Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1
5.1.1
Section 5: Task C: Plan for prevention of further degradation of catchment Chapter 1: Guidelines for Forestry Introduction:
•
Ethno forestry
Forests constitute an important component of watershed resources and need to be conserved and managed properly. It is now well recognized that well stocked forests, well terraced farm lands are not major contributors to soil erosion. It is also well known that Northern aspects are moist and generally well covered with good forests and vegetation and soil erosion problem is much less. However, southern aspects are dry, desiccated and devoid of good vegetation. Scarcity of fodder and fuel wood leads to lopping, chopping and cutting of trees. Grazing and browsing by domestic and migratory animals lead to removal of protective vegetation cover thus leading to soil erosion problem. Involvement and sensitization of village communities which is lacking at present can play an important role towards protection of forests.
•
Improvement of Tree Cover
•
Bamboo Plantation
•
Improvement of Pastures/ Grass lands
•
Raising of medicinal plants
•
Agro Forestry
•
Participation of stakeholders through Incentive Scheme
•
Introduction technology
Treatment Proposal: The CAT Plan supports a combination of locally proven site specific technologies that would reduce soil erosion, conserve water and improve vegetal cover in the catchment. Unstable terrain, decreased forest cover, excessive biotic pressures are responsible for depletion of forest resources at a fast rate resulting in increased rate of siltation. The components that would retard the rate of siltation in our catchment are as under:
of
Modern
1.1 Ethno forestry: Advance Closure, which is a Specific sub discipline of Ethno Forestry Advance Closure, can reduce the cost of afforestation upto 40% and surplus can be used for maintenance for longer period. Advance and effective closure by fencing in order to take advantage of natural regeneration of Acacias, Albizias, Dilbergia, Melia, Poplars, Salix, Alnus, Celtis ‘ustralis, Ficus species, Juniper, Lanea spp, Prunus spp, Oaks, Jamuna, Cheel, Kail, Deodar etc. This is be possible as Root stocks, stumps and mother trees of the species already exist in the area. Earth work, cleaning of rank growth, singling, spacing and fencing should be done in the year preceding the plantations. Rainy season is advantageous before planting and two growth periods as a large number of species regenerate from dormant root stocks, stumps and
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 seed. As far as possible, planting should be done on staggered contour trenches. Seeds of Acacias, Albizias, Melia, Neem, Ulms, Kainth should be Sown on berms of the trenches. Furthermore, species to be planted should be preferably leguminous and fast growing and mixture of fuel, fodder and timber trees would be valuable. The main species recommended are Robinia, Ailanthus, Walnut, Aesculus Laucaena, Poplar, Ritha, Drek, Ban Oak, Shisham, Chuli, Siris, Kunish, Beuhl, Maple, Bird Cherry, Kail, Deodar, Chil, Khair, Terminatia, Toon and Salix which is planted depending upon site conditions. After plantation various intercultural operations like, weeding and hoeing, replacement, removal of suppression and fertilizing should be undertaken. For improving moisture regime of the area trenching may be done. Size of gradoni trenches is be 1x0.30x0.30 meter and 300 to 500 plants per ha. Are to be planted.
5.1.2
monsoons. Fencing should be done with 4 strands of Barbed wire, interlaced with thorny bushes at vulnerable points. Wherever stone is available in abundance stone fencing may be done. Live hedge fencing can be done in lower hills where slopes are gentle and soil is not rocky, but this type of fencing has to be done one year before planting. In this case too Barbed Wire fencing is needed at strategic places i.e. where cattle damage is more. The plantation should be supplemented with species like Neem, Darek, Albizia, Shisham, Khair, Terminalia, Alnus, Kail etc. Maintenance will be done for five years in lower area and 7 years in upper Kinnaur and Spiti. For raising successful plantations involvement of local habitants is a must. This may be done by providing some incentives through P.E.S. (Payment for Environment Services) Scheme. Various intercultural operations during the year of plantation is same as under Ethno forestry. 1.2.2 Filling up Gaps:
The plantation will be maintained for 5 years in lower areas and 7 years in upper Kinnaur.
1.2 Improvement of tree cover: 1.2.1 Afforestation Scheme or New Plantation Model: Blank areas devoid of tree growth shall be taken up for afforestation. Choice of species depends on the site. 1100 plants per Ha. in case of Conifers and 850 in case of Broad Leave are to be planted. Wherever possible trenches are to be dug, otherwise planting will be done in pits. Earth work should be done well in advance. Size of plants to be planted should be 50 to 60 cms for Broad Leaved varieties while 25 to 30 cms in case of Conifers. Plants should be healthy with strong stems. Planting should be done with first shower of
In most of the old plantations, there is about 50% failure which has resulted in big gaps which need fresh planting. The gaps should be filled up with broad leave hardy species like Robinia, Alnus, Poplar, Chuli, Ficus, Ailanthus, Celtis australis etc. Planting stock should be healthy and tall. Fencing is needed at many places. 600 to 800 plants per Ha. may be planted. All other operations are same as under new plantation. 1.2.3 Enrichment Planting Model: In areas where natural trees exist but their density is below 0.3, enrichment planting are undertaken. On an average, 500 to 600 plants per Ha. Are planned to be planted. Selection of species is done after thorough study of sites and the natural trees growing in the area. Mostly broad leaved species
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 are planted but at places Conifers are also be planted. 1.2.4 Irrigated Planting Model (Afforestation in Pooh & Spiti Sub Divisions): In cold desert areas i.e. Upper Kinnaur (Pooh Sub Division) and Spiti the plantation cannot survive without watering. At present vegetation is exists only along Nalas with perennial flow. New plantation is raised in areas where hand watering can be done with pipes. Water is stored in specially constructed tanks of about 50000 litres capacity i.e. having size of 7x5x1.5 meter. This costs about Rs. 1.5 lakhs. The species planted are mainly willow, poplar, sea buck thorn, wild rose etc. In Upper Kinnaur at suitable sites Neoza plantations are raised through irrigation. 1100 plants are planned to be planted per Ha. All other inter cultural operations are to be carried out. SPECIES RECOMMENDED VARIOUS ZONES:
FOR
Low Hills (Zone I): Khair, Kachnar, Shisham, Silver Oak, Bamboo, Anogeisus latifolia, Morus spp, Ficus spp, Terminalia spp, Amla, Mango Maharukh, Soap nut, Neem, Darek, Subabul, Siris. Mid Hills (Zone II): Chil, Ban Oak, Terminatia, Daru, Amla, Bamboo, Poplar, Beul, Silver Oak, Salix, Khirk, Kachnar, Terminalia species Maharukh, Toon, Ficus spp, Robinia, Simbal, Albizia Thinensis (Ohi) Morus spp.
5.1.3
High Hills- Cold Desert (Zone IV) Chilgoza, Robinia, Poplar, Salix, Khirk, Sea buck thorn.
1.3 Bamboo planting: Bamboo is versatile, strong and environment friendly material. It is the fastest growing woody plant on earth. It can be grown quickly and easily and sustainably harvested on 3 to 5 years cycle. It grows on marginal and degraded lands, elevated ground along field bunds and river banks. It adapts to most soil & climatic conditions. It acts as an excellent soil binder and effective carbon sink. It has multiple uses. Average yield is 10 tons per /Ha/year. In China well managed Bamboo plantations yield upto 50 tons per/Ha/year. 1.3.1 Cultivation: Bamboos are generally propagated vegetatively although they are best raised through seeds. Seedlings are raised in nursery beds and allowed to develop for a year in polypots after which they are transplanted in field. As Bamboo seeds are rarely available they are raised through rhizomes or culm cuttings. In rhizome planting one year old culms with roots are dug up, cut to about a metre high and planted during rainy season. While planting extra care should be taken not to injure the junction of culm and rhizome. Irrigation is necessary after planting. Planting is done at 4x4M spacing.
High Hills (Zone III) Deodar, Kail, Moru Oak, Walnut, Fir, Spruce, Kharsu Oak, Poplar Kosh, Kunish, Tut, Horse Chestnut, Moharukh.
Bamboo plantation
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1
heavy pressure of grazing. The present level of production of most of these pastures is one fourth of their actual potential.
1.3.2 Nursery Technique: Seed is sown in germination beds during July - September. Germination takes place in 10 days. Transplant seedlings develop 3 to 5 leaves. 8 month old seedlings are separated into rhizome having root and shoot. Separated material is planted in 9” x 4” p bags. Plants will be ready for planting in July next year.
5.1.4
•
Low Lying Pastures:
Conditions like low lying pastures near village are worse. The pressure on these pastures is very acute and calls for urgent rehabilitation measures to restore their production status.
1.3.3 Harvesting & Yield: 1.4.1 Alpine Pastures: Harvesting can be done from fifth year onwards. However, commercial production harvesting should start from 6th year. In 6th year 6 culms per clump, in 7th year 7, 8th year 8 and so on till ninth year onwards 9 culms per clump will be harvested. One or 2 year old culms are left for regeneration. From ninth year onwards average yield is about 35 tonnes per ha.
Owing to traditional grazing rights of the graziers, it is difficult to restrict the number of animals grazing there. Thus the only alternative left is to increase the productivity.
1.3.4 Species: Most commonly planted species is Dendoroclamus strictus as it has ready market and grows in varied type of soil and Agro climatic conditions. However, for Agro forestry tall bamboo like Dendroclamus hamiltonic is most suited because of its fast growth and high return. This species thrives in deep fertile soil with very good moisture.
1.4 Improvement of pastures: Pastures are of two type viz. Alpine and Low lying. •
Alpine Pastures: Alpine pastures have their own significance in geographical, environmental and socio economic conditions of an area. They are spread over natural slopes and form considerable portion of the catchment area. They are the main source of forage/herbage for cattle, sheep and goats. Soil erosion is rampant in these areas due to continuous
The treatment consists of eradication of obnoxious weeds, application of some manure/fertilizer and strip sowing of improved grasses. The areas are protected with help of thorny bushes. If the rainwater is allowed to be retained in the area, recovery is quick. This is possible in areas having gentle to moderate slope. This is not satisfactory on loose and rough broken soil. i)
Water Spreading:
Grasslands may be improved by water spreading. The water from natural water courses should be directed to adjacent slopes where it can be spread on productive grass lands. Most common type of spreader is a small dam placed in water course with gradient ditches or terraces leading the water out to gentle slopes where it is released through openings in the ditches or terraces.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
5.1.5
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 ii) Reseeding: It is done by sowing of seed or by transplanting seedlings or vegetal segments. The primary handicap in reseeding is insufficient moisture in high mountains. If the rain water is allowed to retain in the soil, the recovery is quick. This is best obtained by means of contour farrows and ridges which are possible on gentle to moderately sloping areas. The best time of reseeding is July-August. Seeds should be sown on the contour. Small seeds should not be placed more than ½ inch deep and large seeds not deeper than 1 inch. 800 patches of 60 cm x 60 cm x 25 cm are prepared for grass sowing. Legumes should be introduced in the areas.
Bromus intermis, Lobium italicum, Poa pratensis, Festuca elatior, Phalaris tuberose. v) Legumes recommended: Phaseolus atropurpareus, trifolium pretense (Red Clover) T. resupinatum (Shaftal clover) T. repense (white clover) Medicago sativa (Lucern) Lupins. vi) Introduction of Fodder Trees: In areas having gentle to moderate slope, 50 fodder trees per Ha. may be planted in temperate zone upto 10000 ft. altitude. Species recommended are Poplar ciliata, Salix spp. Betula alnoides, quercus dilitata. vii) Soil and measures:
iii) Grass Species: a. Existing: Agrostis spp, Poa alpine, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratensa, Festuca pratensis, Danthonia Chemyriana.
Water
Conservation
Some small check dams and vegetative barriers are needed in badly eroded areas. Species like Rosa macrophylla, Desmodium tiliaefolium and Indigofera pulchela is planted for vegetative barriers.
Rosa macrophylla 1.4.2 Low lying pasture: Phleum pratensa b. Species recommended Improvement:
for
Digitaria decumbens, Dactylis glomerata (Orchard grass), Festuca arundinaceau (Tall festucca). iv) Exotic species recommended:
The focus should be to produce more grass and leaf fodder under silvipastoral model. About 200 Fodder trees per Ha. are planted in addition to plantation of grass & legumes under the trees. The various measures to improve these grasslands are as under:i) Weed Control: Grasslands are often invaded by woody, semi woody or
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
5.1.6
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 herbaceous plants of low fodder value, which even at times are dangerous to live stock-shrubs and tree sprouts can be best controlled by cutting weeds by mowing at proper time i.e. generally at time of bloom. ii) Control of noxious plants: Many areas have been invaded by noxious shrubs like lantana. It can be eradicated manually. iii) Fencing: Area may be properly fenced with 4 strands of barbed wire. Strategic points may be interlaced with thorny bushes. iv) Earth Work: Silvi- pastoral model is adopted for treatment. About 400 running meters of trenches of 30 x 30 cms. Size is dug per hectare. v) Sowing of grasses: Grass seed should be sown on berms of trenches. They can also be raised by seedlings. vi) Existing Grasses: Chrysopogan, Heteropogan, Cenchrus, Dicanthium etc. vii) Proposed Improved Grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris, C- setigerus, Chlorus gayana, Napier-bajra, hybrid (Panicum maximum) Guinea grass, Pennisetium spp. Setaria anceps, Napier Bajra Hybrid, Cynodon dactylon, Festuca spp can be propagated by cuttings and nursery raised seedlings easily.
viii) Legumes recommended: Neonotonia wightii, Macroptilium atropupureum, Macrotyloma ‘axi’llare, Leucaena leucocephala, stylosanthes hamata and S. Scabra. Legumes can be raised from seeds, cuttings or seedlings. ix) Fodder Trees recommended: Bauhinia variegate, Acer pictum, celtis australis, Grewia spp, Morus serrata, Devdroclamus strictus, Albizia lebbek, Robinia, Oaks, Toon, Darek, Anogeisus latefolia, Ficus spp, Terminalia, species, Poplar, Salix Albizia Odoratissima, Subabul. Trees are planted in intervening spaces of trenches dug for grass sowing. x) Soil & Measures:
Moisture
Conservation
Many areas are badly eroded with gullies and small nalas due to excessive biotic pressure and utter neglect over long period. Water goes waste as run off causing erosion. Measures to be adopted are as under: a. Ground Cover: A permanent Cover of grass is best way of preventing water loss. b. Terracing: This is the standard method practicable in hilly areas. Carefully designed benches following the contours of the land are formed. c. Water spreading: It is an interesting method of utilizing the rain water for improvement of grasslands. Water from natural water courses is directed to adjacent slopes where it can be spread on productive grass lands.
Cenchrus ciliaris d. Check dams: Check dams may be necessary on slopy lands Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 where water erosion is active and causing gully formation. e. Vegetative barriers of species like Vitex negundu, Arundonax, desmodium, Robinea, Ficus, Willow, Poplar are useful.
5.1.7
1.5.1 Problems: Marketing is a major concern, with the middle man often reaping the greatest return from the wholesale price, with only comparatively small return to the Collector. The cultivation of medicinal plants is avoided by new farmers because of lack of training and market support. 1.5.2 Steps to increase productivity
Vitex negundu f.
Drainage: Land can be brought into productive pasture use by providing better drainage.
1.5 Raising of medicinal plants: Propagation of medicinal plants is an innovative land use strategy to address the livelihood issue of local people on sustainable basis as it provides alternative income generating activities. Moreover, this helps in unsitu conservation of medicinal plants, Medicinal herbs like Karoo, Dhoop, chora, Salam panja, Bankakri, Ratanjot, Nihani, Mushkwala, Dioscorea, Patish, Harar, Bahera, Amla, Reetha, Bacopa monierii (Brahmi), Tejpatta, Shingli, Mingli, Kasmal, Kakarsinghi, Banafsha, Kapoor, Kachri, Bellona Kalajeera, Rakhal, Gucchi, Kijth, Kashmiri Patta, Seski Thijith etc. are found and most of these are collected by local residents.
Productivity of NFTPS including medicinal plants could be increased by reducing shade of dominant species, reducing forest fires, avoid premature and un controlled harvesting and overgrazing, maintaining nurseries of N.F.T.P.S for supply to interested cultivators. Provision of extension services and development of possible and organized marketing channels. As women are the main collectors of medicinal plants, harvesting and marketing awareness programme should be directed at them. 1.5.3 Role of Forest Department: There is a considerable interest both in the cultivation of medicinal plants in Agro forestry systems and also in enriching the population of wild plants on forest land. Forest Department has been taking an increasing interest in naturally occurring medicinal plants found on forest land; but has not coordinated with Horticulture Department for the commercial production of selected species on private land as a further means of reducing pressure on the forests. Medicinal plants are an important component of NFTPS and their collection on forest land is regulated by the forest department. Over exploitation and the extinction of some species has necessitated the introduction and enforcement of regulations. Forest ranges are closed periodically and during closure no
Bacopa monierii Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1
5.1.8
permits for collection are issued by forest department. 1.5.4 Collections: The medicinal plants with high market value are sourced mainly from the alpine pasture, although some species are also found in lower tracts of Deodar forests. Generally sheep and goat herders having grazing rights in pastures collect these herbs and sell them to local merchants. Some other villagers also collect medicinal plants. Recently there has been an interest by pharmaceutical houses to engage farmers to produce medicinal plants under contract as a horticultural crop. NGOs are taking a greater interest in medicinal plants as a potential source of income. 1.5.5 Role of NGO: Lok Vigyan Kendra (LVK) an NGO body formed has developed a village programme to cultivate medicinal plants on degraded land in the Changar area. LVK seeks to assist the communities involved with processing and value addition. It also plans to help the participating communities with marketing of medicinal plants and possibly value added processing into ayurvedic products. LVK is interested in following plants because of ease of production and value in the market:Gloriosa superba, Rauwolfia serpentina, withania somnifera, Contrathrum anthelminticum, Aloe Vera, psoralea corilifolia, Mucuna prureins, chlorophytum- borivillianum, Abrus precatoricus, Lemon grass,Cucumalonga, Silybum marianum, Asparagus racemosus, and Plumbago Zeylanoca.
Silybum marianum 1.5.6 Plantation of NFTPS: Nearly 2000 plants per Ha. Are planned to be planted. Nursery raised plants are planted in patches (60 x 60 x20 cm). Area is demarcated, cleared of unwanted rank growth and fenced with 4 strands of barbed wire- Fence is interlaced with thorny bushes, obtained from the area. Earthwork is done well in advance. Planting is done with onset of summer monsoons. Weeding and hoeing is done 2 to 3 times. If necessary, cleaning may also be done. Some of the species which can be raised by sowing are- Aconitum, Swertia Chirayita, Viola serpens, Velorina wallichii. Species which can be raised by planting rhizomes areDioscorea deltoide, Podophyllum emodi, Velorena Wallichii. Viola serpens can also be raised through root suckers. 1.5.7 Aromatic grasses yielding plants:
and
oil
Aromatic grasses on sloppy lands have wide potential. Cymbopogom martini, Lemon grass, Lavender, Rosemary, Tajetus minor are recommended. 1.5.8 Medicinal Recommended:
Plants
Species
Zone I (Low Hills): Harar, Bahera, Amla, Reetha, Kasmal, Brahmi. Zone II (Mid Hills): Shingli, Mingli, Tejpattar, Kasmal, Morchella esculenta (Kakarsinghi), Banafsha Brahmi
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1
Morchella esculenta Zone III (High Hills): Kapoor, Kachri, Bellona, Chora, Rakhal, Gucchi, Mushkabala, Bichli Buti Zone IV (Cold Desert): Patish, Dhoop, Salam panja, Salam Mishri, Karoo, Aphedra, kijth, Bankakri, Seski, Thijth Kashmal, Kashmiri patta.
1.6 Agro forestry: The problems of fuel wood, fodder and small timber have become so serious that there has arisen a need to evolve such systems that integrate Agriculture and forestry on the same unit of land so that the villagers are able to meet their day to day demand of fuel, fodder and small timber and thus further destruction of forests is stopped which helps in maintaining an ecological balance. Agro silvipastoral system is the most commonly encountered in Himalayas. In this system elements of perennial and annual crops are combined with animals or pastures. The crop/ trees/ livestock are typically found around homesteads. The practices like grazing of animals on fallow croplands, establishment and retention of fodder trees around fields and use of woody shrubs and hedges for mulch, browse, and green manure point to the multipurpose uses of this diverse system. However, with growing human and cattle population, the increasing pressure has been accompanied by a gradual depletion of tree crops from farmlands, and in turn this has increased pressure on forests to supply
5.1.9
these needs. The integrated approach to farming has largely disappeared in many areas and almost all indigenous trees which were once an integral part of the agroforestry system have been removed. Fuel wood was a major product of traditional agroforestry system, but today only 30% of this demand can be met from private lands, thus there is a huge gap in supply which can be met only by illicit removal from forests. The production of fodder is the other main output of Agro forestry systems. Maximum availability from fields is about 60% and the remainder has to be met with from forests. Trees also form the major source of green fodder during winter, when grass and other vegetation dry up. The following systems are recommended for Agro forestry in the areas. i) Need based System):
system:
(Agriculture
Under this system scattered trees are grown on farm bunds or on fallow land yielding fuel, fodder, small timber fibre, etc. This is most suitable for small land holding. Normally 50 to 100 trees are planted over an area of one Ha. ii) Economy based system Agricultural System):
(Horti-
This is the most dominant system prevalent and determines the land use parameters. The most common management system is the HortiAgricultural one, as either the fuel & fodder resources are available or may be made available through procurement, besides, the land holdings are comparatively large. The horticultural trees provide cash return to growers. In stone fruits and Apple producing zone, horticultural trees are dominant. In citrus producing zone, the Agricultural crops dominate. This system also represent an index of
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 optimum land use practices when the land holdings are more than one Ha, then in between the horticultural trees, cash crops like pea, cabbage, tomato, cauliflower, chilli beans and ginger are also grown along with cereal crops like wheat and maize. In bigger orchards (5-10 Ha or 2-5 Ha) the combination of fruits, crops and trees yielding fodder, fuel and timber is recommended. iii) Silvipastoral System (Environment based system): This system in the form of natural grass lands and pastures with or without trees is a consequence of the ecological succession is common in the region. The bio fertility of this system was once sustainable but has degraded now because of increased number of animals. Ghasnies which once sustained cattle grazing are also highly eroded and today only shrubs or euphorbias or other xerophytic species are observed here.
v)
5.1.10
Horti-silvi-pastoral system:
The packaging of horticultural produce is dependent on softwood for packaging. This system makes the farmers self sufficient for packaging fruits and conserve the ecosystem as a whole. Species recommended for Agro forestry in different zones: A)Low Hills (Zone I): Silver oak, Kachnar, Bamboo, Beul, Shisham, Shatoot, Wild fig, Harar, Bahera, Dheu, Siris, Amla, Ritha, Neem, Darek, Subabul, Moringa, Sesbania, Vitex, Agave. B) Mid Hills (ZoneII): Daru, Amla, Maggar, Poplar, Salix, Beul, Silver Oak, Khirak, Kachnar, Chuli, Darek, Maharukh, Toon, Wild fig, Robinia, Simbal, Ohi, Indigofera, Desmodium, Sesbania. C) High Hills (Zone III): Poplar, Kosh, Kunish, Maple, Tut, Horse Chestnut, Moru, Kharsu, Khanor, Indigofera, Robinia.
There is a great scope of improving the pastures by introducing improved grass species, legumes and fodder/fuel trees varying from 50 to 200 plants per ha. The dependence of local villagers and nomadic graziers on pasture cries for their urgent rehabilitation.
D) Cold Desert (Zone IV) Chilgoza, Robinia, Poplar, Willow, Khirk, Ephedra, Artimesia, Quercus ilex, Sea buck thorn.
iv)
Extension Needs:
Hedge row Intercropping System (Alley Cropping System):
It is land use cropping system where arable crops are grown in the interspaces between rows of fruit, fuel and fodder trees or woody shrubs. Woody species are pruned periodically during cropping season to prevent shading effect over annual crops, and branches and leaves remover are used as fodder, fuel or mulch. It helps in increasing over all fertility, particularly when leguminous trees are used. It is important in highlands with rolling topography and steep slopes which are brought under cultivation.
Efforts to popularize newer Agro forestry practices have mainly rested on extension activity. Extension had been limited largely to promoting Agro forestry models developed elsewhere and involving fast growing exotic species. Moreover economics of traditional agroforestry models have been inadequate. Women must be involved in a bigger way. The main requirements of the farmers are supply of good quality healthy plants at reasonable rates, technical knowhow through small leaflets in Hindi, economics of various models and guidance/ help in marketing of
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 produce. Farmers prefer hardy type of fruit species. Bamboo (Maggar) is very paying and should be encouraged. Harit Bilaspur programme may be tried in Sundernagar, Karsog and Ani Forest Divisions.
1.7 Participation of Stake Holders through incentive Scheme: Development projects are designed and implemented for the benefit of people. However, evidence shows that many a times development programmes, besides best efforts could not bring desired improvement. The main reason for this is lack of community participation in the planning and implementation of these programmes. Therefore, the most crucial aspect for sustaining and maintaining a development programme is to initiate community participation right from beginning. Effective joint forest management has to be developed for active involvement of the stakeholders. 1.7.1 Incentive Scheme: For protection of plantations involvement of beneficiaries is a must. Even best of the plantations get damaged due to grazing and browsing. To involve people in a real sense incentive scheme may be introduced. The incentive will be paid in cash for those sites where survival index is more than 66%. The incentive is used to provide social benefits to the village through a J.F.M. or Village Forest Committee or a Gram Panchayat. Only those villages will be given incentive that have an establishment and growth index of above 66% in case of plantations and complete protection of vegetative rehabilitation sites as assessed by Monitoring and Evaluation Unit. For calculating success index undamaged and surviving plant is taken as ‘I’ and browsed and surviving
5.1.11
plant as ‘0.5’ and dead or missing one as ‘0’. Rate of Cash incentive should be Rs. 250, Rs. 200, Rs. 150, Rs. 100, Rs. 50/- per ha at the end of 1st , 2nd, 3rd, 4th,5th year respectively. This payment is made under P.E.S (Payment for Environment Services) Scheme. This amount will form basis for village development funds to which villages may make matching contribution. The village forest committee in consultation with Project Management can spend this money for development works of common interest as approved by the Committee. This programme will go a long way in achieving people’s participation in the project activities. This has worked successfully in the afforestation of the Aravalis under the OBC project in the state of Haryana. 1.7.2 Costa Rica model: In Costa Rica Govt. has succeeded to increase the forest cover from about 27% to 55% by following a simple scheme. Farmers were compensated for maintaining trees on their land. Due to adequate compensation given for growing trees, farmers adopted alternative locations. They are getting fixed income for their forest cover from Govt. and also making income from alternative vocation. In our country Govt. spend crores on afforestation without involving farmers. If portion of that money is paid directly to farmers, they could take better care of trees on their land. In this region large numbers of farmers have abandoned their fields due to reasons like damage by wild animals to their crops. It is proposed that Himachal Pradesh Government should pay some fixed amount of about Rs. 3000/- per acre per annum to farmers for maintaining green cover on their private land which should be afforested by Government under some scheme. Monitoring and evaluation should be carried out by a Committee headed by Forest Official every year. Compensation should be paid directly
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 to farmers. The ownership of trees should remain with farmers. Trees should be allowed to fell under 10 year felling programme. It goes without saying that forest cover cannot be increased without active participation of land owners.
1.8 Introduction Technologies:
of
verim compost pits increased or decreased
5.1.12 can
be
x) Most popular varieties of earthworm used are Eisena foetida and Lumbricas rubellus.
Modern
1.8.1 Vermi Compost: Use of Vermi Compost may be made for fertilization particularly in nurseries. It may also be used to boost the growth of plants.
Vermicomposting pits
Brief method of making Vermi Compost is given below:-
Precautionary Measures for preparing Vermi compost:
i)
Pit of 1.8m x 0.6m x 0.9m (L&W can be changed but height should not be more than 0.9m. Pit should be covered.
i)
Temperature 15 to 30째C, humidity 55 to 60% and value 6.5 to 7 should be maintained inside the pit.
ii) Place a thick layer 5-7 cm of good porous soil
ii)
Earthworms should not be fed with metals, foils, plastics, chemicals, oils, solvents, insecticides, soap, paints, medicines, rubber, glass and poisonous plants etc.
iii) Place a thick layer of 5 to 7 cm of small dry stones or concrete at the bottom; iv) Provide a thick layer of 15 to 20 cm of dung
iii) Earthworms should be protected from snakes, birds, lizards, ants, rats, frogs and other animals
v) Pour 500 to 1000 1mx1mx0.3m size pit
iv) Fresh warm dung should not be used in pit
worms
in
vi) Fill the pit with organic biodegradable wastes, which should not be more than 2 inches thick in size vii) Cover the pit with dry leaves and provide regular watering to moist the pits viii) Vermi compost is ready within 45 to 60 days depending upon the season and the type of raw material used ix) Depending upon the availability of area and raw material number of
v)
Regular maintenance of Vermi Compost farmhouse is essential.
1.8.2 Bio Fertilizers: Seedlings raised in the nursery, under favourable nutrient and water regime often exhibit microbial deficiency and such seedlings when transplanted in the field fail to establish, leading to plantation failures, particularly on problematic or stress sites. Many tree species need these beneficial microbes such as Rhizobium, Frankia and Mychorrhiza, commonly known as bio fertilizers.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 i.RhizobiumIt is rhizobium which lives in the roots of leguminous trees and fixes nitrogen for the plant. Seedlings with Rhizobium are healthier and grow better. It is needed for Shisham, Acacias, Albizias, Prosopis, Seshbania etc. Use of Rhizobium is species specific and has to make sure the use of right kind of Rhizobium is sold as fine black powder packed in plastic bags and must be stored in cool and dry place. ii. Frankia: It is another microbe that can fix nitrogen. It is found in roots of species like Casuarina spp in form of brownish red coloured 1 to 5 cm diameter nodules which are still solid and firm. Remove the nodules and dry them in shade, pound them to dry powder and store in plastic bags under dry and cool conditions. iii.Mychorrhiza: Most of the tropical species develop symbiotic relationship with fungi. The vesicular arbuscular mychorrhiza (VAM) fungi are widely distributed in all types of soils. VAM association help the plants in increased nutrient uptake VAM also increases plant resistance to harsh conditions such as drought, frost and soil acidity. VAM applications have been observed to increase the growth and development of plants substantially. Also VAM inoculated plants exhibit much better survival. The innoculum of the VAM consists of rizosphere soil, root bits and spores, which are cultured in the root zone of plants in sand and soil mixture. Inoculation Method:
5.1.13
covered with black powder. The seeds should be sown immediately. Seedling Inoculation: Mix 1.5 teaspoons of rhizobium powder with 10 litres of water in rose can and water these seedlings. This solution can inoculate 10,000 seedlings. To avoid settling of rhizobium keep stirring. To inoculate Alnus spp mix 2 table spoons of Frankia in water in a rose can and water the seedlings. Always keep on shaking the mixture. The inoculation of seedling with VAM is done all around the root zone of seedlings in a 4 to 6 cm deep circle. About 10 gm of innoculum is used per seedling. Watering is done immediately after inoculation. Sometimes seeds are sown directly on the innoculum so that the roots get infected before transplanting. 1.8.3 Production of clonal plants: In order to improve the productivity clonal technology is a viable option. Clonal plants have higher production rate due to genetic quality. One of the most successful clonal plantation projects in India is based on populus delloides (Poplar. Clones in irrigated plains of Punjab, Haryana, U.P and Uttarakhand, where up to 50 cum/ha/year yields have been achieved. Similarly substantial gains in yield of Eucalyptus have been achieved in many parts of India through clonal plants. Clonal technology: Superior trees established after field trials are cloned commercially through rooting of its juvenile coppice cuttings in controlled conditions in mist chamber (80 to 90% humidity and 28o to 30o c temperature).
Seed Inoculation: After seed pretreatment discard the water and mix 1 Clonal seedling production: or 2 table spoons of cooking oil and Area: - For producing 1 lakh saplings some of rhizobium powder with the annually, 1 Ha area is needed. seed. Mix thoroughly so that seed gets Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter1 Location: i)
immediately kept inside the shade house for hardening purpose for 2 to 3 weeks.
Having plenty supply of water
ii) Site to be sunny i.e. shade free, iii) Good permeability drainage
and
5.1.14
site
iv) Free from dampness and disease v) Protected from wind. Power Supply: uninterrupted power supply required, if not available power back up is a must. Mist Chamber: It is covered with ultra violet stabilized poly carbonate sheets. Floor should be pacca with proper slope. Misting nozzles should be 5 to 6 ft. above the branches inside the mist chamber, which should discharge about 25 to 30 litres of water per hour. Cooling system and heating system containing exhaust fans and hot blowers respectively are essential. Temperature should be maintained between 32 to 36oC and humidity at 80 to 90% which is ideal for rooting of cuttings. Cuttings are placed inside the mist chamber for 30 to 45 days. Maintenance of Mist Chamber: Before shifting cuttings inside the Mist Chamber check all the electronic gadgets and leakages. Clean motor filters, pad line, misting nozzles etc. and then fumigate all root trainers properly and this process should be repeated every 4 to 5 days- check all appliances regularly. The temperature of mist chamber is maintained at 33,34,35,36 during 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week respectively.
Open Area: It is open nursery with sprinkler system for hardening the plants. Plants are kept here for hardening for 3 to 6 months before transporting to planting site. Hedge Garden/ Vegetative multiplication Garden (VMG): The clonal seedling bank is called VMG and is defined as collection of superior genotypes, which are hedged to get the juvenile shoots for continuous supply of cuttings. It has to be as close as possible to the mist chamber. For 100 sq.m mist chamber 1500 plants of tested clones could be accommodated to its maximum capacity. 2 to 3 year old clonal plants are hedged during dormant season (Dec-Jan). Hedge plants should be irrigated frequently. Stock plants should be pruned regularly to maintain height of 10-12 cm from ground level. The stumps of hedged plants should be coated with a mixture of red lead and linseed oil (1 gm in 1250 ml) or 1 gm copper carbonate and 1 gm lead in one litre blue copper to protect from fungal attack- while taking juvenile shoots one shoot must be left to grow.
Shade house: It consists of tubular structure covered with nylon net offering 50 to 75% shade. The floor is kept kaccha. Hanging nozzles for frequent irrigation should be fitted inside the shade house. It is also called hardening chamber as the plants after taking out from mist chamber are Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
5.2.1
Section 5: Chapter 2: Guide lines for Engineering and Bio engineering measures It is observed that the Himachal Pradesh has extreme climate and steep slopes are prevalent in this region. Soil which is a valuable resource is washed away as a result of the monsoon rains and glacial melt. This causes heavy siltation of the Satluj River. This causes flooding and also the hydro-electric projects that are built on the river suffer from great economic losses.
saturates the soil mass located on steep slopes below the orchards. This saturation not only increases the weight of the soil mass but also reduces soil strength upon wetting. This phenomenon becomes the cause of landslides.
2.1
The rills and gullies on steeply sloping landscape are deepening and widening under the debris laden high velocity water flow. The landscape denudation and degradation is accentuating the problem of soil erosion in drainage lines. This also includes stream bank erosion in lower reaches.
Four main sources of sediments in our project area are as under:-
2.1.1 Unscientific disposal of debris generated by road construction activity. The HP is a fast developing state where improving road connectivity is very high on the agenda of the Government. The rural roads are being constructed in a very fragile landscape. The highways are being widened by cutting the hills. The hydro-electric projects need to carry heavy machinery and hence need wider roads. The debris thus produced is not properly placed at dump sites and is just pushed on the lower side slopes which erode very heavily during rains and contribute silt to the river flow. Ecology and development are in conflict. 2.1.2
Landslides and land slips
Weak geology, seismic activity, deforestation, faulty land use and unplanned construction are the main causes of landslides. The earth mass which roles down the slopes or slips down the slope becomes loose and is fast eroded by the rain. We also noted at several locations that irrigated orchards on terraced uplands having rocky sub-stratum generally have saturated soil profiles. The sub-surface flow moves down the slope and
2.1.3 Severe soil drainage lines
erosion
in
the
2.1.4 Severe soil erosion from common grazing lands/ waste lands Livestock substantially contribute to the economy of hill farmers. The scarcity of forage leads to the problem of illicit and over grazing in the adjoining forests. The common grazing lands are over exploited and hardly support useful fodder trees and grasses. The scarcity of fuel wood leads to cutting/pollarding/chopping of trees and branches. The nomadic glaziers with their rights further contribute to the removal of protective vegetation cover thus leading to soil erosion problem. Thus in order to reduce the siltation occurring in the Himalayan rivers, several engineering and bioengineering measures have been suggested for conservation of soil and water. Thus NERIL has suggested several engineering and bioengineering measures in the affected areas.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 2.2 Bio-engineering Methodologies for Soil and Water Conservation:1 Bio-engineering is the use of vegetation, either alone or in conjunction with civil engineering structures, to reduce instability and erosion on slopes. Bio-engineering is an effective way of enhancing civil engineering structures to increase stability as far as possible. This is mainly because it provides the best way to armour slopes against erosion, and can also provide a significant contribution to soil reinforcement and other anti-failure measures (Transport Research Laboratory, 1997).These bioengineering measures have the following salient features: •
Involve use of local available materials and skills providing benefits through economically useful products.
•
cost effective
•
better slope erosion
•
Designed as per condition of the site.
•
Environment friendly solution to stabilize cut slopes along the road alignment.
stabilization
engineered safety.
near
to
the
margin
of
The vegetative structures are also flexible, being capable of absorbing movement and recovering from damage. In this respect, bioengineering is simply part of wise and sustainable asset management since it helps to ensure the life of physical structures, and reduces overall maintenance costs. On roadsides, plants reduce the supply of debris from degrading slopes, which is one of the greatest contributors to road maintenance costs through blocked drains and damaged pavements. Effects of vegetation on Soils and Slopes (From Howell (1999).) (a) Hydrological effects
and
prevailing
Under most circumstances, bioengineering can be effectively combined with appropriate and low cost geotechnical applications to provide the most cost-effective, integrated solution to slope stability problems. This is important for places like Himachal Pradesh because, with the steep and dynamic slopes found in the Himalayas, most hill roads are
5.2.2
(b) Mechanical effects
1
Introducing Bio-engineering to the Road Network of Himachal Pradesh by J. H. Howell, Bio-engineering Consultant, The World Bank,S. C. Sandhu, Senior Environmental Specialist, The World Bank,N. Vyas, Environmental Consultant, The World Bank ,R. Sheikh
and S.S. Rana, Assistant Engineers, HPPWD.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
5.2.3
System Type
Design And Function
1.
Grass Planting
Grass seed is spread on to the slope, armouring the surface. Alternatively, grass is hand-planted in lines
2.
Shrub and Tree Planting
Shrubs or trees are planted at regular intervals on the slope. As they grow, they create a dense network of roots in the soil. The main engineering functions are to reinforce and, later, to anchor. In the long term, large trees can also be used for slope support
3.
Brush Layering, Palisades and Fascines
Woody cuttings are laid in lines across the slope, usually following the contour, in particular configurations. These form a strong barrier, preventing the development of rill, and trap material moving down the slope. In the long term, a small terrace will develop. The main engineering functions are to catch debris, and to armour and reinforce the slope. If they are angled, these structures can provide a drainage function
4.
Composite Systems
A range of composite systems are commonly used. Examples are: Live check dams, which armour and reinforce gully beds and catch debris; vegetated stone pitching, which provides strong armouring for ephemeral water courses; planted geotextiles, where the geotextile provides armouring, later supplemented by the vegetation, which also reinforces the soil.
2.2.1 Use of Bio-engineering in Slope Stabilisation and Protection Vegetation can provide protection and reinforcement of backfill and surrounding slope areas, protection from scour and the undercutting of the foundations and sides of structures and a flexible extension to a wall through
large bamboos, shrubs or trees close to it adding to the engineering functions of catching, supporting and buttressing. In practice, slope stabilisation depends on the use of a retaining structure, which can be drawn from a menu of standard and specialist techniques such as those shown in Table below.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
5.2.4
2.2.2 Comparison of Retaining Wall Types Wall Type
Maximum Safe Height (metres)
Typical width: Height Ratio
Advantages
Limitations
Dry masonry
4
1:1 to 0.6:1
Well drained, flexible, relatively low in cost and blends well with the surroundings.
Low strength threshold (susceptible to lateral pressures and traffic vibrations); limited height of construction.
Composite
8
0.75:1 0.5:1
to
Better drained and cheaper than mortared masonry.
Strength not as good formortared masonry.
Mortared masonry
10
0.75:1 0.5:1
to
Relatively easy to construct on steep terrain; most durable wall type
Requires good foundations and cannot tolerate settlement; Poor through drainage.
Gabion (wire
10
Width = ½ h + 0.5
Flexible without rupturing; tolerates poor foundations, and weak and saturated ground conditions; well drained; relatively low cost for strength.
Construction requires a relatively wide foundation footprint to achieve the same shear strength of mortared masonry.
Reinforced earth
8
Depends on design; substantial horizontal clearance usually required to develop required tension resistance.
A high level of flexibility and the potential for a well landscaped, “natural” finish.
Reinforcing is expensive and relatively difficult to obtain in remote areas; stability calculations are complex and it is difficult to achieve the correct compaction and tension.
Soil nailing
5
Depends design
A potential stabilisation option where space is limited for other types of retaining wall.
Costly; requires advanced technical skills and specialist equipment to build.
Mass concrete
10
Depends on design
Strongest type retaining wall.
of
Relatively costly; requires large quantities of cement and Crushed aggregate and advanced technical skills to build; poor through drainage.
10
Depends design
on
A strong wall type for certain situations where space is limited for other types of retaining wall
Very costly; requires a sound bedrock foundation, advanced technical skills and specialist equipment to build
5
Depends design
on
Allows through drainage between piles, in sites with identifiable failure planes within reach of piling.
Very costly; requires advanced technical skills and specialist equipment to build.
masonry (crib
as
construction)
crate)
on
and reinforced concrete Anchored reinforced concrete Bored-pile wall built in situ
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 2.3 Modern Methodologies
5.2.5
bio-engineering
Other than the traditional bioengineering measures, various modern techniques also exist. These methods are mentioned here for the sake of ensuring availability of knowledge base within the report and are not necessarily used in our prescriptions. These are described below:
2.3.1 Hydro-seeding Hydroseeding is also called hydraulic mulch seeding or hydro-mulching or hydraseeding. Nowadays hydroseeding is quickly becoming the chosen method to establish a lush green lawn. It is basically a planting process which utilizes slurry of seed and mulch. Grass seed, fertilizer, hydro-mulch and a special bonding agent are mixed into thick slurry which is evenly sprayed onto prepared soil. This special mixture produces grass with a fine blade and deep roots.2 Methods of application The slurry is transported in a tank, either truck or trailer-mounted and sprayed over prepared ground in a uniform layer. Once the area has been hydroseeded, the grass seed and fertilizer are protected by an attractive, green layer of hydro mulch. The mulch is pumped through a Hydro-seeding machine. Helicopters may be used in cases where larger areas must be covered.3
Fig:
Methods of Hydroseeding
application
for
2
www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml 3
Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroseeding
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
5.2.6
Purpose of Hydroseeding Hydroseeding is mainly used for erosion control, wild flower seeding and manicured lawn establishment. It is an alternative to the traditional process of broadcasting or sowing dry seed. It promotes quick germination and 4 inhibits soil erosion. Grass species suitable for use: Seeds of some of the grass species like Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass), Fescue grass, Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver), Stipa roylei, Danthonia cumminsi, Danthonia jacquemontii, Phleum alpinum are the most suitable for hydroseeding as they are useful in erosion control. Locations suitable for application Hydroseeding is suitable for soil disturbed areas requiring temporary protection until permanent stabilization is established, and disturbed areas that will be re-disturbed following an extended period of inactivity. In short it can be used on barren hills, steep slopes, banks, reservoirs, highways, motorways, the edges of watercourses and rubbish tips and for garden improvement.5
a. Hydroseeding Guidelines6: Grass seed, fertilizer, hydro-mulch and a special bonding agent are mixed into thick slurry which is evenly sprayed onto prepared soil. After applying this mixture following precautions should be taken: • The first 14 days of watering is critical to proper germination. Reviewing of watering times should be done daily to insure complete coverage of areas. • Sprinklers as needed should be adjusted. "over water" or water at night should be avoided. • Precaution should be taken so as to avoid weeds. • After grass is established mowing height should be at least 3" but not more than 5".3 1/2" or 4 1/2" is recommended (dwarf varieties may be lower) • Fertilization should be done 3 to 4 times a year with good quality of fertilizer. Hydroseeding on hills and steep slopes
Hydroseeding on Banks
4
www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml 5 Wikipedia, free encyclopedia : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroseeding
6
www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 b. The importance of Mulch in hydroseeding7 • The mulch material used in Hydroseeding (hydroseeding) is usually made of wood or recycled paper. Specific fibre texture is important for maximum protection from erosion and in ensuring that the mulch can be pumped through a Hydro-seeding machine. The mulch is dyed green both for aesthetic purposes and in order to monitor application thickness. • Soil moisture is an extremely important factor in grass planting because grass seeds need moisture to germinate and grow. Once initial irrigation is supplied through watering, mulch helps the grass seed to obtain the most beneficial effects of that moisture. The most common reason for poor seed growth is a lack of moisture during critical growth cycles. • Mulch also plays a critical role in prevention of soil erosion. Flowing water can wash away seeds and create breaks in grass coverage. Mulch helps to bind seed and soil together, helping to maintain smooth, even turf. A tackifier can be used to provide additional protection from erosion by essentially gluing the seed and soil together.
5.2.7
c. Advantages of Hydroseeding8 • Provides better germination rate • Use of bonding agent to bind soil and seed • Cost required is less than sod • Superb quality of growth occurs • Saves time and money d. Limitations of Hydroseeding9 • Hydroseeding may be used alone only when there is sufficient time in the season to ensure adequate vegetation establishment and coverage to provide adequate erosion control. Otherwise, hydroseeding must be used in conjunction with mulching (i.e., straw mulch). • Steep slopes are difficult to protect with temporary seeding. • Temporary seeding may not be appropriate in dry periods without supplemental irrigation. • Temporary vegetation may have to be removed before permanent vegetation is applied. • Temporary vegetation is not appropriate for short term inactivity.
Comparative picture of area before and after treatment with Hydroseeding
8
7
www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml
www.dakotahservices.com :http://www.dakotahservices.com/hydroseeding.ht ml 9 www.cabmphandbooks.com: http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/Docume nts/Construction/EC-4.pdf
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
5.2.8
2.3.2 Biomimicry Introduction 'Biomimicry' technology, which derives its name from mimicking nature to innovatively create products and processes that are sustainable, efficient, save energy, reduce costs and virtually eliminate wastes. It can be successfully implemented in architecture and design. It helps in conservation of nature and provides natural solutions to various problems such as soil erosion, waste management and water conservation.10
2. Ocean-based biomimicry works for above-water turbines as well. Whale Power president Dr. Frank E. Fish figured out that the reason Humpback whales are so agile despite their size stems from the bumps on their fins. Calling it Tubercle Technology, the company has designed wind turbine blades that utilize the same physical streamlining properties to help them be quieter, more reliable when winds fail and are performed better in turbulent winds.
Examples of Biomimicry11 1. The goal was to cut out the extremely loud claps that occurred when Japan's bullet train emerged from tunnels. Engineers looked toward
Wind turbine blades are prepared similar to the jumping behavior of whales.
Shape of Bullet train was made similar to the shape of Kingfisher’s beak the kingfisher, which dives seamlessly into water. A nosecone designed after the bird's beak solved the issue. 10
http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/dna-dailynews-analysis mumbai/mi_8111/is_20090911/biomimicryinnovations-undertaken-lavasa/ai_n50928731/ 11
http://www.treehugger.com/galleries/2009/01/natu re-inspired-innovation-9-examples-of-biomimicryat-work-imagegallery.php
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 Case study12 Jute sheets have been spread on the nature trails developed at Dasve, one of the towns in Lavasa. This will help to hold the soil and stop its erosion. Cow dung has been used at various places for the same purpose.
2.3.3 Continuous Contour Trenching (CCT) CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHING (RCCT) Technology is the solution for sustainable watershed development in which soil conservation and water conservation is effectively done.
5.2.9
minimum level and the plant growth on such trenches is very promising with 90% to 95% survival rate with increase in height of plant from 45 cm basic height to 2m within only 6 months. This method can be adopted in low rainfall area to high rainfall area up to 3200mm and from flat area to hilly area with 65% steep slope. This method is suitable for plantation of all species and easy, simple for laborers and comparatively less record keeping. CONTINUOUS CONTOUR TRENCHES
What is continuous contour trenching technology?13 The definite lengths of contours along with trenches in it are prepared. The work starts from top to the bottom of the hill, so that total area is covered with not only retention of soil in its own place but also arrests every drop of water and infiltrate into the subsoil instead of flowing as surface water with evaporation losses making soil erosion. It recharges downstream water sources e.g. nalla, dug wells, tube wells etc. This particular technique has proved most effective. When rainwater is in excess, allow it to pass through subsoil to down below drains. This gives desired effect of zero to minimum soil erosion and once subsoil water starts draining due to obstruction, moisture detain for more period which is in turn is available for plant growth. This CCT Technology reduces soil erosion to 12
http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/dna-dailynews-analysis mumbai/mi_8111/is_20090911/biomimicryinnovations-undertaken-lavasa/ai_n50928731/ 123
National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/6192/1 1690988835Accepted_Papers_ _3.pdf/Accepted%2BPapers%2B-%2B3.pdf
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 Advantages14 1.
Barren land gets permanent biomass cover and soil protection 2. Soil loss in cultivable area becomes nil 3. Every drop of rain is held in situ 4. Augmentation of ground water without grouting 5. Good soil moisture and good ground water available in the wells, tube wells and tanks 6. Increase in life of dams, prevention of floods by avoiding silting 7. No displacement of communities or creation of environmental refugees and hence no rehabilitation costs 8. No migration of villagers to cities as the local water availability ensures livelihood sustainability 9. Decentralized and democratic water management 10. Evaporation losses are negligible as compared to tanks and dams 11. No separate nullah bunding, gully plugging and such other civil structures
5.2.10
12. Accelerates soil formation and natural succession dramatically 13. Increases fodder resources for feeding cattle and livestock 14. Increased agricultural and biomass production 15. Guaranteed mass employment generation to rural people at their doorstep 16. Land value increases significantly 17. Increases crop intensity and biodiversity 18. Women free from the drudgery of finding and fetching water, fuel and fodder from distant places 19. Clean water for drinking purposes. 20. Easy and detail checking is possible at a glance.
Plantation in Continuous Contour Trenches Disadvantages15 1. Very tedious and laborious for alignment 2. Time consuming 3. Requirement of accuracy skilled labours and instruments like contour marker. 4. There is potential danger of water flowing along the upper edge in case the trench breaks.
14
National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and
15
National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and
Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur
Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur
http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/6192/1
http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/6192/1
1690988835Accepted_Papers_
1690988835Accepted_Papers_
_3.pdf/Accepted%2BPapers%2B-%2B3.pdf
_3.pdf/Accepted%2BPapers%2B-%2B3.pdf
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
5.2.11
Various traditional bio-engineering measures can be divided into Permanent and temporary measures depending on their durability and purpose also exist. Some of them are: Permanent structures Temporary structures Terrace
Contour bunds
Drop structures
Sand bags
Spillways
Silt fences
Culverts
Surface mats
Gabion
Log barriers
Riprap Ditches
Spillway
Ditch
Drop structure
Contour bunds
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2 These are the general bio-engineering measures that are available. But after field visits undertaken by NERIL’s experts, depending on the topography and weather conditions of the project area, certain site specific measures have been suggested:
2.4 Prescriptions for Soil and water conservation by using Bioengineering measures that are suggested by NERIL: Approach and Methodology Adopted. The planning of soil and water conservation measures in the CAT plans have been done keeping in view the main sources of sediment explained above. Most appropriately and in line with the national policy, the NERIL adopted the concept of watershed based, need and demand driven, bottom up and participatory planning of soil and water conservation interventions. The ridge to valley approach was followed in designing of treatment measures. Contour trenching was chosen to be the most preferred bio-engineering method. Local species of flora was identified after an analysis of the bio diversity research done by HFRI. This was reconfirmed by NERIL through sample quadrates / transacts. IVI analysis was carried out to understand the phyto-sociology of different locales. The most surviving and dominant of the species are thus recommended by NERIL for plantation in contour trenches. All available information from forest working plans and works already done is collected from concerned forest divisions and used in the watershed planning. The
5.2.12
treatment was planned and designed by actually traversing each and every delineated micro-watershed. The trained survey team which also included the local field functionaries of the Forest Department was deployed for field work which was test checked by the consultant team. The GIS based planning process was followed. The bio-engineering measures that have been suggested are selected after visiting the various sites of the Satluj catchment. These structures were recommended either to reduce the degradation of soil that is taking place or as a preventive step for any future loss. There are 3 different bioengineering structures that have been suggested in our project area of the Satluj Catchment. These are: 1. Trenching 2. Brushwood 3. Live hedge The cost and drawings of these structures have been attached in chapter 4 & 5 of volumes IV to XIV The drawings have fixed width and height. The height of each structure varies as per the site specifications. The costs of these structures are length-specific
2.5 Comparison of Engineering and bio-engineering techniques: Given below is a comparison of the main engineering functions performed by civil and bio-engineering structures
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
Thus the conventional engineering techniques can be discarded and the bio-engineering methodologies can be applied to the problem areas. The
5.2.13
detailed difference in approach and treatment of engineering and bioengineering measures is given in the table given below: 5. Drop Spillway
2.6
Engineering measures for Soil and Water Conservation:
As discussed previously, engineering measures are more effective in conserving soil and water when they are supplemented by vegetative methods. But in certain situations, only engineering measures can be proposed. This chapter gives a brief about the various engineering measures that are suggested for soil and water conservation that have been suggested in our project area. These measures have been suggested after site visits carried out by the group of experts at NERIL. About 8 different types of structures with varying dimensions have been suggested for our project area. These engineering structures are as follows:
6. Silt Detention dam 7. Water harvesting structure 8. Toe wall These structures have been defined with fixed width and height and the length varies as per the requirements of the treatment site. The cost of each structure varies with the length. These measures have to be selected depending upon the site’s topography and weather. Conditions like torque and stress caused by wind and water also need to be considered before constructing these structures. The drawings and cost estimates for the different soil and water conservation measures are given in Annexure (i) while the site specific engineering treatments and cost estimates are given in chapters 4 & 5 of volumes IV to XIII.
1. Check dam 2. check/Retaining wall 3. Deflecting spur 4. Drop structure
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter 2
Engineering Function
Civil Engineerin g solution
Potential Drawback
Bio-Engineering alternative
5.2.14
Bio-Engineering Solution
Potential drawback
Possible optional combination of both Retaining wall with trees above, beside and below maximizing the overall support of the slope.
Support a weak soil mass by the provision of toe support. This can be achieved either by creating a heavy, immovable weight at the base of the slope, or by altering the slope to create an effect of buttressing and arching (where the soil between buttresses is supported from the side by compression). The buttresses and arches of a building have similar engineering functions. Anchor a mass of weak surface material through potential failure planes, into firmer strata below. This may be possible where a particularly inherent mass overlies stronger material, such as where colluviums rest above a relatively unweathered rock mass. Reinforcement of the soil to reduce deformation. This is particularly important to reduce shallow failures, especially where soils are saturated.
Retaining walls of masonry (bound or unbound) or gabion
Drawbacks mainly relate to cost foundation conditions and through drainage.
Large heavy vegetation such as trees. At the base of a slope can provide support in the form of buttresses or on a micro scale, clumps of grass can buttress small amounts of the soil above them. A lateral arching effect is created across the slope between plants. Requirements are for extensive deep and wide-spreading root systems, and many strong fibrous roots.
Most trees with the specific selection dependent on local environmental factors.
Trees take a long time to establish and do not offer a continuous line of support across the slope.
Soil anchors soil nails and rock belts
Depends on there being a stronger underlying mass difficulties of cost design and construction. Artificial soil reinforcement is complex to design and construct. and difficult to archive on steep slopes.
Vegetation that will extend its roots below the potential failure planes. If the potential failure is deeper than about 0.5 meter, this is archived only by large woody plants with big vertical roots (tap roots). Requirements are for plants with deep, strong, long and vertically oriented roots. Provide a network of roots that increases the soils resistance to shear. The degrees of effective reinforcement depend on the form of the roots and the nature of soils requirement are plants with extensive roots with many bifurcations and many strong fibrous roots.
Shrubs and trees that are deeply rooting.
Deep roots take a long time to develop and are unpredictable because of unknown surface conditions.
Combination of an artificial anchoring system and trees.
Densely rooting champing grasses planted in lines, brush layers and palisades some shrubs and trees.
Name plant roots always contribute to the shear strength of the soil.
Drain excess water from the slopes to reduce pore water pressure and increase slopes strength and coherence, it is especially important to avoid the saturation of material, which leads to slumping due to a reduced loss of internal friction.
Surface or sub-surface drains, designed as per site conditions.
Surface drains require additional maintenance often ignored in off-road situations.
Revetments and surface coverings
Toe expensive to apply on a large scale can only be used in select critical locations.
Down slope and diagonal vegetation lines, particularly those using champing grasses. Most shrubs and trees. Grass lines or a complete grass carpet of champing or spreading grasses.
Requires a good understanding of site conditions and careful application of appropriate measures.
Armoring of the slopes against surface erosion from both runoff and rain splash.
Vegetation can be planted in a configuration that enhanced drainage. Vegetation can also help to reduce pore-water pressure within the slopes by extracting water from the roots and transpiring it out through the leaves. Requirements are for plants to be planted on closely packed lines, they must have an ability to resist scour and a high leaf area to enhance transpiration. A continuous cover of low vegetation. Plants with high canopies alone do not amour the slope (the terminal velocity of rain drop is reached after a fall of only 2 meters and some canopies generates larger rain drops). The requirement is for a dense surface cover of vegetation with a low canopy and small leaves.
Built-up slopes with soil layers intersperse with geo textile and planted with grass etc. French drains and angled grass lines feeding surface water into the drain
Name : this is what grass does best
Vegetated stone pitching for gully floors and episodic water courses.
Catch eroding material moving down the slope, as a result of gravity alone or with the aid of water.
Catch walls and fences
On steep slopes it may not be possible to construct a secure wall above the road.
Vegetation stems can perform this function. The requirements is for strong numerous and flexible stems and the ability to recover from damage.
Micro scale champing grasses larger scales: shrubs with many stem and bamboos.
It takes some years for plants to become sufficiently robust to perform this function reliably
Catch wall with shrubs or large bamboos above.
Reinforced earth systems.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Section: 5 Chapter: 3
5.3.1
Section 5: Chapter 3: Guide lines for Socio – economic measures including agriculture, horticulture & animal husbandry 3.1 Introduction: 3.1.1. The secondary and primary data collected during the field investigations revealed that the catchments have a general slope ranging from 20 to 85 %. The farmers invariably practiced mixed farming comprising of Horticulture, Agriculture, Vegetable cultivation and Animal Husbandry. Less than 10% area has assured irrigation. Some of the catchments had even less than 5% irrigated area. Farming, therefore, is rainfed. Manures, both organic as well as chemical are applied in insufficient quantities, mainly due to following three reasons: i)
lack of purchasing power of the farmers,
ii) non-availability of sufficient quantities of organic manures iii) Insufficient soil moisture during the crop growth period. It is therefore, desired that more area be brought under irrigation. 3.1.2. Since the landscape is slopy and most of the rains occur during the monsoon season from June to September, efforts should be made to conserve as much water as possible. This can be achieved by making liberal use of organic manures and practicing organic farming. Therefore, it is desired that at least some area under fruit plants, field crops and vegetable crops be put under organic farming. This on one hand gives chemical free products to the consumers, fetching higher returns to the farmers and on the other hand improves the physical properties of soil, thereby improving the water holding capacity of soil. It will further
result in more retention of rain water which ultimately leads to reduction in runoff losses and thereby silt load in the river water system. 3.1.3. During the field surveys it was observed that a sizable number of orchards have become senile. This has resulted not only in poor yields from the orchards but the reduced vegetative soil cover has left the soil open to be eroded by heavy rainfall showers. Such orchards need to be rejuvenated in phased manner. 3.1.4. It was also noticed during the field visits that the farmers are growing field crops on sloped lands. At places cultivation is done across the contours even on lands having more than 35 to 40% slopes. The field crops need repeated tillage, making the soil more prone to erosion. In order to conserve the rain water in situ, such lands need to be terraced and wherever the terraces are damaged, they need to be repaired and the bunds strengthened by earth work and suitable grass species. In slopes beyond 30%, it is desired that such lands be put under fruit plants which do not need intensive tillage. At places where even fruit plant cultivation is not possible it is recommended that better quality grasses with fodder trees in between be grown. 3.1.5. In the whole terrain it is desired that the farmers should resort to conservation type of farming instead of soil depleting farming processes. In addition to some of such practices outlined above, farm ponds, (community as well as individual) should be constructed in the watersheds so that maximum runoff water is stored. This helps in reducing
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Section: 5 Chapter: 3 the soil and water erosion while making water available for raising crops, thereby improving the economic conditions of farmers. 3.1.6. The livestock population in the catchments is invariably very high. This has added to the cattle wealth of the farmers but has put unbearable pressure on the land holdings, pasture lands and forest lands. The fodder availability both green as well as dry is less than 50% which leads to pressure on grazing and forest lands. The farmers while meeting the fodder needs from adjoining forests resort to indiscriminate lopping and cutting of forest trees, resulting in forest cover reduction. Overgrazing leads to soil erosion especially during rains. It is, therefore, desired that stall feeding is encouraged. This requires improvement in carrying capacity of existing grass lands and bringing more area under grasses and fodder trees. Some green fodders may be grown in cultivated fields also. 3.1.7. The Department of Animal Husbandry has established Artificial Insemination (AI) centres so as to improve the breeds of cattle. This has benefited a large number of farmers in improving their live stock but AI has its limitations also.
5.3.2
The success rate of AI is not more than 60% and at the same time distantly located AI centres cannot be approached easily. It was noticed during the field surveys that farmers subject their cattle to natural breeding, very often through indiscreet bulls. This has slowed down the process of cattle improvement resulting in unsatisfactory average milk yield of cows. It is therefore, desired that some Natural Breeding Centres (NBC) should be opened. There could be at least one NBC in each micro-watershed. These centres are easily approachable to the farmers so as to avail the services of proven quality breeding bulls. 3.1.8. The over population of live stock that exists in the catchments, has lead to under feeding, and insufficient health care of animals. This has lead to infertility particularly in cattle. Such animals have been abandoned by the farmers causing the stray cattle menace. In order to minimize this menace, it is recommended that 'Gosadans' be opened. There could be at least one Gosadan for 15 to 20 micro-watersheds to accommodate 100 cattle heads.
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4
5.4.1
Section 5: Chapter 4: PLAN FOR PREVENTION OF FURTHER DEGRADATION OF CATCHMENTS- TOR TASK-C. INTRODUCTION:
dumped in pre-identified sites (to be listed by PWD).
•
For each stretch of roads in the state, describe a cost-effective process for the State PWD to prepare a list of designated muck disposal area (and prepare an estimate for protection of these areas). For demonstration, the consultants have taken a sample of 250km of roads in the state (50 km national highway, 50 km of state highways, 50 km of district and other district roads, and 100 km of rural roads), and identify the potential muck dumping areas. A draft notification to direct all the responsible agencies that any muck from clearing of landslides on roads or from any other construction activity to be
Sr. No
Road Type
1.
National Highway (50 Kms)
NH22
2.
State Highway (50 Kms)
SH13
3.
District Roads (50 Kms)
DR -21 DR 22
4.
Rural Roads (100 Kms)
Proposed Sample site
Kumarsain (Murthal village) Kingal to Rampur ShimlaTattapani – Mandi Portion Dhalli Tattapani 50 kms. BakrotKarsogSainj ; Portion SainjLuhri 3kms TattapaniSunniLuhri 47 kms KoyalNithar Roads BhadrashBrandli NogliTaklechKareri LuhriNither – Shilla FRH
Potential DS
•
Prepare a draft notification preventing any disposal of construction and excavated waste or muck in hill slopes; minimizing muck disposal (showing balance of cut and fill); and project dumping sites to acceptable standards (with toe walls) for each road agency or road project, including rural roads.
Distance (Kms)
•
In pursuance of these requirements, NERIL carried out a study in order to prepare the Draft Notification. NERIL also has made a cost effective process for the State Public Works Department to identify such cites. The demonstration sites were selected from different type of roads as tabulated below:
Road No.
The Terms of Reference of the work of preparation of Comprehensive Catchment Area Treatment Plan for Satluj River Basin specify under Task-‘C’ that the Consultant shall examine and suggest ways to prevent further degradation of the Satluj basin catchments. To this end, the consultants shall undertake the following specific works:
50
2
50
4
50
8
18
3
32
6
25
4
30
5
It is important to note that mere site selection will not suffice but such a site has to be prepared and made ready to receive the muck. Once the site is filled to its capacity, it has to be treated through biological measures and
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 engineering measures to ensure that the muck does not further role down downhill to degrade other areas. The muck disposal sites are invariably to be finished with top soil and plantation of local species. The techniques of this activity are also specified in this chapter. GUIDELINES FOR SITE SELECTION FOR PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENTNotification and Guidelines for Selection/ Preparation, Usage and Restoration of Muck Disposal Sites: Draft Notification contains the guidelines for consumptive use of muck as well as disposal and restoration of the dumping sites. AND WHERE As it is felt necessary to protect the environment, through conserving the topsoil, and other non-renewable resources used in the construction activities, through proper utilization of muck generated from hydroelectric power plants, tunnelling and road constructions and other development activities. Under Article 4 of the Forest Conservation Act 1980, Wild Life Protection Act 1972 and the Environment Protection Act 1986 and the Rules made there-under authorizing the Department of Forest through its Officers to issue Notifications from time to time, this Notification is issued for strict compliance by all Central Government, State Government and Private Agencies carrying out any work in the State of Himachal Pradesh which may generate muck of any description due to the project activities undertaken by these Agencies.
5.4.2
its new location either in a stable area of in an unstable manner. Every project proponent shall invariably submit his muck disposal plan to the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests and his Conservator of Forests responsible for the area under whose jurisdiction the project falls. This Plan is to be submitted in addition to the Plan submitted in the Environment Management Plan (EMP) for the Environmental Clearance to MOEF and/or any case put up for diversion of forest land for non-forest use under the Forest Conservation Act. It is reiterated that within the State of Himachal Pradesh, EIA Clearance and FCA Clearance will not be a substitute for specific submission and approval of Muck Disposal Plan which has to be obtained from the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests through his officers. In addition to the projects needing EIA Clearance or FCA Clearance, there may be other nature of maintenance or maintenance modification, reconstruction or new construction related works which may generate muck in excess of 15 Metric Tons, the Project Proponent/Contractor/Agency carrying out the works is charged with the responsibility of obtaining muck disposal approval. The proposal to obtain muck disposal approval shall contain the following details: a) Nature of work to be carried out; b) Is the work site specific or can it be carried out at an alternate site, if so, site specific drawings for the same;
For the purpose of this Notification the c) Volume of word “muck� shall mean all inert generated; material, excavated, tunnelled, dislodged or caused to be dislodged as a collateral effect of primary human interference from its natural position to Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
muck
to
be
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4
5.4.3
d) Machinery and Labour proposed to be employed with the total duration of work; e) Specifications of muck disposal site including the location giving longitude-latitude, distance from worksite and arrangements of transportation; f)
construction activities without mixing at least 30 per cent of muck by checking its nutrient status, with soil on weight to weight basis. •
The generated muck to some extent should be used for strengthening of bunds, construction of roads, filling up of low-lying areas, aggregate for concrete work etc; so that cutting and filling is equalized.
•
Some small roads locally required to be constructed on various sites connecting work areas with labor colonies, workshops, stores etc. So some part of muck should be consumed in these roads for soaling as well as protection work.
•
Some construction work of schools, dispensary, monuments, gardens, play grounds etc. should also be taken up in the adjoining areas using the muck.
•
The muck in excess of above activities should be transported and disposed off at predetermined places, if so required.
•
All disposal sites should be properly landscaped when the disposal gets completed so as to merge it in the natural surroundings.
Proposed preparation of muck disposal site with location, drawings etc;
g) Proposed plan for rehabilitating the disposal site with specific details of source and quantity of top soil and proposed vegetation with plantation and maintenance plan. VIOLATION: Any violation of this Notification will be subject to the provisions of Penalties that may be imposed under the Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest Conservation Act 1980 and these may be further enhanced to recover the cost of damage from the person causing the creation of debris or caused disposal of the debris. This Notification empowers the Forest Department Officers of the rank of R.F.O. and above to impound the machinery, vehicles engaged in creation and dumping of muck and to arrest the personnel engaged in this activity. Now, therefore, we hereby as the project management consultants recommend to the concerned Department to issue the following directions which shall come into force on and from the date of publication of the Notification: 1. Consumptive use of muck •
No person shall within a radius of fifty kilo-meters from hydro power plants, manufacture clay bricks or tiles or blocks for use in Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4
1.
National Highway (50 Kms)
NH22
2.
State Highway (50 Kms)
SH13
3.
District Roads (50 Kms)
DR -21
2. Monitoring the utilization of muck •
•
•
Local people or private agencies should be allowed to lift and use the muck for their requirements. This muck should be supplied to them free of cost. Action plan for this should be made which would describe, thirty per cent of the muck utilization should be done, within three years from the publication of this notification with further increase in utilisation by atleast ten per cent points every year progressively for the next six years to enable utilisation of the entire muck generated from the various excavating activities atleast by the end of ninth year. Progress in this regard shall be reviewed after five years. The State Government Agencies shall facilitate the availability of land, electricity and water for manufacturing activities and provide access to the muck lifting area for promoting and setting up of muck -based production units in the proximity of the area where muck is generated by the various activities.
4.
Rural Roads (100 Kms)
Selection of site: DEMO SITES
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd
Kumarsain (Murthal village) Kingal to Rampur ShimlaTattapani –Mandi Portion Dhalli Tattapani 50 kms. BakrotKarsogSainj ; Portion SainjLuhri 3kms TattapaniSunniLuhri 47 kms KoyalNithar Roads BhadrashBrandli NogliTaklechKarebi LuhriNither – Shilla FRH
50
2
50
4
50
8
18
3
32
6
25
4
30
5
o
Nearness of the muck disposal site to the muck generation locations minimizes the cost of transport and mitigation of dust pollution which may occur during transportation.
o
The site should be away from the river, but if any site is selected closed to the river then proper precautionary measures should be taken e. g. Retaining walls of 7m height should be developed along the bank of the river at all muck disposal areas and the height of muck at retaining wall should be kept
Provisions in this notification should be submitted every year to the state government.
3. Following are the guidelines for selection, preparation and maintenance of Muck disposal Sites
1
DR 22
Proposed Sample site
Potential DS
Road Type
Distance (Kms)
Sr. No
Road No.
Reutilized Muck for play ground1
5.4.4
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4
5.4.5
around 3 m, because there are chances of rolling down of muck/ loose material leading to blockage in river flow or contamination of water due to silting.
Rehabilitated Muck disposal Site2
o
Disposal areas should be planned downwind of villages and townships in consultation with the forest department.
o
The area and depth of the site should be such as, which accommodates the sufficient volume of muck. For this, we have considered site capacity ¼, ½, ¾ and 100 % of the muck generated.
o
o
o
o
2
Wind direction should be taken into consideration so as to avoid the erosion i.e. on wind shadow region. The sites should be on the concave side of a meander belt. The sites should be free from active landslides or creeps and care should be taken so that the sites do not have a possibility of toe erosion related slope failure. For that the slope should be 25 degree. High Flood Level should be taken into consideration. The base
levels of the sites should be at higher elevation than the maximum flood level, so that there is no possibility of the dumped material to be mixed with the highest flood water and flowing into the river. o
There should not be channel of any small streams flowing through the dumping sites.
o
These sites should not be pristine habitats containing endangered /threatened species.
o
There should be scope for capping with plantation after the disposal.
The compatibility matrix for the above mentioned points have been attached as Annexure (j). Preparation of site: The main objectives dumping are:
behind
muck
•
To protect erosion
•
To minimize damages due to the spoilage of muck in the project area.
•
To develop the muck disposal sites/ dumping yards to blend with the surrounding landscape
and
control
soil
Firstly the site should be prepared which will accommodate the desired quantity of muck. Land can be developed through cut -fill operations. The compaction factor though existent while dumping / rolling and due to weather effects should be taken into account. Suitable retaining walls (Gabion) should be constructed prior to dumping of muck. The length of wall shall depend
Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 upon the area of the site. In most cases 7-10 m. wall is sufficient.
that depend conditions.
Masonry retaining walls and Boulder wire crates with cement cladding walls would work well to retain muck.
I)
Terraces should be developed so as to support the muck on vertical slope and for optimum space utilization. Loose muck would be compacted layer‐wise. The muck disposal area will be developed in a series of terraces of retention. In between the terraces, catch water drains can also be provided. The terraces of the muck disposal area are ultimately covered with fertile soil and suitable locally growing plants (herbs, shrubs & trees) are planted by adopting suitable bio‐technological measures. Adequate drainage arrangement in form of weep holes with inverted filter behind at a regular spacing and pipes should be kept in the retaining walls. Pipes should be provided with boulder filling around them for passage of rainwater.
Restoration/ Maintenance of dumping sites: The loosely held muck can lead to the rise in SPM levels and sedimentation load. Therefore, it requires stability with appropriate methods to avoid the subsequent ecological problems. The muck disposal notification involves both engineering and biological measures
on
the
eco-climatic
Engineering Measures:
These majorly include construction of retailing walls, gabion walls and mattresses, terraces, trenches, construction of wire crates, water retention tanks and iron fencing. II)
Biological Measures:
Mostly the muck generated is inert without fertile soil having no organic matter where it is very difficult to raise vegetation. Special efforts are required to raise vegetation cover of grasses, shrubs and trees. The local grass sodding should be done on the muck when grass seed germinates and the grass will add humus to the dumped material. Vegetation cover plays a very important role in holding the dumped material over a period of time and controls the hydrological and mechanical effects on the soils and slopes. Following steps are envisaged:i.
Dumping sites which are completed should be levelled or dressed. If necessary, PVC/jute geotextile should be provided on the dressed slopes. Reno mattresses can also be provided. It is a layer of stones packed in a mesh wire. It helps to develop vegetation on the site.
5.4.6
Plantation of suitable local species and soil binding using bio‐fertilizer technology. •
Turfing of the exposed area and improvement of environment with fast growing hardy species.
•
Protection support.
•
Social fencing through the mass public awareness.
with
mechanical
ii. For implementation of the Plantation on Muck Disposal Areas •
The plant species should be selected which faster growth and which are helpful in stabilizing
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 the dump sites i.e. species which can do Phytoremediation and soil erosion control. •
•
•
•
Depending upon the quality of muck material, formulation of appropriate blends of organic waste and soil should be there to enhance the nutrient status of rhizosphere. Isolation and screening of specialized strains of Mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobium, Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizers (biofertilizers innoculum) suitable for the dumped material should be done. Mass culture of plants specific biofertiliser and mycorrhizal, fungi shall be procured from soil conservation office. Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh. Plantation of dumping sites/areas using identified blend and bio fertilizer innoculum should be done.
iv. Soil work and plantation technique: •
manure, and Vermicompost.
No. of pits in disposal site should be decided for planting. Size of each pit can be taken as 0.6 m x 0.6m. Spacing between pits 2.5m x 2.0m is recommended. The excavated material from the pits to be mixed with 43.2 liters of external soil, 10 kg of apple peel and 5 kg of farmyard
2
kg
of
•
The pits are refilled with the mixture and 10-15 gm of mycorrhizal innoculum near the root system should be added.
•
After this, plant saplings already inoculated with biofertilizers (Rhizobium and Azotobacter bacteria) are planted and refilling is done to cover the entire plant root system.
•
Turfing (sodding) and suitable shrubs are grown at slopes. At the initial stage 4-5 tufts of local grass to be planted per square meter.
•
About 5 cm of thick layer external soil is spread on the slope area. Adequate amount of original soil should remain stuck to the roots of the grass tufts.
•
Before sowing, the area should be properly amended with the manure at the rate of 2 kg/meter square.
•
Water sprinkling arrangements should be made.
Species of high ecological and economic value, which can adapt to local habitat.
iii. There should be “Integrated Biological and Biotechnological Approach” used for Phytoremediation of dumping sites based on following parameters : •
5.4.7
v. Species for Plantation: Following species are the most suitable for plantation which serves as Erosion control, phytoremediation, ornamental purpose:a) Plants suitable for erosion control / Phytoremediation : Acacia catechu Alnus nitida, Alnus nepalensis, Acer palmtum, Broussonetia papyrifera ,Salix denticulata., Pinus roxburghii, Rhododendron arboreum, Aesculus indica, Castanea sativa, Melia azadarach, Morus alba, Albizzia lebbeck, Ailanthus excelsa,
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 Terminalia chebula, Bauhinia variegata, Betula alnoides. Robinia – pseudo acassia, Acacia mollissima, Luecaena leucocephala, Acer caesium, Betula alnoides, Cedrus deodara, Populus ciliata, Pinus wallichiana, Quercus semecarpifolia
5.4.8
clamped to wooden/concrete posts placed 3 m. apart is proposed for this purpose. Both the ends of the wooden fence posts should be coated with coal tar to ensure longevity of the intervention. Recommendations :
b) Herbs and grasses suggested for erosion control are: Pioneer species – Rumex hastatus seed should be spread immediately then other herbs and grasses will follow like Artemisia species , Mentha arvensis, Peristrophe speciosa, Amaranthus hybridus, Lotus corniculatus, Eriophorum comosum, Carex alpine, Trigonella corniculata, Salvia moorcrotianna, Cynodon sp., Digitaria cruciata, Arundo donax, etc.
•
The recommendations for smooth implementation of the Muck Disposal Plans are delineated below:
•
Suggestions from the local population should be taken for smooth implementation of the Muck Disposal Plans and involved in its management.
•
The efforts should be made to utilize maximum dumped material for the project activities and backfilling to avoid further environmental damage.
•
Some watchmen/guards would be employed for protection and maintenance of sites for further five years. Their duties would include replacement of casualties, weeding, watering, repair of fence line, watch and guard the things, protect it from any further bad interventions etc.
c) Shrubs suitable for erosion control & ornamental purpose : Salix elegans, Rosa spp., Hibiscus spp., Rubus species, Prinsepia utilis Cotoneaster microphyllus, Desmodium elegans, Indigofera heterantha, Euphorbia royleana, Agave americana, Sorbaria tomentosa and Wikstroemia canescens, Berberis aristata, Bougainvillea, Carrisa karaunda, Desodium tiliafolium Dodonaea viscose, Elaeognus umbellate, Ipomia Carnia, Murraya koenigii ,Nerium odorum ,Sassor vifolia ,Vitex negundo ,Withania somnifera, Xanthozylum alatum, Zizyphus numeralia
Project authorities should ensure frequent meetings with the local community as well as the project team to enable smooth implementation of the Plan. Calculation of Muck to be disposed of *8 (DEMO Example)
B) Iron Fencing After plantation all dumping sites should be protected from grazing by the domestic as well as stray cattle . In order to protect from grazing by the stray cattle, the fencing over the muck deposits is required . Barbed wire strands with 2 diagonal strands,
Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Description
Quantity(cum)
Total Excavation (TE)
TE
Common Excavation (CE) Total Rock Excavation(TRE)=TE-CE Reusable Quantity (for
CE
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
TE-CE= TRE RQ
Volume I: Part I: Section 5: Chapter: 4 use as Aggregate) (RQ) 5.
Disposable
6.
Taking swelling factor of 60% for rock, disposable rock muck drm Back fill/ fill quantity (BQ) Disposable common muck Taking swelling factor of 25% for common disposable muck Total muck to be disposed(10)=(6)+(9)
7. 8. 9.
10.
rock
mass
TRE-RQ=drm +60%
Bfq CE - Bfq CE-Bfq+25%
Say, 198 lakh cum
Three muck disposal areas have been identified for accommodating 198 lakh cum of muck generated. However, the capacity of the dumping sites can be worked out Demo Muck disposal Site: Four demo sites for Muck disposal have been identified for: i.
National Highway (50 Kms)
5.4.9 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NOTIFICATION 3. Environmental Impact Assessment and management plan for Rampur Hydropower project in H.P.-Final report July 2007. 4. Environmental Impact Assessment of Kol dam hydroelectric project 5. EIA and EMP report for integrated Kashang hydroelectric project (H.P) 6. EMP report of Bajoli hydroelectric project (H.P)
Holi
7. EMP report of Tawang hydroelectric project (H.P) 8. EMP report of hydroelectric project
ii. State Highway (50 Kms) iii. District Roads (50 Kms) iv. Rural Roads (100 Kms) The site photographs, structure designs and detail cost summary has been provided in Annexure (k) of the report General references 1. S.O.763(E), [14/9/1999] Dumping and disposal of fly ash discharged from coal or lignite based thermal power plants on land THE GAZETTE OF INDIAEXTRAORDINARY, PART II -- Section 3 -- Sub-section (ii)MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTSNOTIFICATION 2. Draft Notification on Fly Ash S.O.2623(E), [6/11/2008] [Published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Subsection (ii)]
Comprehensive CAT Plan of Satluj River Basin
Dibang