MArch Y5 Portfolio

NIMR

The National Institute of Material Research

Nicholas Mierzejewski, NM5632T, ARCT-1058-M01-2021-22 & ARCT-1059-M01-2021-22

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MATERIAL RESEARCH PROJECT INTRODUCTION

This project started out with two main conflicting interests.

Brutalism and Sustainablity.

What happened next was an exploration of both, to see whether they could cohabitate, whether sustainable brutalism was acheivable and would the juxtaposition between the two create interesting results. An exploration of Brutalism was my starting point, the current state of Brutalism, its tropes and characteristics and could this be procedurally generated, this was an attempt to see if it was possible to take theses findings and apply them to sustainably. Next was an investigation into sustainable materials, during which I came to realise that finding the answer to all our problems with a miracle material was highly unlikely for a sole researcher such as myself. Perhaps instead I could design a project that would allow others to carry on the pursuit of creating more sustainable materials for the future. Thus NIMR or the National Institute of Material Research was born. By saving and adaptively reusing a brutalist relic, designing with brutalist tropes in mind. The project came to life.

STATE OF BRUTALISM GLOBAL SURVEY

A map showing the global concentration of Brutalist Buildings using the SOSBrutalism database. Europe having the largest concentration by far.

1349

450

99

80

14

74

19 7

32 7

Germany USA Great Britain France Canada Italy Venezuela Japan Switzerland Austria Spain Australia Serbia India Sweden Israel Brazil Netherlands Poland Norway

500 400 518 300 Safe Endangered Demolished Unknown

243 99

1308

£

200 100 0

Commercial

Cultural

Educational

Government

Public

Recreational

Religious

Residential

Sports

Tourism

Transport

STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR

A day exploring serveral of London’s finest Brutalist examples. The majority of which are social housing or housing towers/ estates. Which was a result of the need of such housing in post-war Britain. The clients were also all borough councils, another theme that flows through brutalism is the public entities that funded the buildings.

If we look at the statistics for Brutalism in London, to compare with the worldwide stats we can see a difference. Mostly in the fact that more buildings have their status known.

This includes a larger percentage that are classified as safe, mainly through having listed status, however there is still a large percent that have either been demolished or at threat of being demolished through dereliction or being up for sale to new developers.

Looking at the programme stats we can also see a big shift. The vast majority of brutalist buildings in London being of residential use. This is because borough councils elected to build large scale housing estates in post war Britain and Brutalist designs won the competitions the councils used to build these estates.

1 234567-

Perronet House Lambeth Towers National Theatre & Hayward Gallery Smithson Plaza Trellick Tower Alexandra & Ainsworth Estate Barbican Centre

6

5 7

3

4

2

London Caracas Berlin Munich Belgrade Paris Stockholm Cologne Stuttgart Madrid Vienna Tokoyo New York San Francisco Lima Boston Chicago

1

30 25

Status

24

23

15

Safe

10

Endangered Demolished Unknown

20

9

5

5 0

£ Commercial

Cultural

Educational

Government

Public

Recreational

Religious

Residential

Sports

Tourism

Transport

STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR

1

Perronet House Roger Walters, 1970 Status

Use

2

Lambeth Towers George Finch, 1972

Status Use

Commisioned by the Greater London Council, this social housing block was one of the last pieces to be built within the Elephant and Castle Comprehensive Development Area.

Over the years there have been a few alterations, such as in 1987 when the ground floor was converted to make space for extra apartments, and more recently the garages of the building have been converted into a series of small shops including a cafe in which chess tournamnets occur. Although Southwark Council have agreed to reject any proposal that puts Perronet House at risk, there is the threat of a compulsory purchase and subsequent demoltion by TfL looming overhead.

Part of George Finch’s masterplan for the Lambeth Area, Lambeth Towers are a social housing complex composed of maisonette apartments. It included both a doctors office and a pensioners club on the ground floor of the building. Since then there has been a monstorous chinese restaurant attached at ground floor level. The status of the building is listed as unknown, as it niether has listed status but is in use.

Key Features • Pebbledash finish to concrete structure.

• External Stairway circulation • Modularity • Contrast Between Window Panneling and Raw Materials

Key Features • Pebbledash finish to concrete structure.

• Central Displayed Stairway circulation • Modularity • Contrast Between Window Panneling and Raw Materials

Component Coruggated Concrete

Component Modular Box

STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR

3

Hayward Gallery Chalk, Herron, Engleback, Higgs & Hill, 1968

National Theatre 1976, Denys Lasdun

4

Status Use

Smithson Plaza Alison & Peter Smithson, 1964

Status £

Use

Designed by two of the founding members of Archigram, Herron and Chalk. The Hayward Gallery makes up the Brutalist one, two punch with the National Theatre sat within a stones throw of the Thames in Southbank. Both are publically open, the Hayward gallery being comissioned by the old Greater London Council with the National Theatre building commission by the National Theatre Company. Both are deemed safe and in use, the National Theatre getting listed status in 1994 where as the Hayward Gallery has a certificate and immunity.

Designed by the infamous creators of Brutalism, Smithson plaza also known as the Economist Cluster was commissioned privately by the Economist magazine. It contains a office block, a bank and a residential block. The Architect’s are the reason for it’s Brutalist listing, as it leans more towards the Modernist side of the scale for the time period. Mainly due to the decorative use of concrete over a steel structure and a move away from the honesty and ‘as found’ style that signafied the Smithsons.

Key Features • Exposed Cast in Place Concrete • Large Horizontal Plinthes • Columns and Vertical Structure well Highlighted • External Staircases for Circulation (mainly now closed off) • Roof Garden on the Hayward

Key Features • Decorative concrete with the use of complete shells in the aggregrate.

• Bevelled Edges.

• Raised central courtyard.

Component Column

Component Shell Textured Concrete

STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR

5

Trellick Tower Erno Goldfinger, 1972

Status

Use

6

Alexandra & Ainsworth Estate Neave Brown, 1978

Status Use

The bigger brother of the Balfron Tower also designed by Goldfinger, Trellick Tower is a large social housing tower commissioned by the Greater London Council. Both Balfron and Trellick share the same seperate lift and service tower that is a prominent Brutalist feature although Goldfinger took it to a new level. Originally Trellick Tower suffered some of the similar social and maintence problems as the recently demolished Robin Hood Gardens. This changed during the 80’s and the Towers image was cleaned up. Now under partially privatised ownership, the tower recieved listed status in 1998.

Commissioned by Camden council this estate is a long stretch of tiered housing along a central walkway, as opposed to a large scale tower like Trellick. It also borders a railway and is designed as such to block out the noise of the tracks for the residents, whilst also avoiding deflecting the sound directly across the tracks to the facing houses. There is a strong sense of community along the estate and the residents upkeep of greenery along all terraces create a beautiful juxtaposition with the harsh exposed concrete, creating a warming environment, the opposite to the Whittington estate which is less maintained and therefore creates an environment where one is on alert.

Key Features • Pebbledash finish to concrete structure.

• Seperate circulation and services tower connected through bridges.

• Modularity .

• Contrast between window panneling and raw materials.

• Large Scale.

Key Features • Exposed concrete structure and finish.

• Blocks tiered away from central walkway.

• Modularity.

• Planting to juxtapose with the concrete.

Component Service Tower

Component Tiered Floor Plates

STATE OF BRUTALISM LONDON TOUR

7

The Barbican Chamberlain, Powell & Bon, 1976 Status Use

The Barbican consists of the Barbican centre, a large scale perfoming arts centre and the Barbican estate, a large scale residential complex consisting of 3 large towers and a series of slab blocks. The complexity of the levels within the Barbican make it easy to lose yourself but also create a sense of wonder in the experience. Similar to the Alexandra & Ainsworth estate, the large landscaping and pond in the centre, along with the planting along terraces, juxtapose the rough concrete. An icon of Brutalist Architecture and praised by the Queen herself the Barbican obtained it’s listed status in 2001 and is deemed safe.

Key Features • Rough aggregated concrete.

• Large scale pillars and walkways.

• Semi-Circular penthouse windows.

• Landscaping to juxtapose concrete.

• Internal lighting to highlight materials and create greater contrast.

Component Sloped Up Floor Plate

STATE OF BRUTALISM TIMELINE & BREAKDOWN OF IDEOLOGY

Brutalism is often simplified to a building made of raw concrete, with the origin of the name based on the French ‘béton brut’ meaning raw concrete. This assumption is a fickle attempt to condense the style into an aesthetic, when the style is actually a lot more complex. The name Brutalism, as Reynar Banham originates, came from the architect Hans Asplund in Sweden after he had viewed a housing project called Villa Göth,

describing it as ‘nybrutalism’ or neo brutalism. The term was then taken back to England by the trio of architects; Ventris, Cox and Shankland and adapted to the term New Brutalism, which as Banham describes is “an ethic, not an aesthetic.” (1966, P10) Indeed Villa Göth and the Hunstanton Secondary Modern School, Peter and Alison Smithson’s first building and the often named the first new brutalist building realised,

used little to no concrete in their construction. If Brutalism is more than just concrete what are it’s principles and can they be adapted to new materials and construction.

1950

1952

1954

January - Hans Asplund jovially describes Bengt Edman and Lennart Holm’s design for Villa Göth as Nybrutalist or NeoBrutalist.

Summer - British Michael Ventris, Oliver Cox and Graeme Shankland visit Asplund in Sweden, the Neo-Brutalist term is used again jokingly. The brits then take it back to England.

Peter and Alison Smithson win a competition to design a school in Hunstanton, inspirsed by Mies van der Roe.

1951

Summer - Asplund visits his british friends to discover the term ‘New Brutalism’ has spread throughout the country like wildfire.

Unité d’habiation was completed in Marseille, designed by Le Corbusier. The building was finished is a raw unsmoothed concrete. Corbusier described this as ‘Béton Brut’ a term which is also associated witht he origens of Brutalism.

1953

Peter Smithson, a main protagonist of Brutalism, commits the term to print when describing his and Alison Smithsons design for a House is Soho, an unbuilt project.

PRINCIPLES

The Smithson’s Hunstanton Secondary Modern School is completed, often attributed as the first Brutalist building to be completed. Built using steel, glass and brick. Far from the concrete stigmatisim of Brutalist architecture.

1963

The Smithson’s Hunstanton Secondary Modern School is completed, often attributed as the first Brutalist building to be completed. Built using steel, glass and brick. Far from the concrete stigmatisim of Brutalist architecture.

1972

The Smithson’s Robin Hood Gardens housing project is completed.

1982

The Barbican Centre is completed

Trellick Tower a bastion of Brutalism and designed by Erno Goldfinger is completed.

FAMILY TREE OF MODERNISM Avant Garde

CELEBRATING STRUCTURE

Expressionism

LEGIBILTY

Constructivism

EXPRESSIVE

Functionalism

SOCIAL LEFT WING POLITICS

PUBLIC

Bauhaus

AUTHENTICITY

MOMUMENTALITY

ORNAMENT IS CRIME

Brutalism Metabolism

MEMORABILITY

CELEBRATION OF RAW MATERIALITY

Structuralism

International Style

TOTALITY

Parametracism

High Tech

Minimalism

COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM

After analysing important components in the buildings along the Brutalist tour of London, an Left to Right: interesting strand of investigation was whether these components, or other new components Continent, Status, Programme or features then extend across the Brutalist cannon as a whole globally. Whether these ? components and features were also affected by the regionality, programme, time period or the political standing at the time of design and completion. Identifying these patterns and commonalities, we can deploy similar features and components in our design moving forward.

To index the components I used both SOSBrutalism online and the Index of Brutalism book.

Legend Continent

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Brise Soleil

Circular

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Coth Curve

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

A column that fans out at the top where it meets to the slab in order to counteract the sheering forces.

A concrete slab that has ribs running across two axis to create a waffle like effect in the underside of the concrete slab. Good for structural forces.

A series of boxs or shapes repeated in a modular fashion or stacked up irregularly to create a plug in aesthetic form.

Each floor plate steps back or forward to create a tiering.

Columns used at an angle to support the building.

Columns that are excessively elongated to cover multiple floor heights before reaching the part they support.

Vertical fins that come down to shade the interior from sun and overheating.

Buildings with circular elements instead of rigid geometric shapes.

Cantilever elements to create gravity defying effects in the building.

Skylights in the shape of pyramids or other skylights, to allow for natural light with low window usage.

A hyperbolic curve the smoothly connects the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane of the high rise.

A large mass of material with a lack windows or details. Emphasising the material on a large scale.

Concrete ribs to create a rough finish to the exterior of the building.

Usually on the facade, a repeated element or a waffle effect similar to the waffle slab but on the exterior faces of the building.

A seperate tower used for services and circulation connected to the main building through the use of bridges.

Structural elements purposely extended past the facade, or over exaggerated to an aesthetic point.

1930s

Europe North America Central America South America Middle East Asia

Legend Status Africa Australasia

Safe Unknown/In Use Endangered Demolished

Legend Programme £

Commercial Cultural Educational Government Public

Legend Politics Religious Residential Sports Tourism Transport

Right Left Centre Military Right Military Left Monarchy

Trudelturm German Research Institure for Aviation; Brenner & Deutschmann 1936 Germany

£

1950s Sena Building

German Samper 1958 Colombia

1960s Temple Street Parking Garage Paul Rudolph 1962 USA

Water Tower

Elementary School

Milwaukee War Memorial

Susana Soca Chapel

Marchiondi Spagliardi Institute

Jorn Uzten 1952 Denmark

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy

Eero Saarinen 1957 USA

Antoni Bonet i Castellana 1959 Uruguay

Vittoriano Vigano 1957 Italy

Elementary School

Kagawa Prefectural Office

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy

Kenzo Tange 1958 Japan

Sheats-Goldstein Residence

Eros House

El Heliciode de la Roca Tarpeya

Domestic Trade College

Bank of Brazil Mechanisation Centre

Simon Fraser University

Endo Pharmaceutical Labs

Brasilia History Museum

Orphanage

Technical Institute

Academy of Arts

Endo Pharmaceutical Labs

Army Pavilion Expo’64

Water Tower

Control Tower Komazawa Olympic Park

John Launter 1963 USA

Owen Ludger 1963 England

Gutierrez, Bornhorst, Neuberger 1960 Venezuela

Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England

Irmaos Roberto 1969 Brazil

Erickson & Massey 1965 Canada

Paul Rudolph 1964 USA

Oscar Niemeyer 1960 Brazil

Aldo Van Eyck 1960 Netherlands

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1965 Italy

Duttman & Schumann 1960 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1964 USA

Fingerhuth & Lausanne 1964 Switzerland

Helmut Erdle 1961 Germany

Yoshinobu Ashihara 1964 Japan

£

£

£

£

£

Dana Porter Arts Library

Kagawa Prefectural Gymnasium

Habitat 67

Domestic Trade College

Museum of Modern Art

Haukilhati Water Tower

Dunelm House

Suldal Power Plant

Hudson Beare Lecture Theatre

Confederation Centre of the Arts

Municipal Urinario North Cemetery

Casson Pavilion

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Tricorn Centre

Shore & Moffat 1965 Canada

Kenzo Tange 1964 Japan

Moshe Safdie 1967 Canada

Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England

Alfonso Eduardo Reidy 1960 Brazil

Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland

Architects Co-Partnership 1965 England

Geir Grung 1965 Norway

Gardener-Medwin & Kingham Knight 1960 Scotland

Affleck, Sise & Dimakopoulos 1964 Canada

Nelson Bayrdo & Jose Tizze 1962 Uruguay

Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England

Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1966 Israel

Owen Luder 1966 England

£

Hayward Gallery

Tricorn Centre

Three Towers of Grenoble

The Met Breuer

Bremen Stadthalle

Boston City Hall

John E Fogarty Memorial Building

Raymond Hillard Homes

Sao Paulo Museum of Art

Jardim Ipe School

Huutoniemi Church

Birmingham New Street Signal Box

Temple of Monte Grisa

Balfron Tower

Higgs & Hill 1968 England

Owen Luder 1966 England

Anger & Puccinelli 1967 France

Marcel Breuer 1966 USA

Rainer, Saume & Hafermann 1964 Germany

Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA

Castellucci, Gelli & Planta 1967 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1966 USA

Lina Bo Bardi 1968 Brazil

Decio Tozzi 1965 Brazil

Aarno Ruusuvuori 1964 Finland

Bicknell & Hamilton 1965 England

Antonio Guacci 1966 Italy

Erno Goldfinger 1967 England

£

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

The Met Breuer

Town Hall

Avala Tower

Boston City Hall

Space House

Egged House

Casson Pavilion

Delft University Auditorium

City Archive

Centrum Warenhaus Hoyerswerda

Town Hall

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Marcel Breuer 1966 USA

Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany

Bogunovic & Janjic 1965 Serbia

Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA

Richard Seifert 1968 England

Arieh Sharon, Aryeh Freiberger & Benjamin Idelson 1969 Israel

Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England

Van de Broek & Bakema 1966 Netherlands

Georgi Konstaninovski 1966 Macedonia

Heins Heinrich Forberg 1968 Germany

Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany

£

£

£

Hawaii State Capitol

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

Central Hall University of York

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, Denver

Haukilhati Water Tower

Berkeley Library Trinity College

St Hallvards Church

Synagogue Officers Trainings School

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Johnson-Marshall 1968 England

Muchow Associates 1968 USA

Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland

Ahrends, Burton & Koralek 1967 Ireland

Lund + Slaatto 1966 Norway

Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1968 Israel

Hawaii State Capitol

University of East Anglia

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Marina City

Hayward Gallery

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

Preston Central Bus Station

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Denys Lasdun 1968 England

SPACE Group 1969 South Korea

Bertrand Goldberg 1968 USA

Higgs & Hill 1968 England

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Building Design Partnership 1969 England

CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters

Southside Junior High School

Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King

St Gallen Theatre

Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela

Eliot Noyes 1969 USA

Frederick Gibberd 1969 England

Claude Paillard 1968 Switzerland

CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters

Hawaii State Capitol

Torres Blancas

Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza 1969 Spain

£

£

1970s Kariakoo Market Beda J. Amuli 1974 Tanzania

Hilda Besse Building

Orange County Government Centre

Geisal Library

Geisal Library

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

Pedro Henriquez Urena National Library

Brasilia Cathedral

Ohio History Centre

Mailman Center for Child Development

Frank A Sedita City Court

Norco House

Welbeck Street Car Park

Les Halles Car Park

Standard Bank Centre Headquarters

Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis 1970 England

Paul Rudolph 1970 USA

William L Pereira 1970 USA

William L Pereira 1970 USA

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Alvarez, Ginebra & Ginebra 1971 Dominican Republic

Oscar Niemeyer 1970 Brazil

Byron Ireland 1970 USA

Spillis Candela 1972 USA

Pfohl, Roberts & Biggie 1974 USA

Covell Matthews 1970 Scotland

Blampied & Partners 1970 England

Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France

Hentrich-Petschnigg 1970 South Africa

£

£

£

£

West Wing Guildhall

Ohio History Centre

Hugel Haus

Hugel Haus

Institute of Eduction Ife

Banco de Prevision Social

Stravanger Swimming Hall

Instituto del Patriminio Cultural de Espana Municipal Court of Audit

Richard Gilbert Scott 1974 England

Byron Ireland 1970 USA

Walter Ebert 1970 Germany

Walter Ebert 1970 Germany

Arieh Sharon, Harold Rubin & Eldar Sharon 1970 Nigeria

Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay

Gert Walter Thuesen Jacob Grytten 1971 Norway

Higuearas Diaz & Miro 1970 Spain

Croce, Afalo & Gasperini 1971 Brazil

Alt Erlaa

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Perronet House

Pragati Maidan

Trellick Tower

Ministry of Highway Construction

Gluck, Hlaweniczka, Requat & Reinthaller 1973 Austria

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

Sir Roger Walters 1970 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Erno Goldfinger 1972 England

George Chakhava, Z Jalaghania 1974 Georgia

£

Cathedral of Christ the King

Scott Library

Perronet House

Brunswick Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

Fall River Government Center

Risaralda Government Building

Les Halles Car Park

Hotel Valbrierve

Central Laboratory Fermilab

Banco de Prevision Social

Münsterschule

Chemnitz City Hall

Institute of Education University of London

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Sir Roger Walters 1970 England

Patrick Hodgkinson 1970 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Forero Ochoa Pereira 1974 Colombia

Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France

Pierre-Paul Heckly & Guy Prache Jouy-en-Josas 1970 France

Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall 1974 USA

Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Rudolf Wiess 1974 Germany

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

£

£

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

The Barbican Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

New Court Christ’s College

National Theatre

The Barbican Centre

Crafton Hills Community College

Les Choux de Creteil

Cathedral of Christ the King

Biological Sciences Library

Osterstrasse Car Park

Centrum Warenhaus Dresden

SESC Pompéia

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Denys Lasdun 1970 England

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA

Gerard Grandval 1974 France

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Robin Gibson 1976 Australia

Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany

Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

£

£

£

Ranier Tower

National Theatre

Münsterschule

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

State Government Offices

Fall River Government Center

St Joseph’s Hospital

Pallasseum Housing

Townsville Campus Library

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA

Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany

James Birrel 1976 Australia

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

£

£

SESC Pompéia

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Scott Library

Shiraz University

Cathedral of Christ the King

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

SESC Pompéia

Cathedral of Christ the King

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

£

Dawson Heights

Tapachstrasse Housing Development

Ponte City

East Building National Gallery of Art

Sampson House

Kate Macintosh 1972 England

Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany

Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa

IM Pei 1978 USA

Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England

£

Lambeth Towers

Münsterschule

Prentice Women’s Hospital

Americasmart Building 3

George Finch 1972 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA

Portman & Associates 1979 USA

£

Lillington Gardens

Pragati Maidan

Aillaud Towers

Darbourne & Darke 1972 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany

£

Convalescent House

Hotel Du Lac

City Administration Centre

Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel

Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia

Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia

Zalman Aranne Central Library

La Pyramide

Roihuvuori Water Tower

Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel

Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast

Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland

£

Montreuil Conservatory

Zalman Aranne Central Library

Metropolitan Cathedral of Sao Sebastiao

Claude Le Goas 1976 France

Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel

Oliveira de Fonesca 1979 Brazil

Sainte-Marie Lyon School

Campinas Cultural Centre

Georges Adilon 1976 France

Fabio Moura Penteado 1976 Brazil

National School of Architecture

Institute of Education University of London

Simounet & Charmont 1978 France

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

National Theatre Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Dallas City Hall IM Pei 1978 USA

£

National School of Architecture Simounet & Charmont 1978 France

Alexandra and Ainsworth Estate Neave Brown 1978 England

State Government Offices Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia

1980s

William Balmain Teachers College

Hotel Amanauz

Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium

Rozzol Melara

Seimas Palace

Chisinau State Capital

Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium

New Delhi Municipal Council Building

National Library of Kosovo

David Turner 1985 Australia

Kostomarov & Perenchekov 1985 Russia

Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia

Carlo Celli 1982 Italy

Algimantas Nasvytis & Vytautas Nasvytis 1980 Lithuania

Kiricenko, Shoihet & Colotovkin 1981 Lithuania

Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia

Kudip Singh 1983 India

Mutnjakovic 1982 Italy

Surry Hills Police Station

Lincoln Executive Plaza

Surry Hills Police Station

Krygyz National Philharmonic Hall

Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum

Mariano Moreno National Library

Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum

Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

Tsolinas, Kim & Moreno 1982 USA

Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

A.Pechonkin 1980 Krygyzstan

Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia

Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina

Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia

Espai Verd

Basilica Santuary of our Lady of Tears

Mariano Moreno National Library

Antonio Cortes Ferrando 1994 Spain

Andrault & Parat 1994 Italy

Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina

Kihoku Tenkyu-Kan

Grand Central Water Tower

Takasaki 1995 Japan

GAPP 1996 South Africa

Braga Municipal Stadium

Fogo Island Inn

Kukuruzka Housing Complex

Rohner Port Building

Valleaceron Chapel

Gangnam Bogeumjari District Officetel

Hemeroscopium House

Souto de Moura 2003 Portugal

Todd Saunders 2013 Canada

Pushkin & Potershuk 2000 Belarus

Baumschlauger & Eberle 2000 Austria

Sancho-Madridejos 2000 Spain

JDS 2014 South Korea

Ensamble 2008 Spain

1111 Lincoln Road

Ponce House

Devoid Studio

Herzog & De Meuron 2010 USA

Mathias Kotz 2003 Argentina

Archium 2004 South Korea

Bilbao Exhibition Centre

Burder Klaus Chapel

ACXT 2007 Spain

Peter Zumthor 2007 Germany

£

Slovak Radio Building

William Balmain Teachers College

Svetko, Durkovic & Kissling 1983 Latvia

David Turner 1985 Australia

£

Surry Hills Police Station Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

Pegli 3 Aldo Luigi Rizzo 1989 Italy

1990s

2000s

£

£

Timmelsjoch Experience Pass Museum

Roberto Garza Sada Centre for Art

Tscholi 2010 Austria

Tadao Ando 2012 Mexico

£

A2 SPREADS

COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM

After analysing important components in the buildings along the Brutalist tour of London, Left to Right: an interesting strand of investigation was whether these components, or other new compo- Continent, Status, Programme nents or features then extend across the Brutalist cannon as a whole globally. Whether these ? components and features were also affected by the regionality, programme, time period or the political standing at the time of design and completion. Identifying these patterns and commonalities, we can deploy similar features and components in our design moving forward.

To index the components I used both SOSBrutalism online and the Index of Brutalism book.

Legend Continent

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Brise Soleil

Circular

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Coth Curve

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

A column that fans out at the top where it meets to the slab in order to counteract the sheering forces.

A concrete slab that has ribs running across two axis to create a waffle like effect in the underside of the concrete slab. Good for structural forces.

A series of boxs or shapes repeated in a modular fashion or stacked up irregularly to create a plug in aesthetic form.

Each floor plate steps back or forward to create a tiering.

Columns used at an angle to support the building.

Columns that are excessively elongated to cover multiple floor heights before reaching the part they support.

Vertical fins that come down to shade the interior from sun and overheating.

Buildings with circular elements instead of rigid geometric shapes.

Cantilever elements to create gravity defying effects in the building.

Skylights in the shape of pyramids or other skylights, to allow for natural light with low window usage.

A hyperbolic curve the smoothly connects the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane of the high rise.

A large mass of material with a lack windows or details. Emphasising the material on a large scale.

Concrete ribs to create a rough finish to the exterior of the building.

Usually on the facade, a repeated element or a waffle effect similar to the waffle slab but on the exterior faces of the building.

A seperate tower used for services and circulation connected to the main building through the use of bridges.

Structural elements purposely extended past the facade, or over exaggerated to an aesthetic point.

1930s

Europe North America Central America South America Middle East Asia

Legend Status Africa Australasia

Safe Unknown/In Use Endangered Demolished

Legend Programme £

Commercial Cultural Educational Government Public Recreational

Legend Politics Religious Residential Sports Tourism Transport

Right Left Centre Military Right Military Left Monarchy

Trudelturm German Research Institure for Aviation; Brenner & Deutschmann 1936 Germany

£

1950s Sena Building

German Samper 1958 Colombia

1960s Temple Street Parking Garage Paul Rudolph 1962 USA

Water Tower

Elementary School

Milwaukee War Memorial

Susana Soca Chapel

Marchiondi Spagliardi Institute

Jorn Uzten 1952 Denmark

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy

Eero Saarinen 1957 USA

Antoni Bonet i Castellana 1959 Uruguay

Vittoriano Vigano 1957 Italy

Elementary School

Kagawa Prefectural Office

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy

Kenzo Tange 1958 Japan

Sheats-Goldstein Residence

Eros House

El Heliciode de la Roca Tarpeya

Domestic Trade College

Bank of Brazil Mechanisation Centre

Simon Fraser University

Endo Pharmaceutical Labs

Brasilia History Museum

Orphanage

Technical Institute

Academy of Arts

Endo Pharmaceutical Labs

Army Pavilion Expo’64

Water Tower

Control Tower Komazawa Olympic Park

John Launter 1963 USA

Owen Ludger 1963 England

Gutierrez, Bornhorst, Neuberger 1960 Venezuela

Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England

Irmaos Roberto 1969 Brazil

Erickson & Massey 1965 Canada

Paul Rudolph 1964 USA

Oscar Niemeyer 1960 Brazil

Aldo Van Eyck 1960 Netherlands

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1965 Italy

Duttman & Schumann 1960 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1964 USA

Fingerhuth & Lausanne 1964 Switzerland

Helmut Erdle 1961 Germany

Yoshinobu Ashihara 1964 Japan

£

£

£

£

£

Dana Porter Arts Library

Kagawa Prefectural Gymnasium

Habitat 67

Domestic Trade College

Museum of Modern Art

Haukilhati Water Tower

Dunelm House

Suldal Power Plant

Hudson Beare Lecture Theatre

Confederation Centre of the Arts

Municipal Urinario North Cemetery

Casson Pavilion

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Tricorn Centre

Shore & Moffat 1965 Canada

Kenzo Tange 1964 Japan

Moshe Safdie 1967 Canada

Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England

Alfonso Eduardo Reidy 1960 Brazil

Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland

Architects Co-Partnership 1965 England

Geir Grung 1965 Norway

Gardener-Medwin & Kingham Knight 1960 Scotland

Affleck, Sise & Dimakopoulos 1964 Canada

Nelson Bayrdo & Jose Tizze 1962 Uruguay

Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England

Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1966 Israel

Owen Luder 1966 England

£

Hayward Gallery

Tricorn Centre

Three Towers of Grenoble

The Met Breuer

Bremen Stadthalle

Boston City Hall

John E Fogarty Memorial Building

Raymond Hillard Homes

Sao Paulo Museum of Art

Jardim Ipe School

Huutoniemi Church

Birmingham New Street Signal Box

Temple of Monte Grisa

Balfron Tower

Higgs & Hill 1968 England

Owen Luder 1966 England

Anger & Puccinelli 1967 France

Marcel Breuer 1966 USA

Rainer, Saume & Hafermann 1964 Germany

Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA

Castellucci, Gelli & Planta 1967 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1966 USA

Lina Bo Bardi 1968 Brazil

Decio Tozzi 1965 Brazil

Aarno Ruusuvuori 1964 Finland

Bicknell & Hamilton 1965 England

Antonio Guacci 1966 Italy

Erno Goldfinger 1967 England

£

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

The Met Breuer

Saint Peter’s Seminary

Marcel Breuer 1966 USA

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia 1966 Scotland

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Avala Tower

Boston City Hall

Space House

Egged House

Bogunovic & Janjic 1965 Serbia

Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA

Richard Seifert 1968 England

Arieh Sharon, Aryeh Freiberger & Benjamin Idelson 1969 Israel

£

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Casson Pavilion

Delft University Auditorium

City Archive

Centrum Warenhaus Hoyerswerda

Town Hall

Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England

Van de Broek & Bakema 1966 Netherlands

Georgi Konstaninovski 1966 Macedonia

Heins Heinrich Forberg 1968 Germany

Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany

Extended Structure

£

£

Hawaii State Capitol

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

Town Hall

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, Denver

Haukilhati Water Tower

Berkeley Library Trinity College

St Hallvards Church

Synagogue Officers Trainings School

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany

Muchow Associates 1968 USA

Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland

Ahrends, Burton & Koralek 1967 Ireland

Lund + Slaatto 1966 Norway

Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1968 Israel

Hawaii State Capitol

Central Hall University of York

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Marina City

Hayward Gallery

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

Preston Central Bus Station

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Johnson-Marshall 1968 England

SPACE Group 1969 South Korea

Bertrand Goldberg 1968 USA

Higgs & Hill 1968 England

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Building Design Partnership 1969 England

University of East Anglia

Southside Junior High School

Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King

St Gallen Theatre

Denys Lasdun 1968 England

Eliot Noyes 1969 USA

Frederick Gibberd 1969 England

Claude Paillard 1968 Switzerland

CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters

Hawaii State Capitol

Torres Blancas

Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza 1969 Spain

£

1970s Kariakoo Market Beda J. Amuli 1974 Tanzania

Hilda Besse Building

Orange County Government Centre

Geisal Library

Geisal Library

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

Pedro Henriquez Urena National Library

Brasilia Cathedral

Ohio History Centre

Mailman Center for Child Development

Frank A Sedita City Court

Norco House

Welbeck Street Car Park

Les Halles Car Park

Standard Bank Centre Headquarters

Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis 1970 England

Paul Rudolph 1970 USA

William L Pereira 1970 USA

William L Pereira 1970 USA

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Alvarez, Ginebra & Ginebra 1971 Dominican Republic

Oscar Niemeyer 1970 Brazil

Byron Ireland 1970 USA

Spillis Candela 1972 USA

Pfohl, Roberts & Biggie 1974 USA

Covell Matthews 1970 Scotland

Blampied & Partners 1970 England

Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France

Hentrich-Petschnigg 1970 South Africa

£

£

£

£

West Wing Guildhall

Ohio History Centre

Hugel Haus

Hugel Haus

Institute of Eduction Ife

Banco de Prevision Social

Stravanger Swimming Hall

Instituto del Patriminio Cultural de Espana Municipal Court of Audit

Richard Gilbert Scott 1974 England

Byron Ireland 1970 USA

Walter Ebert 1970 Germany

Walter Ebert 1970 Germany

Arieh Sharon, Harold Rubin & Eldar Sharon 1970 Nigeria

Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay

Gert Walter Thuesen Jacob Grytten 1971 Norway

Higuearas Diaz & Miro 1970 Spain

Croce, Afalo & Gasperini 1971 Brazil

Alt Erlaa

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Perronet House

Pragati Maidan

Trellick Tower

Ministry of Highway Construction

Gluck, Hlaweniczka, Requat & Reinthaller 1973 Austria

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

Sir Roger Walters 1970 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Erno Goldfinger 1972 England

George Chakhava, Z Jalaghania 1974 Georgia

£

Cathedral of Christ the King

Scott Library

Perronet House

Brunswick Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

Fall River Government Center

Risaralda Government Building

Les Halles Car Park

Hotel Valbrierve

Central Laboratory Fermilab

Banco de Prevision Social

Münsterschule

Chemnitz City Hall

Institute of Education University of London

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Sir Roger Walters 1970 England

Patrick Hodgkinson 1970 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Forero Ochoa Pereira 1974 Colombia

Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France

Pierre-Paul Heckly & Guy Prache Jouy-en-Josas 1970 France

Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall 1974 USA

Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Rudolf Wiess 1974 Germany

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

£

£

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Cantilever

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

The Barbican Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

New Court Christ’s College

National Theatre

The Barbican Centre

Crafton Hills Community College

Les Choux de Creteil

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Denys Lasdun 1970 England

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA

Gerard Grandval 1974 France

£

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Cathedral of Christ the King

Biological Sciences Library

Osterstrasse Car Park

Centrum Warenhaus Dresden

SESC Pompéia

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Robin Gibson 1976 Australia

Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany

Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

£

£

Ranier Tower

National Theatre

Münsterschule

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

State Government Offices

Fall River Government Center

St Joseph’s Hospital

Pallasseum Housing

Townsville Campus Library

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA

Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany

James Birrel 1976 Australia

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

£

£

SESC Pompéia

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Scott Library

Shiraz University

Cathedral of Christ the King

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

SESC Pompéia

Cathedral of Christ the King

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

£

Dawson Heights

Tapachstrasse Housing Development

Ponte City

East Building National Gallery of Art

Sampson House

Kate Macintosh 1972 England

Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany

Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa

IM Pei 1978 USA

Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England

£

Lambeth Towers

Münsterschule

Prentice Women’s Hospital

Americasmart Building 3

George Finch 1972 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA

Portman & Associates 1979 USA

£

Lillington Gardens

Pragati Maidan

Aillaud Towers

Darbourne & Darke 1972 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany

£

Convalescent House

Hotel Du Lac

City Administration Centre

Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel

Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia

Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia

Zalman Aranne Central Library

La Pyramide

Roihuvuori Water Tower

Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel

Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast

Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland

£

Extended Structure

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Montreuil Conservatory

Zalman Aranne Central Library

Metropolitan Cathedral of Sao Sebastiao

Claude Le Goas 1976 France

Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel

Oliveira de Fonesca 1979 Brazil

Sainte-Marie Lyon School

Campinas Cultural Centre

Georges Adilon 1976 France

Fabio Moura Penteado 1976 Brazil

National School of Architecture

Institute of Education University of London

Simounet & Charmont 1978 France

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

National Theatre Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Dallas City Hall IM Pei 1978 USA

£

National School of Architecture Simounet & Charmont 1978 France

Alexandra and Ainsworth Estate Neave Brown 1978 England

State Government Offices Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

1980s

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

William Balmain Teachers College

Hotel Amanauz

David Turner 1985 Australia

Kostomarov & Perenchekov 1985 Russia

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium

Rozzol Melara

Seimas Palace

Chisinau State Capital

Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium

New Delhi Municipal Council Building

National Library of Kosovo

Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia

Carlo Celli 1982 Italy

Algimantas Nasvytis & Vytautas Nasvytis 1980 Lithuania

Kiricenko, Shoihet & Colotovkin 1981 Lithuania

Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia

Kudip Singh 1983 India

Mutnjakovic 1982 Italy

Surry Hills Police Station

Lincoln Executive Plaza

Surry Hills Police Station

Krygyz National Philharmonic Hall

Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum

Mariano Moreno National Library

Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum

Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

Tsolinas, Kim & Moreno 1982 USA

Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

A.Pechonkin 1980 Krygyzstan

Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia

Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina

Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia

Espai Verd

Basilica Santuary of our Lady of Tears

Mariano Moreno National Library

Antonio Cortes Ferrando 1994 Spain

Andrault & Parat 1994 Italy

Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina

Kihoku Tenkyu-Kan

Grand Central Water Tower

Takasaki 1995 Japan

GAPP 1996 South Africa

Braga Municipal Stadium

Fogo Island Inn

Kukuruzka Housing Complex

Rohner Port Building

Valleaceron Chapel

Gangnam Bogeumjari District Officetel

Hemeroscopium House

Souto de Moura 2003 Portugal

Todd Saunders 2013 Canada

Pushkin & Potershuk 2000 Belarus

Baumschlauger & Eberle 2000 Austria

Sancho-Madridejos 2000 Spain

JDS 2014 South Korea

Ensamble 2008 Spain

£

Slovak Radio Building

William Balmain Teachers College

Svetko, Durkovic & Kissling 1983 Latvia

David Turner 1985 Australia

£

Surry Hills Police Station Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

Pegli 3 Aldo Luigi Rizzo 1989 Italy

1990s

2000s

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

1111 Lincoln Road

Ponce House

Devoid Studio

Herzog & De Meuron 2010 USA

Mathias Kotz 2003 Argentina

Archium 2004 South Korea

Bilbao Exhibition Centre

Burder Klaus Chapel

ACXT 2007 Spain

Peter Zumthor 2007 Germany

£

£

Timmelsjoch Experience Pass Museum

Roberto Garza Sada Centre for Art

Tscholi 2010 Austria

Tadao Ando 2012 Mexico

£

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

A2 SINGLES

COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM

After analysing important components in the buildings along the Brutalist tour of London, an Left to Right: interesting strand of investigation was whether these components, or other new components Continent, Status, Programme or features then extend across the Brutalist cannon as a whole globally. Whether these ? components and features were also affected by the regionality, programme, time period or the political standing at the time of design and completion. Identifying these patterns and commonalities, we can deploy similar features and components in our design moving forward.

To index the components I used both SOSBrutalism online and the Index of Brutalism book.

Legend Continent

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Brise Soleil

Circular

A column that fans out at the top where it meets to the slab in order to counteract the sheering forces.

A concrete slab that has ribs running across two axis to create a waffle like effect in the underside of the concrete slab. Good for structural forces.

A series of boxs or shapes repeated in a modular fashion or stacked up irregularly to create a plug in aesthetic form.

Each floor plate steps back or forward to create a tiering.

Columns used at an angle to support the building.

Columns that are excessively elongated to cover multiple floor heights before reaching the part they support.

Vertical fins that come down to shade the interior from sun and overheating.

Buildings with circular elements instead of rigid geometric shapes.

Water Tower

Elementary School

Jorn Uzten 1952 Denmark

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy

1930s

Europe North America Central America South America Middle East Asia

Legend Status Africa Australasia

1950s Sena Building

German Samper 1958 Colombia

Safe Unknown/In Use Endangered Demolished

Legend Programme £

Commercial Cultural Educational Government Public Recreational

Legend Politics Religious Residential Sports Tourism Transport

Right Left Centre Military Right Military Left Monarchy

C

E 1 U

Elementary School Castiglioni & Arsizio 1958 Italy

1960s Temple Street Parking Garage Paul Rudolph 1962 USA

Sheats-Goldstein Residence

Eros House

El Heliciode de la Roca Tarpeya

Domestic Trade College

Bank of Brazil Mechanisation Centre

Simon Fraser University

Endo Pharmaceutical Labs

John Launter 1963 USA

Owen Ludger 1963 England

Gutierrez, Bornhorst, Neuberger 1960 Venezuela

Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England

Irmaos Roberto 1969 Brazil

Erickson & Massey 1965 Canada

Paul Rudolph 1964 USA

£

£

£

£

O 1 B

Dana Porter Arts Library

Kagawa Prefectural Gymnasium

Habitat 67

Domestic Trade College

Museum of Modern Art

Haukilhati Water Tower

Dunelm House

Suldal Power Plant

Shore & Moffat 1965 Canada

Kenzo Tange 1964 Japan

Moshe Safdie 1967 Canada

Leonard Cecil Howitt 1960 England

Alfonso Eduardo Reidy 1960 Brazil

Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland

Architects Co-Partnership 1965 England

Geir Grung 1965 Norway

G K 1 S

Hayward Gallery

Tricorn Centre

Three Towers of Grenoble

The Met Breuer

Bremen Stadthalle

Boston City Hall

John E Fogarty Memorial Building

Raymond Hillard Homes

S

Higgs & Hill 1968 England

Owen Luder 1966 England

Anger & Puccinelli 1967 France

Marcel Breuer 1966 USA

Rainer, Saume & Hafermann 1964 Germany

Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA

Castellucci, Gelli & Planta 1967 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1966 USA

L 1 B

£

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Coth Curve

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

Cantilever elements to create gravity defying effects in the building.

Skylights in the shape of pyramids or other skylights, to allow for natural light with low window usage.

A hyperbolic curve the smoothly connects the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane of the high rise.

A large mass of material with a lack windows or details. Emphasising the material on a large scale.

Concrete ribs to create a rough finish to the exterior of the building.

Usually on the facade, a repeated element or a waffle effect similar to the waffle slab but on the exterior faces of the building.

A seperate tower used for services and circulation connected to the main building through the use of bridges.

Structural elements purposely extended past the facade, or over exaggerated to an aesthetic point.

Trudelturm German Research Institure for Aviation; Brenner & Deutschmann 1936 Germany

£

Milwaukee War Memorial

Susana Soca Chapel

Marchiondi Spagliardi Institute

Eero Saarinen 1957 USA

Antoni Bonet i Castellana 1959 Uruguay

Vittoriano Vigano 1957 Italy

Kagawa Prefectural Office Kenzo Tange 1958 Japan

Brasilia History Museum

Orphanage

Technical Institute

Academy of Arts

Endo Pharmaceutical Labs

Army Pavilion Expo’64

Water Tower

Control Tower Komazawa Olympic Park

Oscar Niemeyer 1960 Brazil

Aldo Van Eyck 1960 Netherlands

Castiglioni & Arsizio 1965 Italy

Duttman & Schumann 1960 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1964 USA

Fingerhuth & Lausanne 1964 Switzerland

Helmut Erdle 1961 Germany

Yoshinobu Ashihara 1964 Japan

£

Hudson Beare Lecture Theatre

Confederation Centre of the Arts

Municipal Urinario North Cemetery

Casson Pavilion

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Tricorn Centre

Gardener-Medwin & Kingham Knight 1960 Scotland

Affleck, Sise & Dimakopoulos 1964 Canada

Nelson Bayrdo & Jose Tizze 1962 Uruguay

Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England

Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1966 Israel

Owen Luder 1966 England

£

Sao Paulo Museum of Art

Jardim Ipe School

Huutoniemi Church

Birmingham New Street Signal Box

Temple of Monte Grisa

Balfron Tower

Lina Bo Bardi 1968 Brazil

Decio Tozzi 1965 Brazil

Aarno Ruusuvuori 1964 Finland

Bicknell & Hamilton 1965 England

Antonio Guacci 1966 Italy

Erno Goldfinger 1967 England

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

The Met Breuer

Saint Peter’s Seminary

Marcel Breuer 1966 USA

Gillespie, Kidd & Coia 1966 Scotland

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

C

Avala Tower

Boston City Hall

Space House

E

Bogunovic & Janjic 1965 Serbia

Kallman, McKinnell & Knowles 1968 USA

Richard Seifert 1968 England

A F I 1 I

£

Hawaii State Capitol

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

Town Hall

Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas, Denver

Haukilhati Water Tower

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany

Muchow Associates 1968 USA

Erkko Virkkunen 1968 Finland

Hawaii State Capitol

Central Hall University of York

Korea Institute of Science and Technology Marina City

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Johnson-Marshall 1968 England

SPACE Group 1969 South Korea

Bertrand Goldberg 1968 USA

University of East Anglia

Southside Junior High School

Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King

Denys Lasdun 1968 England

Eliot Noyes 1969 USA

Frederick Gibberd 1969 England

CVG Electrificacion de Caroni Headquarters

Hawaii State Capitol

Torres Blancas

Jesus Tenreiro-Degwitz 1968 Venezuela

Belt, Lemon & Co 1969 USA

Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza 1969 Spain

£

1970s Kariakoo Market Beda J. Amuli 1974 Tanzania

Hilda Besse Building

Orange County Government Centre

Geisal Library

Geisal Library

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

Pedro Henriquez Urena National Library

Brasilia Cathedral

O

Howell, Killick, Partridge & Amis 1970 England

Paul Rudolph 1970 USA

William L Pereira 1970 USA

William L Pereira 1970 USA

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Alvarez, Ginebra & Ginebra 1971 Dominican Republic

Oscar Niemeyer 1970 Brazil

B 1 U

£

£

West Wing Guildhall

Ohio History Centre

Hugel Haus

Hugel Haus

Institute of Eduction Ife

Banco de Prevision Social

Stravanger Swimming Hall

Instituto del Patriminio Cultural de Espana

Richard Gilbert Scott 1974 England

Byron Ireland 1970 USA

Walter Ebert 1970 Germany

Walter Ebert 1970 Germany

Arieh Sharon, Harold Rubin & Eldar Sharon 1970 Nigeria

Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay

Gert Walter Thuesen Jacob Grytten 1971 Norway

Higuearas Diaz & Miro 1970 Spain

Cathedral of Christ the King

Scott Library

Perronet House

Brunswick Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

Fall River Government Center

Risaralda Government Building

Les Halles Car Park

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Sir Roger Walters 1970 England

Patrick Hodgkinson 1970 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Forero Ochoa Pereira 1974 Colombia

Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France

C 1 B

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Egged House

Arieh Sharon, Aryeh Freiberger & Benjamin Idelson 1969 Israel

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Casson Pavilion

Delft University Auditorium

City Archive

Centrum Warenhaus Hoyerswerda

Town Hall

Sir Hugh Casson 1965 England

Van de Broek & Bakema 1966 Netherlands

Georgi Konstaninovski 1966 Macedonia

Heins Heinrich Forberg 1968 Germany

Gottfried Bohm 1967 Germany

Extended Structure

£

£

Berkeley Library Trinity College

St Hallvards Church

Synagogue Officers Trainings School

Ahrends, Burton & Koralek 1967 Ireland

Lund + Slaatto 1966 Norway

Zvi Hecker & Alfred Neumann 1968 Israel

Hayward Gallery

Faculty of Architecture Sao Paulo

Preston Central Bus Station

Higgs & Hill 1968 England

Joao Vilanova Artigas & Carlos Cascaldi 1968 Brazil

Building Design Partnership 1969 England

St Gallen Theatre Claude Paillard 1968 Switzerland

Ohio History Centre

Mailman Center for Child Development

Frank A Sedita City Court

Norco House

Welbeck Street Car Park

Les Halles Car Park

Standard Bank Centre Headquarters

Byron Ireland 1970 USA

Spillis Candela 1972 USA

Pfohl, Roberts & Biggie 1974 USA

Covell Matthews 1970 Scotland

Blampied & Partners 1970 England

Zumbrunnen, Delfante & Provost 1970 France

Hentrich-Petschnigg 1970 South Africa

£

£

Municipal Court of Audit

Alt Erlaa

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Perronet House

Pragati Maidan

Trellick Tower

Ministry of Highway Construction

Croce, Afalo & Gasperini 1971 Brazil

Gluck, Hlaweniczka, Requat & Reinthaller 1973 Austria

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

Sir Roger Walters 1970 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Erno Goldfinger 1972 England

George Chakhava, Z Jalaghania 1974 Georgia

£

Hotel Valbrierve

Central Laboratory Fermilab

Banco de Prevision Social

Münsterschule

Chemnitz City Hall

Institute of Education University of London

Pierre-Paul Heckly & Guy Prache Jouy-en-Josas 1970 France

Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall 1974 USA

Mario Paysse Reyes & Walter Chappe 1975 Uruguay

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Rudolf Wiess 1974 Germany

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

The Barbican Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

New Court Christ’s College

National Theatre

The Barbican Centre

Crafton Hills Community College

Les Choux de Creteil

C

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Denys Lasdun 1970 England

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA

Gerard Grandval 1974 France

A C 1 I

P

£

£

Ranier Tower

National Theatre

Münsterschule

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

State Government Offices

Fall River Government Center

St Joseph’s Hospital

Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA

£

£

SESC Pompéia

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Scott Library

Shiraz University

Cathedral of Christ the King

S

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

J 1 S

Dawson Heights

Tapachstrasse Housing Development

Ponte City

Kate Macintosh 1972 England

Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany

Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa

Lambeth Towers

Münsterschule

Prentice Women’s Hospital

George Finch 1972 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA

Lillington Gardens

Pragati Maidan

Aillaud Towers

Darbourne & Darke 1972 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany

£

Convalescent House

Hotel Du Lac

City Administration Centre

Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel

Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia

Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia

Zalman Aranne Central Library

La Pyramide

Roihuvuori Water Tower

Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel

Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast

Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland

£

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Cathedral of Christ the King

Biological Sciences Library

Osterstrasse Car Park

Centrum Warenhaus Dresden

SESC Pompéia

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Robin Gibson 1976 Australia

Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany

Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

£

Pallasseum Housing

Townsville Campus Library

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany

James Birrel 1976 Australia

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

SESC Pompéia

Cathedral of Christ the King

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

East Building National Gallery of Art

Sampson House

IM Pei 1978 USA

Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England

£

£

Americasmart Building 3 Portman & Associates 1979 USA

£

Extended Structure

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

The Barbican Centre

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

New Court Christ’s College

National Theatre

The Barbican Centre

Crafton Hills Community College

Les Choux de Creteil

C

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Denys Lasdun 1970 England

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Chamberlain, Powell & Bon 1976 England

Williams, Clark & Williams 1976 USA

Gerard Grandval 1974 France

A C 1 I

P

£

£

Ranier Tower

National Theatre

Münsterschule

Burroughs Wellcome Headquarters

State Government Offices

Fall River Government Center

St Joseph’s Hospital

Minoru Yamasaki 1977 USA

Denys Lasdun 1976 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Paul Rudolph 1971 USA

Buchan Baird & Bawden 1979 Australia

Continental Engineering 1976 USA

Bertrand Goldberg 1974 USA

£

£

SESC Pompéia

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Scott Library

Shiraz University

Cathedral of Christ the King

S

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Kisho Kurokawa 1972 Japan

Shore & Moffat 1971 Canada

Minoru Yamasaki 1979 Iran

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

J 1 S

Dawson Heights

Tapachstrasse Housing Development

Ponte City

Kate Macintosh 1972 England

Peter Faller & Hermann Schroder 1971 Germany

Feidman, Hermer & Grosskopff 1975 South Africa

Lambeth Towers

Münsterschule

Prentice Women’s Hospital

George Finch 1972 England

Heinz Otten 1972 Germany

Bertrand Goldberg 1975 USA

Lillington Gardens

Pragati Maidan

Aillaud Towers

Darbourne & Darke 1972 England

Raj Rewal 1972 India

Emile Aillaud 1977 Germany

£

Convalescent House

Hotel Du Lac

City Administration Centre

Arieh Sharon, Harold Ruben & Eldar Sharon 1973 Israel

Raffaele Contigiani 1973 Tunisia

Romberg & Boyd 1977 Australia

Zalman Aranne Central Library

La Pyramide

Roihuvuori Water Tower

Nadler-Nadler-Bixon-Gil 1975 Israel

Rinaldo Oliveri 1973 Ivory Coast

Arto Pitkanen 1977 Finland

£

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Cathedral of Christ the King

Biological Sciences Library

Osterstrasse Car Park

Centrum Warenhaus Dresden

SESC Pompéia

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

Robin Gibson 1976 Australia

Heinz Wilke 1974 Germany

Simon, Fokvari & Wunderwald 1978 Germany

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

£

Pallasseum Housing

Townsville Campus Library

St Maximilian Kolbe Church

Jurgen Sawade 1976 Germany

James Birrel 1976 Australia

Jo Filke 1974 Germany

Swiss Medical Research Foundation

SESC Pompéia

Cathedral of Christ the King

Jack Vicajee Bertoli 1976 Switzerland

Linda Bo Bardi 1977 Brazil

Adalberto Libera & Cesare Galeazzi 1975 Italy

East Building National Gallery of Art

Sampson House

IM Pei 1978 USA

Fitzroy Robinson 1979 England

£

£

Americasmart Building 3 Portman & Associates 1979 USA

£

Extended Structure

1980s

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

William Balmain Teachers College

Hotel Amanauz

David Turner 1985 Australia

Kostomarov & Perenchekov 1985 Russia

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium

Rozzol Melara

Seimas Palace

Chisinau State Capital

Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia

Carlo Celli 1982 Italy

Algimantas Nasvytis & Vytautas Nasvytis 1980 Lithuania

Kiricenko, Shoihet & Colotovkin 1981 Lithuania

Surry Hills Police Station

Lincoln Executive Plaza

Surry Hills Police Station

Krygyz National Philharmonic Hall

Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum

M

Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

Tsolinas, Kim & Moreno 1982 USA

Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

A.Pechonkin 1980 Krygyzstan

Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia

T C 1 A

Espai Verd

Basilica Santuary of our Lady of Tears

M

Antonio Cortes Ferrando 1994 Spain

Andrault & Parat 1994 Italy

T C 1 A

Kihoku Tenkyu-Kan

Grand Central Water Tower

Takasaki 1995 Japan

GAPP 1996 South Africa

Braga Municipal Stadium

Fogo Island Inn

Kukuruzka Housing Complex

R

Souto de Moura 2003 Portugal

Todd Saunders 2013 Canada

Pushkin & Potershuk 2000 Belarus

B 2 A

£

Slovak Radio Building

William Balmain Teachers College

Svetko, Durkovic & Kissling 1983 Latvia

David Turner 1985 Australia

£

Surry Hills Police Station Richard Dinham 1987 Australia

Pegli 3 Aldo Luigi Rizzo 1989 Italy

1990s

2000s

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Rigas Jurmala Sanatorium

New Delhi Municipal Council Building

National Library of Kosovo

Valgum, Pavars & Gelvis 1981 Latvia

Kudip Singh 1983 India

Mutnjakovic 1982 Italy

Mariano Moreno National Library

Yugoslavia Aeronautical Museum

Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina

Ivan Strauss 1988 Serbia

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

Mariano Moreno National Library Testa, Bullrich & Cazzaniga 1992 Argentina

Rohner Port Building

Valleaceron Chapel

Gangnam Bogeumjari District Officetel

Hemeroscopium House

Baumschlauger & Eberle 2000 Austria

Sancho-Madridejos 2000 Spain

JDS 2014 South Korea

Ensamble 2008 Spain

Mushroom Column

Waffle Slab

Metabolism/Modular

Tiered

Angular Columns

Elongated Columns

Vertical Fins

Circular

1111 Lincoln Road

P

Herzog & De Meuron 2010 USA

M 2 A

£

B

A 2 S

T

T 2 A

Cantilever

Pyramidal Skylights

Bookend

Windowless Mass

Ponce House

Devoid Studio

Mathias Kotz 2003 Argentina

Archium 2004 South Korea

Bilbao Exhibition Centre

Burder Klaus Chapel

ACXT 2007 Spain

Peter Zumthor 2007 Germany

£

Timmelsjoch Experience Pass Museum

Roberto Garza Sada Centre for Art

Tscholi 2010 Austria

Tadao Ando 2012 Mexico

£

Corduroy Concrete

Repeated Shapes/Diagrid

Seperate Service Tower

Extended Structure

COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM COMPOSITION 01

Using the predominent features and components that appear throughout Brutalism as a kit of pieces, can you generate brutalist compositions? What occurs from this process of new brutalism generation. Does the kit of piece produce compositions that could be considered brutalist or do the produce something different more abstract or lending towards another style. If successful can the kit of pieces be replicated in sustainable materials to create a sustainable variant of brutalism.

In composition 01, we add four ingredients into our composition; the seperated service tower as seen in Trellick tower, a coth curve as seen in Alt Erlaa housing estate and the mushroom column from Haywards Gallery.

Service Tower + Coth Curve

=

+ Mushroom Column

Service Tower

Coth Curve

Mushroom Column

COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM COMPOSITION 02

In composition 02, we add three ingredients again into our composition; a metabolic/ modular box as seen in Lambeth Towers, tiering back of the building as seen in many brutalist buildings including the University of East Anglia, and the mushroom column again from Haywards Gallery.

Metabolism/Modular + Tiers

=

+ Mushroom Column

Modular Box

Tiers

Mushroom Column

COMPONENTS OF BRUTALISM COMPOSITION 03

In composition 03, we add four ingredients to form our composition; a large windowless mass along with corduroy concrete both of which can be seen in the Endo Pharmaceutical Labs building, a waffle slab as seen in the National Theatre and a large cantilever like Brasilia’s History Musuem.

Windowless Mass + Waffle Slab +

=

Cantilever + Corduroy Concrete

Windowless Mass

Waffle Slab

Cantilever

Corduroy Concrete

CONCRETE

BREAKDOWN OF COMPONENTS What makes up the formation of concrete and in what percentages? If we break this down, are there alternative sources other than that of current covention? Do these other sources then occur naturally or can be obtained from recycling waste or byproducts of other industries in order to reduce the carbon footprint in the production of concrete.

Cement is the most complex component of concrete, and also the most polluting in terms of carbon emissions. According the Chatham House cement production amounts to 8% of world CO2 emissions annually, which would make it the third highest if it were a country behind China and the US.

LIME 60-65% SILICA 17-25% ALUMINA 3-8% SULFUR TRIOXIDE 1-3% ALKALINE 0-1% IRON OXIDE 0.5-0.6% CALCIUM SULFATE 0.1-0.5%

CEMENT 10% WATER & AIR 20%

SAND 30%

CALICIUM OXIDE (CaO) Obtained by burning limestone. There needs to be a sufficient amount in order to form silicates and aluminates of calcium to set the cement.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Oyster Shells, Scallop Shells, Coral, White Sand.

SILICON DIOXIDE (SiO2) Obtained by crushing clay or quartz. Silica is needed to di and tricalium silicates and creates strength in the cement.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Sand, Quartz, Rice husk ash.

Recycled Oppotunities Glass, Fly Ash

ALUMINIUM OXIDE (AI2O3) Obtained by crushing clay or bauxite. Alumina quickens the setting of cement and lowers the temperature needed for clinker to be made.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Rubies and Sapphires Recycled Oppotunities Aluminium metal, cans etc. Glass

SULFUR TRIOXIDE (SO3) Obtained by using Gypsum. This is used to slow down the reaction process of cement when water is added.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Gypsum Recycled Oppotunities Gypsum

ALKALINE Occurs naturally in the other ingredients used for cement. Too much can create salt deposits to form.

IRON OXIDE (Fe2O3) Rust. Obtained from fly ash, iron ore or scrap iron.

At high temperatures forms tricalcium aluminoferrite creating strength and hardness to cement.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Iron Ore, Pyrite Recycled Oppotunities Fly Ash, Scrap Iron

CALCIUM SULFATE (CaSO4) Obtained from Gypsum. Is used to slow down the setting process of cement when mixed with water.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Gypsum Recycled Oppotunities Gypsum

WATER & AIR Acts to hydrate the cement and begin the binding process.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Water and Air Recycled Oppotunities Waste water, rain collection.

SAND Acts as a filler and a fine aggregate for the cement to bind together along with the large aggregate.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Oyster Shells, Bagasse, Hemp, Sawdust, Rice Husk, Olivine Recycled Oppotunities Glass, Concrete, Plastic, Construction waste.

GRAVEL Acts as a large aggregate for the cement to bind together.

Naturally Occuring Substitutes Oyster Shells, Bagasse, Hemp, Wood Chip Recycled Oppotunities Glass, Concrete, Plastic, Construction waste.

GRAVEL 40%

ALTERNATIVE SUSTAINABLE COMPONENT PROCUREMENT

ALTERNATIVE RECYCLABLE COMPONENT PROCUREMENT

Oyster Shells: Obtained via oyster farming and is a byproduct in the oyster industry. It’s other uses are for the eating of oysters and the production of pearls and mother of pearl (nacre). Leading to a multitude of programs and functions.

White Sand: Made through the process of Parrot Fish eating coral and then excreting the crushed coral as white sand. Happens only in tropical regions where Parrot Fish live, it’s only other commercial uses are in landscaping.

Hemp: Naturally growing plant used for centuries in all kinds of industry from paper to clothing and more recently CBD production.

Also used as an aggregate to create Hempcrete, which has been around for a long time but has yet to see large scale usage.

Aluminium: Waste product from industries from food and drink cans to window frames and aeroplane and building panels. Easily recycled back into new products, small amounts can be recycled into cement production.

Scallop Shells: Obtained via ocean floor dredging which is a harmful method, some farming occurs also. It’s other uses are just in the food industry and it’s shell is considered a waste product.

Rice Husk: The hard outer casing of rice grains, a by/waste product from the production of culinary rice. It’s main commercial value is as an ash which is high in silica and is used in cement and ceramic glazes. It can also be used as an aggregate in concrete and brick making.

Sawdust: Byproduct of sawmilling, sawdusts main application is for gardening and landscaping as mulch and fertiliser. It can be used as a fine aggregate in the formation of concrete. Larger woodchips can be used as larger aggregate.

Glass: Waste product from many industries, already recycled to produce new glass. It can also be recycled to extract the silica to be used in cement production and can also be recycled to create aggregate for the use in concrete production.

Coral: Obtained naturally in coral reefs although not harvested as it is damaging. More recently coral farming has occured to replenish dying reefs. No commercial value but coral is used as a calcium supplement and bone foundation by surgeons to grow new bone.

Bagasse: Also known as sugarcane pulp, is a by/waste product in the production of sugar. Once the liquid is extracted what is left is bagasse. Similar to rice husk it can be turned into an ash for cement production of used as an aggregate in concrete or brick making.

Gypsum: Produced naturally through the evaporation of water containing sulfur and calcium, often sea and ocean water. It can be produced by purposely evaporating this water, but is also abundant naturally.

Concrete: Obtained from demolished existing concrete buildings and infrastructure, usually thrown away but can be recycled to be used as aggregate in new concrete.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS INDEX OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

After breaking up concrete into its residual ingredients. Another investigation into other sustainable materials was the next step. To see what other possibilities there are, this resulted in the creation of this index. The next step off after this index is to deep dive into certain materials to see if a progam could revolve around them.

STRUCTUAL

INSULATIVE

CLADDING

ADDITIVES & RECYCLABLES

Timber: Grown via trees timber has been a building material for centuries. During the process of growing, trees sequest carbon from the air to form the wood. Making a great carbon store and sustainable is felled tree’s are replanted.

Sheeps Wool: Grown by sheep before being sheered off. Sheeps wool is used for insulation and has good water wicking and thermal qualities. Being from sheep it is a sustainable resource.

Charred Timber: Produced by burning the outer layer of timber planks as a form of protection. This burning does release some carbon but the remainder of the wooden planks sequests carbon through growth.

Olivine: A green mineral found in the earths crust, this mineral absorbs Co2 when in contact with it, making it a great carbon sequester as this can then be used as an aggregate in concrete.

Cross Laminated Timber: Similar to straight timber, CLT sequests carbon in the same many, it has more possibilities in structure shape and is stronger due to the crossing of the wood grains.

Cotton: Similar consistency to wool but a plant based product, grown on the cotton plant. It sequests carbon during the growth of the cotton plant.

Thatch: Used as mainly roofing but can also be used for cladding, thatch is thickly layer straw. The production of straw sequests carbon from the atmosphere.

Algae: Algae has a series of uses. From use in creating ecobricks to solar shading for biofuel production. It sequesters carbon through its growth.

Bamboo: Bamboo sequesters carbon during growth, from the grass family bamboo grows at a much faster rate than timber trees.

Allowing it to be more readily available. Bamboo has high tensile properties and could replace steel in the reinforcement of concrete.

As well as being a general load bearing material.

Cork: Made by the outer bark of a Cork Oak tree, this material regenates every 9 years after harvest. Again sequesting carbon during the growth process.

Cork: Made by the outer bark of a Cork Oak tree, this material regenates every 9 years after harvest. Again sequesting carbon during the growth process.

Crayfish Shells: The shells of the crayfish, usually a waste product has been developed into an additive to concrete to form panels.

Similar to seashells there is carbon locked away in the shells.

Rammed Earth: Made by compressing soil and earth into formwork in layers to create loadbearing walls. Doesn’t sequest carbon but the only carbon cost is the transport and compression.

Hempcrete: Made by mixing hemp hurds with lime and sand to create an alternative concrete. Best used structurally in blocks instead of in-situ pouring, also makes great insulation. The growth of hemp sequests carbon and locks it into the material.

Hempcrete: Made by mixing hemp hurds with lime and sand to create an alternative concrete. Best used structurally in blocks instead of in-situ pouring, also makes great insulation. The growth of hemp sequests carbon and locks it into the material.

Loofah: An organic plant from Asia, its fibres can be used again as an additive to concrete to form a greener version of the material. Like with all the organic materials, Loofah sequests carbon through its growth.

Cob: Made by combining wet subsoil containing clay with straw, this material is then stacked up to create walls. Using straw, it does sequest some carbon. The main down sides are the drying or curing time of the material limits the building period and thus the height and scale of any desired project.

Mycelium: The root network and main body of mushroms, useds to glue together substrate into brick like blocks. The growth of the substrate and the mycelium both sequester carbon.

Clay Brick: Use of a kiln rather than air drying affects its sustainability and although clay is not a renewable resource, it is abundant and low is carbon release to produce if air dried.

Potato Peelings: Can be a waste product, but have been developed into an MDF or chip board panel replacement. In their growth this sequests carbon.

Hempcrete: Made by mixing hemp hurds with lime and sand to create an alternative concrete. Best used structurally in blocks instead of in-situ pouring, also makes great insulation. The growth of hemp sequests carbon and locks it into the material.

Cellulose: Made from recycled paper treated against fungal and insect attack. It is sprayed into cavity spaces as insulation. The growth of wood to make paper sequests carbon from the atmosphere.

Cor-Ten Steel: This is steel that has been allowed to rust, the orange layer of rust protects the steel behind and creates a pleasant aesthetic, although the production of steel has a high cost in carbon emissions, steel can be recycled to signicantly reduce this cost.

Construction Waste: Although the waste does not sequest carbon, being able to recycle the waste to create new bricks and other construction elements lowers the embodied carbon for future builds.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS OLIVINE

Olivines or magnesium iron silicate is a common green coloured mineral that exists in the Earths upper mantle. At the surface it quickly weathers as it reacts with air, Olivine has the special ability to absorb CO2. Making it a fantastic method to sequest carbon out to the atmosphere.

If ground up this mineral and CO2 combination can be used as a sand replacement in concrete production. Locking up some of the CO2 released during the cement process back into the finished material.

The large limitation of Olivine is that it exists deep down below the earths crust making extraction hard, it comes to the surface near volcanic activity. It also exists heavily on meteorites creating the possibility of extracting Olivine from these, although the carbon emissions of space travel make this not worth it. So another prospect will need to be found.

Trellick Tower Rocket Port Diptych

Olivine Minerals

Olivine Concrete

Concrete CO2

Paper Olivine Rock

Crushed Olivine

Ground Olivine

Olivine reacts with CO2

CO2 additive: Mg2CO3 + SiO2 = 1/3 CO2

Polymer 6TGNNKEM 6QYGT

4QEMGV .CWPEJ 5KVG 5RCEG %GPVTG

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS OYSTERS AND SEASHELLS

Taking a more focussed look at Oysters and other seashells such as Scallops, as they are of most value in the production of a more sustainable variant of concrete, what can we learn from their life cycle, farming practices and use in aggregate production? Can this knowledge lead to a potential programme for the design project and if so inform the spacial concepts required to deliver as such.

An oysters lifecycle happens between 1 to 3 years from spawn to mature adult. They usually reproduce

LIFE CYCLE

FARMING CYCLE

INDUSTRIAL DIAGRAM Oyster Shells

Broodstock Oysters

Adult Oyster Harvesting Oysters Spat

Sperm and Egg

Off Bottom Grow Out Sperm and Egg

Sessile 1-3 years

Fertilised Egg

Fire

Large Aggregate

Plantonkic (1-2 hours) Quicklime

Fertilised Egg

Pediveliger Larva

Floating Nursery

Plantonkic Free Swimming 16-25 Days Veliger Larva

Larval Tank

Trochophore Larva

Fine Aggregate

Cement

D-Shaped Larva Water

Spat

USES What can be produced from the different parts of oysters.

Oyster Meat: Used in the cooking industry. Usually eaten raw straight from the shell and a delicacy, also used in asian cuisine to make oyster sauce.

Concrete Spat Culture

Adult Oyster Pearl: Made of crystalised calcium carbonate and formed within the shells of oysters. Used in the production of jewellery, mother of shell or the shiny lining on the inside of the shell is also used in jewellery and furniture production.

Oyster Shells: The hard protective exterior of the Oyster, it is made of calcium carbonate. It can be used in calicum supplements but is usally discard. Can be used in the procudtion of quick lime and as both a fine and coarse aggregate in concrete production.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS MAKING OYSTERCRETE

Following the investigation into oyters and their potential use in concrete, and as part of the thesis writing into the weathering of materials. I produced two panels of oystercrete. One to be kept in its original state, one to be left outside for a few months to weather. The oysters in this sample were only used as aggregate, the facilities to produce the cement part of the oystercrete. The process was simple, crushing up oyster shells and mixing with cement and water to produce the finished material.

Original

Weathered

PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - TRELLICK PRESS

As it has become clear during the research on sustainable materials, creating a new wonder material or solving the issues currently surrounding sustainable materials is not possible for me as a solo masters students to acheive. What is possible, is to design a facilty to enable others to research in this area. The idea being a National Sustainable Material Research Institute. With this is mind, it is time to explore this concept through a series of collages to express the ideas on how this may look moving forward.

The first collage is a mash up of an industrial hydraulic press and Trellick Tower.

PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - CROWN OF FIRE

Looking at other brutalist buildings as testing facilities, the crown of thorns, or the Spanish Institute of Cultural Heritage. As a dramatic fire testing facility.

PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - HISPANO SUIZA WIND TUNNEL

PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - HEMPHOUSE

The next collage triptych explores material production rather than testing facilitys. The first is exploring how the Spanish Institute of Cultural Heritage may look if it were used as a hemp production facility. The idea being that the National Institute of Sustainable Material Research could of produce the materials they test. This helps with a number of things, mainly the transport carbon costs of getting the materials to the testing facility.

PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - OYSTERTOWER

PROGRAMMATIC CONCEPT COLLAGE - RICE PADDY TOWN HALL

SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION

The site chosen for the potential Sustainable Bio-Concrete Research Institute is in the grounds and surrounding area of Saint Peter’s Seminary in Cardross, Scotland. Not far from Glasgow and North across the river Clyde estuary from Port Glasgow, the area has good rail and shipping links for any material deliveries required. It is also a poignant location for such a programme as COP26 happened recently in Glasgow. The proximity to the sea also allows for the potential production of Oysters which as we found have

high value in the production of greener concretes. The remote location and local beauty of Scotland also give rise to the potential of an international conference centre as part of the programme so that future climate based conferences such as COP can be located here with visiting parties intimately connecting with the nature they are meant to be protecting.

Alexandria

Renton

Cardross

Glasgow

Dumbarton Port Glasgow

SITE ANALYSIS BUILDINGS

Legend

The existing building on the potential site is Saint Peter’s Seminary. An abandoned catholic priest teaching facility. This existing building offers potential for reuse and could become a part of the Sustainable Bio-Concrete Research Institute. The site is then surrounded by small farmhouses, except for the south west where the small town of Cardross sits. This isolated built environment gives good opportunity for expansion and design for the project.

Site Boundary Building

SITE ANALYSIS WATER

Legend

Water collects and runs off of the moorland and farmland higher up north of the site.

Before running through the site in the form of two small streams that the merge into a singular stream which runs out to sea. These steams although small offer a water source and the potential for hydro power. There is also a large fish pond on the site offering a beauty spot and a place of relaxation for any visitors.

Site Boundary Fresh Water

SITE ANALYSIS TREES

Legend

The site sits insde a broadleafed woodland and is surrounded by many trees. Being a project focussed on both Brutalism and sustainability it would be disingenuous to remove the trees from the site and therefore they must be worked around where possible.

There is an open area of grassland within the woodland and a series of fields to the North that open possibilites for a cluster of buildings to be introduced, that could then link back to the seminary.

Site Boundary Trees

SITE ANALYSIS FIELDS

Legend

As mentioned previously the site is surrounded by farms apart from the golf course and town are Cardross to the south west. This gives plenty of oppotunities for the project, land can be bought to create the facilities of the project. There is also the oppotunity for the farmers in the area to grow products that can used in the programme at the institute.

Site Boundary

SITE ANALYSIS PEDESTRIAN ROUTES

Legend

There are a number of paths throughout the woodland around the site and a number of entrances to the Seminary that are currently fenced off but could become entrance points to the building.

Site Boundary Pedestrian Route

SITE ANALYSIS VEHICLE ROUTES

Legend

There are two main roads to the Seminary that join together to form one vehicle access point to the Seminary site. There is another potential vehicle access via the road to the north of the site that runs to the farmhouse. The current state of the roads within the Seminary grounds are poor and would need work to enable product delivery as part of any material processing and testing.

Site Boundary Pedestrian Route

SITE ANALYSIS TERRAIN

Legend

The area around the site gradually slopes in elevation from north (higher) to south (lower) and slopes down towards the sea south of the site. The Seminary itself sits at the bottom of a steep gorge which could cause some constrictions, but the slope is more gentle to the east in the open area. Giving a big oppotunity for a southern facing building and also allows us to utilise the tiering feature that appears throughout Brutalism in our design.

Site Boundary

SITE ANALYSIS SUN PATH

Legend

Being in Scotland, a very northern site. The sunlight available to the area is limited.

With the amount of trees around the site there is also a shading affect to deal with.

However to the east of the site where the open space is, the terrain slope north to south meaning any buildings here have a clear southern facade to be able to take advantage of any solar potential.

Site Boundary Wind Sun Path

SITE ANALYSIS

LOCAL MATERIAL OPPOTUNITIES

Legend

The sites location gives oppotunity for local material production for delivery to the site to be processed and used in material testing. The tidal zones along the coastline give a great habitat for Oyster farming, whilst the farmland and surrounding fields could be incentivized to grow hemp. The surrounding woodland also have amble timber supply as well as Ridings Sawmill next to the train station in Cardross.

Site Boundary Timber

Hemp Hurd

Oysters

Ridings Sawmill

SITE ANALYSIS MATERIAL IMPORT

Although remote the site has good links for material importation to be processed and used in material testing. It has rail links to both Glasgow and the Highlands, as well as a link to Port Glasgow across the estuary, although this would need some added infrastructure in terms of a dock and some dredging to allow boats to unload.

Rail Import from the Highlands

Lorry Import from the Highlands

Cardross Train Station

1:250 Lorry Import from Glasgow Sea Import from Port Glasgow

Rail Import from Glasgow

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING ORIGINAL STATE Designed by Gillespie, Kidd, and Coia. St Peter’s Seminary was completed in 1966. A fantastic example of Brutalist design in Scotland it’s three blocks wrapped around an existing manor house, Kilmahew house, expressing a juxtaposition between the old and new. Something that can be issued in the new design for the site. Juxtaposing the existing seminary and the new testing facilities.

Figure 01

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Figure 05

Figure 06

Figure 07

Figure 08

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING CURRENT STATE St Peter’s Seminary closed down in 1980. The building has since received an A listing for conservation in Scotland. This saved the building but at a cost, since its closure it has been left in a derelict state, degarding further into ruination and a canvas for graffiti. Kilmahew house has since been demolished. Proposals have been made and failed to give the building new use which is where The National Institue of Material Research comes in. As part of the final project I would like to maintain some ruination and capture the atmosphere it creates.

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Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

Figure 16

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING PLANS - LOWER GROUND & GROUND FLOOR The main entrances to the building exist on the lower ground floor. Including a bridge over a pool which could be used for submerging material samples. The majority of the lower ground floor is used for plant room and back stage religous functions such as the crypt and sacristy. The library also exists in the lower ground of the teaching pod.

The site then rises to the ground floor where Kilmahew House was situated. A large courtyard area also surrounds the slab.

Kilmahew House Remaining Slab

Common Room

Library

Parlours & Storage

Ruinated Kitchen Side Chapels

Crypt

Plant Room Altar

Sacristy

Chapel

Hall

Refectory

Side Chapels Pool

Lower Ground Floor

1:500

Ground Floor

1:500

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING PLANS - FIRST & SECOND FLOOR The first floor houses the organ loft, classrooms in the pod, but mainly just accomodation rooms for both the students and guests.

Guest Bedrooms

Classrooms

Student Rooms

Student Rooms Student Rooms

Student Rooms Organ Loft

First Floor

1:500

Second Floor

1:500

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING PLANS - THIRD FLOOR & ROOF The third floor is just for student accomodation. The roof is just a bare flat roof with a small portion that is open to form atria, with beams spanning across. This area has a possibility for a helipad, so that foreign dignitaries can visit.

Student Rooms

Third Floor

1:500

Roof

1:500

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

SITE ANALYSIS

EXISTING BUILDING MODEL

TESTING

SCHEDULE OF TESTS To begin to design the testing facilities it is important to determine which types of testing are required for materials at a larger scale, which equipment is needed to complete these tests, what methods can be used for testing and which resources are nesseccary for testing.

The test types I want to incorporate into the site are compression, tension, fire, weatheirng, wind loading, flood and seismic testing. These can be done in a series of facilities including a hydraulic press, shake plate.

TESTING TYPES

FACILITY

METHODS

RESOURCES

Compression Hydraulic Fluid

Hydraulic Press Tension

Fire Testing

Flamethrower

Weathering

Wind Tunnel

Wind Loading

Soot Exposure

Fire

Water Submersion

Pool of Water

Salt Exposure

Pool of Salt Water

Rain Streaking

Falling Water

Frost Exposure

Freezer

Flood Test

Flood Tank

Flow of Water

Seismic Test

Shake Plate

Hydraulic Fluid

TESTING

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION & TESTING AREAS After finding which testing types are needed. I can begin to speculate where areas might fall into the existing site and build up a schedule of accomodation for the buildings as well as the testing facilities. Such as a conference space to host material findings and potential for other conferences such as COP to occur here. The Altar space lends itself nicely to this speech function. Conferences means visitors and would need accomodation for these users as well as some for permenant staff. This requires there to then be food provision on site. The old library makes for a good potential restaurant and can double up and a viewing space for any testing that happens in the courtyards.

Ground Floor

The slab on which Kilmahew House once stood makes a good platform for some testing facilities to happen on. The old visitor accomodation then makes sense to become a testing control centre overlooking the slab. The shell of the old kitchen could also become some form of testing pod.

Potential Testing Area 3

Potential Testing Area 1

Restaurant & Test Viewing Space

Lower Ground Floor • • • • •

Test Control

Material Archive below the Library Weathering Pool in existing Pool Plantroom in existing Plantroom Material delivery and logistics hub Material debris logistics hub

First Floor • •

Guest and permanent accomodation in existing accomodation Laboratories

Potential Testing Area 2

Second Floor • •

Guest and permanent accomodation in existing accomodation Laboratories

Third Floor •

Laboratories

Screen

Speakers Podium

Conference Space

Weathering Pool Material Delivery Silos

TESTING

CONCEPT COLLAGE

TESTING

CONCEPT COLLAGE

TESTING

CONCEPT COLLAGE

TESTING

SYNERGIES & SELF SUFFICIENCY

Legend

To further develop the layout of the testing facilities it was important to see how the seperate tests can interact with one another. How the output of one test can reused or be productive in the rest of the design. For instance water can be diverted and pooled from the on site stream higher up in the hills, it can then be used in the flood tank and rain testing, before draining into the submersion pools. Flowing water can also be used to generate electricity. The fire testing generates smoke which is valuable in testing soot accumalation and the heat generated can be used to heat the rest of the building.

Flow Produces Feedback Facility Output Final

On Site Stream

Industrial Turbine

Gas

Water

Wind

Fire

Wind Tunnel

Fire Testing

Flood Tank

Rain Testing

Water Flow

Air Flow

Submersion Pool

Heat

Smoke

Heat Building

Weather Materials

Water Flow

Saltwater Pool

Electricity

Power Building

TESTING

INITIAL DESIGN SYNERGIES ON SITE Using the synergies work, it made sense to lay out the tests involving water along the empty side of the courtyard to be fed by the water tower collecting water diverted from the stream further uphill. It then made sense to place the fire testing in the empty shell of the old kitchen due to its proximity to the basement plantroom. To transfer heat around the building.

The main issue with this initial design is the clumping of facilities to one side of the courtyard, the other half populated by flatter pools. It creates a disproportionate feel to the design. It also leaves no room for the shake plate which has been placed outside the courtyard slab and more into the forest.

Moving forward the idea is to complete the far side of the courtyard to enclose the space and create a more secure overall facility. To create the potential for more secretive testing whilst still creating a sense of ambiguity.

Empty

Shake Plate

Wind & Rain Tunnel

Salt Water Pool

Submersion Pool

Water Tower

Hydraulic Press

Freezer

Fire Testing

Plantroom in Basement

Smoke Chimney

TESTING

DESIGN VERSION 2 The idea behind the secondary design was to bring all the testing into the courtyard, and to enclose the open side of the courtyard. Whilst maintaining the synergies between the testing facilities where possible.

The issue with this version was that the testing facilities felt clunky and jarring.

Although there are synergies between them with the resources, the facilities themselves have seperate entities and caused a rift in the overall design. The lack of design incorporation with the existing building itself also left the project feeling disjointed and clumsy.

The facilities individually began to take a better form, being more imposing and better suited to the brutalist canon. The next stage would be to incorporate these ideas into the existing building fabric.

Wind & Rain Tunnel

Waterwheel

Fire Testing Submersion Tank Hydraulic Press

Shake Plate

Plantroom in Basement

Flood Tank

Water Tower

TESTING

DESIGN VERSION 2 RENDERS This is also the stage of the design where I felt comfortable enough to place the project into Unreal Engine, to experiment with the software to get ready for renders of the final design. Also to begin to create an aesthetic I wanted to use to express the design output.

TESTING

DESIGN VERSION 2 RENDERS I also experimented with other image styles, with a pontential ode to brutalist visualisations of the past. Solid line drawings with the potential of physical collaging afterwards. At this stage the Unreal Engine imagery felt more fruitful.

FINAL DESIGN

PLANS

LOWER GROUND FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from.

Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.

Material Archive

Shake Plate

Pump House

Plant Room Logistics & Fabrication Centre

Freezer Submersion Weathering Pools

Material Delivery

Flood Tank

Water Reservoir

PLANS

GROUND FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from.

Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.

Weathering Wall Building for Future Use & Testing Ground

Shake Plate

Water Reservoir

Hydraulic Press Base

Flamethrower Plinth Laser Testing

PLANS

FIRST FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from.

Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.

Building for Future Use & Testing Ground

Shake Plate Large Scale Lab & Control Centre

Flamethrower Hood

Hydraulic Press Plate Wind Tunnel Lab pod

PLANS

SECOND FLOOR Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from.

Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.

Pyramidal Skylights with North Facing Solar Panels

Lab pod Flamethrower Exhaust

Hydraulic Press Mechanism

Wind Tunnel Exhaust

Soot Accumulation Chamber

PLANS

THIRD FLOOR & ROOF Being on a sloped site, the lower ground floor has the site access and main access to the building. The existing plant room is situated on this floor level. This is where the resevoired water will enter the building, for use in the lab pods and other testing facilities such as the sprinklers situated in the flamethrower hood for rain testing. It will also house the flood tank and submersion pools. The water will flow through the building before joing back up with the stream it was diverted from.

Also in the lower ground floor will be the material ingredient entry point from the silos, as well as logistics and fabrication room. The material sample archive and shake plate mechanisms.

Hydraulic Press

Lab pod Wind Tunnel Exhaust

Lab pod

Hydraulic Press Fluid Tanks

Helipad

PLANS

CCTV LAYOUTS As part of the design is to have a level of secrecy and ambiguity surrounding what happens within the institute. A good way to explore this is through a CCTV layout.

Placing cameras around the site show a base impression of the design. Whilst also exploring vision lines.

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10

04 01

05

02

03

07 08 Ground Floor

First Floor

Third Floor

06

RENDERS CCTV CAMERAS

RENDERS SECTION

RENDERS

HELICOPTER ARRIVAL

RENDERS

ROADWAY ENTRANCE

RENDERS HILLSIDE

RENDERS

SUBMERSION POOLS

RENDERS FIRE TESTING

RENDERS LABS

RENDERS

WEATHERING WALL

RENDERS

HYDRAULIC ALTAR

RENDERS

HYDRAULIC HEAVENS