2010 Bellevue Avenue Historic Gates, Fences & Walls

SAVING BELLEVUE AVENUE: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls

© 2010 Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve our Historic Gates and Fences

Introduction The gates, fences and walls of Bellevue Avenue, dating from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries, represent the work of a number of prominent American architects. These enclosures made of brick, stone, wood and iron reflect a variety of construction methods, materials and historic revival styles. When taken as a whole, all of these gates, walls and fences serve as a character-defining framework for Bellevue Avenue; they are the first elements an individual sees and encounters.

While much has been preserved, there have been significant areas of loss with the destruction of estates such as Stone Villa, Chetwode and Villa Rosa and their accompanying walls and gates. As a result, the historic character of sections of the avenue has been radically altered. Despite some demolition and neglect, Bellevue Avenue remains today as a relatively intact historic thoroughfare and gives its name to the Bellevue Avenue National Historic Landmark District.

However, the very gates, walls and fences that define this legendary street are not appropriately protected under the present Historic District Ordinance. Newport’s residents must remain vigilant in order to preserve the beauty and historic significance of one of the city’s most important streets.

The following images illustrate the historic importance of Bellevue Avenue’s gates, walls and fences and their critical role in defining the character of this famed street.

Adapted from a presentation given by John R. Tschirch, Director of Museum Affairs and Architectural Historian, The Preservation Society of Newport County on August 12, 2010

© 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 2

Touro Cemetery Bellevue Avenue at Kay Street

Marking the beginning of Bellevue Avenue, the granite Egyptian Revival style gate and fence at Touro Cemetery was designed by Isaiah Rogers, ca. 1843.

Isaiah Rogers designed a similar Egyptian Revival entrance to the Granary Burying Ground in Boston, ca. 1840.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 3

Redwood Library and Athenaeum 50 Bellevue Avenue, between Redwood Street and Old Beach Road

This 19th century cast iron fence provides an appropriate sense of scale to the street.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 4

Stone Villa 181 Bellevue Avenue, between William Street and Jones Avenue

Stone Villa (1833) was a Greek Revival-style house built for the Middleton family of Charleston, South Carolina. It stood on Bellevue Avenue between Jones Avenue and William Street.

The destruction of the house and its wall in 1957 for the development of the Bellevue Gardens Shopping Center radically altered the appearance of Bellevue Avenue. ca. 1955

ca. 1957

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 5

Kingscote 253 Bellevue Avenue, between Jones Avenue and Bowery Street

The double board fence, dating to the second half of the 19th century, is an essential framing element of the street.

The form and materials represent the variety of fencing treatments that were available during the 19th century.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 6

Bellevue House 304 Bellevue Avenue, between East Bowery Street and Berkeley Avenue

The Colonial Revival style Bellevue House (1910) by Ogden Codman displays the use of classical design principles, symmetry and order.

Brick gate posts and Chippendale-style wooden gates are inspired by 18th- century sources.

Codman worked at The Breakers and several other Newport projects. He promoted his classical design principles in The Decoration of Houses (1897), co-authored with Edith Wharton.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 7

The Elms 367 Bellevue Avenue, between Bellevue Court and Dixon Street

Designed by Horace Trumbauer and based on 18th-century French gates, the entrance to The Elms (1901) reflects the level of opulence gates and fences on Bellevue Avenue reached by the early 1900s.

Threatened with destruction in 1962, the house, gardens, gates and fences of The Elms were saved by the Preservation Society from probable demolition.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 8

Villa Rosa 401 Bellevue Avenue, at Dixon Street

The Neoclassical style Villa Rosa (1901) was a masterpiece of planning and ornament by Ogden Codman.

Its entrance was unique, utilizing two sets of gateposts that led first into a forecourt and then a walled inner courtyard.

The main house and gardens were destroyed in 1962 for residential development; the gateposts survived until their demolition in 2004.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 9

Chateau-Nooga 420 Bellevue Avenue, at Narragansett Avenue

The elaborate scrollwork of this cast iron fence is typical of High Victorian taste.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 10

Chateau-sur-Mer 474 Bellevue Avenue, between Leroy Avenue and Shepard Avenue

Richard Morris Hunt, known as the “Dean of American Architecture,” introduced the Neo-Grec style – a combination of abstract forms derived from ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman sources – to America.

The gateposts are based on Egyptian obelisks with the upper parts inscribed with an ibis, the sacred bird associated with the Egyptian god Thoth.

The cast iron gates have abstracted floral ornament.

Beyond the gates are the original plantings designed by the Olmsted Brothers.

© 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 11

459 Bellevue Avenue Between Howe Avenue and Hazard Avenue

Dudley Newton designed the main house; the Olmsted Brothers designed the gardens for Harold Brown.

The low granite wall was a common feature of many Bellevue Avenue estates, marking the edge of private properties, while allowing views of the house and grounds.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 12

Vernon Court 492 Bellevue Avenue, between Shepard Avenue and Victoria Avenue

The main house is in the French Revival style, and was designed and built

by Carrère and Hastings between 1898 and 1901.

The walls are composed of elaborate wrought iron work and brick posts topped by classical urns.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 13

Chetwode Bellevue Avenue, at Victoria Avenue and Ruggles Avenue

Designed by Horace Trumbauer, the cast and wrought iron of Chetwode’s (1903) opulent fence was composed of c-scrolls, derived form 18th-century French precedents.

As at The Elms, this Gilded Age estate was an important character-defining feature of Bellevue Avenue. Its destruction in 1973 drastically altered the appearance of the avenue.

ca. 1903

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 14

Beechwood 580 Bellevue Avenue

Calvert Vaux designed the Beechwood (1852-1853) estate with Andrew Jackson Downing, the most prominent theorist in architecture and landscape design in mid-19th-century America.

This simple Renaissance-style wall is important to the definition of the streetscape.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 15

Marble House 596 Bellevue Avenue

The size, scale and splendor of fences increased in the 1890s, keeping pace with the extravagance of Newport’s great houses.

The Marble House (1888-1892) fence is a lavish display of cast iron ornament and light fixtures.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 16

Champs Soleil 601 Bellevue Avenue

The architects Polhemus & Coffin designed Champs Soleil in 1929.

By the late 1920s, a more restrained version of the French classical style was in fashion.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 17

Beaulieu 614 Bellevue Avenue

Calvert Vaux, a partner in the design of New York’s Central Park with Frederick Law Olmsted, designed Beaulieu (18561859).

The wall has sophisticated Renaissance Revival-style ornament and was one of the most elaborate in mid-19th-century Newport.

The wall is capped by oval-shaped vermiculated stonework, an Italian Renaissance treatment to make stone look aged and worn.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 18

Clarendon Court 620 Bellevue Avenue

Clarendon Court (1903-04) has Georgian style pillars, walls of limestone and an intricate cast and wrought iron gate.

Architect Horace Trumbauer built several grand houses on Bellevue Avenue, including The Elms, the adjacent Miramar, and the nowdemolished Chetwode. Trumbauer’s classically-inspired designs were among the most monumental gates and fences on the avenue.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 19

Miramar 650 Bellevue Avenue, at Yznaga Avenue

Miramar (1914) has one of the most extensive wrought and cast iron enclosures of any Newport estate.

The grillwork displays images of Apollo set in sunbursts and cast iron tassels hanging from the fence points, all inspired by 17th-century examples from Versailles and other châteaux.

Recently, the gates have undergone meticulous restoration by the owner.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 20

Belcourt Castle 657 Bellevue Avenue

The Belcourt Castle (1891-1894) gate and balustrade are comprised of architectural fragments recovered from other estates.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 21

Rockhurst 720 Bellevue Avenue, at Ledge Road

Gate lodge, ca. 1898

A low granite wall surrounded the original Rockhurst (ca. 1895), designed by the firm of Peabody & Stearns.

Today, the gatehouse and wall survive; the main house was demolished in 1955.

Š 2010 The Preservation Society of Newport County, 424 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island 02840 www.newportmansions.org Saving Bellevue Avenue: Preserve Our Historic Gates, Fences and Walls 22