide? a. culturally sensitive treatment programs for Indigenous offenders b. areas and structures for Indigenous offenders to retreat to c. motivation to participate in “sweat lodge” and “smudging ceremonies” d. an area that is separate from the other members of the prison population

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Chap_06_5e 17. What federal legislation provides that an independent chairperson from outside the institution (often a lawyer)

is to preside over the disciplinary hearings involving serious allegations against an inmate? a. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms b. Convicted Offenders Control and Release Act c. Corrections and Conditional Release Act d. Fairness and Equity in Corrections Act 18. According to estimates, how many federal inmates in Canada are affiliated with either a known gang or

organized crime? a. 1 in 2 b. 1 in 4 c. 1 in 6 d. 1 in 8 19. Two federal medium-security prisons are located one hour from one another and house the same number of

inmates. Inmates housed in Prison A want to be transferred to Prison B where the dynamics of institutional life are less harsh. What concept does this scenario exemplify? a. inmate subculture b. institutional personality c. living unit management model d. continuum of correctional institutions 20. What prison has been described as a “tinderbox,” with overcrowding, a lack of programs, and understaffing;

has witnessed a doubling of assaults, from 20 in 2014 to 40 in 2016; and has been called “a Victorian-era throwback that should be bulldozed”? a. Her Majesty’s Penitentiary in St. John’s, Newfoundland b. Kingston Penitentiary, Kingston, Ontario c. Millhaven Penitentiary, Millhaven, Ontario d. The Saskatchewan Federal Penitentiary, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan 21. What is a major benefit of modern correctional institutions using advanced technologies to control the inmate

population? a. more control with fewer staff b. more freedom for the prisoners c. reduced contact between the prisoners and staff d. fewer riots and prison disturbances

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Chap_06_5e 22. What type of security is provided when correctional officers in a federal prison engage in conversation with

inmates and provide assistance and services as a form of security? a. static b. dynamic c. proactive d. relational 23. In Ontario prisons today, which offenders are most likely to have two or more severe mental health

symptoms? a. women and Indigenous people b. street gang members c. organized crime families d. “lifers” 24. Of all inmates in custody in Canada in 2014–15, what percentage were Indigenous offenders? a. 12.4% b. 20.3% c. 24.6% d. 28.2% 25. What percentage of convicted offenders in Canada are sentenced to a period of custody? a. 5 percent b. 15 percent c. 25 percent d. 35 percent 26. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a consequence of a woman having consumed alcohol while

pregnant, and often results in irreversible brain damage to the fetus. Describe the symptoms of FASD and the implications when an inmate who has FASD is housed in a correctional facility.

27. Employees at correctional institutions fill numerous positions, roles, and responsibilities. Name five positions

and describe their main roles and responsibilities.

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Chap_06_5e Answer Key 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. d 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. d 11. d 12. d 13. d 14. c 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. c 19. d 20. a 21. a 22. b 23. a 24. c 25. a

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Chap_06_5e 26. ∙ Symptom: impulsive violence

– Implication: inability to control aggressive, harmful behaviour ∙ Symptom: tendency to NOT learn from their mistakes – Implication: inability to connect “cause” with “effect” ∙ Symptom: tendency to be egocentric – Implication: will minimize the impact of their actions on others – Implication: will blame their victims for wrongful acts 27. ∙ Deputy warden: Has the authority and accountability for operations, interventions, and security intelligence in the

institution, is considered the second-in-command ∙ Assistant warden, operations (AWO): Responsible for all security operations within the institution ∙ Correctional manager (CM): Responsible for the daily operations in the institution ∙ Assistant warden, interventions (AWI): Responsible for managing all professional correctional interventions in the institution (i.e., human, financial, and material resources related to programs; case management; psychology; education; volunteers’ activities; chaplaincy; and Indigenous spiritual activities) ∙ Manager, assessment and intervention (MAI): Responsible for the administration of case management and sentence management duties in the institution. ∙ Manager, programs (MP): Responsible for managing programs (i.e., financial management; needs planning; supervising program facilitators, including psychologists assigned to program delivery; and ensuring program availability) and social activities for offenders (volunteers and socio-cultural activities), and making decisions on offenders’ pay and work assignments ∙ Correctional officers (COs): Responsible for providing static and dynamic security, represent the main point of contact with inmates, and are involved in the management of offenders at the line level

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Chap_07_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which two terms describe the authority of correctional officers in prisons? a. legal and moral b. physical and emotional c. medical and logistical d. tactical and physical 2. Which of the following is the main source of job-related stress for many correctional officers? a. administration b. colleagues c. civilian staff d. civilian population 3. What type of agenda is exemplified when an inmate misses her children, and a correctional officer provides her

with the private family visit request forms and ensures they are submitted to the appropriate staff member for approval? a. a security agenda b. a dynamic agenda c. a custodial agenda d. a correctional agenda 4. What is a downside of correctional officers’ code of behaviour, which provides a mechanism for coping with

the demands of both inmates and the prison administration? a. the code of silence b. the code of deception c. the code of distrust d. the code of suspicion 5. Which term best describes situations where correctional officers may violate institutional regulations by

behaving inappropriately with inmates, such as using excessive force or having sexual relations with inmates, or more complex situations, such as being caught between the directive of the institution’s senior management and “doing the right thing”? a. custodial inappropriateness b. ethical dilemmas c. moral ambiguity d. ineffective training

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Chap_07_5e 6. Which source of stress is exemplified when a correctional officer experiences sleeping difficulties (e.g., inability

to fall asleep, nightmares) after witnessing a riot in which an inmate murdered a correctional officer? a. the impacts of personal life b. the impacts of critical incidents c. the impacts of prison conditions d. the impacts of inadequate training 7. What stress management technique involves a trained intervener conducting an on-scene debriefing of the

correctional officer after a critical incident has occurred and “defusing” by a mental health professional or trained peer, during which the symptoms of stress are identified and strategies are provided for stress management? a. critical incident stress debriefing b. methodical stress recall therapy c. psychoanalytical relaxation d. cognitive behavioural modification 8. In general terms, for what reason are correctional officers permitted to participate in a “use of force” incident? a. to physically injure an inmate b. to quell a riotous situation c. to carry out their duties d. to prevent a potential fight from happening 9. The training needs and requirements of federal correctional officers have NOT kept pace with the increased

knowledge and skills they require. How are most correctional officers now required to learn? a. at home on their computer b. at night classes c. from social service institutions d. on the job 10. Which legislation recognizes inmate rights? a. Ontario Bill of Rights b. Charter of Rights and Freedoms c. Criminal Code of Canada d. Correctional Service Canada Act

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Chap_07_5e 11. Which statement best reflects the following attitude? “Prison staff learn to apply a thin layer of machismo

because of each incident they respond to. It’s like a Band-Aid. But this type of Band-Aid doesn’t protect the wound from infection or aid in the healing process. Instead it covers and seals in your emotions and your feelings; otherwise, you’re weak, a punk, or a sissy.” a. a feeble way of approaching the job b. NOT something a correctional officer would consider as an action to stress c. a failure to be tough in the job d. a barrier to accessing the sources of assistance available 12. Which are the most prominent attributes of correctional officers’ subculture? a. solidarity, peer trust, and code of silence b. isolation, trust no one, and disrespect inmates c. maintain societal norms, “keep cool,” and confide in your partner d. passively respect your boss, do NOT buck the system, and distrust all inmates 13. What percentage of provincial corrections officers employed in British Columbia reported having been

exposed to blood while at work? a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90% 14. A correctional officer catches an inmate with a small amount of tobacco but decides NOT to write a formal

report about the incident. What type of power has the correctional officer exerted? a. expert power b. reward power c. coercive power d. exchange power 15. What was the finding of research on the experiences of women correctional officers in the United States? a. Women correctional officers have NO impact on the attitude of the inmates. b. Women correctional officers have a positive impact on the management of inmates. c. The research was unsuccessful because so few women correctional officers work in U.S. prisons. d. Women correctional officers represent an interference with inmate management because of their

emotional issues.

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Chap_07_5e 16. Which group has the greatest fear of victimization? a. women correctional officers b. male correctional officers c. administrative staff d. therapeutic staff 17. A general principle of a correctional officer’s view on dealing with prisoners equitably and fairly is “read the

book, but don’t throw the book.” Which of the following best describes this credo? a. Use discretion. b. Avoid confrontation at all costs. c. Take the initiative. d. Handle prisoners with force.

18. What bodily system is responsible for shift workers, including correctional officers, being more prone to poor

performance, accidents, and health problems because of feelings similar to jet lag, including fatigue, nausea, irritability, and loss of appetite? a. myocardial infarction b. circadian rhythm c. endocrine system d. biological system interruption 19. Under Section 10 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, what are all correctional officers

designated as? a. medical first responders b. psychotherapists c. peace officers d. inmate educators 20. Which code embraces the unwritten ideals of always assisting another officer who is in real or potential danger,

NOT ratting on fellow officers, NOT becoming overly friendly with the inmates, and deferring to the experience of veteran officers? a. the code of the pen b. the code of survival c. the code of the grey wall d. the normative code of behaviour

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Chap_07_5e 21. What have research studies on women correctional officers found? a. Women correctional officers are NOT assaulted any more frequently than their male counterparts. b. Women correctional officers are NOT better able to defuse explosive situations than their male

counterparts. c. In contrast to their male counterparts, women correctional officers are more often subject to manipulation by inmates. d. To prove themselves, women correctional officers tend to be more aggressive with inmates than their male counterparts.

22. What is one of the main safety concerns of correctional officers? a. tripping and falling b. stabbing or knifing c. contracting HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, or tuberculosis d. being sexually assaulted 23. Which qualification is required by correctional officers within the Correctional Service of Canada? a. a university degree b. Canadian citizenship c. six weeks of training at the regional staff college d. completion of the three-phase Correctional Training Program 24. Which type of correctional officer authority is defined as “authority that is based on establishing functional

relationships with the inmates”? a. legal b. moral c. dynamic d. custodial 25. What year did the Supreme Court of Canada reaffirm the right of women to be employed as correctional

officers in male institutions? a. 1973 b. 1983 c. 1993 d. 2003

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Chap_07_5e 26. Federal correctional officers are now expected to take on multiple tasks in addition to their routine patrols.

Name some of the tasks that are included in their duties.

27. A new trainee correctional officer has been taught several approaches to demonstrating power while dealing

with inmates and must learn which approach works best for him. Name the various approaches to using power and describe their attributes.

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Chap_07_5e Answer Key 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. b 11. d 12. a 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. a 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. d 21. a 22. c 23. b 24. b 25. c

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Chap_07_5e 26. ∙ conducting searches ∙ intervening in inmate disturbances ∙ issuing permits and passes ∙ performing casework and reclassification ∙ briefing volunteers, visitors, and professionals ∙ escorting inmates within the institution ∙ transferring and processing inmates ∙ answering the telephone ∙ acting as nurse, psychologist, parole officer, administrator, police, criminologist, firefighter, and teacher

27. ∙ Coercive power (rule enforcement, disciplinary charges, and searches) ∙ Reward power (awarding certain inmates privileges, providing favourable reports) ∙ Legitimate power (the officer’s formal authority) ∙ Exchange power (the informal system of rewards, under-enforcement of regulations) ∙ Expert or “professional” power (the use of expertise to resolve conflicts)

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Chap_08_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which term is defined as an inmate “sucking up” to the prison staff? a. jeffing b. biting c. snitching d. squealing 2. What term refers to the deprivations experienced by inmates confined in correctional institutions, including their

losses in terms of autonomy, privacy, security, and freedom of movement and association? a. being a Lifer b. hard Time c. pains of imprisonment d. “just another day inside” 3. What section of the prison can the inmate ask to be transferred to increase his personal safety? a. protective custody b. solitary confinement c. special handling unit d. involuntary segregation 4. What is the process by which inmates become socialized into the norms, values, and culture of the prison? a. assimilation b. prisonization c. normalization d. institutionalization 5. Which of the following best describes an offender who displays a fear of being released into the community, as

a result of having become prisonized? a. institutionalized b. disgruntled with society c. reclusive d. scamming the system 6. According to statistics from 2014–15, what age group represented 50 percent of all Indigenous offenders? a. those under 18 years of age b. those under 20 years of age c. those under 30 years of age d. those under 40 years of age

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Chap_08_5e 7. What term is exemplified when an inmate decides to use her time in prison to attain her high-school diploma

and reconnect with her culture by taking Indigenous-focused treatment programs? a. mature coping b. individualization c. responsibilization d. institutionalized autonomy 8. Which of the following is exemplified by an inmate who experiences the loss of liberty, loss of access to goods

and services, los of access to heterosexual relationships, as well as the loss of personal autonomy and personal security? a. the pains of imprisonment b. the pains of institutionalization c. the deprivations of confinement d. the deprivations of imprisonment 9. Which offender population is at greatest risk of committing suicide? a. male offenders b. women offenders c. offenders imprisoned for sexual offences d. offenders imprisoned for drug-related offences 10. Which health-related factor of inmates in Canadian prisons is roughly 30 percent more prevalent in prisons

than in Canada’s general population? a. smoking b. obesity c. prescription drug abuse d. illegal drug use 11. What does research evidence reveal about violence and exploitation in prison? a. Older inmates commit a disproportionate number of prison assaults. b. Poor inmates are NO more likely to be victimized than richer inmates. c. Inmates convicted of murder account for a disproportionate share of prison violence. d. Prison assaults are disproportionately committed in institutions that are overcrowded.

12. Which term best describes an offender who started breaking the law early in life and has spent more than half

of his life behind bars? a. a lifer b. a hard case c. state-raised d. a juvenile delinquent Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chap_08_5e 13. Which offender population is at highest risk for self-injurious behaviour? a. male offenders b. young offenders c. women offenders d. elderly offenders 14. Which theory explains the evolution of the inmate social system that holds that the inmate social system exists

to provide inmates with access to illicit goods and services? a. deficit theory b. transfer theory c. deprivation theory d. importation theory 15. What informal set of rules followed by prisoners includes never ratting out another prisoner, keeping to

yourself, and NOT helping the guards? a. the inmate code b. veiled threats c. NOT the normal code of behaviour d. scare rumours 16. How does the suicide rate among federal prisoners compare with the suicide rate in Canada’s general

population? a. It is the same as that of the Canadian general population. b. It is just less than that of the Canadian general population. c. It is considerably higher that of the Canadian general population. d. It is approximately three times that of the Canadian general population.

17. What term describes the actions of a woman prisoner who often scratches her arms and legs to point they are

bleeding? a. attention-getting syndrome b. self-injurious behaviour c. “scratching off prison dirt” d. “no pain no gain” 18. Transgendered inmates and inmates who identified as non-gender conforming were assessed for placement in an institution based on their primary sexual characteristics. As a result, what were they subjected to? a. violence and intimidation b. emotional abuse c. physical and secual abuse d. racial discrimination Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chap_08_5e 19. What social (or argot) role does a new inmate exemplify when he decides to engage in constructive activities

and relationships with treatment staff and correctional officers? a. a fish b. a goof c. a right guy d. a square john 20. Upon entry into an institution, Inmate A is subjected to verbal and physical abuse from Inmate B who is

looking for a “punk” to have sexual relations with. What social (or argot) role does Inmate B exemplify? a. the boss b. the hook c. the Viking d. the booty bandit 21. What are the three most common complaints and grievances filed by federal inmates in Canadian correctional

facilities? a. healthcare, institutional transfers, and staff conduct b. healthcare, conditions of confinement, and institutional transfers c. cleanliness of the institution, institutional transfers, and staff conduct d. cleanliness of the institution, staff conduct, and administrative segregation 22. Upon entry into the federal prison system, an inmate is issued prison clothing and a prisoner identification

number. What does this process exemplify? a. a process of mortification b. a process of institutionalization c. a status degradation ceremony d. a prisoner deprivation ceremony 23. Which theory proposes that the inmate social system develops as a consequence of pre-prison attitudes and

behaviours that inmates bring into the institution? a. deprivation theory b. modelling theory c. punitive justice theory d. importation theory

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Chap_08_5e 24. Time inside a prison can affect a prisoner’s physical health. Describe and explain the causes and consequences

of prisoners’ health issues.

25. Sexual coercion and rape are two brutal realities of prison life. Although studies have shown that non-consensual sexual assault is rare in Canadian institutions, the possibility exists of rape and sexual assault in prison. Describe and discuss the associated issues that revolve around the sexual coercion and rape in the prison systems that have been researched, (i.e. USA).

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Chap_08_5e Answer Key 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. a 9. a 10. c 11. d 12. c 13. c 14. c 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. d 21. b 22. c 23. d

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Chap_08_5e 24. ∙ Substance abuse ∙ Latent tuberculosis ∙ Cardiovascular conditions ∙ Head injuries ∙ Overweight or obesity ∙ Hepatitis C ∙ HIV/AIDS ∙ Mental health ∙ Early mortality ∙ Widespread prescribing of psychotropic drugs ∙ Higher costs to the system ∙ Specialized facilities ∙ More medical staff ∙ More medical training for correctional officers ∙ Varied treatment programs

25. Perpetrators use a variety of tactics to coerce sex, including inflict-ing direct physical harm or threatening to do so, intimidating the target physically, and applying persuasion. An inmate may succeed in taking another inmate as his “punk”—an exploitative relationship that neverthe-less provides a measure of security and protection for the weaker inmate. Depending on the circumstances, such as whether there are multiple perpe-trators, the target can often prevent the attack by avoiding the perpetra-tors, consistently refusing, using defensive threats, fighting, or launching a pre-emptive attack.

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Chap_09_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which term is defined as “structured professional judgment”? a. expertise b. discretion c. risk analysis d. risk assessment 2. What term refers to aspects in an offender’s life such as education, mental health, social networks,

employment, accommodation, drugs and alcohol, attitudes, and cognitive skills? a. criminogenic needs b. bio-genetic-social levels c. habitual criminal statistics d. psycho/cognitive aspects of life 3. The average offender who enters prison is offered a variety of programs to facilitate rehabilitation and

reintegration. Which programs are most frequently utilized by the correctional staff? a. GED (high school) and math tutoring b. sex addiction therapy and marriage counselling c. family and lifestyles training, conflict resolution d. substance abuse, family violence, and anger management 4. Which risk assessment tool is used to determine the level of risk and classification level of a newly admitted

adult male offender? a. LS/CMI b. OIA-Revised c. Custody Rating Scale d. Psychopathy Check List 5. Who bears the primary responsibility for case management in federal institutions? a. wardens b. psychologists c. correctional officers d. institutional parole officers

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Chap_09_5e 6. What percentage of the Correctional Service of Canada’s annual budget is spent on correctional

programming? a. approximately 2% b. approximately 7% c. approximately 12% d. approximately 17% 7. Which offender group has the lowest rate of program completion? a. women offenders b. lower-risk inmates c. Indigenous inmates d. inmates who have more education 8. What type of risk factor is targeted when an inmate completes a trades training certificate program while

incarcerated? a. static b. dynamic c. offending d. antisocial 9. How many phases comprise the case management process? a. 6 b. 5 c. 4 d. 3 10. What does research evidence reveal about the effectiveness of correctional treatment programs? a. Participation alters offender risk and need ratings. b. Participation increases the misconduct in institutions. c. Effective programming results in 20 to 60 percent reductions in recidivism. d. Effective programming saves money, providing higher returns per dollar on investment.

11. What instrument is used to identify those offenders who are most likely to reoffend upon release from the

institution if NO treatment intervention occurs? a. risk assessment b. offender needs score c. safety by the numbers d. risk classification

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Chap_09_5e 12. What three areas are examined in the Offender Intake Assessment? a. psychological, genetic, behavioural b. behavioural, cognitive, cultural c. psychological, personality, behavioural d. therapeutic, rehabilitation, reintegration 13. What obstacle to effective correctional treatment is exemplified when a new staff member with minimal training

conducts violence prevention programming for high-risk inmates, facilitates the program without referring to the manual, and participants in her group later show high rates of recidivism? a. program drift b. program fidelity c. program integrity d. program deviation 14. What term refers to identifying an offender’s risks and needs; determining his need to complete substance

abuse and violence prevention programming; and deciding on the best institution to house him, based on his needs and programming requirements? a. risk analysis b. risk assessment c. risk management d. risk classification 15. Denial of any wrong is an integral part of the psyche of the sex offender. As a result, which approach is used in

the present-day treatment of sex offenders? a. a multidisciplinary approach b. a one-on-one approach c. a shaming approach d. a cognitive restructuring approach 16. Which risk factors are defined as contributing “to a person’s propensity to commit criminal offences”? a. static risk factors b. dynamic risk factors c. antisocial risk factors d. criminogenic risk factors

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Chap_09_5e 17. Which plan has been defined as a key component of the “process that determines the offender’s institutional

placement, specific treatment or training opportunities, and preparation for release”? a. the release plan b. the treatment plan c. the correctional plan d. the management plan 18. What concept of care encourages prisoners to participate in and complete recommended programs and

suggests programs that prisoners can continue after their release? a. Let Life Begin b. Detention/Release Planning c. The After-Release Program d. Throughcare 19. Which term refers to the action of reoffending? a. recidivism b. calculated time c. social/prisoner gamble d. program drift 20. What was Dr. Robert Martinson’s original conclusion about prison programs, which he later recanted? a. Programs work well. b. With a few exceptions, NO programs work. c. More study is needed. d. 50% work and 50% do NOT work 21. What issue must be addressed if treatment interventions are to work, even when inmates have access and are

amenable to treatment, and particularly for inmates of racialized groups? a. relevance of treatment b. cultural/religious recognition c. ethnic diversity in staffing d. swift and sure justice 22. Which concept is exemplified when an inmate enters prison and states he is NOT willing to participate in any

type of correctional treatment programming? a. differential treatment availability b. differential amenability to change c. differential treatment effectiveness d. differential amenability to treatment

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Chap_09_5e 23. Which program matches a community volunteer with an offender, and attracts active involvement from college

and university students? a. A Helping Hand b. M2/W2 – man to man/woman to woman c. Elizabeth Fry Society d. Saving Face 24. An adult male sex offender has entered the federal correctional system for sexually assaulting a 10-year-old

girl. Which risk assessment tool is used to evaluate the probability that he will reoffend? a. SARA b. SRS for men c. SIRS-R 2001 d. STATIC 2002 25. What does preliminary research evidence reveal about the outcomes for participants in the Integrated

Correctional Program Model? a. Participants have lower program completion rates. b. Participants have lower recidivism rates upon release. c. Participants experience shorter wait times to access programs. d. Participants experience greater success in securing employment upon release.

26. What documents and information are gathered during the classification of a prisoner?

27. Identify and describe the outcomes of the five phases of case management that allow an institution to readily

assess, treat, and follow a prisoner’s life while imprisoned.

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Chap_09_5e Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. d 11. a 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. a 16. d 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. a 22. d 23. b 24. d 25. c

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Chap_09_5e 26. ∙ Information from family, corrections, the courts, the police, and the victim ∙ At the reception centre, the inmate is evaluated for physical health, mental health, security concerns, and suicide

risk. ∙ Security-level concerns include institutional adjustment; escape risk; risk to the public; location of the institution; seriousness of the offence; outstanding charges; the offender’s social, criminal, and (where available) young offender history; and potential for violence.

27. 1) Initial Assessment and Institutional Placement

• Identification of inmate risks/needs • Development of correctional plan 2) Correctional Planning and Institutional Supervision • Correctional plan initiated • Institutional programs (work, treatment, skills upgrading) • Institutional transfers • Institutional releases (temporary absences, work releases) • Ongoing monitoring of inmate progress 3) Preparing Cases for Release Decisions • Institutional progress reports • Community assessments 4) Parole Board Decision and Release • Temporary absences, day/full parole, statutory release 5) Community Supervision The above answers should be considered as potential answers that may be submitted by the students. This list is not conclusive as to a specific outcome but rather a system of materials used to prepare a plan of assessment, which will then facilitate a successful treatment plan, with the hopes of an optimally good outcome for the prisoner, both during incarceration and after release.

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Chap_10_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. A provincial offender is sentenced to 12 months in prison and applies for release after serving two months.

What type of release has the offender applied for? a. remission b. discharge c. day parole d. full parole 2. What provision allows incarcerated provincial/territorial offenders to gain early release through good behaviour

and is often referred to as “cold turkey” release, as there is NO supervision by a probation or parole officer? a. statutory release b. day parole c. mitigating release d. earned remission 3. What legislation brought about the reforms whereby some Canadian jurisdictions began adopting indeterminate

sentences and a mark system for juvenile offenders, and adult offenders could qualify for a “ticket of leave”? a. Conditional Liberation of Penitentiary Convicts b. An Act to Introduce the Ticket to Leave c. First Dominion Early Release Act d. An Act to Amend the Ticket to Leave 4. Which 19th century penal reformist was superintendent of a penal colony for incorrigible and irredeemable

offenders, and observed, “the harsh and brutalizing conditions in prisons did little to encourage convicts to be good citizens and, in fact, did much to ensure that they would become hardened criminals”? a. Jeremy Bentham b. T. L. Scott c. Wickland d. Alexander Maconochie 5. What was Canada’s federal full parole grant rate in 2010–11? a. 17 percent b. 29 percent c. 39 percent d. 49 percent

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Chap_10_5e 6. Which legislation, later abolished by Harper Conservative government, enabled non-violent, first-time federal

offenders to be released from custody after serving one-sixth of their sentence if they were deemed unlikely to commit a violent crime? a. Accredited Early Parole b. Accelerated Parole Review c. Non-violent Early Release Petition d. Early Affected Release 7. When an offender successfully obtains parole, what document outlines the standard and special conditions

deemed reasonable and necessary to protect society and facilitate the offender’s rehabilitation? a. parole differential b. parole certificate c. parole release authorization d. non-custodial release guarantee 8. What type of release is described when a provincial offender is released with NO supervision after serving

two-thirds of her sentence? a. cold turkey release b. conditional release c. unrestricted release d. warrant expiry release 9. A repeat pedophilia offender has been declared a dangerous offender and has just begun an indeterminate

sentence. When will he be eligible for a full parole hearing? a. in 7 years b. in 10 years c. in 15 years d. never 10. What was Canada’s federal day parole grant rate in 2014–2015? a. 71 percent b. 52 percent c. 57 percent d. 67 percent 11. How much of their sentence must provincial inmates serve before being eligible to apply for full parole? a. one-half b. one-third c. one-quarter d. one-sixth Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chap_10_5e 12. Which activity is NOT permitted by a criminal lawyer who is attending a hearing? a. plea bargaining b. acting in an adversarial manner c. extending the examination in chief d. refusing to cross-examine a witness 13. What paramount consideration is emphasized in the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, sections 100

and 100.1? a. the security of prisoners in custody b. the protection of society c. the rehabilitation of the prisoner d. the education of the prisoner 14. What term refers to the authority that a parole board grants so that inmates can participate in community-

based activities in preparation for full release (e.g., for job search), while returning at night to an institution, a community residential facility, or a halfway house? a. statutory release b. day parole c. full parole d. escorted temporary absence 15. Which country originated the practice of releasing offenders before the end of their sentence, now known as

conditional release? a. Canada b. Australia c. United States d. New Zealand 16. What type of condition requires an offender who is released on full parole to avoid the store that she was

convicted of shoplifting from? a. a required condition b. an optional condition c. a mandatory condition d. a special condition

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Chap_10_5e 17. Which issue in parole board decision making is exemplified when two inmates appear before the Parole Board

of Canada with the same risk and need profiles, offence histories, completion of treatment programming, and release plans, but one inmate is granted full parole while the other is denied full parole? a. There is an absence of clearly defined criteria. b. Boards may be subject to public and political influence. c. There is an absence of case information feedback to parole board members. d. There is an absence of cultural sensitivity training provided to parole board members.

18. In what year did the National Parole Board, now known as the Parole Board of Canada, come into being? a. 1945 b. 1949 c. 1955 d. 1959 19. In which province can a victim attend a parole hearing to provide a victim impact statement? a. Québec b. Ontario c. Alberta d. British Columbia 20. What term refers to the mandatory conditional release of a federal offender by law, and is NOT a decision

made by the Parole Board of Canada? a. statutory release b. earned release c. parole exemption d. non-applicable release 21. What legislation sets out the purpose and principles of conditional release? a. Ticket of Leave Act b. Charter of Conditional Leave c. Corrections and Conditional Release Act d. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 22. What is the 12-month court-imposed supervision order that prohibits a sex offender who has completed his

prison sentence from participating in activities that involve children under the age of 16? a. sexual predator bond b. judicial recognizance c. dangerous offender order d. long-term supervision order

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Chap_10_5e 23. What form of early release involved a reigning king or queen granting a pardon or remission for humanitarian

reasons or because the severity of the sentence far exceeded the severity of the crime? a. Royal Assent b. Royal Release c. Royal Prerogative d. Royal Pardon 24. In what year was the first Dominion parole officer appointed in Canada? a. 1890 b. 1895 c. 1900 d. 1905 25. What does research evidence reveal about the effectiveness of conditional release? a. The successful completion rates for full parole are around 95 percent. b. The successful completion rates for day parole are around 60 percent. c. The successful completion rates for statutory release are around 45 percent. d. The successful completion rates for unescorted temporary absences are around 75 percent.

26. Identify and describe the significance of the documents in the inmate-applicant’s parole file that the parole

board considers when determining the release situations for an offender.

27. Identify and describe the five sentencing milestones for offenders who are incarcerated.

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Chap_10_5e Answer Key 1. c 2. d 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. a 11. b 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. b 16. d 17. a 18. d 19. b 20. a 21. c 22. b 23. c 24. d 25. a

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Chap_10_5e 26. ∙ Police reports ∙ Official record of convictions ∙ Classification reports ∙ Custody reports from institutional staff on the inmate’s behaviour and performance ∙ Correctional plan progress reports ∙ Victim impact statements ∙ Presentence reports ∙ Letters of support ∙ Document prepared by a probation or community parole officer assessing the offender’s release plan and

proposing a supervision strategy for the offender 27. 1) Warrant of Commitment ∙ Sentence begins

2) Eligibility for Day Parole/Accelerated Parole Review ∙ Six months prior to the parole eligibility date or after serving six months of the sentence, whichever is greater after one-sixth of the sentence has been served 3) Eligibility for Full Parole ∙ After serving one-third of the sentence or seven years, whichever is less 4) Statutory Release ∙ After serving two-thirds of the sentence 5) Warrant Expiry Date ∙ Sentence ends

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Chap_11_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which model is exemplified by a community facility that provides newly released offenders with substance

abuse programming, residential living, education courses, vocational skills training, career advice, and counselling services? a. the wrap-around model b. the re-entry court model c. the status restoration model d. the integrated correctional program model 2. Which concept is exemplified when a newly released offender finds grocery shopping and taking the bus to be

overwhelming and difficult? a. the pains of re-entry b. the challenges of parole c. the rituals of reintegration d. the collateral effects of confinement 3. What term describes prisoners who have spent multiple years behind bars, have little experience living in the

outside community, have few or NO family ties, and—most importantly— have NO “stake” in the community? a. lifers b. hard timers c. state-raised d. incorrigible 4. Which court reviews the progress and problems of offenders, monitors their compliance with release

conditions, and applies sanctions when offenders do NOT comply with their treatment requirements? a. Family Relations Court b. Court of Criminal Jurisdiction c. Extra Intervention Court d. Re-entry Court 5. What is the estimated percentage of released offenders believed to be homeless or to have NO stable

residence to return to after they are released from prison? a. 10 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 40 percent

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Chap_11_5e 6. According to an American study, what factor during imprisonment led to parolees having a higher rate of

parole violations? a. cultural misappropriation b. lack of involvement with programs c. medium to high levels of overcrowding d. excessive drug use 7. What has research evidence revealed about the use and effectiveness of electronic monitoring (EM) and global

positioning systems (GPS)? a. EM and GPS increase public safety. b. EM and GPS lower rates of reoffending. c. EM and GPS are time-consuming for parole officers. d. EM and GPS help sex offenders successfully reintegrate into the community.

8. What has research evidence revealed about the effectiveness of community notification (CN)? a. CN is most effective with high-risk women offenders. b. CN reduces reoffending among high-risk sex offenders. c. CN, as practised in Canada, increases community safety. d. CN has NO evidence of reducing reoffending among high-risk offenders.

9. The correctional system is tasked with developing a release plan that sets out where a released offender will

live, work, and, if required, attend school and participate in post-release treatment programs. What is this plan designed to alleviate? a. the discomfort of changing environments b. the pains of re-entry c. the deinstitutionalization of the offender d. the adaptation ills of the offender to the community 10. Which community-based committees are composed of criminal justice personnel and community members

who provide mentoring for high-risk sex offenders whose sentences have expired? a. community aid committees b. Indigenous helping boards c. circles of support and accountability d. healing circle foundations

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Chap_11_5e 11. What has research evidence revealed about the use and effectiveness of circles of support and accountability

(COSAs)? a. Women offenders benefit more from COSAs than male offenders. b. COSAs have limited support among agency personnel and participants. c. Indigenous offenders benefit more from COSAs than non-Indigenous offenders. d. COSA participants have lower general recidivism rates than non-participants.

12. What are the four Fs related to sexual offending that are targeted during sex offender group therapy? a. focus, fetishes, follow-up, finale b. feelings, fantasy, follow-up, finale c. focus, fetishes, future, follow-through d. feelings, fantasy, future, follow-through 13. Which issue faced by newly released offenders and certain populations—women, Indigenous people, and

those who have a mental illness or mental illness and substance abuse—has been found to be related to reoffending, including parole revocations, readmission to prison, and new offences? a. homelessness b. lack of social structure c. technological advances d. marginalization in society 14. When were circles of support and accountability first developed? a. early 1970s b. early 1980s c. early 1990s d. early 2000s 15. Which federal legislation requires sex offenders to register themselves within 7 or 15 days prior to release into

the community, or upon conviction if they receive a noncustodial sentence? a. Sex Offender Information Registration Act b. Controlling Sex Offenders Act c. Sex Offenders in the Community Act d. The Release of Sex Offenders Act

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Chap_11_5e 16. Which concept is exemplified when an incarcerated inmate participates in substance abuse programming and a

methadone maintenance program, and upon release into the community, continues with a methadone maintenance program and joins Alcoholics Anonymous? a. throughcare b. reintegration c. continuum of care d. rehabilitation sequencing 17. What court-imposed decision is instrumental in determining the length of time an offender is required to be

registered as a sex offender? a. the conditions of the actual offence b. the victim impact statement c. the length of sentence imposed d. the attitude of the community 18. Which process is described when a federal day parolee misses her curfew three nights in a row and is

subsequently arrested and detained in custody? a. parole revocation hearing b. parole suspension hearing c. revocation of conditional release d. suspension of conditional release 19. Which supervision/control strategy has received conflicting evidence in terms of whether it increases public

safety, lowers rates of reoffending, helps sex offenders successfully reintegrate into the community, or has any impact on reoffending? a. intensive supervision probation b. long-term parole c. conditional release d. electronic monitoring 20. Which concept is exemplified by a life-sentenced offender who is released into the community after serving 28

years and exhibits antisocial and institutionalized personality traits that lead to challenges in his transitioning to community life? a. the pains of reintegration b. post-incarceration syndrome c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. state-raised offender syndrome

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Chap_11_5e 21. In which two jurisdictions do provincial probation and parole officers provide supervision for both offenders

on parole and inmates on temporary absences? a. Manitoba and Saskatchewan b. Ontario and Québec c. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia d. Alberta and British Columbia 22. Inmates who reoffend typically do so within what period of time following their release? a. 1 year b. 3 years c. 5 years d. 7 years 23. Which form of supervision, which is intended to promote public safety and aid the offender’s rehabilitation,

begins when an offender who is perceived to be at high risk of reoffending is released from custody at his or her warrant expiry date? a. statutory supervision b. long-term supervision order c. mandatory secured supervision d. accelerated supervision release 24. Which offender population has the highest failure rate on conditional release? a. offenders released on full parole b. offenders released on day parole c. offenders released on statutory release d. offenders released on unescorted temporary absences 25. Which of the following is required to be completed as part of an inmate’s discharge plan? a. a report on prior criminogenic situations the inmate may seek to reconnect with upon release b. a review of the inmate’s medical/psychological and social needs upon release c. a review of the assessed risks and needs, and identification of community providers to take over the

offender’s case d. a report on the financial assistance the inmate wants upon release 26. Identify and describe the techniques that correctional systems use to manage the risks of sex offenders.

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Chap_11_5e 27. List the “seven dynamic need domains” that represent obstacles for offenders to overcome. Discuss the

difficulties they present for the offender.

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Chap_11_5e Answer Key 1. a 2. a 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. c 7. c 8. d 9. b 10. c 11. d 12. d 13. a 14. c 15. a 16. a 17. c 18. d 19. d 20. b 21. b 22. b 23. b 24. c 25. c

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Chap_11_5e 26. ∙ Programming

– Drugs such as anti-androgens to reduce sex drive – Electronic monitoring – Community notification (CN) – Registration ∙ Supervision and monitoring strategies – Including polygraph testing ∙ Residency conditions can also be imposed ∙ The National Sex Offender Program – High Intensity National Sex Offender Program – Moderate Intensity National Sex Offender Program – National Sex Offender Maintenance Program – The Tupiq Program (for Inuit male offenders) 27.

1. Attitudes 2. Community functioning 3. Employment 4. Marital/family 5. Personal, emotional 6. Associates 7. Substance abuse Newly released offenders may face social, economic, and personal challenges that make it difficult to avoid returning to criminal activity.

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Chap_12_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. By what percentage has the number of women in federal custody identifying as gang affiliates increased

between 1997 and 2012? a. 55% b. 65% c. 75% d. 85% 2. Which report recommended changes in Canada’s operations of women’s corrections, which would enable a

federally sentenced woman offender to be provided women-centered programming, and the Kingston Prison for Women to be closed? a. Arbour Report b. Creating Choices Report c. Office of the Correctional Investigator Report d. Report of the Deputy Commission for Women 3. Up to March 2012, what was the average length of a term of segregation for a woman in prison? a. 5 days b. 10 days c. 15 days d. 20 days 4. By what percentage has the number of Indigenous women admitted to federal custody increased over the past

decade? a. 36% b. 50% c. 70% d. 90% 5. What term describes the relationship when an inmate who is feeling lonely and isolated forms a tight bond with

another inmate, and then a third inmate joins their group and they all maintain a close relationship? a. love and lust syndrome b. pseudo-family c. sexual liaison facsimile d. psycho-social bond

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Chap_12_5e 6. Which statement represents a major argument regarding the use of assessment instruments such as the LSI-R

to assess the risk and needs of women offenders? a. These instruments are suitable for woman prisoners. b. These instruments are suitable for juvenile prisoners. c. These instruments do NOT address woman’s specific crime pathways. d. These instruments do NOT work well and are being redesigned.

7. According to recent meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of programs for incarcerated women, what

were program participants significantly less likely to do? a. reoffend b. stay drug-free longer c. relocate to urban areas d. turn to prostitution to support themselves 8. What is the annual cost, per offender, of incarcerating federal women offenders? a. $160,000 b. $180,000 c. $200,000 d. $220,000 9. According to Correctional Service Canada’s research on the characteristics of women sexual offenders who

entered federal custody between January 2001 and March 2010, which women were more likely to be undereducated, to present high risks and high needs, and to have histories of abuse? a. Black women in their 30s b. Asian women in their 20s c. Middle Eastern women in their 20s d. Caucasian women in their 30s 10. What did a recent in-depth study reveal about how the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) responds to

mental health issues among federally sentenced women (FSW)? a. FSW with mental health problems are treated as risks. b. The CSC gives sufficient attention to FSW’s histories of abuse. c. The CSC’s mental health strategy focuses on FSW’s treatment rather than assessment. d. FSW with mental health issues are often under-classified, resulting in insufficient programming opportunities.

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Chap_12_5e 11. According to research, what prime factor is the single greatest cause of the “pains of imprisonment” for women

offenders? a. financial strain b. separation from their children and families c. drug and alcohol abuse/dependency d. mental illness and instability 12. Which correctional program is designed to address the needs of a federally sentenced woman who has mental

health issues, with the aim of encouraging and empowering her? a. Intensive Intervention Strategy b. Intensive Therapeutic Treatment c. Intensive Behavioural Observation Healing d. Intensive Needs Prevention and Maintenance Care 13. Which report recommended that male correctional staff must leave the room while a woman inmate is strip-

searched by women staff members? a. Arbour Report b. Creating Choices Report c. Office of the Correctional Investigator Report d. Report of the Deputy Commission for Women 14. Which correctional treatment program is designed to encourage federally sentenced women to develop self-

assuredness in their capabilities, powers, and decision-making? a. Cognitive Skills for Women b. Relationship Skills for Women c. Emotions Management for Women d. Behavioural Management for Women 15. What program offered by Correctional Service of Canada is designed to reduce crime and sexual reoffending

by improving the women’s coping strategies and by addressing trauma and physical health care and relationship issues? a. Rehabilitation Counselling b. Women’s Sex Offender Program c. Mother and Child Reunion Program d. Psycho/cognitive Therapy

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Chap_12_5e 16. What correctional practice enables a federally sentenced woman offender to spend Easter weekend with her

boyfriend and their two children in a building located on prison grounds? a. conjugal visits b. private family visits c. the mother–child program d. the inmate–family program 17. In what year did the Kingston Prison for Women close? a. 1998 b. 2000 c. 2002 d. 2004 18. What is the estimated percentage of federal women offenders who will return to custody, either for a violation

of release conditions or for having committed a new offence? a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50% 19. Which behaviour, which is associated with women who are inmates and may have been established prior to

incarceration, is considered a coping mechanism that allows a woman to exert personal control during a time of stress? a. sexual promiscuity b. fetal alcohol spectrum disorder c. self-injurious behaviour d. drug/alcohol addiction 20. According to several evaluations of gender-specific interventions targeting high-risk, high-need women

offenders in Canada, which program/report introduced during a woman’s entry into prison exposes her to intensive treatment interventions and may reduce reoffending? a. Intake Referral Form b. Analysis of a Female Inmate c. Risk–Needs–Responsivity d. Female Inmate Adaptation Report

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Chap_12_5e 21. What is one of the strongest predictors of women offenders’ risk to reoffend? a. substance abuse issues b. criminal offence history c. low educational achievement d. a partner or spouse involved in criminal activity 22. What intake model has NOT been adhered to when Correctional Service Canada staff have offered a

released woman offender skills training that does NOT interest her and she feels will NOT help her? a. Risk–Needs–Responsivity b. Employment Equity Assistance c. Job Placement by Gender d. A Helping Hand Up 23. What proportion of women offenders admitted to custody are gang-affiliated? a. 1 in 7 b. 1 in 8 c. 1 in 9 d. 1 in 10 24. By what percentage has the number of women admitted to federal custody increased over the past decade? a. 33% b. 50% c. 60% d. 70% 25. Up to what age are children eligible for full-time residency with their incarcerated mothers in Canada’s

mother–child programs? a. up to 2 years of age b. up to 3 years of age c. up to 4 years of age d. up to 5 years of age 26. List and describe some of the major issues surrounding the re-entry of the women offenders into society.

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Chap_12_5e 27. On October 19, 2007, 19-year-old Ashley Smith was found unconscious in her segregation cell at the Grand

Valley Institution for Women and died later that day. The official cause of death was self-initiated asphyxiation (suicide). However, a Correctional Service of Canada report concluded that her death was accidental and the result of a desperate attempt for attention and interaction after she had been confined to isolation for many months. Describe some of the details of Smith’s incarceration and the issues that were incorrectly dealt with by corrections staff that led to her death.

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Chap_12_5e Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. a 11. b 12. a 13. a 14. c 15. b 16. b 17. b 18. c 19. c 20. c 21. d 22. a 23. d 24. a 25. d

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Chap_12_5e 26. ∙ Lack of supportive family and friendship networks ∙ Lack of programs and services ∙ Need to find employment ∙ Incomplete education ∙ Daycare issues ∙ Difficulty with partners/spouses who also may have been involved in criminal activity ∙ Gender discrimination and stigma as a convicted offenders ∙ Societal attitudes toward “misbehaving” women ∙ Difficulty re-establishing contact with their children ∙ Difficulty finding suitable accommodation with sufficient space ∙ Difficulty in regaining custody when children have been placed in care

27. ∙ In New Brunswick, she accumulated more than 800 incident reports, more than 500 institutional charges, and 168

self-harm incidents. ∙ She was transferred 17 times in 11½ months between three federal correctional facilities, two treatment facilities, two external hospitals, and a provincial facility. ∙ Officials were NOT transferring Ms. Smith to address her mental health needs; rather, they transferred her due to cell availability and staff fatigue. ∙ Mandatory reviews of her segregation were NOT completed. ∙ Self-injurious behaviour involved her placement in a four-point restraint system. ∙ She was subjected to forced medication. ∙ Smith’s mental health issues were NOT addressed either in the youth facility or in the federal institutions. ∙ Smith did NOT receive a psychological assessment.

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Chap_13_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which of the following is a culturally relevant parole hearing for an Indigenous inmate in Ontario who is

applying for full parole after serving four months of his 12-month sentence? a. elder-assisted hearing b. Indigenous circle hearing c. cultural advisor-led hearing d. Indigenous spiritual community hearing 2. What percentage of youth admissions to youth correctional services are Indigenous people? a. 13% b. 18% c. 28% d. 33% 3. Of the total provincial/territorial inmate population, what percentage are Indigenous people? a. 17% b. 26% c. 37% d. 47% 4. What percentage of incarcerated youth are Indigenous people? a. 12% b. 13% c. 22% d. 40% 5. What percentage of incarcerated women offenders are Indigenous people? a. 25–30% b. 31–35% c. 36–38% d. 77–86% 6. Which term reflects Indigenous people’s pervasive poverty, high rates of unemployment, low levels of formal

education, substandard housing, high death rates from accidents and violence, all of which may lead to their involvement in the criminal justice and corrections systems? a. marginality b. abject poverty c. resultant colonization d. regressive social norms Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chap_13_5e 7. Which significant issue affects a high percentage of Indigenous women and has led to their interaction with the

criminal justice system? a. the influence of alcohol or drugs b. committing crimes under peer pressure c. using crime to cover up their emotional disturbances d. feelings of rejection by family and friends 8. What percentage of Parole Board of Canada staff is Indigenous? a. 4% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20% 9. Which personal circumstances best describe a typical Indigenous woman inmate who has a previous criminal

record and has previously served time? a. 18 years old, single, grade 10, NO kids b. 23 years old, married, grade 8, 2 to 3 kids c. 25 years old, married, grade 12, NO kids d. 27 years old, single, grade 9, 2 to 3 kids 10. Which term is defined as “an initiative of the Correctional Service of Canada designed to connect Indigenous

offenders with their communities, traditions, and cultures, beginning in the institution and continuing on conditional release in the community”? a. Indigenous Throughcare Initiative b. Indigenous Offender Circle of Care c. Integrated Correctional Program Model d. Aboriginal Corrections Continuum of Care 11. Which program, assisted by an Elder, helps Indigenous women offenders in federal institutions develop coping

strategies so they can return to their communities to live crime-free lives? a. Freedom to Decide b. A Helping Hand c. The Circle of Care d. People Helping People

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Chap_13_5e 12. What did the Parole Board of Canada find regarding its provision of parole board hearings in the community in

an effort to foster a “traditional sense of responsibility felt by every community member for each other and for the creatures and forces that sustain all human life”? a. The hearings have a significant impact for the community. b. It would be worthwhile to spread the system to non-Indigenous communities. c. The hearings are having limited impact on Indigenous communities. d. The hearings were found to violate federal laws, and are NO longer in use.

13. An Indigenous male has been convicted of an offence and sentenced to federal time. Compared with a non-

Indigenous offender, at what level of security is he more likely to be classified? a. minimum security b. medium security c. maximum security d. intensive supervision restrictions 14. Which term refers to the response to the needs of both the offender and the community, as experienced at

healing lodges, where offenders receive individualized programming, engage with the community and Elders, and partake in Indigenous teachings and ceremonies? a. the religious approach b. the balanced approach c. the cultural approach d. the holistic approach 15. Of the total federal inmate population, what percentage are Indigenous people? a. 20% b. 25% c. 30% d. 35% 16. Which job title refers to a staff member at a correctional facility who teaches culturally appropriate healing and

treatment programs to Indigenous and Métis offenders, and works with an Elder to guide Indigenous inmates on their healing journey? a. Community Correctional Officer b. Aboriginal Correctional Program Officer c. Correctional Program Officer d. Internal Educational Officer

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Chap_13_5e 17. Which existing intervention would be helpful to research when a remote town plagued by high rates of sexual

and domestic abuse decides to develop an intervention to tackle these concerns, address the needs of all involved parties, and promote peace and harmony? a. Waseskun Healing Centre b. Okimaw Ohci Healing Lodge c. Ma Mawi Wi Chi Itata Family Violence Program d. Hollow Water Community Holistic Healing Program 18. What section of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act allows for the increased involvement of

Indigenous communities in the release and reintegration of federal Indigenous offenders? a. Section 14 b. Section 81 c. Section 100.1 d. Section 104.1 19. What does research evidence reveal about Indigenous offenders and their success in applying for conditional

release? a. Parole grant rates for federal Indigenous offenders have been increasing. b. Parole grant rates for federal Indigenous offenders have been decreasing. c. Indigenous offenders have higher full parole grant rates than non-Indigenous offenders. d. Indigenous offenders have higher day parole grant rates than non-Indigenous offenders.

20. What percentage of offenders designated as Dangerous Offenders are Indigenous people? a. 20% b. 26% c. 31% d. 38% 21. What was being assessed in an evaluation of an Indigenous-focused program that revealed Indigenous

offenders enjoy working with Elders and learning about their Indigenous spirituality? a. quality of life b. recidivism rates c. program dynamics d. correctional outcomes

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Chap_13_5e 22. Which of the following best describes the inability of Canada’s courts and correctional system to adequately

address the cultural ideals of Canada’s Indigenous population? a. the criminal justice system adversarial system b. the colonization aspect of Canadian history c. the European justice antecedent d. the modernization of technology 23. What section of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act authorizes a First Nation community to

present the Parole Board of Canada with a plan identifying where an Indigenous offender will live and the supervision she will receive upon release on full parole? a. Section 81 b. Section 82 c. Section 83 d. Section 84 24. Which intervention will best address the violent tendencies of an Indigenous woman who has a history of

violent offences and is incarcerated in a federal prison after being convicted of multiple assault charges? a. Pathways Unit b. Tupiq Program c. Pé Sâkâstêw Centre d. In Search of Your Warrior 25. What was the effect of the R v. Gladue decision on the rate of Indigenous people in correctional institutions? a. has had little effect on their over-representation b. a minor effect on their over-representation c. a significant effect on their over-representation d. The Gladue decision has NOT yet been invoked.

26. List and describe some unique challenges that may be encountered by Indigenous offenders on their

conditional release from prison.

27. List and describe the 13 phases in a Holistic Circle Hearing.

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Chap_13_5e Answer Key 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. d 10. d 11. c 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. b 16. b 17. d 18. b 19. b 20. b 21. c 22. a 23. d 24. d 25. a

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Chap_13_5e 26. ∙ Many are from rural and remote communities, which makes it difficult for them to access programs and services. ∙ Parole supervision may be sporadic, and continuity may be lacking in terms of their parole officers, further

undermining case management. ∙ Upon re-entry into the community, Indigenous offenders who have a mental health disability, FASD, or addictions issues face many challenges. ∙ Many will be returning to communities that are highly troubled and where few, if any, supports are available. ∙ Corrections personnel, who provide these offenders with supervision and support, encounter many challenges that have not been studied, but that urgently need to be addressed.

27.

1. Disclosure 2. Circle with Victimizer 3. Assist the Spouse 4. Assist the Family(ies)/ Community 5. Meeting of Assessment Team and RCMP 6. Protect the Victim 7. Confront the Victimizer 8. Cleansing Ceremony 9. Sentencing Review 10. Special Gathering/ Sentencing Circle 11. Prepare Victim and Victimizer 12. Prepare Victim’s Family 13. Prepare Victimizer’s Family Source

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Chap_14_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Which legislation is defined as “youth legislation that attempted to balance the protection of young offenders

with ensuring accountability”? a. Youth Justice Act b. Young Offenders Act c. Juvenile Delinquents Act d. Youth Criminal Justice Act 2. Which organization provides a support group for at-risk youth, addresses the needs of shoplifters, and offers a

Youth Restorative Practices certificate? a. Island Community Justice Society b. Victoria Restorative Justice Society c. Indigenous Youth Restorative Justice Committee d. Windsor-Essex County Youth Justice Committee 3. Which federal legislation viewed youth who were in conflict with the law as misdirected—because of

inadequate parental and social guidance—and in need of intervention to address the factors that had contributed to their offending behaviour? a. Youth Justice Act b. Young Offenders Act c. Juvenile Delinquents Act d. Youth Criminal Justice Act 4. What assessment tool has been used when a youth probation officer designs an individualized treatment and

supervision plan to address a woman probationer’s unique risk profile? a. Level of Service Inventory b. Female Level of Service Inventory c. Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory d. Female Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory 5. What is the most frequently imposed sanction in the youth courts? a. probation b. restitution c. community service order d. intensive support and supervision order

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Chap_14_5e 6. Which conference with young offenders, their parents/guardians, and other support people establishes goals

for young offenders to achieve while in custody, on probation, and after completion of their sentence? a. Youth/Parents in Conference b. Breaking the Cycle Conference c. Community Case Conference d. Integrated Case Management Conference 7. Which is a main contributing factor to a released offender reoffending and returning to prison, after being

released on probation to his home on a reserve in Canada’s far north? a. the lack of programs and extrajudicial measures in his community b. the community’s high levels of unemployment c. poor health and hygiene on northern reserves d. lower completion rates of education in his community 8. When were reform efforts implemented to segregate young offenders from adult offenders in Canadian

institutions? a. in the late 1700s b. in the early 1800s c. in the late 1800s d. in the early 1900s 9. Which program combines community restraint elements with community service strategies to facilitate young

offenders’ re-entry into society and increase public safety? a. Re-entry Assessment b. Outside Help Program c. Stay in Touch Program d. Aftercare Program 10. What custodial sentence has been imposed when a young offender who was convicted of manslaughter spends

26 months in prison and 10 months under supervision in the community? a. custody and supervision order b. deferral of custody and supervision c. custody and conditional supervision d. custody and intensive rehabilitative supervision order

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Chap_14_5e 11. What federal legislation applies to persons aged 12 to 17 and includes the use of extrajudicial measures for

less serious offences in an effort to reduce young offenders’ incarceration rates? a. Youth Justice Act b. Young Offenders Act c. Juvenile Delinquents Act d. Youth Criminal Justice Act 12. A 15-year-old youth is again charged with a serious violent crime. The police and Crown counsel ask for a

punitive approach in sentencing. Which option can the presiding judge pursue when sentencing this youth? a. NO options are available for extra punishment. b. The only option available in the Youth Criminal Justice Act is extended house arrest. c. The only option is a youth sentence of 2 years less 1 day. d. The judge can apply an adult sentence for the crime.

13. Which of the following is a provision in Bill C-10 that relates to young offenders? a. Young offenders CANNOT be promoted to adult court for trial. b. Young offenders will be subject to imprisonment for committing status offences. c. Young offenders’ treatment needs are prioritized over public safety and protection. d. Young offenders’ names may be published when they are convicted of a violent offence.

14. Which section of the Youth Criminal Justice Act states, “all available sanctions other than custody that are

reasonable in the circumstances should be considered for all young persons, with particular attention to the circumstances of Indigenous young persons”? a. Section 14.1(1) b. Section 38(2)(d) c. Section 59(a) d. Section 110(1)(a) 15. Which correctional programming targets a young offender’s negative thinking, anger issues, and heroin

addiction? a. general programming b. individualized programming c. offence-specific programming d. offender-specific programming 16. Which group of youths continues to be over-represented in youth correctional populations across Canada? a. Black Canadians b. Asian Canadians c. Indigenous people d. Middle Eastern Canadians Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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Chap_14_5e 17. A short-term residential program is based on a military-style model that involves demanding exercise routines

and emphasizes labour, discipline, exercise, and drills. How do people commonly referred to this program? a. Boot Camp b. Military Service c. Do or Die Residence d. Get Me Free 18. What does research evidence reveal about the effectiveness of youth justice interventions? a. Scared Straight programs are an ineffective specific deterrent. b. Involvement in open custody and open detention facilities decreases youth reoffending. c. Participation in intensive rehabilitative custody and supervision increases youth reoffending. d. When given punitive sanctions, young offenders are effectively deterred from committing further criminal

offences.

19. What program includes the objectives of the appropriate use of courts and correctional institutions for young

offenders, and proportionality in the youth justice system’s response to the offence and offender’s level of responsibility? a. Open Custody Rehabilitation b. Reintegration & Rehabilitation c. Intensive Rehabilitative Custody & Supervision d. Custodial Rehabilitation through Proportionality 20. The likelihood of which of the following is decreased for young offenders in custody who receive mental health

services, vocational services, and the assistance of a caregiver? a. failing school b. remaining unemployed c. failing in the family situation d. recidivism in the community 21. A youth is convicted and sentenced to 9 months of imprisonment. After 3 months, the authorities extend the

sentence to 16 months. Which legislation was the youth sentenced under? a. Young Offenders Act b. Provisions of Bill C-10 c. Juvenile Delinquents Act d. Youth Criminal Justice Act

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Chap_14_5e 22. What type of noncustodial sentence is described when a young offender is convicted of a property offence but

will NOT have a criminal record after he meets the court-ordered requirements? a. restitution b. judicial reprimand c. absolute discharge d. conditional discharge 23. What federal legislation has formalized the practice of the police and the Crown issuing warnings and cautions

and referring youth to diversion programs? a. Criminal Code of Canada b. Youth Criminal Justice Act c. Controlled Drugs and Substance Act d. Identification of Criminals Act 24. Which court-imposed order requires a young offender to perform 240 hours of community service work that

must be completed within 12 months of the date of the order? a. Youth Work Order b. Retention of Rights Order c. Community Service Order d. Order to Serve the Community 25. What percentage of the approximately 8,000 young offenders supervised by youth correctional systems in

Canada in 2014–15 were subject to community supervision? a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90% 26. What factors would place a 13-year-old young offender at further risk for involvement in delinquent

behaviour?

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Chap_14_5e 27. The police and the courts both have options to deal with a youth who is involved in a criminal incident. The

police can use Extrajudicial Measures and the Crown can use Extrajudicial Measures and Extrajudicial Sanctions. For each agency, identify and describe the measures or sanctions that can be used.

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Chap_14_5e Answer Key 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. a 8. c 9. d 10. c 11. d 12. d 13. d 14. b 15. d 16. c 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. d 21. c 22. d 23. b 24. c 25. d

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Chap_14_5e 26. ∙ a history of antisocial behaviour ∙ parental incarceration ∙ drug consumption ∙ substance abuse ∙ poverty ∙ a negative or disruptive family environment (e.g., involvement in the foster care system), ∙ a history of abuse ∙ trauma exposure ∙ delinquent peers ∙ educational difficulties ∙ emotional/behavioural disorders ∙ gang membership

27.

Police Measures ∙ Take no further action ∙ Issue a formal warning ∙ Call a conference for info/advice ∙ If available in the jurisdiction, consider a pre-charge screening program Crown Measures ∙ Issue a Crown caution ∙ Youth Justice Committee Conference Crown Sanctions ∙ Community Program ∙ Youth Justice Committee Conference

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Chap_15_5e Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. Many crime victims find the justice and corrections systems to be: a. well-defined b. confusing c. arbitrary d. devious 2. What term refers to the ancillary issues that offenders experience as a result of being incarcerated and the

collateral damage to offenders’ families? a. the pains of imprisonment b. dealing with hard time c. self-injurious actions d. nothing to hope for 3. Recommendations by the federal Office of the Correctional Investigator, provincial ombudspersons, auditors,

and commissions of inquiry to resolve issues in Canada’s corrections are NOT binding, and their reports are often “shelved.” What would be the best way to resolve this situation? a. Disband these groups. b. Give these groups more authority to fulfill and implement their recommendations. c. Identify new organizations that will be better able to assess the situations. d. Allow the issues to change on their own.

4. What term refers to the Alberta government’s actions in the 1990s to reduce expenditures, eliminate the

budget deficit, and restore public confidence, which resulted in a 32 percent decrease in institutional populations? a. rehabilitation b. decarceration c. reintegration d. recidivism 5. What failure of provincial and territorial governments has led to the increase in the numbers of incarcerated

offenders who have mental health issues? a. the failure to provide alternative facilities, programs, and services b. the failure to correctly interpret the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act c. the federal government failure to address mental health in the medical community d. the failure to properly address the Mental Health Act and its impact on patients

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Chap_15_5e 6. According to the United Nations Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, “Prisoners shall have access

to the health services available in the country without discrimination on the grounds of their legal situation.”

How has Canada’s record of dealing with prisoner’s health issues been described? a. consistently adequate b. failed to be consistently adequate c. found to be above average d. NOT assessed as Canada is NOT part of the U.N. 7. Which is an example of a correctional practice that is used despite its ineffectiveness in helping offenders and

protecting communities? a. probation b. day parole c. temporary absences d. community notification 8. What were Canada’s operating costs for adult corrections in 2012–13? a. $125 million b. $173 million c. $202 million d. $253 million 9. How many psychiatrists are available for the total population of the Northwest Territories? a. 1 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30 10. Which agency has a role in providing oversight into the activities of the Correctional Service of Canada,

although its recommendations are NOT binding? a. The Supreme Court of Canada b. The Office of the Correctional Investigator c. The Citizens Advisory Committee of Canada d. The Organization of Provincial Ombudspersons 11. Which province experimented with prison privatization in 2001? a. Alberta b. Québec c. Ontario d. British Columbia

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Chap_15_5e 12. Which practice is defined as “policies, strategies, and programs that have been shown by evaluation research

to be effective in achieving specified objectives”? a. what-works practice b. lessons-learned practice c. evidence-based practice d. tradition-based practice 13. Which challenge is unique to provincial/territorial systems of corrections? a. addressing the needs of women offenders b. the very short periods of time offenders spend in custody c. managing the high-risk needs of offenders for lengthy periods of time d. managing large numbers of gang and organized crime–affiliated inmates 14. What challenge to developing evidence-based practices is illustrated when recently hired probation officers are

willing to use a new form of probation supervision, but experienced officers continue to rely on the old methods? a. fear of the unknown b. staff not wanting to change their way of "doing business" c. policy makers resistant to new strategies d. lack of awareness of evidence-based practices 15. Which correctional system initiative holds considerable promise but requires additional evaluation to confirm its

effectiveness? a. problem-solving courts b. the STICS model of probation practice c. circles of support and accountability d. correctional interventions designed according to the principles of RNR 16. Evidence-based practices refer to those policies, strategies, and programs that have been shown by

evaluation research to be effective in achieving what? a. nothing, as it has not been deemed to work b. some small changes in provincial institutions c. specified objectives and goals of the institutions d. in comparison to traditional systems, nothing has changed

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Chap_15_5e 17. Which term refers to the notion that a correctional service is constantly seeking improvement, working with

successes, and gaining insights from initiatives that did NOT achieve their intended goals? a. a learning organization b. disseminating policy/procedures c. aggressive reinvention of the system d. making things better through adjustment 18. Which challenge in reforming correctional institutions is best exemplified when an evaluation of treatment

program reforms finds that the programs are NO longer delivered as originally designed because there are too few treatment facilitators? a. financial resource constraints b. political resistance to correctional change c. a lack of “buy-in” among corrections staff and management d. public opposition to prison reform that provides treatment and rehabilitation for offenders 19. What percentage of the $4 billion that is spent annually on correctional systems is spent on community

corrections? a. approximately 6 percent b. approximately 8 percent c. approximately 10 percent d. approximately 12 percent 20. Which term describes the process “whereby politicians point to public pressure as their justification for

enacting tougher laws and correctional policies”? a. penal populism b. positivist penality c. electoral negativism d. philosophical penology 21. What type of breach is revealed when an investigation finds that a provincial correctional system has subjected

inmates to inhumane and unsafe confinement, and has violated national and international standards for systems of correction? a. a breach of rule of law b. a breach of the right to equality c. a breach of onus of impartiality d. a breach of the duty to act fairly

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Chap_15_5e 22. Canadian prisons continue to be beset by violence, and many incarcerated people are afflicted by mental

illness, addiction, homelessness, and poverty. Which of the following represents the best hope for improvement in the overall system? a. let the system run itself b. forward thinking or vision to the future c. encourage government intervention to harden the system d. encourage non-governmental agencies to get involved in corrections 23. What practice is exemplified when an offender must wear an electronic monitoring device as a condition of

release? a. static security b. dynamic security c. techno-corrections d. techno-surveillance 24. Which term is defined as, “the search for the ‘magic bullet’ that will reduce recidivism, lower costs, and deter

offenders from future criminal behaviour”? a. quick fix b. populism c. panaceas d. punitive penology 25. Which province had the highest incarceration rate at 213 per 100,000 adults? a. Ontario b. British Columbia c. Québec d. Manitoba 26. Research, commissions of inquiry, high-profile deaths, and the subsequent reports have outlined the many

systemic failures of Canada’s correctional system. Outline and discuss these failures.

27. Outline and describe some of the interferences that are standing in the way of substantive correctional reform.

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Chap_15_5e Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. a 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. b 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. a 19. c 20. a 21. a 22. b 23. c 24. c 25. d

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Chap_15_5e 26. ∙ the failure to effectively classify inmates ∙ the failure to ensure that inmates have timely access to correctional programming ∙ the failure to determine whether the offered treatment programs are effective ∙ a lack of adequate systems of classification to ensure that inmate needs are identified ∙ a lack of capacity to adequately forecast correctional populations to ensure that sufficient housing resources and

programs and services are in place ∙ a lack of capacity to address the needs of an increasingly diverse corrections population ∙ the inability to ensure continuity of treatment from correctional institutions to supervision in the community ∙ insufficiently addressing the needs of offenders with mental illness, addiction, and FASD ∙ the need to develop effective correctional strategies for northern and remote regions of the country ∙ the failure to include evaluation as a core component of any correctional program ∙ the failure to ensure inmates’ safety during their incarceration ∙ the failure to meet the needs of women offenders ∙ challenges in addressing the needs of Indigenous offenders and Black offenders 27. ∙ a lack of appropriate political will ∙ interference and obstruction ∙ a lack of effective strategic planning by corrections services ∙ a lack of evaluation by corrections services ∙ a lack of effective methods to implement reforms ∙ the failure to address the risk and needs of offenders more effectively ∙ the failure to ensure the safety of communities

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