The Grange Conservation Area Appraisal

URBAN CONSERVATION GROUP 1

DECODING THE CITY:

THE GRANGE AC1 Decoding the City - Page 1

ARCH11196

NIAMH CRIMMINS ADNAN DOLLAH BEN FURNIVAL REBECCA HUGHES VALERIE MONTEIRO GEORGINA RITCHIE AC1 Decoding the City - Page 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The group would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Ruxandra-lulia Stoica for giving us the opportunity to take part in this project as well as for her guidance and support during lectures and group-work sessions. We are grateful to the City of Edinburgh Council, in particular Jack Gillon for his invaluable insight, and to the Grange Association and wider residents for their willingness to engage in discussion. In addition we would like to thank Tom Armitage of EDINA for sharing with us his expertise in ArcGIS. Lastly we wish to recognise the hard work of our peers in the MSc in Architectural Conservation and thank them for their continued encouragement and advice.

Cover Illustration: Detail from gravestone of John Burn M.D Preceding Page: Doors of the Grange and Marchmont

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CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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1. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY

1.1 Location

1.2 Brief and methodology

Justification of study boundary

1.3 Limitations

10 11 12 13 13

2. HISTORY

2.1 Early history Grange house

The feuing of the Grange Neighbouring estates Bruntsfield estate Whitehouse estate History of Sciennes

2.2 Architectural style

14 15 15 17 18 18 18 19 21

3. CONSERVATION

3.1 Designation

3.2 The Grange Association

24 25 28

4. ANALYSIS

4.1 Community

Sense of Community

4.2 Places of Community Importance Grange Cemetery

Sciennes Primary School

Marchmont St Giles Church

St Catherine Argyle Church

German Speaking Congregation

4.3 Services Shopping Facilities

Pubs, Cafes and Restaurant

Schools, Churches and Hospitals Other Facilities

4.4 Demographic Employment Health Crime

Survey by Communities that Care Education

Transport and Access

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5. URBAN CHARACTER

5.1 Landscape Open spaces Trees

Policies for preserving trees in the Grange Plot boundaries

5.2 Street plan

5.3 Streetscape

5.4 Viewscape

5.5 Circulation

5.6 Street furniture Street Lighting

6. BUILT ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Building age

6.2 Building materials

6.3 Building heights

6.4 Roofing types

6.5 Listed Buildings

6.6 Building usage

6.7 Building condition

7. SWOT ANALYSIS

7.1 Strengths

7.2 Weaknesses and Threats

7.3 Opportunities

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8. CONCLUDING COMMENTS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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APPENDIX A: COMPARISONS

APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

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APPENDIX C: ANALYTICAL MAPS

attached

APPENDIX D: RECOMMENTATIONS MAP

attached

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATION Figure 1: Location Map of Edinburgh, (data courtesy of MapBox.com) Figure 2: The Grange in context of Edinburgh (data courtesy of MapBox.com) Figure 3: Original project areas assigned to study groups Figure 4: Grange House from Storer’s Views of Edinburgh, published 1820 (SCRAN:

http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record. php?usi=000-000-098-976-R) Figure 5: 1825 Feuing Plan (Leonard, Sofia Giles, The Grange, A Case for Conservation) Figure 6: 1817 Kirkwood & Sons Ancient Plan of Edinburgh (NLS) Figure 7: Map of previous extents of Grange and neighbouring estates, with study

area marked in red. Basemap courtesy of Digimap

PAGE 11 11 12 15

Figure 8: 1876-7 OS Map, Sheets 43, 44, 47, 48 (NLS) Figure 9 :1851 OS Map Town Plan of Edinburgh, (South-west part), Surveyed: 1849-

53, Sheets 43, 44, 47, 48 (NLS) Figure 10: Plan and elevation of 8 Dick Place (RCAHMS) Figure 11: Illustrating diversity of styles found in the Grange with examples from

Dick Place, Lauder Road, Chalmers Crescent, Thirlestane Lane and

Marchmont Road Figure 12: City of Edinburgh Council Grange Conservation Area Character Appraisal Figure 13: Detail of certain conservation areas in Edinburgh with Grange marked in

red (City of Edinburgh Council) Scottish Government: http://www.scotland. gov.uk/Publications/2005/03/29141519/15200 Figure 14: Sciennes Primary School Figure 15: Security measures Figure 16: Three images of the Grange Cemetery: Gravestone; Detail of Vaulted

Catacomb; Rear of Marchmont St Giles showing modern extension Figure 17: Marchmont St Giles Figure 18: Laudate House Figure 19: D. Fraser McLeod and Cork & Cask, Marchmont Road. Small

independent businesses.

Figure 20: Bowling Green with original clubhouse Figure 21: Elevation sketch of Royal Hospital for Sick Children Figure 22: City of Edinburgh Ward Boundaries, Edinburgh Council Figure 23: Household tenure in Wards 10 and 15

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16 17 18

21 22

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Figure 24: Household tenure in Ward 10 Figure 25: Household tenure in Ward 15 Figure 26: Age profiles in Ward 10 and Ward 15 Figure 27: Age profile of Ward 10 Figure 28: Age profile of Ward 15 Figure 29: 1885-1900 2nd Edition OS Map, Sheet 32, published 1898 (http:// maps.nls.uk/view/74488700) Figure 30: 1901-2, Bartholomew’s Plan of Edinburgh and Leith with Suburbs

Constructed from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (http://maps.nls.uk/ view/90719482) Figure 31: 1905-6, Post office plan of Edinburgh, Leith and Portobello with

suburbs / constructed from ordnance and private surveys by W. &

A.K. Johnston (http://maps.nls.uk/view/75119808) Figure 32:1907, Bartholomew’s Plan of Edinburgh and Leith with Suburbs

Constructed from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (http://maps.nls.uk/ view/90719485) Figure 33: Mature tree growth on Dick Place Figure 34: Fruit-bearing trees outside Category A listed Gillespie Graham designed

chapel at the Gillis Centre Figure 35: High groomed hedges act as visual barrier Figure 36: Heavy traffic routes tend to be line with high stone walls Figure 37: 1760 Estate map (The Grange: A Case for Conservation p.13) Figure 38: Ground floor pubs and cafes with outdoor seating offer colour and

liveliness to tenemented streets Figure 39: Southern view of Marchmont Crescent Figure 40: Hope Terrace looking east illustrating high plot-edge treatment Figure 41: Castle View looking north along Spottiswood Street Figure 42: Trees and high boundary walls limit vistas on roads such as Dick Place Figure 43: Lothian Buses Route Map, Services within the Grange

(www.lothianbuses.com) Figure 44: The number 5 bus which serves the Marchmont Area (Wikipedia) Figure 45: Two contrasting types of street lighting, and public benches outside St

Catherine’s Argyle Figure 46: Homeroyal House retirement complex, the only seven-storey structure in

the study area, a modern build of 1987 Figure 47: Building materials represented in study area Figure 48: Modern Interventions with less traditional materials Figure 49: Corner tenement on Marchmont Road Figure 50: Building heights in study area

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43

43

44 45 46 46 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 51 53 54 54 55 55

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Figure 51: Sketch of varied roofline along tenements of Marchmont Cresent Figures 52 and 53: The turrets of tenement blocks displaying bull-nose and rectangular slates Figure 54: Napier University Marchmont Campus with grey slated gabled-end

pitch roof Figure 55: B-listed police box on Whitehouse Loan Figure 56: Listed buildings by category. Data: Historic Scotland Listed Buildings Database Figure 57: Category B Listed Warrender Pool Figure 58: Breakdown of Periods of Construction and Year of Listing. Data:

Historic Scotland Listed Buildings Database Figure 59: Listed buildings by date of construction. Data: Historic Scotland

Listed Buildings Database

56 56

Figure 60: Listed buildings by date of listing. Data: Historic Scotland Listed

Buildings Database Figure 61: Vacant shop on Sciennes Road Figure 62: Damaged Paintwork Figure 63: Collective waste disposal unit Figure 64: Lovers’ Loan Figure 65: Grafitti on garages to rear of Marchmont St Giles Figure 66: Several roads and pavements are in a state of disrepair Figure 67: Hard surfacing of gardens; Loss of boundary wall to provide vehicle

access; Properties such as Kilgraston Court may provide opportunities

for remodelling in the future Figure 68: Green space along the south-side of Sciennes Road Figure 69: Possible screening solution for unsightly waste disposal units Figure 70: Buildings proposed for listing due to architectural merit Figure 71: Guidelines for uniformity of shop frontages

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APPENDIX CONTENTS

Figures A1, A2 and A3 (from above): Edinburgh New Town; Deptford High

Street, Holy Spirit Church Square, Goa

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Figure B1: Geological Map of Scotland (Edinburgh Geological Society: http://

www.edinburghgeol- soc.org/o_home.html) Figure B2: Places of Community Importance Figure B3: 1864 Feuing Map (NLS) Figure B4: Historical Maps: (NLS)

1856 W and AK Johnston Plan of Edinburgh,

1865 Hislop, Grange Area: Hislop’s new plan of Edinburgh & Leith

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77

1877 OS Map of Edinburgh, Sheets 43, 44, 47, 48,

74 75 76

Appendix C: Analysis Maps Appendix D: Recommendations Map

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1: INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY

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1.1: LOCATION

The Grange is situated in the south of the city of Edinburgh.

Located in Scotland’s Central Belt, Edinburgh lies on the southern shore of the Firth of Forth (Figure 1). The city centre is 26 miles inland from the east coast of Scotland and the North Sea at Dunbar. The shoreline of Leith is 2.5 miles Figure 1: Location Map of Edinburgh, Data courtesy of Mapnorth east of the city.

Box.com

The city was built on seven hills of igneous or volcanic rock, formed during the Carboniferous period. Rock from the Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician periods as well as rock effected by Quaternary glacial activity is also evident beneath Edinburgh and the surrounding Lothian region. Locally quarried sandstone is the predominant building material (Figure B1).

The Grange is a leafy, affluent neighbourhood, made up principally of large Victorian villas. It is bounded to the north by the Meadows, south by Blackford Hill and the Edinburgh Suburban Line, to the west by Morningside and Greenhill and the east by Newington and Holyrood Park. It is about 1.5 miles south of the city centre (Figure 2).

It is situated on gently south-facing land and is found within the wards of Meadows and Morningside and Southside and Newington.

Figure 2: The Grange in context of Edinburgh (data courtesy of MapBox.com

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1.2: BRIEF & METHODOLOGY This report forms part of a wider project in which four student groups from the MSc in Architectural Conservation at the University of Edinburgh, undertook a detailed analysis of contrasting areas within the Grange.

The study area of the current report corresponds to that labelled “1” in the neighbouring map. This comprises the northernmost part of the Grange boundary and the east side of Marchmont.

The first part of this report provides a detailed historical and architectural development of the research area (Section 2). It then addresses the Figure 3: Original project areas assigned to study groups current Conservation Area Character Appraisal published by the City of Edinburgh Council (Section 3), outlining the important policies already in place to manage the conservation of the Grange. Our detailed analysis sections establishes the essential facts on community and urban fabric and attempts to extract the significance of these for the character of the area (Sections 4 - 6). The final part of the report (Section 7) addresses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) that the group has deemed to be of most significance following our analysis. The report concludes with recommendations to help repair, maintain, appreciate and manage the character of our area. This report is intended to act as a reference document for consideration by the City of Edinburgh Council for future assessment of the current Conservation Area Character Appraisal in place for the Grange. We also hope it will be useful to the Grange Association, in its work to preserve the area’s distinctive character and for residents and developers looking to contribute to the Grange’s architectural evolution.

For this report both primary and secondary methods of data collection were employed.

Extensive on-site field analysis was conducted between September and November 2013.

This analysis was supported with desk-based and historical research. Our historical maps were sourced from Digimap, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland Canmore database, and the National Library of Scotland.

Members of the group liaised with the Grange Association on a number of occasions, which provided an invaluable insight into aspects of the local community, and allowed an understanding of the residents’ roles in the maintenance of the character of the area.

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Through this methodology the following aspects of the Grange were considered: • • • • •

Historic development; Conservation status; Social and community aspects; Urban fabric and architectural character; and Recommendations for preservation of character.

Justification of Study Boundary THe limits of the current study area arose from the assigned project boundary, which was subsequently further refined through historical research. As discussed below, this research exposed the historical nature of the roads which follow estate boundaries - the most significant being the division between the Grange Estate and Bruntsfield Estate, from which the distinctive curve of Marchmont Crescent was formed. The group felt that this historical boundary held great significance for the development of the area, and thus should be included in order for the study to be fully comprehensive. Therefore, some structures outwith the Grange Conservation Area have been included in the study, not in an attempt to redefine the Council’s current conservation area boundaries, but in order to give a clear historical picture of the character of the Grange. Marchmont provides a contrasting urban environment, necessary for identifying those characteristics which define the Grange.

1.3: LIMITATIONS Due to the characteristically high compound walls and hedges in the study area, it was only possible to attain a restricted view of the majority of houses from street level. This was further exacerbated by the study period occuring when the trees were in full leaf. Where possible, the satelite imagery from Google Street View was employed to supplement onstreet observations, but a comprehensive view of all streets was not always possible. Since many extensions and alterations to houses in the Grange occur to the rear of properties, this has restricted our full analysis of the site.

The use of unfamiliar ArcGIS software to map the findings also presented its own considerable obstacles.

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2: HISTORY

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2.1: EARLY HISTORY The Grange was originally named Sanct Geilies Grange, meaning the farm or Grange of St. Giles. This was part of the ancient Drumsheugh forest, which extended out as far as the Salisbury Crags. There is documentary evidence from this time of a fortified farmstead built by the monks of Holme Cultram, to whom King David I had conferred the lands of the Grange in 1128. Around this time, the area was known as the Burgh Muir, Edinburgh’s Common Land.

In 1506 King James IV granted the estate to John Cant, Burgess of Edinburgh, and in 1631 the Cants sold the estate to William Dick. The estate passed through the Dick family, to the 3rd Baron William Dick in 1695. William Dick married Anne Seton, and their daughter Isobel Dick inherited the estate in 1755. She married Sir Andrew Lauder, 5th Baronet of Fountainhall, and their son combined the family names to become Sir Andrew Lauder-Dick, 6th Baronet of Fountainhall. On his death, the estate passed to his son Thomas, who reversed the surname to Dick-Lauder. Thomas instigated the most significant changes to the estate, both in terms of the reconstruction of Grange House and the feuing of the land for building purposes. The family remained in the area into the 20th century.

Grange House WH Playfair was commissioned by the Dick Lauder family to transform the house from a tall Scottish keep as can be seen in the earliest surviving illustration from 1700 published in Storer’s Views of Edinburgh, 1820 (Figure 4) to a prestigious Baronial residence. In the mid 1870s, however, the house ceased to function as the main family home and by the early 20th century the building was showing signs of dilapidation. It was demolished in 1936 when the fabric was deemed beyond repair.

The Wyvern Pillars are a reminder of Grange House. Once forming a gateway within the grounds, they were repositioned with one at the south end of Lovers’ Loan and the other further along Figure 4: Grange House from Storer’s Views of Edinburgh, published 1820 (SCRAN)

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Figure 5 1825 Feuing Plan (Leonard, Sofia Giles, The Grange, A Case for Conservation, p25)

Grange Loan to the east. The pillars support the ‘Lauder Griffins’, which feature on the Lauder coat of arms.

The feuing of the Grange Another less immediate but more extensive relic of Grange House and its estate is the current street plan of the area. The feuing of the lands under Sir Thomas Dick Lauder began in 1825 when the area was mostly farmland (Figure 5). Figure 6 shows the area of the Grange estate, bounded on the east by Causewayside and on the west by the estates of Whitehouse and Bruntsfield (or Bruntisfield).

Thomas had to obtain an Act of Parliament to feu out the lands, and this decreed a certain standard for the buildings and specified that they should have no purpose other than residential. This ruling has defined the residential character that persists to this day.

The first feuing plan proposed a grid-like formation of streets, establishing Dick Place, Grange Road, Mansionhouse Road, Lauder Road and Cumin Place. In 1851 a second plan was produced by David Cousin, who modified elements of the earlier plan such as the end of Lauder Road, and added curved streets to soften the geometric rigidity of the 1825 design. Robert Reid Raeburn drew up three more plans, in 1858, 1864 and 1877, to complete the estate.

Figure 6: 1817 Kirkwood & Sons, Grange in Edinburgh context: An Ancient Plan of the City of Edinburgh and AC1 Decoding the City - Page 17

The street names have connections to names of family and of estates and properties. For example Cumin Place is named after Thomas’ wife, Charlotte Cumin, and Relugas Road after her estate of Relugas in Elginshire. Similarly Fountainhall is the name of the Lauder family home in Pencaitland.

Neighbouring Estates Bruntsfield Estate The Bruntsfield estate bordered the west side of the Grange. In the mid 19th century, when the feuing of the Grange was underway, Bruntsfield was owned by Sir George Warrender. The first plan for the feuing of this estate was drawn up by David Bryce but was abandoned after the architect’s death.

Had it been implemented, Marchmont would have consisted of detached villas Figure 7: Map of previous extents of Grange and neighbouring similar to those of the Grange. estates, with study area marked in red. Basemap courtesy of Digimap

Between 1901 and 1907 the tenements were constructed on Strathearn, Thirlestane, Spottiswood and Marchmont and Warrender Park Roads. Much of the estate was built using the grey sandstone quarried locally from the old Burgh Muir.

Whitehouse Estate The Whitehouse estate can be traced back to the 15th century, when the lands were owned by the Hog family. The estate boundaries were marked by the streets that are now Whitehouse Loan, Whitehouse Terrace, Kilgraston Road and Thirlestane Road. The earliest mansion-house was built on the estate in the early 16th century. It was rebuilt in 1670 and, in the 1830s, was extended to form St Margaret’s Convent. This complex of buildings is now the Gillis Centre. In 1835 James Gillespie Graham was commissioned to design a chapel for the convent. Whilst the 1851-2 Ordnance Survey map shows the area completely undeveloped, the 1876-77 map (Figure 8) shows the area fully built upon with detached and semi-detached villas as in the Grange.

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Figure 8: 1876-7 OS Map, Sheets 43, 44, 47, 48 (NLS)

History of Sciennes This rectangular tract of land to the south of Melville Drive, bounded by Marchmont Crescent, Sciennes and Sciennes Road, was originally the south bank of the Burgh Loch, drained at the beginning of the 18th century. This area was subject to various feuing plans in the 19th century. The area of Marchmont was built according to a feuing plan for Sir George Warrender of Bruntsfield House. The lands of Westerhall stood in the area between Melville Drive and Sciennes Road. By 1850 this area was beginning to be developed in terms of building. Oliver, the builder of the Marchmont tenements, realised the potential of the area of Westerhall and began to build new tenements in Roseneath Place and Argyle Place.

In the early nineteenth century, the area to the east of Sylvan Place was divided into four large plots. The first plot (nearest to Sylvan Place) was occupied by a large L-shaped house set in formal gardens. This was replaced by the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for Sick Children in the late nineteenth century. The second plot, owned by the Miller family for nearly the whole of the nineteenth century, became the site of Sciennes School in 1890.

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It was John Cant who gave land to establish the Dominican convent of St Catherine of Siena. Demolished before the feuing plans were considered, the Convent stood at the north-west corner of St. Catherine’s Place. It was confirmed in 1517, and was in use until the Reformation. In 1567 the sisters were expelled from the convent and it was burnt to a ruin. The walls remained in a ruinous state until 1735 when they are largely demolished.

Scienne is a French derivative of Siena, the birthplace of the patron saint of the convent, but the name has been corrupted into Sciennes or, in the eighteenth century, Sheens.

Some of the convent’s stones remain in the garden of no. 16 St. Catherine’s Place, and a plaque commemorating its existence.

Figure 9:1851, OS map, Town Plan of Edinburgh (south west part), Surveyed: 1849-53, Sheets 43, 44, 47, 48 http://maps.nls.uk/view/74415515 (NLS)

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2.2: ARCHITECTURAL STYLE Following the Act of Parliament, mentioned above, allowing development in the Grange, the Dick Lauder family stipulated that houses in the Grange should be built to a high quality, both in construction and style. As was the case with burgage plots in the Old Town, certain rules defined development. All plans and elevations had to be approved in writing by the feu superior, and construction could not commence until authorised.

The land was only to be used for residential purposes, any other uses were prohibited.

The sub-division of villas was restricted, and if separate entries to upper flats and attics were needed, it could only be by an internal stair. The height of original development was restricted to two storeys and an attic, and villas were required to sit a certain distance from the street. Gardens were required to be planted and well maintained, and properties had to be enclosed with stone walls, which did not exceed eight feet in height. The suburb, almost complete by the 1890s, was a microcosm of the ideal of country living in the city.

The feuing of the Grange occurred in response to a demand by the growing Edinburgh middle class to move out of the city and into more leafy, safer, cleaner suburbs. The taste was for Italianate villas in a naturalistic, picturesque setting, which helped the Grange to develop into what we see today. The area reflects those contemporary ideals of healthy

Figure 10: Plan and elevation of 8 Dick Place (RCAHMS)

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living, larger gardens, clean air, and varied vistas, in contrast to the Neo-Classical style of the New Town, much of which was built concurrently. The high boundary walls of the Grange, surrounding detached or semi-detached villas and containing large gardens, allowed privacy for family living. This contrasted greatly with the crowded state of living in the Old Town.

The typical Grange villa is two-storeys and rectangular-planned, of either snecked stugged ashlar or coursed polished ashlar. Most commonly they are three bayed, with two-pane sash and case windows, and a panelled door within a shouldered surround topped by a transom window and consoled hood mould. Some villas have bow windows on lower and/or upper storeys. Most feature either a double-pitched or hipped roof with chimney stacks on either side.

There are examples of more unusual designs such as the use of a rectangular Italianate tower with a tripartite round arched window. In contrast, some feature Scots Baronial influence such as a castellated round tower and parapeted balcony with battlements.

Other styles include Neo-Classical and Gothic Revival.

Many of the Marchmont tenements bear Baronial and wider Scottish influences, with conical towers and cross-stepped gables. Some feature finialled pedimented dormerheads.

Other building types include the mews houses of Thirlestane Lane, and notable public buildings such as single storey Jacobean influenced Warrender Baths, and Marchmont St. Giles Church featuring Gothic elements such as an octagonal spire and pointed arched windows.

Though there was limited development in the area during the 20th century, there are a few examples, such as 40-42 Dick Place by William Kininmonth, 1934, and the 1960s Laudate House, the church of the German Speaking Congregation.

More recently, there are some modern housing developments constructed in brick and consisting of five to seven storeys (e.g. Homeroyal House 1987, Figure 46), along with many extensions to the Victorian villas of contemporary designs and materials.

Figure 11 overleaf: Illustrating diversity of styles found in the Grange with examples from Dick Place, Lauder Road, Chalmers Crescent, Thirlestane Lane and Marchmont Road AC1 Decoding the City - Page 22

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3: CONSERVATION

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3.1: DESIGNATION The Grange has been designated as a conservation area by the City of Edinburgh Council as it bears special architectural and historic interest. This is one of 48 conservation areas within the city, out of a total of over 600 in Scotland as a whole, encompassing historic land, battlefields, public parks, designed landscapes, railways and in the majority of cases, groups of buildings extending over areas of settlement. Prior to the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 2006, only an area classified as being ‘Outstanding’ by Historic Scotland could receive funding from Scottish Ministers. This requirement no longer exists but Historic Scotland is generally consulted when conservation areas are designated, varied or annulled by local authorities. This is complemented with public consulations. The proper management of these areas relies heavily upon specific guidelines set out by local councils for their protection and enhancement, and for preservation of their special character. In Edinburgh, these Built Heritage Guidelines ensure there is a sound knowledge of the principles, best practices, and an awareness of relevant issues.

The status was granted to conserve the: • High quality stone-built architecture of restricted height enclosed by stone boundary walls; • Uniformity resulting from the use of local grey sandstone for buildings and boundary walls and Scots slate for roofs; • Formal and picturesque detached and semi-detached dwellings of generous scale and fine proportions • Low density grain of the area; and • Spacious and uncluttered streetscape. (City of Edinburgh Character Appraisal).

The status of a conservation area does not prevent development or its continued evolution. It does mean, however, as per the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997, that Conservation Area Consent is required to demolish any building, and permitted Figure 12: City of Edinburgh Council Grange development rights are curtailed. This is so Conservation Area Character Appraisal that the character of an area is preserved and that greater consideration is given to proposed changes.

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This safeguarding and enhancement are achieved through: • Defining the character that merits protection, including the space between buildings; • Use of appropriate controls over development, demolition and advertising; • Financial assistance, where appropriate, for works of repair or restoration; • Protection of trees; • Interpretation schemes, through leaflets or signage; and • The implementation of enhancement schemes based upon Conservation Area Appraisals.

Figure 13: Detail of certain conservation areas in Edinburgh with Grange marked in red (City of Edinburgh Council) Scottish Government: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/03/29141519/15200 The Grange Conservation Area is bounded by Sciennes Road and Strathearn Road to the

north, the south suburban railway line and St. Albans Road to the south and Causewayside to the east. The west boundary is generally regarded as being the western boundary of the Astley Ainslie Hospital complex, Newbattle Terrace and Whitehouse Loan. The original designation was given in 1983 but the area was extended in 1996.

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An Area Appraisal is a management tool by which a plan of action that is sensitive to the historic area can be determined. It is through the Area Appraisal that the local authority can carry out its statutory duty to preserve and enhance conservation areas.

In addition to the Planning controls in place to manage a Conservation Area, Article 4 Directions were introduced in 1995 providing further protection of the overall area. The planning authority promotes these directions but they require confirmation by Scottish Ministers before coming into effect. Subsequently any development that would have normally been considered a ‘permitted development’ is not necessarily given instant planning permission.

It is a criminal offence to demolish, materially alter or extend a listed building without Listed Building Consent. A person guilty of an offence could face imprisonment for up to 6 months or a fine of up to ÂŁ50,000, or both.

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3.2: THE GRANGE ASSOCIATION The Grange Association was founded in 1974, before the area’s designation as a conservation area. It was formed to support community interests, protect the local environment and understand local history.

The Association saw its role in 1974 as being “to promote an interest in the character and quality of life in the area; to encourage a high standard of architecture and town planning and to react to proposals affecting the area’s development, to foster public amenity and to provide good relations in the community itself.” (Grange Association Website). Today, its primary role is to consider and advise upon development proposals in an effort to protect the built environment and the unifying characteristics of the Grange. For the Association to be the most effective, members of the committee have defined roles for specific areas of responsibility.

Since its foundation, the Association has noted a change in the nature of threats posed upon the character of the area. Whereas the concern in the 1970s was infill building in the Grange’s large gardens, today extensions are the most common form of planning application. The desire for garden hard landscaping, normally to accommodate motor vehicles, has remained a problem since the Association’s inception, as has the threat to trees and the issue of street parking. The Association has also expressed concern that incidents have occurred in which alterations have been made without appropriate consent.

Mansionhouse Road is cited by the Association as exemplifying many of the issues currently affecting the area: • • • • • •

Certain houses have been subject to subdivision; Ongoing applications for extensions (in some cases employing insensitive materials); The demolition of a Victorian conservatory to be replaced by a larger structure; The hard-surfacing of front gardens to provide parking; The removal of trees; and A general increase in street clutter.

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4: ANALYSIS

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4.1: COMMUNITY Sense of Community From speaking to local residents and those within the Grange Association, it is very apparent that community spirit prospers within the Grange. Often this is due to a personal connection, such as attendance at Sciennes School (Figure 14), with many former pupils residing in the area or with children who now attend. Long-standing local businesses (Figure 19) and the activities of the Grange Association help foster Figure 14: Sciennes Primary School community relations.

Although generally a quiet and safe area, the Grange does have an active Neighbourhood Watch scheme, and entry phone systems and intruder alarms are commonplace. In quieter spots, such as along Lovers’ Loan, further measures are implemented, including the placement of barbed wire and glass along walltops. Additionally there is a clear desire for privacy with the use of solid gates and high walls or hedges, although these have been characteristic of the area since its inception.

Figure 15: Although generally a safe area, residents of the Grange clearly have concerns about security

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4.2: PLACES OF COMMUNITY IMPORTANCE See Appendix Figure B2 for map of places of community importance.

Grange Cemetery A prominent feature in the area and its only public green space, the Grange cemetery was laid out in 1847 by David Bryce (1803-76) on the corner of Beaufort Road and Kilgraston Road. Aside from its notable catacombs, which are embedded in a central ridge, several important figures are buried here, including members of the Dick-Lauder family and the first Moderator of the Free Church of Scotland, Thomas Chalmers. The cemetery is now owned by Edinburgh City Council and is open to the public. It is a place of interest for residents and visitors alike. Several internet forums discuss the history of the cemetery and the locations of gravestones and its inclusion in the Scottish War Graves Project.

Today it only accepts the internment of cremated remains.

Figure 16: 3 Images of the Grange Cemetery; Gravestone, Detail of Vaulted Catacomb, Rear of Marchmont St Giles showing modern extension

Sciennes Primary School Before the 1960s there were several schools in the area, although now only the largest remains in use. Sciennes Primary School opened with 500 pupils in 1892 and is currently the largest primary school in Edinburgh, educating 640 children. The catchment area covers a large part of the Grange and Newington. Sciennes has a strong community engagement, encouraging the active participation of parents in the running of the school.

It offers cycling lessons around the Grange for Primary 6 pupils, and lately this has been extended to holding a ‘Sciennes Big Ride’ and a ‘Sciennes Family Cycling Picnic’. There AC1 Decoding the City - Page 31

has recently been discussion about extending the playground out into Sciennes Road, further engaging with the locality. This has been rejected over safety concerns arising from ambulance access to the neighbouring Sick Children’s Hospital.

Marchmont St Giles Church Marchmont St Giles, built in 1871, is positioned strategically at the corner of cross roads. It is located on the perimeter of the Grange Conservation Area and its prominent spire can be seen from points across Edinburgh. Whilst the main structure fulfils its ecclesiastic function, a prominent modern extension to the south acts as a community hub for much of the surrounding area, hosting a wide variety of public events such as ballet classes, Scouts, yoga and meetings of the Grange Association (Figure 17).

St Catherine’s Argyle Church Built in 1866, the St Catherine’s in the Figure 17: Marchmont St Giles Grange church gained its name from the nearby remains of the medieval convent of St Catherine’s of Siena. A new church built on the corner of Sciennes Road in 1880, called Argyle Place Church, was united with St Catherine’s in 1968. However, the Argyle Place Church was destroyed by a fire less than ten years later, and as such St Catherine’s came to be St Catherine’s Argyle Church, providing for the whole congregation.

German Speaking Congregation

Figure 18: Laudate House

Laudate House, constructed in 1966-7, is a concrete building of contrasting architectural character to the surrounding houses and to other churches in the area. There is a large stained glass window by George Garson. Laudate House is the home of Edinburgh’s German-speaking congregation. Post Second World War, a large number of Germans lived in Scotland, including thousands of prisoners of war. Naturally, there was a desire to form a community for spiritual and social support. Laudate House was amongst several German congregations set up throughout the city.

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4.3: SERVICES Shopping Facilities These mainly appear clustered at corners, such as the cross roads of Beaufort, Marchmont and Strathearn Roads. They also feature at the west end of Roseneath Street and to the east of Sciennes School on Sciennes Road. The newsagent here is popular with school children. The location of these shopping facilities bears some similarity to shops proposed in Raeburn’s 1864 feuing plan again located on corners.

The shopping facilities are mainly local convenience stores and local businesses, such as Marchmont Hardware and D.F. McLeods Green Grocers, both of which are long-standing establishments. There are two small Scotmids, on Marchmont Road and on Marchmont Crescent, however there are no large supermarkets, and certainly the intervention of one would change the character of the area. The presence of small local businesses coupled with the lack of large supermarkets and multi-national chains allows the original village character to remain.

Pubs, Cafes and Restaurants These are found in similar areas to the shopping facilities. Cafes and restaurants are located at the crossroads of Marchmont Road and Beaufort Road, and on the corner of Marchmont Road and Marchmont Crescent. Pubs are found at the corner of Marchmont Crescent and Warrender Park Road, and on Argyle Place. There are only two pubs remaining in our selected area, in the same part of Marchmont. One, the Earl of Marchmont, now styles itself as pub and cafe. The Argyle has recently gone through a refurbishment.

Figure 19: D. Fraser McLeod and Cork & Cask, Marchmont Road. Small independent businesses.

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Schools, Churches and Hospitals These form the main large public buildings in the area. Most have been discussed in detail above. Sciennes Primary School is, advantageously, located adjacent to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. The Hospital is, rather unusually for the area, built in red sandstone. There is a surgery located on Beaufort Road and pharmacies on Beaufort and Marchmont Road. The three churches in the area are Marchmont St Giles, St Catherine’s Argyle and Laudate House of the German Speaking Congregation.

Other Facilities There are several care homes in the area including the Grange Nursing Home on Chalmers Crescent. Banks may be found on Marchmont Road, with a Post Office on Strathearn Road. Figure 20: Bowling green In terms of leisure facilities, the bowling green remains, with original clubhouse complete with original clubhouse, opened in 1873. The Warrender Swim Centre is located on Thirlestane Road. It was opened as a private bathing club in 1887 and is now a Grade-B listed building (Figure 57).

Figures 21, Elevation sketch of central block of Royal Hospital for Sick Children AC1 Decoding the City - Page 34

4.4: DEMOGRAPHIC

The area has been analysed using the 2001 census and the 2006 Ward area profiles in order to establish general characteristics about the community and their quality of life.

The study area falls within Ward 10 (Meadows and Morningside) and Ward 15 (Southside and Newington), the area profiles of which were therefore combined and analysed.

Figure 22: City of Edinburgh Ward Boundaries, Ward 10 (Meadows and Morningside) shown in Green, Ward 15 (Southside and Newington) shown in Red, data from Edinburgh Council http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/781/constituencies_wards_and_ boundaries/829/council_wards.

Employment Unemployment rates amongst those of a working age are slightly lower than those elsewhere in Scotland. The rate was placed at 2.2% in 2006, compared to 2.9% in Edinburgh as a whole.

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According to figures from the 2001 census, council-owned housing accounts for only 1.2% of properties in Ward 10 and 6.6% of those in Ward 15, compared to 10.9% in Edinburgh as a whole.

Whilst within Ward 15 there are concentrations of housing which correlate to the worst 5% of Deprived Areas, the high quality housing within the Grange as a whole falls in the top 10% across Scotland.

Figure 23: Household tenure in Wards 10 and 15

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Health For both Wards, the health level was found to be above average, with a lower level of poor health, based on issues such as drug taking or medical conditions such as anxiety or depression.

Crime Crime levels for Ward 10 were lower than Scottish average, based on crimes affecting the neighbourhood e.g. violence, drug offences and vandalism. However for Ward 15 crime levels are slightly higher than Scottish average. As with the housing statistics, however, it can be suggested that the specific area of the Grange is probably below the national average.

Survey by Communities that Care From October 2005-March 2006, 17,476 secondary school pupils who live and study in Edinburgh were surveyed about their perception of their area. South Edinburgh was below the city average for all categories, including issues such as crime, graffiti and drugs.

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Figure 24: Household tenure in Ward 10

Figure 25: Household tenure in Ward 15

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Education This is recorded as above average for both wards. There are more people in education, moving to further education and performing well at school.

Transport and Access Access to services (primary and secondary schools, shopping facilities, post offices, petrol stations, ) is ‘in line’ with the rest of the city. Buses service the area, providing transport into the city centre and its environs.

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Figure 26: Age profiles in Ward 10 and Ward 15

It may be noted that using the ward profiles does not give an immediately accurate picture of the study area. Ward 15, in particular, contains very varied areas of housing and population. Therefore, our group has also spoken to local residents and made personal observations of the area in order to generate a more accurate picture. For example there is a clear difference in age and number of occupants between houses in the Grange and those in Marchmont. Whilst the residents of the Grange are largely retired, or belonging to family units of various sizes, the tenement flats of Marchmont support a large student population. This has an impact on statistics for owner occupation versus rented accommodation, the Grange tending towards the former and Marchmont towards the latter, and it implies a more transient population in Marchmont compared to the Grange.

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Figure 27: Age profile of Ward 10

Figure 28: Age profile of Ward 15

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5: URBAN CHARACTER

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5.1: LANDSCAPE

Refer to topographic map Appendix C1.

The main Grange Road was formed along a ridge that has a gradual gradient from west to east, and streets intersect this in a north-south direction. The secondary roads have a gradual slope towards the north and south respectively, largely due to the topography of the area. The roads to the south change in gradient. These dip sharply just beyond our area of study, at the Blackford Road-Dick Place junction.

As seen in Kirkwood’s map of 1817 (Figure 6), this part of southern Edinburgh consisted of three estates (see again Figure 7). There was a mansion house to correspond to each of the three estates which were demarcated with trees along their periphery. As the suburban estate developed, additional planting contributed to its naturalistic character.

Many of these trees survive, most visibly along Sciennes Road with additional examples on Mansionhouse Road, Dick Place and Palmerston Road.

Throughout the years additional trees were planted in the area (Figure 9) ensuring that the Grange developed into a more natural and picturesque suburb of Edinburgh. From 1851-77 the Grange was upgraded to a heavily wooded locale as reflected in the OS maps (Figure 8).

The current landscape within the research area has been studied and analysed under various criteria, namely: • Open spaces • Plot boundaries; and • Trees.

Page 42: Top: Figure 29: 1885-1900 2nd Edition OS Map, Sheet 32, published 1898 (http:// maps.nls.uk/view/74488700) Page 42: Bottom: Figure 30: 1901-2, Bartholomew’s Plan of Edinburgh and Leith with Suburbs Constructed from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (http://maps.nls.uk/view/90719482) Page 43: Top: Figure 31: 1905-6, Post office plan of Edinburgh, Leith and Portobello with suburbs / constructed from ordnance and private surveys by W. & A.K. Johnston (http:// maps.nls.uk/view/75119808) Page 43: Bottom: Figure 32: 1907, Bartholomew’s Plan of Edinburgh and Leith with Suburbs Constructed from Ordnance and Actual Surveys (http://maps.nls.uk/view/90719485) [All detail of Grange area]

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Open spaces Refer to Landscape uses map Appendix C2.

The various shapes and sizes of open space found within the Grange are used in a number of ways. As in any urban area, these are highly regarded since they tend to enhance social interaction within the community. Such spaces in the Grange may be classified under four different categories: • Public - freely accessible without restrictions, i.e. cemetery and hospital.

• Semi public - access may be restricted to a particular user group ie.

school grounds, church grounds, nursing homes.

• Semi private - shared gardens and the enclosed buffer spaces through which

access to tenements is gained from road • Private - the garden space to the front and/or rear of single ownership villas.

The research area is largely composed of privately owned villas, with private gardens comprising 60% of the total open space. These are concentrated to the east, south and south west of the study area [insert map showing distribution]. The north-east contains mainly tenements and as such has a balance of semi private spaces on the road front and private spaces to the rear.

Approximately 30% of the open space within study area is semi public. These areas can be observed at the Gillis College, Sciennes Primary School, the bowling green and churches.

There is a notable absence of communal open space in the Grange. The aforementioned cemetery does provide an accesssible central space, yet its function limits its suitability for recreational use. It is, however, worth noting that the local nature reserve of Blackford Hill to the south and the Meadows to the north are within easy walking distance of the Grange.

Trees Despite substantial urban development since 1895 throughout Edinburgh and the environs of the Grange, the area is still comparably leafy.

These trees make an important contribution to the character of the Grange and are protected by the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997. Under this Act, an individual can be penalised for the uprooting, felling or lopping of trees that exceed a diameter of 75mm at a point 1.5m above ground level, unless appropriate Figure 33: Mature tree growth on Dick notice to the planning authority is given. Trees Place in the Grange are an integral part of the unity of the overall street pattern, due to the rigorous feu character that has been maintained by the subsequent planning laws.

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The streets lined by villas are of a very different nature to those bounded by tenements.

The villas, set back from the road, tend to have medium to large trees planted in their front gardens, with foliage branching out over the pavements. In addition to acting as a protective screen from the elements, and affording a greater level of privacy to the residents, some may argue the trees lend a softer and more pleasant character to the area.

In contrast, the tenement-lined streets of Marchmont Crescent and Thirlestane Road are markedly less green. These tenements lack the large front garden spaces of neighbouring villas, but open up into generous rear gardens, bearing trees of varying heights.

Semi public areas have only a scattering of medium to large trees; the infrequency of which may be due to issues regarding their maintenance, and the need for these limited spaces to be multifunctional.

Policies for preserving trees in the Grange Tree Preservation Orders (TPO): The City of Edinburgh Council employs a policy to ensure the preservation of trees that meet a number of criteria. The Tree Preservation Order considers not only the significance of each specimen to the public, but also its value as a wildlife habitat. In attempting to protect trees and maintain their longevity, the TPO tends to regulate the kind of development that takes place around such trees, and the proximity in which this may occur. It also states that in unavoidable circumstances like decay, if a tree needs to be removed, the resulting space cannot be used arbitrarily for any development. Trees removed must be replaced with at least three similar species.

The large numbers of trees in the Grange have various associated stakeholders. Whilst 90% are owned individually in private gardens, other parties include The City of Edinburgh Council, Carlton Cricket Club, and the Church of Scotland amongst others. The Grange Association has compiled its own policy to maintain trees within the locality, reinforcing the controls implemented by the local authority.

Figure 34: Fruit-bearing trees outside Category A listed Gillespie Graham designed chapel at the Gillis Centre AC1 Decoding the City - Page 45

Plot boundaries The material treatment of plot boundaries varies greatly between stone walls, low walls with railing and green enclosures of hedgerow.

The stone walls likely originate from the earlier developmental period of the Grange, some of which have since been replaced with iron railings. Groomed hedges would have most likely been introduced for additional privacy.

Interesting observations have been made regarding the distribution of plot edge treatment.

Heavy traffic routes such as Whitehouse Loan and the stretches between Grange-Beaufort- Figure 35: High groomed hedges act as Strathearn Road and Dick Place-Blackford visual barrier Road, tend to be lined with high stone walls. A large proportion of properties with rear gardens backing onto public space have equally high walls with small breaks for pedestrian access -e.g. those backing on to Lovers’ Loan, and the southern edge of Sciennes Road. Residential areas with lesser through-traffic, namely St. Catherine’s Place, Tantallon Place, Mansionhouse Road and Hope Terrace, generally have lower walls with railings or hedges. As a rule, domestic fencing usually extends above human height, thus ensuring privacy. In the low-rise development areas, fencing tends to be of uniform height along both sides of the road.

The cemetery is bounded by high stone walls, which on Kilgraston Road creates a contrast with the low wall frontage of the Parish Church, which, with its low open railing is visually more transparent and therefore more welcoming to the community. The roadfacing edges of the walling of St. Catherine’s Argyle bears similar detailing.

Figure 36: Heavy traffic routes tend to be lined with high stone walls

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5.2: STREET PLAN The estate boundaries visible in the 1760 estate map of the Grange are still detectable within the layout of the current street plan. As Figure 37 shows, the original Grange estate was bounded by ‘Grange Loan joining the Road to Libberton’ in the south, the ‘Public Road from back of Meadows to Sheens’ at the north, Causewayside to the east and the Warrender and Whitehouse estates on the west. These parameters defined the layout of the street pattern, and are now distinctly marked by roads, namely Grange Loan, Sciennes Road, Causewayside and Kilgraston Road. Marchmont Crescent clearly follows the original curved boundary between the Grange and Bruntsfield estates. See Historical Development Map of Street Plan, Appendix C3.

Figure 37: 1760 Estate Plan of the Grange (The Grange: A Case for Conservation, p13)

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5.3: STREETSCAPE There are two main contrasting streetscapes within the study area. Towards the east side, the area that was originally the Grange estate, the streets generally consist of large detached or semi-detached two storey villas, set back from the road and surrounded by gardens. As Figure 36, above, illustrates, these villas maintain privacy due to either high boundary walls or hedges and trees. To the west side, however, terraces of tenements dominate the Marchmont area. These are set on the street front or sometimes with a small front garden behind a low boundary wall. Standing at three or four storeys, these buildings are much more prominent on the streetscape than the villas. Some of these tenements have ground floor shops or cafes, often with outdoor seating, which adds colour and liveliness to these streets, in contrast to the quiet and private feel of streets to the west.

Sciennes Road has a notably unusual streetscape for the area. On one side the majority of the street facade is dominated by the Royal Hospital for Sick Children and Sciennes School. Both buildings are set back from the street. A little further along are tenements of the character seen in Marchmont. On the other side of the road is a rather rare occurrence of some public green space, with plenty of tree cover. To the back of which are the houses on Hatton Place.

Anticlockwise from top: Figure 38: Ground floor pubs and cafes with outdoor seating offer colour and liveliness to tenemented streets, Figure 39: Southern view of Marchmont Crescent illustrating a uniform street scape. Figure 40: Hope Terrace looking east illustrating high plot-edge treatment

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5.4: VIEWSCAPE As Appendix Map C4 illustrates, for a pedestrian traversing the area at street level at the time of study, the viewscapes across the survey area are largely limited by domestic vegetational cover and the urban fabric of the immediately surrounding streets. Certain roads are afforded wider vistas; whether to the castle (Figure 41) (Spottiswoode Street and lower Mansionhouse Road looking north), to the wider cityscape (northerly outlook from Marchmont Road, Sylvan Figure 41: Castle View looking north along Place, Livingston Place and Gladstone Spottiswood Street Terrace) or to neighbouring countryside (Grange Road looking east, or view to the south from Kilgraston Road, and part of Lauder Road and Whitehouse Loan) but this seems to be more a consequence of the elevated topography of these features, rather than a conscious desire to attain a particular prospect.

Figure 42: Trees and high boundary walls limit vistas on roads such as Dick Place

From this it may be concluded that the existing configuration of streets within the study area was determined not by desired outlook from street level, but by the initial process of land division through feu tenure. The subsequent curvature of streets laid out by David Cousin in 1851 may well have created interesting and variable vistas for a time, but the effects of this have largely been lost by the considerable tree growth which has occurred in the ensuing years.

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5.5: CIRCULATION The accompanying map (Traffic Patterns Map Appendix C5) demonstrates the high intensity and low intensity traffic routes, speed controlled areas and public transport routes. The busiest roads are naturally those which join one main road to another, such as Grange Road which connects Causewayside and Marchmont Road. The areas with shopping facilities and other services tend to have more traffic, such as Marchmont Road and Marchmont Crescent, Figure 43: Lothian Buses Route Map, Services within the which leads to the shops on Grange Roseneath Street. Due to the (www.lothianbuses.com) large hospital and school located adjacently, Sciennes Road has a high level of traffic. It is also speed controlled, due to the presence of a school. The main thoroughfares through the Grange are public transport routes, which connect the area to the whole of Edinburgh (see routes 5, 24, 41 in above route map). Lovers’ Loan is the only pedestrianised street. There has been a track on this site since at least the 18th century, originally named ‘The Kirk Road’.

Figure 44: The number 5 bus which serves the Marchmont Area

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5.6: STREET FURNITURE Refer to Street Furniture Map, Appendix C6.

Public services furniture such as electricity equipment boxes and traditional red post boxes have in many instances been set into boundary walls, providing spacious, uncluttered streets and allowing for easier pedestrian flow. Several public benches can be observed at the junction of Marchmont Crescent and Warrender Park Road. Other wooden benches were found at the junction of Marchmont Crescent and Marchmont Road and outside St. Catherine’s Argyle Church. Further along the street, a lone water fount is set into the wall towards the south east of the junction where Lovers’ Loan meets Grange Road, illustrated on the following chapter cover-page.

Street Lighting The electric lighting fixtures are usually about 25m apart on the tenemented streets, creating a staggered effect with those on the opposing side. This alternating pattern is constant throughout the study area, as is the homogeneity of the aforementioned fixtures.

Tall lamp posts are common along major traffic routes such as Grange Road, Sciennes Road and Marchmont Crescent. In contrast, the residential areas with a lesser traffic flow have lower, more closely spaced posts, in keeping with the scale of the area. Thirlestane Lane mews off Marchmont Road appears to have some original gas lamp fixtures refitted for use with electric bulbs.

Figure 45: Two contrasting types of street lighting, and public benches outsude St Catherine’s Argyle AC1 Decoding the City - Page 51

6: BUILT ENVIRONMENT

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6.1: BUILDING AGE Appendic C7 maps the known and approximated construction dates of buildings in the area. By analysing the various feuing plan maps, alongside historical Ordnance Survey maps and contemporary satellite images of the area dates for the period of construction for the majority of buildings have been identified.

Today little evidence remains of the buildings of the first feuing plan of 1825, the earliest of building dates being the late 1840s. Within the study area there is a concentration Figure 46: Homeroyal House retirement complex, the only seven of buildings from the storey structure in the study area, a modern build of 1987. earlier period located on Mansionhouse Road with buildings from 1852 on Lauder Road and the eastern end of Blackford Road. The complex of buildings that forms the Whitehouse Estate on the corner of Hope Terrace and Whitehouse Loan had many different phases of construction but the current White House is probably from the earlier 19th Century. The vast majority of construction dates for buildings in area of study range from the 1860s to late 19th Century, many of these with alterations and additions carried out during the 20th Century. There is a heavier concentration of buildings dating from the late 19th Century to the north-west along Marchmont Crescent and Thirlestane Lane as well as Sciennes Road. Buildings from the mid 19th Century are more frequent to the east of the area, namely Lauder Road, Tantallon Place, Cumin Place and along Dick Place.

20th century developments include a block of flats at the junction of Marchmont Crescent and Sciennes Road as well as those located at Strathearn Road. Additionally there is a scattering of 20th century buildings at the east of Thirlestane Road, Whitehouse Loan, the corner of Dick Place and Lauder Road, where Lauder Road meets Grange Loan, at the corner of Chalmer’s Crescent and Beaufort Road and also on Palmerston Road. Laudate House is another notable 20th century building within the area.

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6.2: BUILDING MATERIALS

Figure 47: Buiding Materials represented in study area

As illustrated by Appendix C8, there is a general homogeneity of the building materials employed throughout the are. The majority of buildings are constructed from locally quarried grey/cream sandstone. Along with the natural Scottish slate for roofs, this allows for a certain uniformity throughout the Grange, and hence the materials used for new constructions must be carefully considered. There are a few variations in building materials. The occasional use of pink sandstone provides subtle contrast within the otherwise dominant usage of greyish cream sandstone. The Royal Hospital for Sick Children is constructed from red sandstone, and the newer extension also sensitively uses this material. The concrete-built 1960s Laudate House of the German-speaking Congregation is a rare example of this type of construction. Similarly unusual is the employment of brick in certain modern builds along Dick Place, and the flats opposite the church on Chalmers Crescent.

Some more recent interventions make use of less traditional materials such as steel, glass and copper (See too prominent extension to rear of Marchmont St Giles, Figure 16).

Figure 48: Some recent interventions make use of less traditional materials - two examples from Dick Place which project above the high boundary walls.

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6.3: BUILDING HEIGHTS A variety of building heights may be observed across the neighbourhood as mapped in Appendix C9. Blackford Road, and Grange Road, are dominated by two storey structures, whilst buildings of four storeys or above are mostly located on Marchmont Crescent, Marchmont Road, Strathearn Road and also Sciennes Road.

The building height can be tabulated as follows: Building height (storey) 1 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL

Number of buildings 13 4 184 42 33 22 7 1 1 307

As the above chart illustrates, the majority of structures are two storeys tall, comprising 60% of the total, with only 4% bearing five floors or more.

5

Figure 49 Above: A corner tenement on Marchmont Road Figure 50 Left: Building heights in study area

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6.4: ROOFING TYPES Figure 51: Sketch of varied roofline along tenements of Marchmont

Refer to Map C10.

Most of the tenement flats in the research area use pitched roofs with streetward-facing crowstepped gables (Figure 51). The inclination of the roof differs from 30º to 45º to 60º.

Individual villas and bungalows tend to have a mansard roof, however, there are some examples with a flat roof, mostly in parapet style. There are two main slate patterns; bullnose tiles and rectangular tiles as shown in Figures 52 and 53, both using grey Scottish slate. While the main section of the building of Marchmont St. Giles Parish Church is covered by grey slate (Figure 17), the tower and spire are stone with French chateaustyle roofing. Visual analysis suggests that only two colours of slate have been used on buildings throughout the neighbourhood: dark grey and pale grey, with the exception of the beige sandstone of the Marchmont St. Giles tower, and some of the replacement roofs on Marchmont Road.

Figures 52 and 53: The turrets of tenement blocks displaying bull-nose and rectangular slates

Figure 54: Napier University Marchmont Campus with grey slated gabled-end pitch roof AC1 Decoding the City - Page 56

6.5: LISTED BUILDINGS As Map C11 illustrates, there are 125 Listings within the study area, offering statutory protection to those structures deemed by Scottish Ministers to hold special architectural or historic interest. This List covers a range of building types including smaller items such as gate piers, sundials and police boxes, with a single Listing often comprising numerous structures (e.g. all of the addresses within Thirlestane Lane). As such, over 300 individual properties are protected at present, to which alterations may not be made without Listed Building Consent.

Appendix B3 catalogues each Listed structure, detailing its classification, year of construction, and date of enlisting; the analysis of this data is presented in the following diagrams.

Figure 55: B-listed police box on Map C11 plots the distribution of grading Whitehouse Loan Â

classifications amongst the Listings in the study area; only 2 of which (or 2%) are Category A. These structures, considered to bear National or International importance are 48 and 50 Dick Place – the only known pair of semi-detached villas designed

by Frederick Pilkinton, and the Neo-Norman chapel at what is now the Gillis Centre on Whitehouse Loan. The latter structure was designed by James Gillespie Graham in 1835 with later additions by Archibald Macpherson with involvement from A W N Pugin, it is therefore one of the earliest structures protected.

A disproportionate number of Listings are classified as Category B, or regarded as bearing Regional significance. These 95 designations comprise 76% of our total List, and range from domestic habitations (whole tenements, individual villas and terraced houses) to public services (inc. Warrender Pool, Sciennes School, and the Royal Hospital for Sick Children) and even the vaults of the Edinburgh Southern Cemetery, designed by David Bryce.

 Figure 56: Listed buildings by category Data: Historic Scotland Listed Buildings Database

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Structures bearing Local significance are lesser represented, with only 28 Category C Listings including St Catherine’s Argyle Church and Thirlestane Lane mews, the rest being individual villas.

Figure 60 illustrates the volumes of Listing by year. It is interesting to note that no Listings have occurred since the Grange achieved Conservation Area status, or indeed in the last twenty years; the majority having been designated in the 1990s. Figure 57: Category B Listed Warrender Pool

Within each suite of Listings a range of periods of construction are represented, however there is clearly a conspicuous absence of structures relating to the more recent history of the Grange, with only three from the twentieth century. Whilst there are indeed comparatively few modern builds in this largely Victorian development (see again Map C7), it is perhaps also true that more recent construction is unlikely to meet Listing criteria. As such, an assessment has been made regarding the architectural merit of structures of all periods within the study area (Section 7).

Figure 58: Breakdown of Periods of Construction and Year of Listing.

Figure 59: Listed buildings by date of construction.

Figure 60: Listed buildings by date of Listing. Data: Historic Scotland Listed Buildings Database

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6.6: BUILDING USAGE As Map C12 illustrates, the predominant building usage in the Grange is residential, changing little from its historical function. Most of the streets consist either of terraces of tenements or of detached or semi-detached Victorian villas with private gardens. Within these streets there are occasional buildings bearing different uses, for example care homes or offices, however it is clear that many of these structures were originally residential and have since been converted. Shops, restaurants, cafĂŠs, pubs and other services tend to be located on the ground floor of tenement buildings. Along Sciennes Road there are several ground floor shops or services which are currently vacant (Figure 6). It can be suggested that this has occurred as a result of the greater number of services on Roseneath Place, thus moving business of customers to the Marchmont area. There are some purpose-built public Figure 61: Vacant shop on buildings such as churches, a school and a hospital, which Sciennes Road have retained the same use throughout their history.

6.7: BUILDING CONDITION The Grange is clearly an affluent area. There are therefore fewer problems with maintenance than might be experienced in other conservation areas. A visual survey suggested that roof structures are in good condition and that exterior woodwork is generally maintained to a high standard. Front gardens and driveways are in good order.

Figure 62: In some instances external paintwork is less well maintained in Marchmont than in the Grange

These observations are more true of the streets housing villas than tenements. The tenemented buildings are more likely to house students, those of a lower socio-economic level or a house in multiple occupancy. Their residents are often more likely to be transient and the maintenance of communal spaces facing the street or the external woodwork is less evident.

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7: SWOT ANALYSIS

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7.1: STRENGTHS

Please refer to Recommendations Map in Appendix D. Many of the factors which contribute to the current character of the area are direct consequences of the initial controls put in place regarding the development of the Grange in its early history, as have been detailed in the Architectural Style section (2.2).

The history of the area can be read through its architecture and general plan, which has strayed little from the original layout. The initial division of land through feuing can still be read in the grid street pattern, which to this date has created an easily navigable network of roads, and references an important stage in the history of the development of Edinburgh.

In terms of architecture, the Grange exhibits a general homogeneity of architectural style (see again Section 2.2) at a largely standardised scale, therefore any interventions need to be made sensitively. The almost purely residential area of high quality construction, which we see now, can be attributed to the initial controls imposed by the feudal superior, which remain attached to the title Deeds of the properties. Amongst other conditions, these specified that only dwelling houses above a certain value (one thousand pounds sterling – Grange Case for Conservation p 43) could be constructed. In general, this has resulted in the maintenance of an affluent neighbourhood, with Dick Place named “the most expensive street in Scotland� for the last two years (The Scotsman). As such, the Grange supports a stable demographic, with the majority of residents owning their properties.

This benefits the area as residents are more likely to take direct responsibility for the care and maintenance of their properties. This contrasts with the situation in neighbouring Marchmont where tenemented properties, subject to shared ownership and a transient population, tend to have more challenges with maintenance. Since Marchmont was not subject to the same level of controls, it now has a wider range of building usage, which contrasts with the quiet and residential area of the Grange.

Historical Development and Location This suburban character was, and continues to be, a draw for residents of Edinburgh.

It is is near the city centre yet has a very different character, offering a spacious green environment at an easily commutable distance. Indeed, it has a high green space to property ratio compared to the rest of the city, and is also close to the communal Blackford Hill and the Meadows. Additionally it is well serviced by good through-routes and public transport linkage to the city and its environs. In close proximity are larger amenities such as supermarkets, senior schools, and universities.

The current study area is unique in its incorporation of two distinct urban characters side by side. Despite sharing similar histories, Marchmont and the Grange exhibit different residential building types (tenements vs. semi/detached villas) defining their contrasting streetscapes. Some of the Marchmont tenements have independent commercial premises on the ground floor, as detailed in the Services Section, 4.3 and Map C12. In contrast to the Grange, there is a more noticeable vibrancy and a higher footfall attracted by AC1 Decoding the City - Page 61

the facilities. The Grange does, however, have some non-residential uses, such as the hospital, nursery, school and nursing homes. Finally, the cemetery forms both a physical and intangible centre of the area. Apart from an extension to the west, the cemetery maintains its historic footprint. It is inextricably linked to the history of the area since it contains the graves of the Dick-Lauder family.

Further to the historic controls, contemporary regulations are in place to continue the ongoing preservation of the character of the area. These include Local Authority planning regulation enforcement (Listed Building protection), and the Article 4 Directions associated with its status as a Conservation Area. As discussed above in Section 5.1 (Landscape), Tree Preservation Orders are in place to protect the extensive green cover which makes a significant contribution to the character of the area. Although these controls may hinder some desired modifications, they ensure the maintenance of the characteristics which define the area.

7.2::: WEAKNESSESAND AND 7.2: WEAKNESSES THREATS Despite a strong sense of community, the area lacks a designated collective space for use by the residents.

Although the local churches are very accommodating with the provision of facilities, there is a need for a nondenominational community space. There is a general lack of public facilities, such as benches to provide pause points for senior citizens.

The high boundary walls are a distinctive feature of the Grange which require maintenance guidelines in their own right. Now and historically they, by their Figure 63: Collective waste-disposal facilities very nature, create a distinct division between the create unsightly obstructions in tenemented public pavements and the enclosed private space. This streets furthers a need for a shared facility, in addition and complement to the private gardens. In Marchmont there are shared gardens to the rear of the tenements, with less separation by boundary walls on the street frontage creating a more open streetscape. However, the collective facilities for recycling and litter disposal create unsightly obstructions within these streets (Figure 63).

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Although the cemetery is a prime green space, its function limits its wider use for recreational activities. It would be enhanced by attending to repair work in the vaults and the many toppled gravestones. Other areas of poor maintenance within the study area include several pavements and roads (Figure 66 overleaf), as illustrated by the Map D. Graffiti and vandalism are notably apparent in secluded areas, such as Lovers’ Loan and garages to the rear of Marchmont St Giles. As such, residents in these areas have introduced security measures such as barbed wire and glass embedded into wall tops (Figure 15). The owners of properties backing onto Lovers’ Loan have, in many instances, blocked their garden doorways from this pedestrianonly route, which largely lacks lighting (Figure 64).

Figure 64: Graffiti on Lovers’ Loan with blocked garden door Figure 65: Graffiti on garages to rear of Marchmont St Giles

Map D marks buildings which the current study has identified as detracting from the overall character of the area. These include examples of buildings which have had previous interventions, such as uPVC windows, and extensions that are not considered to be in-keeping.

Some are modifications which were passed by planning authorities preconservation area status, while others may not have been permitted had stricter regulations been enforced.

Examples such as Kilgraston Court have been put forward as opportunities for remodelling should the need for alterations arise.

Figure 66: Several Roads and Pavements are in a state of disrepair

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As previously discussed, historic controls have shaped the area we see today, however certain of these may not be realistic or applicable to modern living. Importantly, the villas were designed in a pre-car era, and in order to accommodate modern cars there has been a trend towards partial or total demolition of boundary walls and widening of gates for access. There has also been a growing tendency towards the hard-surfacing of gardens and construction of sometimes insensitive garages. Further interventions for expansion include extensions and alterations in order to meet modern needs. However the scope for this is limited and as such this restricts the potential for growth. In contrast to the Grange, the slightly lower property prizes and range of sizes afford a greater diversity of residents and family units.

Recommendations Map D Structures contributing to the character of the area: Those structures that are distinctive or become landmarks due to particular architectural merit, as well as holding community importance. Architectural merit includes examples of individualistic Victorian villa styles with notable use of diverse influences such as Italian Renaissance or Scots Baronial. Some of these are already protected for listing.

There are three buildings that have been identified as potential listings. 11 Sciennes Road, adjacent to Sciennes School, could be included in the School listing, as it is provided as the house for the janitor of the school. It is refreshing in its simplicity and attractive proportions. 4b Blackford Road and 19 Chalmers Crescent (Figure 70) have been selected due to the quality of their modern design, featuring innovative forms such as a Art Deco influenced curved faรงade, of the former, or a pitched roof stretching to the ground, of the latter.

Structures which detract from the area: These have been identified due to the use of insensitive building materials, designs which are on a scale that dominates surrounding buildings or are of a quality that is below the standard of the streetscape.

Figure 67: Hard-surfacing of garden; Loss of boundary wall to provide vehicle access; Properties such as Kilgraston Court may provide opportunities for remodelling in the future AC1 Decoding the City - Page 64

7.3: OPPORTUNITIES As previously discussed, there is a need for the provision of a community space. This could potentially make use of an existing space, for example enhancing the green area along the south side of Sciennes Road. As mapped in Landscape Uses Map C2, this is a publicly accessible area, which seems to currently be little used due to the obstruction of light by tall trees and a high rear wall, as well as lacking maintenance. This area could provide a key opportunity to engage the Figure 68: Greenspace along the south side of Sciennes road could be the focuss community in a regeneration project, perhaps specifically targetted at the pupils of Sciennes of a community regeneration project School. In order to create a greater dynamism within the area, currently unoccupied shops such as those on Sciennes Road and Marchmont Crescent could be used for “pop-up shops” (see Scottish Borders Council ‘Popup Shop Initiative’). The use of these, perhaps for the sale of local produce or as temporary exhibition/information spaces about the Grange, would also prevent the continuing deterioration of vacant shop-fronts.

There may be the opportunity to make use of the sports field directly north of the Gillis Centre, when not in use, as a temporary Figure 69: Possible market place or book fair. Similar use could be made of church screening solution for unsightly wastehalls or Sciennes School playground. disposal units

Figure 70: Buildings proposed for Listing due to their architectural merit: 11 Sciennes Road, 4b Blackford Road and 19 Chalmers Crescent

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It is recognised that a certain level of change is necessary in order for the area to continue evolving. Hence it is essential to provide clear guidance for residents, owners and developers regarding their roles and opportunities for maintenance and development. Suggested guidelines for ongoing development would include good design and restoration practice, stemming from and enhancing the original Figure 71: Guidelines could be introduced feudal controls. Furthermore, guidance for to encourage a greater uniformity of shop subdivision should be provided since this is frontages deemed preferable to demolition and modern builds – if sensitively done.

Following mapping and analysis, a limited number of recommended interventions have been proposed in order to address situations considered to detract from the area.

The roads and pavements previously noted as being in a state of disrepair are clearly in need of attention, as are the boundary walls and façades marked on Map D. These should form part of an ongoing care, maintenance and monitoring programme, and stricter guidelines may be enforced to encourage a greater uniformity in shop frontages in the Marchmont area.

It may also be necessary to screen those aspects considered to be intrusive to the streetscape. These may include communal waste-disposal facilities in tenemented areas, or on a larger scale, built interventions such as insensitive modern extensions to houses where visible from the street. As identified in Map D, whole structures deemed to detract from the area, whether due to their poor state of repair or materials and style which are not in-keeping, are proposed as an opportunity for remodelling to harmonise with the historic character of their location.

Social Development It is proposed that the Grange would benefit from greater links with the wider city, for example integration into Edinburgh International Festival events. This might include the use of certain key venues as performance and exhibition spaces (e.g. Marchmont St Giles, St Catherine’s Argyle and Lovers’ Loan), linked by hop-on hop-off buses from the city centre. With the forthcoming sales of NHS-owned hospital buildings in the area, there may arise the potential for public use of some parts of the buildings and grounds, although it is likely that the majority will ultimately have a residential use.

More generally, a greater public awareness of the heritage of the area could be achieved through wider dissemination of information about its development. This could take the form of both organised and self-guided historical walks with accompanying maps and AC1 Decoding the City - Page 66

literature. It would also be beneficial to have signage and information boards in important locations such as at the cemetery, and greater provision of public benches across the area at strategic points from which to view particular landmarks.

Ongoing maintenance work to both public and private properties, could be done in conjunction with an educational programme involving the Scottish Lime Centre Trust, providing local residents with experience and expertise in practical conservation techniques.

Various sources of funding are available to both home owners and public bodies for the purposes of building works and maintenance. Edinburgh World Heritage has certain grants available via application (e.g. the Repayable Grants for private owners and commercial buildings, or Project Funding for public, community or charitable organisations). Similarly, Historic Scotland have a Building Repair Grants and Grants for Places of Worship. Projects promoting community and heritage can source funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund such as “Sharing Heritage� or from Creative Scotland, such as Awards for All Scotland.

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8: CONCLUDING COMMENTS This report has aimed to identify key characteristics of the Grange, through historical research and physical analysis of the urban environment. The resultant detailed study is intended to be of use to Edinburgh Council, in relation to matters concerning the Grange Conservation Area, as well as to the Grange Association.

A study of historical sources has allowed the generation of a physical as well as intangible impression of the area, which has been seen to persist to this day. Original feuing stipulations have been considered as one of the main factors contributing to the resultant style of architecture, streetscape and general character of the area, that still remains in place. It is this character that the current study aims to help preserve, through identifying the factors which contribute to the whole. Thus extensive mapping has illustrated a contrast in aspects such as building heights and building uses between the urban environments of Marchmont and of the Grange. At the same time, within these two neighbouring areas dividing the study, the report has demonstrated that there is a diversity of architectural style, building materials and building ages.

Further to identifying and illustrating the characteristics of the study area, the report has intended to analyse the contribution of certain physical aspects to the preservation of the historical character. The report has determined those aspects of the physical environment that are a result of historical development, and those which contrast to this. For example within building materials, traditional structures are constructed from sandstone, while the use of brick and concrete correlates with more recent additions to the area. However, as opposed to considering all recent interventions to detract from the character of the area, many have been regarded as of high architectural merit and significant in the ongoing historical narrative. This has been reflected in the proposal to list two modern builds.

The report has also provided some immediate and more long-term recommendations for improvement, of both the physical environment and the community. There are aspects of poor maintenance that would ideally be rectified in the near future, for example the neglected condition of some roads and pavements, which are a safety hazard for pedestrians and cyclists.

Taking a broader approach, the report has made suggestions for the enhancement of community involvement and education in the heritage and conservation of the area. The group considers this to be a vital way in which the Grange can continue to grow and develop without losing its unique historical character.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Cant, Malcolm. Marchmont in Edinburgh. Edinburgh: J. Donald, 1984. Print.

Cant, Malcolm. Edinburgh: Sciennes and the Grange. Edinburgh: J. Donald Publishers, 1990.

Print.

Director of City Development, the Grange Conservation Area Character Appraisal, Edinburgh: the City of Edinburgh Council, 1999 English Heritage, Looking after Conservation Areas, Pamphlet XH20045, London: English Heritage, 2000 Gifford, J., McWilliam, C. & Walker, D. (eds.). The Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh, London: Penguin, 1991 Grant, J. Old and New Edinburgh, Vol. V. Edinburgh: Cassell, 1890 Hall, E.T. The Hidden Dimension, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966 Harrison, W. Memorable Edinburgh Houses, London: Oliphant Anderson and Ferrier, 1893 Larkham, P. J. Conservation and the city. London: Routledge, 1996 McAdam, D., Edinburgh & West Lothian: A landscape Fashioned by Geology, Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage, 2003 Scotland, Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1997 & 2006 Smith, C.J. Historic South Edinburgh, Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers Ltd., 2000 The Grange Association, The Grange, A Case for Conservation, Edinburgh: The Grange Association, 1982

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Websites Broun, D., When Did Scotland Become Scotland, History Today: Volume 46 Issue 10, 1996, http://www.historytoday.com/dauvit-broun/when-did-scotland-become-scotland Oberlander, J., Reeves, J. & Reid, S., (Eds), Memories of the Grange, Edinburgh: the Grange Association, 2003, http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/jon/papers/mog.pdf Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, Edinburgh, Grange Loan, Grange House, 2013, http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/52545/details/edinburgh+gr ange+loan+grange+house/ Scran Learning Images http://www.scran.ac.uk/ The Edinburgh Geological Society, Edinburgh’s Geology, http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/o_ home.html The Editors of The Gazetteer for Scotland, Overview of the Grange, 2013, http://www.scottishplaces.info/scotgaz/features/featurefirst7869.html The Grange Association, Edinburgh, 2013, http://gaedin.co.uk/wp/?page_id=7 The Scottish Government, A Guide to Conservations Areas in Scotland, 2005, http://www. scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/03/29141519/15200

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APPENDIX A: COMPARISONS Edinburgh New Town A further example of a conservation area within the city is that of the New Town which also forms part of the Edinburgh UNESCO World Heritage Site. Although superficially dissimilar to the Grange in terms of architectural style and street plan, it is similarly valued for the quality of its streetscapes, central to the area’s character. The treatment of building exteriors and street materials is tightly controlled, which affects a significant number of tenements. Like the Grange, new interventions are normally encouraged to be either hidden from view, or in-keeping with the existing fabric.

Deptford High Street Deptford High Street is a conservation area in urban London. Centred around Henry VIII’s shipyard, the area includes many 18th century buildings. Its streetscape is valued not only for its historic associations, but for the dynamic evolution of the neighbourhood resulting from the diversity offered by immigrant and artistic communities. Alterations to the character of the area are often approved if the intervention is considered to be architecturally or artistically valuable, or an enhancement to the street scene. As such, there is a greater heterogeneity of building styles than exhibited in the Grange.

Holy Spirit Church Square, Goa The Holy Spirit Church Square developed between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries after the Portuguese anchored their religion in South Goa. The way in which the church dominates the low rise houses on the opposing streets makes the square a unique arrangement in Goa. The atypical nature of the square and its unifying streetscape have secured it as one of the conservation areas in Goa. The architectural style and setting are entirely different from those of the Grange but the square is similar in its residential nature. Whilst interventions to the facades are subject to similar monitoring and will not be approved unless they are deemed to enhance the streetscape, rules regarding the integrity of the wider structure are less strict. Providing that the unity of the street elevation is maintained, alterations to the built fabric can occur.

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Figures A1-A3 (from above): Edinburgh New Town; Deptford High Street, Holy Spirit Church Square, Goa

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APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Figure B1: Geological Map of Scotland (Edinburgh Geological Society: http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/o_home.html)

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Figure B2 : Places of Community Importance as discussed in text. 1. Grange Cemetery, 2. Sciennes Primary School, 3. Marchmont St Giles, 4. St Catherine’s Argyle, 5. Laudate House.

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Figure B3: 1864 Feuing Map (NLS)

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Figure B4 Historical Maps Preceding Page: Top: 1856 W and AK Johnston Plan of Edinburgh, Leith & suburbs, showing the division of the city into thirteen wards in terms of the Edinburgh Municipality Extension Act, http://maps.nls. uk/view/74400935 Botton: 1865 Hislop, Grange Area: Hislop’s new plan of Edinburgh & Leith with suburbs ... constructed for the Post Office Directory / by John Bartholomew.

This Page: 1877 OS Map of Edinburgh, Sheets 43, 44, 47, 48,

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