Test bank for palmer a history of europe in the modern world 11th edition

Test Bank for Palmer, A History of Europe in the Modern World, 11th Edition

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Chapter 8

Chapter 8 The Age of Enlightenment Multiple Choice 1. a. b. c.

The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century referred to: the thoughts of Aristotle and Ptolemy that replaced tyranny and superstition. the belief that Europe had emerged from a time of barbarism and darkness. the rediscovery of the brilliant reasoning of Thomas Aquinas and the other medieval Scholastics. d. all of the above.

Ans: B Page: 309 2. The eighteenth-century Enlightenment embodied all of the following except: a. the ideas of Locke and Newton. b. the philosophy of natural law and rational analysis. c. skepticism about the regularity and harmony of nature. d. belief in the idea of progress.

Ans: C Page: 309 3. During the eighteenth century, people with a scientific view typically imagined God as: a. a Divine Being, on the Cross, who had suffered in human form. b. a force that dwells within us. c. an inconceivably intelligent Watchmaker. d. more of a Father than as the First Cause of the physical universe.

Ans: C Page: 310–311 4. The eighteenth-century Pietists and Methodists stressed: a. the application of reason to religion. b. the individual’s inner spiritual consciousness. c. adherence to tradition. d. a return to theological orthodoxy.

Ans: B Page: 311 5. All of the following are true about eighteenth-century freemasonry except: a. Masons believed in reason and progress. b. Masons championed toleration and humane reforms. c. Masons were respectful toward God as the architect of the universe. d. Masons attributed little importance to mysterious rituals and the occult.

Ans: D Page: 312

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6. The eighteenth-century philosophes were a group of writers who: a. treated the ultimate questions of existence. b. were popularizers and publicists. c. were originators of a new philosophy. d. were a group of learned Christian clerics.

Ans: B Page: 312 7. a. b. c. d.

The great French Encyclopédie, completed between 1751 and 1772, _____. was the first encyclopedia ever written was conceived of as a positive force for social progress attempted to be completely objective concentrated on the great theoretical breakthroughs of the seventeenth-century scientific and intellectual revolution Ans: B Page: 314 8. Montesquieu’s influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggested that good government could be obtained by: a. separating the functions of the executive, the legislative, and the judicial powers. b. following the English example and mixing monarchical, aristocratic, and democratic elements of government. c. dividing power between the king and a great many intermediate bodies like the organized nobility. d. all of the above.

Ans: D Page: 316 9. Voltaire was less concerned than Montesquieu with: a. the freedom of thought. b. mixed constitutions and intermediate powers. c. political liberties. d. religious toleration.

Ans: C Page: 317 10. Voltaire’s famous polemical slogan, “Écrasez l’infâme!” or “Crush the infamous things,” referred to: a. royal despotism. b. political radicalism. c. tolerance diverse ideas. d. religious bigotry and superstition.

Ans: D Page: 317–318 11. Rousseau’s ideas included all of the following except:

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Chapter 8

a. b. c. d.

a social contract exists among the people themselves. in the social contract, all individuals fuse their wills into a combined general will. the true and only possible expression of the general will is a democracy. in an ideal society, every person could feel that he or she belonged because each would possess a sense of membership and participation.

Ans: C Page: 320 12. Rousseau’s most direct contribution to the French Revolution was to: a. estrange the upper classes from their own mode of life. b. call for a violent revolution against an oppressive monarchy. c. undermine religion. d. all of the above.

Ans: A Page: 320 13. Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations argued for: a. economic planning by an enlightened government. b. the reduction of barriers that hindered economic growth. c. the program of mercantilism that had made Britain wealthy. d. governmental encouragement of innovation and enterprise.

Ans: B Page: 321 14. All of the following characterize Enlightenment thought except: a. equality of rights for persons of different religions . b. tolerance of intellectual differences. c. reduction of privileges enjoyed by nobles but not by commoners. d. opposition of scientific thought and rational analysis.

Ans: D Page: 324 15. Enlightenment thinkers generally believed in progress, reason, science, and civilization, but they took divergent and inconsistent positions on many issues. Which of the following is true? a. Montesquieu thought the church useful but did not believe in religion. b. Rousseau believed in religion but saw no need for any church. c. Voltaire would surrender political liberty in return for guarantees of intellectual freedom. d. All of the above is true.

Ans: D Page: 323–324 16. Enlightened despotism that grew out of earlier forms of absolutism, represented by the likes of Louis XIV and Peter the Great, differed from absolutism by: a. claiming responsibility to God and the church. b. emphasizing the monarch’s hereditary or dynastic family right.

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Chapter 8

c. justifying the monarch’s authority on grounds of usefulness to society. d. appealing for public support through holding elections.

Ans: C Page: 325 17. Enlightened despotism had the least success in reforming society in _____. a. France b. Austria c. Prussia d. Spain Ans: A Page: 326 18. The practical difficulties of the French monarchy could be attributed to its: a. dependence on the support of the church. b. inadequate methods of raising revenue. c. failure to modernize the French army. d. exclusion of the bourgeois from policy-making positions.

Ans: B Page: 326 19. At the end of Louis XV’s reign, the “Maupeou parlements” newly created by the king’s chief minister: a. were staffed with judges who purchased their positions at high prices. b. were condemned as forms of despotism by Voltaire. c. were staffed with judges who were forbidden to reject government edicts. d. lasted until the French Revolution.

Ans: C Page: 328 20. Maria Theresa undertook a program of internal consolidation of her empire in which she broke the power of local governments and guild monopolies except in _____. a. Bohemia b. Moravia c. Austria d. Hungary Ans: D Page: 329 21. Before 1789, the largest free-trade area on the continent was in _____. a. France b. Spain c. Prussia d. the Habsburg Empire Ans: D Page: 329

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Chapter 8

22. In order to watch over the whole structure of his enlightened reform, Joseph II created: a. a central diet or parliament. b. an elected cabinet of ministers. c. a secret police. d. a citizen militia.

Ans: C Page: 331 23. Frederick the Great did all of the following except: a. abolish serfdom throughout his kingdom. b. make all important political decisions himself. c. decree that all children receive elementary education. d. allow greater religious freedom.

Ans: A Page: 333 24. In Russia, all of the following occurred as a result of the Enlightenment except: a. the popularity of Russian thinkers spread through Europe. b. the Russian upper classes adopted French as their language. c. the Russian upper classes became more estranged from their own people. d. the Empress Catherine called a great but fruitless consultative assembly to reform the country.

Ans: A Page: 334–335 25. Under Catherine the Great, serfdom in Russia: a. was abolished. b. was significantly reduced in size. c. increased and became more burdensome. d. became less severe with the implementation of enlightened reforms.

Ans: C Page: 336 26. In foreign affairs, Catherine’s achievements included all of the following except: a. the territorial expansion and consolidation of Russia. b. conquests that included a port on the Black Sea. c. the annexation of an enormous section of Poland. d. conquests that included a port on the Baltic Sea. Ans: D Page: 337–338 27. In assessing Catherine’s achievements, one could conclude that: a. her reforms served as a model for western Europe. b. she demonstrated contempt and disregard for Enlightenment ideals. c. she was one of the most ineffective Russian rulers.

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Chapter 8

d. domestically, probably no ruler could have corrected the social evils of eighteenth-century Russia.

Ans: D Page: 338 28. All of the following are true of enlightened despotism except: a. it pushed aside customary and common law by enacting new legal codes. b. it opposed the special powers of the church. c. it was the culmination of the institution of monarchy as a progressive force in history. d. it emphasized that the monarchy was on the whole nostalgic and backward-looking.

Ans: D Page: 339 29. By the end of the era of enlightened despotism, just prior to the French Revolution: a. the despots had reached a point at which they could not accomplish more without encountering massive opposition. b. there was a general aristocratic revival bordering on feudalism. c. there was a revival of religion. d. all of the above.

Ans: D Page: 339 30. The partitions of Poland symbolized all of the following except: a. the demise of the old international order. b. the triumph of Polish nationalism and reform efforts. c. the dangers of not establishing a strong sovereignty. d. a shift in Europe’s balance of power.

Ans: B Page: 340 31. Characteristic of the demands of the age of democratic revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution were: a. demands for a welfare state. b. demands for universal suffrage. c. demands for liberty and equality. d. demands for confiscation of noble property.

Ans: C Page: 343–344 32. The democratic revolutions rejected: a. the special representation set aside for special groups. b. the separation between religion and civil rights. c. the declaration of rights and written constitutions. d. the idea of national citizenship.

Ans: A Page: 344

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Chapter 8

33. George III sought to increase the influence of the crown and therefore: a. outlawed the Tories. b. stood above the various factions. c. created a new faction, the “king’s friends.” d. ended the practice of granting pensions and favors to politicians.

Ans: C Page: 345 34. In the eighteenth century, the aspect of British politics which provoked the most public criticism was: a. the failure to curb royal despotism, as with George III. b. the dishonesty and corruption of the Prime Minister. c. the grossly inequitable system of representation to the Parliament. d. the corruption and bribery prevalent in the courts.

Ans: C Page: 346 35. Edmund Burke, who virtually founded modern philosophical conservatism, favored: a. government by landowners. b. annual parliaments. c. universal male suffrage. d. the elimination of rotten boroughs.

Ans: A Page: 348 36. A major trend in eighteenth-century British politics was: a. for the Parliament to extend its powers in a general centralization of the empire. b. for the king to extend his powers on the model of enlightened despotism. c. for the decentralization of the empire through granting more local autonomy. d. for the restriction of the government’s authority to levy taxes.

Ans: A Page: 349 37. The 1798 Irish rebellion against British rule: a. achieved brief independence for the island. b. united Catholic and Protestant Irish against English rule. c. was led by Catholics and opposed by the Presbyterians in Ireland. d. was aided by the landing of a French army.

Ans: B Page: 351 38. The British countered the American argument that Parliament had no authority to tax them because Americans were not represented by replying that: a. taxation was a royal prerogative. b. no one was represented in Parliament.

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Chapter 8

c. Americans enjoyed “virtual representation” through other members of Parliament. d. new elections were planned to elect Americans to Parliament.

Ans: C Page: 353 39. During the War of American Independence, all of the following countries went to war against Britain except: a. France. b. Prussia. c. Spain. d. Austria.

Ans: D Page: 356 40. For Europeans, the success of the American Revolution was a powerful factor in promoting: a. the French Revolution. b. a rising confidence in self-government. c. constitutionalism. d. all of the above.

Ans: D Page: 359–361 Essay Questions 41. In what sense was the eighteenth century an age of faith as well as an age of reason?

42. Compare and contrast the political ideas of two of the following: Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau. Whose ideas do you think were the most influential?

43. Compare and contrast Joseph II and Frederick the Great as enlightened despots.

44. Was Catherine the Great an enlightened despot? Explain your answer.

45. In what sense is the period after 1760 rightly characterized as the era of “democratic” or “Atlantic” revolutions? What are the difficulties in analyzing the era on such a basis rather than on a national one (e.g., “the American Revolution”)?

46. Discuss the impact of the wars of the mid-eighteenth century on the internal governmental policies of France and the Habsburg Empire. Which country found the better solution for its problems?

47. What was the role of women in spreading the ideas of the Enlightenment?

48. Discuss the response of Great Britain to the ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Test Bank for Palmer, A History of Europe in the Modern World, 11th Edition Chapter 8

49. How did the various outlying areas of the British Empire react to policies of centralization?

What were the long-term consequences of those reactions?

50. Select what you believe are two of the central ideas or attitudes of the eighteenth century Enlightenment. Explain why you believe these ideas are so important and what impact they had on social and political life in the eighteenth century.

51. What was the greatest defect of the pre-1795 Polish state? Using another seventeenth- or eighteenth-century European state as a model, explain how this defect could have been remedied (or explain why it was irremediable).

Short Answer Questions 52. How did religious movements like Pietism and Methodism illustrate the divide between popular and elite cultures?

53. How and why did “public opinion” emerge in the eighteenth century? To whom did the “public” refer?

54. What were the main ideas of the Physiocrats? Why was the phrase laissez-faire used to describe many of their ideas?

55. What were the practical motivations behind the attempts of monarchs to pursue the goals of enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

56. How did the American Revolution become another international struggle for power?

57. On the heels of the American Revolution, what gains had been made in terms of democracy?

What were the limitations of the revolution’s promise of liberty and equality?

58. In what ways did the establishment of the new United States vindicate Enlightenment ideals?

Map Exercises Consider the map, Europe, 1740 on page 327.

59. The outlines of most of the major European states had emerged by 1740. How did the rulers of those political entities pursue the goals of enlightened despotism in the eighteenth century?

Consider the map, Poland since the Eighteenth Century, on page 342 60. How did the ethnic composition of Poland present an obstacle to reform efforts and the establishment of an effective Polish movement?

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