Najia Yasmeen I Thesis Research Book 2018

WISER

WATER-SMART INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS NAJIA YASMEEN

HD STUDIO AAE789

FALL 2018

WISER WATER-SMART INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS SOCIO ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS NAJIA YASMEEN

HD STUDIO AAE789

FALL 2018

WISER

PREFACE

Precious Resource Water Scarcity Blue Gold

Water, the most precious resource, is essential for human life to thrive to its marvel. Water is the harbinger of life, and to date, it sustains and gives harmony to our existence. We are surrounded and bounded by water. 71% of the Earth’s surface, 70% of the human body. As an essential component for our survival, water will most likely, determine the future of our existence. In the current situation, it defines the economic, social and cultural patterns of the contemporary world.

Humanity is facing a real, tangible problem of water scarcity. Plagued by the climate change, social and political authorization and continuously increasing demand for potable water. This life generator has become the ‘Blue Gold’ of the 21st century. We are moving towards a dystopia, while the next war might be to access to fundamental rights.

Commitment and preservation are indispensable to conserve water, and the involvement of the whole community is imperative. For millions of years, humanity followed the trail of water to expand their civilization. Even now, we follow the networks of water, as urbanity extends within this water networks.

With the plausible issues of eco-efficient designs, fresh concepts, sustainable features, and advanced technologies we challenge ourselves every day to design a dream project that will be enough to mass produce the life generator in suffice amount, water.

CONTENT PAGE

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08

CHAPTER 04

PRECEDENT STUDY _ PROXIMITY HOTEL, GREENSBORO _ BARDESSONO Hotel, Yountville

CHAPTER 01 Preface Abstract

_ Introduction _ Problem & Opportunity

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138

CHAPTER 05

DESIGN PROPOSAL _ NET-ZERO WATER BUILDING _ DESIGN PROPOSAL _ ALTERNATIVE APPLICATION _ CALCULATION By HOTEL SCALE

CHAPTER 02 water network _ water & civilization _ MAJOR RIVERSIDE CITIES _ HIGHEST WATER CONSUMPTION _ GLOBAL WATER CONSUMERS

DESIGN location _ CALCULATION BY SITE: CAPETOWn _ CALCULATION BY SITE: london _ CALCULATION BY SITE: miami

site analysis

CONCLUSION

_ DESERT REGIONS _ WATER SCARCE CITIES

water & tourism _ WATER USE IN TOURISM _ HOTEL vs GUESTHOUSE WATER USE _ LAS VEGAS HOTEL WATER USE Social analysis _ WHO ARE MILLENNIALS? _ MILLENNIAL PREFERENCES _ SURVEY ANALYSIS _ SURVEY results

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170

CHAPTER 06 BIBLIOGRAPGY

CHAPTER 03 Methodology

cost estimation

_ WATER SAVING IN HOSPITALITY _ WATER MODEL 4-R METHODS _ REGENERATE _ REUSE _ REDUCE _ RECYCLE _ SITE DESIGN STRATEGIES

_ _

text source photography credits

01

INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT

Water-Smart Technology Ecosystem Integrated Infrastructute Water Salvation

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Water, as the unifying element of nature, is the most delicate resource. We all are aware of water’s importance, yet we often take its presence in our life for granted. Water conservation is indispensable to sustain the growing urban area through the world. With the exploding world population, people are experiencing water stress, a shortage or deficiency of water resources. Technical feasibility allows us socially and economically to generate a design-centric, self-sufficient water salvation infrastructure in the desert region.

Water-Smart infrastructure sustains, preserves and purifies water with the increasingly integrated smart ecosystem. By using a balancing strategy of natural resources, water can be generated from air. Resources like sun and wind are widely available and unlimited as renewable resource and by proper use of these energy sources, we can harvest water even in the most drought-affected places where water shortage is a significant setback.

The desert climate is hot and arid, but it still contains adequate water in the air to gather. The relative humidity is low, yet the absolute humidity can be higher in the desert region. By harvesting atmospheric water, the water stress can come down. By using solar energy to generate water from atmosphere, the harvested water is similar to rainwater and can be used for daily use or cleaned for potable water.

Ex. While technically feasible, water preservation and generation infrastructure are significantly underutilized due to misperceptions of cost and need.

Architecture that incorporates water salvation through hospitality design principles will see higher returns on investment than those through traditional (or non-experiential, i.e., no guest interaction) applications.

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INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION Sustainability has been defined as,

The next generation of sustainable design must

‘meeting the needs of the present

rethink the physical aspects of architecture to help

generation without compromising the

us minimize our impact on the environment while

ability of future generation to meet their

challenging us to live more ecologically on a regular

own needs.’

For thousands of years,

basis. At the mid-twentieth century, industrialization

we found ways to harness the forces of

has taken a giant leap forward, as well as the rapid

renewable energies to sustain our life and

growth of urbanization and widespread distribution

these forces have shaped our building

of fossil fuels triggered a massive consumption of

environments. Early humans used simple

natural resources, generation of pollution and waste

yet ingenious strategies to build their

production. Water, amonWg them, is one of the

living spaces. Today, technical viabilities

most crucial support we can never sustain without,

allow us to design a complex integration

is steadily decreasing as the population grows

of innovative renewable energy building

exponentially. Today, around 1.9 billion people live

strategy, which promotes social and

in potentially severely water-scarce areas. By 2050,

ecological values to users and maintains

this could increase to about 3 billion people.3

the quality of space, that exemplifies the

Currently, some 860 million people live in slums

sustainable building practice.

around the world; their lack of access to clean water

1

carries enormous health consequences.2 Water conservation is most crucial to diminish the disputation between water availability and demand, as well as to decrease energy consumption. Energy is consumed in each step of water extraction, treatment, distribution, furthermore to collect and treatment of wastewater. Consequently, if water consumption is reduced, comprehensive energyefficiency will increase.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

I am proposing a prototype net-zero water hotel, for

Instead of using the clean, drinkable water to flush

the aridest and water scarce cities around the world.

toilet, is a huge wastage, where almost 780 million

One of my biggest challenges will be the scalability, as

people around the world don’t have access to clean

hospitality projects are one of the largest consumers

drinking water. I am proposing a smart showering

of water and the water demand gets even higher in

system, where the guests are encouraged to use

hot-dry climate. In my project, I will bridge the gap

different types of water saving showering mode and

between water demand of a hotel and water supply

reuse that water, treated to flush toilets.

within my site and make a comparison between multiple water-scarce sites. To achieve that, I will

Even in a desert climate, the rainwater management

apply the 4 R Methods of: Regenerate, Reduce, Reuse

system fulfills the water demand to a high percentage.

and Recycle.

Catching rainwater and re-using that, to shower, doing laundry and other activities which don’t require

Water in our atmosphere is equivalent to 10% of

drinkable water will minimize water use and cut down

all freshwater lake on earth. MIT has invented and

wastage in great level.

successfully tested a device called metal-organic framework, or MOF, to capture and deliver water from

By implementing the regeneration method, along

air using only solar energy. This device harvests 2.8

with the reduce, reuse and recycle methods, we can

liters of water per kg of every day at a relative humidity

cut down our water dependency on a grand scale,

level of 10-20% 3. I will integrate that device on a

and significantly impact on our social, economic and

large scale at my building system to meet the drinking

environmental aspects of life.

water demand of hotel guests.

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PROBLEM &

OPPORTUNITY Why Conserve Water?

Water scarcity is an acknowledged global problem, with demand for water projected to exceed supply by 40% by 2030. By the same year, half the world’s population will be living in areas of high water stress. Most water (97%) is in the oceans, which cover 71% of the Earth’s surface. 3% is freshwater, two-thirds of which is tied up as ice in glaciers and at the poles. Which leaves approximately 1% as freshwater in rivers, lakes, the atmosphere and in groundwater. (“Water Management and Responsibility in Hotels”, 2018)

According to the latest research conducted by SIWI, almost 20 % of the world’s population live in areas of physical water scarcity. A water scarce region is one where water resources development is “approaching or has exceeded sustainable limits” and “more than 75% of river flows are withdrawn for agriculture, industry, and domestic purposes”. By 2030, the world might face a 40% global demand/supply gap of accessible, reliable water supply for economic development. The private sector is a significant water user and often wholly dependent on water for production and service delivery. The Hospitality industry is one of these where water plays a determining part in everyday operations and potential growth.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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02

INTRODUCTION

Network Civilization Boundary

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LITERATURE

WATER NETWORK

WISER

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Creating a network of water between cities is based on geology, climate, history, architecture, policy, consumption and millions of variables. These hidden variables are the factors shaping our cities now and will be developing the future of the world. From the beginning of creation through civilization to the modern world, water is creating a vast web; we can never outrun. Thus, a network of the water is fabricated. This network connects with the other thousand of diverse systems and creates a new concept of space, a better matrix of the city.

Water can also link to the non-materialistic understanding of space, which is the invisible boundary that is defined by people and their ideas and depletion by use. Some of the significant water networks are provided here to help us get the whole idea about how much we are depended on this water chain. The early river-based situations show that water was playing a significant role in establishing community and civilization. Till today, cities spreads with the path of water. Through the maps, it is intended to show how water as a network connects us worldwide.

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INTRODUCTION

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LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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WISER

INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

WATER & CIVILIZATION

Ancient Egyptian Civillization

River Vally Civilization

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METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Chinese Civillization Indus Vally Civillization

Mesopotamian Civillization

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

MAJOR RIVERSIDE CITIES

Montreal New York

Budapest Amsterdam London Dublin Paris Berlin Rome

Nashville Cairo

Boston

Sao Paolo

Major Cities by River

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Stockholm

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Saint Petersburg Moscow

Tokyo Dhaka Hong Kong New Delhi Bangkok

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

HIGHEST WATER CONSUMPTION

United States

Mexico

LIVESTOCK PUBLIC SUPPLY THERMOELECTRIC PLANTS INDUSTRY IRRIGATION

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Brazil

PRECEDENT STUDY

India

DESIGN PROPOSAL

China

REFERENCE

Russia

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

GLOBAL WATER

CONSUMERS Global Highest Freshwater Consumers: Where the river basin is generally seen as the appropriate unit for analysing freshwater availability and use, this paper shows that it becomes increasingly important to put freshwater issues in a global context. International trade in commodities implies flows of ‘virtual water’ over large distances, where virtual water should be understood as the volume of water required to produce a commodity. Virtual water flows between nations have been estimated from statistics on international product trade and the virtual water content per product in the exporting country. With increasing globalization of trade, global water interdependencies and overseas externalities are likely to increase. At the same time liberalization of trade creates opportunities to increase physical water savings.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Global Top 10 Freshwater Consumers:

CHINA

1,368,004

REFERENCE

(million cubic meters per year)

Household

Industry INDIA

1,144,605

Agriculture Cereals

U.S.

821,354

BRAZIL

355,374

RUSSIA

270,490

INDONESHIA

232,239

PAKISTAN

199,429

Other

MEXICO

197,425

JAPAN

177,779

Milk, Eggs, Fruits, Oils, Nuts, Sugar, Rubber etc

NIGERIA

157,336

Meat

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INTRODUCTION

Arid Climate Water-Scarce City Desert Region

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LITERATURE

SITE ANALYSIS

WISER

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Space as a form displays features by which it can be identified and explored by its users. Henri Lefebvre, French Marxist philosopher, and sociologist writes, “an outcome of past actions, social space is what permits fresh actions to occur while suggesting others and prohibiting yet others” Smith, 2011).

(Lefebvre & Nicholson-

From this point of view, space is both a process and a product, a

commodity. Lefebvre’s conception of space describes us that space and place are much more than just physical locations or zones on a plan; these places are lively, happening, and the source of social meaning through their use.

Through supports of knowledge and technology space is produced, also acts as a product and producer. So, rather than having one single site, in this study, multiple cities based on their climate, humidity, annual rainfall and water scarcity will be taken into account as the proposed site. Demand for water increases with decreasing supply in desert regions around the world. Hence a design prototype for these regions will set a level of water conservation, which can be achievable in more temperate climatic conditions. The major waterscarce cities are as well the suitable places to work within this project.

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INTRODUCTION

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METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

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REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

DESERT REGIONS

Great Basin Mojave Sonoran Chihuahuan

Sahara

Namib

Atacama Subtropical & Costal Deserts Cold Deserts

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Patagonian

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Kyzyl-Kum

Gobi Taklamakan Kara-Kum

Thar Arabian

Great Sandy Kalahari Great Victoria

Tanami Simpson Gibson

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

WATER SCARCE CITIES

London Denver Las Vegas San Fransisco Phoenix

Istanbul

Lincoln Atlanta

El Paso

C

Miami

Mexico City

Sao Paolo

Cape Town

HIGHEST WATER SCARCE CITY MODEST WATER SCARCE CITY

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PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Moscow

Beijing

Tripoli Cairo

Tokyo

Qatar Bangalore

Jakarta

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INTRODUCTION

Transient population Wastage for pleasure Direct & indirect water use Water use by amenities

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LITERATURE

WATER & TOURISM

WISER

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Hospitality industry plays a major role in water consumption.

Hospitality projects have both a strong commercial and moral imperative for addressing water use. The initial step to take when creating a water management plan is to start measuring water consumption and set the tangible targets. It is imperative to know the start point and find out how much water hotels are currently using. Making a comparison globally and city-based with appropriate data analysis will be helpful to see where the areas of highest use are. These are the areas where water conservation needs to focus the most.

In the following chapter, the total water usage by hotels in Las Vegas is explained. How tourism is becoming a reason to increases, the grand demand for water is also shown.

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INTRODUCTION

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METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

WATER USE

IN TOURISM Water use by Country: Water use per guest night across the hotels in the EarthCheck dataset varies from as low as 37 for one particular hotel in Fiji to 2461 for a property in the UAE. Overall, some countries are characterized by a very “tight” distribution of water use per guest night (e.g., France and Germany), whereas others display extreme water use variety (e.g., China, India, and Indonesia). In the case of France, the small variation may be influenced by the fact that the data are strongly influenced by one single hotel chain.

Broadly, however, it is notable that those countries with a narrow distribution of water use per guest night are also those with low mean water consumptions (e.g., France and Spain), and they are typically industrialized countries. The highest per guest night water use was found in the Philippines (981 L/guest night), China (956 L/guest night) and Malaysia (914 L/guest night) (Becken, 2014).

Based on the estimates of water use per guest night, in combination with estimates of tourist nights per annum, annual tourism water use in each country has been derived.

As can be seen in next page tourism’s share is typically quite small. In Fiji, tourism contributes 7.2% to municipal water withdrawal, which is the highest of all countries.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Country Tourism water use Number of per person per tourist per night (Litres) night (,000)

Estimated tourism water use (m3 per annum)

REFERENCE

Tourism’s share of municiple water withdrawl (%)

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

WATER USE

IN TOURISM Tourism in National Domestic Water-use: Freshwater availability is unequally distributed between countries and within countries, where water scarce and abundant water watersheds can be only a hundred kilometers apart. Tourism’s contribution to water use is likely to increase with 1. Increased tourist numbers, 2. Higher hotel standards and 3. The increased water-intensity of tourism activities.

International tourism generally accounts for less than 1 percent of national water use.

Barbados (2.6 percent), Cyprus (4.8 percent) and Malta (7.3 percent) are exceptions and indicate that islands with high tourist arrival numbers and limited water resources are more likely to face water conflicts (Becken, 2014). This becomes even more obvious when calculating the share of tourism-related water consumption in comparison to domestic water use, and when water consumption by domestic tourism is also considered. The proportion of water consumption by the tourism sector is typically below 5 percent of domestic water use but can be as high as 40 percent (Mauritius). In the 19 countries included in this analysis, comprising the world’s most important tourism countries (by arrivals) and a sample of highly tourism-dependent islands (high percentage of GDP), the tourism sector was found to represent greater than 10 percent of domestic water use in 7 of them. This finding suggests that national-scale discussions of water security should not overlook tourism as a sector.

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Russia

DESIGN PROPOSAL

1 0.5

Egypt

2

0.5

United States

3

1

Japan

3

0.5

Brazil

4

0.5

United Kingdom

4

2

Ireland

2

India

7

0.5

Indonesia

7

1

Tunisia

3

Uruguay

4

4

Greece

4

4

Switzerland

6

4

France

6

4

Spain

6

6

Barbados

REFERENCE

7

5

9

4.5

Malta

3

Cyprus

2

Mauritius

11 16 21

19

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Domestic Tourist International Tourist

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

WATER USE

IN TOURISM Global Water Use by Hotel Amenities: Compared to other economic sectors, such as agriculture, there are very few specific regional or national statistics on water use tourism and the use of water related to tourism is still being investigated. The following sections discuss the range of estimated direct (Accommodation, Activities) and indirect water use (use of fossil fuels for transport, food, infrastructure) available in gobal average.

Water use categories and estimated use per tourist per day.

Water use category - Direct (L per tourist per day) Accommodation: 84–2000 L Activities: 10–30 L Water use category - Indirect (L per tourist per day) Infrastructure: N/A Fossil fuels: 750 (per 1000 km by air/car) Biofuels : 2500 (per 1 L) Food: 2000–5000 L Total use per tourist per day: Estimated range: 2000–7500 L (Gössling et al., 2012)

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REFERENCE

Potable water Food & Beverage Landscaping Wasing & Toilet

Shower or Bath Energy production

Resort Hotel

Motel

Laundry & Cleaning Spa & Jacuzzi Swimming pool Attraction

Water Feature Retail Service

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

HOTEL vs GUESTHOUSE

WATER USE

Precedent Study: Comparison of Hotel & Guesthouse water consumption According to one study of hotels in a tropical environment (Zanzibar, Tanzania – GÜssling, 2001), most water in hotels was used for continuous irrigation of gardens (50 per cent, or a weighted average of 465 L per tourist per day), a result of the poor storage capacity of the soils, high evaporation, and plant species not adapted to arid conditions. In contrast, in guesthouses, the second dominant accommodation category, irrigation accounted for only 15 per cent of the total water use (37 L per tourist per day).

55%

15% 15% 10%

Landscaping Restaurant Shower, Flushing, Washing and Drinking

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Laundry

5%

Cleaning

E

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

20%

5%

Shower, Flushing, Laundry Washing and Drinking

REFERENCE

50% 4%

Landscaping Restaurant

15%

Swimming Pool

5%

Cleaning

The major proportion of water in guesthouses was spent for direct uses including taking showers, flushing the toilet, and the use of tap water (55 per cent, 136 L per tourist per day), with a corresponding consumption of 20 per cent or 186 L per tourist per day in hotels. The higher demand of hotel guests was found to be a result of additional showers taken after swimming, and more luxurious bathroom facilities.

Swimming pools represented another important factor of water use, accounting for about 15 per cent (140 L per tourist per day) of the water demand of hotels.

Indirectly, swimming pools added to laundry, for Hotel Water Consumption

example when additional towels were handed out to guests. Guesthouses in the study area did not have swimming pools, which can partially explain lower water use rates. Laundry accounts for about 10 per cent (25 L per tourist per day) of the water used in guesthouses and 5 per cent (47 L per tourist per day) in hotels. Cleaning adds 5 per cent to the water demand in both guesthouses (12 L per tourist per day) and hotels (47 L per tourist per day). Finally, restaurants in guesthouses account for 15 per cent of the water used in guesthouses (37 L per tourist per day) and for 5 per cent (47 L per tourist per day) in

Guesthouse Water Consumption

hotels.

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

WATER STATS

LAS VEGAS Current Water Use:

In Southern Nevada, residential water customers use just over 60 percent of the water supply, with 12.8 percent for commercial/industrial, 6.8 percent for golf courses, 7.2 percent for resorts, 5.6 percent for schools and parks, 5.6 percent for common areas and 1.6 percent for other water use

(Timeline &

Timeline, 2018).

12.8% 7.2% 6.8% 5.6% 5.6% 1.6% Commercial/ Industrial

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Resorts

Golf Courses

Schools & Parks

Common Areas

Other use

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Transient and Total Population: There are about 3.5 millions of visitors per month in Las Vegas, which goes up to total 39 millions of visitor in 2017 (“Monthly Las Vegas Visitor Statistics Executive Summary | LVCVA”, 2018).

The population of

Las Vegas in 2017 is 2.25 millions, which shows that the local economy depends to a large extent on tourism.

Average Monthly Tourist Population

Average Monthly Occupancy Rate : Occupency rate of the hotel rooms vary in between 80% to 90%

(“Clark County, Nevada

2017 Population Estimates”, 2018).

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

LAS VEGAS HOTEL

WATER USE Water Consumption by Catagory: • Hotel rooms use 1.6 billion gallons of water per year.

• Fixtures outside hotels use, 871 million gallons of water per year.

• Water use for irrigation:

329 million gallons (Landscape)+ 112 million gallons (Xeriscape) = 504 million gallons per year • Pool water and Decorative Fountains use 23 million gallons per year.

So, total water use for Las Vegas hotels are: Hotel Rooms (gal/year) + Fixtures outside hotel rooms (gal/year) + Irrigation (gal/year) + Pool and Decorative fountains (gal/year) = about 3 billion gallons of water per year

(Trabia, 2014).

Nevada receives 300,000 acre-feet per year (AFY) of Colorado River water under the Law of the River compacts. An acre-foot is equivalent to 325,851 gallons of water. So, Nevada recieves total of about 97.7 billion gallons of water per year.

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Water use percentage by Catagory According to the calculation, the maximun water use in Las Vegas Hotels, which is about 53%, is for the hotel rooms. The next highest use is for the fixtures outside the hotel rooms at 29%, then landscaping at 13% and xeriscaping at only 4%.

Pools are only 1% of the total water utilized.

53%

29%

13%

4%

1%

on shower, flushing,

on laundry and

landscaping

xeriscaping

pools & decorative

washing and drinking

restaurants

fountains

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INTRODUCTION

Millennials Largest Consumer Group Eco-Efficiency Water Conservation

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SOCIAL ANALYSIS

WISER

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Currently, Millennials are the largest consumer group of the world, and as they are set to overtake the Baby Boomer generation as the most substantial working generation, their spending habits and practices can greatly influence the economy. This exploratory study will assess eco-efficient preferences among Millenials to apply water conservation at hotels. This study will also show the mindset of this generation towards eco-efficiency and do they feel a responsibility towards sustainable measure, as water conservation. As the most substantial clientele and traveler group of the world right now, it is essential to know about their acceptance towards the water-smart infrastructure. A physical survey is also included to explain how they think about the methods discussed and applied in this project, and their desireable amenities.

Millennials are the core demographic of my social analysis, however this prototype also satisfies the needs of the secondary market, the guests who are not the millennials.

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INTRODUCTION

LITERATURE

WHO ARE

METHODOLOGY

MILLENNIALS? The Millennials, also known as the “social generation,” are born between 1984 and 2000, ages 18-34. According to Millennial Marketing, “they make up about 25% of the U.S. population and are known to be the largest spending group by 2017. This is estimated to be over a trillion dollars in direct buying power and a huge influence on older generations.”

Millennials are content creators and users due to their experiences in using technology. They value brands and products that enhance their lives and serve a purpose, which intrigues and entertains them. For millennials, new technology must serve a purpose in order to be considered cool.

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36% of the budget of a millennial will be spent on Hotels

77% Prefer to spend money on a cool experience, over a cool product

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50% of the Millennials will purchase to support a good cause

56% Report they are usually either one of the very first to try new technology

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METHODOLOGY

MILLENNIAL

PREFERENCES Desirable Hotel Amenities: According to millennials, the desirable hotel amenities vary in some categories. The most desirable amenity is having free internet access, which is quite expected from the technological generation. To almost 39% percent it is incredibly vital, and to 58% it is imperative, only remaining 13% said it is moderately important or not important to them.

Followed by privacy, beach or swimming pools, restaurants are also essential features to them.

Free Wifi

39%

Privacy

29%

Beach

25%

Swimming Pool

23%

Walking Distance to Resturants

22%

Proximity to attraction

20%

Hotel Resturant

17%

34%

All Inclusive Package

19%

33%

Nightlife

16%

Lobby, Louge & Bar

18%

Fitness Center

16% 0%

58% 48% 42% 42% 40% 39%

32% 32% 30% 20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Extreamly Important Very Important

Sustainable Product Payment: Almost 51% of the millennials are willing to pay more for sustainable products. Followed by Generation X, 25% are willing to pay more to purchase sustainable products.

Surprisingly, Generation Z is the group, most reluctant to pay more for

Generation Z

Millennials

Generation X

Baby Boomers

91%

9%

49%

51%

75%

25%

88%

12%

0%

20%

40%

Willing to pay more Resistant to pay more

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60%

80%

100%

120%

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Sustainable Features for Hospitality Project: The following are the eco-friendly features millennials prefer in hotels and according to this percentage. 52% of the millennials would prefer to have recycling options, while 42% are looking for energy-efficiency. 23% thinks green cleaning supplies are crucial, followed by 16 %, who want the Solar panel and 13% want a green building system. (“The

52%

Ideal Vacation Rental Home for Millennials, Boomers and Beyond | Tripping.com Rentals | Tripping.com�, 2018)

42%

23% 16%

Recycling Options

Energy Efficiency

Green Cleaning Supply

13%

Solar Panel

Green Building

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SURVEY ANALYSIS Do millennials prefer to conserve water during their stay at hotel in Las Vegas?

Variables: The macro variables of this study are Millennials, multiple water conservation methods, and Las Vegas hotels. We are seeking to understand the relationship between these three subjects and how they interact.

Millennials: How eco-conscious are the millennials as a generation? Do they tend to use these methods more if they are linked to reward points or tariff reimbursement?

Water Conservation Methods: What are the most effective methods for water conservation? Are these The purpose of this survey analysis is

methods accessible to apply and easy to install? How

to find out social ramification about

much water can they save?

water conservation methods in hotels.

Las Vegas Hotel: Do hotels in Las Vegas need water

Consumers should be willing to accept

conservation? What are the current sustainability

the new water culture for better utilization

programs currently provided by the hotel for guests?

and lesser waste. This exploratory study

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will assess consumer behavior among

The other variables are the economic factor connected

Millennials, ages from 18-36, to identify

with these sustainable methods. Utilizing our data

the water conservation opportunities in

gathering tool, we are looking to gain insight into these

hospitality project.

questions.

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The research technique will be analyzing the human behavior in the specific area towards sustainability through selected survey questioners between a specific age group of people from 18-36, who are also known

17 surveyed

33 surveyed

as the millennial generation.

This survey performed among millennials, among the students of University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV),

millennias were among

millennias were tourists

the students of UNLV

and currently staying at

who are enrolled in this semester. It also took place

who are current resident

the hotels of Las Vegas

at the Las Vegas Strip to select random people, who

of Las Vegas.

might or might not be a tourist and currently staying at the hotels of Las Vegas, of a particular age group of 18-36, to diversify the survey group. Race, Cultural affiliation, and gender will not be criteria used for the solicitation of the survey group.

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SURVEY ANALYSIS Do millennials prefer to conserve water during their stay at hotel in Las Vegas?

Question 1: What are your primary reasons to choose a hotel?

1.Convenience/ Location 2.Price 3.Rewards Program 4.Environmentally-friendly Question 1 helps to understaWnd the major factors that help Millennials to choose hotels when they travel in ranked order. This also will give a clear understanding on how they are ranking Environmentally-friendly as a choice to select hotel.

Question 2: On a scale, from 1 to 10, how likely are you going to rate yourself as eco-conscious?

[1= Least of my decisions are environmentally conscious, 10ÂŹ= Most of my decisions are environmentally conscious] Question 2 inquiries, so that it begins to clarify the motivations of eco-consciousness of the surveyed random group of people. From the point, 1-10 varies from least to most environmentally conscious decisions. It will help to understand if their choice of water conservation has a positive causal relationship with the people with maximum-minimum environmentally conscious decisions.

Question 3: How willing are you to pay less to conserves water in a hotel room? (10% water savings equals $10 off your bill, 25%= $20 off, 50%= $30 off) Question 3 was asked to get the idea of how much water conservation they will do during their stay at the hotel from the average allocated water supply per room if their bills are reimbursed with a certain amount of money, saved from the water bill. This is an average water bill study of a $250 hotel room that will give us an evaluation study of increasing or decreasing water saving mindset when there is a reward program.

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Question 4: What types of sustainability programs have you experienced previously while your stay at a hotel? (Check all that apply) A.Recycling B.Water-saving fixtures C.Reuse Linen/Towel D.Green Cleaning products E.Used recycled materials F.Used alternative energy There are multiple sustainable features that the hotels are currently introducing and frequently using to give a better and eco-conscious experience to the guests. This question was to explore if the group those has been through this survey, had previous experience on using these multiple types of sustainability programs.

Question 5: How satisfied are you experiencing the previous sustainability programs in a hotel on a scale of 1-10? (1 not at all satisfied, 10 completely satisfied) This question is to analyze how satisfied the users were if they used any of the sustainability programs in a hotel previously. Customer satisfaction is paramount and can be one of the related to accept or decline water saving methods.

Question 6: Do you agree that it is our responsibility to conserve water for future generations? Yes /No This question might appear as a directive question, but it is essential to understand how the millennials feel about water saving necessities. Do they take responsibility for the water they are consuming and are they willing to save for the next generation?

Question 7: Would you be more likely to take a limited-water hotel room if you receive a reward point bonus? Yes /No/Other Question 7 was asked to understand millennials mindset to save water if any reward system integrates with it. Because having an eco-conscious mindset may not be the only factor for them to get motivated to conserve water. Reward system may be another variable to encourage them for water saving. Through this question, it will be clear that what percentage of people will appreciate a limited-water hotel room if they receive a reward point. This reward may vary according to hotel policy.

Question 8: Would you like to have a water-saving showering system, which allows you to take a shower within a 5-minute time, in your hotel room to save water? Yes /No/ Other This question states explicitly, the time of a water-saving showering system and analyzes how willing the surveyed millennials are to use this system to save water. Are they willing to take a short-timed shower system as a sustainable approach?

Question 9: Would you prefer to use treated greywater (relatively clean waste water from baths, sinks, washing machines) to flush the toilet? Yes /No/ Other Question 9 is another specific question to analyze if the surveyed millennials are willing to use the treated greywater system as their water conservation method? This question will help to find the solution of the mindset of them if designers are proposing this specific design solution.

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SURVEY RESULTS Question 1: What are your primary reasons to choose a hotel?

Environmentally-friendly Rewards Program Price Convenience/ Location

5 2 19 24

Question 2: On a scale, from 1 to 10, how likely are you going to rate yourself as eco-conscious?

[1= Least of my decisions are environmentally conscious, 10ÂŹ= Most of my decisions are environmentally conscious]

68% 36%

of the millennials rated themselves as more than half of their decisions are environmentally conscious. of the millennials rated themselves as less than half of their decisions are environmentally conscious.

Question 3: How willing are you to pay less to conserves water in a hotel room? (10% water savings equals $10 off your bill, 25%= $20 off, 50%= $30 off)

78% 5% 17%

of the millennials are willing to save 50% water is they have $30 off from their hotel bill of the millennials are willing to save 10% water is they have $10 off from their hotel bill of the millennials are willing to save more than 50% water is they have even more money offset from their hotel bill

Question 4: What types of sustainability programs have you experienced previously while your stay at a hotel?

Recycling Water-saving fixtures Reuse Linen/Towel Green Cleaning products Used recycled materials Used alternative energy

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Question 5: How satisfied are you experiencing the previous sustainability programs in a hotel on a scale of 1-10? (1 not at all satisfied, 10 completely satisfied) of the millennials stated that they are mostly satisfied by the previous sustainability programs of the millennials stated that they are least or partialy satisfied by the previous sustainability programs

93% 7%

Question 6: Do you agree that it is our responsibility to conserve water for future generations?

88% 12%

of the millennials agreed that it is our responsibility to conserve water for future generations of the millennials disagreed that it is our responsibility to conserve water for future generations Question 7: Would you be more likely to take a limited-water hotel room if you receive a reward point bonus?

67% 33%

of the millennials would like to take a limited-water hotel room with a reward point of the millennials would not prefer to take a limited-water hotel room with a reward point

Question 8: Would you like to have a water-saving showering system, which allows you to take a shower within a 5-minute time, in your hotel room to save water?

90% 10%

of the millennials would prefer the water-saving showering system of the millennials would not prefer the water-saving showering system

Question 9: Would you prefer to use treated greywater (relatively clean waste water from baths, sinks, washing machines) to flush the toilet?

84% 16%

of the millennials would prefer to use treated greywater to flush the toilet of the millennials would not prefer to use treated greywater to flush the toilet

SURVEY RESULTS

According to my small-scale survey, more than 65% of the millennials are willing to use a water-smart system at hotels for water conservation.

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03

INTRODUCTION

Water Treatment 4-R Approch Water Management Efficient Technology Reduce Water Consumption

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WISER

LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

PRECEDENT STUDY

DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

There are multiple levels of ideas and technological feasibilities in water management, the framework is developed based on the commonly known 3R approach in environmental management, with the addition of another R (Regenerate). It is proposed that hotels can innovate and enhance their water management approaches under these 4Rs: Innovative Regenerating, Innovative Reducing, Innovative Reusing and Innovative Recycling. Water treatment technologies are used for three purposes, i.e., water source reduction, wastewater treatment, and recycling. Recycled water, including purified effluent, offers a cheaper source than desalination, but many governments are reluctant to embrace this.

In this chapter, the methods of water conservation are explained that are most suitable for hospitality scale project in arid climate.

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WATER SAVING IN

HOSPITALITY Hospitality projects have both a strong commercial and moral imperative for addressing water use. Cost is a definite factor: water accounts for 10% of utility bills in many hotels. The moral reasons are equally compelling; water is a scarce resource in many regions around the world. Therefore hotels or resorts have a responsibility not to use more than necessary.

By 2030, the world might face a 40% global demand or supply gap of accessible, reliable water supply for economic development Guidelines for Water Usage in Hotel Industry�, 2018).

(“Best Practice

The private sector is a significant

water user and often wholly dependent on water for production and service delivery. The Hospitality industry is one of these where water plays a determining part in everyday operations and potential growth.

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WATER MODEL

METHODOLOGY

4-R METHODS Methods of Water Conservation: The 3-R methods of water conservation are: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

With these methods, the 4th R is incorporated, which is Regenerate.

Reduce: In this method, the waste-water generation will be the minimum.

Reuse: This methods explains the ways to reuse the available resources to the maximum.

Recycle: This explains how to recycle the wastewater and use it to multiple non-potable purposes.

Regenerate: Water generation from atmosphere and use that water in all purposes including potable water.

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Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

reduce the waste water generation to the minimum

water can be treated and used again

rain-water can be treated & used for non-potable activities

WATER-SMART HOTEL

Regenerate water generation from humidity and used for all purpose

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4-R METHODS Regenerating water by capturing atmosphere water and storing, that water can be used in multiple activities. This method is interlinked to all the other methods in usability purposes.

By combining reducing and reusing method through the smart-shower and flushing system, water consumption can be reduced on a grand scale.

Amenities, such as Spa, Jacuzzi, Shower and Toilet water use can be reduced.

By recycling grey water through on-site biofiltration and reducing water use, amenities like Xeriscaping, Cleaning and Laundry purposes can be served.

By recycling rainwater and reusing it on purposes like a Decorative Water Feature, Pool, Cooling Tower, and so forth water use can be reduced. By reducing the use of recycled water in Xeriscaping, Cleaning, and Laundry, water waste can be minimized.

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+ Smart-Shower & Flush System

Reuse

Spa/ Jacuzzi Shower & Bath Toilet Flushing Resturant

+

Rainwater Harvesting

Regenerate

+

Decorative Water Features Swimming Pool Cooling Tower Energy Production

+

Reduce

Xeriscapng Cleaning Laundry

+ + Recycle

On-Site Biofiltration

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REGENERATE: Water Harvesting from Air: Water at atmosphere is a resource equivalent to almost 10% of all fresh water in lakes in the world. By usng atmospheric water generator, we can extract water from humid ambient air. Years ago, the “Inca”s were able to sustain their culture above the rain line by collecting dew and channeling it to cisterns for later distribution. These traditional methods have usually been completely passive, requiring no external energy source other than naturally occurring temperature variations. Modern innovations allow us to have better functional water generation devices. In this Chapter, methods to use Atmospheric water generator is described

(“Home: Creating potable water with

atmospheric water generators - Air to Water Technologies, Inc.”, 2018).

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How to get Water from Air: 1. Air Filter: Prior to the air going through the filters, the temperature and humidity is measured to create the dew point set point for the controller. Then air and it’s humidity is pulled through air filters to remove any airborne particulates.

2. Condenser: Water is condensed according to humidity level of atmosphere. By using multiple types of invented technology, water can be created economically. With higher humidity level, water generation will be higher and vice versa.

3. Carbon Filter: The newly created water is pulled through a series of water filters to remove any non-dissolved solids.The water is periodically circulated and treated with ozone assure that no bacteria will form.

4. Water Tank: Any storage of water requires treatment by ozone.The ozone treated water is periodically circulated through the entire filtration system to remain bacteria free.

5. Potable Water: This newly created water has none of the problems of ground water and therefore does not require any further filtration to serve as drinking water.

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REGENERATE: Water Harvesting from Air: Water scarcity is a particularly severe challenge in arid and desert climates.

While a substantial amount of water is present in the form of vapor in the atmosphere, harvesting this water by usual dewing technology can be extremely energy intensive and impractical, mainly when the relative humidity (RH) is low (i.e., below ~40% RH)

(Kim et al., 2018).

At next pages, I will be explaining an atmospheric water generator, that overcomes the basic challenges of a generator. Here, a developed a metalorganic framework-based water harvesting device is proposed, that can deliver over 0.25 L of water per kg of adsorbent over a single cycle at relative humidities of 10–40% and at subzero dew points with no additional energy than the sunlight.

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Atmospheric Water Generator Challanges:

Humidity

Scale

Energy Efficiency

As the relative humidity increases in atmosphere, water percentage also increases and allows us to have more productive air to water generator.

Another major factor is scale.

It is possible to generate water for a limited amount with this process, but to produce in a building scale for more extensive group of people is difficult.

The extraction of atmospheric water can require a significant input of energy, which might not a sustainable option.

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REGENERATE: Water Harvesting with Metal_Organic Framework: Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a material to build a “solar-powered harvester,” a machine that can pull water out of air. The key is in the development of a molecular powder, a metal–organic framework (MOF), that is highly porous and acts like a sponge to absorb water. One kilogram of the special material, MOF, allows the device to harvest 2.8 liters of water per day from air with low relative humidity of 20 percent with no additional energy input

(Kellner, 2018).

MOF materials

combine “metals like magnesium or aluminum with organic molecules in a tinker-toy arrangement to create rigid, porous structures ideal for storing gases and liquids”. The MOF inside the MIT device is a mix of zirconium metal and adipic acid, which binds water vapor.

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MOF Device: This device consists of a kilogram of dust-sized MOF crystals pressed into a thin sheet of porous copper metal. That sheet is placed between a solar absorber and a condenser plate and positioned inside a chamber. Due to the fixed side walls of the small-scale device, which prevented access to air flow (vapour source), the MOF layer was secured in a separate enclosure that allowed adequate access to air (Office, 2018).

1. Water molecules in air get trapped in MetalOrganic Framework (MOF).

2. Heat from sun on glass forces molecules on to heat exchanger fins where they condense.

3. Drops of water are collected.

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REGENERATE: MOF Working Process: Porous materials such as zeolites and silica gels can adsorb water molecules from less humid air, but these materials usually have limited capacities or require high temperatures to release it. That bring out the need of a material that selectively brings water in but does not hang on to it too tightly. There comes the new metal organic framework, which the scientists names as MOF-801.

The amount of water that can be harvested in a single cycle using MOF801 can be evaluated based on the adsorption isotherm. For representative conditions in the test location, with a night-time ambient temperature of 15–25 °C and RH of ~30% during adsorption, the equilibrium uptake is estimated to be ~0.25 kg kg−1 (kg of water per kg of MOF-801). To achieve complete desorption (at ~10% RH), with a day-time ambient (condenser) temperature of 30 °C (saturation vapour pressure, Psat = 4.2 kPa), the adsorbent must be heated to a minimum of 77 °C (Psat = 42 kPa). This corresponds to a target temperature difference of ~45 K between the adsorber and the condenser

(“Home: Creating potable water with atmospheric water

generators - Air to Water Technologies, Inc.”, 2018).

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Night-time Water Absorption

REFERENCE

Day-time Water Harvesting Solar Radiance

Radiative Cooling MOF Layer Desert Air (vapor source) Water Vapor

Condenser

Collected Water

ABSORPTION

HARVESTING

At night, the device is opened, allowing air to flow into a poros MOF that grabs and hols water molecules.

During the day, the chamber is closed and the sun’s heat causes the MOF to release the water as vapor that condenses and collected.

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REGENERATE: Materials: Human water consumption is about 150 litres per person per day, so the production capacity of the MOF is low. For 1,000 persons, 3,000 tons of MOF would be necessary to cover demand. This would mean MOF production at industrial scale, which is yet not happened.

Materials include, “Plexiglass, wood, water, and organic linker.” Costs will be negligible in case of large-scale production. Another important feature is, this device does not require an additional source of energy or solar panels unlike other systems, and can take solar energy directly from sun.

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Absorption

REFERENCE

Humidity Level: This device can perform from humidity level

Water Uptake (kg kg-1

10%-40%. In this chart, the absorption and desorption levels are shown at a different temperature. They have already successfully tested this device at Tempe, AZ, the city has average 30% average humidity

(“Home: Creating

potable water with atmospheric water generators - Air to

Desorption

Water Technologies, Inc.�, 2018).

In the next page, different cities around the Relative Humidity

world of an average humidity level of 20%50% are given. This gives us the basic idea of which cities can implement this device as water generator from the atmosphere.

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102 UNLV SoA | HD STUDIO • Phoenix, AZ

• Carson City, NV

• El Paso, TX

• Luxor, Egypt

• Reno, NV

• Denver, CO

• Ica, Peru

LITERATURE

• TKhartoum, Sudan

• Las Vegas, NV

• Wadi Halfa, Sudan

• Colorado Springs, CO

INTRODUCTION

• Aswan, Egypt

• Windhoek, Namibia

• Aoulef, Algeria

• N’Djamena, Chad

WISER METHODOLOGY

20

• Tamanrasset, Algeria

30 • Tempe, AZ

40 • Spring Valley, NV

• Karachi, Pakistan

• Idaho Falls, ID

• Regina, Canada

• Lake Havasu City, AZ

• Salt Lake City, UT

50

• St. George, UT

AVERAGE HUMIDITY

• Kerman, Iran

• Kufra, Libia

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REUSE: By methods of reusing,here the ways to use the available resources to the maximum is explained. One of the most popular and effective method is rainwater harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is technique involves of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks for later use, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers, before it is lost as surface runoff.

Rainwater harvesting is becoming popular once again for two reasons: its superior water quality and a desire to reduce the use and dependence on municipally treated water for all of our daily uses. Rainwater has long been valued for its purity and softness 2018).

(“What is Rainwater Harvesting and its Benefits?�,

It is free from salts, minerals, and other natural and human-made

contaminants. Also, rainwater harvesting is valued as a water conservation tool since it allows anyone to use rainwater instead of municipally treated water. This reduces the amount of water a municipality has to treat and deliver to their service area.

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REUSE: Rainwater Harvesting System: One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting and stored in rainwater tanks. Water can also be collected in dams from rain falling on the ground and producing runoff. By capturing water directly, we can significantly reduce our reliance on water storage dams. This method lays less stress on these dams and can potentially reduce the need to expand these dams or building.

The size of the area of capture or roof area must also be known when estimating the amount of rainfall that can be collected. The larger the roof area, the more rainfall that is to be collected. The concepts of rainwater harvesting are not only applied to roof catchments. Ground runoff can be modeled and used as input to overall water balance calculations. Additionally, the size and nature of water usage can be modeled. This model can also account for the way the water is handled. All of these factors can be incorporated into an overall water balance model so that the best strategy for capturing and managing this most precious of natural resources can be determined.

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REFERENCE

Rain on Roof

Cloudburst

Rainfall

Heavy Rain

Normal Rain

Rainfall Intensity

600 mm

600 mm

The Source 500 mm

Internal Drainage Rising Water Pressure

Underground supply to Source

1000 mm

Visible Runoff

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LITERATURE

REUSE: Rainwater Reuse System: Rainwater is conveyed from the roof through gutters into storage tanks.

Light filtration produces water for irrigation and flushing, though additional sanitization can be implemented to bring it up to drinkable standards and can be used in the shower, bath and sink use. As the water is cleaned before use, there is no need to worry about it leaving residue in toilet bowls or containing harmful pollutants for plants. One intent of such systems is to reduce demand on public water supplies by replacing potable water that would otherwise use for many outdoor purposes. Over 60% of potable water use can be reduced through low-flow fixtures, rainwater collection & reuse, and stormwater control. Approximately 550 gallons of rainwater can be collected for every 1000 square feet of collection surface per inch of rain (“Rainwater Collection and Conservation”, 2018).

Rainwater Collection Calculation Formulas and Equations: Roof Area (Sft) X Precipitation Amount (in) X 0.623 = Amount Collected (gallons)

(“Rainwater Harvesting Calculator, Formulas, and Equations”, 2018)

For Example, In Las Vegas, on a hotel with 50,000 Sft roof area, the total rainwater collection will be: (annual rainfall in Las Vegas is 4.17 inch) 50,000 Sft X 4.17 in X 0,623 = 129,895.5 gallons of water

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Gutter on PV arrey

Emergency overflow to storm drain

Cooling Tower water

Toilet Flushing

Landscaping/ Xeriscaping

Rainwater drains to cistern

Overflow to storm drain

130,000 Gallon Water Tank

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LITERATURE

REDUCE: One of the main reasons for high water consumption in the hotel sector is guest behavior. Hotel guests tend to have a “pleasure approach� to shower or bath, using more water than they usually would at home. So, reducing water usage will be a beneficial method for hospitality projects.

Low-flow technology installation can save large volumes of water across bathrooms and kitchens, with minimal effect on the customer experience.

Adjustable flow restrictors on taps enable them to deliver a lower instantaneous flow rate than screw-operated taps and can reduce water use by over 50%.

Similarly, low-flow showerheads cost very little and use around 9.45 liters a minute compared with conventional heads (which typically use nearly twice that). If designed appropriately, they should feel as useful as higher water volume models.

An IHG property recently experienced huge savings by implementing this kind of technology. Holiday Inn in Flinders, Australia, recouped its USD 19,500 investment in low flow technology after 18 months and cut water usage by 50%.

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REDUCE: Water Saving & Efficient Fixtures: Efficient fixtures can help save gallons of water, as well, lessens water bills—even just installing a low-flow and efficient fixtures will save a hotel millions of dollars in a lifetime of that fixture. Moreover, since water used in bathrooms is often heated, saving water saves energy, as well. Users can save up to 70% on water conservation when compared with manual activated taps (“Faucet Fixtures Introduction”, 2018).

A lot of water is wasted when turning the tap

on and off manually. With sensor faucets, the tap is activated or deactivated within 0.5 second, and does not drip, a common problem with manual taps.

Low-flow toilets do not have smaller tanks than the regular toilet; instead, they use a combination of gravity, bowl shape and size and also air pressure to effectively flush solid waste, using 1.6 gallons of water or less. Low-flow showerheads introduce air into the system, which helps produce larger droplets with adequate pressure, even while using less water.

Another strategy is to use different volumes of water for independent purposes. Dual-flush toilets and showerheads which allow the user to adjust the intensity of the flow with the touch of a button are suitable examples.

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Toilet Regular: 3.5 gallon/ minute Low flow: 1.6 gallon/minute

Faucet Regular: 2.5 gallon/minute Aerated Flow: 0.5 gallon/minute with no adverse impact on general hand washing Sensor Faucet: Saves 70% more than regular

Shower & Bath Bathtub: 70 gallon to fill tub Shower- 10 minute Regular flow: 50 gallon Low flow: 25 gallon

Laundry Regular: 41 gallon per full load High Efficient: 20 gallon per full load

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LITERATURE

REDUCE &

RECYCLE: Water-Smart Shower & Toilet: To provide a sustainable, water-conservative, and smart facility that reduce water consumption during showers and stores as well as treats greywater in two separate tanks – one without soap/shampoo/any other chemical, and one with them – to be used later, preceded by appropriate water treatment, for onsite toilet flushing and landscaping/gardening/lawn or yard cleaning/car washing.

The facility comes with a shower cabin/tub that has an interface/regulator, which allows the users to select shower options/features, e.g., quick shower, long shower, and shower with or without soap/shampoo/any other chemical.

Based on the selected option/feature and the users’ state of the shower, the shower head’s discharge rate automatically changes and the drainage valves divert water into two separate tanks – one tank having water without soap/shampoo/any other chemical that to be used later for onsite toilet flushing, preceded by primary sieving/basic filtering, and the other tank having water with soap/shampoo/any other chemical that to be treated, possibly with biofiltration and/or microfiltration, and used later for landscaping/xeriscaping, decorative water features and for laundry and cleaning purposes.

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Tank 1

Reuse

Toilet & Urinal

No Soap

Interface

Quick Shower Long Shower With Soap Without Soap

Before Application of Soap

After Application of Soap

Greywater

With Soap & Shampoo

Tank 2 Reuse Treatment

Lanscaping & Xeriscaping

Treated Water Tank

Reuse Decorative Features

Reuse Laundry

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LITERATURE

RECYCLE: Water recycling is reusing treated wastewater for non-potable purposes. There is a growing need to manage water resources sustainably, and reclaimed water has become an increasingly important source of water. Recycled wastewater is an accessible alternative water resource. Due to low-level contamination and continuous availability, grey-water reuse has become a focus for on-site reuse. Grey-water is defined as wastewater without any input from toilets, and it includes wastewater from bathtubs, showers, washing basins, laundry, and kitchen sinks.

Recycled water can satisfy most water demands, as long as it is adequately treated to ensure water quality appropriate for the use. In uses where there is a greater chance of human exposure to the water, more treatment is required.

As for any water source that is not properly treated, health problems could arise from drinking or being exposed to recycled water if it contains diseasecausing organisms or other contaminants. By providing an additional source of water, water recycling can help us find ways to decrease the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems. Other advantages include decreasing wastewater discharges and reducing and preventing pollution. Recycled water can also be used to create or enhance wetlands and riparian habitats.

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RECYCLE: Greywater Treatment: Grey water is defined as the urban wastewater that includes water from baths, showers, hand basins, washing machines, dishwashers, and kitchen sinks, but excludes streams from toilets. Due to the low levels of contaminating pathogens and nitrogen, reuse and recycling of grey water are receiving more and more attention. Numerous studies have been conducted on the treatment of grey water with different technologies, through which that water can be used in multiple sources at hotels. Greywater systems enable up to 50 percent of wastewater to reuse to the hotel after treatment for toilet flushing, laundry, cleaning, and energy production purposes

(Mendler, Odell & Lazarus, 2006).

Because of the separated pipe systems, grey water systems are expensive to install and chemical treatment of the recycled water is sometimes necessary for health and safety reasons. They are therefore best designed into the building at the outset, although increasingly hotels are choosing to retrofit them because of the savings to be made. Payback time is difficult to calculate, as it will depend on the type of systems installed and the relative cost of the potable water to that of the reuse water. The payback can be anything from two to fifteen years depending on the price of water at the location.

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GREY WATER

TREATED WATER

GREYWATER INFLOW MAINS WATER AEROBIC TREATMENT

FILTRATION TANK

CLEAR WATER TANK

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LITERATURE

RECYCLE Recycled Water Calculation: In the following steps, water recycling through greywater system will be calculated for a hotel for 128 guests at Slovakia. Apart from guest room, the hotel includes reception, fitness, restaurant, kitchen and technical room.

Sanitary appliances which will produce greywater are sinks, kitchen sinks, showers and baths. In this case, cleaned white water will be used for toilets and urinal flushing, cleaning and for irrigation. To effectively distribute greywater to fulfill daily demand, volume of produced grey water per day(Qprod), should be more than volume of white water demand per day(Q24)

(Rysulova,

Kaposztasova, Markovic, & Vranay, 2015).

Here, Qprod = (qprod,shower x nbed + qprod,bath x nbed + qprod,sink + qprod,kitchen,sink x nperson ) qprod,shower x nbed = 90.112 L/day

qprod,bath x nbed = 150.16 L/day

qprod,sink = 1,608 L/day

qprod,kitchen,sink x nperson = 5.12 L/day

So, Qprod = 14,148 L/day Q24= (qwc x nperson + qurn x nperson+ qclean x nclean + qirr x Airr) qwc = 26.52 L/day

qurn = 12 L/day

qclean = 0.1 L/day

qirr = 1 L/day

2

Airr = 1230.6 m (Irrigated Area) So, Q24 = 7,391 L/day So, Qprod > Q24

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Cooling Tower

Recycled water

Landscaping

Hand Basin

Laundry

Shower/Bath

Greywater

Aerobic Screening Biological Treatment Ultra Filtration UV Disinfection Chlorine Residual Protection

Toilet/ Urinal

Blackwater

Collection Point

Overflow to Sewer

To Sewer

Treated Water Storage

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SITE DESIGN

STRATEGIES Conserve Water Resource: •Utilize landscape that thrives without supplemental irrigation water.

•Harvest Rainwater to supplement water needs.

Avoid Surface Water Runoff •Reuse runoff water where practicable.

•Promote groundwater recharge and evaporation than surface runoff.

•Avoid concentration of runoff and spread rainwater over the landscape through multiple appropriate design strategy.

Avoid Surface & Groundwater Contamination: •Use bioretention swales, rain gardens, etc. to remove stormwater pollutants.

Make Water System Transparent: •Where water is transferred from space to space, use surface conveyance rather than enclosed pipes.

•Make visible sub-surface seepage from permeable pavements, bioswales, etc.

•Incorporate constructed wetlands into landscape design as a garden-like feature.

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The hospitality industry can work as modern decentralized water infrastructure and include atmosphere

water

generator,

site-collected

rainwater, recycle grey water, and stormwater systems. The goal is to point out a need for standardization to protect the public and to ensure that reliable systems are designed, installed and maintained. It is necessary to define regulation and set standards for designing hybrid systems. From this example of greywater application we can consider, that system is efficient regarding saving potable water. It is clear that the changing of hotel occupation will have an impact on water and financial savings.

The target of these methods was to introduce multiples systems to conserve water. This system of alternative recycled water use can save potable water, where the water is unnecessarily wasted and used where drinking water quality is not needed. These water saving systems can also be economically beneficial in the long term at larger scale hospitality building.

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04

INTRODUCTION

Water Generate on-site Reduce Water waste HIgh-Efficient Fixture

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REFERENCE

The Net-zero water Hotel envisions a future whereby all hospitality projects are configured based on the carrying capacity of the site: harvesting enough water to meet the needs of guests while respecting the natural hydrology of the land, the water needs of the ecosystem the site inhabits, and those of its neighbors. Indeed, water can be used and purified and then used again—and the cycle repeats. Currently, some practices are often illegal due to health, land use and building code regulations that arose precisely because the quality of their water was not adequately safeguarded. Therefore, reaching the ideal for water use means challenging outdated attitudes and technology with the decentralized site- or district-level solutions that are appropriately scaled, elegant and efficient.

The intent of the Water Conservation at hotels is to realize how people use water and to redefine ‘waste’ in the hotel building, so that water is respected as a precious resource. In this chapter, examples of hospitality projects that have major water conservation methods are discussed. These are no Net-zero water hotel implementation yet. Hopefully, very soon, there will be a leading example of a hospitality project, that generates its water on premise.

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PROXIMITY HOTEL

GREENSBORO Hotel Design Details and Program: Site: Greensboro, North Carolina Project Size: 102,000 SFt Green Features: First LEED Platinum hotel Architect: Centerpoint Architecture Project Cost: $26 million Building Height: 8 Storied Opened in: Nov 2007 Program: 147 Room 1 Resturant 5,000 SFt of conference, meeting, and event facilities Proximity Hotel is the first LEED Platinum “green hotel” and the building’s design and construction followed guidelines of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System™, the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings.

Water usage has been reduced by 33% by installing high-efficiency Kohler plumbing fixtures, saving two million gallons of water the first year (Ahn & Pearce, 2013).

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PROXIMITY HOTEL

GREENSBORO Sustainable Measures Towards water-saving: To enhance water efficiency, the hotel installed high-efficiency fixtures and fittings, including water closets, dual flush toilets, waterless urinals, and lowflow showers that reduce water consumption. Since those fixtures are known to be closely related to guest satisfaction and a vital part of luxurious bathroom environments, the design teams considered not only the need to reduce water consumption but also the quality and design of the fixtures in the hotel. Also, major strategies adopted for landscaping the hotels’ surroundings were to plant native and adapted plants; to install drip irrigation systems, and to avoid using turfgrass anywhere on either site. Proximity used a non-potable water source for plant irrigation and reduce potable water consumption for landscaping by 64% 526,876 gallons and also installed refrigerators in the hotel kitchen that used geothermal energy instead of water cooled systems, providing significant water saving. As a result of those water saving strategies. By using low flow fixtures, total potable water savings of 403,387 gallons per year, which is 33.5% of total use

(Ahn & Pearce, 2013).

Total water saved by Proximity is 3 million gallons of potable water per year.

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BARDESSONO

Yountville Hotel Design Details and Program: Site: Yountville, California Project Size: 55,159 SFt Green Features: Second LEED Platinum hotel Architect: WATG Project Cost: $46 million Building Height: 8 Storied Opened in: Feb 2009 Type: Boutique Luxury Hotel Program: 62 Room 1 Resturant Spa with four treatment rooms 75-foot-long rooftop infinity pool Meeting Space (“LEED Platinum Certified

Hotel & Spa | Bardessono Yountville

Napa Valley�, 2018)

At Bardessono the designers acted on the environmental values.This model demonstrates two things: A hotel can provide an entirely luxurious guest experience and be very green at the same time, and environmental initiatives can be implemented in a manner that is practical, economical, and aesthetic.

To achieve those goals, Bardessonohas implemented green building practices not only during the design and construction phase of the development but also

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BARDESSONO

Yountville Sustainable Measures Towards water-saving: Indoors, bathroom fixtures with low water flow have been installed, along with dual flush toilets and waterless urinals. Outdoors, native and drought-resistant plants have been chosen for landscaping in order to minimize water demand.

In turn, the drip irrigation system is also designed for maximum efficiency, minimizing water waste. All grey and black water is treated and recycled for irrigation use by the Town of Yountville.

Bardessono can save 1.1 million gallons of water per year. The important strategies related to water efficiency were to identify water saving fixtures on the market, to plant native and adaptable trees and plants, and to install a drip irrigation system or water saving irrigation system if permanent irrigation of landscape is required. By using the water efficient landscaping and irrigation system this hotel reduce potable water consumption for landscaping by 64% that is 526,876 gallons and with low flow fixtures it saves total 34% of its water use, and total potable water savings of 205,218 gallons per year 2013).

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(Ahn & Pearce,

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05

INTRODUCTION

Different types of hotel scales Net-zero water Potable & Non-Potable water MOF on Facade

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There is a growing need to manage water resources sustainably, and reclaimed water has become an increasingly important source of water. To enhance water efficiency, proposed highefficient fixtures and fittings, including water closets, dual flush toilets, waterless urinals, and low-flow showers that reduce water consumption are proposed. Since those fixtures are known to be closely related to guest satisfaction and a vital part of luxurious bathroom environments, the design considers not only the need to reduce water consumption but also the quality and design of the fixtures in the hotel.

Through the amalgamation of all the methods, water saving calculation are showed according to different scale hotels and according to multiple sites. There are three types of hotel scale chosen for the design prototype. According to the guest number and various amenities, water saving percentage changes.

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METHODOLOGY

NET-ZERO WATER

BUILDING

Net zero water creates a water-neutral building where the amount of alternative water used and water returned to the original water source is equal to the building’s total water consumption.

The goal of net zero water is to preserve the quantity and quality of natural water resources with minimal deterioration, depletion, and rerouting of water by utilizing potential alternative water sources and water efficiency measures to minimize the use of supplied freshwater. This principle can be expanded to the hotel scale.This building (constructed or renovated) is designed to: • Minimize total water consumption • Maximize alternative water sources • Minimize wastewater discharge from the building and return water to the original water source.

Alternative Water Use+ Water Returned = Total Water Use

(“Net Zero Water

Building Strategies | Department of Energy”, 2018)

The design elements of a net zero water building includes, • Reducing demand by employing innovative technologies that consume less water.

• Production of alternative water sources to offset purchased freshwater.

• Treating wastewater on-site and reuse or inject treated wastewater into the original water supply.

• Implementation of green infrastructure by infiltrating stormwater to the original water supply.

The target of this project is to go close to net-zero as much as possible, as net zero water is a high goal for sustainable construction but it is exceptionally high for a hospitality project.

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Collect Condensate Wind to Water Turbine Atmospheric Water Generator Rain Harvesting Highly-Efficient Plumbing

Stormwater Management

Water-Smart Landcaping Greywater Treatment On-site

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DESIGN

PROPOSAL Hotel Design Details and Program: Site: Las Vegas

Annual Rainfall: 4.17 inch Average Humidity: 30% Estimated Occupency Rate: 100% Average Occupence per Room: 1.5 guests Hotel Types: There are three types of Hotel scales explored to calculate water saving.

Type 1:

Type 2:

Type 3:

Footprint: 25,000 SFt (Per Floor) Roof Area for MOF Production: 10,000 SFt Roof Area for Rain Catchment: 15,000 SFt Ground Area for Rain Catchment: 5,000 SFt Water Needed for Landscaping: 1,500 gallon

Footprint: 40,000 SFt (Per Floor) Roof Area for MOF Production: 15,000 SFt Roof Area for Rain Catchment: 25,000 SFt Ground Area for Rain Catchment: 10,000 SFt Water Needed for Landscaping: 1,500 gallon

Footprint: 70,000 SFt (Per Floor) Roof Area for MOF Production: 25,000 SFt Roof Area for Rain Catchment: 45,000 SFt Ground Area for Rain Catchment: 10,000 SFt Water Needed for Landscaping: 3.000 gallon

Total Floor: 8

Total Floor: 15

Total Floor: 22

Hotel Program: 100 Guest Room 1 Medium Restaurant Retail

Hotel Program: 250 Guest Room 50 Suites 1 Small & 1 Large Restaurant Retail Pool

Hotel Program: 900 Guest Room 100 Suites 2 Large Restaurants Retail Pool Club Conference Hall

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PROPOSAL Potable Water Saving: Type 3 Water for Drinking & Food Preparation: Average human being consumes 2.8 Liters of water daily. With 1.5 occupency per room, total water needed for drinking purpose is: 2.8 Liters x 1.5 Occupency per Room x 1000 Room = 4,200 Liter or 1,109 gallon of water A typical sit-down restaurant uses 3,000 to 7,000 gallons per day, with an average of about 5,800 gallon everyday (“Water Water Everywhere and 10 Ways for Restaurants to Stem the Flow�, 2018). In my hotel, I am proposing two large scale resturants using 14,000 gallon of water daily.

Water for Shower and sink: Shower use per day is an average duration of 8 minutes per use (2018). Low flow shower system generates 20 gallon water per 8 minute. Guests wash their hands for 2.5 minute in average. If the aerated water flow is 0.5 gallon/ minute with no adverse impact on general hand washing, then per guest 1.5 gallon of water is needed. So, total water use by guests are: 21.5 gallon water x 1.5 Occupency per Room x 1000 Room = 32,250 gallon per day.

Total water used by shower and sink goes to on-site reclycle system.

Total Recycled water = (Shower+ Sink water) - 10% - Water used for flushing = 32,250 gallon - 10% - 11,520 gallon water

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Water generation through MOF Total 70,000 liters of water/day or approx 18,492 gallon water generated from 25,000 sft roof area utilizing MOF to generate water from atmosphere.

100% 10% 2

REFERENCE

1

2 of water for Drinking & Food Preparation Purposes of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes

Rainwater Harvesting Total 540,878 liters of water or 142,885 gallon water generated anually from 45,000 sft roof area and 10,000 ground area utilized for rainwater collection.

1.3%

of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes

2

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PROPOSAL Non-Potable Water Saving: Type 3 Water for Laundry: On average, a US hotel uses 25 gallons of water per room, per day, for laundry.

If we use, high-efficient lundry, that will reduce water usage by more than 50%. In this case, 12 gallons of water per room, per day, for laundry will be required (“Making Sense of Hotel Laundry Costs: A Comparison”, 2018).

Water for Pool: Usually hotels change the pool water twice annually. The water volume of a pool 60 ft. long, 30 ft. wide and that slopes in depth from 3 ft. to 10 ft. is as follows: (30 x 60 x (10 + 3)/2) = 11,700 cubic ft. of water = 87,750 gallons (One cubic foot of water= 7.5 gallons) (“Calculating Swimming Pool Water Volume and MakeUp Water”, 2018)

The amount of make-up water: Inches of Water required to fill the pool x Pool Surface Area (sq. ft.) x .625 = Gallons of Water Water for Landscaping/Xeriscaping: Total 3,000 gallon of water required for both landscaping and xeriscaping everyday. This number is accurate for maximum land use for landscaping.

Replacing Landcaping with xeriscaping will reduce this number of water use.

Water for Flushing Toilet: Guests use toilets 4.8 times per day average occupancy of a hotel is 1.6 per room. If Low flow toilet is installed, which uses 1.6 gallon/minute, Total water for flushing will be: 4.8 x 1500 x 1.6 = 11,520 gallon water per day

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Recycled Greywater Use Total 70,624 liters of water/day or 18,657 gallon greywater treated and recycled on-site. This water fulfill demad for Laundry, Pool, Landscaping, & Xeriscaping.

78%

4

of water for Laundry, Pool, Landscaping, & Xeriscaping Purposes

Shower water for Flushing Toilet Total 11,520 gallon water used for flushing toilets and urinals are generated and recycled from the no-soap shower water everyday.

100%

4

of water for Toilet & Urinal Flushing Purposes

3

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LITERATURE

ALTERNATIVE

METHODOLOGY

APPLICATION MOF on Facade: For smaller hotels with less roof space or hotels with solar panels on the roof, MOF can also be incorporated in the facade. This MOF system is passive and not require any an outside energy supply and no moving parts, other than sunlight. The system can also run without sunlight, all it needs is some source of heat, which could even be a wood fire. There are multiple regions, where there is biomass available to burn and where water is scarce. This system is applicable there. Such systems would only require attention a few times a day to collect the water, open the device to let in fresh air, and begin the next cycle. By incorporating automated functions, this task can operate without manual operation.

This system can be integrated into a building facade, mostly at south side to capture maximum sunlight. It can work as a secondery skin and can be more energy -efficient by reducing solar gain as well. Generated water will be stored on a water tank after specific time period. Then the water can be distributed for drinking and food preparation purpose. Used water can be treated and reused for irrigation purpose and for water features.

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Solar Power

Restaurant MOF on Facade Water Absorption from Atmosphere

Drinking Purpose

Water Distribution

Water Storage

Excess Water towards Landscaping

Excess Water towards Water-Feature

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METHODOLOGY

CALCULATION BY

HOTEL SCALE Water Use & Saving by Catagory: Water use by Type 1 Hotel: (Footprint is 25,000 SFt per floor) Water use for Drinking: 110 gallon Restaurant: 5,800 gallon Shower/ Bath/ Sink: 3,225 gallon Flush: 1,152 gallon Laundry: 1 ,200 gallon Landscaping/Xeriscaping: 1,500 gallon

Total Use: 12,987 gallon per day

Water use by Type 2 Hotel: (Footprint is 40,000 SFt per floor) Water use for Drinking: 343 gallon Restaurant:10,000 gallon Shower/ Bath/ Sink: 9,675 gallon Flush: 3,456 gallon Laundry: 3,600 gallon Landscaping/Xeriscaping: 1,500 gallon Pool: 500 gallon

Total Use: 29,074 gallon per day

Water use by Type 3 Hotel: (Footprint is 70,000 SFt per floor) Water use for Drinking: 1,100 gallon Restaurant:14,000 gallon Shower/ Bath/ Sink: 32,250 gallon Flush:11,520 gallon Laundry: 12,000 gallon Landscaping/Xeriscaping: 3,000 gallon Pool: 500 gallon

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Total Use: 74,370 gallon per day

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

REFERENCE

Type 3 Hotel with 1000 Rooms

Type 2

Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool Club Conference Hall

Hotel with 300 Rooms

Type 1 Boutique Hotel with 100 Rooms Guest Rooms Resturant Retail

1

Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool

Water generation with MOF saves 100% 45%

100% 8%

100% 10%

8%

2.8%

1.3%

Recycled Greywater saves Laundry, Cleaning, 93%

88%

Drinking & Food Preparation Shower, Bath and Sink-use

2

Rainwater Harvesting saves

Shower, Bath and Sink-use

3

Landscaping, & Xeriscaping

4

78%

Shower water for Flushing uses

Toilet & Urinal Flushing

100%

100%

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METHODOLOGY

CALCULATION BY

HOTEL SCALE Overall Water Saving: Average Water use per tourist per day is 303 Liter in Las Vegas, Usa (Gรถssling, St) Water use by Type 1 Hotel: Total Water use: 12,987 gallon per day Water saving through Method Implementation: 11,494 gallon per day Water use per tourist per day is 327 Liter or 86.4 gallon per day Water use by Type 2 Hotel: Total Water Use: 29,074 gallon per day Water saving through Method Implementation: 20,300 gallon per day Water use per tourist per day is 242 Liter or 64 gallon per day Water use by Type 3 Hotel: Total Water Use: 74,370 gallon per day Water saving through Method Implementation: 49,059 gallon per day Water use per tourist per day is 187 Liter or 49.4 gallon per day.

So, according to different hotel scales, water saving percentage will vary even by using the same methods.

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REFERENCE

Type 3 Hotel with 1000 Rooms

Type 2

Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool Club Conference Hall

Hotel with 300 Rooms Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool

Type 1 Boutique Hotel with 100 Rooms Guest Rooms Resturant Retail

88.5% of water is saved

70%

of water is saved

66%

of water is saved

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METHODOLOGY

CALCULATION BY

HOTEL SCALE Towards Net-Zero Water: For Las Vegas, as located in an arid-hot climate, precipitation is low, and the rainfall is only 4.18 inch. So, Rainwater harvesting system might not be an excellent option for a net-zero water hotel.

Type 1: For this scale of the hotel, water deficit is 11.5% and total 1,493 gallons.

Instead of using rainwater catchment system of 20,000 SFt area in the roof and ground, this design can implement only 580 SFt more area of MOF water generation system to fulfill water demand to a 100%.

Type 2: For Type 2 hotel scale, water deficit is 30% and total 8,774 gallons. The rainwater catchment system is taking 35,000 SFt area in the roof and ground. Instead of this method, if this design can implement only 3,200 SFt more area of MOF water generation system at the roof, it can meet the water demand towards a 100% water saving hotel.

Type 3: For Type 3 hotel scale, water deficit is 34% and total 25,701 gallons.

Here, the rainwater catchment system is taking 55,000 SFt area in the roof and ground, yet saving only 1.3% of the water needed for a shower and hand-washing system. Instead of the rainwater storage method, 9,100 SFt can be utilized to generate water through MOF, and a higher percentage of greywater treatment is necessary to fulfill the demand of water for Landscaping and Laundry. Through these implementations, a net-zero water hotel can be achievable in this hotel scale.

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Type 3 Hotel with 1000 Rooms

Type 2 Hotel with 300 Rooms

Type 1 Boutique Hotel with 100 Rooms Guest Rooms Resturant Retail

Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool

Guest Rooms Suites Resturant Retail Pool Club Conference Hall

To make a Net-Zero water and save water upto

100%

Additional 580 SFt more area of MOF water generation system

To make a Net-Zero water and save water upto

100%

Additional 3,200 SFt more area of MOF water generation system

To make a Net-Zero water and save water upto

100%

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Annual Rainfall Warter Scarce Cities Fresh Water Demand

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Available water supply for any region is dependent on five major factors: • How much water is stored underground/ in the aquifers?

• How much rainfall is received annually?

• How much water comes into the region from elsewhere?

• How much of this water is legally available to potential users?

• How much are users willing to pay to access the water?

The designed Prototype is applicable for any significant waterscarce cities, where meeting the water demand is a challenge.

Three cities are picked to perform a water-saving calculation. First is Capetown, South Africa. Recently, this city is fighting to meet the water demand. A net-zero hotel will be beneficial to the context.

The second city is London, England. As a major tourist hub, this city will face a water shortage in the near future. Last, but not the least is Miami, Florida. Being surrounded by water, surprisingly, Miami is facing freshwater scarcity. Designing a water-smart hotel including rainwater capture system will be favorable for this city, as the average annual rainfall rate is very high here.

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SITE:CAPETOWN Water generation through MOF:

Total 70,000 liters of water/day or approx 18,492 gallon water generated from 25,000 sft roof area utilizing MOF to generate water from atmosphere.

100% of water for Drinking & Food Preparation Purposes 10% of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes

Rainwater Harvesting: (Average amount of annual rainfall is 20.47 inch in Capetown) Total 2,655,102 liters of water or 701,404 gallon water generated anually from 45,000 sft roof area and 10,000 ground area utilized for rainwater collection.

7% of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes Recycled Greywater Use:

Total 70,624 liters of water/day or 18,657 gallon greywater treated and recycled on-site. This water fulfill demand for Laundry, Pool, Landscaping, & Xeriscaping.

78% of water for Laundry, Pool, Landscaping, & Xeriscaping Purposes

Shower water for Flushing Toilet:

Total 11,520 gallon water used for flushing toilets and urinals are generated and recycled from the no-soap shower water everyday.

100% of water for Toilet & Urinal Flushing Purposes

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Water use by Type 3 Hotel Total Water Use: 74,370 gpd Method Implementation Saves: 50,590 gpd Water use per tourist per day is 187 Liter or 49.4 gpd

Total Water Saved

68%

Towards Net-Zero water hotel and save water upto

100%

If, additional 8,000 SFt more area of MOF water generation system is incorporated and 7% additional water recycled through greywater treatment system

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SITE:LONDON Water generation through MOF:

Total 70,000 liters of water/day or approx 18,492 gallon water generated from 25,000 sft roof area utilizing MOF to generate water from atmosphere.

100% of water for Drinking & Food Preparation Purposes 10% of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes

Rainwater Harvesting: (Average amount of annual rainfall is 22.97 inch in London) Total 2,980,148 liters of water or 787,272 gallon water generated anually from 45,000 sft roof area and 10,000 ground area utilized for rainwater collection.

8% of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes Recycled Greywater Use:

Total 70,624 liters of water/day or 18,657 gallon greywater treated and recycled on-site. This water fulfill demand for Laundry, Pool, & Landscaping.

80% of water for Laundry, Pool, & Landscaping Purposes

Shower water for Flushing Toilet:

Total 11,520 gallon water used for flushing toilets and urinals are generated and recycled from the no-soap shower water everyday.

100% of water for Toilet & Urinal Flushing Purposes

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Water use by Type 3 Hotel Total Water Use: 72,370 gpd Method Implementation Saves: 50,825 gpd Water use per tourist per day is 182 Liter or 48.2 gpd

Total Water Saved

70%

Towards Net-Zero water hotel and save water upto

100%

If, additional 7,000 SFt more area of MOF water generation system is incorporated and 10% additional water recycled through greywater treatment system

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SITE:MIAMI Water generation through MOF:

Total 70,000 liters of water/day or approx 18,492 gallon water generated from 25,000 sft roof area utilizing MOF to generate water from atmosphere.

100% of water for Drinking & Food Preparation Purposes 10% of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes

Rainwater Harvesting: (Average amount of annual rainfall is 59 inch in Miami) Total 2,980,148 liters of water or 787,272 gallon water generated anually from 45,000 sft roof area and 10,000 ground area utilized for rainwater collection.

7% of water for Shower, Bath and Sink-use Purposes Recycled Greywater Use:

Total 70,624 liters of water/day or 18,657 gallon greywater treated and recycled on-site. This water fulfill demand for Laundry, Pool, & Landscaping.

80% of water for Laundry, Pool, & Landscaping Purposes

Shower water for Flushing Toilet:

Total 11,520 gallon water used for flushing toilets and urinals are generated and recycled from the no-soap shower water everyday.

100% of water for Toilet & Urinal Flushing Purposes

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Water use by Type 3 Hotel Total Water Use: 72,370 gpd Method Implementation Saves: 54,270 gpd Water use per tourist per day is 182 Liter or 48.2 gpd

Total Water Saved

74%

Towards Net-Zero water hotel and save water upto

100%

If, additional 6,000 SFt more area of MOF water generation system is incorporated and 7% additional water recycled through greywater treatment system

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COST

ESTIMATION Replace Guest Room Toilets with 1.6 gpf Models

Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at 9,475 average gpd (not including leakage reduction). Approximately annual dollar savings is $28,000.

Potential Cost: Cost will vary with type of toilet selected. For example, a purchase cost of $90 per toilet is used, plus $30 for in-house installation, minus a $60 per toilet incentive from SPU, for a net installed cost of $60 per toilet, or $53,460 for 891 toilets (“Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration”, 2018).

Payback Period: Approximately 1.9 years (not including savings related to leak reduction). Actual payback after accounting for savings attributable to leak reduction could be under one year.

Replace Guest Room Showers with 2.5 gpm Showerheads

Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at 8,500 average gpd. Water savings for water and sewer would amount to approximately $28,000 annually. Significant energy savings, resulting from less purchasedsteam to make hot water will be in the nearly of 1,000 mbtu (“Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration”, 2018).

Potential Cost: At an estimated $40 installed cost per showerhead, total cost would amount to $35,500. Depending on choice of showerhead, actual cost may be lower.

Payback Period: One year or less when energy savings are included.

Replace Sink and Lavatory Flow Restrictors with 1.5 gpm Aerators

Potential Savings: Savings are estimated at 2.0 gpd per occupied room, 1,425 average gpd, or $4,800 per year (“Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration”, 2018).

Potential Cost: Aerators may be purchased for around $1 each. Total installed cost may be estimated at $2 each, for a cost of $3,564 for 1,782 aerators (2 per guest room). Additional energy savings should apply.

Payback Period: Less than one year.

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CONCLUSION There are four primary steps required towards a water-smart hotel.

Design Initiatives:

In this books, the design initiatives are described to pursue net-zero water or a significant reduction in water consumption for hospitality design. There are examples of hotels of multiple scales and water conservation also changes with the scale. It is found that larger number rooms hotel, has more water need, required for both guest use and other amenities than smaller number rooms of hotels. Besides that, location and climate are also another major factors towards water saving. Multiple cities have higher rainfall than others, that makes them one step ahead towards water saving.

Customer Satisfaction:

There are some initiatives that people are most reluctant to take for water conservation.

For example, greywater can be purified up to drinking level quality, but it is still not desirable to use in non-potable purposes sometimes. It is unreasonable to use potable water for flushing toilet, yet it is how we are used to. My research shows that millennials, as world’s largest consumer group right now, are enthusiastic about sustainable approaches. This study shows that more than 65% of millennial consumers are preferring the new methods to conserve water positively.

Redefine Policy:

Water conservation policy is different in each country. These policies depend on some variables, as water crisis and availability, groundwater level, the cost of water, annual rainfall of that area, water scarcity and public disposition towards the policy. Where some initiatives like, recycled greywater use for laundry purpose is not welcomed right now in Las Vegas but is successfully trending at Capetown.

Shorter Payback Time:

Hotel owners will be willing to invest more towards a sustainable approach if the payback time is shorter. Water crisis might not appear as a vital problem immediately, but this situation is inevitable. By taking some advance steps, the hotel industry can be ahead of this crisis and sustain better.

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WATER-SMART

HOTEL

DESIGN INITIATIVES

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

REDEFINE POLICY

SHORTER PAYBACK TIME

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Modern Water Infrastructure Multiple Systems Social & Economic consequences

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The hospitality industry can work as modern decentralized water infrastructure and include atmosphere water generator, sitecollected rainwater, recycle grey water, and stormwater systems.

From these prototypes of water conservation application, we can consider, that these systems are efficient for saving potable water.

The target of these methods was to introduce multiples systems to conserve water. This system of alternative recycled water use can save potable water, where the water is excessively wasted and used where drinking water quality is not a priority. These water saving systems can also be economically beneficial in the long term at larger scale hospitality building.

By proving social and economic consequences, it is showed that these methods would be beneficial for both served and service group of people. Tourism might account for a minor share of global water use, but within the sector, that number is tremendous.

Through these design initiatives, the Hospitality Industry’s role in design leadership can reduce global water consumption in a grand number. If we can reduce that number, water crisis can be delayed until we find alter solutions to generate potable water, that meets the grand demand of our world population.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Text Sources: • Ahn, Y., & Pearce, A. (2013). GREEN LUXURY: A CASE STUDY OF TWO GREEN HOTELS. Journal Of Green Building, 8(1), 90-119. doi: 10.3992/jgb.8.1.90 • Becken, S. (2014). Water equity – Contrasting tourism water use with that of the local community. Water Resources And Industry, 7-8, 9-22. doi: 10.1016/j.wri.2014.09.002 • Best Practice Guidelines for Water Usage in Hotel Industry. (2018).

Retrieved from https://www.wsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/share/pdf/Hotel_industry-e.pdf • Calculating Swimming Pool Water Volume and Make-Up Water. (2018).

Retrieved from https://www.recreonics.com/resources/calculating-poolwater-volume-make-water/ • Cities With Low Humidity in US - Current Results. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/US/low-humidity-cities.php • Clark County, Nevada 2017 Population Estimates. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.clarkcountynv.gov/comprehensive-planning/advancedplanning/Documents/Historical%20Population%20by%20Place.pdf • Faucet Fixtures Introduction. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.allianceforwaterefficiency.org/Faucet_Fixtures_Introduction.aspx • Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Hall, C., Ceron, J., Dubois, G., Lehmann, L., & Scott, D. (2012). Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review. Tourism Management, 33(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.015 • Home: Creating potable water with atmospheric water generators - Air to Water Technologies, Inc. (2018). Retrieved from http://airtowatertech.com • Hotel Water Conservation A Seattle Demonstration. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.seattle.gov/util/cs/groups/public/@spu/@water/documents/webcontent/HOTELWATE_200407081359093.pdf • Kellner, T. (2018). 5 Coolest Things On Earth This Week - GE Reports.

Retrieved from https://www.ge.com/reports/5-coolest-things-earthweek-3/

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• Kim, H., Rao, S., Kapustin, E., Zhao, L., Yang, S., Yaghi, O., & Wang, E. (2018).

Adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting device for arid climates. Nature Communications, 9(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03162-7 • Lefebvre, H., & Nicholson-Smith, D. (2011). The production of space (p. 165).

Malden, Mass: Blackwell.

• LEED Platinum Certified Hotel & Spa | Bardessono Yountville Napa Valley. (2018).

Retrieved from https://bardessono.com/leed-certified/ • Mendler, S., Odell, W., & Lazarus, M. (2006). The HOK guidebook to sustainable design. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

• Making Sense of Hotel Laundry Costs: A Comparison. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.hydrofinity.com/blog/hotel-laundry-costs • Monthly Las Vegas Visitor Statistics Executive Summary | LVCVA. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.lvcva.com/stats-and-facts/visitor-statistics/ • Net Zero Water Building Strategies | Department of Energy. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/net-zero-water-building-strategies • Office, D. (2018). Water, water everywhere … even in the air. Retrieved from http://news.mit.edu/2017/MOF-device-harvests-fresh-water-from-air-0414 • Rainwater Collection and Conservation. (2018). Retrieved from http://pccd.org/ rainwc.htm • Rainwater Harvesting Calculator, Formulas, and Equations. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.watercache.com/resources/rainwater-collection-calculator • Rysulova, Martina & Kaposztasova, Daniela & Markovic, Gabriel & Vranay, F. (2015). Water saving plan by water reuse in the hotel building. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development. 11. 41-48.

• Timeline, & Timeline, L. (2018). Nevada. Retrieved from https://www.crwua.org/ colorado-river/member-states/nevada • The Ideal Vacation Rental Home for Millennials, Boomers and Beyond | Tripping. com Rentals | Tripping.com. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.tripping.com/industry/trends/insights-from-the-home-depot-and-trippingcom-survey • Water Water Everywhere and 10 Ways for Restaurants to Stem the Flow. (2018).

Retrieved from https://powerhousedynamics.com/resources/white-papers/waterwater-everywhere-and-10-ways-restaurants-stem-flow/ • (2018). Retrieved from http://www.coloradowaterwise.org/Resources/Documents/ BP%20Project/St%20%20Regis%20Resort%20report.pdf • (2018). Retrieved from https://i.pinimg.com/originals/37/32/51/37325194dec1cd 8535d99d42a0f1c548.jpg

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Diagram and Photography Credits • • • • • • •

Page Page Page Page Page Page Page

12-13_ 17_ 18-19_ 20-21_ 25_ 30-31_ 39_

Bir Azam, Photographer Ariful Hasnat, Photographer Bir Azam, Photographer Bir Azam, Photographer Ariful Hasnat, Photographer Bir Azam, Photographer

• • • •

Page Page Page Page

42-43_ Bir Azam, Photographer 50-51_ Bir Azam, Photographer 66-67_ Bir Azam, Photographer Millennials love clean energy, fear climate change, and don’t vote. This 69_

Graphics by Jen Christiansen. Source: “The Water Footprint of Humanity”

by Arjen Y. Hoekstra, Mefsin M. Mekonnen. (2013). National Academy of Science, USA

campaign wants to change that. (2018). Retrieved from https://www. vox.com/2016/4/30/11535004/millennials-climate-votes

• Page 70_

19 New Release Photograph Of is Color Run Powder Washable | The best of coloring. (2018). Retrieved from https://cuckcam.us/is-colorrun-powder-washable/

• Page 71_

Découvrez tous nos événements | Oodrive. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.oodrive.fr/weareoodrive/evenements/

• Page 71_

Small leader gestures have big follower impact - EPIConsulting. (2018).

Retrieved from http://www.epiconsulting.org/small-leader-gestures-bigfollower-impact/

• Page 84-85_ Bir Azam, Photographer • Page 87_ Ariful Hasnat, Photographer WaterFall City - Vector Landscape &. (2018). Retrieved from https://cre• Page 89_ ativemarket.com/aqr.studio/2877120-WaterFall-City-Vector-Landscape

• Page 97, 101_ Kellner, T. (2018). 5 Coolest Things On Earth This Week - GE Reports.

• Page 105_ • Page 107_ • Page 119_

Retrieved from https://www.ge.com/reports/5-coolest-things-earth-week-3/

Bir Azam, Photographer

Projekt “Water square Benthemplein”...competitionline. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.competitionline.com/de/projekte/54276 Good Water Filtration System Diagram. (2018). Retrieved from https:// kitchendecor.club/files/good-water-filtration-system-diagram.html

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Bernthal, R. (2018). The O. Henry Hotel | TravelWritersMagazine. Retrieved from http://travelwritersmagazine.com/tag/the-o-henry-hotel/

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Dennis, B. (2018). Inside the ‘Greenest hotel in America’ | IOL Travel.

Retrieved from https://www.iol.co.za/travel/inside-the-greenest-hotel-in-america-9272495

• Page 133_

Proximity Hotel::New York NY Architectural Photographer | Interior and Exterior. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.architectural-photography-ny.com/ gallery.html?gallery=Proximity%20Hotel

• Page 135-137_ Bardessono Yountville Owner. (2018). Retrieved from http://zakopianskie. info/bardessono-yountville-owner/ • Urban Landscape by Faber14 on Envato Elements. (2018). Retrieved from • Page 145_ https://elements.envato.com/urban-landscape-9EHJRT

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Diagram by Anthony Vuong & Najia Yasmeen. Studio Project: Pahranagat, Spring 2018

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Kluin, M., Kluin, M., Kluin, M., Kluin, M., Kluin, M., & Graß, J. (2018).

News 2017 | TOPHOTELWORLDTOUR. Retrieved from https://www.thpworldtour.com/category/news-2017/

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