A NoMad Future by Nadine Ammar

A No-mad Future NadineByAmmar A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, andDesign, American University in Dubai in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2021

Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai Student’s Full Name: Thesis Book Title: Student Signature: ____________________________ Date ________________ Advisor / Professor Name: Advisor / Professor Signature: ___________________ Date ________________

Acknowledgments

I would firstly like to express my gratitude and thank all those who have been my great est support throughout the completion of my thesis. To my professor Dr. Anna Corn aro, for her passion, commitment, patience, and guidance throughout my academic journey this semester. I would also like to particularly thank my family for their endless support, and my friends for their unreplaceable encouragements and company.

Abstract

Keywords: Neo-nomad, Sustainability, Anthropocene, Temporary, adaptability

For the last 200 years, humans have negatively impacted the environment that some sci entists believe we are living in a new geological epoch known as: The Anthropocene – the age of human impact on earth; a symptom of this time is in the form of our carbon foot print, which can be traced to the undeniable problem of the way we build. In fact, building and construction sectors account for nearly 40% of all carbon emission in the world. These emissions are also estimated to account for 50% of the entire carbon foot print of new construction between now and 2050, which highlights the urgency to address this issue. This problem demands a change in the way we build from a state of being “permanent” & “static” or rigid to a state of flexibility and adaptability. There is pressure to adopt such ap proaches due to current and future climate-related issues we will face and need to adapt to. One applicable example, is how the Corona Virus Pandemic serves as a global wakeup call for the need of resilience in architecture and our cities. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the potential of Nomadism as a mindset & way of adaptive thinking. Just as nature wins the battle for survival by adapting, a Nomad’s adap tation is key to survival despite circumstances, such as extreme temperatures and scarcity of resources. With potentiality of scalable application, Nomadic thinking can be explored spatially in the vertical & horizontal. It is a gateway for a scope of research to explore a matrix of environmental and social solutions.

TABLEOF CONTENTS Learning from precedents PlayingLivingWorkingDwelling7.57.47.37.27.1 7 cAsE sTudiEs Proposed ProgramaticProgramRelationships7.27.1 9 PrOgrAm 1 iNTrOducTiON Definition Who are the Tinker-TraderPastoralHunter-GatherersNomads?NomadsNomads1.21.1 2 NOmAds OF ThE dEsErT Nomads of the Desert Bedouin on the Move Bedouin Culture & Tradition The Bedouin and the Tent Bedouins in the UAE2.52.42.32.22.1

Migrants of the 21st Century The Longing for a Nomadic Life ...and the digital nomad Thewandered...Bedouin and the Tent Bedouins in the UAE3.53.43.33.23.1 3 ThE 21sT cENTury NomadicDubai Urbanity Dubai and Digital Nomadism6.36.26.1 6 duBAi Site DetailedComparitiveSelectionAnalysisAnalysis7.37.27.1 8 siTE ANALysis Thesis SynthesisSummaryMap10.210.1 10 syNThEsis Concept Proposals & Preliminary Designs 11.1 11 cONcEPT FunctionDérive & Time - temporality and impermanence in the city Disentangling place, space and Spacemobilityvs. Place4.44.34.24.1 4 ON mOBiLiTy & sPAcE Nomadic Nuances A Contemporary nomad wears his home on his sleeve AArchigramNomadic Unit The Nomad and the Living Pod Haus Rucker Co Pao I and Pao II A Nomadic City5.85.75.65.55.45.35.25.1 5 shAdEs OF A NOmAd

csETiON 1

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the poten tial of Nomadism as a philosophy & way of adap tive thinking. Section 1 investigates the nomadic human experience by familiarizing the definition, meaning, and manifestations of this phenomenon.

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01Introduction

19 “a member of a group of people who move from one place to another rather than living in one place all of the time”. Nomad noun 1Figure womanNomad 1.1

Figure 2 Nomad man

Nomads around the world are classified into 3 types known as: the hunter-gatherers, the pasto rals, and the tinker/trader nomads.

It20is commonly understood that the origin of no madism as mode of living, can be traced back to around 7000 or 8000 years ago. The estab lishment of nomadism is associated to the time of early developments in agriculture and the do mestication of animals. Nomad’s motives varied according to factors including: the environmental and natural circumstances of a geographic area, as well as the different groups of people occupy ing the land (“The Origin of Nomadism: Evolving Nomads Through Time - Nomad Tours” 1). Who are the Nomads ? 1.2

Hunter-GatherersTlingit, Khoisan, Nukak-Maku, Bushmen

also referred to as Peripatetic No mads, follow trade as their primary motive for travel and movement between places. Driven by trade tinker-trader nomads travelled to sell sim ple products, labor services, trade animals and other valuable resources. However, impacted by industrialization, their ways have been impacted and so they no longer exist in large numbers (No mads around the world - different types & tribes).

Pastoral Nomads -

Making up a significant portion of the global no mad population, pastoral nomads’ movement was driven between pastures and dependent on the available resources for their animals. With Pastoral nomads, the animals were not only a source of meat, but were utilized for secondary products such as leather, wool, milk, and fertiliz ers (Nomads around the world - different types & Tinker/trader,tribes).

Bakhtiari, Bedouin, Kochis (Kuchis), Sarakatsani, Mongols, Pokot

Also referred to as Foragers, Hunter-gathers are considered to be the oldest type of human com munity. Known to harvest wild flora and fauna, they periodically travel to gather resources, using several strategies depending on the local envi ronment they were situated in such as: fishing, hunting, and gathering wild insects and plants (Nomads around the world - different types & tribes).

NomadsTinker-Trader

23 Figure 3 Nomadic shelters and structures

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02NomadsoftheDesert

2.1 4Figure tentoffrontingatheredBedouins

Interlaced in the region’s rich history, are nomad ic traces of ancient Arab nomads that existed in many areas in North Africa and the Middle East in cluding Jordan, Syria, Morocco, Libya, and Saudi Arabia (Losleben 4). Originating from the Arabic term “badawi”, the term Bedouin refers to “desert dwellers” or the ‘un-settled’ who obtained the nec essary skills and strategies for survival despite the extreme environment and challenges of living in the open desert for thousands of years. (Losleben While6).

Nomads of the Desert

Bedouins continue to acknowledge them selves as ‘Al Arab’, a Bedu by definition refers to a particular way of life, that which encapsulates the essence of nomadism. Hence the it is this nomadic and migratory lifestyle such as rearing sheep and camels and the search for pasture that distinguish es Bedouins from what are known today as Arabs. Furthermore, one integral element to understand ing what it means to be nomadic, is to recognize that the lifestyle such as that of the Bedouins is “nothing if not adaptable” (Keohane 10).

28 5Figure Sand

Just as contemporary nomads’ movement from one location and another today is influenced by education or work opportunities, even the Bedou ins had a shift and change in their migration that was not solely based on the availability of pasture. For instance, their movement was driven by the desire of being closer to settlements for their chil dren’s schools. An explanation of these new driv ers of migration can be attributed to the increas ing numbers of working labor wage. In fact, the increase of salaries earned, facilitated in purchas es for larger amounts of animal necessities. As a result, this provided them with greater flexibility, and freed them for strictly migrating for available

There is no understating the challenges that arise for survival in the harshness of desert landscape and seemingly unforgiving climate. Despite the scarcity of natural resources which they needed to rely on for survival, the Bedu lived a harmoni ous and simple life with their natural surroundings and what the desert had to offer (“Bedouin Life at Al Marmoom in Dubai). Even though essential resources such as water and food were scarce, the Bedu survived on an inherent instinct and under standing of the arid land as a byproduct of their skillful adaptation and transient lifestyle (“Know the UAE: Life under the Tent”). Since the quantity of rainfall in the desert is not uniform, the Bedou in tribes adapted their migrations to areas of the desert according to the availability of pasture for the animals they herd such as goats, camels, and sheep. The distances travelled. The distance and duration also varied between tribes that were com paratively more nomadic. For instance, tribes who herded camels were capable of enduring longer Bedouin on the Move tobeBedouin-survivalinthedesertlandscape

2.2

Not only does the harsh environment and climate have implications on the architecture and shelter, but also is represented in clothing articles and ma terials. Embodying both practicality and aesthetics, the Bedouin’s designed their clothes to be comfort able and adaptive. Made from animal wool, their clothes provided the flexibility and multi-function ality of keeping them as cool as possible in the hot summers and protected during cold desert winters (“Bedouin Life in the UAE: Tribes History, Lifestyle & whatMore”).didtheBedouinwear?

Bedouin culture & tradition 2.3

Despite their movement and temporary physical structures, the Bedouins are tied to a set of social values and traditions embodied and honored. This includes frequent socialization with passerby and neighbors, that is also encrypted in the literal openness and invitation encouraged by leaving their tents wide open. Illustrated in the Bedouin proverb” today’s host is tomorrow’s guest”, hos pitality is a fundamental element of their social structure, values, and tradition which in return in creased/amplified their survival in the harsh des ert environment (Bitar 74). Additionally, the Bedou ins were known to have a strong moral compass for ideals such as honor and loyalty to their tribes and family (“Bedouin Life in the UAE: Tribes Histo ry, Lifestyle & More”).

31 6Figure 7Figure circleainformedgroupBedouin weavingwomanBedouin

The nomadic tent as a portable shelter, such as the Black Bedouin tent, is believed to date back to 3000-4000 years BC – rendering it as one of the oldest form of shelter utilized today (Al Amaireh 1). The tent was utilized by many nomadic or semi nomadic people around the world, customized to their particular needs – as a result the tent took shape in many forms, sizes, types, and structures dependent on factors such as: the climate, culture, tradition, and religion (Al Amaireh 1 or Rapoport, 1969, pp.13-15). Despite variation in tent materials and construction methods based on locally avail able technology, all tents shared primary features of portability and flexibility (Al Amaireh 1 or Rap port, 1969, pp.24-28).

Initially appearing in the Arabian Peninsula, the Bedouin tent was utilized in Syria and Iraq, even tually spreading to other nations across Africa and Asia (Al Amaireh 2). What remained constant - de spite different geographic and cultural conditions – were the tent’s primary nomadic features. They remained consistent in characteristics that in clude being: “light weight, easy to dismantle, easy to erect, portable, produced from goat hair, and supported by poles, sticks and ropes (Al Amaireh 2 or Cruz, 1966, p, 26).

The nomadic tent structure facilitated the Bedou in’s nomadic lifestyle, capable of change accord ing to personal needs and requirements.

The black goat-hair tent is perhaps the most popular/memorable image attached to a des ert nomad and symbolic of the nomadic lifestyle (Keohane 58). The Bedouin tent known as hair houses (also known as the “winter house”) is an innovative construction suited to the Bedouin’s environment, and an expression of character and culture. (Al Amaireh 1). And despite often being the obstacle, the desert provides all the ingredi ents necessary – adaptive to the nomad’s shifting requirements. (Keohane 58).

The Bedouin and the Tent 2.4

33 Figure 8 Figure 10 Figure 9 Figure 11 The tent is completely open at the front The tent is closed with one extra side cloth The tent is closed with two extra side Theclothestent is closed on all sides with only one door and unroofed kitchen niche

Even34 further, the tents were also modified to spe cifically adapt to different members and family needs. Tent size for instance, differed between families based on financial rank/hierarchy. Large and longer tents belonged to tribe chiefs and were distinguished from the rest, medium tents for fami lies belonging to the middle class, and small tents for the poorer families (Al Amaireh 2 or (Klaus, 1993, pp.349-351).

For added flexibility, the Bedouins constructed their tents by separating the roof and sides in order to perform as an open sunshade in hot summers, and inversely as an enclosed barrier to protect against the strong cool wind during winter nights (Keohane 59). The Bedouin tent utilized fabric made from woven dark goat hair which also has useful passive adaptive qualities. Made from goat hair (and often combined with sheep hair), the fibers are woven into “Shiqaq” (long strips) and loosely stitched to construct the roof (“UAE Heri tage: Bedouin lifestyle”). The woven hair fibers re sponded to different seasonal conditions. During the summer, the cloth creates comfortable shade while the coarse weave illuminates the interior space by diffusing sunlight. Absorbing heat, the roof’s dark black color generates a cooling breeze as the air inside is drawn out and the warm air rises above the tent. The same fabric transforms during the winter into a waterproof barrier as the hair fibres swell and the tiny gaps in the fabric close up (“UAE Heritage: Bedouin lifestyle”).

35 13Figure12Figure preparationfoodinengagedwomenBedouinshowingperspectiveInteriormealasharingfamilyBedouinashowingperspectiveInterior

As archeological evidence suggests, the Bedouins make an appearance in the UAE’s history, and can be traced back to a period of first human settlement around 3000BCE and 2500BCE at a mangrove swamp dried up where Dubai is pres ent today (“Interesting Facts about the History of Dubai”). Bedouins in the UAE 2.5

Constantly moving, the semi-nomadic Bedouin tribes traveled large distances in the harsh desert landscape utilizing the sun, stars, and form of sand dunes sculpted by dominant winds to identify and track the direction of their travels (“Bedouin Life at Al Marmoom in Dubai). Migrating in ‘nomadic cy cles’, the Bedouins traveled from one place to the next in search of essential life-supporting resources such as: water, fertile land, more tolerable areas for shelter under the sun and harsh environment of the arid landscape (“Bedouin Life in the UAE: Tribes History, Lifestyle & More”).

37 14Figure hellosaycamelsThree

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03 Century21Thest

“Throughout40 history, humans have always been in motion. We have always been a migratory species. Our ancestors have al ways moved. There has never been any trace of settlement in hu man life. No permanent texture … we are always on a go. None of us is the native of our homes.”“Inthe 21st century we are all migrants” - Mohsin Hamid

41 15Figure movenextthepondersWanderer

42As

he illustrates in a 2019 story for the National Geographic magazine, British-Paskistani novel ist Mohsin Hamid describes the evident relation ship between movement and humankind in the 21st century. Hamid paints the condition of being human as never truly being native in a place we call home, nor in a current moment in time; “to be human is to migrate forward through time” and space through the temporal world. This human movement through physical space and time are often by choice, but are also influenced and even forced under socio-economic and environmental stresses (Hamid : in the 21st Century, we are all migrants). To observe our migratory and nomadic ancestors in comparison to the current condition of human behavior is to recognize that mankind has and is always moving/on the move. Migrants of the 21st Century 3.1

“We move when it is intolerable to stay where we are. We move because of environmental stresses and physical dangers and the small-mindedness of our neighbors—and to be who we wish to be, to seek what we wish to seek.”

- Mohsin Hamid

43 16Figure CrossingRoad-Motion

44 17Figure MovetheonNomadDigitalA

“The urge to migrate, to quest, to go on a journey, is deep-seated –ancestral, essential and instinctive” – Felix Marquardt

The Longing for a Nomadic Life 3.2

The longing for living the life that of a Nomad has not been entirely lost today. Despite technological inevitabilities that helped to achieve mankind’s greatest developments for survival such as settle ment and the domestication of nature, as seen in continuously- growing cities across the globe, hu mans still live, if not then romanticize, the life of their nomadic ancestors in one shape or form. Today for instance, “the nomadic way of life has increased in popularity largely due to the rise of the digital nomad movement, driven by remote workers who are unbound by traditional office jobs” (George 2).

3.3wandered...

...and

46The nomadic lifestyle is thus in one way evident by the presence of today’s ‘digital nomads’ who embody the characteristics of mobility and relationship with space. In a BBC article, New York based journalist Bryan Lufkin, refers to a possible nomadic future. He further illustrates the point that there has been in fact a spike of interest in digital nomadism - “people who choose to embrace a location-independent, technol ogy-enabled lifestyle that allows them to travel and work remotely, anywhere in the Internet-connected world”. And this is particularly relevant in the case of our current and post-Corona virus pandemic reality when there has been a great increase in the amount of individuals adopting this “digital-nomad lifestyle” (Lufkin 1). In fact, a study by the MBO Partner’s 2020 research reports this influx of digital nomadism, show ing the rise of the digital-nomad population in the U.S by up to 50% from 2019 (COVID-19 and the Rise of the Digital Nomad, 2). This digital nomadism, similar to that seen in the past, also differs in some parameters which includes: dis tance, location, and duration. For example, the dura tion of this nomadism can be for long periods ranging up to years while other times for shorter periods lasting several weeks to months. Additionally, some nomads travel great distances across continents, while others travel less extreme distances and remain within their area exploring the country on the move. (COVID-19 and the Rise of the Digital Nomad, 3). the digital nomad

47 7.3M 2019 10.9M 2020 18Figure NomadsDigitalofRise

48 4.1M 4.6M6.3M 3.2M 2019 Number of traditional job holders and independent workers who are digital nomads (in millions) 01234567 2020Figure 19 Digital nomads population between 2019 & 2020

49 Digital nomads are rapid adaptors of technology (percent rapid adaptors of technology) 0 Digital Nomads Digital Non-DigitalNon-DigitalNomadsNomadsNomads Specialized training, education, or expertise Specialized training, education, or expertise Specialized training, education, or expertise Specialized training, education, or expertise 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Figure 20 Digital nomads as adaptors of technology percentages

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04OnMobilityandSpace

21Figure4.1DérivemapCitySituationist

French philosopher, poet, filmmaker, and Marxist theorist - Guy Debord was a founding member of The Situationist International (SI), a group estab lished in 1957 consisting of intellectuals, avant-gar de artists, and political theorists that shaped and brought many revolutionary ideas, strategies, and radical thought. Author of “Theory of the Derive”, Debord explores the basic situationist practice “derive” [literally: “drifting”] defined as “a mode of experimental behavior linked to the conditions of urban society: a technique of rapid passage through varied ambiances. “(Debord 2). To be in a derive is to be led and drawn by one’s encoun ters and surrounding rather than the usual motives for movement and exploration; it revolves around “playful-constructive behavior and awareness of psychogeographical effects” (Debord 2). To further paint the condition of a nomad invites the understanding of ways in which a wanderer may experience space in the city. One way is un der the Theory of the Derive.

This spontaneity and kind of playfulness is argu ably reminding of our nomadic and transient nature. Our nomadic existence would therefore try to challenge permanence and fixity and favor ephemerality and spontaneity. In fact, the concept of the derive – to be drifting – encourages the no madic act of wandering.

The54 map from Simon Sadler’s “The Situationist City” book SimoncoverSadler, a Professor of Urban and Architec tural History at the University of California, devel ops on these ideas in his publication “The Situa tionist City” – where he explores the fundamentals of Situationist thought applied specifically to the fabric of modern cities. In one instance, Sadler builds on Situationist principles of restructuring cities in a manner that allows citizens to decide on how and which architecture and spaces they want to dwell in. This reorganization stems from Situationist thinking which deems the “benign pro fessionalism of architecture and design [to] have led to a sterilization of the world that threatened to wipe out any sense of spontaneity or playfulness” (Sweeting).

Figure 22

55 Figure 23 Amsterdam psychogeographical map

In other words, “temporary events may be seen as incidences of nomadic experience, seeming to go against fixities of space” (Madanipour 34).

On Function & time: Temporality and impermanence in the City 4.2 For example, functionalist architecture defined cit ies under four functions: working, transportation, dwelling, and recreation (Madanipour 33 or Sert, 1994). The result of treating space and time under such structure and rationality leaves little room for spontaneous activity outside the strictly catego rized. In this regard, space becomes synonymous with “fixity and permanence” when in reality, time – as with nomadism – is synonymous with “move ment and change” (Madanipour 34). What this illustrates, is the implication of such a rig id rationality on how cities and spaces are built. Building and understanding spaces with concepts of permanence and rigidity challenges the spon taneity of human behavior and activity. In relation to nomadism - which evokes change and move ment – spaces following fixed rationale become challenges.

60 Figure 24 Motion - Madrid

And often times, the response to temporality and un predictability has been reluctance and enforced lim itation. For example, this is evident in the treatment of the mobile Roma population – a minority group con stantly struggling to find a place for their ephemeral existence around Europe (Madanipour 34). In order to understand the relation of space to nomadism, it is required to investigate what and how we define space, and consequently the meaning of place.

Nomads and mobile places: Disentangling place, space and4.3mobility

It is the context where activities make sense and where they derive their meaning from and, rela tionally, those practices and activities give mean ing to the place as well…places are no less real, in the sense that they are out there, but we can only know them through our meanings that we con struct and the experiences that we have”

In his publication/paper “Nomads and Mobile places”, Peter Kabachnik investigates the relation ship between mobility, space, and place. Using examples, such as nomadic Gypsies and Trav elers in Britain, Kabachnik explores the meaning of ‘place’ and impacts of mobility specifically in relation to those who are often characterized as ‘placeless’. Thus, nomadism is understood with its nuances by the reconceptualization of what is meant and understand by ‘place’. Acknowledg ing that our identities are tied to both place and mobility, Kabachnik’s investigates the question of what this means for those, such as Nomad’s iden tities, who are recognized as ‘placeless’ because of the mobility integral in their lifestyle. One way to redefine the meaning of place and belonging is by recognizing that it is the spatialized definition of place that leads to the attribution of placelessness as a nomadic characteristic.

“the context for all human activity…a powerful in fluence in our lives, though by no means is it deter ministic… an important centre for meaning…[that] is strongly linked to our memories… Places both constrain and enable people to do what they do.

One way to define place is as the following:

Just as nomads convey continuous change with mobility, identity is also not static and consistent everywhere, but continuously changing/shifting in accordance to the places the self finds itself in; “our identities shift according to the places we are in, exemplifying the role place plays in identity for mation and performance”. As Kabachnik emphasizes, places range in scale can location, can exist in multiple places simul taneously, and lastly moveable or stationary. It is the perception of place as capable of movement that is key to the reconceptualization of a more nuanced understanding of mobility. Moreover, places are not static or “autonomous entities’, but rather “fluid and interconnected to many other places” and created by the mobility and move ment of people.

Figure 25 A City in Motion - digital artwork

By solely connecting the meaning of spaces to the spatialized definition of place – “which fixes places to a location” – the understanding of a place’s mo bility untied nor required to be fixed is left distorted. Instead, places are created through mobility and inversely mobility generates place.

And by looking through the lens of nomadism, a better understanding of mobility can be made. Place is an integral part of nomadism, despite pre sumptions to the contrary.

66 Space vs Place

21st century life desires a non-spatialized definition of place, especially considering the complexity and nuances of the nomadic realm which today even transcends the physical world.

4.4

Hence, the way we define place ultimately defines our perception, attitude, and acceptance of no madism - particularly (traditionally) nomadic peo ple who are known to have been ostracized by so ciety. One example illustrating the consequences of the spatialized definition of place is the mistreat ment of nomadic groups such the homeless or The Roma, known as Gypsies and travelers in England and Wales. As a result of defining place as need ing to be fixed, travelers and gypsies struggle to comfortably fit in society and under set laws. One way is in the lack of sufficient legal caravan sites - leaving Gypsies with no choice but to settle in un designated land and thus have their settling and nomadic practices and identities criminalized.

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05ShadesofaNomad

Despite72 the great deal in which contemporary life has been digitized – like the ways in which smart phones and devices facilitate, as extensions of the human body – the nomadic experience remains pertinent in very tangible ways. This nomadic and transient phenomenon manifests itself in the phys ical- tangible world in varied degrees and scales. And these nuances can be considered to range from something small and immediate – such as an article of clothing or handheld device, to the scale of an individually conceived space (like a capsule or module), to the larger fabric and infrastructure of the city.

5.1

73 URBAN NETWORK SINGULAREXTENSIONHUMANUNITSPACE

SS13 collection

Figure 26 Wearable tent from Femke

One way to realize the nomadic experience as a physical manifestation is in an immediate form - as ex tensions of the human body. This can be imagined as the simple gadgets the 21st century nomad already carries in their pocket. Just as ancestral nomads carried their shelter wherever they wandered, 21st century life imitates that ability, and demands this need of portability. This invites different conceptualizations of what a shelter can be. In the 21st century we might not only need to wear our heart on our sleeve, but our home too. Agema’s -

‘Elders’

Figure 27

Craig Green’s Wearable Habitats collection

Launched in 2018 at the Milan Fashion Week, British fashion designer Craig Green displayed his innovative “wearable habitats” collections as one of the several participating designers of The Mon cler Genius project by the Italian brand Moncler.

Labeled “wearable habitats” Craig Green’s mens wear collection showcases a series of “kinetic ma chines” including parkas, jackets, work shirts and trousers (Yalcinkaya 1). The utilitarian collection is a manifestation of Green’s interpretative vision of architectural clothing articles designed to be prac tical and functional in which “the shape responds to a need, and as such, it performs” Green’s col lection features kite, tent-like resembling structures and exaggerated forms that embody the subjects of protection, performance, and functionality (Yal cinkaya 1).

A contemporary nomad wears his home on his sleeve 5.2

Another78 one of Green’s Moncler Genius designs is a reinterpretation of the puffer jacket. His third col lection features oversized Color-block jackets, par kas, and base layers are padded with pillow-like down panels on the neck, arms, and legs that can be rolled up like a sleeping bag. similar to the No madic and tent structures, the jacket designs too have characteristic of portability and allow for the clothing articles to be packed into a compact unit. The designs revolved around insuring that the items remained lightweight despite their apparent size, by prioritizing the inclusion of elements that served both style and functionality (Hahn 3). 28Figure

collectionJacketPufferGreen’sCraig

Based80 at the Architectural Association, an avant-garde art and architecture group and magazine “Archigram” was formed by main architects: Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Dennis Crompton, David Greene, Michael Webb, and Ron Herron in the 1960s. Archi gram was recognized for breaking away from conventional design and instead intro duced innovative ideas such as cities that could move and homes that could be worn like “suits of clothes” (Sadler). Just as tradi tional Nomadism was primarily driven and motivated by shifting needs that required adaptability, the radical British architects at Archigram overlap with the qualities of nomadism by striving for adaptive architec ture that would be able to “change shape to accommodate the emergent needs and desires of its users” (Pickering 661). Thus, Archigram’s primary focus for adaptabili ty that was high-tech, and lightweight was experimented on with modular mechanisms and mobility through atmospheres (“What Archigram Taught Us”). The examination of Archigram’s proposals such as the Walk ing City, Instant City, Plug-In City, and Living pod, has the potential of introducing design approaches and tangible strategies that can accommodate Nomadic thinking implica tions on the form and behavior of architec ture and cities.

Figure5.329

82 The Cushicle & The Suitaloon

Member of Archigram, Michael Webb’s “Cushicle & Suitaloon” is an imaginative dwelling unit that embodies Nomadic characteristics. The Cushicle is designed to perform as a portable wearable habitat capable of being assembled and un packed on demand, allowing the individual to transport an entire environment on his/her back. The project design is a demonstration of a com pletely serviced inflatable nomadic unit, allowing the nomad, explorer, and wanderer to maintain maximum comfort with minimal comparable ef fort. With the flexibility and portability desirable in a nomadic lifestyle, the autonomous Cushicle is able to contain essentials such as water and food supply, as well as other radio and heating acces sories (Webb).

Figure 30 Archigram Cushicle and Suitaloon Axo

84 Figure 31

The Suitaloon - similarly to the Cushicle - reimag ines a mobile habitat as “clothing for living in”. The Suitaloon resembles a space suit, providing the necessities needed for a comfortable and portable environment. Despite being designed as a single unit, the Suitaloon provides the op tion to “plug” and connect with other suits – cre ating larger spaces and sharing an environment (Webb). Webb’s design proposal offers a system that is autonomous – in line with the efficiency and portability desired in a nomadic lifestyle. Addition ally, it demonstrates that while the simple singular unit is scaled to the private individual, it still allows for a larger connected urban system scaled to the public community.

Figure 32

Assembly

Cushicle and Suitaloon

86 5.4

From the immediate and small scale, emerges another mode – the scale of an individually per ceived space. These nomadic elements can be typically seen in the form of individual modules or capsules. The result is a habitat with a pod-like and nomadic nature – usually embodying charac teristics such as self-sufficiency.

88 A Nomad and the Living Pod“Part5.5 One: A Pod Colour: bonded white Twelve support nodes: six compression, six tension Four apertures - 25% surface One access aperture: all with vacuum fixing seals, inner bonded sandwich of insulation and/or finish Multi-purpose inflating floor – 45% area” The Living pod is characterized as a type of no madic dwelling and described as the following: “Part Two: Machinery four automatic self-levelling compression legs for maximum 5 feet of water or 40-degree slope Two transparent sectionalised sliding aperture seals with Transparentmotors entry seal with ramp and hydraulics Two wash capsules with electrostatic disposal, air entry, and total automatic body cleaning equipment One only with total body water immersion possibility Two rotating silos for disposable toilet and clothing objects, etc. Vertical body hoist Climate machinery for temperate zone (with con nections to inflating sleep mats and warm section of inflating Non-staticfloor).food dispenser with self-cook modifica Non-statictions. media, teach and work machine with instant transparent cocoon ring. Inflating screens to sleep mats.” Figure 33 Living Pod Drawings

The Living Pod by David Greene performs as a “trailer home” comprised of two primary compo nents: the living-pod and attached machinery. The living pod is designed with the flexibility of existing as an independent unit or “plugged” into a larger structure. As Greene describes – “the house is de signed as an appliance to be transported around with the owner, the city becomes a machine peo ple plug into” (“Living Pod” [Frac Centre]). An out come of rejecting permanence, Greene’s design of the Living Pod provides mobility and nurtures curiosity similar to ‘traditional’ nomadic societies. In comparison, the Cushicle and the Suitaloon designed by Webb act behave as the “tent and camel equivalent: the node cores an oasis equiv alent: the node cluster communities conditioned by varying rates of change” (“Living Pod” [Hidden Architecture]).

34Figure PodLiving

Similar to the flexibility of traditional Nomad dwell ings, David Greene’s vertical net structure pro posal allows for adaptability by the addition or subtraction of functional pods according to user needs. This “multipod-wall” explores an autono mous vertical scaffold structure with the ability of being a customizable – a continuously changing assembly of individual pod units. Almost invisible, the minimal structure hosts the individual nomadic units for a specific period of time – as the archi tect describes: like a “high-rise campsite…a field of apartments” (Greene, Living Pod – Net Structure). The net structure proposal functions as a skeleton in which individual nomadic pods are plugged in (and vice versa), in addition to circulation func tions and services including staircases, elevators, water, waste, and electricity on demand (Greene, Living Pod – Net Structure). Net Structures

Living Pod –

35Figure 36Figure DrawingStructureNetPodLiving drawingphysicalStructureNetPodLiving

The installations of Haus-Ruck er-Co functioned as a commentary of the confined spaces of bourgeois life, creating ephemeral, dis posable architecture, while their prosthetic devices were designed to boost sensory experience and emphasize the nature of our senses taken for granted (“Spatial Agency: Haus-Rucker-Co”).

Of their most popular projects include their “pneu matic air-structures,” and “Mind-Expander” inter active series of wearable helmets that enabled users to experience different perspective.

Haus-Rucker-Co

Their approach and method with building materi als was playful. Experimenting with different mate rials such as plastics that were flexible, cheap, and seemingly limitless in their potential served as a model for the era’s futurist ideals of a democratic and mobile lifestyle (“Austrian Cultural Forum”).

Founded92 by Luaudris Ortner, Günther Zamp Kelp and Klaus Pinter, and Manfred Ortner in 1967, Haus-Rucker-co was a Vietnamese architecture group that explored and produced many exper imental and utopian experiments and installa tions. Drawing inspiration from Situationist ideas of play as a method of citizen participation, the Vietnamese group designed installations and per formances that enabled users to become more than passive bystanders and observers. Instead of being mere witnesses, the citizens would become participants capable of altering and determining their environment.

5.6Haus-Rucker-CoFigure37

94The Oase Nr. 7 was initially created for the Docu menta 5 exhibition in Kassel, Germany, in 1972 but was never built. The project was an 8-meter-diam eter temporary translucent inflated sphere installed on the Museum Friedericianum’s main façade. Ex tending from the interior through a window was a catwalk composed of conventional tubular steel sections. A steel ring is fastened to the footbridge, which was set back from the façade. This ring served as the exterior support for a PVC foil shell that, when inflated with an air pump, produced a sphere (“Oase No. 7”). The result is an imper manent inflatable structure, that could be erected on demand to provide a space for recreation and play for two people. Oase No.7 38Figure DetailSectionNo.7Oase

96Toyo

Despite being written nearly thirty years ago, Ito’s thinking – which is reflected in the Pao dwellings – is highly relevant and applicable in today’s COVID-19 reality. In his essay “Architecture in a Simulated City”, Ito emphasizes the thought that communication is no longer deeply rooted in an area, but instead is based on temporary and in stantaneous networks (Brownell 1).

Ito’s Pao I and Pao II (1985 and 1989) are two projects based on a premise in which most domestic functions are dissolved in the city, while the dwelling unit becomes a reduced entity offer ing just minimum shelter and connection to the informational network. The focus of this study is the urban nomad and Tokyo in the 1980s: one of the most technologically sophisticated cities in the world at the time, as well as one of the dens est, with a rising price per square meter. Both of Ito’s Pao projects are ephemeral and lightweight –tents that can melt themselves into the city and be virtually reduced to a collection of objects. And to integrate and absorb information from the outside world into the intimate dwelling space, the surfac es were treated as a screen (Fabrizi 1). Ito along with Kazuyo Sejima designed the “Pao Dwellings for Tokyo Nomad Girl” as temporary dwelling structure for the urban dweller. As Bren don Carlin describes the house designs as “light metal space-frame structure[s]…clad in light trans lucent materials that absorb the energy and infor mation of the city while reflecting the increasingly ephemeral nature of life” (Brownell).

Pao I and Pao II

Dwellings for the Tokyo Nomad

5.7Girl Figure 39 Figure 40 Pao Furniture Pao Axonometric Drawings

“The shift of the house towards the objects re flects a change in the ways of living in contem porary Japan: the customer of the traditional house is a family, while the House for the No mad Girl is aimed to a sole isolated individual such as the girl “that wanders around the im mense plain of the media called Toyo.” (“Pao for the Tokyo Nomad Girl”)

Figure 41 Pao II Installation (1989)

“They were all transient objects like mirage without the feeling of texture or existence. They are ephemeral objects which are more of spontaneous phenomena like a rain bow than structures.” Toyo Ito, Architecture in a simulated city, December 1991

While the Pao dwellings were a response for the rapid changes in Japan’s economy at the time and differ in their designs, the transformation of our bedrooms during the Pandemic resulted in similarly functions and use of space. In the same way the Pao was a shelter for basic dwelling func tions, our homes and bedrooms transformed into a similar multi-functional space for activities such as: zooming, sleeping, recreation, and snacking.

And98 this is precisely what the pandemic had and has driven across the globe. The pandemic forcibly shifted communication and connection from the physical dimension into non-tangible connection via virtual media. It has also resulted in the need and dependence of constructing and communi cation in a spontaneous and ephemeral manner.

COVID-19 bedrooms and the Pao dwelling look nothing alike, but share a similar reliance on furni ture, devices, and gadgets to host such functions. In ways this illustrates that nomadic shelters are flexible and non-fixed to a particular location or time, so long as one has access to the Internet. Sheltering populations in small, identical urban bubbles may not be the answer, but the concept is relevant. As architecture regains its footing in the aftermath of the pandemic, we may learn from the pao’s technical efficacy and urban-centricity, while fostering the types of diverse, contextually partic ular, and community traits Ito discovered we all require (Brownell 2).

99 42Figure Drawing1Pao

“They100 were all transient objects like mirage without the feeling of texture or existence. They are ephemeral objects which are more of spontaneous phenomena like a rainbow than structures.” Toyo Ito, Architecture in a simulated city, December 1991 43Figure CitytheinPao

101

“The shift of the house towards the objects reflects a change in the ways of living in contemporary Japan: the customer of the traditional house is a family, while the House for the Nomad Girl is aimed to a sole isolated individual such as the girl “that wanders around the immense plain of the media called Toyo.” (“Pao for the Tokyo Nomad Girl”)

102 5.8 Lastly, the quality of being nomadic can be applied in the mode of a system of infrastructure at an urban city scale.

103 Figure 44 Collage of “The Nomadic City” - Hanson Cheng

104 And if a city could wander...

The Walking City, Archigram

Continuously on the move, a nomad is of ten perceived untied to a specific location. And while the design of the Cushicle and the Suitaloon refer to the individual unit of a wanderer, Archigram’s Walking City imagines a whole futuristic city infrastruc ture for a nomadic lifestyle. The Walking City proposes cities capable of traveling on land and sea; structures that can be plugged into several locations and “infor mation networks” simultaneously meeting the requirements of both migrating and settled members of society. In return, this “nomadic existence” nurtures a global in formation and culture marketplace (Chalk et al.)

Figure 45

The Walking City

105

Plug-in City

The106

Plug-in City as a whole was the culmination of a number of ideas developed between 1962 and 1964. The Metal Cabin Housing was a prototype in the sense that it included detachable housing parts into a concrete ‘megastructure.’ The talks in Archigram 2 and 3 created a pressure of argu ment in favor of disposable buildings: it was thus unavoidable that we study what happens if the whole urban environment can be designed and planned for change (Cook 1)

107 46Figure 47Figure ArchigramCity,Plug-inThe 1ArchigramCity,Plug-inThe

108 chAPTEr

06Dubai

110 6.1Dubai

Although the number of individuals who live a traditional nomadic lifestyle exists in smaller scat tered numbers today, life in the 21st century retains the essence of nomadism. It exists globally, mani festing itself in modern day mobility and migration – both physically in the tangible geographic realm, and virtually, in the nontangible digital realm.

111

This is no different in the case of Dubai – a city recognized for its constant change and growth – a place often referred to as a transient and migrant city. The urban framework of Dubai is becoming “a perfect embodiment of this new transnational urban space within which the new nomads oper ate” (Elsheshtawy 123).

Figure 48 Population of Dubai in 2021 graph

Dubai112 is a city of temporary migrants. In fact, 2021 population data illustrates that expatriates ac count for around 85% of the population (and na tive residents for the remaining 15%) (Word Pop ulation Review). Additionally, the city is to expect further rapid population growth, such as 270,000 job availabilities linked to hosting the Expo 2020, and an overall population growth of up to 3.4 mil lion people by 2030.

113 4M3M POPULATION Dubai Population 2021 YEAR 2M1M1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

A114 metropolitan city – such as Dubai – with char acteristics such as hypermobility, hyper-diversity, temporary contracts and social encounters cre ates feelings of this ephemerality – resulting in the transformation of the urban experience into “no madic experience” (Madanipour 63). This is appli cable in the case of Dubai as a transient city, one that displays many symptoms of ‘nomadic urban ity’ and the described temporary and mobile life style. Temporary experience in cities, like the city of Dubai, is an outcome of movement and urban interconnectivity. Dubai’s sense of transience and nomadic urbanity, is attributed to migration facil itated by infrastructure such as, connecting high ways, roads, metro line, and airports. Nomadic

6.2experienceTemporaryUrbanityandnomadic

115 49Figure Roads-Dubai

116

117 50Figure 51Figure Highway LineMetro

118 Life in Dubai is flooded with contemporary wan derers, as its been globally recognized as the sec ond most popular city destination for digital no mads. As expressed in reports, digital nomadism is becoming the new typical mode of remote work.

Dubai launched an innovative program in Octo ber 2020 that allows international telecommuting experts to reside in the city while continuing to serve their companies in their home country. This relocation allows remote employees — and their families — to migrate on a yearly basis to one of the world’s major tourist and business locations. A program that would allow digital nomads to enjoy and pursue a safe and high-quality lifestyle backed by a robust digital infrastructure that pro vides connection (Issac 2).

Dubai and Digital Nomadism 6.3

Governments globally are responding to this no madism by implementing ‘work-from-anywhere’ legislation, allowing job seekers to migrate to plac es that best suit their lives and desires.

Dubai becomes a hub for contemporary nomads by offering Nomad Visas for digital nomads around the world. The ‘nomadic’ visa functions as a yearly virtual working program for digital no mads – providing access to all of the typical ser vices that residents enjoy, such as telecommunica tions, utilities, and education. It is a flexible and accessible global digital network of up to 200+ nationalities (“Work Remotely from Dubai”). With this ability to work remotely, nomads wander in the virtual realm without being tied to a particular physical space.

119Figure 52 Working City Nomad

120 Response to these nomadic needs and requirements of space, can be seen in the many flexible and shared spaces around the city. This ranges from cafes, co-working, and multi-use informal spaces in Dubai that aim to fulfill the nomadic requirements of flexibili ty and adaptive working spaces. Additionally, mobile apps have been another responsive tool to facilitate this nomadic working lifestyle. One example is the app “letswork” by EMAAR – a start-up program cre ated as a response to the need for work and office space in Dubai. “Letswork” was established to fill a gap resulting from overly expensive office spaces as well as not optimized idle hotel and restaurant spaces throughout the day. An innovative solution, “Letswork” allows users to discover and connect with a variety of spaces through the simple swipe on a mobile applica tion. The app bridges the gap between undiscovered and under-utilized spaces and nomadic workers in search of a destination. It connects users with a vari ety of spaces including: boardrooms, meeting rooms, podcast rooms, video conference, events, and work shop spaces (Letswork). The flexibility from the variety of spaces and duration of occupation of these spaces, cater to the shifting needs of the contemporary working nomad. Without being tied to a single particular physical space, work ing individuals and small emerging businesses can enjoy the affordability and flexibility of this nomadic movement. Primarily needing minimal portable essen tials such as an electronic device along with access to a Wi-Fi network facilitates this migration of the work ing space. These new responses and innovative solu tions aim to answer questions like: What constitutes a functional space – such as a working space? Does a space - along with its physical and non-physical timebound components - require to be fixed and static in order to retain a function?

121 Figure 53 Nomad wanders through his screen

csETiON 2

The following chapters explore the various modes in which human activity is nomadic. A study of precedents is made to understand potential de sign patterns in spaces and architecture according to the primary function. Additionally, a deeper in vestigation is made to propose a potential project program by referring to case studies and selected site.

124 chAPTEr

07CaseStudies

To better comprehend the varied possible man ifestations and implications of nomadism, a series of case studies are carefully analyzed to familiarize with the corresponding architecture and respective design methods and systems utilized. The case studies are varied to ensure a holistic study, which later facilitate in deter mining the required program and spaces. This investigation includes: The Nakagin Capsule Tower, Stack 1 – Made to be Moved, and Hu manidade 2012.

Learning from Precedents

126

Acknowledging the nomadic phenomena of 21st century life, the case studies stem from the inquiry around which ways people are nomad ic – which simplified can be categorized in the way we live, work, and play.

127 WORKLIVEPLAY

128 Dwelling One of the most prevalent means in which people are nomadic is in the mode of living. Hence, it is fitting to study cases that fall under residential program to extract potential design strategies. Nakagin Capsule Tower Tokyo, Japan Kisho Kurokawa 1972ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear

129 Towers Within a Tower Hong Kong Kwong Von Glinow 2017 The Urban Village SPACE10NAProject and EFFEKT 2019 ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear

Project Name: Nakagin Capsule Tower Architect: Kisho Kurokawa Location: Tokyo, Japan Year: 1972 Area: 2585 sqm Built/Unbuilt: Built Project Context PlanSiteTowerNakagin

Located in the Ginza neighborhood in Tokyo, is Kurokawa’s iconic 20th century metabolist housing block, the Nakagin Capsule Tower. Situated in the densely populated business Ginza area, the tower was originally intended to serve as an economical residence or Cap sule Hotel catered to late-working business men. 20m

54Figure

The Nakagin tower is a manifestation of 1960’s Metabolist vision, embodying features of modu larity, flexibility, and organic growth in the form of capsules that are scalable and expandable.

Kuro kawa designed the tower to be sustainable and Therecyclable.toweradopts features of adaptability and in terchangeable growing design – reflecting the Me tabolism architecture movement of Kisho.

The 1960s Metabolist ideas described by Hidaka portray “cities as ‘’moving’ and dynamic”.

The Nakagin Capsule Tower also captures the theme of ephemerality – an aspect which Kisho extracted from Japan’s particular temporality, de rived from the use of natural materials with unfore seeable lifespans in construction.

TowerNakagin 55Figure

Project Concept 21

TowerNakagin 56Figure,Figure57

Kurokawa developed the technology to install the capsule units into a con crete core with only 4 high-tension bolts, as well as making the units de tachable and replaceable. The cap sule is designed to accommodate the individual as either an apartment or studio space, and by connecting units can also accommodate a fam ily. Complete with appliances and furniture, from audio system to tele phone, the capsule interior is pre-as sembled in a factory off-site. The interior is then hoisted by crane and fastened to the concrete core shaft.

The Nakagin Capsule Tower realizes the ideas of metabolism, exchange ability, recyclability as the prototype of sustainable architecture.

Design Operations DiagramOperation CapsulesofViewExterior conceptualizefabricateaggregatetransform59Figure58Figure

Structure To house the primary building systems and circu lation space, the tower was designed as a func tional core. From which, a total of 140 individual modular capsules are attached and secured to the core structure with steel tension cables. Each capsule unit is 2.5 x 4 meters, to serve as a com fortable living space for one individual.

143 Exterior view of Humanidade 1 Exterior view of Humanidade 2 Structure Axonometric Diagram Figure 60 Figure 61 Figure 62

Connection of Capsule to Core Structure Detail Connected Pods Exterior View Figure 63 Figure 64

Additionally, Kurokawa established a technology which en abled individual house units to be attached to the core with only 4 high-tension bolts – allowing for the capsule to be re placed based on demand. This also allowed for the manipula tion of the interior spaces by utilizing different connections and configurations between the capsule units.

Assembly & the unit

Interior View of CapsuleFigure 65

The individual living capsules are prefabricated and later transported to the main site. The pods are delivered to be hoisted by a crane and fixed to the structural concrete core. The interior com ponents are pre-assembled and include: built-in bathroom, bed, circular window, radio, alarm clock and TV. As a result, the Nakagin tower was constructed in the span of 30 days.

Single Capsule Components 87654321 BedsideTableKitchenClosetWindowSeatBedBathroomTable 5317 64281 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 Figure 66

Interior Views of CapsuleFigure 67, Figure 68, Figure 69, Figure 70

149

Finishes and Materiality steel capsule with cloth covering on the ceiling and wall carpet on the steelfloorwith sprayed paint finish corten structural steel frame steel and reinforced concrete Capsule exterior: CapsuleLowerTowers:portion:interior: Figure XX Alternating Capsules

151 Exterior view - Pod with view blocker Core concrete interior Pod flexible interior & table Capsule tower parterre Figure 71 Figure 72 Figure 73 Figure 74

ProgramCirculation 2.5m dwelling pods vertical circulation - staircase horizontal circulation services - core vertical circulation - elevator Circulation principle Figure XX Program principle Figure 75

153 Single Pod Program SinkShower PanelControlWorkstationStorageSteelPanelSteelInsulationToilet Truss Box FinishInterior circulation space working spaceservicesbathroombedstoragespace Pod program & spacesFigure 76

Program Table

Space - Function Living Space ElevatorToilets StaircasesShafts Nakagin Capsule Tower Area 8.5 16 136 1.5 16 24 6 2 12 15 2 30 Units Total

156 Working This layer investigates a second mode of peo ple’s nomadic experience. In the 21st century, it is relevant to study how working spaces can cater to this transience especially in an age where the act of working is no longer necessar ily synonymous with a fixed office or tied to a particular space.Stack1 - Made to be CopenhagenMoved - Denmark Pixel Architects 2015ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear

157 Pixel Façade NA Pixel Architects 2018 The People’s Station China - Shenzhen PAO People’s Architecture Office 2016 ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear

The northern harbor of Copenhagen is evolv ing from a primarily industrial site to a part of the broader metropolis. Throughout this transi tion, loading piers, port terminals, and former factories became vacant.

Project Name: Stack 1 - Made to be Moved Architect: Arcgency Location: Nordhavnen, Copenhagen, Denmark Year: 2015 Area: 660 sqm Built/Unbuilt: Built Project Context PlanSiteMovetoMade

20m 77Figure

Project Concept As a response, Arcgency’s proposal titled ‘Made to Move’ presents a temporary building typology as a way to inhabit these unoccupied lots. Co penhagen-based firm – Arcgency – specializes in resource – conscious architecture. The concept is derived from knowledge and expertise acquired from research and practice of constructing and dismantling movable building that still offered qualities of permanent structures. The pre-fabricat ed design also tackles universal waste concerns and traditional building approaches. Namely it challenges question such as: How do we implement a high level of flexibility Howandfunctionalityinthecreationofidealworkspacesforcreativeentrepreneurs?dowecreateasustainabledesignthatprioritizesdiverseandinterestingspaceswithgreat visualqualityanddaylightconditions? Howdowemakeabuildingmove? OfficesMovedbetoMade-1Stack 78Figure

Interior view of primary office space Mass & void strategy diagram containers utilized as workshops, meeting rooms and storage spaces between containers utilized as primary office space Figure 79 Figure 80

Building Cycle 100 years 10 years 20 years Final disassembly; materials are reused and containers returned to factory to be re-melted Container factory Containers shipped across the globe Containers repurposed as building structure The building is taken into use rebuildDissembled,movedandXtimes Design Strategy and building cycleFigure 81

Structure corner castings utilized to fasten structure Magnetism in the containers used for mounting Exposed installations Facade made to click easily together Pop nits and bolts used for fastening Consistent measurements kept for all building componenets

169 DiagramAssemblyandStructure constructionContainer 82Figure 83Figure

170 Roof Exterior insulation Window and doors ShippingPlateaus containers Point foundation Building layers - isometric exploded diagramFigure 84

171 Building components diagram -Facade:Steel 100% recyclable - Stone Wool 100% recyclable Aluminum: 100% recyclable Steel: 100% recyclable Concrete boards: 85% recyclable Glass: 100% recyclable Figure 85

Circulation Circulation principle horizontal circulation services - core Ground Floor First SecondFloorFloor 1m Figure 86

173 Interior corridor Interior Stairs Interior view from staircase Figure 87 Figure 88 Figure 89

Program Program and Spaces Ground Floor First SecondFloorFloor open plan office space meeting - private rooms pantry toilets semi-private rooms circulation storage/servicelounge 1m Figure 90

175 Space - Function Foyers/corridors/circulation Open Privateofficeoffices Meeting rooms semi - private offices StorageLoungryPantryToiletsstaircases Made to Move Area 326238 12.5822828146406 Units 4222111 884.5Total Total 326238 12.55656568212406 Program Table

176 Playing Lastly, the nomadic experience includes activ ities that may occur between, outside, or with the mode dwelling and living – that is the mode of playing. This layers investigates design meth ods and spaces to accommodate these activ ities. Humanidade 2012 Rio - Brazil Bia Lessa, Carla Juaçaba2012ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear

177 Riga 2014 Pavilion MailitisLatvia A.I.I.M. 2014 The People’s Station China - Shenzhen PAO People’s Architecture Office 2016 ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear ProjectDesignerLocationProjectYear

Located in Rio, Brazil, the Humanidade sits on a military base situated on an unstable terrain. The site features views facing two of Rio’s most popular beaches - Copacabana and Ipane ma. It is surrounded with vibrant greenery and nature, and experiences harsh and violent winds which can typically blow at 120km/hr.

PlanSite2012Humanidade 91Figure

Project Name: Humanidade 2012 Architect: Bia Lessa, Carla Juaçaba Location: Copacabana, Río de Janeiro, Brazil Year: 2012 Area: 23,800 sqm (Surface Area) Built/Unbuilt: Built Project Context

182 Exterior view of Humanidade 1 Exterior view of Humanidade 2 Figure 92 Figure 93

As described by the architects, the primary con cept of the Humanidade project was to create an exhibition in which the space and the project were one and the same: “the space is the exhibition itself.” Situated between the two beaches, Carla Juaçaba conceptualizes an ethereal space that aims to capture the Rio +20 initiative’s spirit. The project consists of information spaces of vary ing functions and dimensions – with the purpose of emphasizing contemporary issues driven by man kind’s actions in the age of the Anthropocene. As a result, the spaces aim to express key issues high lighted in the sustainability Rio +20 initiative as a continuation of the discourse, and an exposure of potential solutions Brazil can adopt to mitigate these problems.

184 Project Concept

2012Humanidade 94Figure

Materiality & Structure

The project’s materiality is a response to sus tainability initiatives and climate requirements.

Architect Carla Juaçaba’s concept revolves around keeping the scaffold structure exposed – enabling a synthesis of the space and the landscape, between function and light, wind and the sea. The result is a suspended path over Copacabana’s landscape, erected from recycled and reusable scaffolding and tubular steel components. The scaffolding structure allows for a type of porosity that lets in the sea breeze as well as opens up to views. Additionally, this supports the natural ventilation required for the interior functional spaces. Particle board and plywood sheets are then used to create the enclosed spaces within the scaffolding structure.

StructureScaffolding-2012Humanidade 95Figure

The scaffolding structure allows for a type of porosity that lets in the sea breeze as well as opens up to views. Additionally, this supports the natural ventilation re quired for the interior functional spaces. Particle board and plywood sheets are then used to create the enclosed spaces within the scaffolding structure.

189 Scaffolding StructureFigure 96

View of primary circulation Night view of primary circulation Figure 97 Figure 98

191 Circulation

nature. elevator 10mstaircaseelevatorrampstaircase

ramps

The circulation is experienced through a series of and staircases. Spaced apart, the enclosed rooms and spaces serve as a way to experience the juxtaposition between interior and exterior – the manmade and

10m Program exhibition elevatorlibrary kitchencafe/cafeteriaconference room toiletsrooftop Function and Spaces DiagramFigure 99

193 Axionometric Program DiagramFigure 100

194 Space - Function Exhibition 1 - large Exhibition 2 - medium Exhibition 3 - small Exhibition 4 - extra small ConferenceAuditoriumLibrary RampsStaircasesElevatorLookoutRooftopTvProductionDressingToiletsKitchenCafe/CafeteriaRoom-room-roomStudioPlatformShafts Humanidade 2012 Area 82.5165121 37.75 950420 838.75357 1180165621211211211859510190 Units 3 2 3 1061111111111111 8129Total Total 247.5495242 35.75 950420 838.75357 1900118016518612112112118554510

195

chAPTEr

08 Analysis&ContextSite

Urban growthFigure 101

Area divisions A 1 - Offshore Islands A 2 - Offshore Islands A 3 - Non - urban Area A 4 - Non - urban Area Figure 102

200 Dry Bulb Temperature - Hourly Dubai’s Mean Monthly Humidity Dubai’s Mean Monthly Precipitation

Wind

Wind Speed (m/s) Calm

0.00%

21DubaiWind-RoseIntlAP_DU_AREMAR10:00-21DEC Data: Speed for of the closed shows frequency

201

of 0.1% = 6 hours.

10:00 Hourly

polyline

(m/s) Calm

0.00%

time = 0 hours. Each

21DubaiWind-RoseIntlAP_DU_AREMAR10:00-21DEC Data: for of the closed

10:00 Hourly

polyline shows frequency of 0.1% = 6 hours. 7.70<Cm/s 36.00< 6.98 34.20 6.26 32.40 5.54 30.60 27.004.1028.804.82 3.38 2.6625.20 23.40 <18.00<0.5019.801.2221.601.94

202 Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 7 SectorSector4,6 8 Sector 5 Sector 3 Sector 9 Population Density

203 Sector 1 Sector 2 Sector 3 Sector 4 Sector 5 Sector 6 Sector 7 Sector 8 Sector 9 10,561/km² 3,611/km² 55.40/km²5,449/km²1,260/km²824.7/km²1,244/km²45.15/km² 5.030/km² 10,561/km² 3,611/km² 55.40/km²5,449/km²1,260/km²824.7/km²1,244/km²45.15/km² 5.030/km² POPULATION DENSITYSECTOR AREA Population Density & AreaFigure 103

204 Mapping - Narrowing Down Sites

205 Art and Design Districts Green line metro stations Green metro line Tram stations Tram line Business Districts Red line metro stations Red metro line

206 Nominated Sites Al DIFCWasl-Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Design District321

1 2 3

208 120m

At the heart of Dubai is DIFC, Dubai In ternational Financial Centre; one of the most popular and sought-out locations for businesses, residents and visitors alike. It is recognized as a world-class business and lifestyle district catered to a diverse community.

321

International Financial DubaiCentreDesign District Al Wasl, is known as one of the quiet residential neighborhoods in Dubai. The area is located near BoxPark, City Walk and the Coca-Cola Arena. It has close access to the surrounding areas including Al Safa and the water canal.

Referred to as d3, Dubai Design District is recognized as the creative heart of Dubai; a community for creatives, startups and entrepreneurs. Dubai’s Design District is a creative hub known to also host many design events such as the Dubai Design Week.

Al DIFCWasl-Dubai

209

1 2 3 DIFC - Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Design District321 1 2 3 1 2 Al Wasl 120m120m120m = 39,715 sqm = 21,735 sqm = 30,000 sqm = 8,600 sqm = 21,590 sqm = 9,400 sqm Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 1 Area 2 Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 = 68,250 sqm = 76,670 sqm

211

212 1 Al DIFCWasl-Dubai Internation al Financial Centre Dubai Design DistrictProximity32 to business districts

213 1 Al DIFCWasl-Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Design DistrictProximity32 to art & design districts

214 1 Al DIFCWasl-Dubai Internation al Financial Centre Dubai Design DistrictFigure32 Ground

215 1 Al DIFCWasl-Dubai International Financial Centre Dubai Design DistrictproximityContext:32 to water body

321

216

217 Criteria Proximity to business districts - offices Proximity to art/design districts Proximity to Residential area Proximity to Parking PedestrianAccessibilityActivity Views Transience AdaptibilityLevelPotential CriteriaTotal Proximity to business districts - offices Proximity to art/design districts Proximity to Residential area Proximity to Parking PedestrianAccessibilityActivity Views Transience AdaptibilityLevelPotential CriteriaTotal Proximity to business districts - offices Proximity to art/design districts Proximity to Residential area Proximity to Parking PedestrianAccessibilityActivity Views Transience AdaptibilityLevelPotential Total Site 1 4221 3 442 3 Site25 1 5 333 4 3 22 3 Site28 1 5551 3 5544 37 5 = Best I 1 = Worst

218 Secondary Roads Tertiary Roads Main Roads Roads & Accessibility

219 Al Ain Road E66 Financial Road D71 Ras Al Khor Road

220 Mass and Void Relationship VoidMass

221 Figure Ground 40.5% 59.5% MassVoid

222 Building Heights G+5 G+54G+6 G+76G+7G+1 G+12

223 Surrounding greenery Vegetation

224 Program Investigation Commericial + Offices UtilitiesCommerical + Offices + Exhibitions ParkResidential Commerical - Enterainment

225 Views 4213 1 2 3 4

226

227

228 Views

229 1 32Materials123Metal Facade Shading Elements Glass ConcreteFacade&pavement

230 chAPTEr

09Program

232 Open / common office space Lounge Semi - private offices StaircasesPantry Private offices MeetingToilets rooms FoyersStorage- corridors - circulation 326 12.5402882146286 238 42111221 326 12.54056825612566 238 Made to Move - OfficesStateWorkEatServicesAbsorb-ObserveDwellCirculation Function Area Units Total

Conference Room Working space - station Open / common office space Café - Cafeteria - Café - Lounge Exhibition (type 3 - small) - Exhibition (type 3 - small) Living space - circulation Living space - circulation Tv Studio Semi - private offices Exhibition (type 1 - large) Exhibition (type 1 - large) Rooftop Rooftop Kitchen Control Panel Kitchen Auditorium Auditorium Staircases Staircases Production Room Private offices Toilets Toilets Toilets Exhibition (type 4 - extra small) Exhibition (type 4 - extra small) Bed space Bed space - Meeting rooms Exhibition (type 2 - medium) Exhibition (type 2 - medium) Lookout Platform Lookout Platform Dressing Room Storage Storage Library - Library Elevator Shafts Elevator Shafts Ramps Circulation Total 838.75 0.2 450 357 - 100 82.5 - 80 5.2 5.2 121 20 165 - 160 1180 - 1000 165 0.2 160 950 - 1000 510 15 121 20 62 1.5 80 35.75 - 40 2.5 2.520121 - 120 185 - 200 121 0.4 15 420 - 400 9 6 190 1 16 3 1 3 3 - 3 16 100 1 10 3 - 5 - 1 1 16 3 1 - 1 1 2 1 15 3 16 3 1 - 3 16 100102 - 3 1 - 1 1 16 1 1 - 2 6 2 10 838.75 3.2 1350 357 300 247.5 - 240 83.2 520 121 200 186 - 800 1180 - 1000 165 3.2 480 950 - 1000 510 30 121 300 186 24 240 35.75 - 120 40 200250242 - 360 185 - 200 121 6.4 15 420 - 800 54 12 1900 10,887.5m2512.52 Humanidade 2012 Nakagin Capsule Tower Proposed Program Function Function FunctionArea Area AreaUnits Units UnitsTotal Total Total

234 CREATEDWELL ACQUIRE OBSERVE DISPLAY EXHIBIT SLEEP LEARN DREAM READWATCH REST BATHE ABSORB Spatial Bubble Diagram

235 COLLABORATEBRAINSTORM DISCUSS CONSUME DESIGN PRODUCETEACH INSPIRE TALK SELL MEETSHARE EAT WORK

236 Programmatic Relationships Programmatic Relationship Diagram The programmatic relationship demonstrates the integral need to ac knowledge and cater to these spatial links. This web of interconnected rela tions will later then influence factors such as quantities and proximities of the spaces implied by the proposed program. Figure 104

237 Openoffices ExhibitionType3 DwellingSpace ExhibitionType1 Rooftop Auditorium ExhibitionType4 ExhibitionType2 LookoutPlatformLibrary PrivateofficesSemi-private offices Meeting rooms LoungeCafé Work taE brosbA Dwell

238Open/common office space spaceofficeOpen/common Exhibition (type 3 - small) small)-3(typeExhibition Dwelling Space SpaceDwelling Exhibition (type 1 - large) large)-1(typeExhibition Rooftop Rooftop Kitchen Kitchen Auditorium Auditorium Toilets Toilets Exhibition (type 4 - extra small) small)extra-4(typeExhibition Exhibition (type 2 - medium) medium)-2(typeExhibition Lookout Platform PlatformLookout Storage Storage Library Library Private offices officesPrivate Semi - private offices officesprivate-Semi Meeting rooms roomsMeeting Café Café Lounge Lounge WouldPossibleShouldbe nice Relationship Matrix

Considering the variety of the proposed pro gram, a matrix can be essential in mapping the proximities of the different proposed spac es. The matrix indicates the preferable de grees of certain space and functions’ proximi ties – ensuring that zoning and space planning is logical, harmonious and optimal in spatial experience.

239

Relationship Matrix DiagramFigure 105

csETiON 3

Concluding the investigation across the historical, theoretical, and practical, an array of approaches is formulated. The conceptual design approaches are generated based on all the conclusions drawn from the research, the context, and proposed pro gram.

242 chAPTEr

10ThesisSummary

The nomadic experience of the 21st centu ry is pertinent and manifests itself in various modes and nuances. In comparison to what can be referred to as ‘traditional’ practiced nomadism, the nomadic experience today, if anything, is more potent in contemporary life. The contemporary nomads’ land has transcended the tangible realm; today they do not solely wander in physical, but also virtual space. The contemporary nomad is left wandering in the material, immaterial, and the in-between. This only emphasizes the various degrees in which 21st century life truly is in many ways nomadic. Between the physical and the digital, lies the different modes and manifestations of this nomad ism. Despite the infinite shades in this spectrum, a method to categorize these different modes is by understanding the ways and activities in which humans are nomadic. Those can be reduced to the act of living, working and playing. Acknowledging this nomadic phe nomena, a reconceptualization of space and place in design is sought. Understand ing the implication of this migration and movement in human activity and behavior challenges the current definition and treat ment of spaces, architecture and the fabric of our cities as fixed and permanent. Instead what the nomadic phenomenon requires is a response that caters to the ephemeral na ture of human activity. In other words, de mands the design of space and the architec ture - the vessel – as potentially temporary, mobile, portable, flexible, and adaptable.

244 Synthesis As evident, the nomadic condition is traced back to early human history thousands of years ago. Influenced by different envi ronmental drivers and need for resources, ancestral nomads wandered to fulfill these needs. While the form of migration and tools have changed since, the deep-routed and innate desire to move remains the same. Humans are by nature, nomadic. We are nomads of the 21st century.

Nomadic life driven primarily by reasons linked to the environment, survival, and scar city of Connectionresources.with ancestors – we are all mi grants in the 21st century. The nomadic phenomenon- in living, work ing, and playing. Nomadic experience transcends physical space; its nuances appearing in tangible and non-tangible space.

Nomadism NomadicPresentPastModeRequirementScaleTools & Operations SingularHumanDwellingExtensionEphemeralWorkingUnitSpaceAdaptivePlayingUrbanNetworkMobile Section 2 Section 1 PodsCapsulesModules Inflation TensileGridPluggingMultiplicationStructureStructure

245

246 chAPTEr

11Concept

248 CONCEPT 1 The Friendly Parasite

Concluding from research, this proposal aims to cater to the pop-up nature of no madic activity. This proposal explores an inflated parasitic intervention that would be deployed when the space is subjected to activation. The benefits from an inflatable system includes the quality of being flex ibly erected in order to quickly respond to spontaneous demand of space to host this activity.

40mConceptual Section Conceptual Plan Concept Diagram Figure 106 Figure 107 Figure 108

249 Conceptual Isometric View Pipeline Installation Oase No.7 MOOD BOARD Figure 109 Figure 110 Figure 111

250

251 1perspectiveExterior 2perspectiveExterior 112Figure 113Figure

252 CONCEPT 2 Plug’in’go This concept explores a semi-permanent approach which revolves around an adap tation mechanism by plugging in program and space into an expanding and shrinking structure depending on needs. The proposal stems from research based on design meth ods influenced by studying particular cas es including but not limited to Archigram’s Plug-in City and Living pod net structures. 40mConceptual Section Conceptual Plan Concept Diagram Figure 114 Figure 115 Figure 116

253 MOOD BOARD Conceptual Isometric View The Schaustelle A New Castle Figure 117 Figure 118 Figure 119

254

255 1perspectiveExterior 2perspectiveExterior 120Figure 121Figure

256 CONCEPT 3 Beware the Aggregate The following proposal is primarily driven by dealing with the potential of the negative –the void of the current built condition of the Dubai Design District. Embodying a parasitic behavior, the aggregation and multiplica tion at different rates and quantities, pop ulates this negative, based on the require ment stemming from the level of activation. 40mConceptual Section Conceptual Plan Concept Diagram Figure 122 Figure 123 Figure 124

257 MOOD BOARD Conceptual Isometric View Habitat 67 exterior view Yona Friedman Sketch Figure 125 Figure 126 Figure 127

258

259 1perspectiveExterior 2perspectiveExterior 128Figure 129Figure

40mConceptual Section Conceptual Plan Concept Diagram Figure 130 Figure 131 Figure 132

260 CONCEPT 4 Colorama a la Core

The fourth approach follows a system of plugging in functional modules around a central structural and central core, inspired by the Nakagin Capsule Tower case stud ied in Japan. The functional modules vary in qualities – in their geometries for example –according to the function or activity they are meant to host. The result is a composition from a set of typologies emerging from user needs and proposed program.

261 MOOD BOARD Conceptual Isometric View Nakagin Capsule Tower Playful physical model Figure 133 Figure 134 Figure 135

262

263 1perspectiveExterior 2perspectiveExterior 136Figure 137Figure

264 CONCEPT 5 Block by Block Lastly, this final approach similarly utilizes the different program and function-based typologies but differs in the system of place ment. Instead of revolving around central cores, the proposal explores a more playful and informal system of organization. 40mConceptual Section Conceptual Plan Concept Diagram Figure 138 Figure 139 Figure 140

265 MOOD BOARD Conceptual Isometric View MVRDV (W)ego house The Why Factory Figure 141 Figure 142 Figure 143

266

267 1perspectiveExterior 2perspectiveExterior 144Figure 145Figure

268 TYPOLOGIES

269 3perspectiveExterior 146Figure

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Figure “Interior12perspective

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