Golf Swing Report

Golf Swing Report F R A N K

March 2022 www.terryrowles.com

Q U A T T R O N E

by Terry Rowles

Introduction to your Apeiron Golf Swing Biomechanics Report My role is to assess your movement and understand and communicate your personal swing DNA in order that you can achieve your golf goals. This will be as a teammate with Apeiron medical and fitness team and can include your favorite coach, if you prefer, we can establish an ongoing coaching relationship. People who go through this training can expect to ȃ Hit further

ȃ Score better

ȃ Decrease probability of swing technique related injury

ȃ Play more consistently ȃ Have more fun

Golfers play golf for different reasons, exercise, compete, beat their friends, hit bombs, enjoy beautiful places, and interesting playing partners and enjoy the challenges and rewards of the game. To play your best you need to play for your own reasons and swing according to your personal swing DNA. The reasons each of us plays golf are as different as the golf swings that play the game. Golf swing biomechanics or technique should not be off the rack, as this limits your potential tremendously. Remember the golf Hall of Fame is full of “unusual” AND very effective golf swings. A lot of these superstars of golf played and are playing very late into life. These aren’t “outliers” they swung according to the way their body moved. The principles that underly this report and a product of 75 years of golf instruction experience, love of the game and an unquenchable curiosity of “why we swing like we do?”

We will use screens developed by my partner Hall of Fame teacher Mike Adams to determine your swing blueprint with the underlying principle.

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There is no one perfect golf swing for everyone, but there a perfect golf swing for you. 99% of all golf instruction is correct, but not all of it applies to you.

This screening and report will act as your “Rosetta Stone” to help you make sense of all possible golf swing theories so that you have a coherent plan to move forward.

Your personal swing DNA is a product of assessing your natural movement patterns to find out “what can you do” These patterns that you can do will be swing actions that you will default to. Our philosophy is to use your dynamic patterns, and optimize them, not “fix them”

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This multimedia personalized book is designed to give you a more complete education than is traditionally available in a purely verbal exchange during a golf lesson. I have used supplemental videos with students who visit in person and online and the results have been amazing. Intelligent and ambitious golfers haven’t benefitted from the traditional lesson tee only system. Continuing to learn when you go home and are curious will enhance your performance.

Wingspan Vs. Height Test The wingspan to height test indicates the following factors that affect your swing: ȃ Address posture ȃ Initial trajectory of the club in the takeaway ȃ Shoulder angle at the top of the swing. ȃ Foot alignment at address. ȃ Contributes to your power profile.

Your Wingspan vs. Height Test Result:

Longer Wingspan than Height ģ Posture– Taller address posture ģ Takeaway– The initial takeaway of the club hands will go down the target line ģ Power Profile Contribution– Glide – Because of the longer wingspan, some horizontal force is needed to lower the arms in the downswing.

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Video about your test result:

Wingspan Vs. Height Test The wingspan to height test indicates the following factors that affect your swing: ȃ Address posture ȃ Initial trajectory of the club in the takeaway ȃ Shoulder angle at the top of the swing. ȃ Foot alignment at address. ȃ Contributes to your power profile.

Your Wingspan vs. Height Test Result:

Shorter Wingspan than Height ģ Posture–

ģ Takeaway–

ģ Power Profile Contribution–

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Video about your test result:

Wingspan Vs. Height Test The wingspan to height test indicates the following factors that affect your swing: ȃ Address posture ȃ Initial trajectory of the club in the takeaway ȃ Shoulder angle at the top of the swing. ȃ Foot alignment at address. ȃ Contributes to your power profile.

Your Wingspan vs. Height Test Result:

Same Wingspan as Height ģ Posture –

ģ Foot Alignment Effect -

Average address posture angles – see video.

Square to the target line - no effect.

ģ Takeaway – The initial takeaway of the club hands will go on an average trajectory – neither significantly in or out.

(Ignore the club at this point- that is primarily affected by the trail hand grip). ģ Shoulder Plane at top – Average shoulder plane for your height. ģ Power Profile Contribution– Rotational Force –as a result of an average wingspan some rotational force is needed to optimize club delivery and speed.

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Video about your test result:

Trail Arm Fold Test The way that your trail arm folds is a key influence on the way that you swing a club. It contributes to your swing style, ball flight and power profile significantly. Historically, there hasn’t been a good definition of a golf grip, the reality is that two hands do different things, and should be placed on the club according to how you test out. It is possible have a strong left and weak right (Rory), weak right and strong left (Rahm), or any combination in between.

The definition of a grip is in fact a relationship – the hand in a relationship with the clubface.

There are 3 possible right hand grip styles – Side on (neutral), Side Cover (weaker Trail Hand), Side Under (Stronger Left Hand)

Your Trail Arm Fold Test Results:

You Tested as a Side Under Golfer The side under golfer’s trail hand is turned some amount to the right for right handers into a stronger grip. The “V” between the thumb and hand will point between the right ear and the right shoulder.

This sets the trail elbow in a position where it is pointing at the trail hip. Because of the elbow and wrists starting position the lead arm and shaft will rotate early going back allowing the clubface to open and swing to the inside of the target line at shaft parallel to the ground in the backswing.

The side under golfer has a higher chance of being laid off at the top (this combines with the trail elbow mobility).

The effect of the stronger grip on the downswing is that the right elbow will tuck in front of the trail hip, shallowing the club and keeping the face open for longer, the swing direction will be more to the right, and the attack angle will be shallower. The likely ball flight for a side under golfer is a draw, and the ball flight will be a little higher.

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ģ Effect on Power Profile The stronger trail hand grip needs additional horizontal and rotational force to allow the right elbow to tuck in front of the hip to add speed whilst keeping the face square.

Video about your test result:

Trail Arm Fold Test The way that your trail arm folds is a key influence on the way that you swing a club. It contributes to your swing style, ball flight and power profile significantly. Historically, there hasn’t been a good definition of a golf grip, the reality is that two hands do different things, and should be placed on the club according to how you test out. It is possible have a strong left and weak right (Rory), weak right and strong left (Rahm), or any combination in between.

The definition of a grip is in fact a relationship – the hand in a relationship with the clubface.

There are 3 possible right hand grip styles – Side on (neutral), Side Cover (weaker Trail Hand), Side Under (Stronger Left Hand)

Your Trail Arm Fold Test Results:

You Tested as a Side On (Neutral Trail Hand Grip Golfer).

A side on golfer’s trail hand is a neutral grip. For right handers, the “V” between the thumb and hand will point between the nose trail shoulder. This sets the trail elbow in a position where it is pointing slightly away from the trail hip. Because of the trail elbow and wrist starting position, the lead arm and shaft will rotate a moderate amount going back. At shaft parallel the club face will be about parallel to the spine and parallel to the target line. Once the club sets at left arm parallel the shaft will be on a midplane angle like Justin Rose (assuming no extreme wingspan to height discrepancies).

The side on golfer will have a neutral top of backswing (depending on shoulder mobility) and shouldn’t be excessively across the line or laid off.

The effect of the neutral trail hand grip effect on the downswing is that the right elbow will be delivered behind in front of the trail hip (not excessively tucked), and the middle of the range/ neutral grip will deliver a neutral club path, attack angle and height.

Side On golfers are most likely to have a neutral and straight, l ball flight.

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ģ Side on Golfer Power Profile The side on golfer uses rotational force to create speed in order to maintain a neutral clubface.

Video about your test result:

Trail Arm Fold Test The way that your trail arm folds is a key influence on the way that you swing a club. It contributes to your swing style, ball flight and power profile significantly. Historically, there hasn’t been a good definition of a golf grip, the reality is that two hands do different things, and should be placed on the club according to how you test out. It is possible have a strong left and weak right (Rory), weak right and strong left (Rahm), or any combination in between.

The definition of a grip is in fact a relationship – the hand in a relationship with the clubface.

There are 3 possible right hand grip styles – Side on (neutral), Side Cover (weaker Trail Hand), Side Under (Stronger Left Hand).

Your Trail Arm Fold Test Results:

Side Cover Golfer - Weaker trail hand grip.

A side cover golfer’s trail hand is turned some amount to the left of neutral for right handers into a weaker grip. The “V” between the thumb and hand will point between the nose and the lead shoulder.

This sets the trail elbow in a position where it is pointing away from the trail hip, it is disconnected from the body like Hogan. Due to the trail elbow and wrist starting position, the lead arm and shaft will not rotate much early in the swing, the clubface will remain closed, and the golfer will use their core in a one-piece takeaway motion before the wrist set the club in a steeper plane.

The side cover golfer has a higher chance of being across the line at the top (this combines with the trail elbow mobility).

The effect of the weaker trail hand grip on the downswing is that the right elbow will be delivered behind the trail hip (tucking it in front is poison!) which will kick the head out and allow the face to square earlier. The club path is likely to be more in to out, and the attack angle steeper. Side cover golfers are more likely to be faders and hit the ball a bit lower.

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ģ Side Cover Golfer Power Profile The side cover golfer needs to add both rotation and vertical force to add more speed due to the nature of the arm fold and release.

Video about your test result:

The Post Test The Post Test is crucial for determining you lower body action and power profile. Every golfer uses some combination of all 3 forces – horizontal, rotational, vertical. The post test helps us determine the magnitude and timing of each of them.

There are 3 possible outcomes that affect “how you use the ground.”

Rear post, Center post, and Front post.

Your Post Test Results:

Rear Post Golfer You will shift your pressure the most to the rear foot, with above 90% of your pressure moving to the back foot until just before the end of the backswing. From a front view video, the pelvis will move about 2” to the trail, before moving back to the lead side.

ģ Power Contribution –

The rear post golfer will have the most amount of right leg flex. Keeping this flex assists in the horizontal push needed to get the weight back to the lead side.

Video about your test result:

You can allow your lead knee to point behind the ball. ģ Set up – Wider stance than average, trail foot flared out 20°, slightly open stance.

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Because the rear post golfer moves the most to the right, they will need horizontal force to return to their front foot in the downswing.

The Post Test The Post Test is crucial for determining you lower body action and power profile. Every golfer uses some combination of all 3 forces – horizontal, rotational, vertical. The post test helps us determine the magnitude and timing of each of them.

There are 3 possible outcomes that affect “how you use the ground.”

Rear post, Center post, and Front post.

Your Post Test Results:

Front Post Golfer Like all golfers, the front post golfer bumps to the trail side early in the backswing. The front post golfer moves back to the lead side the earliest of all golfers.

The front post golfer moves about 60% of their pressure to the right at club parallel to the ground in the backswing and will then push themselves towards the lead foot already.

ģ Set Up

ģ Swing Characteristics of front post golfers:

Video about your test result:

Front post golfers will have the most pelvis rotation.

Their lead knee can bend and even the left heel can come off the ground. The knee however needs to track the lead foot and point in front of the ball at the top. This enables the push up that is needed for speed. ģ Power Production Being a front post golfer means that you need to use a higher ratio of vertical force in the swing. It is important to allow the lead knee to track the lead foot, and allow yourself to lower in the backswing to be able to push up.

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þ

Right foot pulled back (closed).

þ

Narrower Stance.

þ

Right foot should be square not flared out.

The Post Test The Post Test is crucial for determining you lower body action and power profile. Every golfer uses some combination of all 3 forces – horizontal, rotational, vertical. The post test helps us determine the magnitude and timing of each of them.

There are 3 possible outcomes that affect “how you use the ground.”

Rear post, Center post, and Front post.

Your Post Test Results:

Center Post Golfer The center post golfer moves 75-85% of their pressure to the rear foot by the time the lead arm is parallel to the ground. At this point the golfer starts applying pressure to move back to the front foot.

During the swing, your lead knee can point back AT the golf ball towards the top of the backswing.

Center post golfers should try to achieve 40-50° of pelvis rotation. You are recommended to allow the trail leg to straighten slightly and can lift the left heel if necessary to achieve the pelvis rotation. When doing this, allow the lead knee to point at the ball. ģ Set- Up: þ

Trail foot flared 15-20°

þ

No effect on aim.

þ

Medium width stance.

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ģ Power Production effect A center post golfer contributes a more rotational force to the combined force profile. Achieving 40-50° pelvis rotation on full shots and moving to the front foot at the right time will help this.

Video about your test result:

External Rotation of the Trail Shoulder The amount of mobility in your trail shoulder has a significant effect on the trajectory of the hands and club in the end of the backswing and start of the downswing. This influences how you should aim and has an effect on your power profile.

Your Post Test Results:

Shoulder Rotation Less Than 90° You have less external shoulder than average. This will have an effect on the late backswing and early downswing club and hand trajectories.

As the shoulder reaches the end of its range, the club will be more across the line at the top and will start down steeper, causing a club path that is more out-to-in and has a steeper attack angle. This will be offset by adjusting the feet at address and adding more sway towards the target. ģ Set- Up Changes Pull trail foot back until desired club path is achieved. ģ Power Profile The restricted shoulder leads to a more horizontal force contribution to help shallow the club.

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Video about your test result:

External Rotation of the Trail Shoulder The amount of mobility in your trail shoulder has a significant effect on the trajectory of the hands and club in the end of the backswing and start of the downswing. This influences how you should aim and has an effect on your power profile.

Your Post Test Results:

Normal- Shoulder Rotation Within Normal Range.

Your shoulder rotation is within normal range. It will not excessively contribute to a steeper or shallower swing. No changes are needed to be made during set up. ģ Power Profile – Contributes to a rotational force profile.

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Video about your test result:

External Rotation of the Trail Shoulder The amount of mobility in your trail shoulder has a significant effect on the trajectory of the hands and club in the end of the backswing and start of the downswing. This influences how you should aim and has an effect on your power profile.

Your Post Test Results:

Shoulder Rotation Greater than 90° You have more external rotation than average. The effect is that your club will lower and shallow more than average. The effect of that is to contribute to the club swing more in to out, with a shallow attack angle. Having a mobile trail shoulder will contribute to the club being more laid off at the top of the swing. ģ Set Up Changes Open stance (pull lead foot back) to zero out path and steepen attack angle. ģ Power Profile Contribution Having a mobile trail shoulder will increase the need for vertical force.

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Video about your test result:

Forearm vs. Upper Arm Test The result of testing the length of the trail forearm vs. the upper arm length has a contribution to the shape of the late backswing, transition and early downswing. Like all other aspects, this result in combination with other tests contributes to your power profile.

Your Post Test Results:

Same Length Forearm and Upper Arm ģ Swing ShapeYour forearm and upper arm test results contributes to the swing shape when the trail arm starts folding.

The upper arm vs. forearm being the same carries the club to a medium plane at the top of the swing and in transition. The club will be approximately through the bicep plane in the downswing. ģ Power Profile – Because of the mid- plane the golfer needs to add some rotational force in the downswing to allow the club to achieve the correct attack angle and path.

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Video about your test result:

Forearm vs. Upper Arm Test The result of testing the length of the trail forearm vs. the upper arm length has a contribution to the shape of the late backswing, transition and early downswing. Like all other aspects, this result in combination with other tests contributes to your power profile.

Your Post Test Results:

Longer Forearm than Upper Arm ģ Swing Shape – The longer forearm than upper arm contributes to the swing shape when the trail arm starts folding in the backswing. The effect of longer forearm carries the club to a higher plane at the top of the swing and in transition. The club will be approximately through the shoulder plane in the downswing. ģ Power Profile – Because of the higher plane, the golfer needs to add some glide or horizontal force in the downswing to reduce the out-to-in effect and steepness to optimize the attack angle and path. ģ Set-up ChangesBecause of the shoulder plane, you would benefit from pulling the trail foot back at address to neutralize this variable’s effect on club path and attack angle.

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Video about your test result:

Forearm vs. Upper Arm Test The result of testing the length of the trail forearm vs. the upper arm length has a contribution to the shape of the late backswing, transition and early downswing. Like all other aspects, this result in combination with other tests contributes to your power profile.

Your Post Test Results:

Shorter Forearm than Upper Arm ģ Swing Shape – The shorter forearm than upper arm contributes to the swing shape when the trail arm starts folding.

The shorter forearm carries the club to a lower plane at the top of the swing and in transition. The club will be approximately through the elbow plane in the downswing. ģ Power Profile – Because of the lower plane the golfer needs to add some vertical force in the downswing to allow the club to achieve the correct attack angle and path. ģ Set-up ChangesBecause of the elbow plane, shallow attack angle and in-to-out effect on the path you would benefit from pulling the lead foot back at address.

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Video about your test result:

Hip Differential Test (Left Hand Grip Test) The result of the hip differential test is to indicate the timing of when the lead leg will straighten, which has a big effect on wrist release timing and ground reaction forces. It shows how open the hips will be through the impact interval and contributes the trajectory the hands will take after impact.

Your Post Test Results:

Less than 45° Rotation ģ Swing Shape –

ģ Power Profile Contribution –

Your hips will be on the lower end of open at impact, and the lead leg will lock up earlier. The effect on the hand path trajectory after impact is the the hands will go more down the line and around the corner.

Having a lower amount of hip rotation at impact leads to using more vertical force.

It is very common for folks to aspire to a lot of hip turn. Trying to open them more than they are predisposed to do may hurt your body and game. ģ Left Hand Grip – You will have a neutral left-hand grip ģ Left Foot Flare You will have very little foot flare – about 10°

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Video about your test result:

Hip Differential Test (Left Hand Grip Test) The result of the hip differential test is to indicate the timing of when the lead leg will straighten, which has a big effect on wrist release timing and ground reaction forces. It shows how open the hips will be through the impact interval and contributes the trajectory the hands will take after impact.

Your Post Test Results:

More than 45° Rotation ģ Swing Shape – Your hips will be very open at impact, and the lead leg will straighten later. ģ Left Hand Grip – You will have a strong left-hand grip, and 20-30° of lead foot flare to assist in the timing and effect of hip rotation on the clubface. ģ Power Profile Contribution – Having a large amount of hip opening results in using more rotational force.

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Video about your test result:

Hip Differential Test (Left Hand Grip Test) The result of the hip differential test is to indicate the timing of when the lead leg will straighten, which has a big effect on wrist release timing and ground reaction forces. It shows how open the hips will be through the impact interval and contributes the trajectory the hands will take after impact.

Your Post Test Results:

45° Rotation ģ Swing Shape – Your hips will be medium open at impact. ģ Left Hand Grip – You will have 2-3 knuckles on your lead hand. ģ Left Foot Flare You will have about 15-20° of left foot flare. ģ Power Profile Contribution – Having a medium range of hip opening results in using rotational force.

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Video about your test result:

Speed & Injury in Golf The Apeiron team of medical and athletic experts will do a fantastic job of improving the health and fitness of your body. This section will discuss how, in addition to better health and fitness you can achieve a greater club head speed with a reduced chance of injury in way that honors your personal swing DNA. From a golf swing technique standpoint, speed and Injury are inextricably linked, and maybe not for the obvious reasons. Speed is encouraging and facilitating force, and range and freedom of motion, injury is often associated with inhibiting, restricting, or redirecting motion (intentionally or as a product of poor technique) The intention of the golfer is to hit

the ball at the target, solidly and with speed, trying to do this with a mismatching or inferior technique results in “manipulations or compensations” Simplistically your strength and speed (power), and range of motion (time to build up and transfer speed sequentially through the body) provide a natural club head speed upper limit. It is important to note that most golfers are not approaching their current maximum speed ceiling, and whilst increasing the horsepower of the golfer will theoretically improve speed, we usually get larger and longer lasting gains through improved technique and biomechanics COMBINED with improved health and fitness.

A Personalized approach to speed We coin a phrase that “an extending joint is an accelerating joint” An example of this is in throwing a ball the throwing arm extends and transmits speed to the ball. A counter example of this would be if when throwing you would keep the arm bent – resulting in significant speed loss.

An additional example could be taking a step and throwing, vs sitting in a chair and throwing, isolating segments out of the golf swing (keep the legs still) or keeping segments bent intentionally (Keep wrist cocked for as long as possible) severely impact potential club head speed vs your club head speed ceiling.

There are several reasons why golfers can’t close in on their max speed and these include having incomplete or mismatching swing theories (off the rack instruction!), bad technique or copying the swing of the best player in the world that month (it changes). The golf swing like many things in life is highly individual. Each person is born with movement characteristics as individual as a fingerprint, and as non-negotiable as being left or right-handed.

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The alter ego of an accelerating extending joint is an unnaturally restricted joint under great load this is how to get injured. The golf club is pulling away from the golfer at 1-200lbs.

Speed is currently highly in vogue in golf, as are internet-based tips on how move faster (and injuries). This one size fits all approach combined with higher-than-average personality traits like determination and work ethic and more driving range than course time would be a perfect storm for injury in my 25 yrs + in the golf business.

Dr Mishra will discuss in more detail from a medical perspective that injuries can be caused by repetitive strain, or a sudden impact (on a root for example) and in my experience deceleration “holding on” / restricting / steering injuries are quite common in the weekend warrior golf enthusiast (or golf addict)

Think of golf swing actions as either accelerators or decelerators, as the gas or the brake in a car. Pushing the gas and the brakes simultaneously is bad for the car (YOU!) Speed needs to be approached in a systematic way, understanding what the brakes are and how to take the brakes off before putting the gas down is the simplest, healthiest, and most effective way to think about it.

Going further with the car metaphor following our screening our job is to make sure that all your wheels are lined up (grip / release / aim/ ball position) that the transmission is working (weight shift and upper body pivot combo) so that when you put your foot on the gas (using the ground/training with speed devices) the speed that is generated can be transferred through the body and ultimately to the club head and ball.

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ģ Teaching / Learning Sequence For Success The process of gaining speed in golf has a sequence that will ensure that your effort pays off and you don’t get hurt.

This booklet and the personalized advice that I give will be structured like this – ģ First things first – Take the brakes off part 1 Hold The Club Correctly Customize your left and right-hand grips so that you can benefit from their full ranges of motion to transfer speed and benefit from the grips primary responsibility which is to square the face at the right time. Each person needs to grip the club according to how they screen – check out your grip sections.

A perfectly customized grip enables and requires you to release to hit great shots – releasing is an accelerator just like shooting the ball from the 3-point zone. ģ Taking the brakes off part 2 - Aim Correctly –

This booklet in its entirety and the feedback that I give is designed to give you permission to “swing your swing” as Arnold Palmer said each of us has our own swing DNA that is as optional as being left or right-handed.

The screening that we did gives you permission to swing your Unique personalized swing, with its dynamic match ups, this combined with a customized grip, alignment and set up will facilitate a less restricted swing that you will be able to add speed to. This booklet is designed to allow you to understand your bodies default tendencies. Making use of these tendencies rather than fixing them will allow you to swing in a more uninhibited fashion, and with a reduced chance of injury. ģ Adding Gas! – Using The Ground Once we have taken the brakes off and unrestricted the golfer, we can turn up the heat. By this time, we have unlocked extra clubhead speed without effort or visiting the gym, the permission to use not restrict joints is also better for health.

Alignment in golf is a product of several variables such as trail hand grip and trail shoulder mobility.

The railway line theory of alignment has underserved the worlds golfers at every level. Most golfers do not aim straight because most golfers’ movement DNA tilts their swing some amount left or right of their aim naturally – Dustin Johnson aims left; Patrick reed aims right (their shots end up at the target) If you aim incorrectly for your DNA you will need to redirect your motion to hit the ball to your target. ģ Taking the brakes off - Swing According to your personal biomechanics blueprint Swing styles come and go with the wind according to the current golf influencers, including in vogue coaches and usually the best or most popular player in the world.

Swings outside of these are usually called outliers, inefficient or one off. The vanilla swing is used as an example of efficiency and style that we should aspire to. This theory trips over as the hall of fame is filled with unique swings.

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Much like a sprinter who quite clearly uses their arms and legs to generate speed which in their case is delivered to the ground. In golf we use our arms and legs also to generate speed except this time it is delivered to the club. Golf like sprinting is a wholebody affair.

Using the ground refers to ground REACTION forces, the reaction part is important because the actions that we take with our lower body causes a reaction.

To understand this, think about running or jumping on ice or thick sand. The lack of friction or grip or

the softness influences the reaction of the ground.

Despite the same effort and action, we would take on perfect ground the reaction is different.

To understand how we use the ground in golf, first understand if we were to make a swing on differing terrains. If I hit from soft sand without digging my feet in to create a firm base, then the ground is soft and consequently we lose clubhead speed. If we swing on a slippery wet surface (or ice) with training shoes instead of golf shoes, then we lose traction and swing slower.

If we have a good grip on the ground (good shoes and a firm surface) then what we do with our lower body affects our Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) GRF can be broken into 3 directionally oriented forces – Side to side or horizontal, rotational, and vertical.

Putting it together video here

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A speed skater will use a lot of side-to-side force, a basketball player jumping for a dunk will use a lot of vertical force, and a tennis player will use rotational force to hit a waist high shot back across the net.

In golf what we have found on the tee and in working with biomechanics experts and others with great success is that all golfers use all three forces.

However, there are three GRF profiles that we see in golf that combine the forces in different ratios.

These three ratios are not optional so we will help you identify which style of lower body action suits you best by screening your lower body later in the booklet.