E-glossary Nickole Saborío

100 TERMS

E-Glossary LEARNING AND COGNITION | DAGOBERTO SANDOVAL

NICKOLE SABORÍO MEJÍA AUGUST 2020

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Abstract Conceptualization

This stage of the Experiential Learning Cycle occurs after learners have reflected on new experiences. This reflection leads to the creation of new concepts and the modification of prior knowledge.

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Accommodation

This process occurs when we need to modify or build new schemas after learning something new.

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Active Experimentation In this stage of the Experiential Learning Cycle, learners are required to put their knowledge into practice and apply it to real-world situations and new contexts.

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Affective Domain

The affective domain includes our feelings, emotions, and attitudes. It also studies how we manage things emotionally. This domain is composed of five affective levels (Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organization, and Characterization)

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Analysis

This category of the cognitive domain refers to the ability to recognize, distinguish, compare, contrast, and categorize different pieces of information.

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Application

This category of the cognitive domain involves putting our knowledge into practice and applying it to real-world situations and new contexts.

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Assess Performance This is the eighth level of learning proposed by Gagne. This level suggests that, at this point, learners should be able to demonstrate their knowledge by performing an assignment without the teacher’s guidance.

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Assimilation

This process takes place when we need to modify new concepts and ideas to make them suitable to our prior knowledge.

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Attitude

It is defined as an emotional component that is not always seen directly and can affect our behavior.

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Behavior Therapy

It aims to reduce or eradicate maladaptive behaviors through the use of effective principles of learning.

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Behaviorism It is a learning theory that focuses on the learners’ individual behavior. This model refers to learning as the acquisition of new behavior based on different conditions in the environment.

If you want to learn more about behaviorism, click on the following link

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https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=xvVaTy8mQrg&t=54s

Body-Kinesthetic Intelligence

This type of intelligence involves the ability to use our body and physical skills to perform actions successfully and learn new ideas.

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Classical Conditioning

It refers to the connection that exists between an environmental stimulus and a natural stimulus that are linked together to construct a learned response.

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Cognitive Domain

It includes the acquisition of new knowledge and the development of new skills. It has six main categories of cognitive levels. (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation) 15

Cognitive Information-Processing Theory It is a learning theory that aims to compare the similarities between a computer and the human mind when it comes to process information. This theory indicates that we process the information we receive, instead of just reacting to a stimulus.

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Comprehension

This category of the cognitive domain refers to the ability to interpret and comprehend the meaning of new information.

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Conceptual Category

It is when we process new pieces of information by relating them to categories that we already know.

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Conceptual Knowledge

It is the learners’ ability to understand concepts, facts, theories, models and gain skills, knowledge and new experiences.

The following video explains how to teach conceptual understanding

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https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=3xvY20jtjr0&t=28s

Concrete Experience In this stage of the Experiential Learning Cycle, learners are exposed to new experiences or are required to reinterpret prior experiences.

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Conditional Response

It is a reaction to a stimulus that has to be learned by the subject because it does not occur naturally.

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Conditional stimulus

It is a stimulus that was previously considered neutral and now produces a conditioned response after being linked to an unconditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Taste Aversion

It takes place when individuals avoid eating certain type of food because they link it certain with nausea or sickness.

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Conditioning It states that a response turns out to be more predictable or recurrent due to different stimulus present in a specific environment.

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Contingency

It refers to the relationship that exist between two events, actions or situations in which one event is a consequence of the other one.

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Continuity

Continuity is the ability of learning to remain in the future experiences. If we learn something that can only be used in a test or in a school context, it means that it lacks continuity.

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Counterconditioning

It is a technique to treat or modify our response to a stimulus. It can be used to eliminate or decrease phobias.

Creativity

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It is the ability to generate innovative and appropriate work.

The following video gives some ideas on how to develop creativity in the classrooms

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https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qV7DiTFdtvw

Decision-making

It is the ability of making good choices, and it takes place when people are required to make a decision between two or more options.

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Discrimination

It takes place when an individual is able to distinguish and react differently to different stimuli.

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Education

It is any channel of experience that will permit us to obtain more understanding about a topic. Education is commonly linked to schooling; however, schools are not the only mean in which we can gain knowledge.

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Elicit Performance This is the sixth level of learning proposed by Gagne. At this point, it is important to make sure that learners can apply the knowledge they have acquired throughout the lesson.

the following video explains in more detail the sixth level of learning proposed by Gagne

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https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=CXaHud2Pr1c

Enactive

This mode of representation proposed by Jerome Bruner involves storing information by manipulating physical objects such as blocks, counters, and toys.

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Enhance Retention/Transfer

This is the ninth level of learning proposed by Gagne. In this level students are required to apply the information that they have learned throughout the lesson into new contexts. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=4nWWQFv1mRo

The following video explains in more detail the ninth level of learning proposed

by Gagne

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Evaluation

This category of the cognitive domain concerns about the facility to judge and review the value of different ideas and concepts.

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Experiential Learning This model suggests that we learn better when we are exposed to a combination of different experiences.

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Experimental Inquiry

It refers to the usage of the knowledge that is governed by evidence and rules. This skill is often described as the process of creating and testing hypotheses to understand a phenomenon.

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Exposure Therapy

This therapy exposes patients to their fears to help them overcome the fear without producing any harm to the patient.

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Facilitation Theory

This theory states that in order for learning to happen, the instructor has to act as a facilitator, and create a positive environment in which the students can produce new ideas.

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Gagne's Nine Levels of Learning This is a checklist that educators are recommended to use before they start teaching their students in order to have them engage with the lesson and understand the information deeply.

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Gaining Attention

This is the first level of learning proposed by Gagne. In this level, teachers should start gaining the attention of the students and let them know that the lesson will start soon.

The following video explains in more detail the first level of learning proposed

by Gagne

https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=suY4SgnGI9c&t=7s

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Generalization

Generalization takes place when an individual generates the same reaction to different stimuli.

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Guide Learning

This is the fifth level of learning proposed by Gagne. This level suggests that educators should guide their learners and offer them different alternatives to learn a subject.

The following video explains in more detail the fifth level of learning proposed

by Gagne

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https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=IIjWvxncZf4

Habituation Habituation takes place when individuals are exposed to a stimulus multiple times until the response that they produce decreases.

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Higher-Order Conditioning

Higher Order Conditioning explains that when a neutral conditioned is put together with a conditioned stimulus, it generates the same conditioned response as the conditioned stimulus.

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Humanism

This is a learning approach that focuses not only in academic aspects but also on the students’ emotions and wellbeing.

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Iconic

This mode of representation proposed by Jerome Bruner involves the storage of information using visual representations such as pictures and drawings

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Identify Objective This is the second level of learning proposed by Gagne. It explains that the students should be aware of what they are going to learn and why they are going to learn it. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=vHB8ZtLWvEw

The following video explains in more detail the second level of learning proposed by Gagne

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Imitative Behavior

Imitative Behavior is a natural instinct that allows us to learn how to do an action by watching others first.

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Intellectual Skills

These skills consist of concepts, procedures and rules that can be applied to organize information. In simple words, it is when learners know how something must be done.

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Interpersonal Intelligence

It refers to the ability to understand the feelings and desires of others and successfully interact with them using verbal and nonverbal communication.

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Intrapersonal Intelligence This refers to the ability to understand our own thoughts, emotions, feelings, desires and motivations.

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Knowledge

This category of the cognitive domain involves recalling ideas, concepts and different pieces of information.

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Learning styles

This theory states that every individual acquires, processes, interprets, and absorbs information in a different way.

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Logical reasoning

It is used to describe the learners’ ability to follow a series of steps or procedures to come to a conclusion or solve a particular problem.

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Logical-Mathematical Intelligence This type of intelligence refers to the ability to understand problems in a logical way and execute mathematical equations.

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Metacognition

It refers to the procedure that we use to assess, monitor, and be aware of our own learning process and academic performance.

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Multiple Intelligences

This theory suggests that we all have different and independent ways of understanding new pieces of information. It also states that there are more intelligences than the ones that are traditionally accepted.

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Musical-Rhythmicand Harmonic

It is the capacity to understand, create and analyze sounds, rhythm, and musical patterns.

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Naturalistic Intelligence

This type of intelligence refers to the capacity to differentiate between living things and understand elements of the natural world.

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Negative Punishment

Negative Punishment takes place when we remove something positive after an undesired response happens in order to reduce the response.

Negative Reinforcement

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Negative Reinforcement takes place when we remove something negative to improve a behavior or response.

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Neuroscience This theory aims to prove the connections that exist between our processing of thoughts and our brains structure. As an example, it has been demonstrated that our ability to read is highly linked to some brain areas.

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Neutral stimulus

It is a stimulus that, beyond catching individuals’ attention, does not generate a response. However, it becomes a conditioned stimulus when it is combined with an unconditioned stimulus.

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Observational Learning

Observational learning occurs when we learn and benefit from the behavior of another individual.

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Operant Conditioning

It takes place when individuals make a connection between a specific behavior and a positive or negative consequence for it. This connection is created by using reinforcement or punishments to promote prevent behavior.

Outcomes

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It refers to the results, effects consequences of a specific action situation.

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or or

Overshadowing

It takes place when a strong stimulus surpasses a weak stimulus, and therefore, the individual’s response to the weak stimulus decreases.

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Physical cues

It refers to our body responses, such as fear or anxiety, which function as a feeling of competency.

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Positive Punishment

Positive Punishment takes place when we introduce or add a negative consequence in order to reduce or eliminate an undesired behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

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Positive Reinforcement takes place when we present something positive to improve a behavior or response.

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Preparedness

It states that animals are able or prepared to understand different connections that make sense in their natural habitat. If an animal eats something that makes them sick, they will associate it with illness.

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Present Stimulus

This is the fourth level of learning proposed by Gagne. At this point, educators should present their students the topic of the lesson in an effective way that calls their attention.

The following video explains in more detail the fourth level of learning proposed by Gagne

https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=E95yUdfeQnY

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Previous Performance

This involves the past accomplishments that influence our self-efficacy since they makes us feel that we are capable of achieving our goals.

Primary Reinforcers

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They are fundamental biological resources, such as food and water.

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Problem-Solving

This skill takes place when students are asked to solve a problem, challenge, or obstacle in order to complete a goal.

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Procedural Knowledge

It refers to the way in which students use their current information to perform a task.

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Prototype

A prototype is the most conventional or representative concept of a larger class.

Provide Feedback

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This is the seventh level of learning proposed by Gagne. It suggests that after learners have applied their knowledge correctly, educators should give them feedback and point out the aspects they need to improve. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=2IJaNsppCAI&t=1s

The following video explains in more detail the seventh level of learning proposed by Gagne

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Psychometric Theory

This theory ensures that an individual's intelligence and skills can be measured through tests. It also explains that our grades have a huge impact on how we perceive ourselves.

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Psychomotor Domain

This domain refers to the physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor skills. To enhance these skills, we need to practice constantly, and they are evaluated based on techniques in execution speed, distance, procedures, and precision.

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Recall Prior Learning

This is the third level of learning proposed by Gagne. This level underscores the importance of linking prior knowledge with new pieces of information to facilitate their understanding.

The following video explains in more detail the third level of learning proposed

by Gagne

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https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=NiB2l4-6wrk

Reflective Observation of the New Experience

This stage of the Experiential Learning Cycle takes place after learners have faced new experiences. Here, learners are required to reflect on these new experiences and to find inconsistences between experience and understanding.

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Schema

This concept refers to different pieces of information that are stored in our minds and linked to each other.

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Self-efficacy

Self-efficacy refers to the degree of selfconfidence people have about whether they will be able to achieve a behavioral task and obtain a desirable outcome.

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Sensitive Period

It is a period in which some developmental achievements of the language will happen.

Service Learning

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Service-learning is learning approach in which we combine students' educational development with community service.

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Spiral Curriculum

It is a teaching approach in which students study the same content during their whole school life, but the content gets more complicate every time they revisit it.

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Symbolic

This mode of representation proposed by Jerome Bruner takes place when we store information in form of symbols, such as language.

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Synthesis

This category of the cognitive domain involves the capacity to join different pieces of information in order to produce a new idea or concept that is coherent and understandable.

Systematic Desensitization

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Systematic desensitization consists of a therapy approach that uses relaxation techniques to help patients overcome their phobias.

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The Concrete Operational Stage

This is the third stage of the cognitive development theory, and this stage children are able to think more logically and be empathetic with the feelings of other people.

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The Formal Operational Stage

This is the fourth stage of the cognitive development theory, and in this stage, individuals increase their logic, reasoning, deductive, and problem-solving skills.

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The Preoperational Stage

This is the second stage of the cognitive development theory and its main characteristic is the development of language among the children, and they acquire new information by playing.

The Sensorimotor Stage

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This is the first stage of the cognitive development theory in which children acquire new information by manipulating objects.

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Unconditional Response

It is a natural reaction that appears automatically in response to a unconditioned stimulus.

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Unconditional Stimulus

It refers to all the environmental elements that will produce a natural, automatic and involuntary response without requiring previous learning.

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Verbal persuasion

It takes place when the motivational words of others have a great positive impact on our self-perception.

Verbal Skills

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Verbal skills refer to the students’ ability to explain or describe what they have just learned using words, sentences, adjectives, and so on.

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Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence

This intelligence refers to the capacity to express ideas and opinions using words appropriately in written and spoken communications.

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Vicarious experiences

It takes place when we get a feeling of inspiration by observing the behavior of others.

AUTHORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THIS FIELD

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896, and died on September 16, 1980. He was a Swiss psychologist and was the first to make a comprehensive study that explained how children understand and gain new knowledge.

He became interested in psychoanalysis and moved to France, where he reviewed and conducted reading tests to school children and became increasingly interested in the way their logic worked.

His research in developmental psychology was intended to prove how knowledge expanded and evolved. He proposed the Theory of Cognitive Development that is intended to explain the development of human intelligence, and to date, his work continues to influence research in the field of psychology and education.

Lev Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky was born on November 17, 1896, and died on June 11, 1934. He graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in law, but also studied fields such as psychology, linguistics, sociology, and philosophy.

Vygotsky was also a writer who published several books focusing on the fields of education and psychology.

Vygotsky believed that children's cognitive growth was strongly influenced by their experiences and interactions with adults, their culture, and their environment, and for that reason, he proposed the four stages of language development.

AUTHORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THIS FIELD

B.F Skinner

Robert Mills Gagné

B.F Skinner is a well-known psychologist who was born on March 20, 1904, and died on August 18, 1990.

Skinner studied at Hamilton College and tried to pursue his dream of becoming a writer, but was not very successful. After that, he studied psychology at Harvard University.

After graduating from Harvard, Skinner focused on studying human behavior, and to date, he is known for creating the theory of behaviorism that has inspired and contributed greatly to the field of education.

Robert Mills Gagné was an American professor and psychologist. He was born on August 21, 1916, and died on April 28, 2002.

Gagné studied at Yale University, and in 1940, he graduated from Brown University with a Ph.D. He also excelled as a professor of psychology at various universities, such as Princeton, Connecticut College for Women, and the University of California.

One of his greatest contributions to the field of education is his nine levels of learning, which are intended to help educators obtain clear insights into how to teach effectively.

AUTHORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THIS FIELD

Benjamin Bloom

Benjamin Bloom was an American psychologist who became interested in the field of education. He was born on February 21, 1913, and died on September 13, 1999. He made great contributions to the educational field, such as his research on mastery learning, his model of talent development, and his Taxonomy of Education Objectives.

His taxonomy of Education Objectives aimed to categorize the different objectives and skills that teachers set for their students. His research classifies the learning goals in three main domains (Affective, psychomotor, and cognitive)

Jerome Bruner was born on October 1, 1915. and died on June 5, 2016. He was an American psychologist who made great contributions to the field of educational psychology.

He began working as a professor of psychology at Harvard University and also taught at Oxford University.

Jerome Bruner proposed the spiral curriculum model, which indicates that for learning to happen successfully, students must study the same content throughout their school life, but that this must be increasingly complex.

Jerome Bruner