Sempadan Dumo: Marine Cultication at Sepanggar Bay

Sempadan Dumo: Marine Cultivation at Sepanggar Bay Nicole Hernandez Master of Architecture | Design Thesis May 2020

Acknowledgement This project would not be accomplished without the dedication, help and advice of several people. I would like to express my grateful appreciation to my supervisor’s Dr Kheng Koon and Mr. Bakhtiar Amir for their supervision and provision of additional references and material to support this study as well as encouragements throughout the past year. Also, a special thank you to Assistant Professor Teoh Chee Keong for his patience and guidance in coordinating Design Thesis and providing insights throughout the whole semester. My appreciation extends to the Marine Biologist Mr.Alfian Kee in providing endless information on the importance coral reefs in the ecosystem. Finally, a big thank you to my family and friends for their continuous support in supporting my studies.

THANK YOU

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Approval by Supervisor & Examiners This is to certify that the design thesis work submitted by ___________________________entitled _____________________________________________________________________________________ has been approved by the School of Architecture & Built Environment in the prescribed format of the Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment.

Evaluation Committee

Head of School: Asst. Prof. Ar. Chia Lin Lin

Date

Head of Program: Asst. Prof. Teoh Chee Keong

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Examiner:

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Supervisor: Dr Ng Kheng Koon

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Declaration of Originality & Exclusiveness I hereby declare that the design thesis entitled “Put your design thesis topic here� is based on my original work except for quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UCSI or other institutions.

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_____________________________ Student Name: Nicole Hernandez

_____________________________ Date

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Abstract Sabah's rich marine biodiversity has brought food, protection, and socio-economic importance to coastal communities. Due to anthropogenic activities and the rise of developments at Sepanggar Bay, ecological inheritance has experienced ecological lost.

The project explores on 'living shorelines' to support ecological services towards resilience and the living quality of the community through rehabilitation.

The project adopts the ideation of Ecopuncture, a co-existance between nature and human as a whole system. Thus, Sempadan Dumo (Kebun) curates a space of cultivation, a live-work community that farms and plants marine biodiversity to which a development supplements the community’s livelihood as a beginning growth and regional centre at Sepanggar Bay. The proposal focuses around two key strategies - optimize coastal edge as a green corridor in two local communities which mimics the ecological processes providing an environment that is tempered for ecosystem growth. Second, holistic design principles in respect to site-slope and unstable ground.

Keywords: marine biodiversity, coastal, cultivation

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Figure 1 Squatter housing believed to be built illegally on the mangrove forest at Kampung Suang Perai, Menggatal. Source: https://www.bharian.com.my/node/66002

Figure 2 (Left) image depicted from Sou Fujimoto on ‘in between nature’ as a means to coexist between nature and humans at Sepanggar Bay.(Right)

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Table of contents Contents Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Approval by Supervisor & Examiners ............................................................................................................ 3 Declaration of Originality & Exclusiveness.................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Table of contents .......................................................................................................................................... 7 List of tables, figures & illustrations.............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1 Issue and Identity ....................................................................................................................... 11 1

Intro to Project ................................................................................................................................ 11 a.

Intentions .................................................................................................................................... 12

b.

Challenges ................................................................................................................................... 13

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Design Topic .................................................................................................................................... 14 a.

Terminology ................................................................................................................................ 14

b.

Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 14

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Design Issue .................................................................................................................................... 15 a.

Identifying Issue .......................................................................................................................... 15

b.

Problems identifying ................................................................................................................... 16

c.

Propose solution/Design Goals ................................................................................................... 16

d.

Outline of Study .......................................................................................................................... 18

Chapter 2 Pre-design Studies ...................................................................................................................... 19 1

Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 19 a.

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Previous Research ....................................................................................................................... 19 Research Methods .......................................................................................................................... 24

a.

Research Plan .............................................................................................................................. 24

b.

Data collection ............................................................................................................................ 25

c.

Sample of Questionnaires ........................................................................................................... 25

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Precedent Studies ........................................................................................................................... 26 a.

Case Study 1 ................................................................................................................................ 26

b.

Case Study 2 ................................................................................................................................ 27

c.

Case Study 3 ................................................................................................................................ 28 7

d.

Case Study 4 ................................................................................................................................ 29

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Site Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 31

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Historical Studies............................................................................................................................. 33

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Feasibility Studies............................................................................................................................ 33

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By Law requirement ........................................................................................................................ 35

Chapter 3 Design Strategy and Concept ..................................................................................................... 38 a.

Design Strategy ........................................................................................................................... 38

b.

Design concept ............................................................................................................................ 43

Chapter 4 Schematic Design ....................................................................................................................... 44 1

Site Planning/Contextual Ideas ....................................................................................................... 44

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Architectural Programming (SOA) .................................................................................................. 45

3

Space Organization ......................................................................................................................... 47

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Study Models .................................................................................................................................. 47

Chapter 5 Design Development .................................................................................................................. 50 1

Technical design as solution ........................................................................................................... 53

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Construction Detail ......................................................................................................................... 54

Chapter 6 Final Presentation ...................................................................................................................... 56 1

Design Statement ............................................................................................................................ 56

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Models ............................................................................................................................................ 64

References .................................................................................................................................................. 74 Appendices.................................................................................................................................................. 76

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List of tables, figures & illustrations Figure 1 Squatter housing believed to be built illegally on the mangrove forest at Kampung Suang Perai, Menggatal. Source: https://www.bharian.com.my/node/66002 ................................................................ 6 Figure 2 (Left) image depicted from Sou Fujimoto on ‘in between nature’ as a means to coexist between nature and humans at Sepanggar Bay.(Right) .............................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 Bird's eye view of Sepanggar Bay overlooking Sabah Ports ......................................................... 12 Figure 4 Kg.Numbak , Chae Seop Lim. (Source: Google maps) ................................................................... 13 Figure 5 Manipulating ecological process as a fundamental approach to coastal resilience. .................... 17 Figure 6: Map of Coral Triangle................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 7: Locality coral data at West Coast of Sabah .................................................................................. 22 Figure 8: Coastal Resilience, Daniel Patan, 2006. ....................................................................................... 23 Figure 9: Co-occurance network showing words association from 2016-201............................................ 24 Figure 10: Case Study 1- Coral Frontiers ..................................................................................................... 26 Figure 11:Case Study 1-Coral Frontiers concept models ............................................................................ 26 Figure 12 : Case Study 2-Reh-Zophora ........................................................................................................ 27 Figure 13: Case Study 2-Sectional Diagram ................................................................................................ 27 Figure 14: Case Study 3-Perez Art Museum Miami .................................................................................... 28 Figure 15: Case Study 3-Technical solution on flood at Miami................................................................... 28 Figure 16: Case Study 4-TRACC ................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 17: Case Study 4-Artificial Reef ........................................................................................................ 30 Figure 18: Case Study 4-Step Reef .............................................................................................................. 30 Figure 19: Traffic and Pedestrian ................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 20: Figure Ground ............................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 21: Topography ................................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 22: Segment Connectivity ................................................................................................................ 31 Figure 23: Axial Connectivity....................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 24 Mangrove Morphology ............................................................................................................... 33 Figure 25 Sepanggar Bay Chronology ......................................................................................................... 33 Figure 26 Definition sketch fore foreshore and intertidal zones (with tidal variations representing Kota Kinabalu) ..................................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 27 Sabah Shoreline Management Plan, 2005 .................................................................................. 35 Figure 28 Sabah Shoreline Management Plan, 2005 .................................................................................. 37 Figure 29 Sepanggar Local Plan, DBKK ........................................................................................................ 37 Figure 30: Site Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 31: Controlled and contained siltation ............................................................................................ 39 Figure 32: Manipulation Ecological Processes ............................................................................................ 40 Figure 33:Intergrated housing expansion attached to main building ........................................................ 40 Figure 34: Triangular shaped pedestrian walkway reduces the erosion at intertidal zone, serves as a protective berrier on coast lines ................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 35:Cross section of proposed intertidal zone .................................................................................. 41 Figure 36 Relationship between human made and nature ........................................................................ 43 Figure 37: Responsive Environment ........................................................................................................... 44 9

Figure 38:Program Distribution .................................................................................................................. 45 Figure 39: Proposed Schedule of Accommodation ..................................................................................... 46 Figure 40 Reintroduce marine cultivation on coastaline ............................................................................ 50 Figure 41 Linear spatial organization .......................................................................................................... 50 Figure 42 Shift vehicular access .................................................................................................................. 50 Figure 43 Existing road ................................................................................................................................ 50 Figure 44 Implement coastal resilient strategy .......................................................................................... 50 Figure 45 Existing site at Kg.Salimbangun................................................................................................... 51 Figure 46 Proposed site .............................................................................................................................. 51 Figure 47 Proposed typology ...................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 48 Existing site at Kg.Kebagu ........................................................................................................... 51 Figure 49 Spatial Program ........................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 50: Site Plan(Micro).......................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 51 Sabah’s rich marine biodiversity has brought food, protection, and socio-economic importance to coastal communities. Due to anthropogenic activities and rise of population in coastal areas, these ecosystems has experience ecological loss. Hence, exploration on living shorelines to support ecological services towards resilience provides a basis in environmental adapted architecture and infrastructure which contributes to maintaining the standard of living human and ecosystem. Therefore, the project proposed a biocentric space that not only focuses on the ecology but also to improve human well-being on a dire site. .............................................................................................................................................. 63 Figure 52: Concept models - community housing ...................................................................................... 64

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Chapter 1 Issue and Identity 1

Intro to Project Malaysia’s coastal zone has brought socio-economic significance to the coastal population and are the center of economic activities, especially in Sabah, where it is known for its diverse marine ecosystem. However, many of the present-day pursuit of economic progress are at the expense of the environment. Hence, are inherently nonsustainable. Almost every coastal area is experiencing high degradation due to the increase in population and developments. This has led to high excretion of sedimentation onto the ocean via the River mouth. Anthropogenic activities such as land clearing and reclamation for development, and nutrient enrichment from storm drains in Kota Kinabalu are possibly responsible1 (Yaman, 2008). The site takes place at Sepanggar Bay in Sabah; within a sub-district of Kota Kinabalu - Sepanggar, a township that is equipped with Naval Base (Royal Malaysian Navy), Industrial, Institutional, Commercial and Housing areas. Rivers in the vicinity are the Menggatal River that flows into Sepanggar Bay and Inanam River that flows into Gaya Bay. These river systems in Sabah transport sediments onto the coast during and after periods of rainfall. The sediment plume can reach between 5-10km from the coastline to the South China Sea depending on the sediment concentrations which had either no coral reefs or only poor-quality reefs2 (Yaman, 2008).

Sepanggar used to be the largest mangrove and peat swamp in the West Coast of Sabah (acts as natural filter, thus providing nutrients for corals). This marine ecosystem is vital in providing Social-Economic beneficiaries, such as food supply and are natural berries against environmental pressures, this is because of the natural structure of the mangrove roots; high arched root systems above water where amphibians and fishes alike take refuge. Similarly, corals for its natural branch like formation, that can reduce tidal waves from reaching the shore. Consequently, Sepanggar is currently experiencing under high surge of expansion, which forces squatter settlements to over occupy along the coastal line. This has caused more destruction towards the ecosystem. Without the existence of these marine ecosystem, chances of ecological degradation increases, hence, decreased in socio-economic benefices. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to explore on living shorelines to support ecological services towards resilience in which provides a basis in environmental adapted architecture and infrastructure that contributes to maintaining the standard of living human and the ecosystem in the Coast of Sepanggar.

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Coral reefs in the coastal water of Southeast China Sea, Yaman, 2008 Coral reefs in the coastal water of Southeast China Sea, Yaman, 2008

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This report hopes to shed light in the importance of marine ecosystem and the benefits it brings towards coastal communities, and not as a secondary element from development. 3

Figure 3 Bird's eye view of Sepanggar Bay overlooking Sabah Ports

a. Intentions The structure of this proposal is to first analyze the condition of the site from a community’s relationship of a particular place, that are expressed in different dimensions of one’s daily activities – source of income, sources of food, coastal structures and demographics. The geographical aspect throughout the coastal line, along with the issues and challenges at Kampung Kebagu and Kampung Salimbangun, Sepanggar. The integration of social aspects of conservation such as residents’ participation in the management of natural resources has been increasingly recognized as an indispensable part of sustainable and effective efforts4 (Shawn J. Riley, Daniel J. Decker, Len H. Carpenter, John F Organ, William F Siemer, George F Mattfeld, 2002) The task continues to measure on the principles of a community-based resilient approach by which integration of ecology and human well-being to alleviate a lifesustaining resources that seeks connectedness and reciprocity as a whole system.

Aside from adding an important information on resilient buildings to help architects in their designs, such research is important to educate communities on the awareness and behaviors of marine biodiversity towards Coastal Resilience. It is hoped that such proposal can lead to a better relationship on the importance of diversity that plays an

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The Essence of Wildelife Management, Riley, et. al, 2002

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Figure 4 Kg.Numbak , Chae Seop Lim. (Source: Google maps)

important role on coastal communities’ livelihood. Thus, the report further extends to providing methodologies for designing better infrastructure approach within a sensitive context of Sepanggar.

b. Challenges The lack of awareness and understanding among the public towards marine rehabilitation is one of the reasons why this idea has not been actively debated and stressed. The issue is often circulated amongst academicians, environmentalists and parties directly involved seldom arrive to the public minds. An example of this is the diverse marine ecosystem in Sabah that has greatly affected by the extensive developments throughout the coast. Efforts to make this known to the public are vital.

Consequently, such efforts on mere documentation in institutions are not enough to address the issues. Rather, it is necessary to introduce alternative ways or to rethink rehabilitation at the most fundamental level to the people.

The approach and understanding towards marine rehabilitation at present day has resulted to specific areas and not addressing as a whole. For example, rehabilitation centers are able to rehabilitate marine wildlife only at gazetted areas. The concept of 13

marine protected areas no longer serves as a protective measure while developments still occurs. Factors such as local context, climate, and technological development should also be taken into account and synthesized for a more effective way in portraying the means of marine rehabilitation.

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Design Topic The study is done with the main purpose in acknowledging the importance of marine biodiversity on coastal communities. Sepanggar Bay is within a sub-district of Kota Kinabalu – Sepanggar, a township equipped with Naval Base (Royal Malaysian Navy), Industrial, Institutional, Commercial, and Housing areas which is also blessed with diverse ecosystem such as mangroves and seagrass that acts as natural filters, thus providing nutrients for corals. This is also better to understand the approach and interpretation of future proposals in the issue of ecological degradation.

Sepanggar Bay has gone through series of interesting events and characters in the last twenty years of development. This report is an attempt to unfold these series of events to attain understanding on the cause of ecological destruction on coastal areas and to utilize design principles and technological availability as a means to redefine coastal planning towards the safeguard of Sepanggar Bay’s biological inheritance.

a. Terminology A reef is generally accepted meaning as a rocky eminence rising from the sea floor which causes waves to break. Whereas coral reef in which a community is dominated by reef building corals. Marine biodiversity includes coastal and marine plant and animal species, their genetic variety, the habitats, and ecosystems they form part of, and the ecological processes that support all of these5.

b. Scope The scope of this report focuses on marine rehabilitation with inclusion of coastal communities. It studies in detail the background history and events of the coastal communities at Sepanggar Bay while further elaborating the technicalities, concept, and intention of marine protection area efforts. The background information on marine ecosystem will further establish a clearer understanding on the significance on coastal communities.

Scope of study: 1. Events to the establishments of MPAs 2. Significance of Marine Ecosystem 5

Marine Biodiversity, https://wwf.panda.org/knowledge_hub/where_we_work/east_african_coast/area/background/_index/

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3. Background history of Sepanggar Bay – Kampung Numbak to Kampung Salimbangun

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Design Issue a.

Identifying Issue

Issues on Coral Reefs Coral reefs have far greater productivity than other marine ecosystems, surpassing 7,000g C in a year (Kramer, Bellwood, & Bellwood, 2014) Reef fishes, sea urchin, coralline algae, and many additional species of plants and animals contribute to a healthy reef and plays a significant role in helping maintain the resilience, stability and accelerated coral reef recovery following natural and anthropogenic disturbances 6 (McClanahan, Polunin, & Done, 2002) Corals reefs have significant socio-economic value. They are a vital source of food and income for coastal communities of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. Coral reefs are also effective in the prevention of shoreline erosion and the protection of mangrove and seagrass communities. They are also potentially valuable to the pharmaceutical industry for their biochemical properties. Coral reefs also contribute to the growth of the tourism industry.

Economic Background of Sabah’s tourism sector is the sixth highest contributor to the state economy, and Sabah’s coastline is one of the major attractions for tourists. In particular, the study area, tourism remains a strong economic component, with Kota Kinabalu city being the state entry point and numerous attractions in the vicinity such as the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, beaches, and beach resorts in Tuaran and Kinarut.

Industrial activities also occur within the study area, concentrated primarily in Sapangar Bay and around the Salut estuary in the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP) area. (Integrated Shoreline Management Plan for Negeri Sabah – Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar & Jabatan Pengairan dan Persaliran, Malaysia, 2012) However, it is reported that serious issues facing these coastal communities at Sepanggar bay includes erosion and flooding (inundation), pollution and deterioration of natural resources. Exposure to natural hazards such as erosion and flooding was in particular highlighted in the district of Tuaran, followed by Papar, Kota Kinabalu and Putatan (Integrated Shoreline Management Plan for Negeri Sabah – Kementerian Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar & Jabatan Pengairan dan Persaliran, Malaysia, 2012). The main highlighted pollution problem was due to the improper waste management infrastructure and services that are discharged onto the waters from houses to houses.

To date, Sepanggar is currently experiencing high surge of expansion, which forces squatter settlements to shadow away from society. This causes more destruction

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Sustainable development and management of indigenous ecotourism, 2002

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towards the ecosystem as sedimentation and waste management are not properly managed.

b.

Problems identifying

For a longtime, humans believe ‘we manage’ nature because our existence is more significant than others. The project investigates in the “more-than-human” Anthropocene and looked at co-dependence between human and ecology. Rather than overruling nature, the architecture creates a new form of ecosystem, and we as humans are just 1 part of it. If human disturbances inevitably occur, what kind of disturbances can we all live in? Thus, the question arise How can we add resilience to the quality of natural habitat to accommodate the growing population?

“Resilience is about how this second networking option is operated, because if one end suffers a disturbance, there is a redundancy of several other connections to support it and to maintain the functioning of the whole system. For creation to occur, there must be a collective collaboration, that is, pulsating and abundance life is needed.”7 (Archdaily, 2019) Through the analysis of townscape appraisal at sub-chapter four of chapter two, it is concluded that the area has been left unattended by the government after immense developments for the last twenty years. Where 800 hectres of land used to be fully covered with mangroves and swamps that were meant to be a place of refuge for the marine wildlife, has now turned into a place of shelter for illegal immigrants. This continuation of degradation of such marine ecosystem has experienced ecological loss, rise of sedimentation, unmanaged waste discharged into the ocean, which affects the increasing bloom of algae into marine ecosystem, increasing the chances of marine degradation.

c.

Propose solution/Design Goals

This study is done with the main purpose of rehabilitating marine ecosystem or reintroduce the ecological inheritance Sepanggar once had. Objective of conservationists has stressed on the safeguard of Sepanggar Bay’s biological inheritance as well as to comply with any environmental prerequisites with regard to Sabah Ports future plan to develop the Sepanggar area8. (Roslan, 2018)Therefore, the

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What Can Nature Teach Architects about Resilience, 2019, https://www.archdaily.com/921428/what-can-natureteach-architects-about-resilience 8 Sabah Ports, UMS collaboration to safeguard Sepanggar Bay, The Borneo Post, 2018, https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/24/sabah-ports-ums-collaboration-to-safeguard-sepanggar-bay/

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question arises on how do we add resilience to the livelihood of coastal communities and enhance the quality of natural habitats?

Hence, exploration on living shorelines to support ecological services towards resilience provides a basis in environmental adapted architecture and infrastructure which contributes to maintaining the standard of living human and ecosystem.

Therefore, the project proposed a biocentric space that not only focuses on the ecology but also to improve human well-being on a dire site.

The proposal focuses around 2 key strategies - sensible building forms to reduce impact on the existing premises as minimal as possible. The structures will be elevated few metres above to allow natural ecosystem to grow and accessible for human recreational. And two, living shoreline which mimics the ecological processes that provides an environment that is tempered for ecosystem growth. Thus, leaving a selfsufficiency(resilience) to provide its own energy, food, water for the community.

Figure 5 Manipulating ecological process as a fundamental approach to coastal resilience.

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d.

Outline of Study

This report is structured into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the reason of the study, by which it focuses on the issue and problems that have been raised, the purpose of the study and its significance as well as the application of methods and scope of study.

In the second chapter, a literature review on the issues affecting coral reefs, its socioeconomics impacts, and establishments of marine protective areas, followed by precedent studies and case studies on rehabilitation and resilient strategies. These measurements will then be analyzed through townscape appraisal in which sensitive observation of its significance in character setting at Sepanggar Bay specifically Kampung Kebagu to Kampung Salimbangun are identified. The outcome from townscape appraisal is tabulated and can be found in Appendix A of appendices. A concluded and specified problem statement are then derived which eventually helps to support the later proposed topic and its objectives.

Third, design strategies in illustrative format as a mode of delivering ideation are specified. This derivation of strategies will be conceived with Bently’s concept of responsive environment to explore the degree of choices available on the chosen site.

The proposed design strategy not only helps in conservation and rehabilitation efforts in which could help architects in their designs, but, such research is important to help the Malaysian community to understand the concept of marine conservation, especially local community on the expansion of future settlements that settled on a marine rich site. It is hoped that such research can lead to a better relationship among the multi-cultural community and visitors/participants who comes and visit Sepanggar Bay as well as to provide clues for designing better conservation efforts with integration of coastal communities within a diverse marine ecosystem.

Fourth, a schematic proposal of the entire scheme. This study is an exploration of living shoreline to rethink or re-propose efforts of conservation which promotes the affective and cognitive bonds that the community benefited from.

Chapter five is a continuation of the report and is done in the second semester of the thesis. This area focuses on the design developments of previous research findings to further enhance or improve on the understanding of living shoreline on coastal areas.

The design exploration enables possibilities in coastal planning with the integration of coastal communities.

Lastly, chapter six concludes the report. The proposal stems from understanding on theories of coastal resilience as a means of conservation through cultivation. The strategies applied has developed and concluded in the hopes of effective coastal planning without the expense of marine degradation.

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Chapter 2 Pre-design Studies 1

Literature Review The main purpose of this chapter is to present the information of coral reefs in Malaysia, socio-economic aspects, the challenges of Marine Protected Areas by authorities, qualities of a resilient coastal community and the effectiveness of a marine conservation program.

a.

Previous Research

Coral Triangle Coral Triangle is one of the most important reef systems in the world which covers 132, 636 km across six countries: Indonesia. Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands and Timor Leste. It occupies 1.5% of the world’s total ocean area but represents 30% of the world’s coral reefs.76% highest coral diversity in the world.9 (World Economic Forum, 2018) Sabah lies within the Coral Triangle region, Coral triangle is the centre of marine biodiversity, which it includes the waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste and Solomon Islands. (WWF, ND). Sabah is the only state where it falls under the boundaries of the Triangle due to its geographic location and its rich biodiversity - coral reefs, mangroves, and estuaries10 (Burke, Lauretta, Elizabeth Selig, 2002).

As climate change and anthropogenic activities has becoming common, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were established. MPAs have long been acknowledge to support biodiversity conservation and fishery management. Studies have shown that MPAs not only improve the biomass of fish, but they harbor greater numbers of large individuals11 (B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto, 2018)

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The 'Coral Triangle' is the largest of its kind, and it's dying, World Economic Forum, 2018, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/what-is-the-coral-triangle/ 10 Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia, 2002 11 Coral reef fish population in the western extremity of the Coral Triangle, 2018

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Figure 6: Map of Coral Triangle

Coral Reefs in Socio-economic aspects Value of coral reefs increases as population increases in coastal areas, Coral reefs provides many advantages for coastal regions, especially goods and services in an economic aspect. Tropical reefs have the ability to provide the ecosystem goods and services (for example, fisheries, tourism, aesthetic and cultural values), upon which human welfare depends12. (Holmlund, Cecilia M. and Hammer, 1999). However. coral reefs as we know it has undergone dramatic change in the last few decades due to global warming and anthropogen Common stressors include monsoons, coral bleaching, fish bombing, trampling by tourists and divers, use of cyanide toxins, harvesting corals and sedimentation. If this is left unattended, many will suffer great loss in macro-fauna, reduced fish stocks, bio-erosion, low job opportunities for locals and reduced coral recruitment13 (Schรถnberg, Fang, Carreiro-Silva, Tribollet, & Wisshak, 2017). These has shown many red flags and the need to protect these endangered species are vital.

In Southeast Asia, the South pacific, parts of South Asia, East Africa and the Caribbean, where a high proportion of people live in coastal areas, as estimated 1 billion people currently depend on fish catches from shallow coastal waters dominated by coral reefs14 (Teh, Teh, & Sumaila, 2013). Declining reef health and coral cover lead not only to loss of incomes from recreational and fishing activities for coastal communities who have few or no livelihood alternatives, but also have far reaching national and international consequences affecting the fragile marine ecosystem and its diverse bounties15 (Burke, Lauretta, Elizabeth Selig, 2002) Other reported has also emphasized

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Ecosystem services generated by fish populations,1999 Bioerosion: the other ocean acidification problem, 2017 14 A Global Estimate of the Number of Coral Reef Fishers, 2013 15 Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia, 2002 13

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that the potential annual yield of coral reef fisheries worldwide has been estimated at nine million tonnes (reported in Birkeland 1997).

A report from Miri-Sibuti has highlighted on the likelihood of the villages gaining benefits if the reef area is promoted for eco-tourism. Among others are the infrastructure development, tourism amenities development and enhancement of the hygiene system16. (Borneo Post Online, 2016)While another reporter has also stressed on recreational or tourism use of coral reefs will indirectly result in improved social conditions and commercial services in the given area. In January 2002, for instance, Pulau Tioman was accorded a duty-free island status; Malaysia’s third duty free island after Langkawi and Labuan17. (Yaman, 2008) Shifting Baseline and Management Plan To date, there are many efforts in restoring the reefs around the globe, such as establishing marine protected areas (MPA), ‘no-take’ areas(NTAs), restructured management plan to name a few, but these efforts has its downfalls which may require courage, creativity and willingness to move beyond traditional metrics, models and perceptions18. (Bellwood, Hughes, Folke, & Nyström, 2004). Sustainable management has been enforced in tropical fisheries; however, stocks continues to decline causing management target to decrease. Such scenario has been called as “the shifting baseline.”19 (Dubinsky & Stambler, 2011) In response to the global reef crisis, active management of human activities that modify essential ecological processes may be required as recognition in a changing world20. (Hughes, 2003). It is understood that the management plan to protect coral reefs requires large areas that acts as refuge to help build resilience from anthropogenic activities and passive sources, provided that the long-term success and the status of surrounding areas should be evaluated in terms or processes and mechanisms that contribute to the resilience of reefs. This has also led to the application of current issues for contemporary management of coral reefs - which is the focus of biodiversity hotspots21. (Bellwood et al., 2004) Sepanggar Bay The coral reefs that surrounds the area are unprotected unlike the infamous Tunku Abdul Rahman Park (TARP). This would probably due to the high marine traffic - Naval Base & Sabah Ports. According to a scientist, these unprotected area shows higher fish abundance due to the restriction area.

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Boost for Miri-Sibuti reef,2016, https://www.theborneopost.com/2016/09/25/boost-for-miri-sibuti-reef/ Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea, 2008 18 Confronting the coral reef crisis, 2004 19 Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition, 2011 20 Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs, 2003 21 Confronting the coral reef crisis, 2004 17

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Figure 7: Locality coral data at West Coast of Sabah

Qualities of a Resilient Coastal Community Walker and Salt (2006) identify 9 qualities or values that characterize a “resilient world”. while perhaps not all are immediately relevant to coastal hazards. They are useful to keep in mind. Resilience is characterized by di-versity (biological, landscape, social and economic) and by ecological variability (I.e., allowing ecosystems to change and move and “probe their boundaries”)22 (Beatley, 2010).A resilient world reflects a degree of modularity so that shocks and perturbations are controlled or contained.

Slow. Controlling variables receive emphasis in a resilient world; these are the ecological conditions or processes that help to control or stabilize change, such as the density of a key predator, or the nitrogen level in the soil, or the frequency of hurricances. Tight feedbacks (I.e., how quickly and strongly the impacts of change are felt) are an important quality in resilience, because they allow us to take actions and response steps before ecological and other thresholds are crossed (e.g., learning early that loss of coastal wetlands results in increasing coastal flooding might permit timely actions to prevent future losses)23.(Beatley, 2010) Some of the main qualities of a resilient world, according to Brian Walker and David Salt, include 1. Diversity - A resilient world would promote and sustain diversity in all forms (biological, landscape, social and economic) 2. Ecological variability - A resilient world would embrace and work with ecological variability (rather than attempting to control and reduce it) 3. Modularity - A resilient world would consist of modular components.

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Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practice for Calamitous Times, 2010 Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practice for Calamitous Times, 2010

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4. Acknowledging slow variablesA resilient world would have a policy focus on “slow,” con-trolling variables associated with thresholds.

5. Tight feedbacks- possess tight feedbacks (but not too tight).

6. Social Capital - A resilient world would promote trust, well-developed social networks, and leadership (adaptability) 7. Innovation - Place an emphasis on learning, experimentation, locally developed rules, and embracing change.

8. Overlap in governance - Having institutions that include “redundancy” in their governance structures and a mix of common and private property with overlapping access rights.

9. Ecosystem services - Include all the unpriced ecosystem services in development proposals and as-assessments.24 Source: Walker and Salt (2006) (Beatley, 2010)

Figure 8: Coastal Resilience, Daniel Patan, 2006.

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Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practice for Calamitous Times, Beatley, 2010

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Effectiveness of a marine conservation education program in Okayama, Japan Sustainable management of coastal areas cannot be effectively implemented without continued involvement of residents and fishermen who are knowledgeable about the value of conservation25 (Sakurai & Uehara, 2019). Therefore, for conservation efforts to be meaningful and sustainable, conservation education programs should take place over extended periods. Local fishermen educate students and even teachers. In this sense, the MCEP not only provides environmental education, but education for sustainable development as well26 (Sakurai & Uehara, 2019)

Figure 9: Co-occurance network showing words association from 2016-201

2

Research Methods a.

Research Plan

The methodology of this study is comprised of several main techniques. Firstly, through an analysis of townscape appraisal to better understand the character setting and the sense of place of a particular site, further information of a tabulated data on townscape appraisal can be found in Appendix A of appendices and an illustrative diagram of context at chapter 2.4. This is further explored on the theory implication on coastal resilience as a basis of design developments throughout the thesis development. Coastal resilience and educational program theories has expanded from looking at one spectrum to multiple possibilities of design intervention that could help to rethink the concept of conservation with the inclusion of coastal communities. To support this information, an interview with a marine biologist have further assist in the

25 26

Effectiveness of a marine conservation education program in Okayama, Japan, Ryo Sakurai & Takuro Uehara, 2019 Effectiveness of a marine conservation education program in Okayama, Japan, Ryo Sakurai & Takuro Uehara, 2019

24

restructure on the significance and the requirements it needs to attain a successful rehabilitation hub for marine ecosystems.

Next, a physical model exploration on the effective ways to increase marine habitants on a linear coastline and to battle sedimentation that circulates the frontal coastline.

Thus, the report further extends to providing methodologies for designing better infrastructure approach within a sensitive context of Sepanggar.

b.

Data collection

The collected data is limited in certain aspects such as the demographics of the local community – illegal and legal. However, general information such as the historical background, environmental impact assessments, and guidelines are available, and it is mentioned in sub-chapter four of chapter two of site analysis. Whereas a tabulated data of townscape appraisal can be found in appendix D of appendices.

c.

Sample of Questionnaires

To attain information on marine biodiversity, an interview with a marine biologist is done to provide information on coral reefs in Malaysia and case studies to support on the development of marine conservation at coastal line. The questionnaires are designed to generate information about the coral restoration, and general judgement of anthropogenic activities that may affect the coral reefs integrity. The complete questionnaire is shown in Appendix B.

25

3

Precedent Studies a.

Case Study 1

General Information Architect: Rosa Rogina, Graduate Thesis Category: Year: 2015 Area: Location: Diego Garcia or Fantasy Island Building Typology: Rehabilitation Concept: The project envisions a network of coral remediating platforms strategically located above military anchoring points, which will, apart from being used to heal the corals, reduces the anchoring area for the US military and reclaim the territory of the island’s lagoon. Act as an environment healer.

Figure 10: Case Study 1- Coral Frontiers

Figure 11:Case Study 1-Coral Frontiers concept models

26

b.

Case Study 2

General Information Architect: Graduate Thesis Category: Research Laboratory Year: 2018 Area: Location: Coastal lines of Great Berrier Reef Building Typology: Research institute, Educational, Recreational Concept: A clinic for humans and non-humans that combines a healing transformation of coastline and estuary landscapes and medical research institute. It is designed to purify the quality of water (algal blooms) around the polluted waterways along Great Berrier Reef.

Figure 12 : Case Study 2-Reh-Zophora

Figure 13: Case Study 2-Sectional Diagram

27

c.

Case Study 3

General Information Architect: Herzog and De Meuron Category: Museum Year: 2013 Area: 11125 m2 Location: Biscayne Boulevard, Miami Building Typology: Museum/Cultural, Educational Concept: The building was conceived as a resilient approach to flood at Miami. The architect proposed a 10m elevated platform above ground level to resist against fluctuating waters. This space is dedicated for parking areas that is cost-effective for hurricane-proof building materials and technology applications.

Figure 14: Case Study 3-Perez Art Museum Miami

Figure 15: Case Study 3-Technical solution on flood at Miami

28

d.

Case Study 4

General Information Architect: Category: Research and Conservation Centre Year: Area: Location: Pom Pom Island, Semporna.

Building Typology: Research and Conservation Centre.

Concept: The Tropical Research and Conservation Centre (TRACC) is a marine conservation organization based in the Celebes Sea dedicated to protecting sea turtles and restoring coral reefs that were destroyed by the local fish bombing practices of Malaysia.

Figure 16: Case Study 4-TRACC

Activities Provided Fragmentation Process

29

Figure 17: Case Study 4-Artificial Reef

Figure 18: Case Study 4-Step Reef

30

4

Site Analysis Sepanggar Townscape Appraisal After gaining information on effects of coastal communities in the degradation of marine ecosystem, a Townscape Appraisal is necessary to better understand the significance of the coastal context at Sepanggar Bay. It is necessary to develop a sensitive observation towards the surroundings in order to attain quality point of views, spaces and fabric that forms the context. Tabulated townscape appraisal can be found in appendix A of appendices.

Figure 20: Figure Ground

Space Syntax

Figure 19: Traffic and Pedestrian

Figure 21: Topography

The Space Syntax analysis provides a clear distinction between the highly dense areas, where such suburban development especially near highways are highly dense with developments. Most population in Kg Salimbangun to Kg. Kebagu are squatter settlements which are high exposed to natural occurring disasters such as monsoon.

Figure 22: Segment Connectivity

Figure 23: Axial Connectivity

31

32

5

Historical Studies Mangrove/Swamp Morphology Kota Kinabalu is rich with biodiversity such as mangrove, seagrass, and coral ecosystem.

The morphological study on mangrove/ swamp has shown that Sepanggar was once a wetland area which covers approximately 828 acres of land back in 1975. Recent policy has now been issued to address these endangered species especially in Sepanggar.

Figure 24 Mangrove Morphology

Figure 25 Sepanggar Bay Chronology

6

Feasibility Studies The proposal intends to build a live-work community where participants such as students and local fisherman could exchange trades with the proposed facility.

Therefore, the data indicates a tabulation of feasible information on a proposed commercial land to cater for educational purposes 33

34

7

By Law requirement In Sabah, there are few guidelines that are required especially on projects that involves environmental destruction. These Guidelines are mentioned below: A. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been widely used as a critical tool in managing and clarifying the complex interrelationships between development and the environment. It provides assessment of the environmental consequences of development actions in a systematic, holistic and multidisciplinary way27.

These Guidelines was intended to provide practical guidance to environmental consultants, developers, planning authorities and any other stakeholders on procedural aspects as well as the processes involved in the preparation of the EIA/PMM report. Identification of potential environmental issues at the initial stage of development is essential for the selection of realistic mitigation measures.

Figure 26 Definition sketch fore foreshore and intertidal zones (with tidal variations representing Kota Kinabalu)

Sabah Context Two important marine environments dominate the coastline of Sabah, typically coral reefs and mangrove forests. Often associated with these reefs and mangroves are seagrass beds, which play an important role in ecosystem dynamics, but have a less extensive distribution along Sabah’s coastline.

Figure 27 Sabah Shoreline Management Plan, 2005 27

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Guidelines for Shoreline Development Activities, 2012

35

Legal Requirements Under the Environment Protection (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2005, the submission of PMM and EIA are mandatory requirements for shoreline development in Sabah under the First and Second Schedules of the Order, respectively. Specifically, the prescribed activities are:

36

Figure 28 Sabah Shoreline Management Plan, 2005

B. Kota Kinabalu Local plan 2020 - Memorandum C. Sepanggar Local Plan

Figure 29 Sepanggar Local Plan, DBKK

37

Chapter 3 Design Strategy and Concept a.

Design Strategy

Macro The Proposal stems from the 2 communities within 1 km radius. The selected site was chosen due to its geographical context- located at the river-mouth and the proximity to coral reefs. The site itself is rich in biodiversity such as mangroves and seagrass, therefore, to achieve the main objectives, the selected site was chosen.

The theory adapted from Patan, Walker and Salt (refer to chapter 1.2.1) is the basis of this proposal where these communities rely on such diversities for food and income.

Figure 30: Site Analysis

Community Resilience

Sustainability

38 Community Resilience

Qualities of a Resilient World according to Brian Walker and David Salt 1.

Characterized as diversity (Biological, landscape, social & economic)

2.

Ecological Variability (allowing ecosystems to change & move & probe their boundaries)

3.

Reflects the degree of modularity (shocks & perturbations are controlled & contained)

4.

Act and response steps before ecological & other thresholds are crossed 28

Strategy 1: Ecological Variability

Figure 31: Controlled and contained siltation

Depicted from Brian Walker and David Salt theory on Coastal Resilience. The scheme envisions a filtration blocks built upon a mudflat ecology to serve the growing needs of coastal population in a developing city. The blocks are oriented in such a way with the help of computational dynamics, such that would enable to slow down the rate of erosion. The scheme further envisions a growing population that would build surrounding the blocks in a light-weight construction method – pontoons, hence, the construction is able to withstand the change of water levels during high tide and low tide. This could then potentially be a farming ground or rather replantation of seagrass and mangroves as population grows. The result is an architectural ground of coexistence, a new form of assemblage, where the definition of what is "artificial" and "natural" is concealed. Coexistence also suggest new lifestyles, physical

28

Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practice for Calamitous Times, Beatley, 2010

39

transformations, and abnormal working habits of the inhabitants that have adapted to these speculative environments.

Strategy 2: Manipulating Ecological Process – Living Shoreline

Figure 32: Manipulation Ecological Processes

Land & Ecology Reef & mangroves are rehabilitated – built along the structures as population expands.

Reefs and mangroves not only serve as ecological processes, but also protects. Over time mangroves & reefs grow & form a defensive layer that protects the land.

40 attached to main building Figure 33:Intergrated housing expansion

The water purification at the intertidal zone is proposed along the shoreline to reintroduce flora and fauna (salt marsh) as a means of filtration and direct connection to human interaction. This could eventually introduce aquaculture that could eventually provide socio-economic beneficiaries for the local community.

Figure 34: Triangular shaped pedestrian walkway reduces the erosion at intertidal zone, serves as a protective berrier on coast lines

Figure 35:Cross section of proposed intertidal zone

41

Micro Identifying edge habitats to interweave and bio-integrate these Eco infrastructures holistically into a single system acts as a living shoreline where interaction between human and biodiversity are met (Ken Yeang, 2016). The design strategies stems from earlier human-caused destruction that deletes the ecosystem services in Sepanggar and reintroduce it back as part of the interweaving efforts.

Diagram 1: Identifying edge habitats

Mimicking the biological structures of ecosystem is a crucial extent of biotic constituents. The higher the intensity of such diversity the denser the extent of balancing needed by appropriate biotic constituents. This strategy is guided by an ecological analysis of the region and locality and the establishment of existing and potential habitat areas, leading to the selection of appropriate native and endemic species of faunas life that need to be brought back to the locality.

These species list then become biodiversity targets to be achieved by designing appropriate landscape planting conditions that will enable the survival of the fauna and flora over the entire year. By default, the entire built environment becomes, in effect, an active-living system, as opposed to a conventional system where the built environment serves simply as ornamental criteria29 (Ken Yeang,2016).

29

Constructed Ecosystems, Ken Yeang et al, 2016

42

Diagram 2: Interaction with its surroundings

b.

Design concept

The concept stem from the ideation of Sou Fojimoto “between architecture and landscape, between nature and architecture, between inside and outside�. This has led to the development of ideation of manipulating ecological process depicted by Daniel Patan theory on coastal resilience. Where spatial organization invites the user in a series of ecological embodiment Sepanggar has to offer. The ideation of rehabilitation and conservation relates to the relationship between nature and human-made developments. More often we hear developments overshadow nature, but the proposal proposes the opposite. Nature should be the main hierarchy, the epitome of resilience to coastal communities. However, such design intervention would also need the help of behavioral change, thus, a proposed live-work community would embed a sensual understanding on the importance of marine ecosystem to counter the degradation of coastal development throughout Sepanggar Bay.

Figure 36 Relationship between human made and nature

43

Chapter 4 Schematic Design 1

Site Planning/Contextual Ideas Responsive Environment30 (Bently,1985) Responsive Environment adopted from Bently (1985). Base on his principles, ideals are not enough; they have to be linked through appropriate design ideas to the fabric of the built environment itself. We start from the same idea as that which has inspired most socially conscious designers of the last hundred years; the idea that the built environment should provide its users with essential degree of choice available to them.

He called such places responsive.

Responsive environment principles, includes: 1. Permeability: Designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks.

2. Variety: Locating used on the site.

3. Legibility: Designing the massing of the buildings, and the enclosure of public space.

4. Robustness: Designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of indiviidual buildings and outdoor places.

5. Visual appropriateness: designing the external image.

6. Richness: Developing the design to encourage people to put theor own mark on the places where they live and work

Figure 37: Responsive Environment 30

Responsive Environment: A manual for Designers, Ian bently et al, 1985

44

2

Architectural Programming (SOA) The program distribution emphasizes on coral rehabilitation at fifty percent where it consists of main laboratory brood stock tank, coral monitoring department, coral production area, coral handicraft workshop and boat pier/jeti. Twenty five percent at education that consists of orientation room, outdoor auditorium, and workshops.

Remaining percentage would be at the interpretive ecosystem (live museum) which consists of salt marsh landscape, live breakwater, and mangrove landscape.

Figure 38:Program Distribution

The schedule of accommodation proposed is tabulated in a matrix format to indicate the relationships of adjacent spaces as shown at the next page:-

45

Figure 39: Proposed Schedule of Accommodation

46

3

Space Organization

4

Study Models .

47

48

49

Chapter 5 Design Development In this chapter, a further development of masterplan has been introduced to support the concept of mimicking ecological process with the inclusion of coastal communities.

The masterplan extends from Kampung Kebagu to Kampung Salimbangun community in which the coastal edge acts as a design that repair, restore, and regenerate, seeking connectedness of human-made and natural systems

Figure 41 Linear spatial organization

Figure 43 Existing road

Figure 44 Implement coastal resilient strategy

Figure 42 Shift vehicular access

Figure 40 Reintroduce marine cultivation on coastaline

50

To address to existing issues occurred at Kampung Salimbangun is the improper waste management that was not properly addressed, similarly, the close-knit spatial organization that could potentially affect the security or unwelcoming entrance.

Therefore, the reintroduction of spatial organization within this community stems from the ideation of ecological variability. The co-existence between nature and human in one living settlement. The spatial formation is organized in a courtyard formation leaving spaces for marine rehabilitation, such as corals, mangroves, or seagrass.

In addition, Kampung Kebagu would extend beyond the hilly areas that could eventually be places of plantation leaving spaces for recreational at the beach. The introduction of segmented platforms leaves room for seagrass plantation. This continuation of plantation could extend throughout the perimeter thus bringing ecological variability back into a biological rich site. It is also in line with the current industrial cum education efforts in replantation of seagrass within the vicinity.

Figure 45 Existing site at Kg.Salimbangun

Figure 47 Proposed typology

Figure 46 Proposed site

Figure 48 Existing site at Kg.Kebagu

51

Kampung Salimbangun -Pockets of greens allows plantation of mangroves within community housing

Rehabilitation Centre - Live-Work Community - Marine Rehabilitation

Kampung Kebagu - Seagrass Transplantation - Efforts of Insitution and Industrial collaboration -Leaves open space for recreational

1 Technical design as solution The technical application on tackling waste management and water cycle were proposed surrounding the floating village to address the water salinity, waste collection and the local pollution.

Dry season with low debit from drainage

Dry season with high debit from drainage

53

2 Construction Detail At this section, exploration on main program in the facility is proposed.

BREAKWATER: MARINE HABITATS

MANGROVE REHABILITATION

BIOROCK:CORAL REHABILITATION Figure 49 Spatial Program

54

55

Chapter 6 Final Presentation 1

Design Statement Sabah's rich marine biodiversity has brought food, protection, and socio-economic importance to coastal communities. Due to anthropogenic activities and rise of population in coastal areas, these ecosystems have experience ecological loss. Hence, exploration on living shorelines to support ecological services towards resilience provides a basis in environmental adapted architecture and infrastructure which contributes to maintaining the standard of living human and ecosystem. Therefore, the project proposed a biocentric space that not only focuses on the ecology but also to improve human well-being on a dire site. The proposal focuses around 2 key strategies - sensible building forms to reduce impact on the existing premises as minimal as possible. The structures will be elevated few meters above to allow natural ecosystem to grow and accessible for human recreational. And two, living shoreline which mimics the ecological processes that provides an environment that is tempered for ecosystem growth. Thus, leaving a self-sufficiency(resilience) to provide its own energy, food, water for the community. Energy, food, water for the community.

56

2. Architectural Drawings Figure 50: Site Plan(Micro)

Project info Plot ratio (Commercial Land)

1:0.52

Land Area

4 acres

GFA allowed

90,605 sqft

Proposed GFA

38,865 sqft (43%)

Public Space

57%

LEGEND Rehabilitation 39% Administration 15% Public Space

30%

Services

16%

Diagram 3: Program Distribution

57

MAIN ENTRANCE – GROUND FLOOR

LEGEND Administration - Lobby Public Multipurpose area

LOWER GROUND 1

LEGEND Administration office Public-Souvenir Shop Service route

58

LOWER GROUND 2

LEGEND Rehabilitation - Hostel Cafeteria & Lounge Lobby

LOWER GROUND 3

LEGEND Rehabilitation - Classroom, Multipurpose hall(void), Library Open Hall Lobby

59

MEZZANINE

LEGEND Rehabilitation - Multipurpose hall, viewing deck(for monitoring purposes) Lobby Viewing Deck(Public)

Bhhh

LOWER GROUND 4

LEGEND Rehabilitation - Main coral broodstock(ex-situ gardening) Training area for participants (ex-situ gardening) Pavilion(viewing deck) Lobby

60

61

LOWER GROUND 5

LEGEND Rehabilitation – Main coral broodstock (ex-situ gardening) Workshop area (Seagrass, Coral Handcraft, Mangrove) Lobby

LOWER GROUND 6

LEGEND Rehabilitation - Main coral broodstock(ex-situ gardening)

Workshop area (Seagrass, Coral Handcraft, Mangrove) Lobby

62

Figure 51 Sabah’s rich marine biodiversity has brought food, protection, and socioeconomic importance to coastal communities. Due to anthropogenic activities and rise of population in coastal areas, these ecosystems has experience ecological loss. Hence, exploration on living shorelines to support ecological services towards resilience provides a basis in environmental adapted architecture and infrastructure which contributes to maintaining the standard of living human and ecosystem. Therefore, the project proposed a biocentric space that not only focuses on the ecology but also to improve human wellbeing on a dire site.

The proposal focuses around 2 key strategies – sensible building forms to reduce impact on the existing premises as minimal as possible. The structures will be elevated few metres avobe to allow natural ecosystem to grow and accessible for human recreational. And two, living shoreline which mimics the ecological processes that provides an environment that is tempered for ecosystem growth. Thus, leaving a self-sufficiency(resilience) to provide its own energy, food, and water for the community.

2

Models The models indicate the community housing to be proposed on stilts similar to its current context, below water level underlay uniform distribution of biorocks where corals are attached (in-situ) as a method of rehabilitation. The spaces proposed a livework ensemble within a community housing.

Figure 52: Concept models - community housing

64

SECTION AA

65

SECTION B B

66

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

67

TECHNICAL STRATEGY

LG1

Coral Gardening (in-situ)

21000

Pole

LG2 17500

Foundation Elevate superstructures above ground plane. requires minimal excavation, and preserve the natural features.

LG3 14000 M

900

LG4

1600

11000

8000 LG5

1500

5000

LG6-Deck level

2000

Coral Gardening (Ex-situ)

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FAÇADE STRATEGY

LG1 +21000

LG2 +17500

Double Skin LG3 +14000

Elevate superstructures above ground plane. requires minimal excavation, and preserve the natural features.

M +11000

Timber Shingles(Kamban) Angled window opening allows maximum natural ventilation in a traditional borneo housing. At night, the Kamban will be lowered at the same height as the roof and flapped open during daytime.

69

SERVICES

Water Supply System

Road Appliances Access Distribution of fire staircase vertically 70

FIRE COMPLIANCE

Vehicular access to the exterior of a building is needed to enable a high reach appliances, By-law 140.

(All building in excess of 7000m3 shall provide a street or road/open space of not less than 12m width and accessible to fire brigade appliance.

Road Access Circulation Volume of building in m3 52,431 m3 One half perimeter appliances access

71

SEMPADAN DUMO

MARINE CULTIVATION AT SEPANGGAR BAY

72

SEMPADAN DUMO

MARINE CULTIVATION AT SEPANGGAR BAY

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References Archdaily. (2019). What Can Nature Teach Architects about Resilience. Retrieved from Archdaily website: https://www.archdaily.com/921428/what-can-nature-teach-architects-about-resilience B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto, M. A. S. H. and J.-C. Y. (2018). Coral reef fish population in the western extremity of the Coral Triangle.

Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/446f/b3e55e82ad23113af9013446af02741e2abe.pdf Beatley, T. (2010). Planning for Coastal Resilience: Best Practice for Calamitous Times. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 12(3), 331–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2010.505422 Bellwood, D. R., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., & Nyström, M. (2004). Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature, 429(6994), 827–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02691 Borneo Post Online. (2016). Boost for Miri-Sibuti reef. Retrieved from Borneo Post Online website: https://www.theborneopost.com/2016/09/25/boost-for-miri-sibuti-reef/ Burke, Lauretta, Elizabeth Selig, M. S. (2002). Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/Burkeetal2002ReefsAtRiskSoutheastAsia.pdf Dubinsky, Z., & Stambler, N. (Eds.). (2011). Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0114-4 Holmlund, Cecilia M. and Hammer, M. (1999). Ecosystem services generated by fish populations. Retrieved from https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/schillerstation/pdfs/AR-211.pdf Hughes, T. P. (2003). Climate Change, Human Impacts, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs. Science, 301(5635), 929–933. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085046 McClanahan, T., Polunin, N., & Done, T. (2002). Ecological States and the Resilience of Coral Reefs.

Conservation Ecology, 6(2), art18. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00461-060218 Roslan, F. (2018). Sabah Ports, UMS collaboration to safeguard Sepanggar Bay. Retrieved from The Borneo Post website: https://www.theborneopost.com/2018/10/24/sabah-ports-ums-collaboration-tosafeguard-sepanggar-bay/ Sakurai, R., & Uehara, T. (2019). Effectiveness of a marine conservation education program in Okayama, Japan.

Schönberg, C. H. L., Fang, J. K. H., Carreiro-Silva, M., Tribollet, A., & Wisshak, M. (2017). Bioerosion: the other ocean acidification problem. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74(4), 895–925. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw254 Shawn J. Riley, Daniel J. Decker, Len H. Carpenter, John F Organ, William F Siemer, George F Mattfeld, and G. P. (2002). The Essence of Wildlife Management. https://doi.org/10.2307/3784519 Teh, L. S. L., Teh, L. C. L., & Sumaila, U. R. (2013). A Global Estimate of the Number of Coral Reef Fishers.

PLoS ONE, 8(6), e65397. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065397

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World Economic Forum. (2018). The “Coral Triangle” is the largest of its kind, and it’s dying. Retrieved from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/what-is-thecoral-triangle/ Yaman, A. R. B. G. (2008). Coral Reefs in the Coastal Waters of the South China Sea. Retrieved from http://www.unepscs.org/components/com_remository_files/downloads/National-Report-CoralReefs-Malaysia.pdf

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Appendices Appendix A

Physical Environmen t - Natural

Item

Strength

Weakness

Opportunity

Vegetation & trees

Greeneries at the proposed site become dominant character of the area, and together with the water body it become an urban oasis in the middle of Kota Kinabalu concrete jungle.

Human activities such as rubbish were thrown onto the sea, creating bad impressions towards first time visitors.

The wooden element responds to the existing vegetation on site. Significant trees including big trees will be conserved as much in order to retain the calm and peaceful environment of the area.

Green and wooden character of the place created a calm environment giving strong sense of place and a suitable environment for an Institutional and residential setting

Few matured trees potentially become natural shading element in order to enhance the sense of place and become the character of the place

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Threat

Water Body Existing water element on At ODEC, UMS, moderate (Sepanggar the site. rubbish was seen, with Bay) numbers of tourist visitors. The rubbish had The water body which is been drifted from nearby also an ocean become the residential areas. water element of the area. This water element is the dominant At Kg Kebagu, the beach is character of ODEC, UMS surrounded with rubbish and Kg Kebagu as it is from plastic bottles to surrounded by household utilities. This Institutional and has brought serious residential areas damage towards marine fostering high sense of life as well to public place for the local impression. communities and tourist.

At Kg Kebagu, the water body is a closed knit area which serves as an outdoor activity ground for the residents nearby.

This has brought a strong sense of place for the enclosed community.

The water body will become main site forces for the whole site design as to respond to the existing element. This will also promote sense of unity to the area as the water body will become the dominant feature of the whole design scheme.

As it is becoming the central and dominant feature, the public spaces which allow community access will Due to heavy ports be design around it. nearby, damaged coral chips were seen along the beach.

To utilize coral skeletons as part of a design intervention.

Water quality deterioration from increase of suspended To enforce EIA solids and discharges of guideline to avoid and other pollutants reduce environment impact on marine life due to coastal development

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Physical

Natural Give character of greenoccurring ness to the site trees on the site at ODEC, UMS and Kg Kebagu

To preserve numbers of big trees

Landmark

To propose an enhanced character of a place – holistic approach, to suit the economy development.

Environmen (Sepanggar t - Man Bay) Made

District

The beach is the No other prominent horizontal landmark in landmark within Kg the area which has a Kebagu strong sense of place for the community at Kg Kebagu and visitors as well as tourist in ODEC, UMS

A distinct difference between old (Kg Kebagu) (ODEC, Kg & new (ODEC, Kg Kebagu) Suang Development.

Perai, Kg Numbak, Kg Selimbangu Similar character of n, Kg building typology as you Kebagu) go along the path to Kg Kebagu from the highway at Jalan UMS

Throughout the years, Kg Suang Perai, Kg Numbak, Kg Selimbangun and Kg Kebagu (residential areas) has mixed from residential to commercial use – mini convenient stores and bundle stores for the villagers.

78

Counter propose residential land use to mixed development land use whereby management of proposed development could run by locals and monitored by the Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI) in efforts for the awareness on marine ecology

Losing an identity of a space could lead up to the disappeara nce of the history of a place

Nodes (Suraus)

The surau as a holy gathering place for local communities.

Each district has suraus’ which acts as a point of concentration for local communities.

Much of the nodes are merely public needs, not much of a gathering spot for communities to leisure.

To propose an intensive foci within the vicinity such as squares and plazas.

A clear main path is at Kg No pedestrian and bicycle Kebagu road (unnamed path both at Kg Kebagu road). The villagers here and ODEC. also use boats to travel to one place to another.

Not encouraging to walk.

To enhance the physical setting of the path to promote pedestrian and disabled friendly pathways.

Other than holy buildings, each district also has mini markets, a buy-and-go markets.

Junction nodes at Jalan Kampung Suang Perai indicates a direction towards Kg Kebagu district

Paths

At ODEC, is Jalan Pantai ODEC to ODEC. No intermediate path in To take advantage on the different paths (on residential areas. land and on sea)

79

Edges The beach is a gathering (ODEC & Kg spot for the local Kebagu communities of Kg Beach) Kebagu and tourist at ODEC. The beach has brought significant value – genius loci of an area

Due to the mass movement of heavy ships which is located 1.30km from Kg Kebagu, the coral reefs suffered from breakage

To enhance the character of the beach by proposing an interrelationship between main-land and aquatic life.

To propose public engagement to marine preservation by cocreating a rehabilitation center

The beach also has numbers of live corals where aquatic life resides in. Therefore, more food for the villagers

To counter propose coastal development by proposing a design intervention which bring marine ecological balance and raise socio-economic revenue for the villagers.

80

Any developme nt along the coastline shall be complied with EIA (reclamati on and other closed developme nt structures are not allowed) unless Shoreline Manageme nt Plan, SMP states otherwise.

(HardScape)

Street Furnishing

Shoreline protectiongroynes was implemented to avoid coastline erosion

No proper street furnishing – roof, pedestrian walkway, bollards, zebra crossing, bicycle pathway etc, to Kg Kebagu

Poor street furnishing – no roof, pedestrian walkway, bollards, zebra crossing, bicycle pathway etc to ODEC

Not encouraging to walk

Not pedestrian disabled friendly

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and

To propose waste management catchment on landuse and the villagers

Architectur al Features (The housing area)

The lightweight architectural features that are built above waters – floating village, shows respect towards the environment.

Most houses at Kg Kebagu do not have any special feature or significance, merely a house.

To propose a holistic approach in respect to the local architectural feature in a contemporary edge.

Profile Setting

The village fabric was Overtime, the demand for built along the coastline new developments would mostly on wooden stilts demolish existing settings which responds to the typography

To propose a newly defined fabric to create interactive and quality spaces for the community.

House Settlement (Historically )

In 1975, the settlement in Kg Kebagu was first started of as a Kampung(village) settlement

To propose a proper planning on the housing development to increase permeability (walkability)

Most of the villagers uses bamboo and timber for lightweight structures such as, wakaf and mixed used of timber and brickwork housing wilth zinc materials as roof

Today, the expansion has become densely populated which brought pressure towards marine ecology

The housing area back then creates a place of sense of community

To propose the village to become more accessible and available for pedestrians and vehicles.

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Aquacultur e

The Aquaculture is an educational institution which associated with Borneo Marine Research Institute; therefore, the area has strong sense of Marine conservation.

Only emphasize on marine mammals rather than rehabilitation on coral reefs.

The aquaculture area can be enhanced to cater for visitors and tourists on the importance of aquaculture.

This will benefit the staff as they could educate the tourist on Aquaculture and encourage marine sustainability.

To include coral reef rehab facilities to promote diversity in marine ecology.

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Borneo Marine Research Institute

The area serves as a research facility, teaching, capacity building, Training and Consultancy and Community Service (To promote public awareness).

The facility is not big enough to cater for monthly or annual activities.

The design scheme was built in individual blocks with no recreational areas, which leaves poor The facility is located environment for visitors nearby the ocean. Ease of and students – lifeless access towards marine and segregated from the ecosystem. community.

To propose BMRI as an additional center for Coral rehabilitation efforts to promote diversity in preserving marine ecosystem

To propose a direct connectivity between water body and building to foster unity between nature and architecture as well as the awareness of marine ecology.

Lack of discussion room To propose public spaces to cater for Lack of bus waiting area events and gathering The design scheme is spaces while promoting the crime as preserving the natural the student has no access elements on-site. (visually) to the corridor.

No gathering places.

No facility or rooms to cater for coral rehabilitation

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Aquarium Marine Museum

A space dedicated for Small facility. educational purpose. It provides rooms from live exhibition to displays.

At times of annual events, the vendors must use the streets to cater large A mini artificial numbers of vendors. ecosystem was the highlight of the museum; to serve as an educational Visitors typically children system and awareness on lose interest quickly as the importance of there are no direct ecological cycle – from interaction or additional waterfalls, rivers, programs to promote the lagoons, mangroves, awareness on marine seagrass, and the ocean. ecosystem.

An intervention where an artificial ecosystem is displayed not only on land but also under the sea. This is to enhance the public engagement and awareness on the importance of preserving and conserving marine ecology.

The proposal will also provide additional aquatic life such as corals.

These endangered species The staff must direct the will also be the visitors on the sequence designed as part of the intervention of the live exhibition design otherwise it is not known. that is in line with the CSR program.

To provide workshops for public to rehabilitate corals.

Existing gazebo/pavi lion

Isolated, poorly To propose several maintained, unutilized numbers of pavilions for garden/park environment enhancement as a place for gathering.

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ODEC Jeti

Existing garbage compactor at ODEC, UMS

The Jeti provides direct Only accessible access to the sea which management use gives ease of transportation for users

for To propose an interrelationship between man-made and marine ecosystem as a direct accessibility towards marine ecology specifically coral reefs and the public

No garbage collector exists on site or nearby campus which leaves lack of awareness on littering

To propose recycle center to promote 3R culture reduce, recycle, reuse around the beach.

Industrial Owner of Sabah Ports Sdn Heavy industrial site area & Bhd about 1km radius from Kg Ports Kebagu causes damage towards marine life (oil and gas especially coral reefs due industry, to marine traffic. cement industry, Kinabalu Heavy sedimentation Shipyard & from industrial area Maritime decreases the chances of Sdn Bhd, photosynthesis in corals Aquacultur that is needed for growth. e, Naval Base, and hardware store)

Improve water quality within proximity to reduce environmental impact due to additional development

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To propose a holistic design approach in terms of choice of construction material and careful construction methods to reduce the environmental impact on marine ecosystem.

Due to dense population, rubbish is thrown into the river

Existing residential area at Kg Kebagu

Moderately dense These population To improve the waste residential area, increases the risk of management system therefore a strong sense water pollution due to throughout the area. of community improper waste management.

To incorporate EIA The residents like to guidelines on existing gather by the beach on Increases sedimentation and future their wakaf throughout from river to ocean developments to the day. reduces the chances of reduce and avoid coral growth through environmental impact. photosynthesis.

Sk Kebagu The school is located Poor amenities provided. by the 130m away from the beach (no beach. road name) Lack of gathering spaces.

Students would gather by the beach during recess Poor condition of school. hours and after school periods, this creates a strong sense of place.

Potentially to be integrated with campus research proposal marine ecological awareness and to educate waste management amongst students and the villagers.

The school is surrounded by residential areas that connects the school to housing areas.

“The policy shall ensure that Sepanggar Bay functions as a Sustainable Coral Rehabilitation Centre through responsible and optimized resource management; innovative environmental and ecosystem management; efficient energy management and leadership commitment and community-wide participation.�

The detail policy that emphasize on the three main topics; resource consumption covers:

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Detail Policy

Characteristic

i. Enhancing sustainable consumption of available resources

Consumption

ii. Minimizing waste and pollution

Consumption – Resource

iii. Introducing more local flora and fauna

Resource

iv. Maintaining a healthy balance between developed and green areas

Physical

v. Augmenting the conservation of wetland features

Physical

vi. Promoting low-carbon practices.

Social – Economic – Physical

vii. Adopting green building and infrastructure Physical design. vii. Eliminating non-biodegradable food and beverage packaging.

Consumption

Economic: Detail Policy

Characteristic

i. Optimizing university assets and sustainable Economic business opportunities. ii. Achieving efficiency in operational management of resources and facilities.

Management resources

iii. Strategize the provision of adequate financial resources

Economic

Social-Cultural Detail Policy

Characteristic

i. Promoting community spirit and enhancing quality of life. Social Community ii. Instilling integrity and ethical values.

Value

iii. Encouraging activities that appreciate the existing natural environment.

Practice

iv. Promoting a healthy and active lifestyle.

Practice

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Appendix B Component

Sub-Component

Knowledge on Climate Change

Do you think that the weather has dramatically changed over the past few years?

In your opinion, what climatic change has the biggest effect on coral reef bleaching?

What are your thoughts on climatic change?

Kyoto Protocol was enforced in 1997, what are your thoughts in the enactment? Can it be in any way help to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases?

Knowledge on Coral Reefs

Certain areas have enforced Marine Protected Areas to protect marine biodiversity. Reports have also argued on the lack of management for such enforcement. Do you agree?

In their efforts to improve management planning, RCM has also talked on alternatives to management models. One of it is talking on Community-based management. What are your thoughts?

You have written on the effectiveness of coral growth on insitu coral nurseries and natural habitat. How does it differ?

You have joined Reef Check Malaysia, what are your experience in joining the team with Julian Hyde?

Given a scenario, if a site used to have living corals but currently is dead, can that site be potentially rehabilitate? Or no chance of survival?

In Sepanggar, rapid development has caused dramatic degradation on marine biodiversity, especially mangroves. Do you think it has an effect to coral reefs system?

(C ) Coral Trading

What do you think of coral trading? Regardless of the being approved in trades by CITES 89

What are the consequences in coral trading in a regional scale?

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Appendix C Site images

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Appendix D

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