Spokane Smart city Magazine

S m a r t C i t y . s p o k a n e Was h i ng t on

St at e

F a l l

U n i v e r sity

2 0 1 5

SMARTCITY

S M A RT E N E R GY E CO N O M Y Fe r n a n d o

Fe l i x

+

N a n d i t a

Raj a ku m a r

CONTENT

What is a Smart City?

Smart Energy Economy City

4 - 7 9 - 11

Smart Energy Currency and Generation

13 - 19

Harvesting of Electric Currency

21 - 25

Utilization of Energy Currency

27 - 29

Establishing System within the grid of U-District

31 - 40

Conclusion

41 - 42

References

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WHAT IS A SMART CITY?

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To e n h a n c e q u a l i t y a n d p e r f o r m a n c e of urban services to reduce cost and engage more efficiently and actively, the citizens of a city need to be wellinformed of the cities’ various services a n d m a n a g e m e n t ’s t h o u g h t h e a i d of information and communication technologies.

5

Smart Infrastructure

mart Mobility

Smart Technology

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Healthcare

Smart building

Smart Energy

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Energy

Smart Mobility

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Healthcare

Smart building

Smart Healthcare

Smart Citizens

Smart building

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Mobility

Smart Mobility

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Technology

Smart Citizens

Smart Energy

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Energy

Smart Healthcare

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart building

Smart Citizens

Smart Mobility

Smart Healthcare

Smart Energy

Smart Citizens

Smart Infrastructure

Smart building

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Mobility

Smart Energy

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Citizens

Smart Healthcare

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart building

Smart Technolog

Smart Mobility

SMART CITY Smart cities are prime locations of innovation and opportunities through developing technologies.

In a smart city, All citizens are active participants in the urban services mediated through technological developments and are knowledgeable of the services constituting the city. Smart city is an inter relation of eight factors, namely, smart governance and smart education, smart citizens, smart energy,

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smart technology, smart infrastructure, smart mobility, smart building and smart healthcare. These factors have an important role in defining a smart city.These eight factors come together in various formations to make a city smarter and its citizens more informed about the advancements. This requires certain amount of investment in time and finance.

Sma

I N T E R C O N N E C T I O N O F M U LT I P L E E L E M E N T S O F A S M A R T C I T Y

Smart Technology

Smart Healthcare

art Infrastructure

mart building

Smart Energy

Smart building

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Mobility

Smart Technology

Smart Citizens

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Energy

Smart Technology

Smart Energy

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Technology

Smart building

Smart Energy

Smart Mobility

Smart building

Smart Mobility

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Technology

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Healthcare

Smart Healthcare

Smart Citizens

Smart Citizens

Smart Healthcare

Smart Mobility

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Citizens

Smart building

Smart Technology

Smart Energy

Smart Mobility

Smart Energy

Smart Infrastructure

S

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Healthcare

Smart Mo

Smart building

7

8

SMART ENERGY ECONOMY CITY

9

Smart Infrastructure

mart Mobility

Smart Technology

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Healthcare

Smart building

Smart Energy

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Energy

Smart Mobility

Smart Healthcare

Smart Infrastructure

Smart building

Smart Healthcare

Smart Citizens

Smart building

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Mobility

Smart Mobility

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Technology

Smart Citizens

Smart Energy

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Energy

Smart Healthcare

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart building

Smart Citizens

Smart Mobility

Smart Healthcare

Smart Energy

Smart Citizens

Smart Infrastructure

Smart building

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Technology

Smart Mobility

Smart Energy

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Citizens

Smart Healthcare

Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart building

Smart Technolog

Smart Mobility

A CITY WITH SMART ENERGY ECONOMY Our research led us to believe that by understanding Energy use (Smart energy) through the facilities of informative and communicative technologies will all citizens to become aware of the various energy transactions that occur in the city grid and contribute to the efficiency of smart energy usage.

Citizens can be educated about their energy consumption within the grid through the

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integration of smart technology with incentives of smart mobility. This allows people to make informed decisions about their energy choice and educate them about the the transparency in the energy utilization within the city fabric.

By establishing an Smart energy economy, where energy becomes the transactional commodity, and establishing an energy banking system, citizens

Sma

are better informed about the energy requirements to maintain a city, and be environmentally conscious and efficient in their energy use. The generated energy within the grid is liquidated and becomes a shared commodity which the fosters communal participation in neighborhoods.Energy currency will be governed and controlled by authorities of the city who will mediate the banking system. Through the

banking system, Citizens have the facility to pay their electric bills, maintain their generation, expenditure through various facilities and also participate in the renewable energy . By understanding the energy transactions, citizens can equip themselves with enough knowledge to make a smart city.

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12

S M A R T E N E R G Y C U R R E N C Y and GENERATION

13

T ENERGY E R A

STANTIAL VALU SUB ET E O OR TR M AN

SM

TR AN SP A

S ICE RV SE

DISTORTIO N E LIM IN A TE D

MINIMUM ABUS ED

TR A

RRENCY CU GY

NOMY CO

EN ER

GO

D AN

COMMODITY BA SE D

NS IO CT SA N

NS IO T C SA

DIRE CT LIN KS TO

D O

N YI C N RE

S CTION A S AN TR

ENERGY AS CURRENCY

By setting energy as currency, there are multiple advantages for the economy. Energy transaction is in its basic value and is not intrinsic.

There will be minimal abuse and becomes a more substantial form of transaction. It also provides tansparency in the transactions allowing commodities to be valued at their exact value. The value is directly linked to the good and services you

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pay for, hence leaving buyers with the satisfaction of paying for what they deserve. Energy currency also elimiates distortion within the exchange.

By allowing people to generate their own energy and utilize that for certain transactions, there needs to be infrastructural changes, These infrastructural changes have an impact on the public realm of the city. By implementing the smart

Shopping Centers Concert Halls Indoor

Businesses

Blocks

Museums Libraries

Destination

Community Centers Parks Outdoor

Natural Features Neighborhoods

Pavillions Public Arts

INFRASTRUCTURE

Streets

PUBLIC REALM

Sidewalks Pedestrian

Green Belts Pedestrian Crossings Bike Lanes

TrafďŹ c

City

Medians Roads and Highways Vehicular

Transit Stations

Region

Transit Stops Parking Lots / Garages

INPUT = S M A R T E N E R GY S Y S T E M

energy economy to the infrastructure and public realm interactional flow, we can see that any change implemented to the infrastructure at any level will have an effect of the public realm . This effect on the pblic realm will later ripple back to make a change to the infrastructure. Hence the change is constant.

Changes to the infrastructure and public realm will continue as long as the smart energy system is up

and working. The various scales of the infrastructure will have different changes moderated by the public realm.

Smart energy economy when implemented at the Various scales will develeop changes such as incorporating banking buildings, reconfiguring road networks,etc and these infrastructural changes will govern how the public will interact wiht these

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INPUT

INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC REALM

Installation of energy generation gear

Cars Generation

SMART ENERGY ECONOMY

Buildings

Implementation

Natural resource

Spatial Planning and Zoning considerations Space for Energy conservation units

Blocks Vehicles Neighborhoods City

Storage

Buildings Storage Banks

Infrastructure reconďŹ guration

Implementation Simpler Utility Network

Portable Storage

Region

Utility needs Utilization

Parking Transportation

Installation of Energy collection machines

Implementation Simpler Utility Network

Public Amenities

Long Term Cost Reduction

Economy System Need Investments

Supplementary

Technology

Renewable Systems Operation

Transportation

Battery Operation

SMART ENERGY SYSTEM spaces. The result of what the society does within these spaces will influence further changes to the system . The Implementation of smart energy economy will also have supplemental changes to the economy, transportation and technology.

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The smart energy economy system when implemented can be bradly classified into three phases: Generation, Energy Storage and Utilization.

Various infrastructural and Public realm changes will take place for each ohase which we will look at in detail.

GENERATION HARVESTATION

CENTRALIZED

DISTRIBUTED

Energy Banks

UTILIZATION

SMART ENERGY BANKING

Power Utility

$

Other Uses

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E F F E C I E N C Y O F E N E R GY C O N V E R S I O N 85%

15% 70%

30%

Natural Gas

65%

35% 65%

35%

Oil/ Fossil Fuel

Nuclear Power 60%

40%

Conversion to Electric energy to the grid

60%

40%

Coal

Solar Power

Wind Power 10%

90%

Hydro Power

PAY B A C K F O R E N E R GY C O N V E R S I O N S Natural Gas

3.0

Oil/ Fossil Fuel

PAYBACK RATIO =

Total Energy produced during normal life span Total Energy required to build, maintain and fuel

2.9

Coal

7.0

Solar Power

6.0

Nuclear Power

16.0

Wind Power

34.0

Hydro Power

267.0

0

25

50

150

200

250

300

ENERGY TYPES AND CONVERSION

In a smart energy economy, electric energy within the grid becomes the currency.

Each individual within a city, has an opportunity to generate their own electricity through any energy sources (preferably, renewable since it is most efficient), which they can use to fulfill their utility needs. The generated energy is distributed into the grid where the Smart energy banking system

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categories them into utility power and power to be stored.

Energy generated from the various sources needs to be converted to a universal electrical basis. The conversion varies based on the type of energy that is converted from. In order to establisha uniformity, the energy converted is valued based on the effeciency in conversion and the payback ratio

D I S T R I B U T I O N O F E N E R GY W I T H I N T H E G R I D Coal

Fossil Fuels

Non - Renewable Energy

Oil

Electrical Energy Natural Gas

Hydro Power

Renewable Energy

Solar Power

Wind Power

Community Level

Generation zones based on availability

Subterranean Level

Network and distribution of energy

E L E C T R I C A L E N E R GY CONVERTED Underground Level

reservoirs connected to energy banks

of the system ( The energy produced by the system during its normal time span over the total energy required to run and maintain the system.).

From the effeciency of conversion and the Payback ratio of the energy type, it is evident that the renewable energy source are better options in the long run and the value for the renewable sources will be higher than that of fossil fuels.

Energy that has been converted to electrical energy is distributed into the city fabric and within the grid to be ffurther stored or utilized for power needs. The energy generate doverall is pooled within the city grid and is available for all citizens to access.

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HARVESTING ELECTRIC CURRENCY

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CENTRALIZED

Energy Banks Local to neighborhoods

MECHANICAL Pumped Storage Flywheel

DISTRIBUTED

Houses with individual storage

ELECTRIC

THERMAL

Capacitors

Molten Salts

Superconducting Electromagnets

Chillers

Compressed Air

Electric Cars with solar panels

CHEMICAL

ELECTROCHEMICAL

Hydrogen

Conventional Batteries

Methane

High Temperature Batteries Flow Batteries`

ENERGY AND STORAGE The energy generated that has been converted into electrical is mostly used for power utility needs. But the energy that is generated, since it relies heavily on the natural resources available, is intermittent. To avoid fluctuation in the energy use within the grid and to provide easy access to all, energy generated in excess is stored in storage units that vary in size and location.

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To provide ease of access to everyone, the storage units are of two kinds: Centralized and Distributed. The centralized storage units are closer to the generation sites and are larger in scale. Their supply is mainly for the city services.

For a more personal use for memeber of the city and families, Storage units of smaller scall are in Houses, connected to the solar panels as well

S TO R E D E N E R GY D I S T R I B U T I O N W I T H I N T H E G R I D

Bank Networks

Smart Energy Banks

ATM Storage

Street Energy ATM’s

as within electric Smart cars. The type of storage units associated withthe storage is based on the adaptability to the location and needs of the energy storage. With developing technlogies, newer forms of energy storage devices are better suited for the energy uses.

To further facilitate the availability of energy to the community and to llow for sharing of commodity, all Banks and smaller energy ATMs

are connected to one another to allow for pooling for energy. So, in the need of energy in situations of shortage, Energy can be transmitted from other banks to the place of need.

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S TO R E D E N E R GY D I S T R I B U T I O N W I T H I N T H E G R I D

Energy banks and Street ATM’s

Energy Storage Units in shomes

ENERGY AND SMART CARS The smart cars with their energy storage units help in moving stroed energy from the banks to places of need. Smart cars themselves have solar panels on them which allow them to generate their own energy . This energy generated is used to run the cars. In times of excess, the energy can be deposited into citizens account as energy currency for later use or can be stored in storage units within the car to

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be transferred later to places of need. In situations where energy generated in low, energy can be withdrawn from the bank to fuel the cars.

optimum situation

over-ow situation

low fuel situation

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UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENCY

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SMART ENERGY BANKING

$

Other Uses

Power Utility

Public Transportation

Fare payment

Taxes

Joint ownwership

Rideshare

C O N S E R V E D U S E O F E N E R GY

Conserved use of energy expecting energy currency in return for effecient use

Power and utility needs of a average household sent through the grid

20%

$

Saving more than 20% of a median household usage to earn as energy currency

ENERGY CURRENCY AND ITS USES The stored energy is used to fulfill the intermittent energy requirements, but also owned as energy currency. The excess energy generated by individuals are returned to the owners as energy currency that they utilize to pay for certain amenities provided by the city such as public transportation, Public parking, certain taxes, etc. Smart technology facilitates citizens to be constantly updated about

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each of these phases that they are participating in.

An App installed in smartphones allows owners of smart cars, solar panels and energy wallets to keep track of all transaction that they make with the city grid.

The smart energy economy appeals to all sectors of income. Earning energy currency from the grid is as simple as conserving their energy in

SMART ENERGY BANKING

$

Smart App acts as a wallet to process the expenditure of energy currency.

homes and apartment units by more than 20% of the median value to earn it back as energy currency for expenditures.

Energy within the system is tightly knit and looped within the grid. Energy generated is mediated by the bank and categorized based on necessities and storage. The stored energy as currency can be moved either using the smart car,

when in need aof large amounts of enregy or as energy currency for public services and amenities.

The car acts as a distributive storage unit and citizens can choose to store their energy generated in the form of car batteries.

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ESTABLISHING SYSTEM WITHIN THE GRID OF U-DISTRICT

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S M A R T E N E R GY E C O N O M Y

INFRASTRUCTURE

S M A R T T E C H N O LO GY

IMPLEMENTATIONS WITHIN SPOKANE Smart energy economy system can be implemented in any city viable of the required infrastructure.

U-District is one such sector of Spokane city that has ample space to support the infrastructure required.

The empty lots and parcels within U-District are identified and segregated based on the size to support site needs. The sites close to the spokane river can support hydrokinetic power generation,

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hence hydro banks are located along the river. The availability of sunlight is quite widespread in the U-District. Solar farms and solar power banks are dispersed throughout the U-District. All the banks are further interconnected allowing for the energy to pool in the U-District, avoiding creation of rich sites.

To provide increased availability of energy throughout the city, smaller parcels are converted

Empty Parcels

FIRST: the empty lots in the U- DIstrict are located. These empty lots could be parking lots, vacant lots that can be adapted or annexed lots by programs already existent.

into Energy ATM sites. The main access roads such as the 2nd Avenue, Sprague avenue are converted into street ATMs where the parallel parking spots become Kiosk venues for energy transactions.

The mplementation of the smart energy economy within any city would require necessary investment in infrastructural change and the use of smart technology. WIth the change in the

infrastructure of the city, people are better able to adapt to the energy effeciencey within the grid and will be able to make informed choices of their expenditure of the energy.

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Hydro banks Solar Banks Empty Parcels

SECOND: Based on the availability of natural resources close to the selected sites, the banks can be identified. This is done by identifying the larged parcels . Since Spokane river is a resource for hydro energy, Empty parcels around the river adopt Hydrokinetic Energy. Since sunlight is an available resource throughout the rest of the U-District, Solar plants are innvested in other larger Parcels.

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Hydro banks Solar Banks Empty Parcels Bank - Bank connection

THIRD: These banks once identified are connected to one another to share the energy generated. So the hydro and solar energy generated can be pooled to be the energy source available to everybody within the U- District.

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Energy ATM lots Street Energy ATMs

FOURTH: Other smaller parcel become lots for the energy ATMs, which are smaller energy withdrawal sources. These can be incorporated with the public realm, to take on a multi role of communal interaction sites, generation sites for solar energy and as a place for transactions. Main access ways of the U-District can adapt to become Street ATMs with Kiosks on the side of the road, where cars can park and conduct transactions.

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S T R E E T AT M

st We

S

g pra

ue

en Av

ue

A S K LOT S LO C AT I O N S

Within the U-District, The banking system pans out in such a way that the energy is localized and is available to all owning a smart car, With a Smart car, the energy stored is able to move and be mobile in multiple levels.

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SMITH FAMILY Electric Cars with solar panels

Houses with individual storage

Erik Smith and his family of four live in spokane in the residential neighborhood of Logan. With the help of the smart App, They are able to keep track of all the energy generated by their solar panels installed on their roof and log the amount of energy currency that they are saving by conserving electricity in their house. The app also keeps record of all the desposits and withdrawal Mr. Smith makes with his smart car and keep track of his families expenditures for other amenities through the smart wallet feature.

Hello, Smiths !

Public Transportation

$

Fare payment $

SMART WALLET

$

SMART HOME

SMART CAR

BANK NEAR ME

Taxes Local restaurants Rideshare

SMART TECHNOLGY AND ITS USE Using a smart controlling application, every individual is able to maintain their energy use and use energy currency generated or conserved in their everyday life. The mobile App allows each individual to keep track of their energy generated either through their privately owned solar panels installed in houses, Solar panels from the community gardens or energy currency generated through efficient

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utilization of resources. The smart app also acts as an energy wallet to pay fares for public transportation, parking fees, entry fees for public amenities such as museums galleries and other amenities which accept energy currency. The app provides a unique aspect of controlling the energy stored in the car and allows one to manage the transactions between the car and the energy grid. The app also has smart location

which allows for finding the closest bank to citizens to make transactions.

The above Smart App example is of Smith family, A family of four who live in Logan. Their facilities involve owning of a smart car, smart panels on their house. Through the generation of energy, they are able to pay their utilities and save some energy as energy currency.The Smart App is

customised to provide Mr. Smith with information about how much his car has in store as energy, the energy the house generates and utilises and also keeps track of expenditure of the energy currency by the family.

Through the application, Mr. Smith can also locate the closest energy bank to him. In our scenario, Mr. Smith and his family are close to Gonzaga University.

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Hence, the closest bank is a Hydro bank as illustrated in the image. The rendered images captures the conceptual design of a hydro bank within the limits of U-DIstrict. Since, The site is located within Gonzaga University,In order to foster public interactions on the site and create a purpose for the bank site, we have incorporated an educatorium within the functions of the massing. This allows

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citizens to actively interact with the infrastructure of the Smart Energy System while learning about the energy itself. The Inerior rendering of the Bank conveys that there are face to face kiosks within the hydro bank where people can manage their energy transactions. The educatorium which is integral to the hydrokinetic bank is a way for citizens to learn about how their energy gets generated and stored.

S M A RT E N E R GY

+

STORAGE

S M A RT E N E R GY ECONOMY

SMART CITIZENS

ENERGY EFFICIENT

SHARE COMMODITIES

ENVIRONMENTALLY CONSCIOUS

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

CONCLUSION Through the concept of establishing a Smart energy economy system in the U-District, where energy is generated stored and utilized by the people, Citizens are better informed about their eergy utilization. The shared commodity aspect of the energy economy allows people to be more energy effecienct, environmentally conscious of the type of energy they use and participate in a community

oreinted sharing system. This allows the people of Spokane to be Smart citizens of a city where the enrgy is smart, established by smart infrastrutcure and Technology.

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cture

Smart Energy

Smart Technology

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Smart Governance and Smart Education

Smart Energy Smart Healthcare

Smart Governance Smart and Mobility Smart building Smart Education

Smart Citizens

Smart InfrastructureSmart Citizens Smart Technology

Smart Energy

Smart Governance and Smart Healthcare Smart building Smart Education

Smart MobilitySmart Citizens Smart Infrastructure

REFERENCES http://tc4.iec.ch/FactSheetPayback.pdf http://www.theperfectcurrency.org/ http://cities.media.mit.edu/

http://www.smart-cities.eu/ http://smartcitiescouncil.com/ http://amsterdamsmartcity.com/ http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:291348/FULLTEXT02 http://www.eia.gov/electricity/sales_revenue_price/ https://www.academia.edu/9005661/CALCULATIONS_OF_SOLAR_ENERGY_OUTPUT solarworld.com

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Th a n k

Yo u