Tradies Choice Wide Joint Grout SDS

TradiesChoiceWideJointGrout

SASAustralasia(SpecialtyAdhesivesSystems)

PartNumber:NotAvailable

VersionNo:1.6

SafetyDataSheetaccordingtoWorkHealthandSafetyRegulations(HazardousChemicals)2023andADGrequirements

SECTION1Identificationofthesubstance/mixtureandofthecompany/undertaking

ProductIdentifier

Productname

TradiesChoiceWideJointGrout

Synonyms Grout

Othermeansof identification NotAvailable

Relevantidentifiedusesofthesubstanceormixtureandusesadvisedagainst

Relevantidentifieduses

InitialDate:10/10/2025

RevisionDate:10/10/2025

PrintDate:10/10/2025

TradiesChoiceWideJointisasanded,cement-basedgroutdesignedforbothinternalandexternalwallandfloortiling.Itisideal forgroutjointsfrom2mmupto50mmwide,providingexcellentdimensionalstabilitywithoutshrinking.Theformulationincludes aspecialadditivethatminimisesefflorescenceandensuresconsistentcolourthroughout.TradiesChoiceWideJointofferseasy workability,reliableperformance,andawiderangeofcolourssuitableforbothresidentialandcommercialapplications.Use accordingtomanufacturer'sinstructions.

Detailsofthemanufacturerorimporterofthesafetydatasheet

SkinCorrosion/IrritationCategory1B,Sensitisation(Skin)Category1,SeriousEyeDamage/EyeIrritationCategory1,AcuteToxicity(Inhalation)Category4,Specific

TargetOrganToxicity-SingleExposure(RespiratoryTractIrritation)Category3,GermCellMutagenicityCategory2,CarcinogenicityCategory1A,SpecificTarget

OrganToxicity-RepeatedExposureCategory2,HazardoustotheAquaticEnvironmentLong-TermHazardCategory1

Legend: 1. Classification by vendor; 2. Classification drawn from HCIS; 3. Classification drawn from Regulation (EU) No 1272/2008 - Annex VI

Labelelements

Hazardpictogram(s)

Signalword Danger

Hazardstatement(s)

H314 Causessevereskinburnsandeyedamage.

H317 Maycauseanallergicskinreaction.

H332 Harmfulifinhaled.

H335 Maycauserespiratoryirritation.

H341 Suspectedofcausinggeneticdefects.

H350 Maycausecancer

H373 Maycausedamagetoorgansthroughprolongedorrepeatedexposure.

H410 Verytoxictoaquaticlifewithlonglastingeffects.

Supplementarystatement(s) NotApplicable

Precautionarystatement(s)Prevention

P260 Donotbreathedust/fume.

P264 Washallexposedexternalbodyareasthoroughlyafterhandling.

P271 Useonlyoutdoorsorinawell-ventilatedarea.

P280 Wearprotectivegloves,protectiveclothing,eyeprotectionandfaceprotection.

P273 Avoidreleasetotheenvironment.

P202 Donothandleuntilallsafetyprecautionshavebeenreadandunderstood.

P272 Contaminatedworkclothingshouldnotbeallowedoutoftheworkplace.

Precautionarystatement(s)Response

P301+P330+P331 IFSWALLOWED:Rinsemouth.DoNOTinducevomiting.

P303+P361+P353 IFONSKIN(orhair):Takeoffimmediatelyallcontaminatedclothing.Rinseskinwithwater[orshower].

P305+P351+P338 IFINEYES:Rinsecautiouslywithwaterforseveralminutes.Removecontactlenses,ifpresentandeasytodo.Continuerinsing.

P308+P313 IFexposedorconcerned:Getmedicaladvice/attention.

P310 ImmediatelycallaPOISONCENTER/doctor/physician/firstaider

P302+P352 IFONSKIN:Washwithplentyofwater

P363 Washcontaminatedclothingbeforereuse.

P333+P313 Ifskinirritationorrashoccurs:Getmedicaladvice/attention.

P362+P364 Takeoffcontaminatedclothingandwashitbeforereuse.

P391 Collectspillage.

P304+P340 IFINHALED:Removepersontofreshairandkeepcomfortableforbreathing.

Precautionarystatement(s)Storage

P405 Storelockedup.

P403+P233 Storeinawell-ventilatedplace.Keepcontainertightlyclosed.

Precautionarystatement(s)Disposal

P501 Disposeofcontents/containertoauthorisedhazardousorspecialwastecollectionpointinaccordancewithanylocalregulation.

Nofurtherproducthazardinformation.

SECTION3Composition/informationoningredients

Substances

SeesectionbelowforcompositionofMixtures

Legend: 1. Classification by vendor; 2. Classification drawn from HCIS; 3. Classification drawn from Regulation (EU) No 1272/2008Annex VI; 4. Classification drawn from C&L; * EU IOELVs available

SECTION4Firstaidmeasures

Descriptionoffirstaidmeasures

Ifthisproductcomesincontactwiththeeyes:

Immediatelyholdeyelidsapartandflushtheeyecontinuouslywithrunningwater

EyeContact

SkinContact

Inhalation

Ensurecompleteirrigationoftheeyebykeepingeyelidsapartandawayfromeyeandmovingtheeyelidsbyoccasionally liftingtheupperandlowerlids.

ContinueflushinguntiladvisedtostopbythePoisonsInformationCentreoradoctor,orforatleast15minutes.

Transporttohospitalordoctorwithoutdelay

Removalofcontactlensesafteraneyeinjuryshouldonlybeundertakenbyskilledpersonnel.

Ifskinorhaircontactoccurs:

Immediatelyflushbodyandclotheswithlargeamountsofwater,usingsafetyshowerifavailable.

Quicklyremoveallcontaminatedclothing,includingfootwear

Washskinandhairwithrunningwater.ContinueflushingwithwateruntiladvisedtostopbythePoisonsInformationCentre.

Transporttohospital,ordoctor

Iffumesorcombustionproductsareinhaledremovefromcontaminatedarea.

Laypatientdown.Keepwarmandrested.

Prosthesessuchasfalseteeth,whichmayblockairway,shouldberemoved,wherepossible,priortoinitiatingfirstaid procedures.

Applyartificialrespirationifnotbreathing,preferablywithademandvalveresuscitator,bag-valvemaskdevice,orpocket maskastrained.PerformCPRifnecessary

Transporttohospital,ordoctor,withoutdelay

Foradvice,contactaPoisonsInformationCentreoradoctoratonce.

Urgenthospitaltreatmentislikelytobeneeded.

IfswalloweddoNOTinducevomiting.

Ingestion

Ifvomitingoccurs,leanpatientforwardorplaceonleftside(head-downposition,ifpossible)tomaintainopenairwayand preventaspiration.

Observethepatientcarefully

Nevergiveliquidtoapersonshowingsignsofbeingsleepyorwithreducedawareness;i.e.becomingunconscious.

Givewatertorinseoutmouth,thenprovideliquidslowlyandasmuchascasualtycancomfortablydrink.

Transporttohospitalordoctorwithoutdelay

Indicationofanyimmediatemedicalattentionandspecialtreatmentneeded

Treatsymptomatically

Foracuteorshorttermrepeatedexposurestoironanditsderivatives:

Alwaystreatsymptomsratherthanhistory

Ingeneral,however,toxicdosesexceed20mg/kgofingestedmaterial(aselementaliron)withlethaldosesexceeding180mg/kg.

Controlofironstoresdependonvariationinabsorptionratherthanexcretion.Absorptionoccursthroughaspiration,ingestionandburnedskin.

Hepaticdamagemayprogresstofailurewithhypoprothrombinaemiaandhypoglycaemia.Hepatorenalsyndromemayoccur

Ironintoxicationmayalsoresultindecreasedcardiacoutputandincreasedcardiacpoolingwhichsubsequentlyproduceshypotension.

Serumironshouldbeanalysedinsymptomaticpatients.Serumironlevels(2-4hrspost-ingestion)greaterthat100ug/dLindicatepoisoningwithlevels,in excessof350ug/dL,beingpotentiallyserious.Emesisorlavage(forobtundedpatientswithnogagreflex)aretheusualmeansofdecontamination.

Activatedcharcoaldoesnoteffectivelybindiron.

Catharsis(usingsodiumsulfateormagnesiumsulfate)mayonlybeusedifthepatientalreadyhasdiarrhoea.

Deferoxamineisaspecificchelatorofferric(3+)ironandiscurrentlytheantidoteofchoice.Itshouldbeadministeredparenterally.[EllenhornandBarceloux: MedicalToxicology]

Foracuteorshorttermrepeatedexposurestodichromatesandchromates:

Absorptionoccursfromthealimentarytractandlungs.

Thekidneyexcretesabout60%ofabsorbedchromatewithin8hoursofingestion.Urinaryexcretionmaytakeupto14days.

Establishairway,breathingandcirculation.Assistventilation.

InduceemesiswithIpecacSyrupifpatientisnotconvulsing,incomaorobtundedandifthegagreflexispresent.

Otherwiseusegastriclavagewithendotrachealintubation.

Fluidbalanceiscritical.Peritonealdialysis,haemodialysisorexchangetransfusionmaybeeffectivealthoughavailabledataislimited.

BritishAnti-Lewisite,ascorbicacid,folicacidandEDTAareprobablynoteffective.

Therearenoantidotes.

Primaryirritation,includingchromeulceration,maybetreatedwithointmentscomprisingcalcium-sodium-EDTA.This,togetherwiththeuseoffrequently reneweddressings,willensurerapidhealingofanyulcerwhichmaydevelop.

ThemechanismofactioninvolvesthereductionofCr(VI)toCr(III)andsubsequentchelation;theirritanteffectofCr(III)/proteincomplexesisthusavoided.[ILO Encyclopedia]

[EllenhornandBarceloux:MedicalToxicology]

Manifestationofaluminiumtoxicityincludehypercalcaemia,anaemia,VitaminDrefractoryosteodystrophyandaprogressiveencephalopathy(mixed dysarthria-apraxiaofspeech,asterixis,tremulousness,myoclonus,dementia,focalseizures).Bonepain,pathologicalfracturesandproximalmyopathycan occur

Symptomsusuallydevelopinsidiouslyovermonthstoyears(inchronicrenalfailurepatients)unlessdietaryaluminiumloadsareexcessive.

Serumaluminiumlevelsabove60ug/mlindicateincreasedabsorption.Potentialtoxicityoccursabove100ug/mlandclinicalsymptomsarepresentwhen levelsexceed200ug/ml.

Deferoxaminehasbeenusedtotreatdialysisencephalopathyandosteomalacia.CaNa2EDTAislesseffectiveinchelatingaluminium.

[EllenhornandBarceloux:MedicalToxicology]

Foracuteorshort-termrepeatedexposurestohighlyalkalinematerials:

Respiratorystressisuncommonbutpresentoccasionallybecauseofsofttissueedema.

Unlessendotrachealintubationcanbeaccomplishedunderdirectvision,cricothyroidotomyortracheotomymaybenecessary

Oxygenisgivenasindicated.

Thepresenceofshocksuggestsperforationandmandatesanintravenouslineandfluidadministration.

Damageduetoalkalinecorrosivesoccursbyliquefactionnecrosiswherebythesaponificationoffatsandsolubilisationofproteinsallowdeeppenetrationinto thetissue.

Alkaliscontinuetocausedamageafterexposure.

INGESTION:

Milkandwaterarethepreferreddiluents

Nomorethan2glassesofwatershouldbegiventoanadult.

Neutralisingagentsshouldneverbegivensinceexothermicheatreactionmaycompoundinjury

*Catharsisandemesisareabsolutelycontra-indicated.

*Activatedcharcoaldoesnotabsorbalkali.

*Gastriclavageshouldnotbeused.

Supportivecareinvolvesthefollowing:

Withholdoralfeedingsinitially

Ifendoscopyconfirmstransmucosalinjurystartsteroidsonlywithinthefirst48hours.

Carefullyevaluatetheamountoftissuenecrosisbeforeassessingtheneedforsurgicalintervention.

Patientsshouldbeinstructedtoseekmedicalattentionwhenevertheydevelopdifficultyinswallowing(dysphagia).

SKINANDEYE:

Injuryshouldbeirrigatedfor20-30minutes.

Eyeinjuriesrequiresaline.[Ellenhorn&Barceloux:MedicalToxicology]

SECTION5Firefightingmeasures

Extinguishingmedia

Thereisnorestrictiononthetypeofextinguisherwhichmaybeused.

Useextinguishingmediasuitableforsurroundingarea.

Specialhazardsarisingfromthesubstrateormixture

FireIncompatibility Noneknown.

Adviceforfirefighters

FireFighting

Fire/ExplosionHazard

AlertFireBrigadeandtellthemlocationandnatureofhazard. Wearbreathingapparatusplusprotectiveglovesintheeventofafire. Prevent,byanymeansavailable,spillagefromenteringdrainsorwatercourses. Usefirefightingproceduressuitableforsurroundingarea.

DONOTapproachcontainerssuspectedtobehot.

Coolfireexposedcontainerswithwatersprayfromaprotectedlocation. Ifsafetodoso,removecontainersfrompathoffire.

Equipmentshouldbethoroughlydecontaminatedafteruse.

Undercertainconditionsthematerialmaybecomecombustiblebecauseoftheeaseofignitionwhichoccursafterthematerial reachesahighspecificarearatio(thinsections,fineparticles,ormoltenstates).However,thesamematerialinmassivesolid formiscomparativelydifficulttoignite.Nearlyallmetalswillburninairundercertainconditions.Someareoxidisedrapidlyinthe presenceofairormoisture,generatingsufficientheattoreachtheirignitiontemperatures.

Othersoxidisesoslowlythatheatgeneratedduringoxidationisdissipatedbeforethemetalbecomeshotenoughtoignite.

Particlesize,shape,quantity,andalloyareimportantfactorstobeconsideredwhenevaluatingmetalcombustibility

Combustibilityofmetallicalloysmaydifferandvarywidelyfromthecombustibilitycharacteristicsofthealloys'constituent elements.

Whensilicadustisdispersedinair,firefightersshouldwearinhalationprotectionashazardoussubstancesfromthefiremay beadsorbedonthesilicaparticles.

Whenheatedtoextremetemperatures,(>1700deg.C)amorphoussilicacanfuse.

Decompositionmayproducetoxicfumesof: silicondioxide(SiO2) metaloxides

Whenaluminiumoxidedustisdispersedinair,firefightersshouldwearprotectionagainstinhalationofdustparticles,whichcan alsocontainhazardoussubstancesfromthefireabsorbedonthealuminaparticles.

Mayemitpoisonousfumes.

Mayemitcorrosivefumes.

HAZCHEM NotApplicable

SECTION6Accidentalreleasemeasures

Personalprecautions,protectiveequipmentandemergencyprocedures

Seesection8

Environmentalprecautions

Methodsandmaterialforcontainmentandcleaningup

Removeallignitionsources.

Cleanupallspillsimmediately

Avoidcontactwithskinandeyes.

MinorSpills

MajorSpills

Controlpersonalcontactwiththesubstance,byusingprotectiveequipment.

Usedrycleanupproceduresandavoidgeneratingdust.

Placeinasuitable,labelledcontainerforwastedisposal.

Absorborcontainisothiazolinoneliquidspillswithsand,earth,inertmaterialorvermiculite.

Theabsorbent(andsurfacesoiltoadepthsufficienttoremoveallofthebiocide)shouldbeshovelledintoadrumandtreated withan11%solutionofsodiummetabisulfite(Na2S2O5)orsodiumbisulfite(NaHSO3),or12%sodiumsulfite(Na2SO3)and 8%hydrochloricacid(HCl).

Glutathionehasalsobeenusedtoinactivatetheisothiazolinones.

Use20volumesofdecontaminatingsolutionforeachvolumeofbiocide,andletcontainersstandforatleast30minutesto deactivatemicrobicidebeforedisposal.

Ifcontaminationofdrainsorwaterwaysoccurs,adviseemergencyservices.

Aftercleanupoperations,decontaminateandlaunderallprotectiveclothing andequipmentbeforestoringandre-using.

SECTION7Handlingandstorage

Precautionsforsafehandling

Avoidallpersonalcontact,includinginhalation.

Wearprotectiveclothingwhenriskofexposureoccurs.

Useinawell-ventilatedarea.

Preventconcentrationinhollowsandsumps.

DONOTenterconfinedspacesuntilatmospherehasbeenchecked.

DONOTallowmaterialtocontacthumans,exposedfoodorfoodutensils.

Avoidcontactwithincompatiblematerials.

Whenhandling,DONOTeat,drinkorsmoke.

Safehandling

Otherinformation

Keepcontainerssecurelysealedwhennotinuse.

Avoidphysicaldamagetocontainers.

Alwayswashhandswithsoapandwaterafterhandling.

Workclothesshouldbelaunderedseparately.Laundercontaminatedclothingbeforere-use.

Usegoodoccupationalworkpractice.

Observemanufacturer'sstorageandhandlingrecommendationscontainedwithinthisSDS.

Atmosphereshouldberegularlycheckedagainstestablishedexposurestandardstoensuresafeworkingconditionsare maintained.

Storeinoriginalcontainers.

Keepcontainerssecurelysealed.

Storeinacool,dryareaprotectedfromenvironmentalextremes.

Storeawayfromincompatiblematerialsandfoodstuffcontainers.

Protectcontainersagainstphysicaldamageandcheckregularlyforleaks.

Observemanufacturer'sstorageandhandlingrecommendationscontainedwithinthisSDS.

Formajorquantities:

Considerstorageinbundedareas-ensurestorageareasareisolatedfromsourcesofcommunitywater(including stormwater,groundwater,lakesandstreams}.

Ensurethataccidentaldischargetoairorwateristhesubjectofacontingencydisastermanagementplan;thismayrequire consultationwithlocalauthorities.

Conditionsforsafestorage,includinganyincompatibilities

Suitablecontainer

Storageincompatibility

Polyethyleneorpolypropylenecontainer

Checkallcontainersareclearlylabelledandfreefromleaks.

Derivativeofelectropositivemetal.

Foraluminas(aluminiumoxide):

Incompatiblewithhotchlorinatedrubber

Inthepresenceofchlorinetrifluoridemayreactviolentlyandignite.

-Mayinitiateexplosivepolymerisationofolefinoxidesincludingethyleneoxide.

-Producesexothermicreactionabove200°Cwithhalocarbonsandanexothermicreactionatambienttemperatureswith halocarbonsinthepresenceofothermetals.

-Producesexothermicreactionwithoxygendifluoride.

-Mayformexplosivemixturewithoxygendifluoride.

-Formsexplosivemixtureswithsodiumnitrate.

-Reactsvigorouslywithvinylacetate.

Aluminiumoxideisanamphotericsubstance,meaningitcanreactwithbothacidsandbases,suchashydrofluoricacidand sodiumhydroxide,actingasanacidwithabaseandabasewithanacid,neutralisingtheotherandproducingasalt.

Calciumoxide:

reactsviolentlywithwater,evolvinghighquantitiesofheat

PersonalProtectiveEquipmentadviceiscontainedinSection8oftheSDS.

reactsviolently,withpossibleignitionorexplosion,withacids,aniliniumperchlorate,brominepentafluoride,chlorine trifluoride,fluorine,hydrogenfluoride,hydrazine,hydrogensulfide,hydrogentrisulfide,isopropylisocyanidedichloride,light metals,lithium,magnesium,powderedaluminium,phosphorus,potassium,sulfurtrioxide increasetheexplosivesensitivityofazides,nitroalkanes(e.g.nitroethane,nitromethane,1-nitropropaneetc.) isincompatiblewithboricacid,borontrifluoride,carbondioxide,ethanol,halogens(suchasfluorine),metalhalides, phosphoruspentoxide,seleniumoxychloride,sulfurdioxideandmanyorganicmaterials

Calciumsulfate:

reactsviolentlywithreducingagents,acrolein,alcohols,chlorinetrifluoride,diazomethane,ethers,fluorine,hydrazine, hydraziniumperchlorate,hydrogenperoxide,finelydividedaluminiumormagnesium,peroxyfuroicacid,redphosphorus, sodiumacetylide

sensitisesmostorganicazideswhichareunstableshock-andheat-sensitiveexplosives mayformexplosivematerialswith1,3-di(5-tetrazolyl)triazene isincompatiblewithglycidol,isopropylchlorocarbonate,nitrosylperchlorate,sodiumborohydride ishygroscopic;reactswithwatertoformgypsumandPlasterofParis

Forironoxide(ferricoxide):

Avoidstoragewithaluminium,calciumhypochloriteandethyleneoxide.

Riskofexplosionoccursfollowingreactionwithpowderedaluminium,calciumsilicide,ethyleneoxide(polymerises),carbon monoxide,magnesiumandperchlorates.

Riskofignitionorformationofflammablegasesorvapoursoccursfollowingreactionwithcarbides,forexamplecaesium carbide,(producesheat),hydrogensulfide,hydrogenperoxide(decomposes).

Anintimatelypoweredmixturewithaluminium,usuallyignitedbymagnesiumribbon,reactswithanintenseexothermto producemoltenironinthecommercial"thermit"weldingprocess

Forsilane(siliconetetrahydride)

Astrongreducingagent

Explodesinoxygenortemperaturesexceeding398deg.C..

Mayignitespontaneouslyeitherimmediatelyordelayed.Gasmayaccumulatewithoutpyrophoricignitioncreating considerablehazard.

Reactsviolentlywithstrongoxidisers,alkalis,potassiumhydroxidesolution,fluorine,chlorine,bromine,oxygen,covalent chloridessuchasantimonypentachloride,tin(IV)chloride,carbonylchloride.

Handlingsilaneinsystemswithhalogenatedcompounds,wheretraceamountsoffreehalogensarepresent,resultsin violentexplosion

Thesubstancemaybeorcontainsa"metalloid"

Thefollowingelementsareconsideredtobemetalloids;boron,silicon,germanium,arsenic,antimony,telluriumand(possibly) polonium

Theelectronegativitiesandionisationenergiesofthemetalloidsarebetweenthoseofthemetalsandnonmetals,sothe metalloidsexhibitcharacteristicsofbothclasses.Thereactivityofthemetalloidsdependsontheelementwithwhichtheyare reacting.Forexample,boronactsasanonmetalwhenreactingwithsodiumyetasametalwhenreactingwithfluorine.

Unlikemostmetals,mostmetalloidsareamphoteric-thatistheycanactasbothanacidandabase.Forinstance,arsenicforms notonlysaltssuchasarsenichalides,bythereactionwithcertainstrongacid,butitalsoformsarsenitesbyreactionswithstrong bases.

Mostmetalloidshaveamultiplicityofoxidationstatesorvalences.Forinstance,telluriumhastheoxidationstates+2,-2,+4,and +6.Metalloidsreactlikenon-metalswhentheyreactwithmetalsandactlikemetalswhentheyreactwithnon-metals.

Titaniumdioxide

reactswithstrongacids,strongoxidisers reactsviolentlywithaluminium,calcium,hydrazine,lithium(ataround200degC.),magnesium,potassium,sodium,zinc, especiallyatelevatedtemperatures-thesereactionsinvolvesreductionoftheoxideandareaccompaniedbyincandescence dustorpowderscanigniteandthenexplodeinacarbondioxideatmosphere

WARNING:Avoidorcontrolreactionwithperoxides.All transition metalperoxidesshouldbeconsideredaspotentially explosive.Forexampletransitionmetalcomplexesofalkylhydroperoxidesmaydecomposeexplosively

Thepi-complexesformedbetweenchromium(0),vanadium(0)andothertransitionmetals(haloarene-metalcomplexes)and mono-orpoly-fluorobenzeneshowextremesensitivitytoheatandareexplosive.

Avoidreactionwithborohydridesorcyanoborohydrides

Metalsandtheiroxidesorsaltsmayreactviolentlywithchlorinetrifluorideandbrominetrifluoride. Thesetrifluoridesarehypergolicoxidisers.Theyigniteoncontact(withoutexternalsourceofheatorignition)withrecognised fuels-contactwiththesematerials,followinganambientorslightlyelevatedtemperature,isoftenviolentandmayproduce ignition.

Thestateofsubdivisionmayaffecttheresults.

Avoidstrongacids,acidchlorides,acidanhydridesandchloroformates.

Avoidcontactwithcopper,aluminiumandtheiralloys.

X — Must not be stored together

0 — May be stored together with specific preventions

+ — May be stored together

Note: Depending on other risk factors, compatibility assessment based on the table above may not be relevant to storage situations, particularly where large volumes of dangerous goods are stored and handled. Reference should be made to the Safety Data Sheets for each substance or article and risks assessed accordingly

SECTION8Exposurecontrols/personalprotection

Controlparameters

OccupationalExposureLimits(OEL)

INGREDIENTDATA

Source Ingredient

AustraliaExposure Standards portland cement Portlandcement 10mg/m3 NotAvailable NotAvailable

AustraliaExposure Standards titanium dioxide Titaniumdioxide 10mg/m3

AustraliaExposure Standards silane Silicontetrahydride 5

AustraliaExposure Standards gradedsand Quartz(respirable dust)

(a)Thisvalueisfor inhalabledustcontaining noasbestosand<1% crystallinesilica.

NotAvailable (a)Thisvalueisfor inhalabledustcontaining noasbestosand<1% crystallinesilica.

NotAvailable

NotAvailable NotAvailable

AustraliaExposure Standards gradedsand Silica-Crystalline: Quartz(respirable dust) 0.05mg/m3 NotAvailable NotAvailable NotAvailable

Ingredient OriginalIDLH RevisedIDLH

portlandcement 5,000mg/m3 NotAvailable titaniumdioxide 5,000mg/m3 NotAvailable silane NotAvailable NotAvailable 2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one NotAvailable NotAvailable gradedsand 25mg/m3/50mg/m3 NotAvailable

MATERIALDATA forchrome(VI)containingsubstances: Somejurisdictionsrequirethathealthsurveillancebecarriedonworkersoccupationallyexposedtoinorganicchromium.Suchsurveillanceshouldemphasise demography,occupationalandmedicalhistoryandhealthadvice physicalexaminationwithemphasisontherespiratorysystemandskin weeklyskininspectionofhandsandforearmsbya"responsibleperson"

Aninductionthresholdforchromium(VI)allergyisdifficulttodefine,butfromexperienceintheconstructionindustryandamongcementworkersitiswellknown thatlevelsof10-20mg/kgsolublechromium(VI)inthecementhascausedsensitisationwithaprevalenceofabout4-5%oftheexposedpopulation. Minimumelicitationthresholds(MET10%)whichwillelicitanallergicresponsein10%ofalreadysensitisedindividualsarefoundtobeintherangeof0.02to0.9 ug/cm2/2daysindifferentstudies(AnnexXVReport-Proposalforarestriction:Chromium(VI)compounds-Jan2012) https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/4d88d444-4b8b-48ab-9c11-6e74819e047c forcalciumsilicate:

containingnoasbestosand<1%crystallinesilica

ESTWA:10mg/m3inspirabledust

TLVTWA:10mg/m3totaldust(syntheticnonfibrous)A4

Althoughinvitrostudiesindicatethatcalciumsilicateismoretoxicthansubstancesdescribedas"nuisancedusts"isthoughtthatadversehealtheffectswhich mightoccurfollowingexposureto10-20mg/m3arelikelytobeminimal.TheTLV-TWAisthoughttobeprotectiveagainstthephysicalriskofeyeandupper respiratorytractirritationinworkersandtopreventinterferencewithvisionanddepositionofparticulateintheeyes,ears,noseandmouth.

NOTE:ThissubstancehasbeenclassifiedbytheACGIHasA4NOTclassifiableascausingCancerinhumans

TherecommendedTLVisthoughttoreducethelikelihoodofrespiratoryirritationandskinirritationfromexposuretoaerosolsandmistsofsolubleironsalts. Foraluminiumoxide:

Theexperimentalandclinicaldataindicatethataluminiumoxideactsasan"inert"materialwheninhaledandseemstohavelittleeffectonthelungsnordoesit producesignificantorganicdiseaseortoxiceffectswhenexposuresarekeptunderreasonablecontrol.

[DocumentationoftheThresholdLimitValues],ACGIH,SixthEdition

CELTWA:0.1mg/m3;STEL0.3mg/m3totalisothiazolinones(RohmandHaas)

(CEL=ChemwatchExposureLimit)

Animalsexposedbyinhalationto10mg/m3titaniumdioxideshownosignificantfibrosis,possiblyreversibletissuereaction.Thearchitectureoflungairspaces remainsintact.

Thelabelonapackagecontaining1%ormoreoftitaniumoxidewithaerodynamicdiameterequalorbelow10micronsshallbearthefollowingstatement: EUH211"Warning!Hazardousrespirabledropletsmaybeformedwhensprayed.DoNOTbreathesprayormist

Thelabelonthepackagingofsolidmixturescontaining1%ormoreoftitaniumdioxideshallbearthefollowingstatement:EUH212""Warning!Hazardous respirabledustmaybeformedwhenused.Donotbreathedust".

Inaddition,thelabelonthepackagingofliquidandsolidmixturesnotintendedforthegeneralpublicandnotclassifiedashazardouswhicharelabelledEUH211 orEU212shallbearstatementEUH210:"Safetydatasheetavailableonrequest."

Theconcentrationofdust,forapplicationofrespirabledustlimits,istobedeterminedfromthefractionthatpenetratesaseparatorwhosesizecollectionefficiency isdescribedbyacumulativelog-normalfunctionwithamedianaerodynamicdiameterof4.0um(+-)0.3umandwithageometricstandarddeviationof1.5um (+-)0.1um,i.e..generallylessthan5um.

Forsilane:

TherecommendedTLV-TWAisbasedontheacutetoxicityinrodentsandbycomparisonwiththetoxicityofthegermaniumtetrahydride(0.2ppm)whichis approximately10-timesmorepotentthansilane.Becausethemarginforsafetyisunknownworkers,exposedtoconcentrationsofthisorder(especiallyona repeatedorcontinuousbasis).shouldberegularlyobservedforsignsofintoxication.OSHAconcludedthatthislimitwouldpreventasignificantriskofeye,skin andupperrespiratorytractirritation.

Exposurecontrols

Appropriateengineering controls

Engineeringcontrolsareusedtoremoveahazardorplaceabarrierbetweentheworkerandthehazard.Well-designed engineeringcontrolscanbehighlyeffectiveinprotectingworkersandwilltypicallybeindependentofworkerinteractionsto providethishighlevelofprotection.

Thebasictypesofengineeringcontrolsare:

Processcontrolswhichinvolvechangingthewayajobactivityorprocessisdonetoreducetherisk.

Enclosureand/orisolationofemissionsourcewhichkeepsaselectedhazard"physically"awayfromtheworkerandventilation thatstrategically"adds"and"removes"airintheworkenvironment.Ventilationcanremoveordiluteanaircontaminantif designedproperly Thedesignofaventilationsystemmustmatchtheparticularprocessandchemicalorcontaminantinuse. Employersmayneedtousemultipletypesofcontrolstopreventemployeeoverexposure.

Localexhaustventilationusuallyrequired.Ifriskofoverexposureexists,wearapprovedrespirator.Correctfitisessentialto obtainadequateprotection.Supplied-airtyperespiratormayberequiredinspecialcircumstances.Correctfitisessentialto ensureadequateprotection.

Anapprovedselfcontainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA)mayberequiredinsomesituations.

Provideadequateventilationinwarehouseorclosedstoragearea.Aircontaminantsgeneratedintheworkplacepossessvarying "escape"velocitieswhich,inturn,determinethe"capturevelocities"offreshcirculatingairrequiredtoeffectivelyremovethe contaminant.

TypeofContaminant:

solvent,vapours,degreasingetc.,evaporatingfromtank(instillair).

aerosols,fumesfrompouringoperations,intermittentcontainerfilling,lowspeedconveyertransfers, welding,spraydrift,platingacidfumes,pickling(releasedatlowvelocityintozoneofactivegeneration)

directspray,spraypaintinginshallowbooths,drumfilling,conveyerloading,crusherdusts,gasdischarge (activegenerationintozoneofrapidairmotion)

grinding,abrasiveblasting,tumbling,highspeedwheelgenerateddusts(releasedathighinitialvelocity intozoneofveryhighrapidairmotion).

Withineachrangetheappropriatevaluedependson:

Lowerendoftherange

0.25-0.5m/s(50100f/min.)

0.5-1m/s(100200f/min.)

1-2.5m/s(200500f/min.)

2.5-10m/s(5002000f/min.)

Upperendoftherange

1:Roomaircurrentsminimalorfavourabletocapture 1:Disturbingroomaircurrents

2:Contaminantsoflowtoxicityorofnuisancevalueonly

3:Intermittent,lowproduction.

4:Largehoodorlargeairmassinmotion

2:Contaminantsofhightoxicity

3:Highproduction,heavyuse

4:Smallhood-localcontrolonly

Simpletheoryshowsthatairvelocityfallsrapidlywithdistanceawayfromtheopeningofasimpleextractionpipe.Velocity generallydecreaseswiththesquareofdistancefromtheextractionpoint(insimplecases).Thereforetheairspeedatthe extractionpointshouldbeadjusted,accordingly,afterreferencetodistancefromthecontaminatingsource.Theairvelocityatthe extractionfan,forexample,shouldbeaminimumof1-2m/s(200-400f/min)forextractionofsolventsgeneratedinatank2 metersdistantfromtheextractionpoint.Othermechanicalconsiderations,producingperformancedeficitswithintheextraction apparatus,makeitessentialthattheoreticalairvelocitiesaremultipliedbyfactorsof10ormorewhenextractionsystemsare installedorused.

Individualprotection measures,suchas personalprotective equipment

Eyeandfaceprotection

Chemicalgoggles.

Fullfaceshieldmayberequiredforsupplementarybutneverforprimaryprotectionofeyes.

Contactlensesmayposeaspecialhazard;softcontactlensesmayabsorbandconcentrateirritants.Awrittenpolicy document,describingthewearingoflensesorrestrictionsonuse,shouldbecreatedforeachworkplaceortask.Thisshould includeareviewoflensabsorptionandadsorptionfortheclassofchemicalsinuseandanaccountofinjuryexperience. Medicalandfirst-aidpersonnelshouldbetrainedintheirremovalandsuitableequipmentshouldbereadilyavailable.Inthe eventofchemicalexposure,begineyeirrigationimmediatelyandremovecontactlensassoonaspracticable.Lensshould beremovedatthefirstsignsofeyerednessorirritation-lensshouldberemovedinacleanenvironmentonlyafterworkers havewashedhandsthoroughly.[CDCNIOSHCurrentIntelligenceBulletin59],[AS/NZS1336ornationalequivalent]

Skinprotection SeeHandprotectionbelow

Hands/feetprotection NOTE:

Thematerialmayproduceskinsensitisationinpredisposedindividuals.Caremustbetaken,whenremovingglovesand otherprotectiveequipment,toavoidallpossibleskincontact.

Contaminatedleatheritems,suchasshoes,beltsandwatch-bandsshouldberemovedanddestroyed.

Theselectionofsuitableglovesdoesnotonlydependonthematerial,butalsoonfurthermarksofqualitywhichvaryfrom manufacturertomanufacturer.Wherethechemicalisapreparationofseveralsubstances,theresistanceoftheglovematerial cannotbecalculatedinadvanceandhasthereforetobecheckedpriortotheapplication.

Theexactbreakthroughtimeforsubstanceshastobeobtainedfromthemanufactureroftheprotectiveglovesandhastobe observedwhenmakingafinalchoice.

Personalhygieneisakeyelementofeffectivehandcare.Glovesmustonlybewornoncleanhands.Afterusinggloves,hands shouldbewashedanddriedthoroughly Applicationofanon-perfumedmoisturiserisrecommended.

Suitabilityanddurabilityofglovetypeisdependentonusage.Importantfactorsintheselectionofglovesinclude: frequencyanddurationofcontact,

chemicalresistanceofglovematerial, glovethicknessand dexterity

Selectglovestestedtoarelevantstandard(e.g.EuropeEN374,USF739,AS/NZS2161.1ornationalequivalent).

Whenprolongedorfrequentlyrepeatedcontactmayoccur,aglovewithaprotectionclassof5orhigher(breakthroughtime greaterthan240minutesaccordingtoEN374,AS/NZS2161.10.1ornationalequivalent)isrecommended.

Whenonlybriefcontactisexpected,aglovewithaprotectionclassof3orhigher(breakthroughtimegreaterthan60minutes accordingtoEN374,AS/NZS2161.10.1ornationalequivalent)isrecommended.

Someglovepolymertypesarelessaffectedbymovementandthisshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenconsideringglovesfor long-termuse.

Contaminatedglovesshouldbereplaced.

AsdefinedinASTMF-739-96inanyapplication,glovesareratedas:

Excellentwhenbreakthroughtime>480min

Goodwhenbreakthroughtime>20min

Fairwhenbreakthroughtime<20min

Poorwhenglovematerialdegrades

Forgeneralapplications,gloveswithathicknesstypicallygreaterthan0.35mm,arerecommended.

Itshouldbeemphasisedthatglovethicknessisnotnecessarilyagoodpredictorofgloveresistancetoaspecificchemical,asthe permeationefficiencyoftheglovewillbedependentontheexactcompositionoftheglovematerial.Therefore,gloveselection shouldalsobebasedonconsiderationofthetaskrequirementsandknowledgeofbreakthroughtimes.

Glovethicknessmayalsovarydependingontheglovemanufacturer,theglovetypeandtheglovemodel.Therefore,the manufacturerstechnicaldatashouldalwaysbetakenintoaccounttoensureselectionofthemostappropriategloveforthetask.

Note:Dependingontheactivitybeingconducted,glovesofvaryingthicknessmayberequiredforspecifictasks.Forexample:

Thinnergloves(downto0.1mmorless)mayberequiredwhereahighdegreeofmanualdexterityisneeded.However,these glovesareonlylikelytogiveshortdurationprotectionandwouldnormallybejustforsingleuseapplications,thendisposedof.

Thickergloves(upto3mmormore)mayberequiredwherethereisamechanical(aswellasachemical)riski.e.wherethere isabrasionorpuncturepotential

Glovesmustonlybewornoncleanhands.Afterusinggloves,handsshouldbewashedanddriedthoroughly Applicationofa non-perfumedmoisturiserisrecommended.

Neoprenerubbergloves

Butylrubbergloves

Nitrilerubbergloves(Note:Nitricacidpenetratesnitrileglovesinafewminutes.)

Experienceindicatesthatthefollowingpolymersaresuitableasglovematerialsforprotectionagainstundissolved,drysolids, whereabrasiveparticlesarenotpresent.

polychloroprene.

nitrilerubber butylrubber fluorocaoutchouc. polyvinylchloride.

Glovesshouldbeexaminedforwearand/ordegradationconstantly

Bodyprotection SeeOtherprotectionbelow

Otherprotection Overalls.

P.V.Capron. Barriercream. Skincleansingcream. Eyewashunit.

Respiratoryprotection

Type-PFilterofsufficientcapacity.(AS/NZS1716&1715,EN143:2000&149:2001,ANSIZ88ornationalequivalent)

upto10xES

upto50xES

upto100xES

*-Negativepressuredemand**-Continuousflow

A(Allclasses)=Organicvapours,BAUSorB1=Acidgasses,B2=Acidgasorhydrogencyanide(HCN),B3=Acidgasorhydrogencyanide(HCN),E=Sulfur dioxide(SO2),G=Agriculturalchemicals,K=Ammonia(NH3),Hg=Mercury,NO=Oxidesofnitrogen,MB=Methylbromide,AX=Lowboilingpointorganic compounds(below65degC)

Respiratorsmaybenecessarywhenengineeringandadministrativecontrolsdonotadequatelypreventexposures.

Thedecisiontouserespiratoryprotectionshouldbebasedonprofessionaljudgmentthattakesintoaccounttoxicityinformation,exposuremeasurementdata, andfrequencyandlikelihoodoftheworker'sexposure-ensureusersarenotsubjecttohighthermalloadswhichmayresultinheatstressordistressdueto personalprotectiveequipment(powered,positiveflow,fullfaceapparatusmaybeanoption).

Publishedoccupationalexposurelimits,wheretheyexist,willassistindeterminingtheadequacyoftheselectedrespiratoryprotection.Thesemaybe governmentmandatedorvendorrecommended.

Certifiedrespiratorswillbeusefulforprotectingworkersfrominhalationofparticulateswhenproperlyselectedandfittestedaspartofacompleterespiratory protectionprogram.

Whereprotectionfromnuisancelevelsofdustsaredesired,usetypeN95(US)ortypeP1(EN143)dustmasks.Userespiratorsandcomponentstestedand approvedunderappropriategovernmentstandardssuchasNIOSH(US)orCEN(EU) Useapprovedpositiveflowmaskifsignificantquantitiesofdustbecomesairborne.

Trytoavoidcreatingdustconditions.

Wheresignificantconcentrationsofthematerialarelikelytoenterthebreathingzone,aClassP3respiratormayberequired.

ClassP3particulatefiltersareusedforprotectionagainsthighlytoxicorhighlyirritantparticulates.

Filtrationrate:Filtersatleast99.95%ofairborneparticles

Suitablefor:

Relativelysmallparticlesgeneratedbymechanicalprocesseseg.grinding,cutting,sanding,drilling,sawing.

Sub-micronthermallygeneratedparticlese.g.weldingfumes,fertilizerandbushfiresmoke.

Biologicallyactiveairborneparticlesunderspecifiedinfectioncontrolapplicationse.g.viruses,bacteria,COVID-19,SARS

Highlytoxicparticlese.g.OrganophosphateInsecticides,Radionuclides,Asbestos

Note:P3RatingcanonlybeachievedwhenusedwithaFullFaceRespiratororPoweredAir-PurifyingRespirator(PAPR).Ifusedwithanyotherrespirator,itwill onlyprovidefiltrationprotectionuptoaP2rating.

SECTION9Physicalandchemicalproperties

Informationonbasicphysicalandchemicalproperties

Appearance Alkalinepowder;dependentoncolour

Physicalstate DividedSolid

Odour NotAvailable

Odourthreshold NotAvailable

pH(assupplied) NotAvailable

Meltingpoint/freezing point(°C) NotAvailable

Initialboilingpointand boilingrange(°C) NotAvailable

Relativedensity(Water= 1) NotAvailable

Partitioncoefficientnoctanol/water NotAvailable

Auto-ignitiontemperature (°C) NotAvailable

Decomposition temperature(°C) NotAvailable

Viscosity(cSt) NotAvailable

Molecularweight(g/mol) NotAvailable

Flashpoint(°C) NotAvailable Taste NotAvailable

Evaporationrate NotAvailable

Flammability NotApplicable

UpperExplosiveLimit(%) NotAvailable

LowerExplosiveLimit(%) NotAvailable

Explosiveproperties NotAvailable

Oxidisingproperties NotAvailable

SurfaceTension(dyn/cm ormN/m) NotApplicable

VolatileComponent(%vol) NotAvailable

Vapourpressure(kPa) NotAvailable Gasgroup NotAvailable

Solubilityinwater Miscible

pHasasolution(1%) NotAvailable

Vapourdensity(Air=1) NotAvailable VOCg/L NotAvailable

HeatofCombustion(kJ/g) NotAvailable

IgnitionDistance(cm) NotAvailable FlameHeight(cm) NotAvailable FlameDuration(s) NotAvailable

EnclosedSpaceIgnition TimeEquivalent(s/m3) NotAvailable

SECTION10Stabilityandreactivity

Reactivity Seesection7

Chemicalstability

EnclosedSpaceIgnition DeflagrationDensity (g/m3) NotAvailable

Unstableinthepresenceofincompatiblematerials. Productisconsideredstable. Hazardouspolymerisationwillnotoccur

Possibilityofhazardous reactions Seesection7

Conditionstoavoid Seesection7

Incompatiblematerials Seesection7

Hazardousdecomposition products Seesection5

SECTION11Toxicologicalinformation

Informationontoxicologicaleffects

a)AcuteToxicity Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialasacutelytoxic.

b)SkinIrritation/Corrosion Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialasskincorrosiveorirritating.

c)SeriousEye Damage/Irritation

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RevisionDate:10/10/2025 PrintDate:10/10/2025

Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialaseyedamagingorirritating

d)RespiratoryorSkin sensitisation Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialassensitisingtoskinortherespiratorysystem

e)Mutagenicity Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialasmutagenic

f)Carcinogenicity Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialascarcinogenic

g)Reproductivity Basedonavailabledata,theclassificationcriteriaarenotmet.

h)STOT-SingleExposure Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialastoxictospecificorgansthroughsingleexposure

i)STOT-Repeated Exposure Thereissufficientevidencetoclassifythismaterialastoxictospecificorgansthroughrepeatedexposure

j)AspirationHazard Basedonavailabledata,theclassificationcriteriaarenotmet.

Evidenceshows,orpracticalexperiencepredicts,thatthematerialproducesirritationoftherespiratorysystem,inasubstantial numberofindividuals,followinginhalation.Incontrasttomostorgans,thelungisabletorespondtoachemicalinsultbyfirst removingorneutralisingtheirritantandthenrepairingthedamage.Therepairprocess,whichinitiallyevolvedtoprotect mammalianlungsfromforeignmatterandantigens,mayhowever,producefurtherlungdamageresultingintheimpairmentof gasexchange,theprimaryfunctionofthelungs.Respiratorytractirritationoftenresultsinaninflammatoryresponseinvolving therecruitmentandactivationofmanycelltypes,mainlyderivedfromthevascularsystem.

Inhalationmayresultinchromeulcersorsoresofnasalmucosaandlungdamage.

Personswithimpairedrespiratoryfunction,airwaydiseasesandconditionssuchasemphysemaorchronicbronchitis,mayincur furtherdisabilityifexcessiveconcentrationsofparticulateareinhaled.

Ifpriordamagetothecirculatoryornervoussystemshasoccurredorifkidneydamagehasbeensustained,properscreenings shouldbeconductedonindividualswhomaybeexposedtofurtherriskifhandlinganduseofthematerialresultinexcessive exposures.

Effectsonlungsaresignificantlyenhancedinthepresenceofrespirableparticles.Overexposuretorespirabledustmayproduce wheezing,coughingandbreathingdifficultiesleadingtoorsymptomaticofimpairedrespiratoryfunction.

Silanepossesseslowinhalationtoxicity.Ratsexposedat51ppmor126ppmfor1-hourwereunaffected.Lethaldoseswere foundtobeintheorderof9600ppm(for4-hourexposures).

Prolongedcontactviainhalationmaybemildlyirritatingtotherespiratorysystem.Symptomsmayincludecoughing.Symptoms shouldbealleviateduponremovaltofreshair

Inhalationofaerosols(mists,fumes),generatedbythematerialduringthecourseofnormalhandling,mayproduceseverely toxiceffects.Relativelysmallamountsabsorbedfromthelungsmayprovefatal.

Thematerialcanproducechemicalburnswithintheoralcavityandgastrointestinaltractfollowingingestion.

Chromatesaltsarecorrosivebecauseoftheiroxidisingpotencyandproducetissueinjurysimilartoacidburns.Ingestionmay produceviolentgastroenteritis,severecirculatorycollapseandtoxicnephritis.Peripheralvascularshockmayalsoensue.

Ingestion

ThematerialhasNOTbeenclassifiedbyECDirectivesorotherclassificationsystemsas"harmfulbyingestion".Thisisbecause ofthelackofcorroboratinganimalorhumanevidence.Thematerialmaystillbedamagingtothehealthoftheindividual, followingingestion,especiallywherepre-existingorgan(e.gliver,kidney)damageisevident.Presentdefinitionsofharmfulor toxicsubstancesaregenerallybasedondosesproducingmortalityratherthanthoseproducingmorbidity(disease,ill-health).

Gastrointestinaltractdiscomfortmayproducenauseaandvomiting.Inanoccupationalsettinghowever,ingestionofinsignificant quantitiesisnotthoughttobecauseforconcern.

Notnormallyahazardduetothephysicalformofproduct.Thematerialisaphysicalirritanttothegastro-intestinaltract

Isothiazolinonesaremoderatelytohighlytoxicbyoraladministration.Themajorsignsoftoxicitywereseveregastricirritation, lethargy,andataxia

Accidentalingestionofthematerialmaybedamagingtothehealthoftheindividual.

SkinContact Thematerialcanproducechemicalburnsfollowingdirectcontactwiththeskin.

Skincontactwiththematerialmaydamagethehealthoftheindividual;systemiceffectsmayresultfollowingabsorption. Contactwithaluminas(aluminiumoxides)mayproduceaformofirritantdermatitisaccompaniedbypruritus.

Thoughconsiderednon-harmful,slightirritationmayresultfromcontactbecauseoftheabrasivenatureofthealuminiumoxide particles.

FourstudentsreceivedseverehandburnswhilstmakingmouldsoftheirhandswithdentalplastersubstitutedforPlasterof Paris.Thedentalplasterknownas"Stone"wasaspecialformofcalciumsulfatehemihydratecontainingalpha-hemihydrate crystalsthatprovidehighcompressionstrengthtothemoulds.Beta-hemihydrate(normalPlasterofParis)doesnotcauseskin burnsinsimilarcircumstances.

Handlingwetcementcancausedermatitis.Cementwhenwetisquitealkalineandthisalkaliactionontheskincontributes stronglytocementcontactdermatitissinceitmaycausedryinganddefattingoftheskinwhichisfollowedbyhardening, cracking,lesionsdeveloping,possibleinfectionsoflesionsandpenetrationbysolublesalts.

Skincontactmayresultinsevereirritationparticularlytobrokenskin.Ulcerationknownas"chromeulcers"maydevelop.Chrome ulcersandskincanceraresignificantlyrelated.

Opencuts,abradedorirritatedskinshouldnotbeexposedtothismaterial

Entryintotheblood-streamthrough,forexample,cuts,abrasions,puncturewoundsorlesions,mayproducesystemicinjurywith harmfuleffects.Examinetheskinpriortotheuseofthematerialandensurethatanyexternaldamageissuitablyprotected.

Aqueoussolutionsofisothiazolinonesmaybeirritatingorevencorrosivedependingonconcentration.Solutionscontainingmore than0.5%(5000ppmactivesubstance)mayproducesevereirritationofhumanskinwhilstsolutionscontainingmorethan100 ppmmayirritatetheskin.

Evidenceexists,orpracticalexperiencepredicts,thatthematerialeitherproducesinflammationoftheskininasubstantial numberofindividualsfollowingdirectcontact,and/orproducessignificantinflammationwhenappliedtothehealthyintactskinof animals,foruptofourhours,suchinflammationbeingpresenttwenty-fourhoursormoreaftertheendoftheexposureperiod.

Skinirritationmayalsobepresentafterprolongedorrepeatedexposure;thismayresultinaformofcontactdermatitis (nonallergic).Thedermatitisisoftencharacterisedbyskinredness(erythema)andswelling(oedema)whichmayprogressto

Inhaled

Eye

blistering(vesiculation),scalingandthickeningoftheepidermis.Atthemicroscopicleveltheremaybeintercellularoedemaof thespongylayeroftheskin(spongiosis)andintracellularoedemaoftheepidermis.

Thematerialcanproducechemicalburnstotheeyefollowingdirectcontact.Vapoursormistsmaybeextremelyirritating. Whenappliedtotheeye(s)ofanimals,thematerialproducessevereocularlesionswhicharepresenttwenty-fourhoursormore afterinstillation.

Solutionscontainingisothiazolinonesmayproducecorrosionofthemucousmembranesandcornea.Instillationof0.1mlofan aqueoussolutioncontaining560ppmisothiazolinoneintorabbiteyedidnotproduceirritationwhereasconcentrations,typically around3%and5.5%,wereseverelyirritatingorcorrosivetotheeye..Symptomsincludedcloudingofthecornea,chemosisand swellingoftheeyelids.

Chronic Onthebasisofepidemiologicaldata,ithasbeenconcludedthatprolongedinhalationofthematerial,inanoccupationalsetting, mayproducecancerinhumans.

Repeatedorlong-termoccupationalexposureislikelytoproducecumulativehealtheffectsinvolvingorgansorbiochemical systems.

Long-termexposuretorespiratoryirritantsmayresultindiseaseoftheairwaysinvolvingdifficultbreathingandrelatedsystemic problems.

Strongevidenceexiststhatthesubstancemaycauseirreversiblebutnon-lethalmutageniceffectsfollowingasingleexposure. Practicalexperienceshowsthatskincontactwiththematerialiscapableeitherofinducingasensitisationreactionina substantialnumberofindividuals,and/orofproducingapositiveresponseinexperimentalanimals.

Substancesthatcancauseoccupationalasthma(alsoknownasasthmagensandrespiratorysensitisers)caninduceastateof specificairwayhyper-responsivenessviaanimmunological,irritantorothermechanism.Oncetheairwayshavebecomehyperresponsive,furtherexposuretothesubstance,sometimeseventotinyquantities,maycauserespiratorysymptoms.These symptomscanrangeinseverityfromarunnynosetoasthma.Notallworkerswhoareexposedtoasensitiserwillbecome hyper-responsiveanditisimpossibletoidentifyinadvancewhoarelikelytobecomehyper-responsive.

Substancesthancancuaseoccupationalasthmashouldbedistinguishedfromsubstanceswhichmaytriggerthesymptomsof asthmainpeoplewithpre-existingair-wayhyper-responsiveness.Thelattersubstancesarenotclassifiedasasthmagensor respiratorysensitisers

Whereveritisreasonablypracticable,exposuretosubstancesthatcancuaseoccupationalasthmashouldbeprevented.Where thisisnotpossibletheprimaryaimistoapplyadequatestandardsofcontroltopreventworkersfrombecominghyperresponsive.

Activitiesgivingrisetoshort-termpeakconcentrationsshouldreceiveparticularattentionwhenriskmanagementisbeing considered.Healthsurveillanceisappropriateforallemployeesexposedorliabletobeexposedtoasubstancewhichmay causeoccupationalasthmaandthereshouldbeappropriateconsultationwithanoccupationalhealthprofessionaloverthe degreeofriskandlevelofsurveillance.

Toxic:dangerofseriousdamagetohealthbyprolongedexposurethroughinhalation,incontactwithskinandifswallowed. Seriousdamage(clearfunctionaldisturbanceormorphologicalchangewhichmayhavetoxicologicalsignificance)islikelytobe causedbyrepeatedorprolongedexposure.Asarulethematerialproduces,orcontainsasubstancewhichproducessevere lesions.Suchdamagemaybecomeapparentfollowingdirectapplicationinsubchronic(90day)toxicitystudiesorfollowingsubacute(28day)orchronic(two-year)toxicitytests.

Chronicexposuretoaluminas(aluminiumoxides)ofparticlesize1.2micronsdidnotproducesignificantsystemicorrespiratory systemeffectsinworkers.Epidemiologicsurveyshaveindicatedanexcessofnonmalignantrespiratorydiseaseinworkers exposedtoaluminumoxideduringabrasivesproduction.

VeryfineAl2O3powderwasnotfibrogenicinrats,guineapigs,orhamsterswheninhaledfor6to12monthsandsacrificed atperiodsupto12monthsfollowingthelastexposure.

Whenhydratedaluminaswereinjectedintratracheally,theyproduceddenseandnumerousnodulesofadvancedfibrosisinrats, areticulinnetworkwithoccasionalcollagenfibresinmiceandguineapigs,andonlyaslightreticulinnetworkinrabbits.Shaver's disease,arapidlyprogressiveandoftenfatalinterstitialfibrosisofthelungs,isassociatedwithaprocessinvolvingthefusionof bauxite(aluminiumoxide)withiron,cokeandsilicaat2000deg.C.

Theweightofevidencesuggeststhatcatalyticallyactivealuminaandthelargesurfaceareaaluminascaninducelung fibrosis(aluminosis)inexperimentalanimals,butonlywhengivenbytheintra-trachealroute.Thepertinenceofsuchexperiments inrelationtoworkplaceexposureisdoubtfulespeciallysinceithasbeendemonstratedthatthemostreactiveofthealuminas (i.e.thechiandgammaforms),whengivenbyinhalation,arenon-fibrogenicinexperimentalanimals.Howeverratsexposedby inhalationtorefractoryaluminiumfibreshowedmildfibrosisandpossiblycarcinogeniceffectsindicatingthatfibrousaluminas mightexhibitdifferenttoxicologytonon-fibrousforms.Aluminiumoxidefibresadministeredbytheintrapleuralrouteproduce clearevidenceofcarcinogenicity

Saffilfibreanartificiallyproducedformaluminafibreusedasrefractories,consistsofover95%alumina,3-4%silica.Animal testsforfibrogenic,carcinogenicpotentialandoraltoxicityhaveincludedin-vitro,intraperitonealinjection,intrapleuralinjection, inhalation,andfeeding.Thefibrehasgenerallybeeninactiveinanimalstudies.AlsostudiesofSaffildustcloudsshowverylow respirablefraction.

Thereisgeneralagreementthatparticlesizedeterminesthatthedegreeofpathogenicity(theabilityofamicro-organismto produceinfectiousdisease)ofelementaryaluminium,oritsoxidesorhydroxideswhentheyoccurasdusts,fumesorvapours. Onlythoseparticlessmallenoughtoenterthealveolii(sub5um)areabletoproducepathogeniceffectsinthelungs. Redbloodcellsandrabbitalveolarmacrophagesexposedtocalciumsilicateinsulationmaterialsinvitroshowedhaemolysisin onestudybutnotinanother.Bothstudiesshowedthesubstancetobemorecytotoxicthantitaniumdioxidebutlesstoxicthan asbestos.

Inasmallcohortmortalitystudyofworkersinawollastonitequarry,theobservednumberofdeathsfromallcancerscombined andlungcancerwerelowerthanexpected.Wollastoniteisacalciuminosilicatemineral(CaSiO3).Insomecases,smallamounts ofiron(Fe),andmanganese(Mn),andlesseramountsofmagnesium(Mg)substituteforcalcium(Ca)inthemineralformulae (e.g.,rhodonite)

Inaninhalationstudyinratsnoincreaseintumourincidencewasobservedbutthenumberoffibreswithlengthsexceeding5um andadiameteroflessthan3umwasrelativelylow.Fourgradesofwollastoniteofdifferentfibresizeweretestedfor carcinogenicityinoneexperimentinratsbyintrapleuralimplantation.Therewasnoinformationonthepurityofthefoursamples used.Aslightincreaseintheincidenceofpleuralsarcomaswasobservedwiththreegrades,allofwhichcontainedfibresgreater than4uminlengthandlessthan0.5umindiameter

Intwostudiesbyintraperitonealinjectioninratsusingwollastonitewithmedianfibrelengthsof8.1umand5.6umrespectively, nointra-abdominaltumourswerefound.

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RevisionDate:10/10/2025 PrintDate:10/10/2025

Evidencefromwollastoniteminerssuggeststhatoccupationalexposurecancauseimpairedrespiratoryfunctionand pneumoconiosis.Howeveranimalstudieshavedemonstratedthatwollastonitefibreshavelowbiopersistenceandinducea transientinflammatoryresponsecomparedtovariousformsofasbestos.Atwo-yearinhalationstudyinratsatonedoseshowed nosignificantinflammationorfibrosis

Cementcontactdermatitis(CCD)mayoccurwhencontactshowsanallergicresponse,whichmayprogresstosensitisation. Sensitisationisduetosolublechromates(chromatecompounds)presentintraceamountsinsomecementsandcement products.Solublechromatesreadilypenetrateintactskin.Cementdermatitiscanbecharacterisedbyfissures,eczematousrash, dystrophicnails,anddryskin;acutecontactwithhighlyalkalinemixturesmaycauselocalisednecrosis.

Cementeczemamaybeduetochromiuminfeedstocksorcontaminationfrommaterialsofconstructionusedinprocessingthe cement.Sensitisationtochromiummaybetheleadingcauseofnickelandcobaltsensitivityandthehighalkalinityofcementis animportantfactorincementdermatoses[ILO].

Repeated,prolongedsevereinhalationexposuremaycausepulmonaryoedemaandrarely,pulmonaryfibrosis.Workersmay alsosufferfromdust-inducedbronchitiswithchronicbronchitisreportedin17%ofagroupoccupationallyexposedtohighdust levels.

Respiratorysymptomsandventilatoryfunctionwerestudiedinagroupof591malePortlandcementworkersemployedinfour Taiwanesecementplants,withatleast5yearsofexposure(1).Thisgrouphadasignificantlyloweredmeanforcedvitalcapacity (FCV),forcedexpiratoryvolumeat1s(FEV1)andforcedexpiratoryflowsafterexhalationof50%and75%ofthevitalcapacity (FEF50,FEF75).ThedatasuggeststhatoccupationalexposuretoPortlandcementdustmayleadtoahigherincidenceof chronicrespiratorysymptomsandareductionofventilatorycapacity

Chun-Yuhetal;JournalofToxicologyandEnvironmentalHealth49:581-588,1996

Thesynthetic,amorphoussilicasarebelievedtorepresentaverygreatlyreducedsilicosishazardcomparedtocrystallinesilicas andareconsideredtobenuisancedusts.

Whenheatedtohightemperatureandalongtime,amorphoussilicacanproducecrystallinesilicaoncooling.Inhalationofdusts containingcrystallinesilicasmayleadtosilicosis,adisablingpulmonaryfibrosisthatmaytakeyearstodevelop.Discrepancies betweenvariousstudiesshowingthatfibrosisassociatedwithchronicexposuretoamorphoussilicaandthosethatdonotmay beexplainedbyassumingthatdiatomaceousearth(anon-syntheticsilicacommonlyusedinindustry)iseitherweaklyfibrogenic ornonfibrogenicandthatfibrosisisduetocontaminationbycrystallinesilicacontent

Repeatedexposuretosyntheticamorphoussilicasmayproduceskindrynessandcracking.

Availabledataconfirmtheabsenceofsignificanttoxicitybyoralanddermalroutesofexposure.

Numerousrepeated-dose,subchronicandchronicinhalationtoxicitystudieshavebeenconductedinanumberofspecies,at airborneconcentrationsrangingfrom0.5mg/m3to150mg/m3.Lowest-observedadverseeffectlevels(LOAELs)weretypically intherangeof1to50mg/m3.Whenavailable,theno-observedadverseeffectlevels(NOAELs)werebetween0.5and10 mg/m3.Differencesinvaluesmaybeduetoparticlesize,andthereforethenumberofparticlesadministeredperunitdose. Generally,asparticlesizediminishessodoestheNOAEL/LOAEL.Exposureproducedtransientincreasesinlunginflammation, markersofcellinjuryandlungcollagencontent.Therewasnoevidenceofinterstitialpulmonaryfibrosis.

Overexposuretothebreathabledustmaycausecoughing,wheezing,difficultyinbreathingandimpairedlungfunction.Chronic symptomsmayincludedecreasedvitallungcapacityandchestinfections.Repeatedexposuresintheworkplacetohighlevelsof fine-divideddustsmayproduceaconditionknownaspneumoconiosis,whichisthelodgementofanyinhaleddustsinthelung, irrespectiveoftheeffect.Thisisparticularlytruewhenasignificantnumberofparticleslessthan0.5microns(1/50000inch)are present.LungshadowsareseenintheX-ray.Symptomsofpneumoconiosismayincludeaprogressivedrycough,shortnessof breathonexertion,increasedchestexpansion,weaknessandweightloss.Asthediseaseprogresses,thecoughproduces stringyphlegm,vitalcapacitydecreasesfurther,andshortnessofbreathbecomesmoresevere.Othersignsorsymptoms includechangedbreathsounds,reducedoxygenuptakeduringexercise,emphysemaandrarely,pneumothorax(airinthelung cavity).

Removingworkersfromthepossibilityoffurtherexposuretodustgenerallystopstheprogressoflungabnormalities.Whenthere ishighpotentialforworkerexposure,examinationsatregularperiodwithemphasisonlungfunctionshouldbeperformed. Inhalingdustoveranextendednumberofyearsmaycausepneumoconiosis,whichistheaccumulationofdustsinthelungsand thesubsequenttissuereaction.Thismayormaynotbereversible.

Chronicexcessiveironexposurehasbeenassociatedwithhaemosiderosisandconsequentpossibledamagetotheliverand pancreas.Haemosiderinisagolden-browninsolubleproteinproducedbyphagocyticdigestionofhaematin(aniron-based pigment).Haemosiderinisfoundinmosttissues,especiallyintheliver,intheformofgranules.Othersitesofhaemosiderin depositionincludethepancreasandskin.Arelatedcondition,haemochromatosis,whichinvolvesadisorderofmetabolismof thesedeposits,mayproducecirrhosisoftheliver,diabetes,andbronzepigmentationoftheskin-heartfailuremayeventually occur

Suchexposuremayalsoproduceconjunctivitis,choroiditis,retinitis(bothinflammatoryconditionsinvolvingtheeye)and siderosisoftissuesifironremainsinthesetissues.Siderosisisaformofpneumoconiosisproducedbyirondusts.Siderosisalso includesdiscolorationoforgans,excesscirculatingironanddegenerationoftheretina,lensanduveaasaresultofthe depositionofintraoculariron.Siderosismightalsoinvolvethelungs-involvementrarelydevelopsbeforetenyearsofregular exposure.Oftenthereisanaccompanyinginflammatoryreactionofthebronchi.Permanentscarringofthelungsdoesnot normallyoccur

Highlevelsofironmayraisetheriskofcancer Thisconcernstemsfromthetheorythatironcausesoxidativedamagetotissues andorgansbygeneratinghighlyreactivechemicals,calledfreeradicals,whichsubsequentlyreactwithDNA.Cellsmaybe disruptedandmaybebecomecancerous.Peoplewhosegeneticdispositionpreventsthemfromkeepingtightcontroloveriron (e.g.thosewiththeinheriteddisorder,haemochromatosis)maybeatincreasedrisk.

Ironoverloadinmenmayleadtodiabetes,arthritis,livercancer,heartirregularitiesandproblemswithotherorgansasiron buildsup.

[K.Schmidt,NewScientist,No.1919pp.11-12,2ndApril,1994]

Chromium(III)isconsideredanessentialtracenutrientservingasacomponentofthe"glucosetolerancefactor"andacofactor forinsulinaction.HighconcentrationsofchromiumarealsofoundinRNA.Trivalentchromiumisthemostcommonformfoundin nature.

Chronicinhalationoftrivalentchromiumcompoundsproducesirritationofthebronchusandlungs,dystrophicchangestothe liverandkidney,pulmonaryoedema,andadverseeffectsonmacrophages.Intratrachealadministrationofchromium(III)oxide,in rats,increasedtheincidenceofsarcomas,andtumorsandreticulumcellsarcomasofthelung.Thereisinadequateevidenceof carcinogenicityofchromium(III)compoundsinexperimentalanimalsandhumans(IARC).

Chronicexposuretohexavalentchromiumcompoundsreportedlyproducesskin,eyeandrespiratorytractirritation,yellowingof theeyesandskin,allergicskinandrespiratoryreactions,diminishedsenseofsmelland

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taste,blooddisorders,liverandkidneydamage,digestivedisordersandlungdamage.Thereissufficientevidenceof carcinogenicityofchromium(VI)compoundsinexperimentalanimalsandhumanstoconfirmtheseasClass1carcinogens (IARC).

Exposuretochromiumduringchromeproductionandinthechromepigmentindustryisassociatedwithcanceroftherespiratory tract.Aslightincreaseingastrointestinalcancerfollowingexposuretochromiumcompoundshasalsobeenreported.The greatestriskisattributedtoexposuretoacid-soluble,water-insolublehexavalentchromiumwhichoccursinroastingandrefining processes.Animalstudiessupporttheideathatthemostpotentcarcinogeniccompoundsaretheslightlysolublehexavalent compounds.Thecellsaremoreactiveintheuptakeofthehexavalentformscomparedtotrivalentformsandthismayexplainthe differenceinoccupationaleffect.Itisthetrivalentform,however,whichismetabolicallyactiveandbindswithnucleicacidwithin thecellsuggestingthatchromiummutagenesisfirstrequiresbiotransformationofthehexavalentformbyreduction.

Hexavalentchromesproducechroniculcerationofskinsurfaces(quiteindependentofotherhypersensitivityreactionsexhibited bytheskin).Water-solublechromium(VI)compoundscomeclosetothetopofanypublished"hitlist"ofcontactallergens (eczematogens)producingpositiveresultsin4to10%oftestedindividuals.Ontheotherhandonlychromium(III)compounds canbindtohighmolecularweightcarrierssuchasproteinstoformacompleteallergen(suchasahapten).Chromium(VI) compoundscannot.Itisassumedthatreductionmusttakeplaceforsuchcompoundstomanifestanycontactsensitivity The apparentcontradictionthatchromium(VI)saltscauseallergiestochromium(III)compoundsbutthatallergytochromium(III) compoundsisdifficulttodemonstrateisaccountedforbythedifferentsolubilitiesandskinpenetrationofthesecompounds. Water-solublechromium(VI)saltspenetratethehornylayeroftheskinmorereadilythanchromium(III)compoundswhichare boundbycross-linkinginthehornylayer("tanning",asforleather)andthereforedonotreachthecellsinvolvedinantigen processing.

Theisothiazolinonesareknowncontactsensitisers.Dataarepresentedwhichdemonstratethat,incomparisonwiththe chlorinatedanddichlorinatedcompoundswhichshareimmunologicalcross-reactivity,thenon-chlorinatedisothiazolinoneshave alowerpotentialforsensitizationandnodocumentedimmunologicalcross-reactionwiththechlorinatedisothiazolinones.The riskofsensitizationdependsonhowcontactwiththeproductoccurs.Theriskisgreaterwhentheskinbarrierhasbeen damagedandsmallerwhentheskinishealthy.Dermatologicalstudieshavedemonstratedthatmixedisothiazolinone concentrationsbelow20ppmmaycausesensitisationandthatallergicreactionscanbeprovokedinsensitizedpersonseven withconcentrationsintherangeof7-15ppmactiveisothiazolinones.

Theisothiazolinonesareagroupofheterocyclicsulfur-containingcompounds.Ingeneralallareelectrophilicmolecules containinganactivatedN-Sbondthatenablesthemwithnucleophiliccellentities,thusexertingbiocidalactivity Avinylactivated chlorineatommakesallowstomoleculetoexertgreaterantimicrobialefficiencybutatthesametimeproducesagreater potentialforsensitisation.

Severalconclusionsrelatingtothesensitisingcharacteristicsoftheisothiazolinonesmaythereforebedrawn*: Thestrongestsensitisersarethechlorinatedisothiazolinones.

Thereareknownimmunologicalcross-reactionsbetweenatleast2differentchlorinatedisothiazolinones.

Thereappearstobenoimmunologicalcrossreactionbetweennon-chlorinatedisothiazolinonesandchlorinated isothiazolinones.

Althoughclassifiedassensitisers,thenonchlorinatedisothiazolinonesareconsiderablylesspotentsensitisersthanarethe chlorinatedisothiazolinones.

Byavoidingtheuseofchlorinatedisothiazolinones,thepotentialtoinducesensitisationisgreatlyreduced.

Despiteasignificantpercentageofthepopulationhavingbeenpreviouslysensitisedtochlorinatedandnon-chlorinated species,itislikelythatcarefulandjudicioususeofnon-chlorinatedisothiazolinoneswillresultinreducedriskofallergic reactionsinthosepersons.

Althoughpresentlyavailabledatapromisethatseveralnon-chlorinatedisothiazolinoneswilloffereffectiveantimicrobial protectioninindustrialandpersonalcareproducts,itisonlywiththepassageoftimethatproofoftheirsafetyinuseor otherwisewillbecomeavailable.

*B.R.Alexander:ContactDermatitis2002,46,pp191-196

Althoughtherehavebeenconflictingreportsintheliterature,ithasbeenreportedbyseveralinvestigatorsthatisothiazolinones aremutagenicin Salmonella typhimurium strains(Amestest).NegativeresultswereobtainedinstudiesoftheDNA-damaging potentialofmixedisothiazolinones(Kathon)inmammaliancells in vitro andofcytogeneticeffectsandDNA-binding in vivo. The additionofratliverS-9(metabolicactivation)reducedtoxicitybutdidnoteliminatemutagenicity Thesecompoundsbindtothe proteinsintheS-9.AthigherconcentrationsofKathontheincreaseinmutagenicitymaybeduetoanexcessofunboundactive compounds.

AstudyofcutaneousapplicationofKathonCGin30months,threetimesperweekataconcentrationof400ppm(0.04%)a.i. hadnolocalorsystemictumourigeniceffectinmalemice.Nodermalorsystemiccarcinogenicpotentialwasobserved.

Reproductionandteratogenicitystudieswithrats,givenisothiazolinonedosesof1.4-14mg/kg/dayorallyfromday6today15of gestation,showednotreatmentrelatedeffectsineitherthedamsorinthefoetuses

Prolongedorrepeatedskincontactmaycausedryingwithcracking,irritationandpossibledermatitisfollowing.

dermal(hamster)LD50:>=10000mg/kg[2]

Inhalation(Rat)LC50:>2.28mg/l4h[1]

Oral(Rat)LD50;>=2000mg/kg[1]

Eye:noadverseeffectobserved(notirritating)[1]

Skin(Human):300ug/3D(intermittent)-Mild

Skin:noadverseeffectobserved(notirritating)[1]

silane

TOXICITY

Dermal(rabbit)LD50:3540mg/kg[2]

Inhalation(Rat)LC50:9600ppm4h[2]

TOXICITY

Dermal(rabbit)LD50:311mg/kg[2]

Oral(Rat)LD50;248mg/kg[2]

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

gradedsand

TOXICITY

Oral(Rat)LD50;500mg/kg[2]

IRRITATION

NotAvailable

IRRITATION

Eye(Rodent-rabbit):100mg-Severe

Eye:adverseeffectobserved(irreversibledamage)[1]

Skin(Human):0.1%

Skin(Rodent-rabbit):500mg/24H

Skin:adverseeffectobserved(corrosive)[1]

Skin:adverseeffectobserved(irritating)[1]

IRRITATION

NotAvailable

Legend: 1. Value obtained from Europe ECHA Registered Substances - Acute toxicity 2. Value obtained from manufacturer's SDS. Unless otherwise specified data extracted from RTECS - Register of Toxic Effect of chemical Substances

Forsilicaamorphous:

DerivedNoAdverseEffectsLevel(NOAEL)intherangeof1000mg/kg/d.

Inhumans,syntheticamorphoussilica(SAS)isessentiallynon-toxicbymouth,skinoreyes,andbyinhalation.Epidemiology studiesshowlittleevidenceofadversehealtheffectsduetoSAS.Repeatedexposure(withoutpersonalprotection)maycause mechanicalirritationoftheeyeanddrying/crackingoftheskin.

Whenexperimentalanimalsinhalesyntheticamorphoussilica(SAS)dust,itdissolvesinthelungfluidandisrapidlyeliminated.If swallowed,thevastmajorityofSASisexcretedinthefaecesandthereislittleaccumulationinthebody.Followingabsorption acrossthegut,SASiseliminatedviaurinewithoutmodificationinanimalsandhumans.SASisnotexpectedtobebrokendown (metabolised)inmammals.

Afteringestion,thereislimitedaccumulationofSASinbodytissuesandrapideliminationoccurs.Intestinalabsorptionhasnot beencalculated,butappearstobeinsignificantinanimalsandhumans.SASsinjectedsubcutaneouslyaresubjectedtorapid dissolutionandremoval.ThereisnoindicationofmetabolismofSASinanimalsorhumansbasedonchemicalstructureand availabledata.Incontrasttocrystallinesilica,SASissolubleinphysiologicalmediaandthesolublechemicalspeciesthatare formedareeliminatedviatheurinarytractwithoutmodification.

BoththemammalianandenvironmentaltoxicologyofSASsaresignificantlyinfluencedbythephysicalandchemicalproperties, particularlythoseofsolubilityandparticlesize.SAShasnoacuteintrinsictoxicitybyinhalation.Adverseeffects,including suffocation,thathavebeenreportedwerecausedbythepresenceofhighnumbersofrespirableparticlesgeneratedtomeetthe requiredtestatmosphere.TheseresultsarenotrepresentativeofexposuretocommercialSASsandshouldnotbeusedfor humanriskassessment.Thoughrepeatedexposureoftheskinmaycausedrynessandcracking,SASisnotaskinoreye irritant,anditisnotasensitiser

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Repeated-doseandchronictoxicitystudiesconfirmtheabsenceoftoxicitywhenSASisswallowedoruponskincontact.

Long-terminhalationofSAScausedsomeadverseeffectsinanimals(increasesinlunginflammation,cellinjuryandlung collagencontent),allofwhichsubsidedafterexposure.

Numerousrepeated-dose,subchronicandchronicinhalationtoxicitystudieshavebeenconductedwithSASinanumberof species,atairborneconcentrationsrangingfrom0.5mg/m3to150mg/m3.Lowest-observedadverseeffectlevels(LOAELs) weretypicallyintherangeof1to50mg/m3.Whenavailable,theno-observedadverseeffectlevels(NOAELs)werebetween0.5 and10mg/m3.Thedifferenceinvaluesmaybeexplainedbydifferentparticlesize,andthereforethenumberofparticles administeredperunitdose.Ingeneral,asparticlesizedecreasessodoestheNOAEL/LOAEL. Neitherinhalationnororaladministrationcausedneoplasms(tumours).SASisnotmutagenicinvitro.Nogenotoxicitywas detectedininvivoassays.SASdoesnotimpairdevelopmentofthefoetus.Fertilitywasnotspecificallystudied,butthe reproductiveorgansinlong-termstudieswerenotaffected.

ForSyntheticAmorphousSilica(SAS)

Repeateddosetoxicity

Oral(rat),2weeksto6months,nosignificanttreatment-relatedadverseeffectsatdosesofupto8%silicainthediet.

Inhalation(rat),13weeks,LowestObservedEffectLevel(LOEL)=1.3mg/m3basedonmildreversibleeffectsinthelungs.

Inhalation(rat),90days,LOEL=1mg/m3basedonreversibleeffectsinthelungsandeffectsinthenasalcavity

Forsilanetreatedsyntheticamorphoussilica:

Repeateddosetoxicity:oral(rat),28-d,diet,nosignificanttreatment-relatedadverseeffectsatthedosestested. Thereisnoevidenceofcancerorotherlong-termrespiratoryhealtheffects(forexample,silicosis)inworkersemployedinthe manufactureofSAS.RespiratorysymptomsinSASworkershavebeenshowntocorrelatewithsmokingbutnotwithSAS exposure,whileserialpulmonaryfunctionvaluesandchestradiographsarenotadverselyaffectedbylong-termexposureto SAS. TITANIUMDIOXIDE *IUCLID

Thematerialmayproducemoderateeyeirritationleadingtoinflammation.Repeatedorprolongedexposuretoirritantsmay produceconjunctivitis.

Thematerialmaycauseskinirritationafterprolongedorrepeatedexposureandmayproduceoncontactskinredness,swelling, theproductionofvesicles,scalingandthickeningoftheskin.

WARNING:ThissubstancehasbeenclassifiedbytheIARCasGroup2B:PossiblyCarcinogenictoHumans.

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ROHM&HAASDataADI:0.03mg/kg/dayNOEL:60mg/kg/day

TradiesChoiceWideJoint

Grout&PORTLAND

CEMENT&TITANIUM

DIOXIDE&SILANE&2OCTYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3ONE

TradiesChoiceWideJoint Grout&PORTLAND CEMENT&2-OCTYL-4ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE

PORTLANDCEMENT& TITANIUMDIOXIDE& GRADEDSAND

RevisionDate:10/10/2025

PrintDate:10/10/2025

Laboratory(invitro)andanimalstudiesshow,exposuretothematerialmayresultinapossibleriskofirreversibleeffects,with thepossibilityofproducingmutation.

Fortitaniumdioxide:

Humanscanbeexposedtotitaniumdioxideviainhalation,ingestionordermalcontact.Inhumanlungs,theclearancekineticsof titaniumdioxideispoorlycharacterizedrelativetothatinexperimentalanimals.(Generalparticlecharacteristicsandhostfactors thatareconsideredtoaffectdepositionandretentionpatternsofinhaled,poorlysolubleparticlessuchastitaniumdioxideare summarizedinthemonographoncarbonblack.)Withregardtoinhaledtitaniumdioxide,humandataaremainlyavailablefrom casereportsthatshoweddepositsoftitaniumdioxideinlungtissueaswellasinlymphnodes.Asingleclinicalstudyoforal ingestionoffinetitaniumdioxideshowedparticlesize-dependentabsorptionbythegastrointestinaltractandlargeinterindividual variationsinbloodlevelsoftitaniumdioxide.Studiesontheapplicationofsunscreenscontainingultrafinetitaniumdioxideto healthyskinofhumanvolunteersrevealedthattitaniumdioxideparticlesonlypenetrateintotheoutermostlayersofthestratum corneum,suggestingthathealthyskinisaneffectivebarriertotitaniumdioxide.Therearenostudiesonpenetrationoftitanium dioxideincompromisedskin.

Respiratoryeffectsthathavebeenobservedamonggroupsoftitaniumdioxide-exposedworkersincludedeclineinlungfunction, pleuraldiseasewithplaquesandpleuralthickening,andmildfibroticchanges.However,theworkersinthesestudieswerealso exposedtoasbestosand/orsilica.

Nodatawereavailableongenotoxiceffectsintitaniumdioxide-exposedhumans.

Manydataondeposition,retentionandclearanceoftitaniumdioxideinexperimentalanimalsareavailablefortheinhalation route.Titaniumdioxideinhalationstudiesshoweddifferences—bothfornormalizedpulmonaryburden(depositedmassperdry lung,massperbodyweight)andclearancekinetics—amongrodentspeciesincludingratsofdifferentsize,ageandstrain. Clearanceoftitaniumdioxideisalsoaffectedbypre-exposuretogaseouspollutantsorco-exposuretocytotoxicaerosols. Differencesindoserateorclearancekineticsandtheappearanceoffocalareasofhighparticleburdenhavebeenimplicatedin thehighertoxicandinflammatorylungresponsestointratracheallyinstilledvsinhaledtitaniumdioxideparticles.Experimental studieswithtitaniumdioxidehavedemonstratedthatrodentsexperiencedose-dependentimpairmentofalveolarmacrophagemediatedclearance.Hamstershavethemostefficientclearanceofinhaledtitaniumdioxide.Ultrafineprimaryparticlesof titaniumdioxidearemoreslowlyclearedthantheirfinecounterparts.

Titaniumdioxidecausesvaryingdegreesofinflammationandassociatedpulmonaryeffectsincludinglungepithelialcellinjury, cholesterolgranulomasandfibrosis.Rodentsexperiencestrongerpulmonaryeffectsafterexposuretoultrafinetitaniumdioxide particlescomparedwithfineparticlesonamassbasis.Thesedifferencesarerelatedtolungburdenintermsofparticlesurface area,andareconsideredtoresultfromimpairedphagocytosisandsequestrationofultrafineparticlesintotheinterstitium. Finetitaniumdioxideparticlesshowminimalcytotoxicitytoandinflammatory/pro-fibroticmediatorreleasefromprimaryhuman alveolarmacrophagesinvitrocomparedwithotherparticles.Ultrafinetitaniumdioxideparticlesinhibitphagocytosisofalveolar macrophagesinvitroatmassdoseconcentrationsatwhichthiseffectdoesnotoccurwithfinetitaniumdioxide.In-vitrostudies withfineandultrafinetitaniumdioxideandpurifiedDNAshowinductionofDNAdamagethatissuggestiveofthegenerationof reactiveoxygenspeciesbybothparticletypes.Thiseffectisstrongerforultrafinethanforfinetitaniumoxide,andismarkedly enhancedbyexposuretosimulatedsunlight/ultravioletlight.

Animalcarcinogenicitydata

Pigmentaryandultrafinetitaniumdioxideweretestedforcarcinogenicitybyoraladministrationinmiceandrats,byinhalationin ratsandfemalemice,byintratrachealadministrationinhamstersandfemaleratsandmice,bysubcutaneousinjectioninrats andbyintraperitonealadministrationinmalemiceandfemalerats.

Inoneinhalationstudy,theincidenceofbenignandmalignantlungtumourswasincreasedinfemalerats.Inanotherinhalation study,theincidencesoflungadenomaswereincreasedinthehigh-dosegroupsofmaleandfemalerats.Cystickeratinizing lesionsthatwerediagnosedassquamous-cellcarcinomasbutre-evaluatedasnon-neoplasticpulmonarykeratinizingcystswere alsoobservedinthehigh-dosegroupsoffemalerats.Twoinhalationstudiesinratsandoneinfemalemicewerenegative. Intratracheallyinstilledfemaleratsshowedanincreasedincidenceofbothbenignandmalignantlungtumoursfollowing treatmentwithtwotypesoftitaniumdioxide.Tumourincidencewasnotincreasedinintratracheallyinstilledhamstersandfemale mice.

In-vivostudieshaveshownenhancedmicronucleusformationinbonemarrowandperipheralbloodlymphocytesof intraperitoneallyinstilledmice.IncreasedHprtmutationswereseeninlungepithelialcellsisolatedfromtitaniumdioxide-instilled rats.Inanotherstudy,noenhancedoxidativeDNAdamagewasobservedinlungtissuesofratsthatwereintratracheallyinstilled withtitaniumdioxide.Theresultsofmostin-vitrogenotoxicitystudieswithtitaniumdioxidewerenegative.

Asthma-likesymptomsmaycontinueformonthsorevenyearsafterexposuretothematerialends.Thismaybeduetoanonallergicconditionknownasreactiveairwaysdysfunctionsyndrome(RADS)whichcanoccurafterexposuretohighlevelsof highlyirritatingcompound.MaincriteriafordiagnosingRADSincludetheabsenceofpreviousairwaysdiseaseinanon-atopic individual,withsuddenonsetofpersistentasthma-likesymptomswithinminutestohoursofadocumentedexposuretothe irritant.OthercriteriafordiagnosisofRADSincludeareversibleairflowpatternonlungfunctiontests,moderatetosevere bronchialhyperreactivityonmethacholinechallengetesting,andthelackofminimallymphocyticinflammation,without eosinophilia.RADS(orasthma)followinganirritatinginhalationisaninfrequentdisorderwithratesrelatedtotheconcentrationof anddurationofexposuretotheirritatingsubstance.Ontheotherhand,industrialbronchitisisadisorderthatoccursasaresult ofexposureduetohighconcentrationsofirritatingsubstance(oftenparticles)andiscompletelyreversibleafterexposure ceases.Thedisorderischaracterizedbydifficultybreathing,coughandmucusproduction.

Thefollowinginformationreferstocontactallergensasagroupandmaynotbespecifictothisproduct. Contactallergiesquicklymanifestthemselvesascontacteczema,morerarelyasurticariaorQuincke'soedema.The pathogenesisofcontacteczemainvolvesacell-mediated(Tlymphocytes)immunereactionofthedelayedtype.Otherallergic skinreactions,e.g.contacturticaria,involveantibody-mediatedimmunereactions.Thesignificanceofthecontactallergenisnot simplydeterminedbyitssensitisationpotential:thedistributionofthesubstanceandtheopportunitiesforcontactwithitare equallyimportant.Aweaklysensitisingsubstancewhichiswidelydistributedcanbeamoreimportantallergenthanonewith strongersensitisingpotentialwithwhichfewindividualscomeintocontact.Fromaclinicalpointofview,substancesare noteworthyiftheyproduceanallergictestreactioninmorethan1%ofthepersonstested.

Nosignificantacutetoxicologicaldataidentifiedinliteraturesearch.

AcuteToxicity

SkinIrritation/Corrosion

SeriousEye Damage/Irritation

Carcinogenicity

Reproductivity

-SingleExposure

RespiratoryorSkin sensitisation STOT-RepeatedExposure

Mutagenicity

SECTION12Ecologicalinformation Toxicity Tradies

AspirationHazard

Extracted from 1. IUCLID Toxicity Data 2. Europe ECHA Registered Substances - Ecotoxicological Information - Aquatic Toxicity 4. US EPA, Ecotox database - Aquatic Toxicity Data 5. ECETOC Aquatic Hazard Assessment Data 6. NITE (Japan)Bioconcentration Data 7. METI (Japan) - Bioconcentration Data 8. Vendor Data

Verytoxictoaquaticorganisms,maycauselong-termadverseeffectsintheaquaticenvironment. DoNOTallowproducttocomeincontactwithsurfacewatersortointertidalareasbelowthemeanhighwatermark.Donotcontaminatewaterwhencleaning equipmentordisposingofequipmentwash-waters. Wastesresultingfromuseoftheproductmustbedisposedofonsiteoratapprovedwastesites.

ForMetal:

AtmosphericFate-Metal-containinginorganicsubstancesgenerallyhavenegligiblevapourpressureandarenotexpectedtopartitiontoair

EnvironmentalFate:Environmentalprocesses,suchasoxidation,thepresenceofacidsorbasesandmicrobiologicalprocesses,maytransforminsolublemetals tomoresolubleionicforms.Environmentalprocessesmayenhancebioavailabilityandmayalsobeimportantinchangingsolubilities.

Aquatic/TerrestrialFate:Whenreleasedtodrysoil,mostmetalswillexhibitlimitedmobilityandremainintheupperlayer;somewillleachlocallyintogroundwater and/orsurfacewaterecosystemswhensoakedbyrainormeltice.Ametalionisconsideredinfinitelypersistentbecauseitcannotdegradefurther.Oncereleased tosurfacewatersandmoistsoilstheirfatedependsonsolubilityanddissociationinwater Asignificantproportionofdissolved/sorbedmetalswillendupin sedimentsthroughthesettlingofsuspendedparticles.Theremainingmetalionscanthenbetakenupbyaquaticorganisms.Ionicspeciesmaybindtodissolved ligandsorsorbtosolidparticlesinwater

Ecotoxicity:EventhoughmanymetalsshowfewtoxiceffectsatphysiologicalpHlevels,transformationmayintroducenewormagnifiedeffects.

Chromiumintheoxidationstate+3(thetrivalentform)ispoorlyabsorbedbycellsfoundinmicroorganisms,plantsandanimals.Chromateanions(CrO4-, oxidationstate+6,thehexavalentform)arereadilytransportedintocellsandtoxicityiscloselylinkedtothehigheroxidationstate.

ChromiumEcotoxicology:

ToxicityinAquaticOrganisms:

Chromiumisharmfultoaquaticorganismsinverylowconcentrations.Fishfoodorganismsareverysensitivetolowlevelsofchromium.Chromiumistoxictofish althoughlesssoinwarmwater.MarkeddecreasesintoxicityarefoundwithincreasingpHorwaterhardness;changesinsalinityhavelittleifanyeffect. Chromiumappearstomakefishmoresusceptibletoinfection.Highconcentrationscandamageand/oraccumulateinvariousfishtissuesandininvertebrates suchassnailsandworms.

ReproductionofDaphniaisaffectedbyexposureto0.01mg/kghexavalentchromium/litre

Toxicityofchromiuminfresh-waterorganisms(50%mortality)*

Compound Category Exposure

Mostsensitivespecies

hexavalentchrome invertebrate acute 0.067-59.9 scud long-term

trivalentchrome invertebrate

fatheadminnow long-term 0.265-2.0

rainbowtrout

guppy

fatheadminnow

*fromEnvironmentalHealthCriteria61:WHOPublication.

ToxicityinMicroorganisms:

Ingeneral,toxicityformostmicroorganismsoccursintherangeof0.05-5mgchromium/kgofmedium.Trivalentchromiumislesstoxicthanthehexavalentform. Themainsignsoftoxicityareinhibitionofgrowthandtheinhibitionofvariousmetabolicprocessessuchasphotosynthesisorproteinsynthesis.Gram-negative soilbacteriaaregenerallymoresensitivetohexavalentchromium(1-12mg/kg)thanthegram-positivetypes.Toxicitytotrivalentchromiumisnotobservedat similarlevels.Thetoxicityoflowlevelsofhexavalentchromium(1mg/kg)indicatesthatsoilmicrobialtransformation,suchasnitrification,maybeaffected. Chromiumshouldnotbeintroducedtomunicipalsewagetreatmentfacilities.

ToxicityinPlants:Chromiuminhighconcentrationscanbetoxicforplants.Themainfeatureofchromiumintoxicationischlorosis,whichissimilartoiron deficiency.Chromiumaffectscarbohydratemetabolismandleafchlorophyllconcentrationdecreaseswithhexavalentchromiumconcentration(0.01-1mg/l).The hexavalentformappearstomoretoxicthanthetrivalentspecies.

Biologicalhalf-life:Theeliminationcurveforchromium,asmeasuredbywhole-bodycounting,hasanexponentialform.Inrats,threedifferentcomponentsofthe curvehavebeenidentified,withhalf-livesof0.5,5.9and83.4days,respectively

WaterStandards:ChromiumisidentifiedasahazardoussubstanceintheFederal(U.S.)WaterPollutionControlActandfurtherregulatedbyCleanAirWaterAct Amendments(US).Theseregulationsapplytodischarge.TheUSPrimarydrinkingwaterMaximumContaminantLevel(MCL),forchromium,is0.05mg/l(total chromium).

Sincechromiumcompoundscannotvolatilizefromwater,transportofchromiumfromwatertotheatmosphereisnotlikely,exceptbytransportinwindblownsea sprays.Mostofthechromiumreleasedintowaterwillultimatelybedepositedinthesediment.Averysmallpercentageofchromiumcanbepresentinwaterin bothsolubleandinsolubleforms.Solublechromiumgenerallyaccountsforaverysmallpercentageofthetotalchromium.Mostofthesolublechromiumispresent aschromium(VI)andsolublechromium(III)complexes.Intheaquaticphase,chromium(III)occursmostlyassuspendedsolidsadsorbedontoclayishmaterials, organics,orironoxide(Fe2O3)presentinwater.Solubleformsandsuspendedchromiumcanundergointramediatransport.Chromium(VI)inwaterwilleventually bereducedtochromium(III)byorganicmatterinthewater

Thereductionofchromium(VI)andtheoxidationofchromium(III)inwaterhasbeeninvestigated.Thereductionofchromium(VI)byS-2orFe+2ionsunder anaerobicconditionswasfast,andthereductionhalf-liferangedfrominstantaneoustoafewdays.However,thereductionofchromium(VI)byorganicsediments andsoilswasmuchsloweranddependedonthetypeandamountoforganicmaterialandontheredoxconditionofthewater Thereactionwasgenerallyfaster underanaerobicthanaerobicconditions.Thereductionhalf-lifeofchromium(VI)inwaterwithsoilandsedimentrangedfrom4to140day.Dissolvedoxygenby itselfinnaturalwatersdidnotcauseanymeasurableoxidationofchromium(III)tochromium(VI)in128days.Whenchromium(III)wasaddedtolakewater,aslow oxidationofchromium(III)tochromium(VI)occurred,correspondingtoanoxidationhalf-lifeofnineyears.Theoxidationofchromium(III)tochromium(VI)during chlorinationofwaterwashighestinthepHrangeof5.5?6.0.However,theprocesswouldrarelyoccurduringchlorinationofdrinkingwaterbecauseofthelow concentrationsofchromium(III)inthesewaters,andthepresenceofnaturallyoccurringorganicsthatmayprotectchromium(III)fromoxidation,eitherbyforming strongcomplexeswithchromium(III)orbyactingasareducingagenttofreeavailablechlorine.

Thebioconcentrationfactor(BCF)forchromium(VI)inrainbowtrout(Salmogairdneri)is1.Inbottomfeederbivalves,suchastheoyster(Crassostreavirginica), bluemussel(Mytilusedulis),andsoftshellclam(Myaarenaria),theBCFvaluesforchromium(III)andchromium(VI)mayrangefrom86to192.

Thebioavailabilityofchromium(III)tofreshwaterinvertebrates(Daphniapulex)decreasedwiththeadditionofhumicacid.Thisdecreaseinbioavailabilitywas attributedtoloweravailabilityofthefreeformofthemetalduetoitscomplexationwithhumicacid.Basedonthisinformation,chromiumisnotexpectedto biomagnifyintheaquaticfoodchain.Althoughhigherconcentrationsofchromiumhavebeenreportedinplantsgrowinginhighchromium-containingsoils(e.g., soilnearoredepositsorchromium-emittingindustriesandsoilfertilizedbysewagesludge)comparedwithplantsgrowinginnormalsoils,mostoftheincreased uptakeinplantsisretainedinroots,andonlyasmallfractionistranslocatedintheabovegroundpartofedibleplants.Therefore,bioaccumulationofchromium fromsoil toabove-groundpartsofplantsisunlikely Thereisnoindicationofbiomagnificationofchromiumalongtheterrestrialfoodchain(soil-plant-animal). Thefateofchromiuminsoilisgreatlydependentuponthespeciationofchromium,whichisafunctionofredoxpotentialandthepHofthesoil.Inmostsoils, chromiumwillbepresentpredominantlyinthechromium(III)state.Thisformhasverylowsolubilityandlowreactivityresultinginlowmobilityintheenvironment andlowtoxicityinlivingorganisms.Underoxidizingconditionschromium(VI)maybepresentinsoilasCrO4?2andHCrO4-.Inthisform,chromiumisrelatively soluble,mobile,andtoxictolivingorganisms.Indeepersoilwhereanaerobicconditionsexist,chromium(VI)willbereducedtochromium(III)byS-2andFe+2 presentinsoil.Thereductionofchromium(VI)tochromium(III)ispossibleinaerobicsoilsthatcontainappropriateorganicenergysourcestocarryouttheredox reaction.Thereductionofchromium(VI)tochromium(III)isfacilitatedbylowpH.Fromthermodynamicconsiderations,chromium(VI)mayexistintheaerobiczone

ofsomenaturalsoil.Theoxidationofchromium(III)tochromium(VI)insoilisfacilitatedbythepresenceoflowoxidisableorganicsubstances,oxygen,manganese dioxide,andmoisture.Organicformsofchromium(III)(e.g.,humicacidcomplexes)aremoreeasilyoxidisedthaninsolubleoxides.Becausemostchromium(III)in soilisimmobilizedduetoadsorptionandcomplexationwithsoilmaterials,thebarriertothisoxidationprocessisthelackofavailabilityofmobilechromium(III)to immobilemanganesedioxideinsoilsurfaces.Duetothislackofavailabilityofmobilechromium(III)tomanganesedioxidesurfaces,alargeportionofchromiumin soilwillnotbeoxidizedtochromium(VI),eveninthepresenceofmanganesedioxideandfavorablepHconditions.

Themicrobialreductionofchromium(VI)tochromium(III)hasbeendiscussedasapossibleremediationtechniqueinheavilycontaminatedenvironmentalmedia orwastes.Factorsaffectingthemicrobialreductionofchromium(VI)tochromium(III)includebiomassconcentration,initialchromium(VI)concentration, temperature,pH,carbonsource,oxidation-reductionpotentialandthepresenceofbothoxyanionsandmetalcations.Althoughhighlevelsofchromium(VI)are toxictomostmicrobes,severalresistantbacterialspecieshavebeenidentifiedwhichcouldultimatelybeemployedinremediationstrategies

ChromiuminsoilispresentmainlyasinsolubleoxideCr2O3.nH2O,andisnotverymobileinsoil.Aleachabilitystudywasconductedtostudythemobilityof chromiuminsoil.DuetodifferentpHvalues,acomplicatedadsorptionprocesswasobservedandchromiummovedonlyslightlyinsoil.

Chromiumwasnotfoundintheleachatefromsoil,possiblybecauseitformedcomplexeswithorganicmatter Theseresultssupportpreviousdatafindingthat chromiumisnotverymobileinsoil.Theseresultsaresupportedbyleachabilityinvestigationinwhichchromiummobilitywasstudiedforaperiodof4yearsina sandyloam.Theverticalmigrationpatternofchromiuminthissoilindicatedthatafteraninitialperiodofmobility,chromiumformsinsolublecomplexesandlittle leachingisobserved.Floodingofsoilsandthesubsequentanaerobicdecompositionofplantdetritusmattersmayincreasethemobilizationofchromium(III)in soilsduetoformationofsolublecomplexes.ThiscomplexationmaybefacilitatedbyalowersoilpH.Asmallerpercentageoftotalchromiuminsoilexistsas solublechromium(VI)andchromium(III),whicharemoremobileinsoil.Themobilityofsolublechromiuminsoilwilldependonthesorptioncharacteristicsofthe soil.Therelativeretentionofmetalsbysoilisintheorderoflead>antimony>copper>chromium>zinc>nickel>cobalt>cadmium.Thesorptionofchromium tosoildependsprimarilyontheclaycontentofthesoiland,toalesserextent,onFe2O3andtheorganiccontentofsoil.Chromiumthatisirreversiblysorbedonto soil,forexample,intheinterstitiallatticeofgeothite,FeOOH,willnotbebioavailabletoplantsandanimalsunderanycondition.Organicmatterinsoilisexpected toconvertsolublechromate,chromium(VI),toinsolublechromium(III)oxide,Cr2O3.Chromiuminsoilmaybetransportedtotheatmosphereasanaerosol.

Surfacerunofffromsoilcantransportbothsolubleandbulkprecipitateofchromiumtosurfacewater.Solubleandunadsorbedchromium(VI)andchromium(III) complexesinsoilmayleachintogroundwater Theleachabilityofchromium(VI)inthesoilincreasesasthepHofthesoilincreases.Ontheotherhand,lowerpH presentinacidrainmayfacilitateleachingofacid-solublechromium(III)andchromium(VI)compoundsinsoil.

Chromiumhasalowmobilityfortranslocationfromrootstoabovegroundpartsofplants.However,dependingonthegeographicalareaswheretheplantsare grown,theconcentrationofchromiuminaerialpartsofcertainplantsmaydifferbyafactorof2?3.

Intheatmosphere,chromium(VI)maybereducedtochromium(III)atasignificantratebyvanadium(V2+,V3+,andVO2+),Fe2+,HSO3-,andAs3+.Conversely, chromium(III),ifpresentasasaltotherthanCr2O3,maybeoxidizedtochromium(VI)intheatmosphereinthepresenceofatleast1%manganeseoxide..

However,thisreactionisunlikelyundermostenvironmentalconditions.Theestimatedatmospherichalf-lifeforchromium(VI)reductiontochromium(III)was reportedintherangeof16hourstoabout5days

Theisothiazolinonesareverytoxictomarineorganisms(fish,Daphniamagnaandalgae)

ThehighwatersolubilityandlowlogKowvaluesofseveralchlorinatedandnon-chlorinatedindicatealowpotentialforbioaccumulation.

Studiesof5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(CMI)inbluegillsunfish(Lepornismachrochirus)showBCFvaluesof102,114and67atnominalconcentrations of0.02,0.12and0.8mg/l.TheBCFfor2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one(MI)wasdeterminedat2.3atanominalconcentrationof0.12mg/l

PrimarybiodegradationofMIandCMIoccurredwithhalf-livesoflessthan24hoursinaerobicandanoxicsediments,andwithinaperiodoflessthanoneweek theparentcompoundsweredepletedtoverylowlevelsthatcouldnotbeclearlydistinguishedfromanalyticalartifacts.Theultimateaerobicbiodegradabilityof bothMIandCMIattainedlevelsof>55%within29days.Furthermore,theproposedmetabolitesofMIandCMIareconsideredtohavealowaquatictoxicityon thebasisofQSARestimatesandthemeasuredtoxicityofthestructurallyrelatedN-(n-octyl)malonamicacid. DONOTdischargeintosewerorwaterways.

Persistenceanddegradability

Ingredient Persistence:Water/Soil

Persistence:Air

titaniumdioxide HIGH HIGH silane LOW LOW

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

Bioaccumulativepotential

Ingredient

titaniumdioxide

silane

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

Mobilityinsoil

(BCF=10)

(LogKOW=0.53)

(LogKOW=2.561)

Ingredient Mobility

titaniumdioxide

silane

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

(LogKOC=23.74)

(LogKOC=14.3)

(LogKOC=2120)

SECTION13Disposalconsiderations

Wastetreatmentmethods

Product/Packaging disposal Containersmaystillpresentachemicalhazard/dangerwhenempty Returntosupplierforreuse/recyclingifpossible. Otherwise:

Ifcontainercannotbecleanedsufficientlywelltoensurethatresidualsdonotremainorifthecontainercannotbeusedto storethesameproduct,thenpuncturecontainers,topreventre-use,andburyatanauthorisedlandfill. WherepossibleretainlabelwarningsandSDSandobserveallnoticespertainingtotheproduct.

10/10/2025

Legislationaddressingwastedisposalrequirementsmaydifferbycountry,stateand/orterritory.Eachusermustrefertolaws operatingintheirarea.Insomeareas,certainwastesmustbetracked.

AHierarchyofControlsseemstobecommon-theusershouldinvestigate:

Reduction

Reuse

Recycling

Disposal(ifallelsefails)

Thismaterialmayberecycledifunused,orifithasnotbeencontaminatedsoastomakeitunsuitableforitsintendeduse.Shelf lifeconsiderationsshouldalsobeappliedinmakingdecisionsofthistype.Notethatpropertiesofamaterialmaychangeinuse, andrecyclingorreusemaynotalwaysbeappropriate.Inmostinstancesthesupplierofthematerialshouldbeconsulted. DONOTallowwashwaterfromcleaningorprocessequipmenttoenterdrains.

Itmaybenecessarytocollectallwashwaterfortreatmentbeforedisposal.

Inallcasesdisposaltosewermaybesubjecttolocallawsandregulationsandtheseshouldbeconsideredfirst. Whereindoubtcontacttheresponsibleauthority

Recyclewhereverpossibleorconsultmanufacturerforrecyclingoptions.

ConsultStateLandWasteManagementAuthorityfordisposal.

Buryresidueinanauthorisedlandfill.

Recyclecontainersifpossible,ordisposeofinanauthorisedlandfill.

SECTION14Transportinformation

LabelsRequired

HAZCHEM NotApplicable

Landtransport(ADG):NOTREGULATEDFORTRANSPORTOFDANGEROUSGOODS

Airtransport(ICAO-IATA/DGR):NOTREGULATEDFORTRANSPORTOFDANGEROUSGOODS

Seatransport(IMDG-Code/GGVSee):NOTREGULATEDFORTRANSPORTOFDANGEROUSGOODS

14.7.MaritimetransportinbulkaccordingtoIMOinstruments

14.7.1. TransportinbulkaccordingtoAnnexIIofMARPOLandtheIBCcode NotApplicable

14.7.2.TransportinbulkinaccordancewithMARPOLAnnexVandtheIMSBCCode

Productname Group

portlandcement NotApplicable

titaniumdioxide NotApplicable

silane NotApplicable

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one NotApplicable gradedsand NotApplicable

14.7.3.TransportinbulkinaccordancewiththeIGCCode

Productname ShipType

portlandcement NotApplicable

titaniumdioxide NotApplicable

silane NotApplicable

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one NotApplicable gradedsand NotApplicable

SECTION15Regulatoryinformation

Safety,healthandenvironmentalregulations/legislationspecificforthesubstanceormixture

portlandcementisfoundonthefollowingregulatorylists

AustralianInventoryofIndustrialChemicals(AIIC)

titaniumdioxideisfoundonthefollowingregulatorylists

AustralianInventoryofIndustrialChemicals(AIIC)

ChemicalFootprintProject-ChemicalsofHighConcernList

InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)-AgentsClassifiedbytheIARCMonographs

InitialDate:10/10/2025

RevisionDate:10/10/2025

PrintDate:10/10/2025

InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC)-AgentsClassifiedbytheIARCMonographs-Group2B:Possiblycarcinogenictohumans

InternationalWHOListofProposedOccupationalExposureLimit(OEL)ValuesforManufacturedNanomaterials(MNMS)

silaneisfoundonthefollowingregulatorylists

AustralianInventoryofIndustrialChemicals(AIIC)

2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-oneisfoundonthefollowingregulatorylists

AustraliaHazardousChemicalInformationSystem(HCIS)-HazardousChemicals

AustraliaStandardfortheUniformSchedulingofMedicinesandPoisons(SUSMP)-Schedule6

AustralianInventoryofIndustrialChemicals(AIIC)

gradedsandisfoundonthefollowingregulatorylists

AustraliaHazardousChemicalInformationSystem(HCIS)-HazardousChemicals

AustralianInventoryofIndustrialChemicals(AIIC)

ChemicalFootprintProject-ChemicalsofHighConcernList

AdditionalRegulatoryInformation

NotApplicable

NationalInventoryStatus

NationalInventory Status

Australia-AIIC/Australia

Non-IndustrialUse Yes

Canada- DSL Yes

Canada-NDSL No(portlandcement;silane;2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one;gradedsand)

China-IECSC Yes

Europe-EINEC/ELINCS/ NLP Yes

Japan-ENCS No(portlandcement)

Korea-KECI Yes

NewZealand-NZIoC Yes

Philippines-PICCS No(portlandcement)

USA-TSCA AllchemicalsubstancesinthisproducthavebeendesignatedasTSCAInventory‘Active'

Taiwan-TCSI Yes

Mexico-INSQ Yes

Vietnam-NCI Yes

Russia-FBEPH Yes

UAE-ControlList

(Banned/Restricted Substances) No(portlandcement;titaniumdioxide;silane;2-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one;gradedsand)

Legend:

Yes = All CAS declared ingredients are on the inventory No = One or more of the CAS listed ingredients are not on the inventory. These ingredients may be exempt or will require registration.

SECTION16Otherinformation

RevisionDate 10/10/2025

InitialDate 10/10/2025

Otherinformation

Ingredientswithmultiplecasnumbers

Name CASNo

titaniumdioxide

13463-67-7,1317-70-0,1317-80-2,12188-41-9,1309-63-3,100292-32-8,101239-53-6,116788-85-3,12000-59-8,12701-76-7, 12767-65-6,12789-63-8,1344-29-2,185323-71-1,185828-91-5,188357-76-8,188357-79-1,195740-11-5,221548-98-7, 224963-00-2,246178-32-5,252962-41-7,37230-92-5,37230-94-7,37230-95-8,37230-96-9,39320-58-6,39360-64-0,3937902-7,416845-43-7,494848-07-6,494848-23-6,494851-77-3,494851-98-8,55068-84-3,55068-85-4,552316-51-5,62338-64-1, 767341-00-4,97929-50-5,98084-96-9,51745-87-0,12035-95-9,52624-13-2

TheSDSisaHazardCommunicationtoolandshouldbeusedtoassistintheRiskAssessment.ManyfactorsdeterminewhetherthereportedHazardsareRisks intheworkplaceorothersettings.RisksmaybedeterminedbyreferencetoExposuresScenarios.Scaleofuse,frequencyofuseandcurrentoravailable

engineeringcontrolsmustbeconsidered.

Definitionsandabbreviations

PC TWA:PermissibleConcentration-TimeWeightedAverage

PC STEL:PermissibleConcentration-ShortTermExposureLimit

IARC:InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer

ACGIH:AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienists

STEL:ShortTermExposureLimit

TEEL:TemporaryEmergencyExposureLimit。

IDLH:ImmediatelyDangeroustoLifeorHealthConcentrations

ES:ExposureStandard

OSF:OdourSafetyFactor

NOAEL:NoObservedAdverseEffectLevel

LOAEL:LowestObservedAdverseEffectLevel

TLV:ThresholdLimitValue

LOD:LimitOfDetection

OTV:OdourThresholdValue

BCF:BioConcentrationFactors

BEI:BiologicalExposureIndex

DNEL:DerivedNo-EffectLevel

PNEC:Predictedno-effectconcentration

MARPOL:InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips

IMSBC:InternationalMaritimeSolidBulkCargoesCode

IGC:InternationalGasCarrierCode

IBC:InternationalBulkChemicalCode

AIIC:AustralianInventoryofIndustrialChemicals

DSL:DomesticSubstancesList

NDSL:Non-DomesticSubstancesList

IECSC:InventoryofExistingChemicalSubstanceinChina

EINECS:EuropeanINventoryofExistingCommercialchemicalSubstances

ELINCS:EuropeanListofNotifiedChemicalSubstances

NLP:No-LongerPolymers

ENCS:ExistingandNewChemicalSubstancesInventory

KECI:KoreaExistingChemicalsInventory

NZIoC:NewZealandInventoryofChemicals

PICCS:PhilippineInventoryofChemicalsandChemicalSubstances

TSCA:ToxicSubstancesControlAct

TCSI:TaiwanChemicalSubstanceInventory

INSQ:InventarioNacionaldeSustanciasQuímicas

NCI:NationalChemicalInventory

FBEPH:RussianRegisterofPotentiallyHazardousChemicalandBiologicalSubstances