Building science 2 print

Building Science 2 [ARC 3413/BLD61303] Project 2 Integration with Design Studio 5

Sentul Community Library

Final Report & Calculation

Tutor: Mr. Siva Nicolas Wong Xiao En 0314377

Table of Content Lighting 1.1 Daylight ( Merchandise shop) 1.2 Daylight ( Book collection reading area) 1.3 Artificial Lighting (Merchandise shop) 1.4 Artificial Lighting (Book collection reading area) 1.5 PSALI (Merchandise shop) 1.6 PSALI (Book collection reading area )

Acoustic 2.1 Reverberation Time (Merchandise shop) 2.2 Reverberation Time (Book collection reading area) 2.3 Sound Pressure Level (Merchandise shop) 2.4 Sound Pressure Level (Book collection reading area) 2.5 Sound Reduction Index (Merchandise shop) 2.6 Sound Reduction Index (Book collection reading area)

3.0 Conclusion

1.1 Daylighting (Merchandise shop) According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below: Daylight Factor, DF Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal glare problem Good Fair Poor

Merchandise shop located at the most front part of the building. Big windows are used to allow sunlight penetrate through, lighting up the space. This allows pedestrian to look into the building easily.

Light Contour Diagram of Merchandise Shop

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux

Example Brightest Sunlight

110,000 lux

Bright Sunlight

20,000 lux 1000 – 2000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

<200 lux 40 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/ sunrise

Daylight Factor Calculation DF = ( Indoor Illuminance, Ei / Outdoor Illuminance ) x 100 % Assume DF = 4 % , E Outdoor Illuminance = 20.000lux DF = ( E internal / E external ) x 100 % 4 % = ( E internal / 20,000) x 100 % E internal = 4 x 20,000 x 100 = 800 lux

Conclusion The standards for artificial illuminance level library spaces are 300 - 500 lux , however referring to the calculation , it has exceeded the standard requirements, which may result in unnecessary and excessive glare. Double facade and green facasde system is proposed to tackle the issue, with Low- E laminated glass as the material.

1.2 Daylighting (Book collection reading area ) According to MS1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below: Daylight Factor, DF Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal glare problem Good Fair Poor

Light Contour Diagram of Book collection reading area

Daylight Factor Calculation DF = ( IndoorIlluminance, Ei / Outdoor Illuminance ) x 100 % Assume DF = 4 % , E Outdoor Illuminance = 20.000lux DF = ( E internal / E external ) x 100 % 4 % = ( E internal / 20,000) x 100 % E internal = 4 x 20,000 x 100 = 800 lux

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux

Example Brightest Sunlight

110,000 lux

Bright Sunlight

20,000 lux 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 lux

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday

400 lux

Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

<200 lux 40 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise

<1 lux

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/ sunrise

Conclusion The standards for artificial illuminance level of a reading space is 300 lux, however referring to the calculation, it has exceeded the standard requirements, which may result in unnecessary and excessive glare. Green Faรงade system is proposed to tackle the issue.

1.3 Artificial Lighting (Merchandise shop)

According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level requirement for a merchandise shop is 300-500 lux.

Type of luminaire used as showed below: Ledvance LED Downlight L , by OSRAM

Location Dimension of room (m) Total Floor Area A / sqm

Type of fixture Lamp luminous flux (lm) Rated colour temp (k) Colour rendering index Beam angle Voltage (v) Bulb finish Placement Ground floor L: 5.8 W: 10.6 5.8x10.6=61.48

Light Panel LED 2800 4800 >80 220-240 Warm Light Ceiling

Type of Lighting Fixture Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm) Height of luminaire (m) Height of Work Level (m) Mounting Height / H (m) Assumption of Reflectance Value Room Index / RI (K) LxW RI= (L+W) x H)

Ledvance Led Downlight 2800 3.5 0.8 2.7 Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2 ( 5.8x10.6 ) (5.8+10.6 )x 2.7 =1.38

Utilisation Factor / UF

0.6

Maintenance Factor / MF Standard Illuminance (lux) Numbers of Lights Required

0.8 300 (Merchandise shop) N = 300 x 61.48 2800 x 0.60 x 0.8 = 14 = 14

N=

ExA F x UF x MF

Spacing of Height Ratio (SHR) SHR

SHR =

√

1 A × Hm N

¿

√

1 61.5 × 2.7 14

= 0.78 SHR = S / 2.7 = 0.78

S Fitting layout by approximately (m)

= 2.10

Fittings required along 7.7m wall, 7.7 / 2.10 =3 rows Therefore, approximately 18 lightings required / 3= 6 Spacing along 10.6 m wall =10.6/3 = 3.53m

Lighting Fixture Proposal

Conclusion 14 led downlights are used to illuminate the merchandise shop to achieve the minimum illuminance of 300 lux stated

by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to perform tasks more efficiently and accurately.

1.4 Artificial Lighting (Book collection reading area)

According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level requirement for a reading area is 300-500 lux.

Type of luminaire used as showed below: LEDVANCE POWERSPOT XXL , by OSRAM Type of fixture Lamp luminous flux (lm) Rated colour temp (k) Colour rendering index Beam angle Voltage (v) Bulb finish Placement

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Third floor

Downlight 2600 3000 > 80 220 - 240 v Warm Light Ceiling

Dimension of room (m)

L: 9.1 W: 6.7

Total Floor Area A / (m2)

9.1 x 6.7 = 60.1 m2

Type of Lighting Fixture

LEDVANCE POWER SPOT XXL

Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm)

2600

Height of luminaire (m)

3.5

Height of Work Level (m)

0.7

Mounting Height ,H

2.8

(m)

Assumption of Reflectance Value

Utilisation Factor / UF Maintenance Factor / MF

Ceiling :0.7 Wall :0.5 Floor:0.2 (9.1x6.7) (9.1+6.7 )x 2.8) =1.378 = 1.38 0.37 0.8

Standard Illuminance (lux)

300 ( Reading area)

Numbers of Lights Required

N =

Room Index / RI (K) LxW RI= (L+W) x H)

300 x 60.1 2600 x 0.37 x 0.8 =23.43 =24

ExA F x UF x MF Spacing of Height Ratio (SHR) N=

SHR

SHR =

√

1 A × Hm N

¿

√

1 60.1 × 2.8 24

= 0.57 SHR = S / 2.8 = 0.57

S Fitting layout by approximately (m)

= 1.6

Fittings required along 6.7 wall, = 6.7 / 1.6 = 4 rows Approximately 24 luminaires required, hence 24/4 =6 Spacing along 9.1 m wall = 9.1 / 6 = 1.5m

Lighting Fixture Proposal

Conclusion 24 ledvance power spot xxl are used to illuminate the reading area to achieve the minimum illuminance of 300 lux stated by MS 1525.With sufficient illuminance, users are able to read in a comfortable environment.

1.5 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI)

Merchandise Shop The light contour diagram also shows that the space receives excessive day lighting during the day from the faรงade, resulting in thermal and glare problems. The artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 14 LED down lights to illuminate the merchandise shop. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the lightings are controlled with 2 switches. One for the first rows near the opening towards the entrance whereby it can be switched off when there is sufficient day light. Another one for the successive two rows at the back.

PSALI light fitting layout in the merchandise shop.

1.6 Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interior (PSALI) Book collection reading area

The light contour diagram also shows that the space receives sufficient day lighting during the day from the faรงade.

The artificial lightings calculation also shows a result of the usage of 24 ledvance power spot xxl to illuminate the reading area. Hence, PSALI is applied whereby the lightings are controlled with 2 switches. One for the first three rows near the opening whereby it can be switched off when there is sufficient day light, one for the other three rows in the space.

PSALI light fitting layout in the quiet reading area.

2.1 Reverberation Time (Merchandise Shop)

Volume of Space V= L xWxH = 5.8 x 10.6 x 3.5 = 215.18m3 Material Absorption Coefficient under 500 Hz , with 15 users Building Component Wall

Floor Door

Material

Area S ( m2)

Concrete Glass Timber Carpet Glass

53.87 24.58 7.0 61.48 9.6

Absorption Coefficient (a) 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.30 0.06

Sound Absorption ( SA) 1.10 1.47 0.91 18.44 0.63

Ceiling Furniture

Concrete Plywood book shelf Plywood Seating -

Users Total Absorption Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 V) / A

61.48 1.5 35 15

0.02 0.13 0.13 0.46

1.23 0.20 4.55 6.90 35.43

RT= (0.16 X 215.18) / 35.43 =0.97s Material Absorption Coefficient under 2000 Hz , with 15 users Building Component Wall Floor Door Ceiling Furniture

Material

Area S ( m2)

Concrete Glass Timber Carpet Glass Concrete Plywood book shelf Plywood seating -

53.87 24.58 7.0 61.48 9.6 61.48 1.5 35 15

Users Total Absorption Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 V) / A

Absorption Coefficient (a) 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.50 0.03 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.51

Sound Absorption ( SA) 1.08 0.74 0.70 30.74 0.29 1.23 0.15 3.5 7.65 46.08

RT= (0.16 X 215.18) / 46.08 = 0.75s

Conclusion The reverberation time required for a merchandise shop is 0.8.-1.2s.

Based on the calculation , the reverberation of the space under 500 Hz and 2000 Hz is 0.97s and 0.75s respectively. The space meet the requirement, but acoustic panels can still be introduced to shorten the reverberation time.

2.2 Reverberation Time (Book Collection Reading Area)

Volume of Space V= L xWxH = 9.1x 6.7 x 3.5 = 213.40

Material Absorption Coefficient under 500 Hz , with 20 users

Building Component Wall Floor Door Ceiling Furniture

Material

Area S ( m2)

Concrete Glass Plywood Plywood Plasterboard Plywood book shelf Plywood Seating -

48.37 39.73 60.97 1.66 60.97 10.0 11.52 20

Users Total Absorption Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 V) / A

Absorption Coefficient (a) 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.13 0.46

Sound Absorption ( SA) 0.97 2.38 7.93 0.22 6.10 1.3 1.49 9.2 29.59

Absorption Coefficient (a) 0.02 0.03

Sound Absorption ( SA) 0.97 1.19

RT= (0.16 X 213.4) / 29.59 =1.15s

Material Absorption Coefficient under 2000 Hz , with 10 users Building Component Wall

Material

Area S ( m2)

Concrete Glass

48.37 39.73

Floor Door Ceiling Furniture

Plywood Plywood Plasterboard Plywood book shelf Plywood book shelf -

Users Total Absorption Reverberation Time, RT = ( 0.16 V) / A

60.97 1.66 60.97 10.0 11.52 20

0.10 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.51

6.10 0.17 2.44 1.0 1.15 10.2 23.22

RT= (0.16 X 213.4) / 23.22 = 1.47s

Conclusion The reverberation time required for a library reading space is 0-4 - 0.6s However, based on calculation , the reverberation of the space under 500 Hz and 2000 Hz is 1.15s and 1.47s respectively. As they slightly differ from the requirement, acoustic panels are introduced to fix the issue.

2.3 Sound Pressure Level (Merchandise shop)

Noise source

Peak hours ( Jalan Haji Salleh ) Highest Reading , 80 dB

L = 10 Log ( I / I o ) −12 80 = 10 Log ( I / 1 x 10 ¿

I

8 −12 = ( 1 x 10 ) x ( 1 x 10 ¿

−4 = 1 x 10

Lowest Reading , 70 dB

L = 10 Log ( I / I o ) −12

70 = 10 Log ( I / 1 x 10 I

¿

7 −12 = ( 1 x 10 ) x ( 1 x 10 ¿

−5 = 1 x 10

Total Intensities

I = =

−4

1 x 10

+

−5

1 x 10

−4

1.1 x 10

Combined SPL −4 10Log ( I / Io ) = 10 log ( 1.1 x 10

/

1 x 10−12

= 80.41 dB

Non - Peak hours ( Jalan Haji Salleh ) Highest Reading , 62 dB

L = 10 Log ( I / I o ) −12

62 = 10 Log ( I / 1 x 10

¿

I

6

= ( 1. 58 x 10

−12

) x ( 1 x 10

¿

−6

= 1.58 x 10

Lowest Reading , 50 dB

L = 10 Log ( I / I o ) −12 50 = 10 Log ( I / 1 x 10 ¿

I

5 −12 = ( 1 x 10 ) x ( 1 x 10 ¿

−7 = 1 x 10

Total Intensities

I =

1.58 x 10−6

=

1.68 x 10−6

+

1 x 10−7

Combined SPL −6 10Log ( I / Io ) = 10 log ( 1.68 x 10

/

1 x 10−12

)

= 62.25 dB Conclusion The average sound pressure level during peak hour is 80.41dB while non-peak hour is 62.25dB, but the preferable noise level of workshop is 35 dB. Thus, the external noise might affect the quality of the spaces. In addition green wall system are proposed to act as a buffer for the external noise before it enter the interior spaces.

2.4 Sound Pressure Level (Book collection reading area)

Peak hours ( Jalan Haji Salleh ) Highest reading= 75dB Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

I Io )

I 75= 10 log10 ( 1 x 10−12 ) I log 7.5= 1 x 10−12 -1

I= 3.16x 10-5 Lowest Reading= 58dB Using the formula,

I 10 )

L= 10 log10 (

58= 10 log10 (

log-1 5.8=

I 1 x 10−12 )

I 1 x 10−12

I= 6.31x 10-7 Total Intensity, I= (3.16x 10-5 ) + (6.31x 10-7 ) = 3.22 x 10-5

Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (

Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (

= 75.08dB

p2 p o2

), where po = 1 x 10-12

3.22 x 10−5 1 x 10−12

)

Non - Peak hours ( Jalan Haji Salleh ) Highest Reading= 53dB Using the formula, L= 10 log10 (

I Io )

53= 10 log10 (

1 −12 ) 1 x 10

1 1 x 10−12

log-1 5.3=

I= 1.20 x 10-7 Lowest Reading= 50dB Using the formula,

L= 10 log10 (

I 10 )

I 50= 10 log10 ( 1 x 10−12 )

log-1 5=

1 1 x 10−12

I= 1x 10-7 Total Intensity, I= (1.2 x 10-7 ) + (1x 10-7) = 2.2 x 10-7 2

Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (

p 2 po

), where po = 1 x 10-12

Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (

2.2 x 10−7 1 x 10−12

)

= 53.42dB

Conclusion The noise criteria for a reading area is within the range of NC 35-40. According to the calculations above, the combined sound pressure level around the quiet reading area during peak and non peak hours are 75.08dB and 53.42dB respectively, which exceeds the noise criteria for a reading area, resulting in a chaotic environment unfit for quiet reading. This can be solved by proposing a double façade of wooden shutters and sliding doors, which can filter and deflect noise coming from the street.

2.5 Sound Reduction Index Merchandise shop

Merchandise shop and external street

Building Element

Material

Surface Area ( m2 )

SRI ( dB)

Transmission Coefficient, T

Door Wall

Glass Concrete Glass

9.6 6.97 18.2

27 46 26

1.995 x 10-3 2.512 x 10-5 2.512 x 10-3

Glass Door

1 Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 ( T av )

1 27= 10 log10 ( T av )

log-1 2.7=

1 T

T= 1.995 x 10-3 Concrete Wall

1 Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 ( T av )

1 46= 10 log10 ( T av )

log-1 4.6=

1 T

T= 2.512 x 10-5 Glass Wall

1 Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 ( T av )

1 26= 10 log10 ( T av )

log-1 2.6=

1 T

T= 2.512 x 10-3 Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials Tav=

( 9.6 x 1.995 x 10−3 ) +(6.97 x 2.512 x 10−5 )+(18.2 x 2.512 x 10−3 ) ( 9.6+6.97+18.2)

= 1.871 x 10-3 1

SRI= 10 log10 ( T

)

1 = 10 log10 ( 1.871 x 10−3 ) = 27.27dB External Sound Pressure Level= 80.04dB = 80.04 – 27.27 = 52.77dB

Conclusion The sound reduction index of the façade is 27.27dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the street is 80dB, the sound that is transmitted into the children area is 52.77dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, this value is slightly higher than the recommended range of 45-50dB. This can be improved by proposing a double façade, which can filter noise from the streets or by installing acoustic panels on the ceiling to absorb noise from the children.

2.6 Sound Reduction Index Book collection reading area

Third Floor Plan

Building Element Wall

Material

Surface Area ( m2 )

SRI ( dB)

Transmission Coefficient, T

Concrete Glass

5.95 18.38

46 26

2.512 x 10-5 2.512 x 10-3

Concrete Wall

1 Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 ( T av )

1 46= 10 log10 ( T av )

log-1 4.6=

1 T

T= 2.512 x 10-5 Glass Wall

1 Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 ( T av ) 1 26= 10 log10 ( T av ) 1 log 2.6= T -1

T= 2.512 x 10-3 Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials Tav=

( 5.95 x 2.512 x 10−3 ) +(18.38 x 2.512 x 10−3 )

= 2.512x10-3

(5.95+18.38)

1

SRI= 10 log10 ( T

)

1 = 10 log10 ( 2.512 x 10−3 ) = 26.00dB External Sound Pressure Level= 75.08dB = 75.08 – 26.00 = 49.08dB Conclusion The sound reduction index of the wall is 26.00 dB. Assuming sound pressure level from the street is 75.08dB, the sound that is transmitted into the reading area is 49.08dB. According to MS 1525, the ideal sound pressure level for a quiet library is 40Db, in which this value exceeds. The high sound pressure level will affect the users’ concentration which causes interruption in studying. Buffer zones can be created by planting trees or a double façade can be proposed to further absorb the sound transmitted into the space, reducing the sound pressure level by approximately 5dB.

3.0 References 1. Department of Standards Malaysia. (2007) Malaysian Standard: Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings (First Revision). Malaysia: Department of Standards Malaysia 2. Architect’s Data. (2012). Chicester: John Wiley and Sons.

3. Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved from https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLevels_outdoor+indoor.pdf