The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1988 otherwise known as the Republic Act (RA) No. 8550 as amended by RA 10654, Section 82, created the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI)inrecognitionofthe important role of fisheries research in the development, management, conservation and protection of thecountry’sfisheriesandaquaticresources.
In 2020, NFRDI was formally recognized as an attached agency of the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the primary research arm of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The NFRDI also forms part of the national research and development network of the Department of Science and Technology(DOST).TheNFRDIGoverningBoard provides for the overall governance of the Institute responsible for formulating policy guidelinesforitsoperation.
The Institute is mandated as the lead agency in the development and maximum use of technologies, knowledge and information for the benefit of the fisheries stakeholders, and to contribute to food security and increased profit from fisheries. The agency is also tasked to ensure rational and sustainable development, management and conservation of fishery and aquatic resources in Philippine waters including EEZ and adjacent high-seas, to reduce poverty incidence in the sector by enabling and empoweringfisherfolk andtheirfamilies,andto improve global acceptability of Philippine fisheryproducts.
VISION
By 2025, a leader in fisheries research for development towards a food-secure and resilient Philippines with empowered and prosperousfisherfolkandindustry
MISSION
To generate scientific knowledge and technologiesthatisresponsivetotheneedsof thefisherfolkandfisheriesindustry.
CORE VALUES
N–Nurturingandempowering
F–Forward-looking
R–Responsive
D–Dedicated
I–InnovativeandAction-Driven
THE GOVERNING BOARD
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report highlights the overall physical and financial accomplishments of NFRDI for 2022. The agency had a cumulative budget of ₱ 362,799,228.28 for the year in review based on the general, supplemental andcontinuingappropriationsfromthe nationalgovernment.Thisbudgetsupports theimplementation of the Fishery Research and Development Program that aims to modernize and transform the industry alongthevaluechainandtofurthercontributetonationalfoodsecurityandresiliencyofthesector.
The Fishery R&D Program implemented by the Institute consisted of 63 projects and support activities, wherein,35have beencompletedand28stillongoing.FisheryR&D Programs are classifiedaccordingto sub-sectoralthemesasfollows:
a. aquaculture-relatedstudieswith33projects;
b. capture-relatedstudieswith9projects;
c. postharveststudieswith12projects;and
d. cross-cuttingprojectswith9.
Moreover, R&D activities according to the fund source consisted of 40 regular or internally-funded projectsand23externally-sourcedprojects.
Strengthening of partnerships and linkages with local and international institutions are continuously being enhanced that included the DA-Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR), Food Development Center, Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD), the DENR, academe (UP system, CLSU, ISUFST, MSU among others), and international research communities such as the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC), the United Nations Environmental Program-German Development Cooperation Agency (UNEP-GIZ), the Western and Central Pacific Fishery Commission (WCFPC). These efforts were geared towards maximizing the generation and utilization of technologies, knowledgemanagementandinformationexchangeinfisheries.
Based on the Agency’s Program Expenditure Classification (PREXC) indicators, NFRDI has accomplished 100%ofitsphysicaltargets.
For the organizational outcomes, a total of 11 policy recommendations and technologies ( i.e., 8 policy recommendationsand3technologies)wereadoptedbyitsstakeholdersasfollows:
1. Molecular-based diagnostic protocol/disease detection procedures developed specifically for Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) was cascaded and adopted by BFAR National and Regional Fish Health Laboratories;
2. Molecular-based diagnostic protocol/disease detection procedures developed for various StreptococcusbacteriaintilapiaadoptedbyBFARNationalandRegionalFishHealthLaboratories;
3. Induced spawning and artificial propagation of mudfish (Channa striata) or “dalag” adopted by BFARRFO6,selectedfishfarmersandprivate-sectorpartners;
4. Developed national framework and guidelines for the establishment of fish refugia cascaded and adoptedbyRegionsI,IIIandIV B;
Technical and economic performance assessment of SEAFDEC formulated aquafeeds for milkfish and tilapia" in support to aquaculture intensification program of BFAR for the establishment of aquafeedmillsforfishfoodproduction;
Technology protocol verified for "artificial propagation of brown seaweed ( developedbyUniversityofSanCarlosandadoptedbyBFAR
based information on "state of selected fish stocks" and recommended managementoptions/harvestcontrolrulesadoptedbyFMAs7,11,and12;
10. Recommended policy to modernize and upgrade refrigeration systems of transporting tunas from distant seas, i.e., High seas Pocket 1 Special Management Area (HSP1 SMA)asadoptedbyBFAR;and,
Recommended policy and guidelines for the conduct of "risk assessment and evaluation of introduced and invasive species in inland waters", adopted and cascaded to BFAR RFOs for lake
For the organizational outputs, five (5) policy recommendations and nine (9) technologies were generated,developedorimprovedfromtheconductofR&Dactivitiesasfollows:
1. Policy recommendation and scientific advisory on the levels of cadmium in scallops (Bractechlamys vexillum) collected from the Visayan Sea and proposed management interventions for consumer foodsafetyandexporttrade(BFARC.O.andBFARRFOVI);
2. Policyrecommendationandscientificadvisoryontheproposedclosedseasonandsizeregulationof venus clam (Paphia undulata) for sustainable harvest and export trade, and policy options for management;
4. Scientific guidance and recommendations on “SEAFDEC formulated feeds for grow-out of milkfish andtilapia(growerfeeds);and,
5. Scientific guidance and recommendations on “artificial propagation of brown seaweed (Sargassum spp.)”developedbyUniversityofSanCarlosunderlaboratoryscaleconditions.
The NFRDI also delivered services through human resource development and technology transfer initiatives. Eight (8) client-based trainings were conducted in collaboration with the BFAR Central Office and Regional Field Offices, the Villar Sipag Foundation, and the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center/ Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/AQD). Furthermore, to develop knowledge and nurture the skillsoffutureyoungprofessionalsinthefisheriessector,eighty-two(82)studentsunderwent120-hours ofmentoringandhands-ontrainingthroughtheOn-the-JobinternshipprogramoftheInstitute.
Aside fromthe actualconductofR&Ds,the NFRDIalsogeneratesknowledge products fordistributionto its stakeholders. Development of training modules, information, education and communication materials,scientificpublicationsandpolicybriefsaresomeoftheknowledgeproductsgenerated. For 2022, two (2) trainingmodules were developedand being utilized by trainers for cascading matured technologies andknowledgetothe industry.Nine (9)package oftechnologies (POTs)andmanuals were developed to support the delivery and access to economic opportunities through Technology Business Incubationandoperationofthe Aqua-Business School(Aqua-Biz)hubs establishedandoperatedinfour (4)NFRDIR&DCentersinLuzon,VisayasandMindanao.
Knowledge transfer and popularization of technologies are also mainstreamed through development and dissemination of IEC materials in forms of brochures, posters, scientific publications and in quad media platforms. A total of 2,572 printed IEC materials were distributed to partner institutions such as BFAR, SUCs, public libraries, walk-in clients, and other government, civil society and non-government organizations.
Two publishedissues of The Philippine Journal of Fisheries (TPJF), 4issuesofFiSearch newsletters and 7 policy briefs were produced. Digital social media platforms are being utilized to promote awareness and to disseminate information to the public through NFRDI website, facebook account and twitter page. Knowledge products generated from R&Ds are being deposited and managed through physical and digital library for information access and for the development and management of the national fisheryrepositorysystem.
One hundred forty-eight (148) technical assistance were rendered to external clients in the form of customized training, laboratory service and analyses, and as technical resource persons in various seminars,fora,andotherknowledgetransferandinformationexchangeactivities.
PerformancereportfromtheCivilServiceCommissionthroughtheContactCenterngBayan,afeedback facility for government service delivery, disclosed that NFRDI received no public complaint covering January1toDecember31,2022.
Lastly, the Commission on Audit (COA) rated the NFRDI an “Unmodified opinion” report for its FY 2022 financial statements. An “Unmodified/Unqualified opinion” is the highest possible audit grade for government offices. For three years straight, the COA has given NFRDI an “Unmodified/Unqualified” ratinginallitsfinancialstatements.
I convey my utmost support to the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI)asyoupublishyour2022AnnualReport.
This publication is a testament to the NFRDI's dedication, innovation, and relentless in advancing the sustainable development of our fisheries sector. It likewise encapsulates the collective efforts of the agency to the realization of this Administration's goal of building a modernandsustainableFilipinofisheriesindustry.
Let this material alsoserve asavaluable repository ofknowledge and insights,enlightening us on the various sustainable fisheries practices, aquaculture advancements, and marine resource management. As we progress towards the future, it is my hope that this report will not only remind the NFRDI of its renewed progress, but also of its plans that will chart a brighterprospectiveforthesectorthattheNFRDIserves.
Together with the NFRDI's constant support, I am confident that we will continuously improve our nation's capacity to conquer rural poverty, achieve greater food security, and fostereconomicgrowthandcompetitivenessintheyearsahead.
Iwishyouthebestinyournovelendeavors.
FERDINANDR.MARCOSJR. President,Philippines
MESSAGE
Nothinkingcitizen can fail torecognize the rapid rise ofscience and technology in our national life over the last decade. Indeed, modern science and technology have progressed toapoint where they nowexert anenormous influence onthe structure of both the national economy and our society. Consequently, no one can successfully dispute the importance of promoting the vitality of the scientific research on which oureffortstomodernizeourcountry'sfisheriesdepend.
The Filipino fisheries sector is an important source of nourishment, income, and food securityformillionsofFilipinos.Yetourfisheriesindustryisincreasinglythreatenedby theconsequencesofclimatechange,afritteringnaturalresourcebase,anddecadesof overfishingandmismanagement.
The legislation creating the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) arose out of the experience that only by continued support for research can ourNationmaintainathrivingandcompetitivefisheriessector.
But the NFRDI is much more than an executive agency with a research mission. The Institute was conceived as a necessary cornerstone in the national fisheries research program. Its principal task is to support research and development for the entire Filipino fisheries sector and to lead and recommend the broad goals toward which thesemassivenationalendeavorsshouldbedirected.
This Report is an account of the NFRDI's achievements in the pursuit of these objectives throughout a tumultuous year of economic recovery and transition. It outlines the ways by which the men and women of the Institute generated scientific knowledge and technologies that are responsive to the needs of the Filipino fishery sectoramidrisinginflationandintensecompetitionintheglobalmarketforfish.
TheresultsweobtainedfromtheoperationsoftheNFRDIin2022faroutweighitscost. The Institute's annual budget represents no more than a small fractionof the national outlaysforresearchanddevelopment.
The funds involved represent a long-term investment in the national economy no less than the funds presently being invested in the expansion of our country's industrial capacity.
IjoinPresidentFerdinandR.MarcosincommendingthemenandwomenoftheNFRDI for yet another outstanding year of learning, innovation, and information-sharing on behalfoftheNation'sfisherfolk.
DOMINGOF.PANGANIBAN SeniorUndersecretary
MESSAGE
Research-generated technologies are the cornerstone of improving production in the fishery sector. By investing in Research and Development (R&D), we can unlock the full potentialofouraquaticresources,boostproductivity,andensurethesustainablegrowth oftheindustry.
The output of the Institute provides the science in the formulation of policies. On the other hand, the technologies generated in fish breeding and fish feed formulation have immenselycontributedtofishproduction.
I congratulate the women and men of NFRDI for successfully implementing R&D programs and projects that bear significant impact on the fishery sector. For 2022, your efforts enabled the adoption of 11 policy recommendations / technologies specifically aquatic disease diagnostics for Tilapia Lake Virus and Streptococcus, induced spawning of mudfish, development of a national framework for the establishment of fish refugia, amongothers.
I encourage you to sustain the momentum of your current initiatives for the transformationoftheindustry.
I am delighted to present to you the annual report of our agency, capturing the remarkable achievements,transformativeinitiatives,andpromisingoutlookofthepastyear.Thisreport stands as a testament to our collective efforts, unwavering commitment, and dedication to servingourmissionwithexcellence.
Throughout the year, our agency has made significant strides in advancing our goals and delivering impactful outcomes. It is through the relentless pursuit of innovation, collaboration, and responsiveness that we have been able to navigate challenges and seize opportunities,contributingtothebettermentofthecommunitiesweserve.
In 2022, we have implemented 63 projects in aquaculture, capture, postharvest, and crosscuttingprojects,40ofwhichareinternally-fundedwhile23externally-sourced.
We have strengthened our partnerships and linkages both with local and international institutions that allowed us to maximize the generation and utilization of technologies, knowledgemanagementandinformationexchangeinfisheries.
As part of our organizational outcomes, we have come up with 8 policy recommendations and3technologiesthatwereadoptedbystakeholders.
Apartfromtheknowledgeproducts(journal,newsletter,trainingmodules,policybriefs,and other IECs) that we regularly produce and distribute to our stakeholders, we also provided 148 technical assistance to external clients in the form of customized training, laboratory service and analyses, and as technical resource persons in various knowledge transfer and informationexchangeactivities.
While celebrating our accomplishments, this also reminds us of the challenges that lie ahead. It invites us to reflect on our collective strengths and envision a future that is brimmingwithpossibilities.
As we embrace the future, we are cognizant of the evolving landscape and the need for continued adaptability, resilience, and forward-thinking. NFRDI remains committed to staying at the forefront of innovation, harnessing emerging technologies, and embracing transformativeapproachestofulfillourmandateeffectively.
I extend my appreciation to the people behind NFRDI our personnel, whose unwavering dedication, professionalism, and tireless efforts have been instrumental in our achievements. The same appreciation goes to our valued stakeholders and partners who havecontributedtheirinvaluablesupportandguidance.
A total of 11 policy recommendations and technologies ( i.e., 8 policy recommendations and 3 technologies) were adopted by its stakeholders asfollows:
1. Molecular-based diagnostic protocol/disease detection procedures developed specifically for Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) was cascaded and adopted by BFAR National and Regional Fish HealthLaboratories;
2. Molecular-based diagnostic protocol/disease detection procedures developed for various Streptococcus bacteria in tilapia currently being utilized by BFAR National and Regional Laboratories;
3. Induced spawning and artificial propagation of mudfish (Channa striata) or “dalag”, initially adopted by BFAR RFO 6, fish farmers andprivate-sectorpartners;
4. Developed a National Framework for the establishment of Fish refugia and implementing guidelines cascaded and adoptedbyRegionsI,IIIandIV-B;
5. Scientific advisory to BFAR related to technical and economic performance of SEAFDEC aquafeed for milkfish and tilapia" in support to the establishment and operation of five (5) aquafeed mills to intensify aquacultureproduction;
6. Scientific advisory re: technology verification of "artificial propagation of brown seaweed (Sargassumspp.)” developed by University of San Carlos and, as adopted by BFAR-NSTDC underlaboratoryscale;
7-9 Three(3)science-basedinformationonthe "state of selected fish stocks" and recommended Harvest Control rules or management options adopted by FMAs 7, 11, and12;
10. Recommended policy to modernize and upgrade the refrigeration systems of fish
carriervessels transporting tunas from distantseas,i.e.,High-seas Pocket 1 - Special Management Area (HSP1SMA)asadoptedbyBFAR;and,
11. Recommended policy and guidelines for the conductof "risk assessment and evaluation of introducedand invasive species ininlandwaters", as adopted by concernedBFARRFOs.
OrganizationalOutputs
Fourteen (14) policy recommendations and technologies were generated, developed or improved from the conduct of R&D activities as follows:
(a) List of Technologies Generated/Developed orImproved(9)
1. Molecular diagnostic protocol for Tilapia LakeVirus(TiLV);
2. Molecular diagnostic protocol for StreptococcusbacteriainTilapia;
3. Induced spawning and artificial propagation of“dalag”ormudfish(Channastriata);
4. Remote sensing using Landsat-8 images and drone for mapping and for estimating brown seaweed Sargassum resources and habitat coverinthePhilippines;
5. Sea-based nursery and grow-out of tissue culture grown Eucheumatoid seaweed (Kappaphycusalvarezii);
6. Mass propagation of diatom Skeletonema spp.asnaturalfoodsourceforoyster;
7. Breeding and crossbreeding protocols of siganids (locally-known as samaral or malaga);
8. iEXCEL broodstock improvement using DNAbasedgenetichaplotypeprotocol;
9. Domestication and breeding protocol of jungleperchoraguning(Kuhliaspp.);
(b)ListofPolicyRecommendations
Developed(5)
10. Policyrecommendationandadvisoryonthe levels of cadmium in scallops (Bractechlamys vexillum)collectedfromthe Visayan Sea and proposed management interventions for consumer food safety and exporttrade(BFARC.O.andBFARRFOVI);
11. Policyrecommendationandadvisoryonthe proposed closed season and size regulation of venus clam (Paphia undulata) for sustainable harvest and export trade, and otherpolicyoptionsformanagement;.
12. Fish Refugia national framework and
FINANCIALPERFORMANCE
FY2022BUDGETALLOCATION(₱)
implementing guidelines in Regions I, III and IVB;
13. Scientificguidanceontheresultsof“Technology verification study of SEAFDEC developed aquafeed formulation and evaluation results of its technical and economic performance” utilized for the establishment and operation of five (5) aquafeed mills to support the aquacultureindustry;and,
14. Scientificguidanceontheresultsof“Technology verification on artificial propagation of brown seaweed (Sargassum spp.)” developed by University of San Carlos under laboratory scale conditions(BFARRFOV).
The Institute has received a total budget of ₱362,799,228.28. The funds came from the approved FY2022 General Appropriation Act (GAA), General Allotment Release Order (GARO), Continuing Appropriations and Special AllotmentReleaseOrder.
The FY2022 Budget’s breakdown are as follows: Personnel Services (PS) – ₱80,691,133.00; Maintenance and Operating and Other Expenses (MOOE) – ₱256,292,655.28, and Capital Outlay (CO) - ₱25,815,440.00. The CO is mainly for office productivity under the Medium-Term Information Technology andCommunicationsHarmonizationInitiative(MITHI).
As ofDecember31,2022,NFRDIhas obligated₱362,794,320.57 (100.00%) of its budget with a disbursement of ₱350,831,372.75 (96.70%). The remaining 3.3% consisted of unpaid obligations from undelivered goods and other accountspayable.
With the Institute's sound fiscal stewardship, the NFRDI was recognized as one of the top performing agencies under the Department of Agriculture with almost 100% Budget Utilization Rate (BUR) and second with the highest disbursement rate based on DBM FY 2022 Physical and Financial Performance Review. SUMMARY
As the lead agency for fisheries research and development in the country and the primary research arm of the BFAR, NFRDI is tasked to conduct applicable, timely and advanced R&D undertakings. Through the implementation of the Fishery Research and Development Program, efforts to modernize and transform the industry are being mainstreamed by integrating and broadening its R&D interventions and activities along the value chain and to further contribute to the national food security and resilience of
AQUACULTURE OVERALL GOAL
Development and dissemination of sustainable aquaculture technologies that catalyzes growth and enhances profit of the industry
OUTCOME
Annual increase of fish production from aquaculture, species diversification, source of livelihood and profit to stakeholders
STRATEGY
Strengthening scientific discoveries and technology innovations
Utilization of sustainable ingredients for Milkfish (Chanoschanos) and Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) diets cultured in brackishwater pond and marine cage systems
Proponents: Roger Edward P. Mamauag, Ma. Theresa M. Mutia, Lilian C. Garcia, Frederick B. Muyot, Drusila Esther E. Bayate, Liza Mina Lorraine D. Iwag , Cathleen D. Dela Cruz & Raffy M. Clemente
Status: Completed
Feeds comprise around 50-70% of the total production costinfish farming. Thehighcost of feeds limits the intensification of production, particularly the small-scale fish farmers. The increasing cost of commercial feeds prompted many small-scale fish farmers to search for alternative feeds. Since the aquaculture sector generally depends on the use of imported fish meal, utilization of local alternative protein feed ingredients in formulating aquafeeds to reduce production cost was explored using distiller’s dried grain with solubles, poultry by-product meal and protein-enrichedcoprameal.
Field trial experiments were conducted in seven different stations of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center/Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC/ AQD) and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) to determine fish performance parameters and economic viability of a cost-effective feed utilizing sustainableingredients.
Results from the experiment indicated that the fish fed with the cost-effective feed formulation had significantly higher(P>0.05) performance parameters intwofieldtrials for milkfish and tilapia. The remaining five field trials suggested no significant difference (p<0.05) in performance parameters between fish feed and the costeffective formulation and commercial feed. Economic analysis showed the utilization of cost-effective feed formulation in pond and cage operations for milkfish and tilapiahasimprovedeconomicparameters.
The eventual transfer of the verified technology to the feed millers could widen access and market linkage to fish growers and produce more effective feeds to support theaquacultureindustry.
Automation System for Intensive Fry Production of Tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus)
Proponents: Maria Theresa M. Mutia, Ma. Jodecel C. Danting, Milagros M. Apaga, Elmar C. Villota & Christopher S. Pascual
Status: Ongoing
Methodology
The application of automation technology in aquaculture enables to increase production efficiencies.Theprojecthighlightstheupgradingofmodifiedintensivetilapiahatchery(MITH) operations of the BFAR-National Freshwater Technology Center into an automated and ecofriendlyfacility.
Inthis system,the principle ofRecirculatingAquaculture System(RAS)was utilizedtomanage the water parameters particularly the temperature and dissolved oxygen. Moreover, the source of electricity is through solar power to ensure its continuous operation. Upgrading and transformation of the tank system into automated intensive tilapia hatchery was done through repair of concrete tank flooring and drainage system, installation of ground heat exchange system, provision of shading structure, filtration andaerationsystem,hybridsolarwaterpump,sensorsanddataloggers.
Initial results gathered from three cycles of operation indicated higher fry survival of 63.65% using the automated MITH as compared to original MITH protocol with a relative survival of 44.18%. Studies on optimumoperationandrefinementsareongoing.
Enhanced productivity and resiliency through improved milkfish (Chanoschanos) nursery protocols in Central Luzon
Proponents:
Maria Theresa M. Mutia & Frederick B. Muyot
Status: Completed
Thisprojectisanoutscalingofthemilkfish hatchery and nursery technologies using SEAFDEC protocol to increase seed production in Zambales. Two nursery cooperators from Palauig, Zambales and one hatchery cooperator from Iba, Zambales were provided with agricultural inputs such as milkfish fry,feeds,amongothers.The cooperatorswere also trained on nursery and hatchery operations. With the project interventions, there was an increase in the fry production by the hatchery cooperator from 100,000 fry per cycle to 155,500 fry per cycle from 6 larval tanks. This means a 55% increase in fry production from the previous production was obtained. Income had increased by 51% in the hatcheryoperations.Thenetincomegeneratedwas ₱476,816.67 with ROI of 42% and payback period of 2.4.
The use of algal paste was also tested and compared with the conventional use of live phytoplankton. Rotifer production was significantly higher in live Nannochloropsis-fed rotifer than in algal paste-fed rotifer. Despite this difference in rotifer production, the use of algal paste would be very handy in times of collapse of phytoplankton duringtherainyseasonorcoldmonths.
The two nursery cooperators produced a combined total of 1,271,000 fingerlings in five production cycles with fingerling production ranging from 90,000 to 230,000 fingerlings per cycle. This represented a 14% to 28% increase in fingerling production. Comparison of survival rate from the previous harvests (40%), the survival rate was higher in the present harvest with 49-50% survival. The projected net income of the cooperators ranged from ₱479,787.50 to ₱507,900 with ROI of51 to55%andpaybackperiodof1.8to2.0.
The project was successful in providing appropriate knowledge and skills in ensuring continuous supply ofqualityfingerlingsintheircommunity.
Trainingofmilkfishhatcherytechnology for beneficiaries
Outscaling of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) hatchery production in Region 1
Proponents: Westly R. Rosario, Marites Chiuco, Mary Joy G. Agustin, Jojo C. Tubera & Jazmin Z.
Hita
Status: Completed
The project aimed to increase the capacities of village promote fingerling production of African catfish(Clariasgariepinus
The package of technology (POT) developed by BFAR-NFDCwasadoptedbysixvillage from the municipalities of Binmaley, Lingayen, Bolinao in Pangasinan and Rosario, La Union that were profiled and selected as project partners and beneficiaries. Aside from the POT, start agricultural inputs, hands-on training and technical assistance during the project implementation and monitoringwasprovided.
After 4-production cycles, a total of 963,900 pieces of catfish fingerlings or 80.33% of the target fingerling production was generated by the six co operators. Two co-operators surpassed the annual target production at 141.05% and 129.8%, while 2 co-operators generated 94% and 72% levels. The remaining 2 co-operators encountered challenges brought about by weather conditions and water quality problems, thus, only reached below 50% of thetarget.
Trainingofcatfishhatcherytechnology for beneficiaries
In terms of financial performance, 4 out of 6 beneficiaries gained positive profit while 2 cooperators only gained marginal profit from operations. Net income ranged from ₱9,616.85 to ₱402,561.05 or an average of ₱166,602.41, a relative ROI of 155.48% and a relative payback period of 1.48.
The project enabled to link the hatchery produced fingerlings of co-operators to 59 private individuals. Distribution areas include Binmaley, Lingayen, Bolinao, Sual, Bani, San Jacinto, Malasiqui, Bugallon, Calasiao, Sta. Barbara, Mangaldan, Dasol, Urdaneta, Pangasinan and different parts of Rosario, La Union for nursery and grow-out purposes.
Overall, the project has shown the livelihood viability of catfish hatchery operations at village farm-level in selected sites of Region 1. Through appropriate technology interventions, knowledge transfer, access to information and market linkage, the production and economic prospects of catfish breeding and culture could considerably develop andleadtoasuccessfuleconomicenterprise.
Trainingofmilkfishhatcherytechnology for beneficiaries
Growth and survival of tiger lobster (Panulirusornatus) in nursery marine floating cage at different stocking densities
Proponents: Jennifer Poniente, Francisco Santos, Jericardo Mondragon, Karen Candilosas, Mary Nia Santos, Jayson Candones & Paul Brillantes
Status: Completed
This project aims to determine appropriate stocking density for nursery rearing of tiger lobsters. Two stocking densities (i.e.,treatment 1 = 80 pcs/m3 and treatment 2 = 130 pcs/m3) were used in the study. Growthrateswerecomparedbetweentreatmentsintermsofbodyweight(g)andcarapacelength(mm), andsurvivalafter120daysofrearing.
Results show that lobsters cultured at low stocking density had significantly achieved better growth and survivalthanthose rearedunderhighstockingdensitytreatment(atp<0.05 level).Meanweightgainwas 8.92g for low stocking density as compared to 6.87g for high stocking density. Recorded mean length gain, on the other hand, was 15.4mm for low stocking density and 13.38mm for high stocking density. Relative survival was 30% for low stocking density treatment while high stocking density treatmentrecorded21.33%.
Technology verification on the land and sea-based culture of Sargassum
Proponents: Ma. Salvacion R. Ferrer, Ida T. Capacio, Minerva T. Moises, Ma. Christi B. Nacido, Madelyn L. Aguilar, Angelo B. Cañezal Jr. & Salvador D. Escario
Status: Completed
The technology protocol on land and sea-based culture of Sargassum by Largo et al. (2020) was verified using S. kushimotense andS. ilicifolium collected from Bulusan, Sorsogon. Theland-based hatcherywas foundtobeaneffectivemethodinmassproducingSargassumpropagulesforsea-basedpropagation. Successful recruitment and cultivation of Sargassum germlings using clay panel substrates was
achieved. Rapid development of the liberated S. kushimotense zygotes was observed during the 24-hour monitoring. 3 to 6 hours –continuous cell division, 9 hours –development of rhizoidal cells, 12 hours – protruding of rhizoids, 15 to 24 hours – continuous elongation and development of rhizoids.
High survival rate of germlings for the first 3 months under hatchery condition can be attributed to the rapid development of rhizoids and its firm attachment to the artificial substrate. Optimum level of water temperature from 26°C to 31°C, light intensity not less than 50 μmol m-2 s-1, salinity of 33-35 ppt, must be maintained to attain the ideal condition in the culture facility and enable the germlings/plantlets to survive and achieve positive growth development. Further, recirculating water system is essential to facilitate even distribution of nutrients inthecultureboxes.
Outplanting of young plantlets measuring 20 mm and above in a sea-based grow-out is viable using floatinglonglineculture.
Technology promotion of Maliputo (Caranxignobilis) grow-out culture
Proponents: Maria Theresa M. Mutia, Frederick B. Muyot, Janet L. Baral & Liandro O. Antig
Status: Completed
To accelerate technology adoption and transfer to fish farmers, the grow-out culture technology of maliputo was outscaled to 62 co-operators/ beneficiaries from San Luis, Taal, Lemery, and Talisay, Batangas. The co-operator/beneficiaries were trained and provided with technical support and agricultural inputs such as nets, bamboo, and other cage materials for one cycle operation. Two (2) types of fish cage were used, small-cage (4m x 3m x 3m) and large cage (10m x 10m x 5m). After six (6) months, a total of 4.2 tons were produced and soldat ₱350.00perkilogram.
Survival rate of maliputo was high at 82.36% with a profit gained ranging from ₱8, 568.16 to ₱146,117.00 per cycle. The return of investment (ROI) ranged from 247% to 305.34% and a payback period of 0.33 to 0.40 years. The volume of production and the profits gained from the project were positively viewed by the cooperators and subsequently increased the supply of maliputo in theRegion.
Samplingofmaliputobeforestocking
TargetBeneficiaries
BFARRegions;privatehatcheriesandfishfarms
ExpectedOutput
PromotionofPackageofTechnology(POT)for maliputo
Location
Taal;Lemery;SanLuis,Batangas
Stockingmaliputofingerlings
Growth and survival of milkfish from fry to fingerling at different stocking densities in marine cages
Proponents: Jennifer Poniente, Francisco Santos, Jericardo Mondragon, Karen Candilosas, Mary Nia Santos, Jayson Candones & Paul Brillantes
Status: Completed
Milkfishis among the priority fishery commodityfor research by the NFRDI. Various projects have been conducted to augment the fish production of the countryandhelpsupportfishsufficiency.Rearingof milkfish fry to fingerlings, locally known as garungan is normally done in ponds. The project, in partnership with BFAR-National Mariculture Center (NMC) aims to produce garungan using marine floating cages to further help maximize the utilization of mariculture parks in the country. Garunganproductionrangesfrom1”to4”-5”long.
The milkfish fry (hatirin) were reared in bamboo marine floatingcages measuring5mx5mx4m.The project used three stocking density treatments: (1) 120 pcs/m3; (2) 150 pcs/m3; and, (3) 200 pcs/m3 for 60 days of culture. Each treatment had three (3) replicates and milkfish fry were sourced from the same batch to avoid biases during the rearing process. Daily feeding rate was at 20% body weight usingcommerciallyformulateddiets.
There was no significant difference on the stocking densities on the weight and length of the produced garungan. However, Treatment I had the highest survival rate (18%) compared to all the treatments in two trial runs. This could be the ideal stocking density for garungan production in floating marine cages due to the less competition of the stocks for space.
Study showed that nursery culture of milkfish from frytofingerlinginfloatingmarinecagesatasmaller size of 1 inch is possible. This technology will minimize the mortality incurred during transport from ponds to the grow-out marine cages, thereby increasing production and income for milkfish growers.
Proponents: Maria Theresa M. Mutia, Frederick B. Muyot, Janet L. Baral & Liandro O. Antig
Status: Completed
Backyard ornamental fish production is one of the suitable aquaculture technologies. It only requires low capital investment and operating cost but with high net income. This project was implemented to promote supplemental livelihood for local fisherfolks. It is expected that this technology will increase their income and further support the local ornamental fish industry. Twenty cooperators from nine (9) towns in the province of Batangas, Laguna and Quezon were selected and trained. Agricultural inputs and technical assistance on breeding and culture protocols developed by NFRDI were also provided to the cooperators. Fish production, sales and production cost of each cooperator were collated to determine gross sales, net income, returnofinvestmentandpaybackperiod.
Nine species of ornamental fish were bred and produced by the cooperators (guppy, swordtail, molly, platy). Batangas is the highest producer (72.9%) followed by Laguna (14.3%) and Quezon (12.8%).
Results showed that fish production of cooperators increased by 12.30% to 314% in thirteen cooperators. Net income and gross sales ranged at ₱9,128.00 to ₱ 78,035.00 and ₱15,450.00 to ₱86,995.00, respectively. Return on Investment (ROI) was more than 100% in all cooperators with a paybackperiodof<1yearupto1.2years.
Ornamental fish production is a promising livelihood that can be promoted to fisherfolk and canbereplicatedinotherareas.
Carrying capacity for aquaculture production in Lake Taal
Proponents: Maria Theresa M. Mutia, Myleen L. Magistrado, Flordeliza P. Cambia, Myla C. Muyot, Christian B. Cuevas, Ma. Danica A. Magpantay, Jemn D. Serrano, Benjie D. Tordecilla & Neriza B. Perfiñan
Status: Completed
Aquaculture is recognized as a fastgrowingindustryglobally.TaalLakeisa substantial contributor to regional and national food supply from fish cage production. However, the observed decline in water quality attributed to increasing phosphate levels in the lake has posed the question of how much aquaculture production can the lake support at its currentstate.
This study aimed to determine the ecological carrying capacity and permissible number of cage units in the lake using the Dillon-Rigler budget phosphorus model. Four aquaculture sites and four open water areas were identified as sampling sites. Monthlywatersamplingandanalysisforphosphate, total phosphorus (P), nitrate, nitrite and ammonia, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids and salinity was carried out in the sampling stations including sediment, aquaculture waste and feed samples. Water quality analyses show that Taal Lake exhibits poor water quality characterized by temperature, pH, DO, phosphate, and ammonia going beyond prescribedlimits bythe DepartmentofEnvironment and Natural Resources (DENR). Specifically, phosphate levels in Taal Lake have already exceeded limits (0.025 ppm as per DENR DAO 202119)atanaveragelevelof2.5215ppm.
The ecological carrying capacity results show that the lake can support a production of 37,006.37 tons of fish per year. From this estimate, the appropriate number of cages for different levels of production was computed. With an assumption of 7 tons of fish harvest per cage at a prescribed initial stocking densities of 50,000 pcs for tilapia and 14,000 pcs for milkfish per 10x10 m cage area. It was found that the current number of allowable fish cages produces more than the estimated carrying capacity.
Based on surveys and key informant interviews (KIIs) made, around 9,770 fish cage units were operating in the lake. It is recommended to reduce the number of cages to 5,286 units while maintaining compliance with prescribed initial stockingdensities.
Recommended strategies to promote sustainable aquaculture production include the following: reduction on the number of allowable fish cages based on the computed carrying capacity, strict implementation of the prescribed stocking density, promotion of good feeding and aquaculture practices to minimize feed wastage, wellprogrammed bioremediation for nutrient absorption and filtration technologies, intensification of IEC campaigns and training for lakeshore communities,removalofillegal fishcages andpost-evaluationofpolicies.
Risk assessment of introduced fishes in the Philippines
Proponents: Myleen L. Magistrado, Lilian C. Garcia, Maria Theresa M. Mutia, Mudjekeewis D. Santos, Eunice Bognot, Ma. Lourdes D. Merilles, Myla C. Muyot, Allan Gilles & Charlotte Marasigan
Status: Completed
Introduction of non-native species (NNS) into their non-native ecosystem is the second leading cause of biodiversity loss and has been a global environmental concern. In the Philippines, introduction of freshwater fish species has been documented but only few assessments on their invasivenessweredone.
ThisstudywasconductedtoassesstherisksofNNSinfiveriskassessmentareas(RA)namely,LakeBuhi, Lake Mainit, Lake Naujan, Lake Paoay, and Laguna de Bay using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK). Thirty assessors from different stakeholders within the RA area screened 10 NNS composed of 5 NNS that are already present in the RA area (extant) and 5 NSS that have seen in close proximityintheRAarea(horizon)todeterminetheirpotentialofbecominginvasive.
A total of 50 non-native species (NNS) were assessedand provided a completerisk assessment outcome and species categorization classified as low-, medium-, and high-risk based on the threshold values that had been established. The risk categories provided information to decision-makers to identify species that need immediate management actions such as control or eradication to avoid impacts to the native speciesandtheecosystem.
Rational utilization, development and management of resources through provision of best available scientific information to ensure sustainability of harvesting wild stocks.
OUTCOME
Annual increase of fish production from capture fisheries, species diversification, source of livelihood and profit to stakeholders STRATEGY
Ensuring Long-term Sustainability of Capture Fisheries
National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP)
Proponents: Maria Theresa M. Mutia & Francisco SB. Torres, Jr
Status: Ongoing
The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (RA 8550), as amended by RA 10654, in particular Sec. 7 (access to fishery resources), Sec. 8 (catch ceiling limitations) and Sec. 9 (establishment of closedseason) mandated the conduct of scientific studies on stock assessments to obtain scientific information to be used as basis for the proper utilization, conservation, protection, development and management of the country’s fisheries andaquatic resources including the estimation of appropriate volume of catches such as Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), Total Allowable Catch (TAC), seasonalandspatialclosures,size limits, among others. Through the BFAR Regional Field Offices, NSAP conducts fishery dependent estimates, via landed catch and effort monitoring of 747 fish landingcenters nationwide todetermine the status of Philippine capture fisheries.
Stock assessment results for each Fishery Management Area (FMA) indicatedatotalof17stocks,comprising 9 species, were found to be exploited and beyond the Limit Reference Points (LRPs). Policy recommendations and proposed management actions will be elevated to the Science Advisory Group fordiscussion.
The actual analytics of the platform as of November 2022, obtained using third-party cloud software and the NSAP monitoring panel. A total of 4,101 unique users who stored up to 17,581 page views have been recorded since its launching, including the 916 returning visitors mostlyusingdesktopasadominantdevice.
Date:October29,2021–Nov15,2022
Dominantdevice Desktop(2,277users)
PopularWebpage Explorer-light version (3,409views,824users)
Topregions(users) Metro Manila (1,315 users), Calabarzon (485), Central Visayas (373), Davao(307)
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FISHERIES POSTHARVEST
OVERALL GOAL
Utilization, development, commercialization of quality and safe fish and fishery products through science-based postharvest and information.
OUTCOME
Maximize the economic benefits derived from fishery resources for stakeholders and the industry.
STRATEGY
Sustainable and Globally Competitive Fish and Fishery Products Ensuring the authenticity, traceability, quality, safety and sustainability
Utilization of fish processing wastes for silage production
Proponents: Ulysses M. Montojo, Riza Jane S. Banicod, Gezelle C. Tadifa & Deserie M. Peralta
Status: Ongoing
The processing of fish wastes into a substance that can be used as an ingredient in animal rations is one way to minimize the environmental issues created by the high volume of wastes. Fish silage processing is a feasible option since it is an easy-tomake product that only needs minimal investment. The project aims to develop a low-cost technology forsilageproduction.
Fresh unutilized sardines head, and fish processing by-products discarded from sardines bottling industry in Dipolog City, Zamboanga del Norte were utilized as raw materials for the production trials.
Fish silage is prepared in two methods: by acid fermentation through use of formic acid (acid ensilage) and, anaerobic microbial fermentation through use of molasses (fermented silage). In a tropical climate, a pH of 3.5 is recommended for a stableandstorableproduct.
Minced samples were placed in a 16L covered plastic container, and were subjected into three varying percentages of industrial formic acid (2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%) and sugar cane molasses (20%, 25%, 30%).Fishsilagesampleswereevaluatedintermsof its chemical (protein, and pH) and microbiological (total plate count, yeast and mold count) compositions.
The acidensilage methodachieved a quicker rate of liquefaction than the fermentation method. Initial results of the study showed that the yeast and mold count, using spread plate technique, of both acid andmolasses-basedfishsilagewere atconstant<10 CFU/mL from 1st week to 4th week of storage. The Aerobic Plate Count (APC), on the other hand, derived an average of 1,045 CFU/g and 1,167,444 CFU/g for acid ensilage and fermented silage, respectively.
For chemical analyses, average pH for acid ensilage and biological silage was placed at 4.3 and 4.4, respectively. The pH values for the former were maintained at an average of 4.0 – 4.2 since day 1, while it is noted that in the latter, pH values dropped to 4.0 after 40 hours. The pH value of the fish silage decreases below 4.5 during the process and this pH decrease is partially responsible for preservation. As observed, there was a slight increase in pH value from the 17th day and 31st day of storage. The fluctuation in pH, in all silages, during the storage period was apparently caused by the degradation of biological composition of fish skin,bones,andscales.
In terms of crude protein, the average estimated value was 13.56% for acid ensilage and 12.25% for biological silage. In biological silages, an increase in crude protein content was noted after the 14th day of storage and decreased by the31stday.Incontrast,acidensilagedecreased by the 14th day and increased gradually by the 30thday.
Microbiologicalandchemicalcompositionoffish silage was not consistent as values vary and depended on several factors like storage time, rawmaterial,andenvironmentalconditions.
Atotalof310 smokedfishprocessorsfrom Pangasinan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Cavite, Bataan, Bulacan, Pampanga, Quezon, Camarines Norte, Albay, Sorsogon, Maguindanao, and Lanao del Sur were interviewed. A structured survey questionnaire was used as a tool to generate data and information on the socio-demographic profile of smoked fish processors, fish smoking operations, supply and product movement, as well as issues and concerns related to processing, handling, storage, and marketing of smoked fish. Almost 68.54% of the respondents are backyard processors that can operate with or without securing barangay permits. Micro-enterprises make up 27.15% while the remaining 4.31% are either small or medium businesses. Milkfish, tilapia, roundscad, sardines, mullet, tuna and tuna-like species are among thefisherycommoditiescommonlyusedforprocessing ofsmokedfishinthecountry.
In areas of Maguindanao and Lanao del Sur, fish species intensively utilized for smoking include carp, mudfish, and catfish. Due to a scarce supply of fresh roundscad, the majority of processors opted to utilize frozen roundscad. Upon receipt, these raw materials may or may not be sorted based on their quality, size, and species. Approximately, 97%ofrejectsweredue to fish having damage or bruise, being headless or segmented, having a burst belly, and/or a soft flesh. This can be rooted from poor handling practices such as improper icing and rough handling, as well as the purchaseofinferiorqualityfrozenfish.Eachregionand provinces varied in their smoking process – from the receipt of raw material, washing and cleaning, brine soaking, brine cooking, smoking, cooling, packaging, marketing, and storage. Majority of the backyard processors, and micro/small enterprises used concrete smokehouses or “pogon”, while others utilized stainless smokehouses, and improvised smoking chambers made from used freezers and drums/barrels. Oneofthesignificantpracticesmadeknownduringthe assessment was the use of artificial color or “egg yellow”.MostinterviewedprocessorsfromPangasinan, Quezon Province, and Camarines Norte were found to apply a varying amount of food color that was being sprayedon the upperorexposedpartofthe fishbefore subjecting it to the smoking process. Additionally, a variety of fuel sources were used by the processors to yield smoke during the process. These include sawdust, wood shavings, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shell, or merely newspapers and cartons. The smoked fish typically last up to seven days if only stored in an ambient temperature, and may reach up to two weeks whenrefrigerated.
Siteinspectionofprocessing areaforsmokedfish production
Survey interview with smoked fish processors
Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked
Proponents: Kathlene Cleah D. Benitez, Flordeliza D. Cambia, Karl Bryan S. Perelonia, Bryan E. Tanyag, Pearly Anne D. Owog owog, Allysa Ross N. Almagro, Clarisse Jasmine J. Carlos, Jerick Jann M. Quiambao, Trisha Pamela L. De las Alas, Kishiro Miguel Leyritana & Ulysses M. Montojo
Status: Ongoing
Summary of PAH levels of smoked fish samples gatheredfromMalabonwetmarket
Results showed that samples collected in Malabon wet market have concentrations of PAH4 and benz(a)pyrene below the regulatory limit of 30 ug/Kg and 5 ug/Kg, respectively.
Summary of PAH levels of smoked fish samples gatheredfromRosario,Cavite
Results showed that samples collected in Malabon wet market have concentrations of PAH4 and benz(a)pyrene below the regulatory limit of 30 ug/Kg and 5 ug/Kg, respectively.
Summary of PAH levels of smoked fish samples gatheredfromBalanga,Bataan
Samples collected in Balanga, Bataan have concentrations of PAH4 and benz(a)pyrene below the regulatorylimitof30ug/Kgand5ug/Kg,respectively.
Smoking is one of the oldest food preservation technologies which mankind has used in fish processing. Aside from extending the shelf life, this type of method helps enhance the taste, color, and aroma of the fish (Yusuf et al. 2015). Wood carries some harmful compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that can penetrate through the surface of the fish. Fresh samples may also contain PAHs as these compounds are known to be present in the environment. However, introducing smoking techniques significantly increased their PAH levels(Igweetal.2012).
In order to quantify the levels for PAH in smoked and raw fish, samples (mackerel, sardines, milkfish and round scad) from five (5) sampling areas of the country (NCR and Regions I, III, CALABARZON and V) were collected for analysis. Household interviews were also conducted to assess the possible human health risks associatedwithsmokedfishconsumption.
Samples collected in the Malabon wet market have concentrations of PAH4 and benz(a)pyrene below the regulatory limit of 30 ug/Kg and 5 ug/ kg,respectively.
Smoked tamban (ST) samples (ST 6,9, and 10) collected from Rosario, Cavite exhibited PAH4 concentrations of 30.0691, 53.5784, 30.7592 ug/ kg respectively exceeding the regulatory limit. In addition, the same samples (ST-6,7,8,9, and 10) also registered benz(a)pyrene concentrations whichexceedtheregulatorylimit.
Balanga, Bataan samples and other samples from mackerels, and roundscads have concentrations of PAH4 and benz(a)pyrene belowtheregulatorylimit.
Commercialization of pickled sea purslane (atsarangdampalit) in Region III
Proponents:
Christine Ann S. Tila, Bernajocele Jayln S. Baldoza, Janine T. Ametin, Ariel Joshua J. Madrid & Angellie G. Fernandez
Status: Completed
InthePhilippines,thepresenceofseapurslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum locally known as dampalit, is evident in the fishponds around Manila Bay. The majority of the farmers purposely plant this to prevent the embankments of their fishponds from eroding. In Sasmuan, Pampanga, fisherfolks process Sea Purslane into a pickled relish known as atcharang dampalit. The atcharang dampalit is said to be appealing, delicious, and highly acceptableasarelish.
However, the market of this product is limited due to the need for compliance with the country’s production and marketing standards. In order to address the gap, the NFRDI assisted the processors in the commercialization of the atcharang dampalit with the Federation of Sasmuan Fisherfolks Association Inc.
The processing of atcharang dampalit was standardized. The final formulation consisted of 29% fresh dampalit leaves, 21.95% red cane vinegar and 14.40% white vinegar while the remaining 34.65% consisted of other ingredients such as sugar, carrots, red onion, garlic, red bell pepper, ginger, salt, green chili and flavor enhancer. To finally transfer the developedtechnologyto the fisherfolk beneficiaries,a three-day training on the production of atcharang dampalit was conducted last July 13-15, 2022. The training was participated by the 30 members of the Association.A standard processing procedure had alsobeenformulated.
The microbiological tests revealed that the total plate count (TPC) and yeast and mold count (YMC) of pickled sea purslane are <10 CFU. This is within the acceptable level based on FDA circular 2013-010. In addition, the nutritional analysis of atcharang dampalit showed that the product contains 38.6 calories per 50 g serving. This serving also contains 0.05goffat,0.50mgcholesterol,346mgsodium,8.4g carbohydrates, 2.4 g dietary fiber, 6.4 g sugars, 1.1 g proteinand0.15mgvitaminC.
These laboratory analyses will support the Cooperative in complying with the regulatory requirements for manufacturing and marketing these products. The product label that is compliant with the requirement of FDA was also drafted. Once permits, licenses, and certifications are complied with, they can expand their market and provide additional livelihood opportunities for their family. This initiative supportsthe goalofthe CNFIDP2016-2025toincrease the competitiveness of fishery products by assisting MSMEs in developing and improving product quality. Basedontheseassumptionsthattheaveragemonthly production of 2,400 bottles, the return of investment rate(%ROI)isat62.9%withapaybackperiodof1year 10 months and 26 days while the rate of return of capital(%IRR)isat56.9%.
The Philippine Salt Industry: Current Status, Issues, and Challenges
Proponents: Ulysses M. Montojo, Riza Jane S. Banicod, Flordeliza D. Cambia, Christine Ann S. Tila, Bernajocele Jalyn S. Baldoza, Karl Bryan S. Perelonia & Cherry E. Romero
Status: Ongoing
Despite being an archipelagic country, the Philippines is importing 93% of the country’s annual salt requirement. In response to the declining salt production, the Philippine government is currently leading the way to revitalize the industry by providing necessary policy, research, production, postharvest, and marketing-related interventionstosaltindustrystakeholders.
A comprehensive profiling of salt producers, with a total of 1,084 respondent, was carried-out from October to December 2022 in various provinces of the country namely Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Zambales, Cavite, Batangas, Quezon, OccidentalMindoro,Catanduanes,Iloilo,Guimaras,Antique,Negros Occidental, Bohol, Negros Oriental, Zamboanga del Sur, and Misamis Oriental to generate baseline data and to determine the rootcauseofdeclininglocalsaltproductioninthearchipelago.
Majority of the interviewed salt producers were from Pangasinan and Negros Occidental at 31.55% and 24.82%, respectively. Occidental Mindoro is home to 38 salt producers that continue to thrive to revitalize the shrinking industry in the country. A number of salt producers in the province of Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Guimaras, Misamis Oriental, Iloilo, and Antique also continue to thrive amidst the challenges brought by weather changes and market restrictions. The dwindling numbers of salt producers in Bulacan, Cavite, and Bohol indicates a total demise of the industry inthecomingyearswithonlyafewremainingproducersleft.Onthe other hand, salt production in Catanduanes, Negros Oriental, and Zamboanga City have already ceased operations due to erratic weatherpatternsbroughtbyclimatechange.
Respondents are mostly individual producers (97.88%) while organized groups (associations and cooperatives) and corporations comprise only 0.74% and 1.38%, respectively. Salt producers were also classified according to production quantity. Small-scale producers whose production volume ranges from >2 MT to 300 MT per year constitute 82.76% of the respondents, followed by subsistence(≤2MT)at10.75%,medium-scale(>300MTto2,000MT) at5.84%,andlarge-scale(>2,000MT)at0.65%.Sincethemajorityof the producers are subsistence and small-scale, 68.82% of the respondentsdonothavepermitsfromanygovernmentagencies.
Salt producers from Luzon are using clay tiles and bricks, usually from Vigan, as flooring for salt beds or “banigans” to prevent contact of salt fromearthen ground during harvesting.However,some producers are now shifting to High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane since repair of salt beds is becoming more expensive due to limited availability of clay tiles. Aside from HDPE, a small minority revealedthattheyuseeithercementorcementmixedwithapog(lime),bricks,stones,andceramic tiles in their crystallizer. There are approximately 63,382 salt beds in Luzon. Occidental Mindoro is leading with 35,000 salt beds, followed by Dasol and Alaminos, Pangasinan at 8,717 and 4,038, respectively. Majority of salt producers in the Visayas and Mindanao make use of polyethylene plastic sheets, which caneitherbeblackortransparent,assaltbeds.Thereare10,973saltbedsintheVisayaswithatotalarea of 0.23 km2, while approximately 0.27km2 of land is allotted for salt production in Mindanao with 6,385 salt beds measuring 0.03 km2 in total. Approximately 90% of solar salt production area is used as reservoirandevaporatingpondswhileonly10%isallocatedforsaltbeds.
Salt is an “orphan” where no specific agency is tasked to oversee it despite being an important mineral in agriculture and industry, leading to outdated policy regimes and lack of focused interventions and development strategies. The country has failed to adapt to the drastic changes brought by climate change,passage ofmandatorysaltiodization,urbanization,marketcompetitiondue toGATT-WTOtariff reduction,andstringentfoodsafetystandards and productqualityrequirements due todependence on traditionalpracticesandlackofinnovationbroughtbylimitedresearchanddevelopmentstudiesonsalt production. The said factors along with unattractive business environment as demonstrated by high cost of land rental fees, limited availability of raw materials for salt farm development, lack of saltrelated infrastructures, limited access to financial and other government support services, laborintensive and seasonal production, unjust labor practices, and small economic returns have steered the growing disinterest in salt-making enterprises. These have led to changing business interest and an agingpopulationofsaltproducerswhichindicateatotaldemiseoftheindustryinthelongrun.
Dependence on importation leaves the industry vulnerable to food supply chain disruptions. Given that the Philippines has a huge potential for expanding salt production with its vast shoreline, the government should undertake immediate steps to revitalize the Philippine salt industry by addressing policy gaps and technological challenges as well as providing adequate financial, production, postharvest,marketing,andothersupportservicestoatleast1,084localsalt producers.ThePhilippines should leverage public funding and resources to execute appropriate policies, initiatives, and strategies to develop, strengthen, and improve the salt industry and ensure sustainable and inclusive growth amongstakeholders.
Based on the study, the following management options were identified from the key issues and immediateneedsofthesaltindustry.
NFRDI conducted a total of nine (9) intensive trainings for 1,896 participants for CY 2022 organized by the Training Division (TD) of NFRDI. It catered specifically to members of the local government units (LGUs), Provincial Agriculture Offices (PAO), Non-Government Organizations (NGO), National Government Agencies (NGA), Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) training officers, and fisheries instructors, to train fishers and practitioners on various fisheries andaquacultureinformationandtechnologiesdevelopedbyNFRDI.
Aquanegosyo trainings on tilapia culture and aquaponics were done in partnership with DABFAR and Villar SIPAG Farm School in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. The capacity-building initiative sought to encourage localfish farmers to venture into tilapia culture and aquaponics allowingthemtoharvestfishandvegetableseveninalimitedspace,includingabackyardorrooftop.
On the other hand, Fishkwela Series, an online trainer’s training intended for NFRDI’s key stakeholders were also conducted featuring five topics: cost-effective feeds for milkfish and tilapia, crab identification, Scombridsidentification,oysterculture, and polyculture ofcatfish and tilapia.
NFRDI also organized the first-ever Ornamental Fish Summit to convene key industry players anddevelopplansandprogramstosupportthedevelopmentofthelocalornamentalfishindustry in the country. Six experts representing various sectors: producers, traders, hobbyists, and policy implementers, presented in the morning, while a workshop was held in the afternoon. A synthesis was presented in the closing program, highlighting possible interventions and courses ofactionfordevelopingtheornamentalfishindustry.
(b) On-the-Job/InternshipTrainingProgram
Eighty Two (82) students were capacitated through the Students’ Training Support (STrainS) program of the Department of Agriculture - National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (DA-NFRDI). STrainS Program is an immersion, on-the-job training (OJT) or internship program designed for high school (junior and senior) and college (undergraduate and graduate) students in the Philippines which aims to provide the students with real-life work learning experiencetohelpthemtransitionfromstudentstoprofessionals.
Thestudentswereassignedinthedifferentdivisions/centersoftheInstitute.Asaproceedingsof the program, students presented their accomplishments during the culmination ceremony, showcasingwhattheylearnedfromthetrainingsprovided.
For CY 2022, through the evaluation mechanism done by NFRDI, STrainS program appeared to have a good impact to the professional growth of the students given that intensive hands-on trainingsandlectureswereserved. PARTICIPATION
Technology Business Incubation (TBI) Program on various fisheries and aquaculture
Proponents: Joseph Christopher C. Rayos, Ph. D., Nonita S. Cabacaba, Niko A. Macaraeg, Mary Nia M. Santos, Ph. D., Cristan Joy M. Campo, Celestina Q. Jumawan, Janet L. Baral, Frederick B. Muyot, Bernajocele Jalyn S. Baldoza, Riza Jane S. Banicod
Status: Completed
TBI is one of the strategies identified by the NFRDI and the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) to promote innovationandagri-aquaentrepreneurshipforthe country’ssocio-economicdevelopmentina knowledge-based world economy. TBI involves a scheme where innovation is promoted and supported towards commercialization. It aims to help aquaculture and postharvest technology-based businesses by providing a range of resources, services, and facilities needed during the development and implementationstage.
Eight matured package of technologies (POT) in aquaculture and fishery postharvest were offered. Services offered under the program include capacity building on aquaculture farming, post-harvest technologies, business management, provision of agricultural inputs, and technical support services for fisherfolk,fishfarmers,cooperatives/associationsandindigenouspeople.
The Philippine Journal of Fisheries (TPJF) is the official joint publicationoftheBureauofFisheries andAquaticResources (BFAR) and the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI). It is a semi-annual, openaccess journal that accepts research articles, short communication, review articles, commentary, and policy briefs on relevant topics covering all aspects of fisheries, both in basic and applied sciences. Some of the related fields of studies are Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture, Postharvest Technology, Marketing and Industry, Aquatic Ecology, Oceanography, Aquatic Resource Conservation, Health of Aquatic Organisms, Biotechnology, Food Safety and Traceability, Socioeconomics, and Systematics in freshwater, estuarine, marine, and otheridentifiable waterhabitats. The articles are held to a high standard by undergoing a rigorous peer-review process by experts in particular fieldsoffisheriesandaquaticsciences.
Two (2) issues of TPJF were produced and published online in FY 2022. Volume 29 No. 1 was published on July 1 with six (6) research articles and three (3) short communications. Meanwhile, Volume 29 No. 2 was published on January 6, 2023 comprised of 8 research articles and 2 policybriefs.
The Philippine Journal of Fisheries (TPJF) is now listed on ROAD (Directory of Open Access Resources). ROAD is a service offered by the ISSN International Centre with the support of UNESCO’s Communication and Information Sector. ROAD provides free access to those ISSN bibliographicrecordswhichdescribescholarlyresourcesinOpenAccess: journals, monographic series, conference proceedings, academic repositories, and scholarly blogs. Scilit, on the other hand, is a database of scholarly works developed and maintained by the open-access publisher MDPI. The name Scilit uses components of the words “scientific”and“literature.”
Also, TPJF has been relisted in the Andrew Gonzalez Philippine Citation Index (AGPCI), which guarantees two-year indexing from 2022 to 2024. Journals in AGPCI are recognized for their commitment to upholding the scholarlyqualityandstandardsoftheirpublication.
TPJF is also indexed in Scopus, Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), ASEAN Citation Index (ACI), Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstract (ASFA), Google Scholar, National Book Development Board(NBDB),AquaDocs,andCrossref.
The TPJF website is maintained and updated with Advanced Online Publication(AOP),searchfunction,logosofindexing,andanalytics.TPJF has 43 local experts and 15 foreign experts as members of the editorial board.
Coined from Fisheries Research, FiSearch is the active quarterly online publication of NFRDI's officialnewsletter.
These digital copies highlight the milestone achievements of the NFRDI in the conduct of its R&D projects aimed to increase productivity of the agri-fisherysectorofthecountry.
Youmaydownloadthelatesteditionat
https://nfrdi.da.gov.ph/fisearch-newsletter/
NFRDISOCIALMEDIAPLATFORMS
Digitalsocialplatformsarebeingutilizedtopromoteawarenessandtodisseminateinformationtothe public. Important information about NFRDI, news articles, video presentations and other learning materials are uploaded in the website for stakeholders to read and view. The NFRDI FB Page, is another platform similar to website, with immediacy of information as the cutting edge. It include infographics of important events with brief captions and to further connect and share NFRDI’s accomplishments. It also serves as a platform for collecting immediate feedback from stakeholders andviewers.
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LIBRARYSERVICES
A total of 2,572 printed IEC materials of developed package of fishery technologies and information materials (brochures, posters, manuals)onfisheries,aquaculture,postharvest and cross-cutting disciplines were distributed and disseminated to partner institutions such as BFAR, SUCs, public libraries, walk-in clients, and organizations.
User & Information Services is the frontier of the Knowledge Management Resource Center (KMRC) in delivering the needed information needs and research related demands of its stakeholders. In the course of developing the physical and digital library, the unit has been rendering specific services such as research consultation, informal tutorials and document delivery on a request basis. These services are delivered through online (i.e. chat, and email) andphysical(i.e.facetofacediscussion),inline with the preferred mode of the requesting clientele.
To realize the mandate of becoming a national repository of fisheries information, the NFRDI KMRC has initially conducted profiling, and consultative meetings with various libraries and information centers situated in State Universities and Colleges, Government Agencies and other institutions. The aim of these activities is to know about the ground status andexistingprograms aswellastoforge prospective collaborative endeavors that is geared towards centralized, and equitable access to information resources. Various institutions such as DA-ATI Knowledge Resource Center, Batangas State University –ARASOF, and Philippine Science High School –Western Visayas Campus have given their commitmentandsupportincontributingtothe realization of the Institute’s national fisheries repositoryandotherfutureinitiatives.
As one of the institutional development initiatives, the operation of Fisheries Digital Library (e-library) and fishery knowledge management and information repository is being mainstreamed and operationalized for easy information access and use of clients and for wider sharing of knowledge assets and for integration of human resource capacity building in field of fisheries. Digitization and operational efficiency will be one of the goals and prime objectives of the Institute in the coming years to steer the fishery researching communitiesatthenationallevel.
Integrated Library System (ILS)
Digital Repository
Benchmarking with SEAFDEC-AQD
Distribution of IEC materials to BATSU-ARASOF Library
Technical assistance rendered to externalclients include provision of knowledge and skills transfer e.g., as resource person to various seminars, fora, and other scientific and information exchange activities, capacity building activities to various State College and Universities (SUCs), organized fishery groups andotherstakeholdersthroughoutthecountry.
A total of one hundredforty-eight (148) technical assistance was rendered tovarious clientbeneficiaries fortheFY2022.
NFRDI’s Integrated Research Laboratory (IRL) ensures the efficient delivery of laboratory services in support to operation of research studies being undertaken by the Institute, as well as on samples submitted by the private sectorsandBFAR(nationalandregional).
A total of 467 samples from different R&D projects of NFRDI were tested for biological, chemical, and molecular analyses. The laboratory also accommodated interns from CLSU,OLFU,PLM,andUPV.
The IRL is now in the process of acquiring a certificate of accreditation for ISO 17025 version 2017 to ensure its clients and the general public that the laboratory operates a qualitymanagementsystemandistechnically competentintheproductionofvalidresults.
LABORATORYYEARREVIEW
Activity 1 - DevelopmentandImplementation of Quality Policy Manual according to ISO 17025:2017fortheLaboratory
November10-11,2022
December13-14,2022
August1-5,2022
Activity 2 - Competency of Laboratory Staff (ManagementandTechnical)
LGC Fish Salmonella spp.and Vibrio parahaemolyt icus Satisfactory
IFM Fish Totalplate count, coliforms,and Escherichia coli Satisfactory
DOST Octopus powder Salmonella spp. Satisfactory
FAPAS Water chemistr y Cadmium, lead,nickel, arsenic, chromium, andmercury Satisfactory resultfor arsenic,
FAPAS Canned fish Cadmium, manganese, mercury,and zinc Satisfactory
Activity5–Laboratory support to R and D activities ofNFRDI
A total of 467 samples from different R&D projects of NFRDI were tested for biological, chemical, and molecular analyses. The laboratory also accommodated interns from CLSU, OLFU, PLM, and UPV.
To upgrade knowledge and competence of its regular and contractual personnel, human resources development opportunities are pursued through attendance in various trainings, seminars, and workshops.
