Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 - 2019

KIBIRI PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN 2015-2019

Kibiri Community Forest Association P.O Box 132, Kaimosi Email: kibiricfa@gmail.com

Disclaimer The preparation, printing and distribution of the document has been with the financial assistance of the GEF and UNDP (Award ID: 00058356). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Elgeyo Forest Station PFMP Local Planning Team and Nature Kenya, and cannot under normal circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the GEF nor the UNDP.

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KIBIRI PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN 2015-2019

Prepared by Local Planning Team1

Produced with financial assistance by GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya

© 2015

Available at: Kenya Forest Service, Headquarters Head of Conservancy, Western Conservancy Ecosystem Conservator Office, Vihiga Kibiri Community Forest Association Nature Kenya

1

List of members of Local planning in the Appendix 7a Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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FOREWORD The Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP) is the outcome of a planning process lasting almost 2 years during the period 2013–2015. The planning process was financed by Global Environment Facility (GEF) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) through Nature Kenya. The plan was developed by Kibiri Community Forest Association (K-CFA) and institutional members of the Local Planning Team namely: Kenya Forest Service (KFS), County Government of Vihiga, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA), and Ministry of Devolution and Planning. In addition to these institutional partners, there was consultation with the Community Forest Association namely Kibiri and many other organizations and individuals. At the outset, the challenge was to produce a participatory Forest Management Plan for Kibiri Forest Station which would meet the needs of all stakeholders in the forest, building on the proven traditional management system of the local people and provide a useful document for managing the forest and the neighbouring farmlands, some of which was formerly forest area.

A plan which looks attractive but did not have the consensus of all stakeholders, or a plan which might be rapidly consigned to bookshelves and libraries, would not meet this challenge, and it is hoped therefore that this plan will provide a useful document for many people in future years. The task has been not only to follow a process, but also to define and test the planning process itself, since this has been a new experience in Kenya where local community have been invited to manage the forest in collaboration with the government. The plan shows that community members can be better managers of the resource within their areas once empowered. It recognizes need to manage the forest jointly with neighbouring communities. In many ways, therefore, this Plan conforms to the requirements of the Forests Act No.7, 2005 which requires that all stakeholders be involved in the management of forests.

Through this forest management plan, KFS will enter into the process of negotiating a forest management agreement with the Kibiri CFA, which will ensure that the local communities benefit in terms of forest user rights. We anticipate that this partnership arrangement will contribute to improved forest management and local community livelihoods. To make this happen, we are calling upon other stakeholders to join hands with us to ensure that Kibiri Forest provides better forest products and services at all levels, local, national and international.

Dr. Paul Matiku Executive Director Nature Kenya

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Kibiri Community Forest Association (K-CFA) would like to extend sincere gratitude to the Director, Kenya Forest Service for creating an enabling environment for the development of this Participatory Forest Management Plan.

This is an important step towards ensuring Kibiri forest is participatory managed through structured community involvement. This plan clears the way for a negotiation for a Forest Management Agreement between Kibiri CFA and Kenya Forest Service.

The CFA would also like to recognize the efforts of the Local Planning Team (LPT) whose members represented the following institutions; Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Kenya Wildlife Service, National Environment Management Authority, Water Resource Management Authority, Ministry of Devolution and Planning, and Nature Kenya. We would like to greatly appreciate the financial support from GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya for the development of the Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan.

Sincere thanks also go to Mr. J. K Macharia, the Head of Head of Management Plans, Mr D.O. Otieno, the Head of Western Conservancy and Mr W. Cheptoo, the Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator for their selfless dedication to the plan process and guiding the community and LPT through the entire period.

Our sincere thanks also go to the local opinion leaders, Ministry of Interior and Coordination, Forest Adjacent Communities (FACs) for providing us with relevant information that was required for the development of this Plan. I would also like to appreciate the contribution of all members of Kibiri CFA, the executive committee for their invaluable contribution to the success of the preparation of the Plan, especially in organizing community meetings and coordination of information collection.

Finally, Kibiri CFA expresses gratitude to the many men and women who in one way or the other have contributed to the development of this Plan.

Paul Muchi Chairman, Kibiri Community Forest Association

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Kibiri Forest is located in Vihiga County, Hamisi Sub-county, Shaviringa Division, Muhudu and Shiru Locations. It is approximately 30 km from Mbale town and about 30 km from Kakamega town along the Chavakali-Kapsabet road at Musasa market. The forest is part of the main Kakamega Forest Ecosystem. It lies to the South East of the Forest Ecosystem in Vihiga County separated by Yala River.

The forest was gazetted in 1932 together with the larger Kakamega Forest and was declared to be a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which set aside 23,777.3 ha. Out of this 3,691.3 ha formed Kibiri forest block which is in Vihiga County. The forest was hived out of the main Kakamega forest when the then Vihiga district was officially separated from the larger former Kakamega District. Its administrative office is located at Kibiri Forest Station (0˚9’16.88’’N, 34˚52’19.25’’E) about 1 km from Musasa Market Shiru sub-location.

Administratively, the forest falls under Head of Western Conservancy, the direct management of the Ecosystem Conservator, Vihiga Ecosystem, who is represented on the ground by the Kibiri Forest Station Manager. Kibiri Community Forest Association (CFA) will co-manage the forest with Kenya Forest Service when the Forest Management Agreement is signed and in force. The forest is divided into the following forest beats: Yala, Musunji and Shiru. Kibiri Forest Station falls under Yala beat. These beats are being managed by forest rangers for purposes of patrols and protection.

The process of developing the management plan for Kibiri forest was participatory and a number of key stakeholders were consulted during the process while others directly participated in the development of the plan. Local Planning Team (LPT) was constituted that developed the management plan.

Members of the LPT were given various responsibilities to collect information from both primary and secondary sources. A number of workshops and meetings were organised in which the vision and purpose of the plan were agreed on, also programmes were identified and zonation criteria agreed. Detailed resource inventory that included socio-economic survey and biodiversity assessment were conducted. Local communities were consulted through village meetings and barazas that were organised in different locations bordering the forest area. The vision for Kibiri Forest is to be the best co –managed, developed and sustainably utilized forest in Kenya The zones identified in the forest are; Productive zone (plantation areas), protection zone this consists of total protection and conservation areas, then there is subsistence areas, and intervention zone The plan discusses the current situation, objectives, and strategies for each of the management programmes. It also identifies key stakeholders to spearhead implementation in each programme. The key highlights for each programme are described here below.

Nature Reserve Protection programme seeks ensuring resources are not destroyed by human, animals, fires, pests and diseases and address the degraded forest areas for purpose of restoration and livelihood improvement. Forest Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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Conservation Progragramme intends to engage stakeholders to conserve, rehabilitate and restore degraded forest areas and resources.

Productive programme enhance plantation establishment, sustainable management and utilization of the forest plantation for socio-economic development within and outside Kibiri.

At intervention zone the local communities practices Nature Based Enterprises (NBEs) and sustainable agriculture as one way of reducing pressure on the forest.

The livelihoods of the local communities are expected to improve through NBEs. The NBEs include bee keeping, fish farming, woodlots establishment for commercial, ecotourism and production of energy saving devices.

Community participation programme will ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest management and conservation. Without an adequate plan for fully involving the community in forest management and conservation, the forest may be under threat of invasion and degradation since most of the community members fully depend on the forest as their main source of livelihood.

Infrastructure, Equipment and Human Resources Development Programme deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri forest. These include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings (residential and non-residential buildings), CFA office, dispensary, power (electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture and tree nursery.

Partnerships and Networking Programme will be embrace during implementation plan of Kibiri Forest. The partners will be drawn from public, private sector, nongovernmental organization, community members and development partners. The stakeholder analysis identified roles and responsibilities for each partner.

Research and Monitoring programme will mainly entail information and data collection and dissemination on flora and fauna species of interest in Kibiri Forest and monitoring of their trends and distribution in the forest.

In addition the plan discusses means of resource mobilization for the purpose of implementation. Resources are to be got through funding from ongoing activities, support from partners’ organizations and donor agencies interested in conservation.

The Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP) was developed through funding from GEF/UNDP under the project ‘Strengthening the Protected Area Networks within the Eastern Montane Forest Hotspots of Kenya’. The PFMP will be implemented for period of Five (5) years upon the signing of Forest Management Agreement.

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL ...................................................................................................................i FOREWORD ...............................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ ix LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... x ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................ xi CHAPTER 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................... 14 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN ............................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Name of the Management Plan ................................................................... 14 1.1.2Period/Term of the Management Plan ........................................................ 14 1.1.3 Legal Authority for Preparation of the Plan ................................................ 14 1.1.4Justification and Purpose of the PFMP ......................................................... 14 1.1.5 Methodology and Approaches to the Development of the Kibiri PFMP ...... 14 1.1.6 Funding of the Kibiri PFMP ......................................................................... 17 1.1.7 Structure of Kibiri CFA ............................................................................... 17 1.2 DESCRIPTION OF KIBIRI FOREST ........................................................................ 18 1.2.1 Geographic location of Kibiri ..................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Legal and Administrative status ................................................................. 19 1.2.3 Physical description of Kibiri Forest........................................................... 20 1.2.4 Biodiversity ................................................................................................ 21 1.2.5 Description of Ecotourism sites .................................................................. 24 1.3 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST RESOURCES .............................................................. 25 1.3.1 Stocking of the forest .................................................................................. 25 1.3.2 Non-wood forest products .......................................................................... 26 1.3.3 Forest infrastructure and equipment .......................................................... 28 1.3.4 Human resources ....................................................................................... 32 1.3.5 History of the forest .................................................................................... 32 1.4 THREATS AND CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................. 35 1.4.1 Threats ....................................................................................................... 35 1.4.2 Management constraints ............................................................................ 37 1.5 VALUE OF THE FOREST....................................................................................... 37 1.5.1Watersheds ................................................................................................. 37 1.5.2Biodiversity reservoir ................................................................................. 37 1.5.3 Eco-tourism ................................................................................................ 37 1.5.4Research and Education Values .................................................................. 38 1.5.5 Other values of the forest ........................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION .................................................... 39 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 39 2.2 KIBIRI FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITY ............................................................ 39 2.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................... 39 2.4 WELL-BEING CATEGORY AND DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ...... 40 2.5 COMMUNITY FOREST PRODUCT UTILIZATION .................................................. 41 Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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2.5.1 Access to forest land .................................................................................. 41 2.5.2 Main uses of trees....................................................................................... 41 2.5.3 Main types of energy sources .................................................................... 41 2.5.4 Frequency of forest visits ........................................................................... 42 2.5.5 Benefit from the forest ................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 3.0 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS .................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 4.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND PLAN COSIDERATIONS ................ 46 4.1 VISION................................................................................................................. 46 4.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE .......................................................................................... 46 4.3 PLAN CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................... 46 4.3.1 Policies and Legal Framework ................................................................... 46 4.3.2 Linkages with relevant existing planning documents ................................ 52 4.3.3 Linkage with regional and international agreements and conventions ..................... 53 4.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 54 4.7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION ZONATION ..................................... 55 CHAPTER 5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES .......................................................... 57 5.1 NATURE RESERVE PROTECTION PROGRAMME ................................................. 57 5.1.1 Background ................................................................................................ 57 5.1.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 57 5.1.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 58 5.2FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMME ............................................................. 60 5.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 60 5.2.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 60 5.2.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 61 5.3 PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMME ............................................................................... 62 5.3.1 Background ................................................................................................ 62 5.3.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 62 5.3.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 63 5.4 INTERVENTION ZONE PROGRAMME .................................................................. 64 5.4.1 Background ................................................................................................ 64 5.4.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 65 5.4.3 Programme Objectives .............................................................................. 65 5.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME ..................................................... 67 5.5.1 Background ................................................................................................ 67 5.5.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 68 5.5.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 68 5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME............................................................................................................ 71 5.6.1 Background ................................................................................................ 71 5.6.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 71 5.6.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 71 5.7 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING PROGRAMME ............................................ 74 5.7.1 Background ................................................................................................ 74 5.7.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 74 Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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5.7.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 75 5.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME .................................................... 76 5.8.1 Background ................................................................................................ 76 5.8.2 Management Challenges ........................................................................... 76 5.8.3 Programme objectives ............................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................... 79 6.1 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES ..................................................................................... 79 6.1.1 Gender mainstreaming ............................................................................. 79 6.1.2 Reproductive Health, Nutrition and HIV/AIDS ............................................ 80 6.1.3 Marginalized groups .................................................................................. 80 6.1.4 Indigenous Knowledge .............................................................................. 80 6.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION ................................................................................. 81 6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ...................... 81 CHAPTER 7 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................ 83 7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 83 7.2 MONITORING ...................................................................................................... 83 7.3 MONITORING INDICATORS (BIOPHYSICAL AND COMMUNITY BASED INDICATORS) ............................................................................................................ 83 7.4 DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ...................................................... 83 7.5 RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................................... 84 7.6 MONITORING PLAN ............................................................................................ 84 7.7 EVALUATION ...................................................................................................... 89 7.8 REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 89 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 90 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 91 Appendix 1: List of plant species found in Kibiri Forest ............................................ 91 Appendix 2: Common shrubs and invasive species in Kibiri Forest ......................... 93 Appendix 3: Mammal species of Kibiri Forest........................................................... 93 Appendix 4: Reptiles and amphibians species of Kibiri Forest ................................. 94 Appendix 5: Key birds species of Kibiri forest .......................................................... 94 Appendix 6: Kibiri Forest Plantation Data Sheet as at 31st March 2015 ...................... 95 Appendix 7a: List of the Local Planning Team, Kibiri PFMP ...................................... 97 Appendix 7b: List of participants during awareness workshop on Kibiri PFMP held on 26th January 2012 at Mukumu Salvation Army Church .................................. 97 Appendix 7c: List of participants during sensitization meeting on 8/02/2013 ........... 98 Appendix 7d: List of participants in Community Forest Zonation at Kibiri ................ 99

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1a: Community Sensitization meeting ........................................................... 3 Figure 1.1b: Kibiri LPT Sketching forest resources ................................................... 16 Figure 1.1c: Kibiri LPT discussing draft PFMP with the head, management plans, KFS.................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 1.2: Kibiri CFA structure. ............................................................................... 17 Figure 1.3: Kibiri Forest Location Map ...................................................................... 18 Figure 1.4: Map showing Kibiri Forest as part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem......... 19 Figure 1.5: Kibiri Forest Drainage Pattern................................................................. 21 Figure 1.6: Kibiri Forest Resources Map showing plantation areas ........................... 26 Figure 1.7: Bee keeping project run by the Kibiri CFA ............................................. 27 Figure 1.8: Nature Kenya handing over Motorbikes to Kibiri CFA for forest protection ................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 1.9a: Plate on Kibiri Forest Station Office Block ............................................. 30 Figure 1.9b: Forest Rangers at Musunji outpost ........................................................ 31 Figure 1.10: Kibiri CFA officials trying out Computer with accessories & office furniture donated by Nature Kenya ........................................................................... 31 Figure 1.11a: Debarked pine in forest plantation ...................................................... 35 Figure 1.11b: Charcoal kiln being destroyed in Kibiri forest .................................... 36 Figure 1.11c: Unauthorized livestock grazing in young plantation............................ 36 Figure 2.1: Literacy level in Kibiri ............................................................................. 40 Figure 2.2 Well-being categories in Kibiri ................................................................ 40 Figure 2.3 Usage of energy saving jikos by well-being categories .......................... 42 Figure 4.1: Community Kibiri Forest Zonation Sketch Map ....................................... 55 Figure 5.1: Plate on capacity building for Kibiri Community scouts.......................... 58 Figure 5.2a: Community members raising seedlings in Kaptisi group nursery ....... 61 Figure 5.2b: Seedlings planted in Kibiri Kaptisi area ................................................ 61 Figure 5.3: Plate on round wood plantation............................................................... 63 Figure 5.4: Plate on 3 stone jiko & improved jikos .................................................... 66 Figure 5.5: Plate on community scouts & KFS rangers on joint forest patrol .............. 70 Figure 5.6: Plate on Forest ranger’s houses at Musunji outpost ................................. 72 Figure 6.1: Institutional arrangements for PFMP implementation.............................. 82

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Excisions in Kibiri Forest ........................................................................... 20 Table 1.2 Indicator Species for disturbance of Kibiri forest ...................................... 10 Table 1.3: Proposed sites for ecotourism .................................................................. 25 Table 1.4: Status of forest roads in Kibiri ................................................................... 29 Table 1.5: Human resources at Kibiri Forest Station .................................................. 32 Table 3.1 Stakeholders identified as the key implementers of the plan .................... 44 Table 4.1 Rationale for Zoning .................................................................................. 56 Table 5.1: Management interventions on Nature Reserve protection programme ............................................................................................................... 59 Table 5.2: Management interventions on Forest Conservation programme ............. 61 Table 5.3: Management interventions on productive programme ............................ 63 Table 5.4: Management options within intervention zone ......................................... 67 Table 5.5: Management interventions on community participation programme....... 68 Table 5.6: Management interventions on Infrastructure, Equipment and Human Resources Development Programme........................................................................ 72 Table 5.7: Management interventions on partnership and networking programme ............................................................................................................... 75 Table 5.8: Research and monitoring interventions strategies ................................... 77 Table 7.1: Kibiri PFMP Monitoring Matrix ................................................................. 85

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BIOTA

Biodiversity Transect Analysis and Monitoring

CBD

Convention on Biological Diversity

CBO

Community Based Organization

CDF

Constituency Development Fund

EMCA

Environmental Management and Coordination Act

FAC

Forest Adjacent Community

GEF

Global Environment Facility

GoK

Government of Kenya

HIV

Human Immune Virus

IBA

Important Bird Area

IGA

Income Generating Activity

K-PFMP

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan

KEFRI

Kenya Forestry Research Institute

KFS

Kenya Forest Service

KIFCON

Kenya Indigenous Forest Conservation

KWS

Kenya Wildlife Service

MDGs

Millennium Development Goals

MoALF

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries

NBE

Nature based Enterprise

NGO

Non-Governmental Organizations

NK

Nature Kenya

NMK

National Museums of Kenya

NTFP

Non Timber Forest Products

PELIS

Plantation Establishment and Livelihoods Improvement Scheme

PFM

Participatory Forest Management

PFMP

Participatory Forest Management Plan

UNDP

United Nations Development Programme

WRMA

Water Resource Management Authority

WRUA

Water Resource Users Association

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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CHAPTER 1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN 1.1.1 Name of the Management Plan The name of the management plan shall be Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan (K-PFMP).

1.1.2 Period/Term of the Management Plan Upon approval of this plan and signing of Forest Management Agreement, it shall be implemented for period of Five (5) years (2015 – 2019).

1.1.3 Legal Authority for Preparation of the Plan Section 35 (1) of the Forests Act, 2005 provides that every state, local authority and provisional forest shall be managed in accordance plan that complies with the requirement prescribed under the rules made under the Act. Kibiri forest is a state forest and therefore required to comply with the clause. The Forests (Participation in Sustainable Forest Management) Rules, 2009 provides the guidelines for the development of this plan.

1.1.4 Justification and Purpose of the PFMP Kibiri forest plays a significant role in the livelihoods of the majority of the community members adjacent to this forest and beyond hence their need to participate in its management and conservation.

Section 46 of the Forests Act, 2005 provides for registration of a community forest association under the Societies Act and that it may apply to the Director of KFS for permission to participate in the management and conservation of a state owned forest. The Act requires the application to be accompanied by a management plan or a draft management plan, hence the need to develop this K-PFMP. The Forest Management Plan is a requirement for Kibiri CFA to meet the conditions stipulated in Section 35 (3) of the Forests Act, 2005 for signing Forest Management Agreement with Kenya Forest Service (KFS). Besides, the plan will give guidelines for preparation and implementation of annual work plans and budgets for proper management Kibiri forest in a participatory manner.

1.1.5 Methodology and Approaches to the Development of the Kibiri PFMP The process of drafting the management plan for Kibiri forest started in the year 2012 and it was participatory involving various stakeholders among them is the forest adjacent community, Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, Nature Kenya, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Kenya Wildlife Service, NEMA, WRMA and Ministry of Agriculture. There was a stakeholders meeting to initiate the process of developing Kibiri PFMP and the formation of Local Planning Team (LPT) to spearhead the process. Members of the LPT consisted of representatives from key institutions in the field of forestry and environment, local administration and CFA officials representing the community.

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LPT members were assigned roles and responsibilities mainly to collect information required in the development of PFMP. There were also, five village level meetings to sensitize the wider community living adjacent to the forest on PFMP process and development of Kibiri PFMP. The first meeting was held at Muhudu sub-location at the shopping centre, the second meeting was held at Isekuti shopping centre, third meeting held in Makuchi sub-location at PAG Church, the fourth meeting held in Musasa at Friends Church and the last village meeting held at Kaptis, Shiru Sublocation.

Socio-economic surveys were conducted on the households adjacent to the forest, an exercise led by KEFRI officers from Kakamega assisted by the community members as enumerators. The criteria of collecting socio-economic data were developed by KEFRI in consultation with other stakeholders and local communities in a meeting.

The CFA and the village elders were involved in mapping of the wealth and wellbeing ranking of the community which were subjected to questionnaires.

Community members were also involved during biodiversity assessment in the forest that was being led by research scientist from KWS. KFS survey team conducted forest zonation in collaboration with CFA members who assisted in identifying the various resources found in the forest. After the production of the reports on socio- economics survey, biodiversity assessment and forest zonation, meetings were organized to feed back the results to the community.

Five LPT meetings were held to consolidate data that lead to production of the zero draft Kibiri PFMP. A secretariat was constituted to edit the draft plan. Another meeting was organized between the LPT and KFS staff from the planning section from the headquarters where LPT was taken through the draft plan by the KFS staff and a number of comments were raised to be addressed by the team. Comments that were raised during the meeting were incorporated in the document before sending to KFS planning section at headquarters for further proof reading. In July 2015 a validation meeting for the draft plan was then held in Musasa where it was wholly presented to the wider stakeholders of Kibiri forest for their final input. It was then sent to KFS headquarters for printing and approval by the Director. Figures 1a, b and c are plates showing the plan development process of the plan.

Figure 1.1a: Community Sensitization meeting

Figure 1.1b: Kibiri LPT Sketching forest resources

Figure 1.1c: Kibiri LPT discussing the draft PFMP with head of management plans, KFS

1.1.6 Funding of the Kibiri PFMP The preparation of the Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan was funded by GEF/UNDP through Nature Kenya. The K-PFMP will be implemented using funds from the Kenya Forest Service, County Government of Vihiga, the Community and other stakeholders with interests in Kibiri Forest. Proposals for funding will be prepared and presented to various funding partners. The funding and support may be for a specific programme or constitute a number of them.

1.1.7 Structure of Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA is formed by Forest Adjacent Community members surrounding Kibiri forest. The members are organized into various forest user groups with interests in the various resources they get from the forest. The CFA therefore has organs to ensure its members are adequately represented and enable effective functioning, as shown in figure 1.2

CFA EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ADVISORY COMMITTEE CFA MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE

USER GROUPS AND COMMUNITY SCOUTS

CFA MEMBERS

Figure 1.2: Kibiri CFA Structure

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF KIBIRI FOREST 1.2.1 Geographic location of Kibiri Kibiri forest is located in Vihiga County, Hamisi Sub-county, Shaviringa Division, Muhudu and Shaviringa Locations as shown in figure 1.3.

Kibiri forest station is approximately 30 km from Mbale town and along the Chavakali-Kapsabet road at Musasa market. The forest lies to the South East of the Forest Ecosystem in Vihiga County separated by Yala River.

Figure 1.3: Kibiri Forest Location Map Source: KFS survey department The forest is part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem and was hived out of the main Kakamega forest when the then Vihiga district was officially separated from the larger former Kakamega District. Its administrative office is at Kibiri forest station (0˚9’16.88’’N, 34˚52’19.25’’E) about 1km from Musasa Market. It borders Kakamega Forest block on the North, with Yala River forming a natural boundary, borders

Kapsabet-Chavakali road to the west and Nandi Central Sub-county to the South East.

The boundary round the forest is 39 km in perimeter. Figure 1.4 shows the location of Kibiri relative to the larger Kakamega Forest Ecosystem.

Figure 1.4: Map showing Kibiri Forest as part of Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Source: BIOTA Atlas, 2010 1.2.2 Legal and Administrative status The forest was gazetted in 1932 together with the larger Kakamega Forest and was declared to be a forest area by Proclamation No. 14 of 13th February 1933 which set aside 23,777.3 hectares out of which 3,691.3 ha is the Kibiri Forest block.

Part of Kibiri forest has been excised for settlement and construction of a secondary school over the years but formal degazzetment has not been done. A total of 126.7 ha of forest land has been excised of the stated purposes as shown in table 1.1

Table 1.1 Excisions in Kibiri Forest Title of the excision

Area (Ha)

Reason

Remarks

Kaptik Secondary School (L/R 206/94) Shiru settlement scheme (boundary plan No. 180/215) Shaviringa settlement

9.5

Construction of the public secondary school Settled people from Vihiga District Headquarters and County hospital To settle people moved from the land occupied by Mudete tea factory and Moi Girls High School – Vokoli

Degazzetment to be effected Degazzetment to be effected

103.2

14.0

Degazzetment to be effected

Total 126.7 Kibiri forest is managed by the Forest Station Manager reports directly to Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator who is subsequently responsible to the Head of Western Conservancy. For purposes of forest protection, Kibiri is divided into four beats namely; Station, Yala, Musunji and Shiru. The Station and Yala beats are managed by forest rangers in the forest station while the other two have built forest rangers outpost.

1.2.3 Physical description of Kibiri Forest Kibiri Forest is the largest forest block in Vihiga County, covering an area of 3,691.3 ha.

It is part of the larger Kakamega tropical rain forest separated only by Yala River to the North.

1.2.3.1 Climate The area has high levels of annual rainfall. Forest receives annual rainfall of between 1500 mm to 2000mm with 1977mm recorded in 2014. Rainfall is bimodal with the heaviest fall in April to June, with a slightly drier June and a second peak of short rains in September-October. January and February are the driest months.

Temperature is fairly constant throughout the year, with a mean daily minimum of about 150 C and mean daily maximums of about 260C. 1.2.3.2 Topography Kibiri Forest lies in a generally sloppy ground. Its landscape is characterized by hills, slopes and occasional valleys of between 10 and 20% slope. The elevation ranges between 1470 to 1600 meters above sea level. The general trend of slopping of the ground is westwards as evidenced by the flow of the streams and River Yala.

1.2.3.3 Geology and soils The geology of Kibiri forest can be described by underlying rocks that include basalt, phenolites and ancient gneisses of the Kavirondo and Nyanzian Systems which are associated with gold bearing quartz veins. These rock formations are overlaid by a layer of clay-loam soils. These soils are generally clay-rich and are associated with humid tropical climates and often support forested areas.

1.2.3.4 Hydrology The forest is an important watershed for Lake Victoria as it is the origin of several streams that drain into River Yala which in turn empties into the lake. River Yala forms the boundary between Kibiri and Kakamega forests as it passes from the Nandi escarpments where it originates. The Yala tributaries in Kibiri include; Itsava, Mwala, Lujesi (Yordan), Malovi, Sirwa, Lurungula, Ishianda, Lunyu, Ishirongo, Malungu, Musanyi and Ijiviri streams. These streams are used by community at various points for livestock consumption, domestic use and small-scale agricultural irrigation. There is need to develop sub-catchment management plans for them for implementation by Water Resource Users Associations (WRUAs). Figure 1.5 shows the drainage pattern of the rivers within Kibiri forest.

Figure 1.5: Kibiri Forest Drainage Pattern Source: KFS Survey department

1.2.4 Biodiversity Due to its connection to the Kakamega forest, whose origin is the Guinea – Congolian rain forest ecosystem, Kibiri forest habours many species that are related to the Central and West African flora and fauna. The forest also hosts a number of endemic species of animals and plants that are not found anywhere else in the World. However, it is no longer a primary forest but middle-aged secondary forest due to past disturbance in the forest hence most of the fauna and flora species are the secondary forest species. Few of the primary forest species are found within Yala Nature Reserve of Kibiri forest.

1.2.4.1 Description of Forest Flora The forest has both indigenous trees and exotic tree species. Exotic trees cover about 500 ha and include species such as Cuppressus lusitanica, Pinus patula, Eucalyptus saligna and Bischofia javonica. Indigenous forest cover 3,124.8 Ha and mainly include species like Maesopsis eminii, Olea welwitschii, Fagara microphila (Zanthozylum gilletti), Cordia abbysinica, Croton megalocarpus, Markhamia lutea, Trichilia roka and Spathodea nilotica among others.

It is home to the locally threatened Elgon teak - Olea capensis and rare Prunus africana, which are species of special conservation concern. These species are prone to over exploitation due to their high quality timber and medicinal value.

More than 60 species of trees have been recorded in the forest refer to appendix 1, majority being of medicinal importance such as Croton megalocarpus, Prunus africana, Trichilia emetica, Zanthoxylum gilletii. Barks, leaves, roots and seeds of these mentioned trees have medicinal properties used in treating various diseases that include prostate cancer, common flu, stomach ache, chest problems. The forest is also covered by bamboo that adds to 0.5 ha and the rest is degraded area Forest succession and regeneration From the studies done in Kibiri Forest the findings shows that there is a succession of tree species and lianas as highlighted below; I. II. III. IV.

V.

Funtumia africana and Craibia brownii indicate past disturbance according to (Mutangah 1996).

Polyscias fulva and Alangium chinese mainly grow in gaps and along disturbed forest edges and therefore an indicator of gaps or disturbance (Althof, 2005).

Diaspyros abyssinica and Strychnos usambarensis are considered a climax species of mature old forest.

The occurrence of adult specimen of tree lianas species Stephania abyssinica, Secamone punchulata and Smilax anceps in a forest indicate a young succession stage.

In contrast the record of slow growing lianas species like Tiliacora funifera, Culcasia falcifolia and Hippocratea africana indicates older climax stages. The table below summarizes the disturbance indicator species.

Table 1.2 Indicator Species for disturbance of Kibiri forest Life forms Lianas Lianas Lianas Herbs Shrubs Trees Trees Source: Althof 2005

High disturbance Stephania abyssinica Secsmone punchulata Smilax anceps Afromomum mala Acanthus pubscens Polyscias fulva Alangium Chinese

Low disturbance Tiliacora funifera Culcasia falcifolia Hippocraeta Africana Impatiens stuhlmannii Acanthus eminnens Diaspyros abyssinica Strychnos usambarensis

1.2.4.1.2 Plantation forest Plantation forest in Kibiri covering 500Ha was initiated by the Kenya Forest Service to provide wood for industrial development on sustainable yield. This is meant to provide tangible benefits of the forest products to both the republic and local community in the area. Kibiri forest plantation development began in 1968 with planting of Prunus africana. Exotic species were then planted for production of timber, pulpwood, fuel wood, poles. The main plantation tree species in Kibiri forest are Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus patula, and Eucalptus saligna. There is also significant area under Bischofia javonica.

1.2.4.1.3 Riverine indicators These are the flora species that tend to indicate water conditions in the environment therefore are water indicators species. Some of these species that are found within Kibiri include Ficus sur, Ficus lutea, Polyscias fulva.

1.2.4.1.4 Deep forest flora species The area had a Canopy of about 40m in height with about 85% projected foliage cover (PFC). Although there was some open canopy due to illegal logging, the following tree species are in the deep forest Craterer spermum, Ficus thoningii and Funtumia latifolia 1.2.4.1.5 Shrubs and invasive species Shrub area had about 2.5 m in height with about 1% Projected Foliage Cover (PFC).

Shrubs and invasive species might have been introduced by human activities in the forest. Common shrubs and invasive species found in Kibiri forest are Harungana madagascariensis, Lantana trifolia, Lantana camara and Solanum incanum for more species refer to appendix 2.

1.2.4.2 Description of Fauna Kibiri forest is part of the larger Kakamega Forest Ecosystem that is a rainforest habitat that host unique animals that are found nowhere else in Kenya. Birds are numerous with almost over 400 different species. The forest is also characterized by high insect diversity. However, many animal groups have not yet been studied in depth, and this applies particularly to insects and arachnids.

Some of the most common fauna found in Kibiri forest are: Blue Monkey – Cercopithecus mitis; Black and White Colobus – Colobus guereza; Olive Baboon – Papio anubis; Mountain Fruit Bat – Rousettus lanosus; Verreaux’s Eagle – Owl – Bubo lacteus; Black-and-White-casqued Hornbill – Bycanistes subcylindricus; Pale Flycatcher – Melaenornis pallidus; Montane Side-striped Chameleon – Chamaeleo ellioti; Rhinoceros-horned Viper – Bitis nasicornis; Gaboon Viper – Bitis gabonica; Olive Sand Snake – Psammophis mossambicus; Lineolate Blind Snake – Typhlops lineolatus; Spotted Toad – Amietrophynus maculatus; Common Tree Frog – Hyperoliusviridiflavus; Jumping spider – Menemerus congoensis. Hippopotamus seasonally come to the forest along river Yala from Lake Victoria. These are just but a few of the animal species found in the forest. Refer to appendix 3 and 4. Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus) are nocturnal and much harder to detect. Baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) are also present in some parts of the forest and are well known for crop destruction in the farms adjacent to the forest.

The forest is also home to globally threatened bird species such as Turner's Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin's Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu); a further 15 species are regionally threatened, and 46 species known in Kenya only from the adjacent Kakamega forest. Most of these species are found in plantations of mixed indigenous tree species. Many bird species are crucial for the forest ecosystem, because most tree species depend on birds for seed dispersal. In this regard, the Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) is an important species for seed dispersal in Kibiri Forest. List of birds that were observed in Kibiri forest during survey are attached in appendix 5.

The forest is also home to butterflies, moths, dragonflies, ants, termites, beetles and bees. The ants play an important ecological function of predation, scavenging and seed dispersal. One such example is the army ant Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi also called ‘driver ant’ or ‘safari ant’. Termites also play the role of invertebrate decomposers and have an impact on soil properties and nutrient cycling. Bees assist in pollination that impacts plant demography, population genetics and plant community composition.

1.2.5 Description of Ecotourism sites The Forest is a unique sanctuary for many endemic insects, plants and birds not found anywhere else, since it is the same ecosystem as the larger Kakamega forest. Between 10 to 20% of the animal species in the forest are unique to this forest. The huge variety of birds, reptiles and insects make it a specialist potential for eco-tourism attraction for bird watchers and wildlife photographers. Large mammals are, however, rare. Also, the unique cultural practices of the neighboring communities and natural features portray a great ecotourism potential. Community participation in ecotourism activities in the forest can greatly contribute to its social and economic development, but only if the activities are well planned, organized, coordinated and managed. Examples include the cultural sites, the Tiriki Circumcision sites, sacred groves and shrines. The Tiriki sacred forests are forest patches used mainly as circumcision sites by the Tiriki sub-tribe of the Luhya community.

The Local community also has rich indigenous knowledge on the forest, which can be of great value and interest to tourists. Community tour guiding can be a viable option

for ensuring that Ecotourism benefits the local community, if they are properly trained and nurtured. Table 1.3 shows some proposed sites for ecotourism.

Table 1.3: Proposed sites for ecotourism Name of site “Island” on R. Yala Mushihirira

Current utilization Settlement

Waterfalls at Tindinyo and Shiru

Studies done for hydroelectric power generation Potential for recreation as waterfalls Historically used for stone milling of maize (turbines) None

Kapkatoi “Island” on R. Yala with adjacent waterfall Abandoned gold mines Dormant

Hippo and big trees in Yala Nature Reserve Boat rowing (proposed)- Yala

Biodiversity conservation

Sport fishing- Yala river Cultural sites (proposed)

Currently done on subsistence basis Circumcision

Eco-lodge (proposed) at Chevunyulu glade near River Yala

None

None

Remarks Although the area is outside the gazzetted forest, it can still be an attraction site Part of it is situated in private land and is recommended for picnic site and promotion as a monument.

Generation of power and sport fishing, camping Proposed for nature trails targeting the gold mines and caves Proposed nature trails Proposed for development on sections of River Yala (public –private partnership) Big fish exists but promotion needs to be done Proposed for ecotourism – cultural centre proposed at glade next to Forest station To be developed once ecotourism is established.

1.3 DESCRIPTION OF FOREST RESOURCES 1.3.1 Stocking of the forest Kibiri Forest is majorly indigenous forest with some areas under plantations. In the early 70s part of the indigenous forest of Kibiri were cut to give room for tea zone but later on the area was reforested with plantations of indigenous species mainly Prunus africana and exotic trees such as Eucalyptus, Pines, Cypress & Bischofia javanica were planted. Figure 1.6 shows map of Kibiri forest with the plantation areas highlighted and as well as other forest resources in the forest.

Figure 1.6: Kibiri Forest Resources Map showing plantation areas Source: KFS survey department 1.3.2 Non-wood forest products Non-wood forest products that are being extracted from the forest by the local communities are as follows: Honey: this is harvested and used as food and a source of income. Beekeeping in Kibiri has been practiced from time immemorial. The traditional beekeepers use simple hives often made from hollowed logs. The empty hives are placed high up on trees, become occupied by passing swarms and in due course are harvested by the beekeepers. This method of honey harvesting may destroy the colony and result in a poor yield of low quality hive products. However hives have improved with time which allows harvesting without destroying the bees. Within the forest there is an apiary site at Musasa next to Vihiga Ecosystem Conservator’s office with langstroth hives. Other user groups also have apiaries in various parts of the forest. Beekeepers aim for the highest grade of honey to maximize returns from beekeeping.

Figure 1.7: Bee keeping project run by the Kibiri CFA Mushrooms-Locally in Kibiri they are known as “Bwoba’’, within the forest mushrooms grow in the wild especially in the glade area and collection of mushrooms takes place during the months of March to May. Mushrooms are a valuable source of food and their cultivation can be a viable small-scale business, but investing in a mushroom growing scheme can be risky therefore feasibility study looking at potential markets and supply chains should be done as well as production plan to ensure continuous production is encouraged.

The forest also has traditional vegetables used as food especially during the dry seasons. Some of vegetables found within the forest are: Cleome gynandra (tsisaka), Corchorus olitorius (murere) (Inderema), Solanum nigram (lisutsa), Nirunda, likhuvayiga, Shirietso, etc.

Wild fruits such as guavas are also used as food; Ropes are extracted from shrubs such as Dombeya spp. and are used for thatching grass houses.

Medicinal herbs are being extracted in the forest from small plants to big trees that include: Croton megalocarpus, Prunus africana (Mwiritsa), Trichilia emetica, Zanthoxylum gilletii. Barks, leaves, roots and seeds of these mentioned trees have medicinal properties used in treating various diseases. Another famous medicinal plant is Mondia whytei which is a slow growing vine that used to be abundant in Kibiri Forest but is now getting scarce. Main threat to the species has been over exploitation by local communities for subsistence and commercial purposes. The main threats to mondia farming are over exploitation. Mondia is used as a traditional remedy to improve appetite and libido. In areas where it is used medicinally, the most commonly cited use is as an aphrodisiac and an antidepressant. It is currently being harvested unsustainably from the wild and this could advocate for planting Mondia at own farm

level. Community members adjacent to the forest could cultivate Mondia to meet the increasing demand. Within the forest it is harvested in Yala nature reserve. Value addition is recommended through processing into powder and other forms followed by packaging. Mondia whytei roots are sold in other towns in Kenya.

Glades are utilized as grazing areas and a source of thatching grass. Kibiri forest has two major glades that include Jidereri and Kamulembe glades. Glades are thought to have been originated due to the edaphic situation, the climatic conditions in history or the anthropogenic influence. Some glades were dominated by pseudo termites which is the indicator of natural glades. Kenya Forest Service had tried to grow indigenous trees such as Olea capensis, Prunus africana and Harungana madagascarensis in the glade but their attempts were unsuccessful. This could imply that the soil cover the marrum rock is too thin to provide enough drainage and depth to support trees.

Sand/ Murram which are used for construction purposes, mining takes place along River Yala.

Water: the forest is a water catchment for several streams and River Yala which provide water for the community and institutions in the locality. People with livestock depend on the water from these streams for drinking and domestic use.

Other non-wood forest products include: Soil for smearing mud walls, Clay for pottery, Gold from abandoned pits, Palm leaves, Grass for livestock and thatching, Wild Cocoons for butterfly rearing, Crippers for cultural rituals during circumcision, and Seeds and wildings for tree nurseries.

1.3.3 Forest infrastructure and equipment This section deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri Forest. These include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings, CFA office, dispensary, power (electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture and tree nursery.

Roads: Roads in Kibiri are fairly maintained although during rainy periods some become impassable. The forest road network covers about 23km. Road connecting from Chavakali – Kapsabet highway to the station is all-weather road maintained by Kenya Rural Roads Authority, but the roads within the station which are supposed to be maintained by KFS are in a dilapidated state. Some of the roads lack connecting bridges (only temporal ones exist). Some of the roads are impassable especially during rainy season. The roads are affected by a lot of soil erosion and cattle ruts.

There are a few bridges and the existing bridges are in poor condition, while on the other hand, some sections of the minor roads that cross rivers/streams require bridges. The status of the roads in the station is as presented in table 1.4.

Table 1.4: Status of forest roads in Kibiri Road 1 Musasa- station- Muyer 2 Yala- Makuchi 3 Yala- Kamulembe 4 Yala- Siekuti 5 Station- Matangi-Yala 6 Matangi- Musunji- Kaptisi TOTAL

Approx. length (Km) 8 3 4 3 8 8 34

Status Poor inside forest Poor, Lacks connecting bridge Poor, Lacks connecting bridge Poor, Lacks connecting bridge Poor Poor, Lack connecting bridge

Firefighting equipment: Historically, incidences of fire outbreaks have been relatively low and the few that occur occasionally happen during the dry spell (December to February).More often than not, the outbreaks are associated with those grazing in the forest and those collecting honey from trees in the forest (not using modern methods of honey harvesting). The forest station, however, does have any fire tower or firefighting equipment. During fire incidences, the community members are mobilized to fight the fire. Forest scouts will be handy to inform the authorities in case of outbreaks. A fire tower is proposed at Maanzalala- Shigulu.

Vehicles: The station has one vehicle and a tractor that is aged and is frequently grounded and has high maintenance and operation costs. The vehicle is supplemented with motorbikes from the Ecosystem Conservator’s office and the CFA. These also require frequent maintenance and can be easily written off as not road-worthy. The vehicle can only serve within the county and the neighboring counties but cannot do long distance due to the aforementioned reasons. The CFA has two motorbikes donated by Nature Kenya purchased through GEF/UNDP Project. These are shown in the figure 1.8 below during their handing over.

Electricity: Kibiri forest station is within the main electricity grid but so far electrification has not been effected to the forest station. The transformer is within the 600m range.

Communication: Kibiri forest station is well served with the main mobile service providers’ network although some areas of the forest do not receive good network coverage. There is no infrastructure for radio communication and the security system uses mobile cell phones for communication. There is also need for modern communication gadgets.

Buildings: Most buildings in the forest are ancient and require rehabilitation or overhaul. The buildings are inadequate (numbers), especially staff houses. For the residential buildings there are two permanent housing units and four temporary ones.

They are all in poor state, worn out, lacking paint, and leaking roofs.

For non-residential buildings, there is one office block which has the forester’s office, Forest rangers office with an armory room, clerical office and a store. The station has one temporary pit latrine which is in poor condition.

Figure 1.8: Nature Kenya handing over Motorbikes to Kibiri CFA for forest protection

Figure 1.9a: Plate on Kibiri Forest Station Office Block

Figure 1.9b: Forest Rangers at Musunji outpost Equipment and Office furniture: The CFA has one computer with accessories, office desk, chairs, cabinet but all these are stationed in a rented office due to lack of electricity and security within the station. Furniture in the KFS office is old and requires replacement.

Figure 1.10: Kibiri CFA officials trying out a computer with accessories & office furniture donated by Nature Kenya

Water: The forest is endowed with many streams, which the community fetch water for domestic use and for their animals. The forest staffs also make use of these streams and rely on rain water for domestic use and other uses within the station (e.g. tree nurseries). There is no connection to the main water supply.

Health Services: The forest has no health facility but there are a number of health facilities (mainly private) distributed around the forest. Kaimosi Mission Hospital is the largest health facility closest to the forest and is about 10Km from the forest station.

1.3.4 Human resources Kibiri forest station has the following work force as indicated in table 1.4 below: Table 1.5: Human resources at Kibiri Forest Station Category Forest station Manager Assistant Forest station Manager Forest guards Nursery workers Support staff Clerks Driver Store man Community scouts

In place 1 0 13 3 2 0 0 0 13

Proposed 1 1 20 10 5 1 2 1 20

Variance 0 1 7 7 3 1 2 1 7

The Forest Station Manager and Forest rangers have undergone training in their areas of operation. Tree Nursery workers and support staff have undergone basic training in their areas of operation and refresher courses are highly recommended. Community forest scouts have received training from GEF/UNDP and CDTF funded projects but there is need to train seven community forest scouts and they should be provided with first aid kits, gumboots and raincoats. Replacement of worn out uniform need to be addressed and more advanced training in forest patrol is needed.

There is need to increase the current staff numbers as indicated in the table above; most of the current staffs require further training in various aspects. Some of the current staffs are approaching retirement age but most are below 40 years of age though their motivation is low considering their working environment. There is need to put emphasis on advancement in knowledge and skills by identifying the individual skills required for continuous improvement. There is need to provide opportunities for the staff to strengthen the skills required. There is need to improve the conditions at their work place by providing the best tools, equipment and devices that enhance their efficiency and productivity.

1.3.5 History of the forest The forest covered most of the land with few settlements around the forest that extended to Kakamega where Isukha people stayed & Nandi where the Nandi people lived. The people who lived around Kibiri forest were Luhya tribe of the clan called Vatirichi. There were no specific names given to the forest as a whole but different

parts of the forest were called names relating to the clans living around them.

However, one name that just referred to forest (which included the Nandi forest) is Muliru. People mainly chose to settle in areas with fertile soils and abundance of wild animals since most practiced farming and hunting. Some of the animals were not only hunted for food but for cultural ceremonies. For instance, the black and white colobus monkey was hunted for its skin that was worn by traditional circumcisers and respected elders.

Before the colonial era, the forest was mainly used for cultural festivals and other forms of exploitation were not allowed. The common use of the forest by the community was hunting of wild animals, fruit and vegetable gathering. Some harvested honey mainly from natural hives (bees made hives in trunks of trees or underground). Herbal medicine was practiced by some clans but only medicine men were allowed to collect herbal medicine after performing some ritual. It was not open for everyone.

In 1902 the first missionaries settled at Kaimosi, (these were from Germany). They fenced off the Kaimosi area and started planting trees and introduced Eucalyptus. They introduced an artificial forest and a farm to upgrade the local breeds of animals. Later on they introduced education programmes which they implemented alongside the church, thus the community moved closer. More whites come in from America and Britain. These altered the original boundaries while working out roads.

In 1914 First World War started between the Germany & British and many programmes were disrupted. After the First World War, the Germans left leaving behind missionaries from America & Britain.

In 1920’s the British missionaries, in a meeting at Musasa, asked the community about the ownership of the land at Kibiri, which by then, was known as “Ijevukung’u” or “Ijivili”, because there were two big Eucalyptus trees that would be seen from a far distance, and it was a source of two rivers running to different directions. The Tiriki old men told him that the big forest was no-man’s land but was for culture and the future generations.

The white men asked the community to identify someone who would help conserve the forest on behalf of the community. One old man called Nandwa was chosen to allow the preserve it for the future utilization of the Tirilki children’s, but meanwhile they be allowed to use the place for protecting the trees.

In 1932 Nandwa and another Mzee called Shidungu from Isukha (Kakamega) were asked to survey only places where farming could not do well, and also could be protected as water catchments. That is why the boundaries are not straight. After surveying the forest, marks were put in all corners; later trees (Eucalyptus) were planted all-round the forest. By 1934 and all those staying in the marked areas were asked to move from there and settle where other people were.

To evacuate the forest inhabitants, they were cheated that the forest was to be sprayed with insecticides to eliminate tsetse flies (locally called Visimbiri) that spread diseases. The white men who joined in later were not missionaries but were workers who were running away from the war.

Between 1934 and 1935 despite the arrangements there was Gold prospecting in the forest. And most young men were recruited to join mining company that came from Kakamega, Rosters mines. Logging was introduced, and the logs transported to mining areas, and in return, the community was allowed to cultivate in the areas where trees had been cut. The community was also allowed to access whatever they wanted in the forest but not to live in the forest. Hunting for bush meat was allowed provided one was working with the mining company. The white men asked the community leaders (called Walugongo), to fine offenders, whenever they were found. They were fined meat by the village leaders, later it was two shillings (KSh.2/=). Walugongo was a community leader who was at the level of the present-day Assistant Chief.

After the Second World War, in 1945, the white men recruited Forest Rangers from the community to take much control over the forest, as they continued with mining and prospecting. In 1946, since logging was too high, the rangers enforced orders by arresting whoever was found in the forest, except those cultivating in the cleared areas. In some cases the White men would spray finger millet grown by the local community with drugs to prohibit germination.

Mining continued until 1960’s when the Mau Mau war erupted in some parts of the country. Kaimosi area was not affected by this war to a great extent except that there was forced labour in the mining areas. After independence, the Kenyan Government took over Forest protection. The community continued to utilize the Forest but some people went back to their places since the remaining whites became friendly.

However, the Kenyan Government stopped the community from settling in the forest and forcefully evacuated them. However, cultivation was still being done at a fee.

Surveying was done by the Government to mark the forest area. In 1969 forest cultivation was introduced at Chevunyulu area, and the community was allowed to pay some money to plough in the forest. At this time the Government introduced exotic species in the forest to replace the indigenous trees. The community did not like it but force was used.

In 1970 the following areas were marked for cultivation: Lusiola, Shiru and Musasa. In 1972 Imesuluri area was marked which was followed by Imesitsi in 1974. Between 1985 and 1988 there was logging of exotic trees – Cyprus, pine and eucalyptus by companies from outside the area and cultivation went on. Within this period, people were settled from other areas to create room for the expansion of schools, district headquarters and other social amenities. This was mainly politically motivated.

Logging was, however, stopped in 1988.

In 1990 survey for Nyayo Tea Zone was done though the tea was not planted. These areas were later on opened up between 1992 and 1995 for community cultivation along the forest boundaries. Cultivation in the forest was officially authorized in 2013 under PELIS programme whereby the CFA organized community members to cultivate crops as they establish and tend young plantations in clear-felled areas.

1.4 THREATS AND CONSTRAINTS 1.4.1 Threats Kibiri Forest is a critical habitat for endemic, rare, threatened and endangered species that include birds, mammals, snakes and plants. Considerable resources and efforts have been invested in improving the management of the Kibiri forest in the past years.

Although some successes have been achieved, tremendous threats and pressures on the forest still remain. Some of the threats include; The depletion of forest resources and degradation: These are mainly compounded by problems of charcoal burning, timber poaching, over grazing and grazing in young plantations; debarking especially in pine plantations while looking for resins.

Encroachment: some of the local communities where their farms bordering the forest have interfered with the forest boundary mainly at Kamulembe, Shaviringa, Kaptisi, Shiru, Kapkatoi and Musunji areas. The most affected areas are where they were excised but have not been formally degazzetted.

Poor attitude towards forest conservation and protection by some members of the community who still engage in destructive activities and poor land use practices Human– wildlife conflicts: Farms bordering the forest usually suffer crop loss by animals such as baboons and monkeys. Some community members react by hunting down these problematic animals leading to constant conflicts. Figures 11a, b and c show some of the evidence of threats to the forest.

Figure 1.11a: Debarked pine in forest plantation

Figure 1.11b: Charcoal kiln being destroyed in Kibiri forest

Figure 1.11c: plantation

Unauthorized

livestock

grazing

in

young

1.4.2 Management constraints The main management constraints include; Inadequate personnel and training: There is need to recruit drivers, a clerical officer, a storekeeper and community forest scouts to address role overlap and to improve on service delivery and customer satisfaction.

Inadequate office facilities: Within the forest station there is one office block that is ill equipped with very poor pit latrine. The CFA has a rented office with computer and its accessories at Kamulembe.

Inadequate staff housing: There is no forester’s house within the station but Kenya Forest Service rangers live in houses that are in poor state, worn out, and lacking paint.

Lack of necessary and appropriate buildings and equipment: the forest station lacks adequate building and amenities to make the staff comfortable and efficient it their work. There is in no electric power to the station and the road network is in a dilapidated state. There is no piped water system and there is heavy reliance on rain water and water from streams/rivers. The station also lacks adequate transport and communication means to respond to emergencies such as forest fire outbreaks or illegal activities.

1.5 VALUE OF THE FOREST The forest is of high value to the neighbouring community, government and the international community. Some of the values of the forest are: 1.5.1 Watershed The forest is an important watershed for some of the rivers that flow into Lake Victoria, especially the River Yala. The forest is part of the Lake Victoria Basin River Yala is the major river that passes through the forest on its way to Lake Victoria. It originates from the Nandi escarpments and as is passes through Kibiri forest several streams feed it.

These tributaries in Kibiri include; Itsava, Mwala, Yordan, Malovi Sirwa, Lurungula, Ishianda and Igiviri streams. The forest adjacent community fetches water for domestic use and for their animals from the forest.

1.5.2 Biodiversity reservoir Kibiri Forest is part of the Kakamega Forest Ecosystem hence is an Important Bird Area (IBA), has endemic flora and fauna and its one of the remaining tropical moist forest.

1.5.3 Eco-tourism Kibiri Forest is a potential eco-tourism area, there are a number of attraction sites in the forest which visitors can visit these include waterfalls, historic and cultural mining and cave sites and Tiriki Cultural Shrines. The forest has similar characteristics of that of Kakamega forest block hence good for bird watching, nature walks and night walk to view the nocturnal wildlife

1.5.4 Research and Education Values Several research studies have been carried out in the forest by research institutions and Universities. The forest is still rich for research due to its uniqueness.

1.5.5 Other values of the forest Other values of the forest include; • • • • •

aesthetic value to the people, supports tea belt, regulates microclimate that supports agricultural activities in the area, unique fauna and flora, it is one of the Important Bird Area (IBA) provision of fuelwood, timber, poles and non-wood forest products

CHAPTER 2.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DESCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION This section describes the social, economic and cultural characteristics of the community adjacent and dependent on Kibiri forest. Amongst the community socioeconomic attributes captured include: household and family sizes, education levels, employment status and types, average daily household expenditure, average monthly income, main sources of income amongst other socio-economic aspects of the community members. Dependence on the forest by the community was also assessed together with other benefits associated with forest resources. All these were assessed in relation to Kibiri forest.

2.2 KIBIRI FOREST ADJACENT COMMUNITY Most of the communities belong to the Tiriki Sub-Tribe of the wider Luyha tribe of Western Kenya. There are also minority migrant communities of Maragoli and Idakho sub-tribes, and the Luo who settled or married in the area.

The general ethnic composition of the Kibiri community the Tirikis (92%) and minority Maragoli and Idaho sub-tribes of the Luyha Tribe(6%); and Luo (2%) .Kibiri region is considered Tiriki ancestral land and the minority Maragoli and Idakho may have been immigrants from other areas who bought land and settled. The household size of Kibiri community ranges from 1-13 members.

Most of Kibiri community households are male-headed (72.2%) while 26.6% are female- headed, this indicates that major decisions are made by men at the family level. There is need to mainstream and empower women on all aspects that affect their livelihood and general wellbeing. These was confirmed by the gender of the survey respondents that indicated that male respondents were higher (65%) compared to female respondents at 35%. This was attributed to other activities like tending the farms, collecting firewood, fetching water from the streams or doing small-scale business in the shopping centers or market places.

2.3 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS The literacy levels were high in the community, with a high number of community members attaining class 8 (78%) and 22% having reached at least secondary level (Figure 2.1). This was attributed to poverty and cultural issues that denied the community access to educational advancement.

Figure 2.1: Literacy level in Kibiri

2.4 WELL-BEING ACTIVITIES

CATEGORY

AND

DESCRIPTION

OF

ECONOMIC

The Kibiri community grouped their members according to the following wealth categories; very rich (A) rich (B), poor (C) and very poor (D). The majority of the community members were in category C and D (figure2.2) .This categorization found the utilization of the forest to be more by the poor and very poor to meet their livelihood needs.

Figure 2.2 Well-being categories in Kibiri

In terms of occupation and livelihood characteristics, most communiy members are subsistence farmers (46%), engagaed as casual workers (23%) and domestic house workers (19%). Quite a few are engaged in business/trade (6%)and registered wage earners in governmant or private establishments (5%). The

region is endowed with good soils and climate that is conducive to agriculture hence the large number engaged in subsistence farming. Due to the small land sizes, very few keep cattle. The high poverty has resulted in the low number engaged in wage employment.

The main cash crop grown is tea, especially among the very poor and poor wealth categories, while mixed farming for subsistence is prefered among the very poor, rich, poor and very poor categories. However, the very rich and rich grow very little sugarcane and tea, and practise mixed farming. This may suggest that they have other income streams other than cash crops, probably indicating engagement in business, transport, services or real estate ventures.

The preferred subsistence crops in Kibiri were maize, beans, and bananas. Other crops were onions, sweet potatoes and cassava. Average land owning is 1 – 3 acres per household 2.5 COMMUNITY FOREST PRODUCT UTILIZATION 2.5.1 Access to forest land The community does not have access to forest land for cultivation for all wealth categories. There is need to strengthen CFAs and fast track PELIS programme by KFS to enable access to forestland for adequate community participation. Other utilization of the forest include; grazing, sand harvesting, medicinal plants, harvesting woody products.

2.5.2 Main uses of trees The main uses of trees in the community are for timber, firewood, poles ,fruits and herbs (81%). However, most respondents (75%) indicated that demand was not adequately met from the forest and pointed to other sources of the products includingown farmlands or purchase .

2.5.3 Main types of energy sources Generally, firewood is used for cooking and lighting by about 86% of the community.with use paraffin, gas and charcoal (13%) for their energy needs while 1% uses elecricity.There is over reliance on fuelwood energy hence the need to promote energy-saving interventions aimed at efficient utilization of existing sources. The main sources of fuelwood is the forest (46%) and collection from the farmlands (39%). Other sources are sawdust (5%), market (5%) and bought from individuals (5%).

The type of fuelwood is mainly dry collected from fallen trees (65%). Others are collected from felled trees that have dried (25%). A small proportion is obtained from wet, cut and pruned trees (4%).

The main sources of charcoal are bought from individuals (53%), from the market (25%) and farmlands (20%). A small proportion (2%) is obtained from the forest indicating increasing awareness by the community on conservation of the forest.

The average fuelwood consumption was found to be 1-2 headloads/stacks per week (82%). Others consummed 3-4 headloads/stacks per week (17%) and more

than 6 headloads/stacks per week (1%); these are mainly small scale hotels and eateries 2.5.3.1 Tree species used for firewood The most preffered firewood species are mainly Eucalyptus, Polyscias fulva and Croton spp. (Misutsu) (62%), followed by Celtis africana (Shunza), Vitex keniensis (Muhulu). Very few people preffered exotic species, mainly cypress and pines.

2.5.3.2 Awareness on Energy Saving Jikos Awareness on Energy Saving Jikos (ESJs) is high across all wealth categories.

However, there exist some lack of awareness on the same though in small proportions.

The very rich and very poor wealth categories were not frequently using enegry saving jikos. However, some rich, poor and very poor used ESJs, though in small percentage as shown in figure 2.3. Those who responded (Yes) means they are aware of ESJs and (No) are not aware of ESJs.

Figure 2.3 Usage of energy saving jikos by well-being categories

Some of the notable challenges experienced while using devices were: capacity of the devices was small, there was lack of awareness on the ESJs and the equipments were not durable.

2.5.4 Frequency of forest visits The community visited the forest daily at 34% while weekly visits were (40%) while 19% have never visited the forest .this shows that a majority of the community members depend on the forest for their livelihood needs.

Community members visited the forest for the following forest products and services: • Grazing • Collection of water

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Harvest honey Collect fuel wood Collect medicinal plants cultural services Collect timber Cut poles and posts Socio-cultural utilization of the forest e.g. Initiation Sand Collection of wildlings Fruits Silk worm Mushrooms

2.5.5 Benefit from the forest Most of the community members who have never benefitted from the forest gave suggestions on the pottential products and services that would be important to include as : protection for water catchment (54%), ecotourism (17%) and utilisation of forest products (9%). The solution they suggested to reduce deforrestation was through the promotion and use of energy saving devices(8%)

CHAPTER 3.0 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS Stakeholders play various important roles in the management and utilization of resources in Kibiri forest. The important stakeholders range from local groups, government institutions, Non-governmental organizations, research institutions, private companies and the county governments. The integration and good working relationship of different stakeholders would ensure: • • • • •

Resource ownership Promotion of environmental accountability Collective decision making Sustained long-term resource management on sustainable basis Strengthened social security, respected traditional user-rights and access

Table 3.1 Stakeholders identified as the key implementers of the plan Name of stakeholder

Roles and responsibility

Remarks

Forest management Policy formulation, Enforcement of the Forest Act 2005 Awareness and sensitization Financing operations and resource mobilisation Licensing of access and use of forests Monitoring and Evaluation Ecotourism development in the forest Protection (community scouts) Conflicts resolution Raising seedling and tree planting Community mobilization Resource mobilization Sensitization and awareness Manage IGAs (ecotourism etc) Financial support to IGAs

Key implementer of the PFMP with Community

Category: Primary Kenya Forest Service

Community (Kibiri CFA)

NGOs interested in conservation NEMA

Key stakeholder in partnership with KFS. CFA to sign FMA with KFS

Relevant NGOs

Enforcement of EMCA 1999 Awareness creation on Regulation of environmental laws Kenya Wildlife Service Protection of wildlife Key stakeholder Human-wildlife conflicts

Name of stakeholder

Roles and responsibility

resolution Enforcement of Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 2013 Wildlife enterprise licensing County Government of Financial support Vihiga Community mobilization Category: Secondary

Remarks

Key stakeholder

Research Institutions eg. KEFRI

Research, information dissemination and capacity building

KEFRI

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries

Promote modern and appropriate crop and livestock production practices

Private sector

Rehabilitation Co-financing Consumers of forest products Conservation of water catchments Enforcement of water Act 2002 Education (awareness creation) Research Awareness Formation of environmental clubs Mobilization Maintenance of law and order Conflict resolution and management Undertake forest conservation Utilizing the forest resources Issuance of the land title deeds including forest land Custodians of the public lands

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries is now under the County Government Support the implementation of FMP Programmes

WRMA and WRUAs

Institutions (Learning and faith-based)

Ministry of Interior and National Coordination Forest Adjacent Community National Land Commission

Advice on proper management of water resources Channel for information dissemination and environmental curriculum Ministry of Interior and National Coordination

CHAPTER 4.0 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND PLAN COSIDERATIONS This Participatory Forest Management Plan for Kibiri forest offers an opportunity for the local community and other stakeholders to get involved in planning, management and utilization of the forest with the aim of improving livelihoods, ecosystem health and equitable resource distribution. This plan will ensure: • Conservation goals are attained with minimum conflicts between the managing institutions, the communities and the other stakeholders involved.

• Inclusion of the forest adjacent communities through the CFA and the other stakeholders in decision making.

• Livelihood improvement.

• Resource distribution • Sustainable forest management 4.1 VISION To be the best co –managed, developed and sustainably utilized forest in Kenya 4.2 OVERALL OBJECTIVE To enhance participatory approach in the management of Kibiri forest to achieve the desired socio-economic, environmental benefits to the people.

Specific objectives 1. Contribute to poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of livelihoods through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests and trees.

2. Contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity conservation, and tree planting through the sustainable management of forests 3. Promote the participation of the private sector, communities and other stakeholders in forest management to conserve water catchment areas.

4. Promote forest extension to farmers to produce timber, wood-fuel and other forest products for income and ease pressure on forests.

5. Promote forest research, training and education to ensure vibrant forest ecosystems.

4.3 PLAN CONSIDERATIONS 4.3.1 Policies and Legal Framework Sustainable conservation and management of Kibiri forest will depend on the accurate situation analysis, the enabling policy and legislative framework and the management measures put in place to redress challenges facing the forest. The government’s commitment to conserve and sustainably manage natural resource is clear and has been demonstrated through promotion of awareness creation and enactment of various laws and implementation of relevant policies.

4.3.1.1 Kenya Constitution 2010 Chapter 6 (Bill of rights) Section 67 of the Constitution gives every person the right to: (a) A clean and safe environment; (b)Have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through legislative and other measures that— (i)prevent pollution and ecological degradation; (ii) Promote conservation; and (iii) Secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources; and

This constitution enshrines a number of rights that every citizen enjoys, one of which, in Section 42, is to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures. Under Section 69, the Constitution also obligates the State in respect of the environment to: a) ensure sustainable exploitation, utilisation, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of accruing benefits; b) work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya; c) protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities; d) encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment; e) protect genetic resources and biological diversity; f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment; g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and h) Utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.

4.3.1.2 Forests Act, 2005 There are various sections of this Act that provide for guidelines and opportunites for participatory forest management and conservation. These provisions allow for the Director KFS with the approval of the Board to enter into an agreement with any person for joint management of any forest which may enjoin such person to use or refrain from using such forest or any part thereof in a particular manner in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity. The Act also allows a member of a forest community together with other members or persons resident in the same area, to register a community forest association under the Societies Act, which may apply to the Director for Permission to participate in the conservation and management of a state forest or local authority forest in accordance with the provisions of this Act. Where there is no management plan in respect of the area, or where the association proposes that there be a new management plan, the application shall be accompanied by a draft management plan.

The Forests Act, 2005 is the guiding legislation in forestry sector. There is also a draft forest policy, 2014 that has guided forestry in Kenya.

4.3.1.3 Sessional Paper No 1 of 2007 on Forest Policy The objectives of the Draft forest policy are to:(a) Contribute to poverty reduction, employment creation and improvement of livelihoods through sustainable use, conservation and management of forests and trees; (b) Contribute to sustainable land use through soil, water and biodiversity conservation, and tree planting through the sustainable management of forests and trees; (c) Promote the participation of the private sector, communities and other stakeholders in forest management to conserve water catchment areas, create employment, reduce poverty and ensure the sustainability of the forest sector; (d) Promote farm forestry to produce timber, woodfuel and other forest products; (e) Promote forest extension to enable farmers and other forest stakeholders to benefit from forest management approaches and technologies; and (f) Promote forest research, training and education to ensure a vibrant forest sector.

The Act provides for the establishment, development, sustainable management, utilization as well as conservation of forest resources for the socio-economic development of the country while taking into account that:Under the Act, Kenya Forest Service was established to spearhead forestry development in the country. The Service collaborates with other agencies in promoting sustainable forest management and enforcing forest-related laws, rules and regulations in the country..

The Forests Act provides for stakeholder participation in forest management. It recognizes Community Forest Associations (CFAs) as major stakeholders in the management and conservation of forests and provides for their participation through joint management agreements, as well as representation in Forest Conservation Committees. Joint management arrangements will be developed to ensure communities benefit, while protecting the forest estate for purposes of water, soil and bio-diversity conservation, carbon sequestration and sustainable production of wood and non-wood forest products.

4.3.1.4 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and has a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment. As envisioned in the paper, Kenya should strive to move along the path of sustainable development which aims at meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the resource base to meet those of future generations. The overall goal is hence to integrate environmental concerns into the national planning and management processes and provide guidelines for environmentally sustainable development.

The draft environmental policy is geared towards sound environmental management for sustainable development. This is envisaged in the principle of prudent use, which requires that the present day usage should not “compromise the needs of the future generations�.

The policy envisages the use of the “polluter pays principle”, where one is expected to make good any damage made to the environment.

The policy aims at integrating environmental aspects into national development plans.

The broad objectives of the national environmental policy include: • •

• •

Optimal use of natural land and water resources in improving the quality of human environment; Sustainable use of natural resources to meet the needs of the present generations while preserving their ability to meet the needs of future generations; Integration of environmental conservation and economic activities into the process of sustainable development; and Meet national goals and international obligations by conserving biodiversity, arresting desertification, mitigating effects of disasters, protecting the ozone layer and maintaining an ecological balance on earth.

4.3.1.5 The National Land Policy The National Land Policy adopted by the cabinet as Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2009, acknowledges environmental problems faced by Kenya. These include degradation of natural resources such as forests, wildlife, water, marine and coastal resources as well as soil erosion and the pollution of air, water and land. In its section 129 the policy provides for ecosystem protection, urban environment management, environmental assessment and audits to be undertaken to conserve and manage the environment.

4.3.1.6 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No. 8 of 1999, provide a legal and institutional framework for the management of the environmental related matters. It is the framework law on environment.

The main objectives of the Act are to: • • •

•

Provide guidelines for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the management of the environment in Kenya; Provide a framework legislation for over 70 statutes in Kenya that contain environmental provisions; and Provide guidelines for environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring, environmental quality standards and environmental protection orders.

Enforce compliance with the provisions of the act.

Under EMCA there are various regulations as follows: a)

The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003

The regulation provides the basic procedures for carrying out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and Environmental Audits (EAs). b) Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006

Regulation 8 of these regulations provides for compliance with water quality standards. c) Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006 Part II, 4 (1) of the Regulations states that no person shall dispose of any waste on a public highway, street, road, recreational area or in any public place except in a designated receptacle.

4.3.1.7 Water Policy (Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999) and Water Act 2002 The main objective of the water policy is the supply and the distribution of water resources throughout Kenya. It recognizes that increased human activity in the catchment areas has reduced forest cover and hence is a threat to water resources.

Water Act lays out a mechanism for development of a national water resources management strategy, for the protection, management, use, development, conservation and control of water resources. The national strategy shall encompass a mechanism for determination of important water catchments as a link to the forest sector. The strategy devolves the authority over the conservation of such catchment to local stakeholders who manage the catchments in collaboration with the water management authority, also established under the Act. The strength of this Act is in its endeavor to promote participatory forest management in water catchment areas through Water Resource Users Association (WRUAs). This is achieved through the devolution of roles and responsibilities to the stakeholders.

In furtherance to the Water Act 2002, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) in collaboration with other stakeholders prepared a set of regulations which were gazetted in September 2007 to give guidelines on water permit acquisition and adherence to specified conditions and enforcement of user fee charges.

4.3.1.8 County Governments Act, 2012 The Act empowers county governments to protect the environment and natural resources with a view to establishing a durable and sustainable system of development. In addition, the county governments are responsible for development planning and control including the county spatial plans.

4.3.1.9 The Land Act, 2012 The Act in section 19 provides for conservation of land based natural resources. This is executed through the National Land Commission.

4.3.1.10 Physical Planning Act (1996) The Act provides for the preparation and implementation of physical development plans and for connected purposes. Section 5 (1) f which state; Require local authorities to ensure the proper execution of physical development control and preservation orders.

It creates harmonious coexistence as it provides for:

Planning for conservation Human settlements Planning for public utilities Planning for public purposes Planning for transportation

4.3.1.11 The Agriculture Act, CAP 318 (1955) This is an Act of Parliament that promotes and maintains a stable agriculture, providing for the conservation of the soil and its fertility and stimulates the development of agricultural land in accordance with the accepted practices of good land management and good husbandry.

4.3.1.12 The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules, 2009 The objective and purpose of these Rules is to promote the establishment and sustainable management of farm forestry for the purposes of maintaining a compulsory farm tree cover of at least 10 percent of any agricultural land holding; conserving water, soil and biodiversity; protecting riverbanks, shorelines, riparian and wetland areas; sustainable production of wood, charcoal and non-wood products; providing fruits and fodder; and carbon sequestration and other environmental services. The rules require that every person who owns or occupies agricultural land shall establish and maintain a minimum of 10 percent of the land under farm forestry which may include trees on soil conservation structures or rangeland and cropland in any suitable configurations provided that the species of trees or varieties planted shall not have adverse effects on water sources, crops, livestock, soil fertility and the neighborhood and should not be of invasive nature, and that no agricultural landowner or occupier shall grow or maintain any Eucalyptus species in wetlands and riparian areas.

4.3.1.13 The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 2013 The Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act Cap 376 of the Laws of Kenya and the 1989 amendment is the Principal Act regulating wildlife conservation and management in Kenya.

• • •

• • •

The Act also establishes Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) as the implementing agency.

The Act provides protection, conservation and management of wildlife.

This Act controls disturbance of animals and prohibit burning, damage to objects of scientific interest, introduction of plants and animals and damage to structure are prohibited.

The Act supports environmental conservation.

Wildlife is important in terms of economic growth.

Kenya Wildlife Service has the mandate to conserve, offer security to wildlife, and educate community on wildlife benefits and assessment of animal conservancies.

4.3.1.14 Tourist Industry Licensing Code (Cap 63) Section 3 of this Act covers issues relating to license required for certain tourist enterprises. Subsection 1 states that: No person shall on or after the appointed day carry on, or assist in carrying on, any regulated tourist enterprise otherwise than under and in accordance with the terms of a license issued to him and for the time being in force.

Subsection 3 refers to carrying on an enterprise activity in subsection (1) of this section includes negotiating, soliciting, canvassing or accepting business for that enterprise and engaging in correspondence with a person who may become a customer of that enterprise, or with the agent of such a person, concerning business of that enterprise.

4.3.1.15 Grass Fires Act, Cap 327 Section 3 of this Act prohibits the burning of vegetation without authority in the forest.

Subsection 1 states that: No person shall set fire to any vegetation which is not his property unless he has lawful authority so to do. Subsection 2 further states that: No person shall willfully or negligently kindle any fire which by spreading, may damage or destroy the property of any other person.

4.3.1.16 Energy Act of 2006 This Act in Section 103:(Renewable energy)mainly promotes the development and use of renewable energy technologies, including but not limited to biomass, biodiesel, bioethanol, charcoal, fuel wood, solar, wind, tidal waves, hydropower, biogas and municipal waste 4.3.2 Linkages with relevant existing planning documents This plan has been developed in consideration of other existing planning documents.

4.3.2.1Links to Kenya Forest Service strategic plan 2009 to 2014 and Draft Strategic Plan The Kenya Forest Service strategic plan 2009 to 2014 details the direction of forest conservation in Kenya. The plan is implemented through ecosystem based plans that are implemented through the participatory forest management plans. This management plan will contribute towards the strategic plan of KFS while still meeting the needs of the Forest Adjacent Communities (FAC).

This management plan will also relate to the draft strategic plan 2015-2019 once it becomes effective.

4.3.2.2 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)-(Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) In September 2000, the United Nations general Assembly adopted the Millennium Declaration on core development issues including development and poverty reduction. Among the eight MDGs, goal number seven seeks to ensure Environmental Sustainability and forests conservation is key to addressing this. These goals are envisaged to be attained by the year 2015 that responds to the world’s main development challenges.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a proposed set of targets relating to future international development. The 17 goals by a UN General Assembly’s Open Working Group are to replace the MDGs on expiry at the end of 2015. This plan will relate directly to both Goal 13 ‘Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts’, and goal 15 ‘Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,

sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss’.

4.3.2.3 Kenya’s Vision 2030 Vision 2030 is the country’s new development blueprint covering the period 20082030. It is based on 3 key pillars; Economic Pillar, Social Pillar, and Political Pillar. The economic, social and political pillars of Kenya Vision 2030 are anchored on the following foundations: macroeconomic stability; continuity in governance reforms; enhanced equity and wealth creation opportunities for the poor; infrastructure; energy; science, technology and innovation (STI); land reform; human resources development; security and public sector reforms.

4.3.2.4 National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) 2009 – 2013 and Draft County Environment Action Plan (CEAP) 2015-2019 The NEAP highlights priority themes and activities for the country towards achieving sustainable development. Key highlights in the themes are Human settlements, human and environmental health, human settlement and environmental pollution, infrastructure, and energy supply.

Challenges include: averting land degradation; controlling air and water pollution; preventing loss of biodiversity; maintenance of aesthetic values; radiation emissions; enforcement of legislation; and solid and liquid waste management.

Proposed interventions in CEAP include: integration of environmental concerns into projects, programmes and activities; enforce regulations; promote cleaner production technologies; rehabilitation of degraded areas; control and mitigation of radiation emissions; encourage public private partnership; encourage use of appropriate building technologies and materials; and improvement of sanitary accommodation and hygiene promotion.

4.3.3 Linkage with regional and international agreements and conventions 4.3.3.1 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 33,000 species of animals and plants.

4.3.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) The Convention has three main goals: 1. conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); 2. sustainable use of its components; and 3. fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources

4.3.3.3 Rio Declaration on Environment The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world. Some of the relevant principles include; Environmental Protection in the Development Process, Public Participation and Indigenous Peoples.

4.3.3.4 Lake Victoria Basin Commission The East African Community established the Lake Victoria Basin Commission in 2001 as a mechanism for coordinating the various interventions on the Lake and its Basin and serving as a centre for promotion of investments and information sharing among the various stakeholders. The commission envisages a broad partnership of the local communities around the Lake, the East African Community and its Partner States as well as the development partners. The commission’s activities are focusing on the harmonization of policies and laws on the management of the environment in the Lake and its catchment area, continuation of the environmental management of the Lake, including control and eradication of the water hyacinth, management and conservation of aquatic resources including fisheries, economic activities in the development of fishing, industry, agriculture and tourism and development of infrastructure, including revamping the transport system on and around the Lake.

The Commission further places emphasis on poverty eradication and the participation of the local communities. It is expected to make a significant contribution towards reduction of poverty by uplifting the living standards of the people of the Lake region.

This is to be achieved through economic growth, investments and sustainable development practices that are cognizant of the environment.

4.4 PROBLEM ANALYSIS Considerable resources and efforts have been invested in improving the management of the Kibiri Forest Station in the past years. Although some successes have been achieved, tremendous threats and pressures on the forest remain. The main source of this pressure arises from the depletion of resources and degradation of the forest. The major threats and pressures facing the forest are as follows: • • • • • • • •

Inaccessibility to some of the parts of the forest where illegal activities are happening this due to poor road network.

Inadequate staffing, there are few rangers in comparable to the area to be covered.

Inadequate Forest Rangers posts. The station has only three outposts manning an area of 3,691.6 ha. There is a need of at least one extra outpost.

There is no mechanisms in place for cost benefit sharing between the local communities and KFS High population density and poverty level in the surrounding forest areas hence exerting pressure in the forest Attitudinal change towards forest conservation by the Forest Adjacent dwellers Excisions – process not finalized through degazettement of the forest land High dropout of school going children rate who engage in illegal forest activities.

The management plan aims at addressing the above issues in addition to sustaining forest management in the area.

4.7 FOREST MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION ZONATION Kibiri forest was divided into various utilization and management zones through participatory approach.

The table 4.1 shows the zones and the zones identified during the development of this management plan and the criteria used in the zonation of Kibiri forest. Participatory zonation ketch map done during the PFMP development is presented in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: Community Kibiri Forest Zonation Sketch Map Source: Kibiri PFMP Local Planning Team

Table 4.1 Rationale for Zoning Zone

Criteria

Plantation forest

Areas designated for commercial forest production • Standing plantation • Backlog areas

Natural forest

a) Total protection • Yala Nature reserve • Water catchments

To Protect and conserve unique biodiversity and water sources

b) Conservation area • Degraded NF areas • Low biodiversity • Natural forest not designated for total protection Natural grasslands areas

Rehabilitate degraded areas and support community livelihood

• •

Sustainable utilization

•

Glades

Management objective Commercial Production of wood products

Management options Commercial production and extraction of wood and NWFP -PFM -PELIS -Plantation management research • Nature based enterprises • Research and education

Responsible body KFS, KEFRI, NK

KFS, KWS, Community Research institutions

KFS, KWS, Rehabilitation Utilization NTFP Community, Research institutions, NGOs

Controlled grazing • Controlled grass cutting • Some of the glades can be left for wildlife utilization (grazers) Interventio Community Promote tree On-farm tree n zone farmlands of up to planting and IGAs planting a maximum of 2 Km to reduce pressure -nature based from the forest to the forest enterprises boundary Efficient fuel wood use Conservation education Community participation

KFS, community

KFS, NGOs, Community, KEFRI, Relevant Govt line Ministries, private sector

CHAPTER 5.0 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES The management programmes describes the objectives, strategies, activities and lead institution in each of the programme highlighted below.

5.1 NATURE RESERVE PROTECTION PROGRAMME 5.1.1 Background Kibiri Forest has high diversity of both flora and fauna, some of which are endemic, threatened and endangered. Ecological management programme is therefore, necessary for the avoidance of disturbance to the ecological niche of various flora and fauna species to prevent extinction of threatened and endangered species present in the forest ecosystem. Many species of plants and animals have become locally extinct and some though present are rare to find. Some of the threatened animal species are birds such as Turner's Eremomela (Eremomela turneri) and Chapin's Flycatcher (Muscicapa lendu); dragon fly species such as Onychogomphus styx and Chlorocnemis pauli; and a species of monkey such as Pottos (Perodicticus potto ibeanus).

In addition, Elgon Teak (Olea capensis) and Prunus africana are among the threatened plant species. The KFS has therefore, zoned designated natural forest as protection zone and core protection zone for conservation purposes.

These areas also act as water catchment areas for numerous streams that originate from the forest and River Yala that passes through the forest which forms part of the Lake Victoria North Catchment.

Forest protection deals with ensuring forest resources are not destroyed by human, animals, fires, pests and diseases. The KFS has rangers who carry out forest protection. However, it is difficult to patrol the expansive forest boundary line, but with the community participating in protection, this task will become more manageable.

The protection and conservation of these threatened species has provided opportunities for ecological research and education. Awareness creation among communities neighbouring the forest on the importance of protecting and conserving these natural resources has been intensified. There is need to embrace to the principle of Payment of Environmental Services (PES).

5.1.2 Management Challenges Currently the forest faces the following challenges: encroachment by the surrounding community; lack of attitude change towards forest conservation and protection; and lack of comprehensive database (species, degraded and vulnerable areas) on the status of the forest. Other challenges include absence of programmes to save threatened, endangered, vulnerable or almost extinct diversity species; and inadequate community involvement in endangered and endemic species management of the forest.

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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The aforementioned are attributed to pressure on land due to increase in population, poverty, and absence of clear guidelines on the engagement of communities in the management of the forest. Similarly, the government through the KFS has not put in place mechanisms for developing programmes in forest management due to underfunding, inadequate staff and equipment, insufficient capacity building of staff and research programmes, lack of political good will and interference.

5.1.3 Programme Objectives The objectives are as follows: Objective 1: To enhance protection of key biodiversity in Yala Nature Reserve and water catchments for sustained ecological service.

Objective 2: To build capacity of the community in wildlife and forest protection and management

Figure 5.1: Plate on capacity building for Kibiri Community scouts The actions to be take to address the above objectives are shown in Table 5.1

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Table 5.1: Management interventions on Nature Reserve protection programme Management objective

Activities/Actions

Indicators

1. To enhance Enhance organized Patrol protection of key patrols and schedules biodiversity in Yala surveillance by forest Patrol reports Nature Reserve rangers and and water community forest catchments for guards against illegal sustained activities, fires, pests ecological service. and diseases Identify and restrict No. of access to areas with threatened threatened, species endangered and identified vulnerable species.

Declare some areas as refuge areas for the treatment and propagation of such species Promote payment for IGAs initiated.

Ecosystem services.

Delineating and Km of fence putting up a perimeter done fence around Yala nature reserve and other biodiversity hotspots.

Promotion of No of livelihood alternative livelihood projects options for community initiated/ NBEs members adjacent to the forest.

2.To build capacity Organize trainings for No. of trainings, community scouts to no. of scouts of the community on forest enhance their capacity trained protection and for wildlife management conservation and wildlife and protection.

Initiate arrangements Payment roll for remuneration of community scouts for purposes of motivating them towards wildlife protection Create awareness on Number of biodiversity awareness conservation to forest meetings Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Responsible agency

Time frame

KFS, CFA

2015-2019

KFS, KWS, CFA , 2015-2019 NMK & Research institutions

County 2015-2019 Government, KFS, NGOs, Private KFS, CFA, NGOs, 2016-2019 County Government

KFS & CFA

May 2015

KFS, KWS, CFA

2015-2018

CFA, KFS

2015-2019

CFA, KFS, NGOs 2015-2019

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Management objective

Activities/Actions adjacent dwellers Facilitating the establishment of community sanctuaries which can be used as a source of income from tourists and for educating of the local community members Create awareness to the community members on the importance of natural forests Create awareness for the community to understand the Wildlife and Forest legislation and policies

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

Level of incomes.

County Government, KFS, Private sector, NGOs

2016-2018

No. of meetings KFS, CFA organized

2015-2019

No. sensitizations meetings & barazas, list of attendance, attitude change

2015-2017

KFS, KWS, CFA

FOREST CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 5.2.1 Introduction The PFMP is intended to address the identified degraded forest areas for purpose of restoration. Some of these degraded areas are water sources that contributes to River Yala, the main river which forms the boundary between Kibiri and Kakamega Forests. Successful restoration of these areas will require identification and implementation of nature-based enterprises.

In order to implement the restoration programme, there is need to organize community sensitization meetings; incorporate CFAs/CBOs; establish tree nurseries; promote on farm tree planting and charcoal production; initiation of population, increase programmes such as species reintroduction; and monitoring and evaluation by regularly counting of the species and developing a population trend inventory.

5.2.2 Management Challenges Overdependence on the forest by the communities living adjacent to the forest is a major challenge to restoration of degraded areas. Small land holdings prevalent among communities surrounding the forest may curtail promotion of farm tree planting. Other challenges that face the management of Kibiri forest are over grazing, poaching of wildlife), prospecting for gold, clearance of riverbank vegetation among other threats.

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5.2.3 Programme Objectives Objective 1: To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest ecosystem to ensure improved and effective ecological performance.

Objective 2: To promote sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve Livelihoods

Figure 5.2a Community members raising seedlings at Kaptisi tree nursery

Figure 5.2b: Seedlings planted in Kamulembe, Kibiri Forest

The actions to be take to address the above objectives are shown in Table 5.2

Table 5.2: Management interventions on Forest Conservation programme Management objective 1.To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest ecosystem to ensure improved and effective ecological performance

Activities/Action Conducting community awareness campaigns on need to conserve and rehabilitate degraded forest and catchment areas and appropriate soil protection, conservation and erosion control methods.

Identifying and mapping degraded parts of forest for purposes of planning rehabilitation.

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

No. of County campaigns/baraz Government, as conducted KFS, WRMA, WRUAs & CFA

2015-2019

Report and map

2015-2017

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

KFS, CFA, WRMA, NEMA, WRUAs, Scouts, MoALF

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Management objective

2.To promote sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve livelihoods

Activities/Action Community involvement in forest rehabilitation work through enrichment planting, gabions construction, planting on river banks etc Ecotourism development in the forest

Promote payment of environmental services.

Promote sustainable harvesting of herbal medicine Sustainable soil, water and sand harvesting

Indicators

Responsible agency

Ha/ km/ seedlings planted

KFS, County 2015-2019 Government, WRMA, WRUAs & CFA

No. of tour guides trained Tourism facilities developed

County Government, KFS, KWS, CFA, private sector & NGOs KFS, private sector, CFA & NGOs CFA, KFS & Herbalist

2016-2019

KFS, MoALF, Water services, private sector

2015-2019

Earnings from environmental services.

No. of permits issued to herbalist No. of permits issued to extractors

Time frame

2016-2019

2015-2019

5.3 PRODUCTIVE PROGRAMME There was intention of creating a buffer zone by planting tea zones around the forest. The programme was however, shelved due to lack of funding.

Establishment of plantations was therefore, introduced to provide round wood for industrial development and support livelihood thus consequently abating further encroachment into the natural forest.

5.3.1 Background Kibiri Forest is located in an area with a very high population density, a factor that has led to encroachment and degradation of the forest. There is scarcity of land for food production and this exerts pressure to the forest. The KFS has introduced the Plantation Establishment for Livelihood Support (PELIS) Programme, formerly known as “Shamba System”. The introduction of this system in Kibiri Forest will be of great benefit to the local community and will reduce their impact on the forest by improving their livelihoods and creating a sense of forest ownership, which will enhance effective protection and management of the forest and its resources 5.3.2 Management Challenges There is high demand for round wood from the local and external market. A rapid population growth rate against a finite land resource has led to illegal activities and subsequent degradation. Introduction of the PELIS programme Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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has enhanced restoration of degraded areas in the forest due to benefits accrued from the programme by farmers.

5.3.3 Programme Objectives Objective 1: To produce high quality plantations for industrial development and revenue generation Objective 2: To improve the livelihood of the community as they contribute to sustainable management of plantations

Figure 5.3: Plate on round wood plantation at Kibiri

Table5.3: Management interventions on productive programme Management objective

Activities

To produce high Control damage to quality plantations plantation by wildlife for industrial and domestic animals development and revenue generation Prepare, implement and update plantation management plan Improve seedlings production in tree nurseries in Kibiri

Indicators

Responsible agency

Percentage of the survival rate

KFS, KWS CFA, 2015-2019 KEFRI, KEPHIS, seed companies, MoALF, KARI KFS, CFA 2015-2019

Plan in place and used Plan regularly updated No. of nurseries established No. of tree seedlings produced No. of trees pruned, thinned & harvested Ha planted

Prepare and implement AWPs for plantation sivilcultural activities Clear backlog in plantation establishment Maximize on revenue Revenue generation from records Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Time frame

KFS, CFA, NGOs, County government

2015-2019

KFS, CFA

2015-2019

KFS

2015 -2019

KFS, CFA

2015 - 2019 Page | 63

Management objective

Activities

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

plantations sale Protect plantations from fires, windfalls, diseases and pests

To improve the livelihood of the community as they contribute to sustainable management of plantations

Lengths in kilometers for fire breaks Pest/ diseases surveillance reports Identifying and Acreage under engaging community in PELIS economic activities in Ha Pruned by plantation plans CFA Fire breaks cleared Streamline and Guidelines manage PELIS enacted No conflicts reported/ solved Seedlings survival Quantity of crops harvested

KFS, CFA, KEFRI, 2015 - 2019 NGOs & private sector

KFS, CFA

2015 -2019

KFS

2015 -2019

5.4 INTERVENTION ZONE PROGRAMME 5.4.1 Background Sustainable protection and conservation of Kibiri Forest requires implementation of various intervention measures with the communities adjacent to the forest. These measures must focus on easing the current pressure exerted on the forest and abatement of further encroachment onto the forestland.

The measures must therefore, provide products, services and/ or their alternatives currently sourced from the forest such as provision of building materials such as poles through promotion of on-farm tree growing and initiation of income generating activities such as apiculture. Other measures include promotion of alternative energy sources to address the problem of tree felling in search of fuel wood.

The measures must also have an inbuilt component of training and capacity building to support community institutions in forestry programmes and Community Participatory Forest Management (PFM) institutions. Poverty is a challenge to conservation of resources and the measures must therefore, support livelihood activities. At intervention zone the local communities practices Nature Based Enterprises (NBEs) and sustainable agriculture as one way of reducing pressure on the forest. The livelihoods of the local Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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communities are expected to improve through NBEs. The NBEs include bee keeping, fish farming, woodlots establishment for commercial, ecotourism and production of energy saving devices.

5.4.2 Management Challenges The major challenge faced by the community is human wildlife conflicts that are raiding of farms by monkeys and snake bites. These human–wildlife conflicts increase the risks of human – human conflict, especially between the community and KFS/ KWS rangers.

Limited knowledge and skills in on-farm forestry among community members has also affected their participation in effective protection and conservation of the forest. Also, land size per household are small thus limit large scale NBEs and woodlot plantation.

5.4.3 Programme Objectives Objective 1: To promote farm forestry, energy saving devices and nature-based enterprises.

Objective 2: To undertake Measures to reduce Human – Wildlife conflicts in Kibiri Forest.

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Figure 5.4: Plate on 3 stone jiko & improved jikos

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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Table 5.4: Management options within intervention zone Management objective

Activities/Action

To promote farm Promote tree forestry, energy nursery enterprises saving devices and for seedlings nature-based production by enterprises individuals and groups Promote on farm tree planting including carbon credit programmes

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

No. tree nurseries No seedlings raised for sale

KFS, CFA, NGOs, County government

2015-2019

Ha of farmlands panted No farmers planting trees

KFS, County Government, CFA, NGOs, Private institutions KFS,CFA

2015- 2019

KFS, County Government, CFA, NGOs, Private institutions.

2015- 2019

KWS, County government, KFS, CFA, Min of Interior and coordination KWS, County government, KWS, CFA, Min of Interior and coordination KFS, KWS, CFA, County Government.

2015- 2019

Promote on farm No. of charcoal production movement permits issued Collaborate with No of NBEs stakeholders to initiated initiate nature based No of enterprises community members benefiting.

To undertake Community Attendance lists Measures to reduce sensitization on how No of game Human – Wildlife to report, handle, farms conflicts in Kibiri and coexist with No of reports Forest wildlife received Provision of No of assistance/ complaints compensation to received and wildlife destruction addressed Create awareness No. for the community to sensitizations understand the meetings & Wildlife and Forest barazas, Attendance list legislation and policies

2015-2019

2015- 2019

2015-2017

5.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME 5.5.1 Background Community participation has become a key aspect of promoting Natural Resource Management and Conservation. In the case of Kibiri Forest, it is important to fully involve the community in forest management and conservation, given the prevailing poor socio-economic condition that make it a potential threat to the forest and its resources. Without an adequate plan for fully involving the Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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community in forest management and conservation, the forest may be under threat of invasion and degradation since most of the community members fully depend on the forest as their main source of livelihood.

5.5.2 Management Challenges Community participation faces the following challenges: •

• • • • •

Inadequate understanding and access to the Forests Act 2005 and related legislation such as EMCA 1999, Water Act 2002, Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 2013 and Agriculture Act (Cap 318) Inadequate understanding and knowledge on environmental conservation Negative attitude towards conservation since Forest Adjacent Communities do not see direct benefits Partial application of the law for instance in penalizing offenders Poor governance and low capacity of the CFA Inadequate involvement of community in forest management

5.5.3 Programme objectives Objective: To ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest management and conservation The following are the strategies used to address the objective; 1. Use of participatory and collaborative approaches to Kibiri forest management 2. To assist the community establish nature based enterprises 3. To capacity build the community on value addition to non woody forest products 4. To improve governance in community groups 5. To integrate community groups in forest protection The proposed strategies to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.5 below:

Table 5.5: Management interventions on community participation programme Management Activities/Action Indicators Responsible Time strategies agency frame Management objective: To ensure community participate in Kibiri Forest conservation and management Participatory and collaborative approaches to forest management

Strengthening local community institutions especially the Community forest resources user groups The community Identification of assisted to establish potential IGAs

Reduced KFS & CFA conflicts, regular meetings

Baseline information

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

2015-2019

KFS, County 2015 Government and Page | 68

Management strategies nature based enterprises (NBEs)

Activities/Action

Indicators

Supporting the implementation of the IGAs Value addition of the products

Level of household incomes Increase of the volume sold & incomes

Linking with potential markets

Capacity building the community on value addition to non woody forest products

Improve governance in community groups

Integrating community groups

No. of the buyers, quantity of the products sold Organizing and Number of funding of community workshops/semi forest user groups, nars organized, training workshops No. of the trained and seminars persons Establishing systems Improved and mechanisms for products capital access to facilitate non woody forest products value addition Carry out organization No. of the capacity assessment meetings, no. of for the CFA participants Identify capacity No. of meetings building needs held Train to address needs Number of trainings & participants

Responsible agency CFA KFS, County Government, CFA and NGOs KFS, County Government, CFA, private sector and NGOs KFS, County Government, CFA and NGOs

Time frame 2015-2019

2016-2019

2017

KFS, County government, NGOs and Kibiri CFA

2015-2018

KFS, private sector

2015-2018

KFS, NGOs & CFA

2015-2016

KFS, NGOs & CFA KFS, NGOs & CFA

2015 2015-2016

Exchange Number of KFS, County programme to learn exchange visits government, from experiences of NGOs & CFA others

2015 -2016

Develop strategic plan No. of meetings, for the CFA strategic plan in place Define the roles and Reduced responsibilities of the conflicts user groups.

Develop mechanisms Benefit sharing for benefit sharing mechanism in amongst CFA place members Promote advocacy No. of advocacy programme within the awareness CFA meetings Involving community Reduced forest forest user groups in threats

KFS, County government, NGOs & CFA KFS & CFA

2016-2017

KFS, County Government & CFA

2015-2016

KFS, County government, NGOs & CFA KFS and Kibiri CFA

2015-2019

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

2015

2015-2019

Page | 69

Management strategies

Activities/Action

in Forest protection forest security programmes Formation of a Community Forest Security Committee to enhance community involvement in forest security protection Initiation of arrangements for funding and support of the Community Forest Security Committee in its functions Recruit, train and facilitate community forest scouts Joint patrols

Advocate for impartiality of application of forest rules

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

Regular meetings, no. of forest cases addressed

KFS, KWS, 2015 Interior & Coordination and CFA

Number of proposal developed

KFS, County government, Relevant NGOs and Kibiri CFA

2015-2019

Number of scouts KFS, County trained government, Relevant NGOs and CFA Number of KFS, County patrols organized government, and done KWS, Interior & Coordination &CFA Number of KFS & County warning letters Government issued to the forest officers

2015-2019

2015-2019

2015-2019

Figure 5.5: Plate on community scouts & KFS rangers on a joint patrol in the forest

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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5.6 INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

AND

HUMAN

RESOURCES

5.6.1 Background This section deals with the various infrastructure and equipment in Kibiri forest.

These include: roads, firefighting equipment and fire towers, vehicles, buildings (residential and non-residential buildings), CFA office, dispensary, power (electricity), water, bridges and culverts, machinery e.g. tractors, office furniture and tree nursery.

5.6.2 Management Challenges Transport and communication equipment and general infrastructure and human resources are vital for the effective performance of any system. Kibiri Forest Station has quite a number of challenges that include: human resources, equipment and general infrastructure. Roads are well maintained although during rainy periods some become impassable. Road connecting from Chavakali – Kapsabet highway to the station is all-weather road maintained by Kenya Rural Roads Authority, but the roads within the station which are supposed to be maintained by KFS are in a dilapidated state. Some of the roads lack connecting bridges (only temporal ones exist).

The station has one vehicle and a tractor that is aged and is frequently grounded and has high maintenance and operation costs. Most buildings in the forest are ancient and require rehabilitation or overhaul. The station is within the main electricity grid but so far electrification has not been effected and while it is well served with the main mobile service providers’ network although some areas of the forest do not receive good network coverage. There is no infrastructure for radio communication. There is no connection to the main water supply. The CFA has one computer with accessories, office desk, chairs, cabinet but all these are stationed in a rented office due to lack of electricity and security within the station. Furniture in the KFS office is old and requires replacement. The forest also has no health facility.

There are limitations for both personnel and infrastructure needs. For instance, the ratio of rangers to the forest area is very low. For example, Kibiri Forest has a ranger to area ratio of 1:284.0ha. Other areas of concern include: the state of the main and access roads, fire towers and rating boards, vehicles, offices, communication equipment, residential houses and electricity and water connections. Addressing these challenges will greatly assist in the effective management of Kibiri Forest.

5.6.3 Programme objectives Objective: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, equipment, human resource and local community institutions for effective management and conservation of Kibiri Forest The following are the strategies used to address the objective; 1. To assess the infrastructure and staffing needs for the forest Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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2. To ensure adequate infrastructure.

3. To ensure adequate staff for effective forest management 4. To ensure welfare of the staff is improve The proposed strategies to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.6

Figure 5.6: Plate on Forest ranger’s houses at Musunji outpost Table 5.6: Management interventions on Infrastructure, Equipment and Human Resources Development Programme Management strategies

Activities/Action

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

Management objective: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, equipment, human resource and local community institutions for effective management and conservation of Kibiri Forest Assessment of infrastructure and staffing needs for the forest

Undertake inventory of resources at the station and for the entire forest Make inventories of available infrastructure and personnel Assess the staffing level requirement for the forest Assess the training needs of the staff Undertake a survey of infrastructure needs

Inventory reports KFS & CFA prepared

2015

No. of infrastructures and personnel documented Employment/red eployment of staff No. of meetings held Reports written

KFS & CFA

2015

KFS

2015-2019

KFS

2015

KFS & CFA

2015

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Management strategies

Ensure adequate infrastructure

Activities/Action

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

Maintain proper record of the vehicle and other machine maintenance Repair the roads serving the forest

Condition of the vehicle

KFS

2015-2019

KFS, County Governme nt, Kenya Rural Roads Authority Grading and fixing of Length in KFS, County culverts for all main kilometers Government, roads serving the graded, No. of Kenya Rural forest culverts installed Roads Authority Rehabilitation, Length in KFS clearing bushes, kilometers creation and cleared, manmaintenance of drains days for all roads Installation and Consistent water Vihiga County maintenance of water supply Water services supply infrastructure Company Purchase vehicle for the forest especially for patrol and local transport and travel activities Liaise with Kenya Power to ensure electricity supply at the forest stations Construct fire tower at higher points within the forest.

Provide at least four fire rating boards Provision of equipment such as computers, GPS, radio sets and digital cameras

Ensure adequate staff for effective forest management

Construct and equip health facility in the forest station Determine optimal staffing levels Deploy/ Recruit more staff to address the problem of staff

Length of kilometers maintained

2015-2019

2015

2015

2015-2016

log-book of bought vehicle

KFS

2016

Availability of electric power

KFS, Kenya Power

2015

No. of fire towers KFS constructed

2015

Number of fire rates erected Number of computers, GPS, radio sets & digital cameras purchased and maintained.

Health facility put up and operational Number of the current staff Letters of appointment

2015-2016

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

KFS

KFS, County 2015-2019 Government, private sector & NGOs KFS, County Government

2015-2019

KFS

2015

KFS

2015-2019

Page | 73

Management strategies

Improve welfare of the staff

Activities/Action shortage Encourage team building between CFA and all the stakeholders Conduct regular trainings and seminars for staff Provide amenities to the staff at the station

Ensure staff needs and views are taken into consideration and action taken Provide necessary equipment and occupational gear for working Improve staff remuneration package

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

Number of team build meetings

KFS and CFA

2015-2019

Number of KFS, CFA, NGOs 2015-2019 trainings/semina rs Provision of KFS, County 2015-2019 housing government, Private sector & NGOs Level of KFS 2015-2019 satisfaction by staff Number of equipment provided Letters of promotion

KFS, County government, Private sector & NGOs KFS

2016

2015-2019

5.7 PARTNERSHIPS AND NETWORKING PROGRAMME 5.7.1 Background There are various partners in Kibiri forest as described in the stakeholders’ analysis. Despite having several institutional partners undertaking issues relating to forest protection, conservation and management, there is minimal collaboration and focus in approach. To implement the management plan, a coordinated partnership arrangement is crucial. The partners include those in public, private sector, nongovernmental organization, community members and development partners. The stakeholders’ analysis identified roles and responsibilities for each partner. The programme objective is to develop partnership arrangements for effective implementation.

5.7.2 Management Challenges Challenges in partnership arrangements include; conflict among stakeholders, poor leadership, lack of institutional framework to support partnership, lack of commitment, inadequate funding to support meetings, seminars and other forums inadequate participation and poor communication.

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5.7.3 Programme objectives Objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation of the plan The following are the strategies used to address the objective; 1. Building institutional arrangement for partnership 2. Strengthening partnerships 3. Improve Networking with stakeholders and other CFAs The proposed strategies and actions to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.7 below.

Table 5.7: Management interventions programme

on

partnership and

networking

Management Activities/Action Indicators Responsible Time strategies agency frame Management objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation of the plan Building institutional arrangement for partnership

Strengthening partnerships

Improve Networking with stakeholders and other CFAs

• Identify potential partners Develop working modalities e.g. MOU, management agreement • Joint planning and implementation Form a stakeholder forum for Kibiri Forest station CFA to formalize partnership with other stakeholders Develop forest management agreement between CFA and KFS Develop an elaborate sharing scheme/ mechanism to ensure fairness and equity in distribution of costs and benefits.

• Joint meeting between CFAs and

Number of partners identified

KFS & CFA

2015

Signed MoUs & agreements

KFS, CFA & Other stakeholders

2015-2017

Number of meetings

KFS, CFA & Other stakeholders KFS, CFA & Other stakeholders KFS, CFA & Other stakeholders KFS & CFA

2015-2019

KFS & CFA

2015

Number of forums held Partnership agreement signed Signed Management agreement Costs and benefits sharing mechanism developed

Number of KFS, CFA & meetings held, Other Number of stakeholders forums organized

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

2015-2019

2015-2017

2015

2015

Page | 75

Management strategies

Activities/Action

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

Number of exchange visits

KFS, CFA & Other stakeholders

2015-2019

KFS, CFA & Other stakeholders

2015-2019

other stakeholders.

• Organize and

conduct exchange visits for learning and experience sharing.

Enhance networking Number of skills within trainings partners. conducted

5.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAMME 5.8.1 Background This programme will mainly entail information and data collection and dissemination on flora and fauna species of interest in Kibiri Forest and monitoring of their trends and distribution in the forest.

Research forms a crucial programme in the plan and is aimed at filling the knowledge gaps that will ensure effective management. In Kibiri Forest, research and monitoring has been conducted through institutions and projects such as the BIOTA, research institutions and universities.

Following are some of the monitoring and research activities recently carried out for the forest: • • • • •

Forest inventory (indigenous and exotic trees) Monitoring of degraded and rehabilitated sites Studies on forest regeneration Socio-economic study of forest adjacent communities.

Biodiversity surveys.

5.8.2 Management Challenges • • • • • • •

Low facilitation and funding Inadequate dissemination of research findings Uncoordinated research and monitoring Lack of prioritization of research areas Inadequate inventory of biodiversity Pests and diseases management Inadequate regular biodiversity monitoring

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5.8.3 Programme objectives Objective: To undertake research to solve problems affecting Kibiri forest and improve forest management.

The strategies proposed are; undertake applied research within the forest, disseminate research findings and develop monitoring systems.

The proposed strategies and actions to address the above challenges are shown in Table 5.8 Table 5.8: Research and monitoring interventions strategies Management Activities/Action Indicators Responsible Time strategies agency frame Management objective: To undertake research to solve problems affecting Kibiri forest and improve forest management Undertake applied • Conduct detailed Number of flora NMK, KFS, 2015-2016 research survey on flora and & fauna KWS, KEFRI, fauna existing in the recorded NGOs, forest Universities • Identify and classify Studies NMK, KWS 2015-2016 wildlife according to conducted to their conservation identify status status (endemism, of species threat category and so on) • Conduct studies to inform on improved/participato ry forest management practices • Conduct studies on water resources (Quality and quantity) • Conduct studies on soil conditions to determine the forest health

Studies conducted

NMK, KFS, KWS 2015-2016 & CFA

Status of water quality

WRMA, WRUAs 2015-2016

Status of forest health

KEFRI, KFS, CFA

2015-2016

KFS, CFA

2015-2016

• Develop innovative Levels of income incentive mechanisms (PELIS, Carbon Credits, employment of youth, IGAs) Disseminate • Organize informative Number of research findings meetings public meetings to and innovations disseminate research findings and innovations Scheduled for • Develop feedback Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

KFS, NMK, KEFRI, 2016-2017 CFA & NGOs

KFS, NMK, KEFRI 2017 Page | 77

Management strategies

Promote Forest Monitoring

Activities/Action mechanism • Publish findings in journals and through popular media (brochures, leaflets, posters, radio programmes) • Electronic posting/circulation of results on websites of relevant institutions • Synthesize findings for use for public education and within learning institutions • Develop indicators for monitoring forest condition • Develop monitoring protocols

Indicators

Responsible agency

Time frame

feedbacks & CFA Number of KFS, CFA, Media 2018 publications/me & NGOs dia programmes

Website developed/numb er of visits to website Number of publications distributed

KFS, CFA, Private 2018 sector

Forest condition indicators developed Monitoring protocols in place Number of trained CFA members Data collected

NMK, KFS, KEFRI, 2016 CFA, NGOs

• Involve community members in monitoring activities • Make monitoring a regular activity to closely check any changes in the forest ecosystem • Document and widely Number of dissemination disseminate forest meetings condition trends

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

CFA, Schools, WCK

2018

NMK, KFS, KEFRI, 2017 CFA, NGOs NMK, CFA

2017

NMK, KFS, KEFRI, 2017-2019 CFA, NGOs

NMK, KFS, KEFRI, 2019 CFA, NGOs

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CHAPTER 6.0 PLAN IMPLEMENTATION INTRODUCTION Planning is an essential part of the management process. The management plan is the main instrument that specifies how management is to be conducted in the future. In forestry, Participatory Forest Management Plans (PFMPs) are often instruments not just for planning but also for operational management.

These plans don’t just document the way to reach management goals in the future (strategic), but also describe how to manage the forest in the present (tactical). This chapter provides an over view of crosscutting issues which include: gender mainstreaming, Reproductive Health, Nutrition and H.I.V/ AIDS, Marginalized groups; Indigenous Knowledge and Institutional arrangements for Plan Implementation that takes into account a collaborative approach of lead institutions (KFS and Kibiri CFA). Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, private companies and county government

6.1 CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES Some of the cross-cutting issues include: gender mainstreaming, Reproductive Health, Nutrition and H.I.V/ AIDS, Marginalized groups, Indigenous Knowledge 6.1.1 Gender mainstreaming Taking action on gender involves Identification of the people involved in PFMP. The first step is to adopt democratic elections-mirroring the number of constitutional aspects e.g. women, men and youth representatives in the Kibiri CFA. The PFMP should put into account different outcomes and impacts it will have on men, women, young men, young women and the forest adjacent community in Kibiri forest and all other stakeholders who might be involved during its implementation.

Mainstreaming takes into account aspects of planning and this ensures that the process takes into account number of men, women, young men, young women etc. Planning uses gender analysis tool (SWOT analysis - strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which are applicable during implementation process.

Other things to consider are timing of the PFMP-activities at certain times can limit participation of men and women or how roles and responsibilities are allocated.

In the implementation phase there are some aspects that ensure gender continues to be taken into account.

• • •

Gender balance amongst participants (during trainings, cross visit, meetings, workshops etc.)

Everybody from the target group participates in the PFMP. Kibiri CFA community is mixed (sexes, background, roles and responsibilities) so that there is a better overview of the needs of the target forest adjacent community group.

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The follow up phase of the PFMP is the point where identification of what needs to be done ensures that the PFMP is sustainable.

6.1.2 Reproductive Health, Nutrition and HIV/AIDS The Kibiri PFMP needs to adopt Health, Nutrition & HIV/AIDS programs to provide health education and palliative care to ensure that individuals and communities have the knowledge and resources to lead healthy lives. The focus of these efforts will be on communities where malnutrition is high and the need for family planning, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS awareness and education is evident.

The following areas of health skills, maternal and child health and nutrition, family planning, adolescent reproductive health and HIV/AIDS should be emphasized. In particular, emphasis of the service will be to at-risk populations, such as orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIVs).

The importance of comprehensive, holistic care should be strongly reflected in the program design. The plan should not only provide education and assistance in health care, but also train community leaders and individuals to develop expertise in home-based care and support, such as maternal and child care, psychosocial counseling, or HIV/AIDS-related care, compassionate Agroforestry so that they can help their communities lead healthier lives.

The primary objectives of the Health, Nutrition & HIV/AIDS programs will be to: 1. Reduce prevalence of malnutrition 2. Reduce levels of morbidity 3. Improve infant and young child feeding and care practices for women and children 4. Prevent and manage diseases, including HIV/AIDS 5. Promote sound nutrition and healthy lifestyles 6.1.3 Marginalized groups The group needs to be included in all activities of the Kibiri CFA as now it is their right in the new Kenya Constitution 2010.

6.1.4 Indigenous Knowledge Cultural, norms and practices, customary rights, intellectual property rights Indigenous people with a historical continuity of resource-use practices often possess a broad knowledge base of the behavior of complex ecological systems in their own localities.

This knowledge has accumulated through a long series of observations transmitted from generation to generation. Indigenous people have depended for long periods of time on local environments for the provisions of a variety of resources; they have developed a stake in conserving and in some cases, enhancing biodiversity.

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Indigenous people are aware that biological diversity is a crucial factor in generating the ecological services and natural resources on which they depend on.

Indigenous people are aware of a large variety of uses of local biodiversity including medicinal uses which have been incorporated in the modern medical industry.

The PFMP will enhance indigenous conservation measures such as;

Total protection of riparian areas and cultural forests such as the Tiriki cultural sites.

Protection of some tree species such as Ficus spp as it offers food and shelter to a wide range of birds, bats and primates.

6.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION There will be need for developing proposals for donor and government interventions in financing or supporting the acquisition of the various resources required for the effective implementation and achievement of the objectives of the management programmes.

Resource mobilization will be primarily the responsibility of both Kibiri CFA and KFS, with assistance from other stakeholders’ e.g. County government of Vihiga, NGOs and private sector that shall be playing the lead roles.

6.3 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The lead institutions for implementing this PFMP are mainly Kenya Forest Service, Kibiri CFA, the County Government of Vihiga, KWS and relevant NGOs. Other institutions and Stakeholders include: NEMA, MMUST, WRMA, KEFRI, Agriculture, Environment and Mineral Resources, National Museums of Kenya, Finanacial institutions, private sectors Research Institutions and International organizations. Figure6.1 presents possible arrangement and interraction during the Plan implementation. The successful implementation of this plan will require a collaborative approach to be initiated and coordinated by the Lead institutions (i.e. KFS and Kibiri CFA).

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Head of Conservancy (Western)

County Government of Vihiga

Ecosystem Conservator, KFS (Vihiga County)

Forest Conservation Committee (FCC)

Forest Station Manager (Kibiri Forest Station)

Local Level Forest Management Committee

Donors/ Development Agencies

Kibiri CFA

Line Government Agencies Water, KWS, NEMA, Agriculture, KEFRI, WMRA

NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs)

Figure 6.1: Institutional arrangements for PFMP implementation

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CHAPTER 7 PLAN MONITORING AND EVALUATION 7.1 INTRODUCTION The Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan sets the basis and manner in which the community represented by the Kibiri CFA will be able to sustainably utilize forest resources available in the forest. The plan is basically a guide for any agreement that is to be made between KFS and the community that is highly dependent on the forest. The plan will assist the stakeholders come to sound decisions as far as the management of the forest is concerned.

The forest is an important natural and cultural asset for the community and the nation as a whole. Thus, it should be understood that forest resource management and cultural resource management are interdependent processes. Cultural resources refers to a wide variety of values attached to the forest and uses including but not limited to tree preservation, public access, recreation, animal welfare, aesthetic and spiritual values and education. The plan is to provide ways for the management units to fulfill their mission of stewardship in the Kibiri Forest which is an important water catchment for Lake Victoria, in harmony with other stakeholders.

This plan has been developed in consultation with various stakeholders including KIBIRI CFA, Relevant NGOs, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), National Museums of Kenya (NMK), KEFRI, WRMA, NEMA, KEEP, MOA, research and learning institutions. The planning process has been a long term process and was provoked by the conflicts between the community and the forest management and the many threats to the forest ecosystem coupled with serious and/or irreversible environmental damage emanating from utilization of the forest.

7.2 MONITORING There is need to prepare a Monitoring tool with verifiable indicators, a time schedule which will guide the monitoring process. Monitoring will be done regularly by relevant parties including research and learning institutions.

Resource mobilization will be vital for the monitoring process to facilitate the implementation of this plan.

7.3 MONITORING INDICATORS (BIOPHYSICAL AND COMMUNITY BASED INDICATORS) Monitoring indicators will measure the Participatory forest management plan’s impact, outcomes, outputs and inputs that will be monitored during implementation that will be used to assess progress towards management objectives and help to identify problems during implementation of the PFMP. 7.4 DEVELOPING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS During the plan implementation impact-indicators will be identified to provide a basis upon which the plan performance can be measured. Performance indicators will be based on the various actions proposed in the forest Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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management programmes which are aimed at achieving the objectives of the programmes.

7.5 RESPONSIBILITIES KFS, KWS and other partners in the management of the Kibiri Forest will provide the necessary assistance in the monitoring of the plan progress. UNDPGEF through Nature Kenya funded the preparation of this Kibiri Forest Participatory Forest Management Plan. The implementation of this plan will be on the basis of a signed Forest Management Agreement (FMA) and monitoring and evaluation modalities which should be determined by the parties to the agreement.

7.6 MONITORING PLAN The matrix in Table 7.1 below presents the programmes, indicators of success, means of verification, the organizations responsible and the assumptions.

Evaluation will be based on assessment of the achievement of the monitoring indicators.

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Table 7.1: Kibiri PFMP Monitoring Matrix Programmes Nature Reserve Protection Programme Objective 1: To enhance protection key biodiversity in Yala Nature Reserve and water catchments for sustained ecological service Objective 2: To build capacity of the community in wildlife and forest protection and management Forest Conservation Programme Objective 1: To conserve, rehabilitate and restore forest ecosystem to ensure improved and effective ecological performance

Indicators of Success State/ quality of the natural forest Quality of water in streams Area protected for natural regeneration.

KFS, KWS and CFA records Photographs Maps Monitoring and evaluation reports

Area rehabilitated

Monitoring surveys

Status of ecosystem improved.

Disturbance cases to Kibiri Forest Decreased

Consultative meetings Measurement of forest cover

Encroachment in Kibiri Forest Reduced

Community participation and involvement in Photographs forest protection and management increased Maps Reforestation efforts and forest cover increased Monitoring surveys

Objective 2: To promote sustainable utilization of the natural forest to improve Livelihoods.

Means of verification

Endangered and endemic species

Regular census

Endangered and endemic species adequately protected

Monitoring and evaluation reports

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Assumptions

Time Frame

The Plan is successfully implemented

2015-2019

Good working relationship between stakeholders Availability of Financial, material and human resources

There will be full 2015-2019 cooperation by all stakeholders involved Availability of Financial, material and human resources There will be full cooperation by all stakeholders involved Availability of Financial, material and human resources There will be full cooperation by all stakeholders involved

Programmes

Indicators of Success

Means of verification

Productive Programme

Area established with plantations

Surveys,

Objective 1: To establish- high quality plantations for industrial development and revenue generation

Quality of plantations

KFS records

Survival counts

Resource inventory

Income generated from sales of forest resources

Assumptions

Time Frame

Availability of Financial, material and human resources The Plan is 2015-2019 successfully implemented Availability of funds for plantation development

Objective 2: To improve the livelihood of the community as Quantity of crops harvested they contribute to sustainable management of plantations Intervention Zone Programme Access of the Kibiri forest community members Surveys There is full 2015-2019 to forest resources collaboration from all KFS, KWS and KIBIRI stakeholders Objective: To promote and CFA records and capacity – build the community in Community members benefit from forest resources and products reports Availability of funds for nature based enterprises hence initiating income reduce pressure on the forest Improved livelihood of Kibiri forest community Community generating projects members feedback meetings Reduced incidences of forest destruction Income generated by forest resource user groups Number and types of products in the market Number and type of technologies adopted Number of people employed Total income generated from the community Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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Programmes

Indicators of Success

Means of verification

Assumptions

Time Frame

KFS, KWS and CFA records and reports

The Plan is successfully implemented

2015-2019

Police records

Cooperation from CFA/ community members

utilization of forest resources Protection and Security Programme

Incidences of fire outbreak reported Incidences of illegal harvesting reported

Objective: To ensure the safety of Kibiri forest resources and other Performance of the forest Rangers and Community scouts important infrastructure in the Forest using a collaborative Incidences of illegal wildlife hunting and approach destruction reported

Community Participation Programme

Increased Knowledge of the community on the KFS, KWS and CFA records forest and all its available resources and the procedures required to access the resources Objective: To ensure community Community feedback meetings participation in Kibiri Forest Composition of governance and decisionmanagement and conservation making structure Surveys Enhanced community relations between KFS Number of and KWS Rangers and management. community members involved in forest conservation programmes.

Infrastructure, Equipment and Number and type of infrastructure developed KFS, KWS, CFA and Human Resources WRMA records Number of people employed Development Programme Monitoring and Number of people trained evaluation reports Objective 1: To strengthen and maintain infrastructure, Number of community scouts equipment, and local community institutions for effective Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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Availability of firefighting equipment and other required resources required The Plan is 2015-2019 successfully implemented Cooperation from CFA/ community members Good working relationship between KFS and CFA Availability of funds The Plan is successfully implemented Availability of funds

2015-2019

Programmes

Indicators of Success

Means of verification

Assumptions

Time Frame

management and conservation of Resources available for forest management Kibiri Forest.

Objective 2: To enhance the capacity of human resource and local community for effective management of Kibiri forest Partnership and Networking Programme Objective: To develop synergy among stakeholders for efficient implementation of the plan.

Research and Monitoring Programme

• Potential partners identified.

Memorandum of understanding and management agreements developed Stakeholder forum for Kibiri Forest station conducted.

An elaborate benefit sharing scheme/mechanism to ensure fairness and equity in distribution of costs and benefits is developed.

Joint meeting between CFAs and other stakeholders conducted.

Number of exchange visits conducted.

Number and type of research and surveys undertaken

Objective: To undertake research Technologies innovated and adopted to solve problems affecting Kibiri State/ quality of the forest ecosystem forest and improve forest management New knowledge on the forest and its components adopted

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Signed MoUs & There will be full 2015-2019 agreements cooperation by all Partnership stakeholders involved. agreement signed Number of meetings held /exchange visits Number of forums organized

Research reports Monitoring and evaluation reports Updated status maps

The Plan is successfully completed All stakeholders will fully collaborate Availability of funds

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2015-2019

7.7 EVALUATION Evaluation of the progress of the plan will be very important to address emerging issues as far as the plan implementation is concerned. The purpose of evaluation is to broadly establish the impact of plan’s interventions on the lives of the Kibiri Forest Community members and on the status of the forest as an ecosystem. In evaluation it will be important to assess the plan rationale/ appropriateness with respect to the needs of the community so as to establish the extent to which it relates to the identified community needs, to check the soundness of the plan design, assess the extent to which key pre-conditions for plan success (assumptions) were assessed and accounted for in advance and determine the suitability of the objectives and activities in responding to community-defined development priorities.

7.8 REVIEW The PFMP will be reviewed following its expiry in 2019. This will be guided by the end term review report and those from continuous monitoring. Monitoring will be done continuously through reports while evaluation will be done midterm and at the end of the five year implementation period. User friendly monitoring and evaluation tools will be developed to assist the community in carrying out monitoring and evaluation.

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REFERENCES Agriculture Act (Cap. 318): The Agriculture (Farm Forestry) Rules, 2009 Energy Act, 2006: Section 103 (Renewable Energy) Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act Chapter 8 of 1999: Section 44 (Protection of hill tops, hill sides, mountain areas and forests); Section 48 (Protection of forests); Section 49. (Conservation of energy and planting of trees or woodlots); Section 50 (Conservation of biological diversity); Section 72 (Water and pollution prohibition); Water Quality Regulations, 2006 and Waste Management Regulations, 2006 Grass Fires Act (Cap 327): Section 3 (Burning of Vegetation without Authority) Forests Act 2005: Sections 35, 36 and 45 Holstein et al. (2010)A Short Guide to Kibiri Forest. BIOTA East Africa Kakamega Forest Ecosystem Management Plan, 2010-2020 (November 2010 edition) by KFE Managers, KFE Stakeholders, KWS Biodiversity Planning Department,KFS Planning Department Schaab, G et al. (2010)The BIOTA East Africa Atlas. Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences: Karlsruhe Germany Tourist Industry Licensing (Cap 381): Section 3 (License required for certain tourist enterprises) and The Tourism Industry Licensing Regulations Water Act (Cap 372): Section 14 (Catchment Areas) and Section 17 (Protection Areas) Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act (Cap 376): Section 15 (Protection Areas) http://www.wikipedia.org (Kyoto_Protocol.htm,CITES.htm, Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development.htm, Convention_on_Biological_Diversity.htm

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APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of plant species found in Kibiri Forest Scientific Name Acacia abyssinica Acanthus pubescens Albizia coriaria Albizia gummifera Anitiaris toxicaria Annona senegalensis Anthoclasta vogeliiApodytes dimidiata Azadirachta indica Bersama abyssinica Bischofia japonica Blighia unijugata Bridelia micrantha Caesalpinia decapetala Capparis tomentosa Carissia tomentosa Casaeria battiscombei Cassia bicapsularis Celtis africana Celtis gomphophylla Celtis mildbraedii Clausena anisata Clerodendrum johnstonii Clerodendrum myricoides Combretum collinum Combretum molle Cordia africana Craibia brownii Craterer spermum Croton macrostachyus Croton megalocarpus Cupressus lucitanica Dodonaea viscosa Dombeya burgessiae Dyospyros abyssinica Ehretia cymosa Entada abyssinica Eriobotrya japonica Erithrina abissinica Erythrina abyssinica Eucalyptus saligna Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Local Name Munyenya Marakalu Mubele Mukhunzuli Mulundu Muvulu Murhembe Masaba Mwarubaini Shirikamabinga Muhulu Shiarambatsa Shikangania Luavari Shikhumbumbu Shikata Mnamasinzi Imbindi Mweyu Musaa Shunza Shisimbari Lusala Shisilangokho Shiraha Mukhungula/Shiraha Mukomari Muhande Shilingilitsa Musutsu Musine Mudarakwa Muendu Mukusa Lusui Shikhutu Musembe Logat Mrembe Murembe Ikambi Page | 91

Scientific Name Euclea divinorum Fagaropsis angolensis Ficus lutea Ficus sur Ficus thonningii Funtumia africana Funtumia latifolia Garcinia livingstonei Gardenia volkensii Grewia bicolor Hurugana madagascarensis Lepisanthes senegalensis Maesopsis eminii Mangifera indica Manilkara butugi Markhamia lutea Melanthera scandens Milicia excelsa Mimusops bagshawei Monodora myristica Neobotonia macrocalyx Nuxia congesta Nuxia congesta Olea capensis Phoenix reclinata Oncoba routledgei Piliostigma thoningii Pinus patula Plectranthus barbatus Podocarpus latifolius Polyscias fulva Premna angolensis Prunus africana Psidium guajava Ricinus communis Rubus niveus Sapium ellipticum Sesbania sesban Spathodea campanulata Tabenaemontana stapficana Tabenaemontana ventricosa Terminalia brownii Terminalia mollisTrema orientalis Trichilia emetica Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Local Name Muswa Shingulutsi Mugumo Mukhuyu Lutoto Mutondo Mutondo Eshimwani Shiuna Lulala Musila Musaretsi Mutere Liembe Lunduli Lusiola Shikhakala Murumba Ludolia Lubushi Mubohu Lubambo Mmonyo Mutukuyu Lishindu Shirakula Mboyela Ipainati Shilokha Mutarai Mwanzu Mungalikuru Mwiritsa Lipera Libono/ Mubonebone Butunduli Mugoso/Musasa Lukhule Mutsulia Kunandere Shitondo Shiraha Olokhongwe Musakala Munyama Page | 92

Scientific Name Tuhonia divasifoli Vengueria apiculata Vengueria infausta Vepris nobilis Vernonia amygdalina Vitex doniana Vitex fischeri Warburgia ugandensis Ximeni americana Zanthroxylum gilletii Zanthroxylum milbraedii Zanthroxylum rebescens

Local Name Maua malulu Shikomoli or Shimanyamunyi Shikomoli Mutaro Musuritsa Mufutu/ Muholu Mufutu Apachi Muruli Shikhuma Shisimbari Shingulutsa or Shungoma

Appendix 2: Common shrubs and invasive species in Kibiri Forest Scientific name Harungana madagascariensis Vernonia auriculifolia Lantana trifolia Lantana camara Solanum incanum Solanum terminale Solanum mauritianum Solanum giganteum

Local name Musila Musuritsa Landana Landana Indulandula Indulandula Indulandula Indulandula

English name Traveller’s palm Lantana Lantana Sodom’s apple Sodom’s apple Tobacco weed Sodom’s apple

Appendix 3: Mammal species of Kibiri Forest Primates Cercopithecus ascanius schmidti Cercopithecus mitis stuhdlmanni Chlorocebus pygerythrus Colobous guereza Papio cynocephalus Perodicticus potto Ibeanus

Common name Red tail monkey Blue monkey

Local name

Occurrence

Ikhunga

Common

Isialume

Common

Vervet monkey Black and white Induvili colobous Anubis olive baboon Inguji Eastern potto

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Common along the forest edge Common Common Nocturnal

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Appendix 4: Reptiles and amphibians species of Kibiri Forest Scientific name Snakes Atheris hispida Atheris squamigera Bitis gabonica Dentroaspis jamesoni kaimosea Pseudohaje goldii Lizards/Geckos/Frogs Adolfus africanus Afrixalus osorioi Agama kaimosae Leptopelis mackayi Lygosoma fernandi

Common name Rough-scaled Bush Viper Green Bush Viper Gabon Viper Jameson’s Mamba Gold’s Cobra Multi-scaled Forest Lizard Forest Tree Frog Kaimosi Agama Kibiri Forest Tree Frog Red-flanked Skink

Appendix 5: Key birds species of Kibiri forest Scientific name 1) Globally threatened species Muscicapa lendu 2) Regional threatened species Campephaga quiscalina Dyaphorophyia concreta

Common name

Local name

Chapin’s flycatcher

Shinabukoshe

Purple throated cuckoo shrike Yellow bellied white eye

Linamasaa

Phyllastrephus hypochloris

Toro olive greenbul

Sheppardia poliotrera Tyto capensis Glaucidium tephronotum

Grey winged robin African grass owl Red- chested owlet

Lirole Likhule

3) Important seed dispersing birds Andropadus latirostris Yellow whiskered greenbull Buccanodon duchaillui

Yellow spotted barbet

Irondo

Bycanister subcylindicus

Black and white casqued hornbill

Ling’ang’a

Pycnonotus barbatus African thrush 4) Ant following birds Alethe poloicephala Blenda syndactyla Neocossyphus poensis Sheppardia aequatorialis Sheppardia paloiptera

Common bulbul

Likholove Lirole

Brown- chested alethe Red tailed bristlebill White tail ant thrush Equatorial akalat Grey-winged robin

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

Lirole

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Appendix 6:Kibiri Forest Plantation Data Sheet as at 31st March 2015 STATION KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI

SUBCOMPARTMENT KIBIRI 1J KIBIRI 1K KIBIRI 1K 1 KIBIRI 1M KIBIRI 1N KIBIRI 1N 1 KIBIRI 1R KIBIRI 1S KIBIRI 1T KIBIRI 1V KIBIRI 2E KIBIRI 2F KIBIRI 4C KIBIRI 4D KIBIRI 4E KIBIRI 4F KIBIRI 4G KIBIRI 4H KIBIRI 5A KIBIRI 5G KIBIRI 5H KIBIRI 5F KIBIRI 6A KIBIRI 6B KIBIRI 6C KIBIRI 6G KIBIRI 6E KIBIRI 6F KIBIRI 6D KIBIRI 7A KIBIRI 7A 1 KIBIRI 7B

SPECIES P.PAT CUP.LUS P.PAT CUP.LUS CUP.LUS P.PAT P.PAT P.PAT CUP.LUS unstocked CUP.LUS CUP.LUS unstocked unstocked CUP.LUS CUP.LUS E.SAL E.SAL Bischofia unstocked unstocked CUP.LUS CUP.LUS CUP.LUS CUP.LUS P.PAT P.PAT CUP.LUS CUP.LUS CUP.LUS G.ROBUSTA E.SAL

PLANTING YEAR 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2004 1997 2014

AGE

2014 2005

1997 1985 1993/2014 1993/2014 2014

2014 1982 2004 1994 2001 2009 2004 1993 1993 1993 1982/ 2014

14 14 14 14 14 14 11 18 1

DENSITY 550 325 325 500 50 50 250 550 1800

1 10

500 150

18 30 22/1 22/1 1

1 33 11 21 14 6 11 22 22 22 33/ 1

M.DBH 205 236.5 236.5 226.4 207.9 207.9 103 207.9

136.6

275 150 100 100 200

1200 30 550 200 350 200 550 350 350 300 100

M.HT 17.7 14.14 14.14 17.3 11.2 11.2 8.12 19.7

8.05

280

_

19.2

_ 79.1 302.4 152

— 88.5 313.9 279.8

7.4 24.6 14.03 — 7.3 24.05 21.6

AREA 9.3 5 2.9 3.1 3.2 2 4.2 12.6 5 8.1 5 11.3 10.1 12.5 4.9 4 1.5 2 10 9.3 11.4 30 2.75 2.2 14 6.4 1.1 8.7 6.3 2.1 2 7

REMARKS / RECOMMENDATIONS

Seriously poached poorly established surveyed but not mapped Under Pelis YET TO BE SURVEYED AND MAPPED Under Pelis Under Pelis Unmapped Unmapped, Coppice management Unmapped, Coppice management Unmapped, replanting recommended Under Pelis Under Pelis Surveyed but not mapped highly poached Thinned 2014 Thinned 2014 unmapped, scattered pine

Coppice management Page | 95

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

STATION KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI KIBIRI

SUBCOMPARTMENT KIBIRI 9A KIBIRI 9B KIBIRI 9C KIBIRI 9D KIBIRI 9D 1 KIBIRI 9E KIBIRI 9F KIBIRI 9G KIBIRI 9H KIBIRI 9I KIBIRI 9J KIBIRI 9K KIBIRI 9L KIBIRI 9M KIBIRI 9N KIBIRI 9O KIBIRI 10A KIBIRI 11A KIBIRI 11B KIBIRI 11C KIBIRI 11D KIBIRI 11E KIBIRI 11F KIBIRI 12A KIBIRI 12B KIBIRI 12C KIBIRI 12D KIBIRI 12E KIBIRI 12F KIBIRI 12G KIBIRI 12H KIBIRI 12I

SPECIES CUP.LUS P.PAT CUP.LUS P.PAT CUP.LUS CUP.LUS CUP.LUS P.PAT P.PAT E.SAL E.SAL E.SAL CUP.LUS P.PAT P.PAT CUP.LUS CUP.LUS E.SAL CUP.LUS CUP.LUS E.SAL P.PAT P.PAT CUP.LUS CUP.LUS P.PAT CUP.LUS E.SAL E.SAL CUP.LUS P.PAT Bischofia

PLANTING YEAR 2005 2001 2006 1995 1995 1997 1994 2003 1995 2008 2008 2008 2008 1996 1995 2000 1985 1979 1990 1998 1990 / 2014 1994 1994 1989 1989 1989 1999 1999 1999 2001 2001 2014

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

AGE 10 14 9 20 20 18 21 12 20 7 7 7 7 19 20 15 30 36 25 17 25/ 1 21 21 26 26 26 16 16 16 14 14 1

DENSITY 600 100 9 200 200 75 300 100 250 50 800 1500 700 200 325 300 25 75 25 150 150 50 550 450 975 125 400 125 75 80 300 40

M.DBH — 212 67.6 221 224.8 260.6 216.3 188.9 239 — — — — 209.4 238.8 224.6 200 545.3 365.4 289.7

M.HT — 16 5.3 16.3 14.9 14.3 13.2 15.9 17.7 — — — — 13.5 22.7 11.7 6 35.8 19.5 19.7

308 256.17 236.1 244.1 300.3 207.4 366.6 333.7 216.3 234

12.3 23.6 17.8 16.8 19.5 13.3 26.75 24.7 13.3 19.8

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AREA 9.2 10.1 12.8 5 5.5 9 26 0.5 23 2 0.7 6.2 14.1 2 3.5 3.4 8.85 6.5 4.3 5.2 12.5 2 10.3 30.3 25.6 17.4 5.1 1.2 1.2 3.2 10.2 20 516.8

REMARKS / RECOMMENDATIONS

poorly established/ written off

poorly established poorly established/ written off

F.G CAMP, Scatered trees overmature Scatered Coppice management Not on ground F.G CAMP, severe windthrow

mature mature

Unmapped, replanting recommended

Appendix 7a: List of the Local Planning Team, Kibiri PFMP Name

Organization/ Institution

Okello Belle (Dr) William Cheptoo Mattew Ogutu Boaz C. Mung’aya Wellington Mahelo Johnson Manyabi Julius M. Luvayo Clement Mmaitsi James O Maua Charles Koech Anastacia Mwaura Herman Kiruaye Protus Musawa Lincolin Inganza Onzere Joel Siele Leonard Muhanga Jennifer Adero

KFS KFS KFS KFS KFS Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA KEFRI-Kakamega KEFRI KWS-Kakamega WRMA NEMA MoA Nature Kenya Nature Kenya Nature Kenya

Appendix 7b: List of participants during awareness workshop on Kibiri PFMP held on 26th January 2012 at Mukumu Salvation Army Church No

Name

Organization/Institution

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Linus Musoltsa Lovetsani Stephen M. Bulemi Clement Mmaitsi Matayo Malenya Aziresi Atsango Florah Imeli Jerida Sharamba Sarah Bitolwa Shadrack Muyonga Julius M. Luvayo Edwrd Mwanje Dorah Khavere Dolokagi Isalikho Esmashi Mwashi Margret Samuel Mbagaya Rev. Paulo Matasi

Kibiri- CFA Shiru KibiriCFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Treasurer Mushanga Kibiri CFA Member Salvation Army Church Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Musunju CFA Jumba Shiru Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA

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No

Name

Organization/Institution

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Jacob Inyanje Leya Lihanda Paul Muchi Peter Shirievi Daniel Asembekha Meshack Kalubembe Paul Maseche Caston Jumba George Managa Matthew Ogutu Ojuang Nyibule

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

James Maua Victoria Lukhale S.K Sang M.M Matu W.K Mahelo Joel Siele Jennifer Adero Esther Nikuche Leonard Muhanga Johnson A. Mayabi Joseph Thomas Jamin Wanjala Nelson Ndung Eunice Wendo Mebo Khavungwi

Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA KFS - Vihiga Kakamega Forest National Reserve KEFRI-Kakamega KFS- Kakamega Forester Kibiri KFS–Vihiga KFS- Hamisi Nature Kenya-Kakamega Nature Kenya-Kakamega Assistant Chief -Shiru Nature Kenya Kibiri CFA KFS Vihiga KWS - Kakamega KFS - Vihiga Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA

Appendix 7c: List of participants during community sensitization meeting on Kibiri PFMP held at Makuchi on 8/02/2013 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Name Jeniffer Adero Simon Sesi James Murunga Ezekiel Shidiaoaia James Mategeya Johnstone Malasi Kenneth Muhunami Esna Musitu Seba Lutishi

Organization/Institution Nature Kenya Kibiri CFA-scout Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA

Kibiri Participatory Forest Management Plan 2015 – 2019

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No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

Name Esther Musi Saphania Munene Ketray Khadiala Esnah Jamoti Josephine tsiji Mukofu Margret Racheal Khayosa Petronillah Shilevi Samwel sore Tom Ambani Corrinieles Nalisi Ipeter Shilievi Edward Mwashi Tsaji Mirriam Biliah Mutunga Heron Simani Peter Murula Imbadu Dedan Solomon Philemon Shamale Amos Kisia Sungu Jonestone Julius Luingi Agrey Musene Solomon Aswan Musasa Gideon Musa Kamukwa Rev. Paul Matasi John Likoti Moses Isiiye Seth Jiveti Leonard Muhanga Julius Luvayo Joel Siele Phillip Towett

Organization/Institution Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA- scout Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Tiriki Cultural Forest MEG Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA Kibiri CFA APEC Tea farmers enterprise Village elder Kibiri CFA CFA- member MoALF Assistant chief Nature Kenya Kibiri CFA Nature Kenya KFS

Appendix 7d: List of participants in Community Forest Zonation at Kibiri on 01/05/2014 No 1 2 3

Name Joel Siele Jane Jobita Evans Kegode

Organization/Institution Nature Kenya KFS HQ KFS HQ

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No 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Name Fred Nyongesa Jeniffer Adero Winny Sambaya Florah Indasi Julius Luvayo Johnson A. Mayabi Florence Luingwa Rose Khavele Catherene Vujete Meshack Alubembe Atseles Atsangu Bali Willypitus Rev .Paul Madasi Edward Mwashi Paul Maseche Esther Nikoche Seth Chiveti Leonard Muhanga Boaz C. Mung’aya Saekwo N.Elias Benard Wandati Solomon Mbagaya Sgt.Kibet Chebii Jared Sajita Dennis Okoit Jastas Kisia

Organization/Institution KFS HQ Nature Kenya Nature Kenya Kibiri CFA-Mushanga group Kibiri CFA CFA-KIBIRI CFA KIBIRI CFA-KIBIRI CFA-KIBIRI CFA-KIBIRI CFA-KIBIRI Ass.Chief-Muhudu CFA-KIBIRI CFA-KIBIRI CFA-KIBIRI Ass.Chief Ass.Chief Nature Kenya KFS KFS KFS Kibiri CFA KFS Nature Kenya KFS CFA-KIBIRI

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