Resolution of an Architectural Design- Nahl Butt

Resolution of an Architectural Design Technology Coursework 3

Nahl Butt Tutor: Danilo Gomes

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Contents hnology Portfolio

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Design Studio 5 Overview ............................................................................................................ 01- 04

nology Portfolio Rationale for Component Selection ............................................................................................. 05

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nology Portfolio Theoretrical Exploration ............................................................................................................... 06- 10 Technology Portfolio

Precedent Studies ........................................................................................................................ 11- 23

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Technology Portfolio Enviromental Strategies ............................................................................................................... 24- 29

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Structural features and connections ............................................................................................. 30- 35

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Construction Strategies ................................................................................................................ 36- 49

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Technology Portfolio........................................................................................................................ 50- 51 Future Speculation

hnology Portfolio Refrences ..................................................................................................................................... 52

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nology Portfolio Technology Portfolio

CONTEXTUALISATION AND RATIONALE FOR COMPONENT SELECTION

Manifesto SCALE- 1:500

CASTLE CAR PARK 3D MODEL The 3D site model has helped me understand the context of the site better which has allowed me to make an informed decision on where to place the structural piece I am going to design.

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SITE ACCESS

Castle car park

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3D site model zoomed in

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Contextualisation Mapping

The project takes place in York castle car park, adjacent to Clifford tower. For design studio 5 I created an event for space where I explored the tectonics of the structure.

I took a very conceptual approach to the project, and I did this by creating a parametric design inspired by a few sketches I produced.

After mapping out a few lines, I was able to trace them and come up with a final form which I turned into a structure.

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04 East Elevation

West Elevation

Top view

Rational for component selection

The reason for selecting the component is so I am able to further explore the how connections can be formed with the help of nodes. There are different ways of connecting a component and I want to explore them in with assignment.

Additionally, the research will help me understand the different ways of forming a connection which will later help with the appropriate DfMA strategy.

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THEORETRICAL EXPLORATION

HISTORY Analogue Parametric Gaudi - (1852- 1926) Gaudi was well known for his parametric designs in the 20th century.

He experimented with using nature as his main inspiration. Referring back to his earliest projects called the ‘hanging chain 1886’ where he created a 3D model of a cathedral using string and sacks filled with pellets which helped add dimension to the model by making it look heavier in certain parts. The image below illustrates Gaudi’s ideas when he was developing the prototype before making the final model.

Gaudi experimented with the weights as this represented where the columns would be placed. He was able to manipulate the shape simply by pulling the string or adding more weight to the model. This would change the shape of the arches. Contrastingly, due to modern technology these experimentations and development of the prototype would be done using 3D software as this saves time and allows the designers to work freely.

Connections that help the 3D model stay intact. Gaudi used string and nails to achieve this.

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Gaudi produced several 3D models which helped him develop the prototype before the final project. He did this through sketches, photography, and model making. The image on the left is one of Gaudi’s sketches he turned upside down to represent the model of the church shown in the images belwo. Many architects, Gaudi included used the finding form technique to develop the shape of the buildings and as a result this created complex shapes.

Gaudi’s model and render (Alven, Makert, 2016)

Sketch of the model (Live journal, 2007)

Upside-down sketch (Live journal, 2007)

Withal, Gaudi’s approach for the final model was similar to analogue computing where he took into account how the model would look from all angles. In 2015, Woodbury, Williamson, and Beesley recreated the model on scripting software such as rhino with grasshopper.

By doing this they were able to understand the scale of the model and were able to understand how well the structure connected. If designers want to take the project further they can by experimenting with different scales as this gives them the freedom to change certain variables if needed in order to achieve similar results.

This is the final model of the upside-down church and it was show cased in different countries for exhibition o show how parametric design in architecture has changed over time.

Sacks with the pellets inside that helped the 3D model stand.

Upside-down church drawing (Live journal, 2007)

The diagrams above show the different design stages the model went through before Gaudi was satisfied with the final result. He experimented with adding and removing weights in certain areas of the model.

This helped Gaudi figure out where to place the columns later on in the design process.

equence drawing (Alven, Makert, 2016)

Hanging model of the church (Alven, Makert, 2016)

The render of the model is shown image above in the 20th century, it was difficult for designers and architects to show renders, this was done by a series of sketches and drawings. Whereas now with the help of architectural software designers are able to communicate their ideas visually through the use of these softwares. It is also very easy to make changes to the 3D model where as back then it was difficult to make changes once the model was made.

3D model scripting (Alven, Makert, 2016)

Parti Diagrams

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These diagrams show the design process of the hanging church. Gaudi first made the model upside down and then flipped it for the final design. These quick sketches illustrate the parametric design.

HISTORY Stadium model- Luigi Moretti (1907- 1973) It is arguably believed that Moretti’s architecture model for the N stadium was one of the earliest examples of parametric architecture in 1960 when it was exhibited at the twelfth Milan Triennial. Moretti was an Italian architect who arguably was the first architect to explore what ‘Parametric Design’ actually means.

He did this by exploring the design of stadium M. The model was made using concrete whereas with the architectural software available to us now we are able to 3D print the model. Nevertheless, the M stadium was recreated using AutoCAD which helped the designers understand the model’s geometry better.

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Moreover, with the help of newly developed 3D software, designers have been able to re-create their stadiums using plug-in software such as grasshopper. The image shows the 3D model of the stadium from different angles, designers did this so they could have a better understanding of the shape and the space. Due to advanced technology, designers are able to experiment freely with their designs using the software were in the 20th century ago this was not the case. Designers had to make physical models and make changes to them which is more difficult and time-consuming.

Stadium M model (Bianconi, 2019)

When thinking about the tectonics of the model, Moretti took into consideration the use of shape, views, and angles as well as the economic cost of the material which was concrete. This is important as it shows the architect is making a sculpture or a building to fit the context. The image below shows the plan for stadiums M and N. As you can see the plan for stadium N is rather narrow and doe not have enough space for the events to take place whereas model M has much wider space and is designed to accommodate for more people.

The parametric architecture looks simple yet it is not. Moretti thought about creating a beautiful balance by choosing a shape that allows him to achieve that.

Stadium M and N plans (Davis, 2013)

Re-creation of stadium M (Bianconi, 2019) Stadium M model plan and 3D model (Bianconi, 2019)

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PRECEDENT ANALYSIS

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CONSTRUCTION

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Polyform pavilion Location: Ithaca, New York, USA Architects: Jenny Sabin Studio Completed: 2021 PolyForm pavilion was created for the design science at the centre of human ecology and was placed outside the Cornell University campus so that people can admire the piece of art from afar and up close in person. 3D printing was used for the construction and the purpose was to create a pavilion that brings the community together.

This was achieved by making the project integrate with the environment so it fits well with the surrounding.

Why I chose to explore the constrution and structural elements?

I chose to analyse this precedent study because the construction and the structure are very similar to my project for design studio 5.

In terms of construction, I researched how the pavilion was constructed and assembled through annotated sketches and images. This gave me an insight onto how I can think of better ways to construct the pavilion for design studio 5. Moreover, I also researched how the pavilion was transported onto the site.

Moreover, exploring the structure was key as it allowed me to understand how the structure is affected by the weather. I looked at support systems the pavilion had and I tried to figure out how they helped the pavilion stand.

Material Steel was used for the pavilion as this worked well with the design of the overall pavilion. The material is light weight and easy to carry, however the only downside to this is that the wind can have a negative impact on the structure therefore it was fixed with concrete so it does not move.

3D Printing The model was 3D printed and was carried to the site in modules and then it was joined via the help of cranes. It was easier for the team to develop the model offsite due to the size and the style of the structure.

The triangular patterns are inspired by parametric architecture and it allows light to enter through. The coloured glass around it allows the colour to shine through when direct sunlight enters the structure.

CONSTRUCTION

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Prototype 5

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How the pavilion was carried to the site?

Developing Prototype

Parametric Design

The Polyform pavilion was constructed off-site and was carried in small pieces by the crane. This was because of the large scale of the model. It is 15m wide and 38 meters tall therefore it had to be carried in pieces. This made the construction process a lot quicker.

Before the design was 3D printed, the team experimented with the shape using architectural softwares which helped create the perfect structure. The illustartion above shows the steel structure is moduels that were 3D printed, this makes the construction process very easy.

Due to the style of the pavilion, it was 3D printed as this was the best solution for the pavilion.

Parametric designs are difficult to construct but with the help of technology this can be achived easily.

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STRUCTURE

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Installation process

Material

Structural elements

Polyform pavilion is a permanent installation therefore the structure was fixed on concrete slaps and this prevents the lightweight structure from moving due to the weather conditions.

Prior to the permeant installation, temporary works were used to hold the structure in place.

This was done for experimentation purposes as the team was developing the prototype for the modular frame. The steel structure was placed first, then the colorful glass was put in place creating a colorful exhibition outside the university campus.

Light weight steel was used for the pavilion and this made it easy to 3D print the pavilion.

The glass panels used on the outskirts of the installation respond to the temperature, depending on where the sun is shining. The glass panels change in colour and opaqueness, this adds a very interesting look to the pavilion.

Fixture Concrete was used to permanently fix the pavilion onto the ground. This prevents the light weight structure from getting impacted by the wind. Moreover, without this the pavilion can fly away in bad weather.

Coloured tempered glass The pavilion is surrounded by colourful glass which protects the structure against wind. The glass captures people’s attention as well as guides people on where to go. There are four enternaces to the open pavilion and this makes the circulation process simple.

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Types of connections

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Digital Bamboo pavilion Location: Zurich, Switzerland Architects: ETH Zurich architecture students Completed: 2021 The reason as to why I have chosen to explore this particular precedent study is becayuse it explores 3D printing and digital fabrication. These topics relate to my design studio 5 project. I have chosen to explore how the pavilion was constructed with the help technology.

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Why I chose to explore the constrution elements?

Exploring how 3D printed connections work and how digital fabrication can help speed up the construction process is what created the bamboo pavilion. Moreover, the diagrams and the illustrations I have created have helped me understand how the connetions join the light weight structure together.

Enviromental factors Understanding how the pavilion intergrates with the surrounding is crucial. Doing this in a sustainable way is important as this helps in many ways.

Key 01- This is vernacular connection that allows three sticks to connect together.

02- The hinge is used to hold the bamboo sticks in place and it helps create connetions.

03- Helps the pavilion stand 04- This is another type of vernacular connection that helps the structure come togther 05- This connection has six holes that allows bamboo sticks to fit in with the help of screws.

06- Connection with three holes

CONSTRUCTION

The construction process took 48 hours to complete and this was because the connections were 3D printed which made the overall construction process qucker as well as easier. I took inspiration from this precedent and wanted to create a similar connection that speeds up the construction process.

Withal, the pavilion was manufactured on site and sustainable bamboo sticks were used for the material. Bamboo is a strong material and it worked well with the vernacular connections and hinges that connected the bamboo sticks together. The illustrations show the different types of connections used to form the pavilion.

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Structure

Diagrams

Material Digital fabrication was used to develop the envelope of the pavilion.

Local bamboo sticks were used for the structure, this provided the structure with support. Bamboo is also very light weight and the pavilion can be removed at any time.

The connections were 3D printed.

Different types of connections were printed. Towards the bottom of the pavilion larger connections were used. This is so that the weight can be easily distributed. Medium sized connections were used in the middle of the structure and smaller ones were used for the top of the structure.

Temporary concrete blocks have been used to hold the structure in place. The structure can easily be disassembled.

Weather impact

Vegetation

The pavilion is strong enough to stand through sun, rain and wind. Bamboo is a strong material that is good inhot climates therefore having the pavilion in the outdoors should not be an issue. Moreover, for the fabric malleable plastic was used and this is UV resistant. This fabric is not affected by the weather conditions.

The pavilion is located next to lots of vegetaion. This blocks out harsh wind and keeps the pavilion safe. Without the vegetation the pavilion would colapse. Additionally, the material and the colour of the pavilion works well with the surrounding.

16 Small sized connection were used to hold the structure togther. The size of the connections change depending on the amount of sticks being used.

Connection at the end of each stick is used where the load is heavier. This has been done to hold the structure in place without it moving.

Connections with six opening are used towards the very end of the pavilion, this is so that bamboo sticks can fit in. These types of connections help the structure grow by giving it height.

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Enviroment

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Structure

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1) Plastic materail for the structure 2) Flower shape

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Structural

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Steel structure

Flora pavilion Location: China Architects: ETH Zurich architecture students Completed: 2018

The reason as to why I have chosen to analyse the pavilion is because the structure is similar to the pavilion I created for the Design Studio 5 project.

By looking at the structure of the pavilion helped me understand on how I can improve the overall structure of the pavilion.

Single component Connections With the help of the 3D printed steel nodes, it allows the tubes connect with one another to form a triangular mesh. The triangular mesh holds its shape and stays put with how evenly the weight has been distributed. Bricks are also placed on the edge of the structure to prevent it from flying away in harsh weather conditions.

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Structure inlay

DFMA strategy

Translucent PVC material

In order to carry the structure to the site, it was broken down in scale which helped make the transporting process easier. The triangular tubes were carried in modules and were joined together on site. The steel tubes are lightweight and therefore putting everything together was simple.

Translucent PVC is used as an inlay material. This prevents direct light from entering the structure. It has also been used for aesthetic purposes.

The PVC changes colour according to the weather conditions.

1) Steel structure 2) Single component

Construction

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Deatiled section How the screws fit the nodes The steel tubes have screws on both ends of the tube. This allows the tubes to fit in smoothly. The illustration shows a clear section of how this is done. Each node has three or more holes and all tubes connect to the nodes. Without the nodes, the structure would be flimsy and would move during harsh weather conditions.

Assembly The process of assembling the structure is repetitive as it consists of the metal tubes connecting to the circular nodes.

This is repeated until the structure is completed.

PVC fixture The steel tubes are designed with a slit, this allows the PVC to slide through smoothly.

Without the translucent material, the triangular mesh would look odd and would be extremely lightweight. The PVC is also attached via a clear tread at the top. This is done to attach the material to the circular nodes.

PVC material

Enviromental

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1 Material The model was 3D printed and was carried to the site in modules and then it was joined via the help of cranes. It was easier for the team to develop the model offsite due to the size and the style of the structure.

Around 272 hollow stainless steel tubes were used in various sizes along with steel nodes to help form the structure.

Weather

The pavilion uses DFMA strategy and was carried to the site in modules to form the shape of the pavilion. The steel tubes were 3D printed in different sizes and each tube has a slot where translucent PVC film can fit.

Without this, the structure would be flimsy and boring to look at.

In order to keep the lightweight structure in place.

Bricks have been placed on the edges to keep the lightweight pavilion in place during harsh winds. This stabilises the balance of the pavilion. Heavy lights have also been placed towards the end of the model to help it stay in touch with the ground.

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Translucent material was used to fill in the triangular mesh. The PVC helps protect the users from direct sunlight and the harsh wind because it blocks out the wind and the light. It also makes the pavilion stand out and gives it character.

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Triangles joined together

Translucent PVC was used to fill in the gaps of the triangular mesh. This helps prevent the direct sunlight from entering the pavilion although it is an out pavilion.

The shapes of the triangle join together to make a strong shape which helps the structure stand without the need for temporary structural support.

The pavilion I lightweight can be disassembled at any time, however, the issue is there is no shelter because rain can enter the open pavilion structure.

Parti Diagrams 1) PVC materail 2) Weather conditions 3) Parametric design 4) Steel frame

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Parti Diagrams 1) PVC material and the weather 2) Joining the structure together 3) Openings 4) Sun 5) Night

ENVIROMENTAL STRATEGY

Component section Section-1:10

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1. Node 2. Dowel Pin 3. Sleeve 4. Threaded bolt 5. End cone 6. Welded seam 7. Circular hollow steel tube 8. End of steel tube

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Parti Diagrams 1) Deatiled illustration of steel structure 2) Node section 3) Connection detail 4) 3D node illustartion 5) Materil

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Parti Diagarm 1) Wind section 2) Material section

STRUCTURAL STRATEGY

Construction

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Building with steel Different Sizes Steel comes in different shapes and sizes. This is an advantage because the chances of exploring and creating abstract tectonics are endless.

Fire Resistance Compared to timber structures, steel structures tend to be highly fire-resistant. To protect and prevent the fire from affecting the steel structure, paint is used to cover the steel structure.

Cheap Steel is cost-effective and can be bought at reasonable prices when it comes to construction hence why I chose to explore a steel frame.

Environment Friendly Steel can be recycled and reused for other purposes. This is an advantage as this saves money and material in the construction industry.

Flexibility Steel is very flexible and can bend easily. This makes it the perfect material to use for the pavilion. Steel frames are usually prefabricated and this material is usually used to create complex shapes. This is a huge advantage and can help later in the construction stages.

Lightweight Steel structures are is lightweight and can be carried to the site with the help of a crane or a lorry. This saves time and has benefits for the ecosystem.

Fast Installation Due to most steel structures being prefabricated in a factory, the installation process becomes fairly quick and this saves time because the structure can be carried in modules and assembled on site.

Materials 1. Stainless steel 2. ETFE 3. Concrete slab

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Advantages of steel Steel is lightweight and requires less construction time therefore it is quicker to build a structure. This reduces labour costs and in the long run, this will benefit the economy as well as construction companies.

Additionally, steel is very strong and can carry dead loads as well as live loads. This allows the structure to stand strong without being impacted by the loads. Another advantage of using steel in construction is that it can be used for temporary construction. This makes it easier to create modules offsite and carry the structure to the site. Disassembling the structure also becomes easy as the vehicles can help carry the structure back to the factory or the chosen site.

Moreover, steel is fire resistant, therefore it is not affected by fire. In order to further protect the steel structure, a thin layer of intumescent coating of paint is required as this expands during a fire and protects the steel from under the coat.

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Advantages of ETFE I have used ETFE as an alternative to glass as it is more flexible and is extremely lightweight. It is available in a range of colours and is a sustainable material.

Moreover, it allows natural light to enter and prevents wind from impacting the lightweight structure. ETFE works particularly well with the steel frames as it is able to join with steel.

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Advantages of concrete A concrete foundation has been used to provide the structure with support. Additionally, a concrete foundation is a great material to use with the lightweight frame as it can carry the load of the structure.

Concrete can carry the dead load as well as the live load hence being strong. It is also waterproof and makes it difficult for the water to penetrate. This is an advantage as this will prevent the foundation from getting wet due to the weather conditions.

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Parti Diagrams 1) Structural support 2) Fraework deatil 3) Crane illustration 4) Torry with the illustration

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Parti Diagrams 1) Steel protection 2) Steel material 3) EFTE material

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Parti Diagrams 1) Wind load 2) Horizontal load 3) Snow load

CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY

Construction

DfMA

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Types of DfMA strategies There are different ways to assemble the component, this differs from project to project.

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Component Systems (sub-assemblies): Component systems or sub-assemblies are usually small parts of a building or a structure that are built off-site in a factory. Examples of component systems are locks, connections, nodes, doors, and façade systems. This is what I will use for the assembly of the component. These can be 3D printed off-site and joined together on-site with help of workers. Moreover, Sub-assemblies are mostly used for projects that have complex components, this takes place in a factory and then the modular pieces are carried to the site.

Refine

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Panelised Systems: Panelised systems are used for components that are very large and heavy in scale.

This type of system is commonly used for housing construction. It is used to carry roofs, ceilings, or heavy furniture that cannot be carried in a car at the back of a lorry.

What is offsite construction?

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There are different types of offsite construction techniques bespoke to one’s needs. This depends on the scale, material, and design of the structure. Offsite construction helps improve the prototype of an element of a building whether that is a connection, fixtures, or prefabricated blocks. With the help of DfMA, it allows the construction team to save money and spend less time on vehicles and other materials.

Volumetric Systems: A volumetric system involves transporting panels or blocks to the site, this is commonly used for housing construction. Volumetric systems include bedrooms, toilets, kitchen, and, other rooms. This system requires a crane to carry these ready-made blocks to the site. Whilst there are many advantages to this, therefore are disadvantages as well. For example, panelised systems can take up a lot of construction time by transporting heavy components to the site. This process involves different vehicles and machinery which can be bad for the environment.

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Modular Systems: Modular systems are used for residential and commercial buildings such as houses, schools and flats. This type of system is used for buildings with symmetrical shapes, usually 3D blocks. This type of system also can be carried to the site on a back of a lorry due to the size of the component. Modular systems are fitted into a building once the component has been delivered on site.

Construction

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Components (Sub assemblies) Construction

Sustainable material

Concrete Foundation

For my chosen component the best DfMA strategy would be to use Subassembly to deliver the component to the site. This is best suited for my chosen component as it will be carried in modules. This makes the delivery process easy.

Steel is a sustainable material that can be recycled and re-used hence why it is classed as a sustainable material.

Importantly, workers are able to cut and grind steel without it having a negative impact on their health unlike others materials such as timber.

Due to steel being a light weight structure, I needed it to stay in place therefore I used concepts slab to help structure the structure in place. This prevents it from being affected by the wind. Additionally, the concrete is also a sustainable material which is a great material to use for temporary structures like the structure I have created.

Moreover, due to the component having a repetitive pattern, it is easier to carry the components in small pieces as they can be assembled on-site. In terms of machinery, a lorry and a crane would be used to place the lightweight components on-site. The components can easily fit on the back of the lorry and then be carried with the help of the crane to place the components in place. Additionally, support from people will be needed to physically assemble the structure on site.

Moreover, the DfMA strategy I chose is best suited for steel. In the construction process, machines like crane and a truck is required so that it can fit the components in the back and carry them to the site. Due to steel being light weight, only one crane will be required so it can lift the components and place them in the correct spot.

Furthermore, concrete slab foundations do not crack in hot climates and the material is cheap to buy hence why many constructors use concrete in their projects.

Concrete slab (Danova, M.D, 2020)

Steel tubes (Northern-Weldar, 2017) Modular construction (Northern-Weldar, 2017)

Prior to the installation of the structure, a concrete foundation would need to be put in place, and for that temporary works will be required to hold the stricture in place whilst the concrete dries as well as to provide the individual components with support.

Off-site construction can save money and time as well as speed up the construction process. Less vehciles will be needed to bring tranfer the components to the site. This is a sustainable way of construction.

Steel uses less energy hence why many constructors like to work with steel. Whereas with other materials they consume lots of energy and this can be bad for the environment as well as increase carbon footprint. Steel is also a very flexible material and can be cut or welded into almost any shape hence why I have chosen to work with it for the complex structure.

Concrete slab takes less time to dry and this speeds up the process of the construction. Although temporary works are required to support the structure, this is temporary and will only be used when the concrete is dry.

Concrete is also less expensive compared to other materials hence why I have chosen o use it for the structure. Concrete slabs can be used for temporary structures and this means that the structure can be re-located.

Structural assembly

The structure starts with a 3D pyramid-like mesh.

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Repetitive shapes are added to the existing pyramid. All triangles are equilateral triangles.

The structure builds up as we keep connecting the dots. The pattern is very repetitive and I carry on connecting the dots until I have reached the desired shape.

Component selection- How the steel tubes are connected to the nodes The entire structure is a component and therefore it has to be broken down further into smaller modules so it can be assembled off-site. Due to the complexity of the structure, I have chosen to focus on the connections of the structure. I will further look into how the steel tubes are joined to the circular metal nodes.

Once all eleven dots are connected, I repeated the entire process again of connecting the dots. This completes the complex structure.

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Parti Diagrams 1) Steel tube illustrations 2) Node section 3) 3D node illustration 4) Material 5) Steel screw

Component breakdown

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The structure starts with an equilateral triangle.

The triangle is then turned into a prism which will help the structure develop further.

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I kept introducing triangles to the model, this kpet changing the shape.

The prism is joined togther, this step is repeated several times.

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I kept introducing triangles to the model, this kpet changing the shape.

The final model is complte once the desired shape is achived.

Prototype

3D model The final model is light weight and can the design is inspired by parametric architecture hence the complex design. The model would be carried to the site in small moduels and then put together with the help of construction workers on site. The structure is temporary and can be disassembled and re-located anywhere at any time.

Component The structure is broken down in small components before the final model is assembled togther. The component allows the steel stubes to move around which creates a flexible structure that can move. This is a small component and it can be carried to the site at the back of a lorry.

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Structure detail Scale- 1:10 Shape The digital model was made up of scalene triangles and this made it very difficult to work with the model, whereas withh the physical model I was able to create the model with equilateral triangle. This made it easier to repeat the shape without overcomplicating the parametric structure.

Material The material of the model would be steel, as it is a sustainable material and can later be recyled. Steel is fire resistant and has other benefits compared to other materials.

Component The component helps the structure connect and form a complete structure. The component is attched with a steel frame with a screw at the end so it can fit inside the node to help connect the structure. The sizes of the nodes is 5mm.

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Constructure

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FUTURE SPECULATION

3D Printed Triangles

Connections

The model is made up of irregular triangles, therefore it was difficult to work with the complex structure. Moving forwards, it would be ideal to have equilateral triangles as this will allow the overall structure to join without having gaps in between. Moreover, this will work well with 3D printing as will save a lot of time and money. 3D printing does not require many vehicles surrounding the site and this is beneficial for the environment.

3D printing machine (Busta, 2015)

3D printing machine (Busta, 2015)

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There are different types of connections and in the future, I would like to use steel tree nodes as they have different branches that will add movement to the structure, whereas with the circular connections it was difficult to add flexibility to the structure.

Additionally, tree branch connections provide the structure with more support in comparison to the circular nodes.

Refrences Suzuki, E.S. (2020). What Is Parametric Design in Architecture, and How Is It Shaping the Industry?. Autodesk. https://www.autodesk.com/products/fusion-360/ blog/parametric-design-architecture-shaping-industry/ Koumari, L.K. (2022). What is Parametric Design in Architecture?. Parametric Architecture. https://parametric-architecture.com/what-is-parametric-design-in-architecture/ Live Journal . (2007). A different kind of string theory: Antoni Gaudi. Live Journal . https://memetician.livejournal.com/201202.html N.A. (2002 ). ANTONI GAUDI (1852-1926). Personal . http://personal.strath.ac.uk/j.wood/Biomimetics/Inspirational%20people/Antoni%20Gaudi_files/Antoni%20 Gaudi.htm Alves, G. A., & Makert, R. M. (2016). Between Designer and Design. Parametric Design and Prototyping Considerations on Gaudí’s Sagrada Familia, 47(2), 8993. file:///C:/Users/44730/Downloads/10335-Article%20Text%20PDF-24831-2-10-20170130%20(1).pdf Bianconi, F.B. (2019). Morphological and visual optimization in stadium design: a digital reinterpretation of Luigi Moretti's stadiums. Research Gate . https://www. researchgate.net/figure/Luigi-Morettis-models-and-exposition-on-parametric-architecture-during-the-Triennale-di_fig4_337298716 Lazaro, C.L. (2019). Revisiting the “M Stadium” project by luigi moretti: A forgotten model of parametric architecture. Research Profiles. https://miami.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/revisiting-the-m-stadium-project-by-luigi-moretti-a-forgotten-mod Davis, D.D. (2013). A History of Parametric. danieldavis. https://www.danieldavis.com/a-history-of-parametric/ Sabin, J.S. (2021). PolyForm. Jenny Sabin Studio. https://www.jennysabin.com/polyform Digital bamboo pavilion Stevens, P.S. (2021). students at ETH zurich use digital fabrication methods to build bamboo pavilion. Design Boom. https://www.designboom.com/architecture/ eth-zurich-digital-fabrication-bamboo-pavilion-02-06-2021/ Shuangyu, H.S. (2017). Flora Pavilion / Design School of Nanjing University of the Arts. Arch Daily. https://www.archdaily.com/880155/flora-pavilion-design-schoolof-nanjing-university-of-the-arts CPD Building. (2018). CPD 17 2018: Steel and offsite construction. CPD Building. https://www.building.co.uk/cpd/cpd-17-2018-steel-and-offsite-construction/5095342.article Miles, D.M. (2019). Modern offsite construction techniques: an overview. Atamate Building Intelligence - Blog. https://www.atamate.com/atamate-blog/modern-offsite-construction-techniques-an-overview?hs_amp=true n.a. Modularize. (2021). A Brief Guide to Offsite Construction. Modularize. https://library.hud.ac.uk/pages/referencing-webpage/ Busta, H.B. (2015). This Architect-Designed Wall System Has a 3D-Printed Core. Architect. https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/this-architect-designed-wall-system-has-a-3d-printed-core_o Northern-Weldar. (2017). Structural Steel Is A Sustainable Material. Northern-Weldar. https://northern-weldarc.com/structural-steel-is-a-sustainable-material/ Danova , M.D. (2020). How to Build a Slab Foundation. Doityourself. https://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-build-a-slab-foundation

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