My World 27 by Rondeli Foundation

2020 27

religia aRmosavluri misticizmi

daiaraRebuli mSvidoba regioni

istoria wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sabWoTa ruseTpoloneTis omi

amelia erharti saqarTvelo

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teqnologiebi

mwerloba

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politika

didi adamianebi

Sarl de goli

xuTi mizezi, ratom aris demokratia ukeTesi

lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

27 2020

mTeli komerciuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebas. 64. msazRvreli sityva, romelic raime niSniT axasiaTebs sagans, movlenas, pirovnebas. 65. ZiriTadi saqme, SromiTi saqmianoba, romelic moiTxovs gansazRvrul momzadebas da warmoadgens Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros. 66. pirovnebis gaZeveba misi mudmivi adgilsamyofelidan da sxva adgilas iZulebiT dasaxleba. 67. simboloTa erToblioba. 69. risame yvelaze meti raodenoba. 71. saSiSi, saxifaTo rame; xifaTi, saSiSroeba. 73. muslimTa rjulis kanoni. 76. periodul gamocemaSi an krebulSi moTavsebuli mcire moculobis publicisturi an samecniero nawarmoebi. 81. cecxlis dasanTebi adgili miwis iatakze. 82. samxedro pirTa samsaxurebrivi xarisxi. 83. istoriul-geografiuli mxare dasavleT saqarTvelos Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

mamuka kudava daviT afrasiZe qeTevan qanTaria arCil qiqoZe mirian juReli sulxan salaZe arCil CaCxiani giorgi lobJaniZe zurab batiaSvili

2. saWmlis damzadebis ostatoba. 6. risame moqmedeba, gavlena, Sedegi. 5. telegrafiT gagzavnili Setyobineba. 7. ganmtkiceba, gaerTianeba, SemWidroeba. 11. erTi saerTo ambis Semcveli naxatebis seria. 13. risame erTi formis sxva formad gardaqmna, gadaqceva. 15. amayi, qedmaRali. 19. Zveli berZnuli da bizantiuri qalaqi mcire aziaSi. 20. qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi. 21. mxatvrul nawarmoebTa erToblioba, mwerloba. 22. risame dedaazri, raoba, Sinaarsi. 26. kontinenti, romelic moTavsebulia samxreT polusis irgvliv. 27. SexedulebaTa sistema; movlenis aRqma, gageba, nawarmoebis, Txzulebis ZiriTadi azri. 28. adamianis sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatuleba. 29. qalaqi aWaraSi. 31. anbani, romelic safuZvlad daedo rusul anbans. 32. II msoflio omis periodSi germaniis nacisturi xelisuflebisa da misi mokavSireebis mier ganxorcielebuli ebraelebis, boSebis da sxva umciresobebis masobrivi genocidi. 33. omi 36. sazRvao transportis ZiriTadi saxeoba. 39. ruseTis erT-erTi umTavresi mdinare. 40. saeklesio mRvdelmsaxureba, savedrebeli an samadlobeli locva. 43. raime moqmedebis, mimdinare procesis droebiT SeCereba. 45. ruseTis federaciis dedaqalaqi. 47. eSmakoba, celqoba, xriki. 49. saxelmwifoebis, partiul, sazogadoebriv, samecniero da sxva organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis kreba, TaTbiri ama Tu im sakiTxis gansaxilvelad. 50. axali miwis aRmomCeni, pirvelmosaxle. 51. kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi daqiravebuli muSa, romelsac warmoebis saSualebani ar gaaCnia. 53. bavSvis momvleli qali. 54. sxvadasxva erisa da rasis adamianTa saerTaSoriso solidaroba. 55. specialisti, romelic iZleva daskvnas raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb. 57. Zveli ruseTis qalaqebSi SigniTa cixesimagre. 59. sanaxaoba akrobatebis, tanmovarjiSeebis, iluzionistebis, klounebisa da gawvrTnili cxovelebis monawileobiT. 62. umaRlesi sasuliero wodebis mqone piri, eparqiis meTauri an misi TanaSemwe. 64. adamianTa jgufis gamgzavreba raime specialuri mizniT, sagangebo davalebiT. 65. himalais, anu bambukis daTvi. 68. ekonomikaSi cifrobrivi maCvenebeli, romelic procentebiT gamoxatavs raime ekonomikuri movlenis Tanamimdevrul cvalebadobas. 70. mwerali, romelic sazogadoebriv-politikur Temebze wers. 72. tarze damagrebuli erTferi an mravalferi qsovili emblemiT, romelic saxelmwifos, jaris an organizaciis simboloa. 74. warmosaxvis, warmodgenis unari; ocneba. 75. dedamiwis brunvis warmosaxviTi RerZis mier dedamiwis zedapiris gadakveTis wertili. 77. samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. 78. samsaxurebriv asparezze, sazogadoebaSi adgilis damkvidrebisa da warmatebis misaRwevi gza. 79. vinmes, raimes zedmiwevniT mibaZva. 80. risame ganxorcielebis, rameSi warmatebis SesaZlebloba. 84. mwerali, romelic leqsebs Txzavs. 85. sasaflao an akldama, sadac gamoCenil adamianebs krZalaven. 86. mravalwaxnaga sxeuli, romlis fuZe mravalkuTxeds warmoadgens, waxnagebi ki saerTo wveros mqone samkuTxedebia. 87. qalaqze patara dasaxlebuli punqti. 88. Tavis kani Tmianad, romelsac aZrobdnen damarcxebul mters da mihqondaT nadavlis saxiT.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: fotokolaJi statiisTvis `amelia erharti~

2. feodali 3. niuansi 4. monograma 5. xidi 6. everesti 7. turniri 8. promeTe 10. fanatizmi 11. simpaTia 13. peru 16. katapulta 17. konkurencia 20. iurisdiqcia 23. misani 24. vunderkindi 26. feldmarSali 28. bediswera 31. hanibali 34. modeli 35. xibli 37. bazilika 38. bumi 40. barieri 41. matCi 46. finali 47. laureati 48. eizenhaueri 50. dialeqti 54. elba 55. interviu 56. ganaTleba 57. provokacia 58. upiratesoba 59. tetrarqia 61. saydari 65. verona 69. resursi 70. fenomeni 71. xati 72. tituli 74. gagra 75. srute 76. kolona 77. jildo 80. pele

1. referendumi 6. efeqti 9. triumfi 12. olimpiada 14. avtonomia 15. anderZi 18. TeTnuldi 20. iniciativa 21. etaloni 22. tibri 25. artefaqti 27. avgustusi 29. sufsidia 30. epizodi 32. kanonzomiereba 33. qarizma 36. abstraqcia 38. barikada 39. Cempioni 42. stimuli 43. festivali 44. inercia 45. himni 49. rekordi 51. aqcia 52. rezidencia 53. fre 60. mesi 62. luTeranoba 63. renta 64. privilegia 66. didostati 67. xuroTmoZRvreba 68. dovlaTi 73. xelisufleba 74. galia 75. seqtori 76. kadeti 78. Soki 79. grifi 81. argumenti 82. estoneTi 83. desanti 84. sensacia

27 / 2020

didi adamianebi

mamuka kudava Sarl de goli

politika

daviT afrasiZe xuTi mizezi, ratom aris demokratia ukeTesi

cnobili qalebi qeTevan qanTaria amelia erharti

mwerloba

arCil qiqoZe uiliam folkneri

teqnologiebi

mirian juReli internetma ra hqmna?

saqarTvelo

sulxan salaZe `daiaraRebuli~ mSvidoba istoria arCil CaCxiani wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi

religia giorgi lobJaniZe aRmosavluri misticizmi regioni zurab batiaSvili lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

didi adamianebi

Sarl de goli

mamuka kudava

yvela drois udides da cnobil frangebs Soris sam adamians gamoarCeven – Sarlemans, napoleonsa da de gols. istoriuli figurebis Sefasebebi yovelTvis subieqturia, magram 2005 wlis frangul satelevizio gadacemaSi mTel frangul sazogadoebas SeeZlo xmis micema da Sedegad, de golma gaimarjva. de golis saxeli, pirvel rigSi, germaniis nacisturi okupaciisgan safrangeTis gaTavisuflebas ukavSirdeba, ramac generali omisa da erovnul gmirad aqcia. aranaklebia misi damsaxureba meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. is orjer xelmZRvanelobda safrangeTs kritikul – 1944-1946 da 1958-1969 – wlebSi. bastiliis cixis dacemam 1789 wels, anu safrangeTis cnobilma revoluciam, bolo mouRo e.w. Zvel reJims – Sua saukuneebis frangul konstituciur monarqias. saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma gaxda respublika. mas Semdeg 5 sxvadasxva respublika Seiqmna. bolo da dResac moqmedi V respublikis daarseba Sarl de golTanaa dakavSirebuli. misi iniciativiT 1958 wels SemuSavda axali konstitucia, romelmac SemoiRo Zlieri prezidentis instituti, gansxvavebiT wina, saparlamento respublikis modelisagan.

Sarl de goli

Sarlemani, igive karlos didi – frankTa mefe 768-814 wlebSi da 800 wlidan romis papisgan gvirgvindadgmuli imperatori dasavleTis imperiisa. man gaaerTiana dasavleTi da centraluri evropis didi nawili. frangebic da germanelebic mas am saxelmwifoebis damfuZneblad miiCneven.

memarjvene politikuri orientaciisa da nacionalistad cnobili de golis gavlena qveynis istoriasa da V respublikaze imdenad didia, rom warmoiSva termini golizmi. es erTgvari politikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi mimdinareobaa, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, safrangeTis damoukideblobas usvams xazs da uaryofs mis „vasalizacias“ an damorCilebas saerTaSoriso organizaciebis (gaero, evrokavSiri, nato), supersaxelmwifoebis (aSS, ssrk) an ekonomikuri Tu finansuri Zalebis mier.

napoleon bonaparti (1769-1821) Jak-lui davidis naxati

Sarl de goli daibada 1890 wels safrangeTis CrdiloeTis provinciaSi, qalaq lilSi, kaTolikur da tradiciul ojaxSi. Sarli bavSvobidanve gaitaca istorikosi da filosofosi mwerlebis naSromebis kiTxvam. gansakuTrebiT moswonda safrangeTis istoria da samxedro strategia. patara Sarlma adreve daiwyo wera, maT Soris, poeziis. 15 wlis asakSi dawera esse, romelSic 1930 wels generali de goli safrangeTs win miuZRvis germaniaze gamarjvebisken. SemdgomSi generali igonebda, rom ymawvilobisas is xSirad fiqrobda momaval omze germaniasTan, raTa Suri eZia 1870 wels samSoblos damarcxebisTvis.

amgvarad, V respublikis yvela, maT Soris socialisti, prezidenti garkveulwilad golistia. pirveli socialisti prezidenti da V respublikis yvelaze cnobili memarcxene politikosi fransua miterani swored golizmis mimdevari iyo, garda misi zogierTi ekonomikuri da socialuri politikisa. aseT midgomas xandaxan golo-miteranizmsac uwodeben.

bastiliis cixis aReba XVIII saukunis ilustracia

didi adamianebi

fransua miterani (1916-1996) – frangi politikuri da saxelmwifo moRvawe. safrangeTis prezidenti – qveynis istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivad iyo am postze (1981-1995). faSisturi germaniis mier safrangeTis okupaciisas winaaRmdegobis moZraobis wevri, IV respublikis ministri 11-jer, V respublikaSi socialisturi partiis Tavmjdomare da deputati.

generlis samxedro kariera napoleonis mier daarsebul prestiJul san-siris samxedro skolaSi daiwyo. 1.96 sm simaRlis, didi Sublisa da cxviris gamo Sarls saswavlebelSi zedmetsaxelad „didi satacuri“ Searqves. skola man warmatebiT daamTavra – 200-ze met kadets Soris de goli me-13 adgilze iyo. leitenant de golis pirveli samxedro SenaerTi iyo qveiTi polki, polkovnik petenis xelmZRvanelobiT. SemdgomSi peteni marSali, xolo 1940-1944 wlebSi safrangeTis premier-ministri gaxda da 1940 wels faSistur germaniasTan kapitulacias moawera xeli. de golma memuarebSi dawera: „Cemma pirvelma polkovnikma, petenma, maswavla samxedro meTaurobis xelovneba“. bedis ironiiT, nacistebisgan safrangeTis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg marSali peteni swored droebiTi mTavrobis meTaurma de golma Seiwyala da sikvdili samudamo patimrobiT Seucvala.

1958 wlis referendumis plakati

pirveli msoflio omis naxevari de golma brZolaSi, meore naxevari ki germaniis tyveobaSi gaatara. 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi misi samxedro kariera warmatebiT ganviTarda. 1940 wels, germaniis safrangeTSi SemoWris dros, de goli ukve brigadis generali da Tavdacvis uwyebaSi maRali Cinis moxelea, romelic pasuxismgebelia britaneTTan samxedro politikis koordinaciaze. swored es gaxda mizezi, rom 18 ivniss londonSi gaqceulma generalma de golma, britaneli premier-ministr CerCilis TanxmobiT, radio BBC-is eTerSi gaavrcela istoriuli mowodeba safrangeTis daumorCileblobisa da germaniasTan brZolis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb. man gaakritika faSistebTan damarcxebuli frangi samxedro liderebi, romlebmac Seqmnes mTavroba da nacistur germaniasTan cecxlis Sewyvetaze daTanxmdnen. de golma yvela frangs mouwoda damdgariyvnen piradad mis da Tavisufali safrangeTis damcvelebis gverdiT. 18 ivnisis mowodebaSi aqcenti gakeTebuli iyo saerTaSoriso mokavSireebis, kerZod, aSS-isa da britaneTis, daxmarebis mniSvnelobasa da saboloo gardauval gamarjvebaze.

Sarl de goli

Sarl de goli san-siris samxedro saswavlebelSi filip peteni (1856-1951) – safrangeTis samxedro da politikuri moRvawe, marSali, safrangeTis saxelmwifo meTauri faSisturi okupaciisas, 1940-1944 wlebSi. faSisturi okupaciis dros petenis mTavroba, igive viSis reJimi, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli kolaboracionizmSi hitleris germaniasTan. 1945 wels petens miesaja sikvdili. es sasjeli generalma de golma mas samudamo patimrobiT Seucvala.

asec moxda. omis bedi didwilad ganapiroba amerikuli jaris intervenciam evropis kontinentze, maT Soris, normandiaSi, safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleTis provinciaSi, 1944 wlis zafxulSi. 18 ivnisis mowodebam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa omisdroindel safrangeTsa da mis koloniebSi mebrZoli sulis SenarCunebaSi, samxedroebis mobilizaciasa da frangi partizanebis brZolisunarianobis ganmtkicebaSi. Sedegad, ukve omis mimdinareobisas generali de goli miTiur personaJad da erovnul gmirad Camoyalibda. de golis pirovnebam, misma ambiciurma midgomam da jiutma xasiaTma udidesi roli Seasrula rogorc franguli Rirsebis gadarCenaSi omis dros, ise omis damTavrebisas safrangeTis moTxovnebis maqsimalur dakmayofilebaSi gamarjvebuli mokavSireebis mxridan.

sxvaTa Soris, san-siris saswavlebeli damTavrebuli aqvs qarTvel emigrants, safrangeTis ucxouri legionis polkovniksa da erovnul gmirs, dimitri amilaxvars (1906-1942), romelic daibada da gaizarda saqarTveloSi, 1921 wlamde swavlobda Tbilisis qarTul saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi da saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg ojaxTan erTad emigraciaSi wavida parizSi. 1926 wels, sansiris warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg, dimitri amilaxvarma daiwyo saxelovani kariera safrangeTis ucxour legionSi, metsaxelad `bazorka~. 1942 wels gmirulad daiRupa egvipteSi, rogorc „Tavisufali safrangeTis armiis“ polkovniki. misi saxeli mieniWa san-siris 1954-1956 wlebis gamoSvebas.

1944 wlamde, anu parizisa da safrangeTis gaTavisuflebamde, de goli Tavisufali safrangeTisa da Tavisufali franguli Zalebis lideri, devnilobaSi myofi mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli iyo. mas da mis mTavrobas mTlianad britaneTi afinansebda. miuxedavad amisa, is mudmivad upirispirdeboda premier CerCils da sxva britanel meTaurebs, raTa safrangeTis interesebi SeZlebisdagvarad yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli saomari operaciebis dros. magaliTad, molaparakebis mixedviT, swored misi samxedro SenaerTebi Sevidnen pirveli parizSi qalaqis gasaTavisufleblad. am operacias gansakuTrebuli simboluri datvirTva hqonda rogorc generlisTvis, ise momavali safrangeTisTvis.

didi adamianebi miiwvia omis Sedegebis ganxilvis arc erT mTavar konferenciaze – arc kairoSi, arc TeiranSi, arc ialtasa Tu potsdamSi.

Tavisufali safrangeTi ewodeba gare winaaRmdegobis moZraobas, romelic dafuZnda londonSi general de golis 1940 wlis 18 ivnisis mowodebis Sedegad. moZraoba SeiaraRebul brZolas awarmoebda faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg safrangeTis gaTavisuflebamde.

CerCilTan da aSS-is prezident ruzveltTan daZabuli urTierTobis konteqstSi Tqva de golma cnobili frTiani fraza: „ers ar hyavs megobrebi, mas mxolod interesebi aqvs“. generlis avtoritetisa da Zalisxmevis damsaxurebaa omis Semdgom germaniaSi erTerTi saokupacio zonis safrangeTisTvis Cabareba da gaeros Seqmnisas safrangeTisTvis uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrobis, anu vetos uflebis micema. da es yvelaferi imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom gamarjvebulma sameulma Tavisufali safrangeTis lideri ar

uinston CerCili da Sarl de goli

omis dasrulebis Semdgomi periodi rTulad warimarTa safrangeTSi. ekonomikuri problemebis garda, arsebobda samoqalaqo mSvidobasTan, samarTlis dacvasTan, koloniebis dakargvasTan da aRzevebuli komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi. am sirTuleebis mosagvareblad de gols aucileblad miaCnda axali, IV respublikis Seqmna, romelSic Zlieri saprezidento xelisufleba iqneboda. arsebulma politikurma klasma uaryo misi mosazreba da Sedegad, saparlamento respublika Camoyalibda. miuxedavad arCevnebis Semdeg mTavrobis meTaurad arCevisa, de goli maleve gadadga. is omSi piradi damsaxurebis kapitalizacias imedovnebda, Tumca molodini ar gaumarTlda. Semdgomi 12 weli generalma CrdilSi gadainacvla da memuarebis wera daiwyo. 1958 wels ki de goli kvlav dasWirda samSoblos. IV respublika bolo dReebs iTvlida. is Searyia safrangeTis nawilSi, alJirSi, ganmaTavisflebelma moZraobam da yofil koloniaSi, indoCineTSi, gancdilma marcxma. amas emateboda gauTavebeli Sida politikuri arastabilurobac. swored am mdgomareobaze Tqva de golma cnobili fraza: rogor SeiZleba marTo qveyana, romelSic 246 saxis yveli arsebobso. safrangeTisTvis mxolod misnair avtoritetian, ideisa da mkacri xelis mqone saxelmwifo moRvawes Tu SeeZlo Svela. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, qveyana samoqalaqo dapirispirebis winaSe idga. 67 wlis generalma

adolf hitleri parizSi

Sarl de goli

franklin ruzvelti, Sarl de goli da uinston CerCili, 1943

Sarl de golis radiomimarTva, 1940

ukve meored ixsna qveyana, amjerad – samoqalaqo omisgan. man Tanamemamuleebs radioTi ase mimarTa: „ramdenime wlis win, roca safrangeTi gansacdelSi iyo, qveyana me mendo. dRes, rodesac Cveni samSoblo axal gansacdelSia, yvelam icodes, rom me mzad var yvelaferi gavakeTo mis gadasarCenad“.

prezidentad arCeuli de goli aqtiurad Seudga ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebas, evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis gaZlierebas da dekolonizacias. alJirSi konfliqti damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT da safrangeTis mier alJiris aRiarebiT damTavrda. igive bedi ewia sxva afrikul koloniebsac. koloniebis daTmobis miuxedavad, de goli safrangeTs emigrantebis saxelmwifodac miiCnevda: „Zalian kargia, rom arian yviTeli, Savi, mixakisferi frangebi. isini aCveneben, rom safrangeTi gaxsnilia yvela rasis mimarT da rom safrangeTis mowodeba aris universaluri, sayovelTao mowodeba“.

mTeli franguli sazogadoebis TxovniT, de golma Tanxmoba ganacxada politikaSi dabrunebaze da premier-ministri gaxda. Tumca, erTi pirobiT – unda Secvliliyo konstitucia, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifos marTva Zlier aRmasrulebels, prezidents, Cabardeboda. referendumis Sedegad asec moxda – Seiqmna axali, V respublika da 7-wliani saprezidento vada.

Sarl de goli ganTavisuflebul parizSi, 1944

didi adamianebi de golis mTavari savizito baraTi nacionalizmis aRzeveba, anu safrangeTisTvis sidiadis dabrunebaa. swored am konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli generlis mier miRebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi sagareo politikasa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi. maTgan gamoirCeva: 1. birTvuli safrangeTi. de golis ZalisxmeviT safrangeTi meoTxe birTvuli saxelmwifo gaxda aSS-is, ssrk-is da britaneTis Semdeg. am nabijiT oficialur parizs surda damoukideblobis meti xarisxi moepovebina, maT Soris, natoeli mokavSireebisagan. de gols miaCnda, rom ase moxsnida mudmivad arsebul SiSs amerikis SesaZlo pasiurobasTan dakavSirebiT evropaSi. birTvuli iaraRis qoniT ki safrangeTs meti wona eqneboda msoflioSi da globaluri sakiTxebis ganxilvis drosac metad gaiTvaliswinebdnen frangul interesebs. 2. safrangeTis gansakuTrebuli pozicia natos mimarT. Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi Sarl de goli da konrad adenaueri, daarsda 1949 wels sabWoTa safrTxis sawinaparizi, 1963 aRmdegod. safrangeTi, rogorc natos erTerTi damfuZnebeli qveyana, dasawyisidanve aqtiurad monawileobda mokavSireTa erTobliv qmedebebSi. Tumca, de golma prezidentad mosvlisas CaTvala, rom natoSi zedmetad dominirebdnen aSS da britaneTi da rom sabWoTa SemoWris SemTxvevaSi, amerika ar Seasrulebda evropisaTvis micemul dapirebas. generlis gadawyvetilebiT, safrangeTi gamovida aliansis samxedro struqturidan (Tumca, darCa wevr qveynad) da ucxoel samxedroebs daatovebina qveynis teritoria.

Sarl de goli

mao Zeduni (1893-1976)

3. evropuli integracia. koloniuri imperiis dakargvis paralelurad, de golma gaaaqtiura evropuli politika. kerZod, 1963 wels germaniis kancler adenauerTan moawera xeli xelSekrulebas, romelmac daasrula saukunovani mtroba da safuZveli Cauyara axal urTierTobebs. ase, megobruli da partnioruli midgomiT, safrangeTma gaaZliera evropuli integracia da faqtobrivad Seqmna evropis Zrava frangul-germanuli duetiT. garda amisa, de golma orjer daado veto britaneTis wevrobas evropul ekonomikur gaerTianebaSi. pirvel rigSi, mas ar surda aSS-sTan gansakuTrebuli, „specialuri urTierTobebis“ mqone britaneTis SemoSveba evropuli integraciis modelSi, radgan britaneTi troas cxeni iqneboda. meorec, is integraciis gaRrmavebis da ara gafarToebis momxre iyo. de golis mTavari idea imaSi mdgomareobda, rom „Tavisufali evropis“, anu evropeli erebis konfederaciis aSenebiT yofili evropuli didi imperiebi daibrunebdnen warsul didebas. de gols ekuTvnis gamoTqma „evropa atlantikidan uralamde“, rac xSirad gamoiyeneba evropul integraciaze saubrisas. es cneba TavisTavad dapirispirebuli iyo atlanticizmTan, anu aSS-isa da britaneTis intereseb-

Tan, radgan gulisxmobda evropas, rogorc mesame poluss amerikasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. 4. CineTis aRiareba. de golma daamyara diplomatiuri urTierTobebi CineTTan. Sedegad, britaneTis Semdeg safrangeTi meore dasavluri saxelmwifo gaxda, romelmac aRiara mao Zedunis komunisturi mTavroba da, samagierod, uari Tqva taivanis cnobaze. am nabijiT de golma daadastura, rom is realpolitikis, anu pragmatizmis momxrea da ara – principebis, ideologiebis, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa Tu mravlmxrivi SeTanxmebebisa. 5. kvebekis Tavisufleba. de golis cnobilma sityvam monrealSi – „gaumarjos Tavisufal kvebeks!“ – gamoiwvia furori kvebekel kanadelTa Soris. am istoriulma frazam waaxalisa kvebekelTa damoukideblobis, kanadisgan gamoyofis moZraoba. amdenad, gamosvla skandaliT damTavrda: prezidentis viziti Sewyda da aRar gagrZelda dedaqalaq otavaSi. garda amisa, ramdenime wlis Semdeg de golis dakrZalvaze safrangeTSi Cavida msoflios yvela ZiriTadi lideri, garda kanadisa.

didi adamianebi

1968 wlis aqciebi parizSi

1965 wels de goli meore vadiT airCies prezidentad, Tumca – mxolod meore turis daxmarebiT, romelSic man socialisti kandidati miterani daamarcxa 55%-45%. 1968 wlis maisSi qveyanaSi samoqalaqo areuloba daiwyo. 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi safrangeTis respublika demonstraciebma, gaficvebma da universitetebis/qarxnebis dakavebam moicva. maisis movlenebi istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc kulturuli, socialuri, moraluri da arapolitikuri revolucia. de golma parlamentis riggareSe arCevnebi daniSna da moigo – revoluciis arCevanis winaSe mdgomma frangebma simSvide arCies. miuxedavad amisa, prezident de golis popularoba daeca – umravlesoba mas bebrad, qedmaRlad, avtokratad da konservatorad miiCnevda. 1969 wels, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis reformis referendumiT damarcxebis Semdeg, prezidenti gadadga. cxadi iyo, rom frangebi de goliT daiRalnen. generali kvlav Tavis sofelSi dabrunda memuarebis sawerad, sadac 1970 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala. prezidentma axali ambavi ase amcno qveyanas – „generali de goli gardaicvala, safrangeTi daqvrivda“. de

Sarl de golis sawinaaRmdego plakati `iyavi axalgazrda da gaCumdi~

goli, misi survilisamebr, iqve dakrZales, mxolod safrangeTis gaTavisuflebis mebrZolebis daswrebiT. de golis anderZis Tanaxmad, saflavis qvaze mxolod misi gvar-saxeli da dabadeba-gardacvalebis wlebi weria. generals sami Svili hyavda. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa umcrosi qaliSvilis – an de golis istoria. is daunis sindromiT daibada. maSin SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone axalSobilebs bavSvTa TavSesafrebSi agzavnidnen. anma ki mTeli cxovreba, sikvdilamde, sakuTar ojaxSi gaatara. did generals arasdros daumalavs Svilis diagnozi. saxlSi aseTi wesi hqondaT – ans aravize naklebad ar unda moqceodnen. generali xasiaTiT morcxvi iyo, ojaxSic ki, magram ara – anTan, romelic mamisgan iRebda TiTqos mxolod misTvis dagrovil siTbos. masTan ufro Tbili da mzrunveli iyo, vidre sxva SvilebTan. arTobda simRerebiT, cekvebiT, pantomimiT, xSirad ki bavSviviT TamaSobda, rom ani gaexarebina. de golis TqmiT, ani misTvis „iyo sixaruli“. ani 20 wlis asakSi pnevmoniiT gardaicvala, mamis xelebSi. dakrZalvisas de golma Tqva: „is axla iseTive

Sarl de goli

Sarl de goli ojaxTan erTad

Sarl de golis dakrZalva, 1970

gaxda, rogorc yvela. sikvdili xom yvelas aTanabrebs“. generali de goli anis gverdiT dakrZales, Svilisa, romelsac mxolod erTaderTi sityvis Tqma SeeZlo gamarTulad – „mama“. safrangeTis Rirsebis – general de golis roli safrangeTis istoriaSi marTlac unikaluria. misi memuarebi ase iwyeba: `mTeli cxovrebis manZilze me Seviqmeni safrangeTis garkveuli idea~. misi cxovrebac aseTi iyo: safrangeTis garkveuli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ideisTvis brZola, rogorc omSi, ise mSvidobis dros. samSobloSi is uyvarT da mas afaseben swored misi gamorCeulobis, frangulobis warmoCenis da samagaliTo patriotizmis gamo. rogorc misma memkvidrem, prezidentma JorJ pompidum samarTlianad Tqva generlis dakrZalvis dRes, „de golma misca safrangeTs instituciebi, damoukidebloba da adgili msoflioSi“. aseTebi ki mxolod erTeulebi, RvTis rCeulebi arian, eris mamebsac rom eZaxian xolme.

politika

xuTi mizezi, ratom aris

demokratia ukeTesi

daviT afrasiZe

1947 wels uinston CerCilma didi britaneTis TemTa palataSi warmoTqva fraza, romelic dRes, albaT, yvelas gvecnoba: „demokratia mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudi formaa, Tuki gamovricxavT yvela im sxvas, romlebsac drodadro mosinjaven xolme“. ramdenime Tvis win ruseTis prezidentma vladimer putinma, romelic swored erT-erTi sxva formis, avtoritarizmis, srulyofiTaa dakavebuli, Tqva, rom „liberalizmma Tavi amowura, radgan igi umravlesobis interesebs upirispirdebao“. putinma sinamdvileSi swored demokratiaze gailaSqra: demokratia liberalizmis gareSe farsia, radgan ar arsebobs umravlesobis neba umciresobebis uflebebis gareSe. aseT dros, rogorc aleqsis de tokvili ityoda, dgeba „umravlesobis tirania“, xolo tirania SeiZleba Zalianac moswondes putinis msgavs liders, magram is ver iqneba demokratia. modi, gamovyoT xuTi mizezi, Tu ratomaa demokratia ukeTesi, vidre mmarTvelobis yvela sxva forma – iqneba es avtoritarizmi (oligarqia, diqtatura, arasakonstitucio monarqia da a.S.) Tu totalitarizmi (tiraniis ukiduresi forma, romelic samecniero wignebze ufro kargad jorj oruelma aRwera Tavis romanSi „1984“). ra Tqma unda, mizezi xuTze ufro metia, magram Cven SevexebiT ramdenime mniSvnelovans, Tan iseTs, romelic gvaCvenebs, Tu ratomaa demokratia ukeTesi erTi Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis, magaliTad, SenTvis da CemTvis.

demokratia

aleqsis de tokvili (1805-1859) – frangi sociologi, istorikosi da politikuri moRvawe, diplomati. cnobilia SromebiT – „demokratia amerikaSi“ (gamoica or tomad 1835 da 1840 wlebSi) da „Zveli reJimebi da revolucia“ (1856).

mizezi 1 demokratiebSi ufro meti keTildReobaa Tvali gadavavloT msoflio rukas: oriode gamonaklisis garda, demokratiuli qveynebi Tan mdidari qveynebicaa. nu vidavebT imaze (mecnierebi bevrs davoben), romeli ganapirobebs romels – ekonomikuri simdidre demokratiis karg xarisxs Tu piriqiT. faqtia, rom iq, sadac adamianebi Tavisuflad monawileoben saerTo saqmis keTebaSi, sadac maTi uflebebi daculia da samarTlis winaSe yvela met-naklebad Tanasworia, individebi ufro aqtiuroben ekonomikur sferoSi, ar eSiniaT sakuTari ideebis warmoCenis, ufro SemoqmedebiTad udgebian mewarmeobas da siaxleebis ganxorcielebas. sxva sityvebiT: Ria sazogadoebebSi ufro meti dinamikaa da ufro met adamians Seaqvs wvlili saerTo saqmis warmatebaSi. marTalia, krizisebi aqac arsebobs, magram ganaxlebisa da adaptaciis SesaZleblobebi Tavisufali sazogadoebis arsSia Cadebuli.

1984

BIG BROTHER IS

WATCHING YOU

`1984~ – ingliseli mwerlis jorj oruelis fantastikuri romani. gamovida 1949 wels. nawarmoebi aRwers totalitaruli reJimis yofas da meqanizmebs.

politika

mizezi 2 demokratiebSi pirovnuli warmatebis meti Sansia es mizezi zemoT moyvanils exmianeba. yvelam kargad viciT, rom realobaSi cxovreba bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre amas wignebSi vkiTxulobT – adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara mxolod fizikuri monacemebiT (simaRle, wona, Tmis, kanisa Tu Tvalis feri da a.S.), aramed sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiTac, magaliTad, yvelas ar aqvs Tanabari SesaZlebloba, rodesac saqme ganaTlebas an biznessaqmianobas exeba – zogierTs ukeTesi sastarto pirobebi aqvs mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom ukeTesi memkvidreoba ergo. demokratiuli sazogadoebis upiratesoba isaa, rom aq yvelas aqvs winsvlis Sansi da am TvalsazrisiT did rols swored ganaTlebis sistema asrulebs. erTi, rom, rogorc wesi, mdidar qveynebSi ufro xarisxiani ganaTlebaa da meore, rom misi xelmisawvdomobac iq ufroa uzrunvelyofili. araTavisufali qveynebi SeiZleba ki qadagebdnen Tanasworobas, magram es ukanaskneli iseTive farsia, rogorc am qveynebis demokratiuloba. jorj oruelis TqmiT, am qveynebSi „yvela Tanasworia, magram zogi ufro Tanasworia“, mag., sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi partiis liderebi da maTTan daaxloebuli pirebi, romlebsac nomenklaturas uwodebdnen da romlis memkvidreebic bevr yofil sabWoTa qveyanaSi dResac gavleniT sargebloben.

yvela Tanasworia

magram zogi ufro Tanasworia

demokratia

mizezi 3 demokratiebSi metia konkurenciac, magram â&#x20AC;&#x201C; konsensusic vinaidan Tavisufal qveyanaSi yvelas aqvs saerTo saqmeSi monawileobis SesaZlebloba, Sesabamisad, demokratiebSi metia konkurenciac. konkurencia aucilebeli pirobaa winsvlisTvis biznesSi, xelovnebaSi, sportSi da, cxadia, politikaSic. rodesac erTi politikuri Zala didi xnis manZilze erTpirovnulad marTavs qveyanas (parlaments, mTavrobas, regionebs, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas), amas gardauvlad mohyveba Secdomebi da daknineba. aseve gardauvalia ukmayofilo Zalisa Tu Zalebis gaCena, romlebic Tavis adgils ver imkvidreben da yoveli SesaZleblobisas cdiloben Ziri gamouTxaron mmarTvel jgufs da SeiZleba amas qveyanac zed gadaayolon. sxva sityvebiT, konkurencia bunebis kanonia, mas veravin airidebs Tavidan da mmarTvelisve interesebSia, rom Zalaufleba ara monopolizebuli, aramed gaziarebuli iyos. aseT dros qveynis mTavrobaSi myofi partia qveynis romeliRac nawilSi SeiZleba opoziciis rolSi iyos, xolo mTavrobis opozicia ki umravlesobas warmoadgendes. aseT dros mmarTveli partiac da misi opoziciac ufro windaxeduli da zomieria, radgan xelisufleba ara erTpirovnuli da moklevadiani, aramed gaziarebuli da ufro stabiluria. sxvagvarad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; konkurencia aris konsensusis safuZveli da ara erTpirovnuloba.

politika

mizezi 4 demokratiebSi Secdomebi „mosula“ arademokratiuli mmarTveloba SeiZleba, erTi SexedviT, Zalian efeqturad gamoiyurebodes da misi lideri yovlisSemZleobasa da zebunebriobasac ki asxivebdes. sinamdvileSi, aseTi mmarTveloba yovelTvis Zalian myifea da krizisidan krizisamde cxovrobs. mas sul sWirdeba raime problema, magaliTad, mtrebis devna qveynis SigniT Tu gareT (ix. mizezi # 5), rom sakuTari uZlevelobis miTic kvebos da realuri problemebic sxvas gadaabralos. magram Tu erT-erTi aseTi krizisi marcxiT dasrulda, maSin lideri misi mmarTvelobian-mimdevrebianad wamsve nacartutad iqceva. ra Tqma unda, istoria icnobs iseT SemTxvevebsac, rodesac aseTi reJimebi wlobiT da aTwleulobiT agrZeleben arsebobas, magram, rogorc wesi, rac ufro xangrZlivi da sastikia mmarTveloba, miT ufro mZime da Seuqcevadia misi aRsasruli. rogorc wesi, „uZlevel liders“ yvelaze met wixls misi yofili uaxloesi mimdevrebi uTavazeben xolme. samwuxaro ki isaa, rom amgvar marcxs SeiZleba xSirad qveyanac Tan gadahyves. demokratiebs ki ufro meti imuniteti aqvT krizisebis dros – imitom, rom Secdomebze pasuxismgebloba gaziarebulia politikur Zalebsa da sazogadoebaSi. mTavari „damnaSave“ SeiZleba Tanamdebobidan gadadges an ufro mkacradac agos pasuxi, magram es arc misi da, miT ufro, qveynis sasikvdilo ganaCeni ar iqneba.

demokratia

mizezi 5 demokratiebi ufro mSvidobiania SigniT da gareT demokratiebSi bevri xma ismis erTad da es kakafonia xSirad SeiZleba gulis Semawuxebelic iyos. avtoritarizmSi ki mxolod erTaderTi xmaa mkafio. Tumca, saWiro dros swored kakafoniidan amoizrdeba simfonia, xolo erTi xmis SemTxvevaSi aravin icis, rodis CaaxSobs mas sxva, masze ufro Zlieri. demokratiebSi mudmivadaa patar-patara kamaTi sxvadasxva sakiTxze. swored amitom aq orTqli yovelTvis gareT gamodis, rogorc wylis duRilisas naxvretiani Caidnidan. mmarTvelobis yvela sxva forma ki mWidrod daxuful WurWels waagavs, romelic duRils saguldagulod malavs, magram ver axSobs da aravin uwyis, Tu rodis amoxeTqavs es energia da mospobs WurWelsac da mis SigTavssac. demokratiebi ufro mSvidobiani da stabiluria erTi Cveulebrivi adamianisTvis. es ar niSnavs, rom demokratias arasdros dasWirdeba dacva (gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mezobeli araa damokratia), magram aseT SemTxvevaSi sakuTari qveynisTvis brZola ufro gaazrebulicaa da aseve naklebi albaTobiT ukavSirdeba Zlieri lideris ambiciebis dakmayofilebas.

is, rasac dRes Cvens irgvliv vxedavT da ar mogvwons, demokratiis brali ki araa, aramed misi naklebobis... albaT, dasawyisSi unda gangvemarta, Tu ras vgulisxmobdiT demokratiaSi. amitom modi, isev CerCilis sityvebiT davasruloT: „rogor unda ganvmartoT sityva „demokratia“? Cemi azriT, esaa erTi Tavmdabali, Cveulebrivi adamiani, ubralod, Cveulebrivi adamiani, romelic uvlis sakuTar ojaxs, romelic midis sakuTari qveynisTvis sabrZolvelad, rodesac amis saWiroeba dgeba, xolo garkveul dros igi midis saarCevno ubanze da saarCevno biuletenSi Semoxazavs im kandidats, romelic mas surs airCios parlamentSi. swored es adamiania demokratiis safuZveli... da aucilebelia, rom am kacma Tu qalma es gaakeTos SiSis gareSe, muqarisa da devnis gareSe... is Tavis arCevans biuletenSi saidumlod moniSnavs, Semdeg ki arCeuli warmomadgenlebi erTad wyveten, Tu vin iyos mTavrobaSi, xolo krizisebis dros – saerTod ra forma unda hqondes xelisuflebas maT qveyanaSi. Tuki esaa demokratia, me mivesalmebi mas. me mxars vuWer mas. me viSromebdi amisTvis“.

cnobili qalebi

amelia erharti qeTevan qanTaria msoflios romelime qveynis istoriaSi Tuki arseboben adamianebi, romlebsac Tanamedroveebi sikvdilis Semdegac ver Selevian, maTi daRupva ver mounelebiaT da dRemde dausruleblad yvebian maTi gadarCenisa Tu `dadgmuli sikvdilis“ ambebs, Tuki vinmes kaSkaSa sicocxle SeiZleba araerTi versiiTa Tu daboloebiT warmovidginoT, erT-erTi aseTi adamiania amelia erharti – amerikuli aviaciis pioneri da pirveli aviatori qali, romelmac martom gadaufrina atlantis okeanes. man bevri sxva rekordic moxsna da amaze ramdenime wignic dawera... 1937 wlis 2 ivniss ki Tavis SturmanTan, fred nunanTan erTad, wynari okeanis Tavze gauCinarda. oficialuri versiiT, ameliasa da fred nunanis TviTmfrinavs im dRes sawvavi ar eyo da okeanis zedapirs daenarcxa. rac Zalian sainteresoa, sawvavi amelias pirveli transatlantikuri gadafrenisasac Semoaklda, ufro sworad, dasadgeni gauxdaT zusti koordinatebi, raTa an damSvidebuliyvnen, anda Sesabamisi zomebi mieRoT. rogorc ki ameliam da misma Sturmanma es gaacnobieres, qvemoT, okeanis wylebSi, uzarmazari gemi SeniSnes. TviTmfrinavSi, romelsac `frendSipi“ erqva, sul samni isxdnen – piloti bil Sulci, Sturmani slim gordoni da meore piloti – Tavad amelia erharti. pilotma qaRaldze dawera kiTxva imis gasarkvevad, Tu sad imyofebodnen, ameliam werilSi forToxali gaaxvia da gembanisaken isrola. forToxali gembans ascda, Tumca kapitani, albaT, maSin didad verc daexmareboda, mas mere uTqvams, rom am ambis Semdeg gemze yovelTvis inaxavda saRebavsa da funjs, raTa pirdapir gembanze daewera koordinatebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki romelime mfrinavi isev aRmoCndeboda msgavs mdgomareobaSi. axla Znelia imis Tqma, icoda Tu ara gemis kapitanma fredma, vin gadaufrina Tavze,… yovel SemTxvevaSi, mogvianebiT albaT gaigebda, magram maSin, 1928 wlis 4 ivniss, amelias saxeli, profesionalebis garda, jer didad aravis gaego. magram aviatorebi, avaciasTan dakavSirebuli ne-

amelia erharti

bismieri Tema Zalian popularuli iyo maSin, xanaSi, rodesac adamianebi jer isev Tamamad da windauxedavad iTvisebdnen bunebis, wylisa da axla ukve haeris stiqias. aviaciis ganviTarebam xelovnebaSic axali perspeqtiva da energia Seitana. adamianma Tavisi arqetipuli ocneba aixdina – es jer daujerebeli Canda, magram TandaTanobiT gaCnda rakursebi, romlebic dRes ar gvakvirvebs, maSin ki, gamanadgurebeli pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, maTi SeZeniT adamianma kvlav aRidgina sakuTari Tavisa da momavlis rwmena – misTvis haerSi gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba cnobierebis gafarToebas utoldeboda. ase iyo amerikidan ruseTamde – teqnikuri progresisaken swrafvis axali talRa Sesabamis tendenciebs aCens saxviT xelovnebaSi, kinoSi, arqiteqturaSi. dasavluri samyaros didi nawili freniT, aviaciis TemiTaa Sepyrobili. aeroplanebi ociani wlebis modernizmis arsis xorcSesxmad iqca, mfrinavebi – zeadamianis gansaxierebad. es energia da suliskveTeba kargad igrZnoba leo esakias filmis `frTosani mRebavis“ petre ocxeliseul mxatvrobaSic, rac sabWoTa saqarTvelomde mcire dagvianebiT moRweuli msoflio tendenciis gamoxatuleba iyo. 1920 wels, rodesac amelia erhartma pirvelad ifrina (cxadia, jer rogorc mgzavrma), aeroplani arsebobis sul raRac 17 wels iTvlida da iSviaTad, rom vinmes ax-

bil Sulci, slim gordoni da amelia erharti

lodan enaxa. Tumca, aTiode wlis Semdeg igi ukve met-naklebad iyo Sesuli adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi – mdidar xalxs SeeZlo emgzavra aeroplaniT, misi SeZenaca da marTvis swavlac mxolod SeZlebisa da drois ambavi iyo. frena iyo raRac iseTi, rac gamorCeulebs SeeZloT, statusis, Tanac gabedulebis niSani qalebisaTvis, romelTac jer masobrivad ar moepovebinaT Tavisufleba. gertrud staini Tavis `yvelas biografiaSi“

amelia erharti da fred nunani

cnobili qalebi

gertrud staini (1874-1946)

petre ocxelis `frTosani mRebavi~

aRwers, ra saocreba iyo misTvis 1934 wels parizidan londonSi, Semdeg ki amerikaSi gadafrena. saocari iyo TavisTavad isic, rom warsulis ostatebisgan gansxvavebiT, sul sxva peizaJebs xedavda dedamiwisken zemodan momzirali adamiani. rogorc igive staini ixsenebs ramdenime wlis Semdeg `pikasoSi“, gasaocari iyo kubizmis winaswarmetyvelebac, TiTqos mxatvrebma windawin ganWvrites, rogor nakuwebad, zRvrebad, geometriul formebad Cans zemodan Cveni samyaro. da es iyo axali drois niSani, sunTqva, risi SegrZneba mgzavris rolSic ki warmoudgeneli gancda iyo jer adamianisTvis da maSin albaT advili warmosadgenia, ra dideba SeiZleboda xvdomoda wilad qals, romelmac aviaciis gariJraJze, 1932 wels, martom gadaufrina atlantis okeanes. qalebi, rogorc mcire kvleviTac ki kargad Cans, Zalian iyvnen gatacebuli aviaciiT. SesaZloa, yvelas ar moeCvenos ase, magram tendencia tamara de lempickas 1929 wels Sesrulebul avtoportretSic (mwvane bugatiSi) ki igrZnoba – polonuri warmoSobis am Zalze cnobilma modernistma amerikelma mxatvarma Tavi manqanaSi, saWesTan gamosaxa (zogadad, qali da manqana, farTo gagebiT, aris am periodis aqtualuri Tema), magram misi manqana aq TiTqos aeroplanis korpuss ufro hgavs, Tavad ki – ufro aviators, vidre saWesTan mjdar qals. aviaciis Temam didi xniT waritaca amerikeli mxatvrebis fantazia da goneba. stenton makdonald-raitisTvis, ilzi drigsisTvis da sxvebisTvis misi ganviTareba kacobriobisaTvis axali biZgi iyo, ucodinrobidan – codnisaken, uZraobidan – siCqarisa da winsvlisken. hovard norton kukic aeroplanebs xatavda, Tumca, 1931 wels Seqmnili da yvelaze cnobili `aeroplani“ ukamelia erharti TviTmfrinav `frendSipTan“

amelia erharti

tamara de lempickas avtoportreti

ve haerSi sterilurad gamokidebuli, ugezo da uperspeqtivo manqanaa, am naxatSi raRac teqnologiaTa ganviTarebis pirquSi interpretaciac ikiTxeba – amerika didi depresiis piks aRwevs. didi depresia, zogadad ase iTvleba, 1929 wlis oqtomberSi daiwyo, uecrad, safondo birJebze aqciaTa fasebis manamde arnaxuli vardniT. am vardnas, Tavis mxriv, ekonomistebisaTvis dRemde sadavo mizezebi hqonda, magram erTi ki faqtia – amerikis ekonomika XX saukunis dasawyisSi SesaniSnavi niSnulebiT viTardeboda, gamorCeuli tempiT izrdeboda warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT, manqanaTmSenebloba. bevri fiqrobs, rom aqciebze fasebis vardna swored warmoebis metismetad zrdam gamoiwvia da amitom TiTqmis aTwliani es vardna ormagad mounelebeli iyo amerikisTvis. amelia erhartis aRzeveba, misi erovnul gmirad da lamis zeadamianad gamocxadeba swored am umZimes periods emTxveva – bevri amerikelisTvis am energiuli, xmeli, biWuri momxibvlelobis mqone uSiSari qalisa da misi aeroplanebis caSi sriali, misi axal-axali miRwevebi iyo lamis erTaderTi niSani imisa, rom cocxali iyo Zveli, mudam pirvelobis mosurne (da SemZle), Tavawyvetili, gabeduli amerika, iseTi, rogoradac igi misma xalxma Seqmna da Seiyvara, da rom misi aviacia kvlav Tavis si-

stenton makdonald-raiti (1890-1973) – amerikeli mxatvari, amerikul xelovnebaSi msoflio mniSvnelobis pirveli avangarduli mimdinareobis, abstraqciuli xelovnebis – sinqronizmis – erT-erTi fuZemdebeli.

ilzi drigsis naxati `aeroplani~ ilzi drigsi (1898-1992) – amerikeli mxatvari, wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove amerikuli xelovnebis erT-erTi mimdinareobis – precizionizmis ganviTarebaSi, am mimarTulebaSi iyo erTaderTi qali mxatvari. mogvianebiT mis SemoqmedebaSi Cndeba floristuli Temebi, xatavs akvareliT, pasteliT, zeTis saRebavebiT.

cnobili qalebi

`klubi 99~-is pirveli da axlandeli logoebi

hovard norton kuki, `aeroplani~ hovard norton kuki (1901-1986) – amerikeli mxatvari, cnobilia misi xis graviurebi da kedlis mxatvroba.

maRleze idga. magram iyo erTi jgufi – amerikeli (da ara mxolod amerikeli) qalebi – visTvisac amelias gamoCena imedsa da ocnebaze meti iyo, meti iyo imazec ki, rac imdroindel feministur moZraobas SeeZlo moeTxova an warmoedgina. 1929 wels, ramdenime dRis Semdeg im niSnulidan, saidanac amerikaSi didi depresiis aTvlas iwyeben, niu-iorkSi, long-ailendze, amelia erhartma da kidev orma mfrinavma qalma organizacia `99“ daaarses – mfrinav qalTa saerTaSoriso kavSiri, romelic dRemde arsebobs da qalebs safrenad uxsnis gzas. pirvel licenzirebul wevrTa raodenoba 99, romelic Zalian male 117-mde gaizarda, erT rames mowmobda: amelia gamorCeuli da erTaderTi qali iyo ara imitom, rom amerikas imxanad piloti qalebi ar hyavda, aramed misi uSiSrobisa da misi rekorduli maCveneblebis gamo. ra Tqma unda, aviaciaSi manamdec iyvnen qalebi da bevrs sxvadasxva sferoSi hqonda miRwevebi: magaliTad, amerikelma aida de akostam, romelic kubeli aristokratebis STamomavali iyo, jer kidev 1903 wels ifrina martom diriJablismagvari aparatiT, magram manZili SedarebiT mokle iyo – parizidan Sato de bagatelamde,

romelic axla ukve parizis sazRvrebSia moqceuli. ra Tqma unda, isic aucileblad unda iTqvas, rom `99“-is daarsebas win qalTa pirveli sahaero derbi uZRoda. derbize amerikis sxvadasxva Statidan licenzirebuli pilotebi Camofrindnen. samwuxarod, am movlenas msxverplic mohyva – 25 wlis ulamazesi mervil krosoni – mis aeroplanSi, rogorc Cans, sawvavma airma daiwyo Jonva, mervils paraSutma umtyuna da igi arizonis udabnoSi martodmarto daiRupa. Semdeg derbize daiRupa florens klingensmiti. mogvianebiT erTi pamfletisti, romlis saxelic axla cotas axsovs, qalTa am paeqrobas Powder Pu Derby – ferumarilis derbis uwodebs. florensis daRupvis Semdeg Sejibri gaauqmes. 1947 wels, roca qalTa moZraoba meore msoflio omis Semdeg Sesustebuli iyo, msgavs Sejibrs amjerad seriozulad ewoda „ferumarilis derbi“. organizacia `99~-is arseboba TavisTavad iyo didi nabiji qalTa moZraobis gasaZliereblad. axla, XX saukuneSi, rodesac qalTa sakiTxi warmoudgenlad aris dawinaurebuli, droisa da konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, marTlac gaocebas iwvevs saukunis winandeli am qalebis uSiSroba da stereotipuli warmodgenebisadmi sruli gulgriloba. didi depresiiT daTrgunul qveyanas ki ramdenime weliwadSi, 1933 wels, mxsnelad, prezidentad, moevlina franklin delano ruzvelti, romelmac sxvadasxva ekonomikuri da socialuri zomebiT nel-nela fexze daayena qveyana da Tavisi mmarTvelobiT msoflios pirvel zesaxelmwifod aqcia. adamianebis uflebebis, maT Soris, qalTa

amelia erharti

`klubi 99~-is wevrebi

uflebebis sferos, misi gamorCeuli colis, eleonoris, saxiT didi qomagi gamouCnda. TeTr saxlSi maTi Sesvlidan ori Tvec ar iyo gasuli, rodesac eleonor ruzveltma amelia erharti saprezidento rezidenciaSi miipatiJa. isini manamdec icnobdnen erTmaneTs da megobrobdnen. im dRes, 20 aprils, msoflios am orma pirvelma qalma sadilis sufra eqspromtad miatova. isini vaSingtonidan baltimorSi gadafrindnen, Semdeg ukan dabrundnen da TeTr saxlSi sxva stumrebTan erTad desertsac Seeqcnen. msoflmxedvelobriv Tu bevr sxvagvar siaxlovesTan erTad, am or did qals erTi ram aerTianebda: bavSvobisa da siyrmis saerTo travma, rac mamebis alkoholizms ukavSirdeboda. am travmam eleonors Tavdajereba sruliad daakargina. amelia ki, mamis alkohlizmis gamo (mamamisma amis gamo samsaxuric dakarga), dedis mdidar mSoblebTan iyo xolme `gaxiznuliâ&#x20AC;&#x153;. orives mama keTilSobili jentlmeni iyo, orives Zalian uyvarda Svilebi, magram am avadmyofobasTan brZola orivem waago. fsiqologebi miiCneven, rom bavSvobis amgvari travmebi SeiZleba araerTi pirovnuli problemis mizezadac iqces, Tumca didi miznebis mqone mozardisTvis es SeiZleba uzarmazari stimulic gaxdes, gasaZliereblad da gansakuTrebuli warmatebis misaRwevad.

mervil krosoni (1904-1929)

aida de akostas diriJablismagvari aparati

Tumca odesRac, 1921 wels, swored mamam ausrula survili amelias da aviaciis sxva pionerTan, masaviT axalgazrda neta snuks-

cnobili qalebi

amelia erharti da florens klingensmiti

amelia erharti da eleonor ruzvelti

Tan gahyva, raTa am ukanasknelisTvis amelias maswavlebloba eTxovaT. manamde SeTanxmdnen, rom frenis maswavlebeli mxolod qali iqneboda. netac bevri parametriT iyo `pirveli mfrinavi qali, romelic...“, magram Semdeg wels gaTxovda, daorsulda da frenaze aRar ufiqria. 1921 wels ki, TebervalSi, pirveli qali mfrinavi iyo, romelmac los-anjelesis mamakacTa sahaero srbolaSi miiRo monawileoba da mexuTe adgilic daikava, Semdeg ki reportiorebisTvis uTqvams: `mec vifren iseve magrad, iseve Wkvianurad, iseve giJurad, rogorc msoflios nebismieri kaci aviatori!“ es faruli survili, daejabna mamakacebi maTsave moedanze, albaT bevr profesional qals hqonda uTanasworobis gamo, Tumca ameliaze aseTi araferi viciT. viciT mxolod is, rom frena, romelic mas erTxel da samudamod gamoyofs aviator qalTa gabeduli, mcirericxovani jaridan, ameliam Carlz lindbergis rekordis `sapasuxod“ dagegma. xuTi wlis Semdeg, zustad imave dRes – 20 maiss. Carlz lindbergma, 25 wlis pilotma, 1927 wels 33,5 saaTi ifrina da transatlantikuri frena, niu-iorkidan parizamde, 5 800 kilometri, martom, gzad dajdomis gareSe, dafara. Sedegad ki, raimon orteigas – franguli warmoSobis amerikeli sastumros mepatronis mier dawesebuli 25-aTasiani prizic moipova. 1932 wels, 20 maiss, amelia erhartis aeroplani amerikaSi niufaundlendidan afrinda da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, derisTan dajda – am manZilisTvis rekordulad mcire 14 saaTsa da 56 wuTSi. ameliam imave wels dawera wigni (The Fun of it), romlis saTauris Targmnac dafiqrebas moiTxovs, Tumca, frazis arsi is iyo, rom igi SesaniSnavad gaerTo an, rom frena garTobaa. sinamdvileSi, saqme cota sxvagvarad iyo... jer erTi, am TxuTmeti saaTis ganmavlobaSi amelias dausruleblad urTuldeboda yvelaferi da aq mcire ganvrcobis gareSe ar ivargebs – zogi misi biografi Tu aviaciis eqsperti miiCnevs, rom amelia sulac ar iyo saukeTeso mfrinavi, ris gamoc dausruleblad teqnikur xarvezebTan da problemebTan uwevda gamklaveba: erTxel frenis dros TviTmfrinavi amouyiravda da mxolod damcavma qamarma gadaarCina, erTxel qarma ruka waarTva da a.S. igi, garkveuli azriT, marTlac Camouvardeboda Tavis winamorbed qalebsa Tu mamakacebs. zogi wers, rom erharts maTnairi utyuari alRo ar hqonda, magram hqonda is, riTac amelia mamasTan erTad

amelia erharti

Carlz lindbergi (1902-1974)

haers marTlac samarTebeliviT miapobda: uSiSari guli, silaRe da mTavari – frenis wyurvili – haeri misi stiqia iyo. da sicocxlis bolo wuTamde iRbals swored amiT izidavda. aseTive simsubuqiT gadavida 1932 wlis 21 maiss CrdiloeT irlandiis mivardnili soflis maxlobel mindorSi da Tivis zvinebSi momuSave irlandieli glexi dainaxa. `gamarjoba, me amerikidan var“, – uTxra damorcxvebiT. `didi rame,“ – uTqvams irlandiels. Tumca, esec erT-erTi legendis an legendis erT-erTi nawilia. yovel faqts ramdenime versia mosdevda. SesaZloa, ase imitom iyo, rom sxvadasxva dros momxdars amelia sxvadasxvanairad ixsenebda. magaliTad, faqti, rom igi haeris yinvian masebs Soris moeqca, simarTle iyo, Tumca erTgan is werda, rom qvemoT Camowolili nislis gamo wyals ver xedavda, Torem

albaT guli gauskdeboda. SesaZloa, xedavda, magram SiSi ver ereoda. sxvadasxvanairad aRnusxavdnen frenis dros: magaliTad, xangrZlivobad 15 saaTsa da 18 wuTsac SexvdebiT. Tavad wers, rom deriSi, vinme galaheris (es igive fermeria) saZovrebze daeSva. `Soridan mofrinavT?“ – hkiTxa galaherma amelias zomieri interesiT. Semdeg, cnobismoyvare irlandieli bavSvebis mozRvavebuli jgufis mogeriebiT, galaherma erharti adgilobriv fostaSi waiyvana, saidanac ameliam Sin, safiqrebelia, bazaze, dareka: `gamarjoba, amelia erharti var. gavakeTe es. Tumca, deris maxloblad, saZovrebze momixda dajdoma, saRsalamaTad, mgoni, TviTmfrinavic wesrigSia. milidan sawvavi Jonavda da cecxli ekideboda. am problemasTan miwevda gamklaveba daaxloebiT aTi saaTi da gzis meti nawili Stormsa da qariSxalSi vifrine. mgoni, cota davyruvdi Zravis dausrulebeli xmaurisgan, magram es gavakeTe~. Jurnalistebs ki uTxra: irlandiaSi aqamde arasdros vyofilvar da Selesili qoxebisa da saocari mwvane balaxisa da xeebis danaxvaze ukve eWvic aRar mepareboda, rom zurmuxtis kunZulze viyavio. mister galaheris colma ramdenime wlis Semdeg Jurnalistebs saxaliso interviu misca. man aRwera, rogor gamoCnda didi wiTeli monoplani maT mindorze, rogor hkiTxa misma qmarma mfrinavs, sadauri iyo, rogor SeipatiJes igi saxlSi, Caacves tansacmeli, ra auRelvebeli iyo qali mTeli es dro, arc aRfrTovaneba etyoboda da arc aJitireba, rogor daatydaT Semdeg Tavs bavSvebis, cnobismoyvareebisa da reportiorebis

amelia neta snuksTan erTad, 1921

cnobili qalebi mougeriebeli talRa, romelTac amelia ise uyveboda Tavis ambavs, TiTqos iq avtomobiliT Seeseirna erT civ dRes. deridan erharti inglisis gavliT parizSi gaemgzavra, sadac safrangeTis mTavrobisgan sapatio legionis ordeni miiRo. amerikaSi prezident huvers misTvis nacionaluri geografiuli medlis gadacemis gankarguleba hqonda gacemuli, kongresma ki `mfrinavi jvriT“ daajildova – ase gaxda erharti pirveli qali, romelsac aviatorTa gamorCeuli jildo ergo. *** rogorc amelia ixsenebda, aeroplani pirvelad aTi wlis asakSi unaxavs da es sulac ar yofila `erTi naxviT Seyvarebis“ ambavi. piriqiT, moeCvena, rom `Jangiani liTonisa da xisagan iyo gakeTebuli~. mousvenari `qalbiWa“ gogonasTvis stereotipuli qcevisgan Zalze Sors iyo. merec, srulwlovanebas rom miaRwia, erT adgilas ver isvenebda, sul muSaobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom dedamiss Zalze mdidari mSoblebi hyavda – pirveli msoflio omis dros kanadaSi iyo mowyalebis dad – Sin dabrunebul daWril jariskacebs uvlida, omis Semdeg kolumbiis universitetSi daiwyo swavla, magram mSoblebis daJinebuli TxovniT kaliforniaSi dabrunda. swored iq ifrina pirvelad 1920 wels da mas Semdeg yvelafers akeTebda, rom

amelia erhartis wigni The Fun of it

amelia erharti, fred nunani da jorj putnami

kvlav `haers dabruneboda“. frenas swavlobda, 1921 wels ki, ojaxis daxmarebiT, patara aeroplani Kinner Airster-i SeiZina. ori wlis Semdeg frenis ufleba miiRo. Semdeg bostonSi muSaobda socialur muSakad da imigrantebs exmareboda. amelia mainc ar iyo Cveulebrivi gogona, Tumca 1928 wels mis cxovrebaSic moxda iseTi ram, rac bevri didi adamianis cxovrebas aZlevs biZgs, romelic adamianis gamovlenas sWirdeba. niuiorkeli gamomcemlebis dinastiis – putnamebis erT-erT warmomadgenels, jorj putnams, samxedro reportiorma railim transatlantikuri frenis gaSuqeba SesTavaza. putnami am winadadebam ver daainteresa, magram, rogorc erhartis erT-erTi biografi wers, azrad mosvlia, mfrinavi qaamelia erharti sapatio legionis ordeniT

amelia erharti

lamde mimacila da kartofilis tomarasaviT damtova vagonSi. Tumca, es kargicaa. maT zustad imdenad unda movewono, rom es frena me momandon, magram Tan arc `axalgzarda, lamazi qalis sicocxle“ daenanoT“. amelia or sxva pilotTan erTad unda gafreniliyo. niufaundlendSi Casul ekipaJs acnobes, rom atlantis okeanis Tavze didi uamindoba iyo da frena unda gadadebuliyo. mTavarma pilotma bil Sulcma mowyenilobisgan sma daiwyo da amindis gamokeTebamde aRar Seuwyvetia. amitom erTi kviris Tavze, rodesac organizatorebma gafrena SesTavazes, ganacxada: erTi pirobiT, Tu slimi da amelia aeroplanSi CajdomaSi damexmarebiano. amelia erhartis bavSvoba

li rom yofiliyo, sxva saqme iqnebodao. sxva versiiT – mas londonidan cnobili feministi qali, filanTropi da mfrinavi emi gesTi dakavSirebia da qalis transatlantikuri frenis dafinanseba SeuTavazebia, Tuki putnami kandidaturas SearCevda. putnami swored Carlz lindbergis avtobiografias amzadebda gamosacemad. maSasadame, aviaciis sferoSi garkveuli iyo. amelias saxeli male amotivtivda da putnamma da misma megobarma railim gakvirvebiT SeniSnes, rom gogona Zalian hgavda Carlz lindbergs. TiTqos esec kargi niSani iyo. maTi Sexvedris Semdeg amelia erhartma megobars uambo, rom yvelaze saintereso kaci gaicno (Zalian bevri saerTo gataceba aRmoaCndaT). `magram mas saerTod ar movewone. matareb-

prezidenti huveri ajildoebs amelia erharts

amelias SeeZlo da, wesiT, uaric unda eTqva masTan erTad gafrenaze, magram, rogorc putnami werda, `samarTlianobis grZnoba amelias erT-erTi did RirsebaTagani iyo. ifiqra, rom axalgazrda mfrinavs reputacias da cxovrebas daungrevda“ da amitom ver Tqva uari frenaze. erTi cnobili mfrinavi Seecada aexsna, ratom gauTanabrda lindbergis miRwevas samsuliani ekipaJis frena. erTi mizezi mainc isaa, rom transatlantikuri ekipaJis SemadgenlobaSi pirvelad Sedioda qali. meore da aranakleb mniSvnelovani ki is iyo, rom samsuliani jgufis gafrena Tanamedroveebs ukve imis gancdas uCenda, rom aeroplani samxedro aviaciis sferos gascda da samgzavro transportis konturebi SeiZina, rac adamianebs didi enTuziazmiT avsebda. amitom ameliaca da misi axali megobrebic aRf-

amelia erhartis dajildoeba `mfrinavi jvriT~

cnobili qalebi 1937 wlis sabediswero frenis Sesaxeb bevr detals gvaZlevs mfrinav linda hinCTan ociode wlis win Cawerili interviu. erharts dedamiwis garSemo unda Semoefrina, saamisod ki windawin SerCeul 37 adgilas unda daesva aeroplani da Seesvena. bolo or punqtSi CaRwevamde gauCinarda. masTan radiokavSiris CanaweriT cxadi xdeba, rom TviTmfrinavs naxevari saaTis samyofi sawvavi rCeboda, rac ameliam auRelvebeli xmiT amcno amerikis aviabazaze darCenil kolegebs. amis Semdeg ki misi kvali ikargeba. linda hinCi interviuSi ambobs, rom amelias Zalze aklda sifrTxile, kargad ar hqonda aTvisebuli radiogadacemis teqnika. amas garda, mudam sakuTari Tavis imedad moswonda yofna da Sori radiokavSiris antenebis waRebaze uari Tqva. swored amis ga-

amelia erharti da jorj putnami

rTovanebiT savse aTasobiT werils iRebdnen. yvelaze gamorCeuli amelias samrecxaos mepatronis molocva gamodga: `darwmunebuli viyavi Tqvens warmatebaSi. Cemgan jer klienti ar wasula!â&#x20AC;&#x153; amelia, ra Tqma unda, Secda. putnams igi erTi naxviT Seuyvarda. frenam da Semdeg amelias pirvel wignze muSaobam isini Zalian daaaxlova. 1931 wels wyvili daqorwinda da amelias cxovrebis darCenili eqvsi weli srul partniorul Tanxmobasa da siyvarulSi gaatares. marSalis kunZulebis portis foto, romelzec TiTqos amelia Cans

amelia erharti

mo ar gahyva frenaSi cnobili mfrinavi da meqanikosi uoborni. amelia da fredi nunani maiamidan 1937 wlis 1 ivniss afrindnen. erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi 35-jer dasxdnen samxreT amerikaSi, afrikasa da aziis sxvadsxva qveyanaSi. 2 ivliss maTi aeroplani axali gvineidan afrinda da momdevno punqtamde aRar miuRwevia. meore dRes amerikis flotma qveynis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi da ZviradRirebuli samZebro operacia daiwyo, romelic or kviraSi uSedegod dasrulda. rogorc bevri legendaruli adamianis gauCinarebisas momxdara, adamianebi amelias Semdgomi cxovrebis araerT versias Txzavdnen, gulwrfelad sjerodaT, rom is ar daRupula. zogs eCveneboda, rom radiosignali daiWira, romliTac amelia sicocxlis niSans iZleoda. zogi viTom mis ukanasknel werils poulobda. yvelaze gavrcelebuli iyo idumali versia, TiTqos amelia marSalis kunZulebze Tu saipanze iaponelebs Cauvarda xelSi. fred nunani daxvrites, amelia ki tyveobaSi gardaicvala. ramdenime wlis win mediasaSualebebma, maT Soris, cnobilma History-m da BBC-m, axlad napovni fotosuraTi gaavrceles, romelzec gamosaxulia marSalis kunZulebis erT-erTi porti, sadac erTi adamiani TiTqos amelias waagavs. iaponelma blogerma iamanom sakmaod male dausva wertili am miTqma-moTqmas, rodesac daasaxela 1935 wels, amelias sicocxleSi, gamocemuli konkretuli wigni, òkeanis cxovreba: Cveni samxreTi wylebis mdgomareoba“, romlis 44-e gverdzec am àxali~ fotosuraTis naxva SeiZleba. berZnuli warmoSobis amerikelma qalma erTxel Jurnalistebs uTxra: àRfrTovanebuli viyavi imiT, rasac amelia akeTebda, Tumca maSin wesierad verc vxvdebodi, sad dafrinavda, megona, rom mTvareze. vloculobdi, angelozebs vTxovdi, daecvaT. rogori lamazi iyo da rogori uSiSari – namdvili ledi! aseTi qalebi manamde ar minaxavs. yvela gogo aRmerTebda, yvela cdilobda, raRaciT damsgavseboda!“ amerikelma mfrinavma linda hinCma ki, amelia erhartis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs rom usvamdnen, Jurnalistebs damSvidobebis win uambo: èrT qals vicnobdi, romelic samxreT StatebSi 30-ian wlebSi gaxda eqimi-onkologi. es maSin didi iSviaToba iyo. man miTxra, rom verasdros gabedavda eqimobas, amelias rom atlantis okeaneze ar gadaefrina“.

mwerloba

uiliam folkneri

arCil qiqoZe

kargad maxsovs imdroindeli sakuTari Tavi, roca pirvelad wavikiTxe folkneris „daTvi“. ara mgonia, mxolod me viyo aseTi – rogorc wesi, am mweralTan damegobrebas mkiTxveli swored am vrceli moTxrobiT iwyebs xolme. albaT daaxloebiT 17 wlisa viyavi, Tovliani zamTari iyo, sofelSi, Cvens patara farRalala qoxSi, mudmivad unda SegekeTebina RumlisTvis SeSa, radgan CaqrobisTanave iyineboda iqauroba. SeSa bevri mqonda, loginze vijeqi da am saocar nawarmoebs vkiTxulobdi... diax, zustad maxsovs, rom vijeqi, Tumca wamowolili kiTxva miyvars. moTxrobam wamomsva da dasawyisidan bolomde wigni verafriT gavuSvi xelidan. folkners erTi Tviseba aqvs – misi moTxrobili sul umniSvnelo ambavic ki miTad iqceva, sakacobrio dramad. ar vici, rogor moaxerxa es. odesRac isic iyo damwyebi, isic dgamda literaturaSi pirvel nabijebs. sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli ar iyo, Tavisi nawerebis erideboda... erTxel maiamis StatSi saxelganTqmuli mwerali Servud andersoni gaicno, daumegobrda da morcxvad sTxova, mis nawerebs gascnoboda. andersons axalgazrda kaci moswonda, magram misi wakiTxva mainc daezara. rCeva ki misca: „Tqven axalgazrda kaci xarT da rac Tqven iciT, aris miwis patara nagleji, sadRac iq, samxreTiT, magram esec sakmarisia, wereT amaze“.

uiliam folkneri

Servud andersoni (1876-1941) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; amerikeli mwerali, saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc novelistma. gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo misi novelebis seria `uainsburgi, ohaio~, ekuTvnis ramdenime romanic.

da folknermac wera (Tanac rogor wera!) im samxreTze, romelsac sakuTari xuTi TiTiviT icnobda, uyvarda da sakuTari patara kuTxis da misi xalxis aRweriT msoflio literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze didi mwerali gaxda, radgan misi personaJebi da mis mier aRwerili ambebi gascda im geografiul sazRvars, romelSic mweralma isini moaqcia. diax, aseTi sazRvari marTla arsebobs. uiliam folknerma gamoigona patara olqi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ioknapatofa, misi rukac ki daxata. rukaze aRniSnulia gza, romelic qalaq memfisSi midis. ese igi gamogonili alagi misisipis StatSi memfisis siaxloves mdebareobs. mweralma ioknapatofaSi daasaxla sakuTari personaJebi, maTi winaprebi da STamomavlebi da Seqmna is, rasac kritikosebi ioknapatofas sagas uwodeben. Tavis sqeltanian romanebsa da moTxrobebSi mweralma ioknapatofas olqis mcxovreblebis araerTi Taobis bedi aRwera da mis mier gamogonili ojaxebi: kompsonebi, despeinebi, sartorisebi, makaslinebi dRes iseTive realurebi arian, rogorc esa Tu is namdvili istoriuli gmiri.

ioknapatofas olqis ruka

folkneri da misi Semoqmedeba rom ukeT gavigoT, unda vicodeT, ras warmoadgenda misi samxreTi da misi mSobliuri Stati misuri, romelic mTeli sicocxle STaagonebda mwerals. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis istoriis erT-erTi yvelaze gardamtexi epizodi aris samoqalaqo omi, romelsac XIX saukunis samocian wlebSi CrdiloeTis ufro ganviTarebuli da mowinave Statebi prezident abraam linkolnis xelmZRvanelobiT awarmoebdnen ekonomikurad ufro CamorCenili samxreT Statebis winaaRmdeg. omis dawyebis mizezi monobis gauqmeba gaxda. samxreT Statebis ekonomika mTlianad bambis plantaciebze idga, plantaciebSi ki afrikeli monebi muSaobdnen. im omis mere TiTqmis 150 welia gasuli. am drois manZilze amerikis SeerTebul Statebs sakuTar miwaze omi ar unaxavs. amerikis

mwerloba TiTqmis yvela patara da did qalaqSi dgas am omis monawileTa monumenti, radgan msxverpli, romelic maSin qveyanam gaiRo, Zalian didi iyo. imasac amboben, rom zogan, gansakuTrebiT samxreT StatebSi, omi arasodes damTavrebula. aq isev yvavis rasizmi, TeTrebi da Savkanianebi mxolod oficialurad arian Tanasworni. rodesac 1897 wels uiliam folkneri daibada, samoqalaqo omi ocdaaTi wlis damTavrebuli iyo. momaval mwerals saxlSi hyavda am omis monawile oficeri babua, romelic gauTaveblad uyveboda warsulis ambebs. polkovniki folkneri im aristokratiis warmomadgeneli iyo, romelic samoqalaqo omis mere welSi veRar gasworda, axal realobas ver SeeCvia, axal formaciaSi sakuTari adgili ver monaxa, gaRatakda... folkneri Zalian Taviseburi mweralia, Tan martivi da Tan Zalian rTuli da Zalian masStaburi. masTan ver SexvdebiT evropuli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel filosofias an sakuTari Tavis umowyalo gaSiSvlebas. folkneri adamianebze mogviTxrobs da maTi saqcielis, maTi moqmedebebis aRweriT gvaCvenebs rogoria adamiani. is ki, ra gasaocaric ar unda iyos, yvelgan erTnairia, samxreTSi da CrdiloeTSi, amerikaSi da kavkasiaSi, skandinaviasa da iaponiaSi da swored amitom aris, rom es mwerali yvelgan dafasebulia, rogorc ubadlo mTxrobeli, rogorc adamianis saukeTeso mcodne. ukeT rom agixsnaT, rogoria folkneris literatura da rom dagainteresoT, isev im Cems pirvel Sokze, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;daTvzeâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, mogiTxrobT, moTxrobaze, romelmac sul axalgazrda ase amaforiaqa da misi avtoris mkiTxvelad da samudamo damfaseblad maqcia.

a kneris babu uiliam fol kneri (1826-1889) k fol uiliam klar

samoqalaqo omis memoriali

uiliam folkneri

warmoidgineT uRrani tye, romelsac yovel wels orjer stumrobs monadireTa gundi, Tavisi ZaRlebiT, msaxurebiT da mzareulebiT. es monadireebi swored im aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi arian, romelTa cxovreba samoqalaqo omis mere samudamod Seicvala, zogi maTgani am omis monawile oficeria, magram es ar aris mTavari. monadireebs axlavT biWi, romelic Tavidan aTi wlis aris, mere – TerTmetis, Tormetis, cametis, ToTxmetis. biWi, romelic am ambavs gviambobs, biWi, romelic izrdeba, wlidan wlamde eziareba tyis saidumloebebs, raTa bolos namdvil bunebis Svilad, did monadired iqces. mas hyavs maswavlebeli, mamiT indielTa beladis da dediT zangi monis Svili. folknerTan araferia SemTxveviT, monadireTa banakSi man mTeli samxreTi Seyara – brwyinvale aristokratiis narCenebi, indielTa beladebis, maTi, visac es miwa TeTrkanianebamde ekuTvnodaT da zangi monebis, vis umowyalo Sromazec samxreTi idga, STamomavlebi.

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

დათვი

oRond es miwa, es uRrani tye aravis ekuTvnis, ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes da sul ara aqvs mniSvneloba, rom furcelze is marTla viRacis sakuTrebaa. rogor SeiZleba usier tyes da mis velur binadars hyavdes patroni, rogor SeiZleba, rom am tyeebis suli, beberi daTvi, romelzec monadireebi yovel wels awyoben nadirobas, vinmes sakuTreba iyos?!

me ver movyvebi mTeli moTxrobis Sinaarss. amiT saqmes gavafuWeb, magram erTs ki vityvi, rom es aris wigni nadirobis garda sxva bevr rameze, magaliTad imaze, rogor ispoben adamianebi mTavars, rogor cdiloben moklan is, ris gareSec maTi cxovreba sruliad kargavs azrs...

uiliam folkneri ZmebTan erTad

axalgazrda uiliam folkneri

mwerloba ukve mogvianebiT misi erT-erTi romanis furclebze gakrTa patara ambavi imis Sesaxeb, rom ioknapatofas olqSi viRacam daTvis kvali ipova da mis sanaxavad yvelaze ganTqmul moxuc monadires dauZaxes. am adamianSi me is patara biWi vicani, samoci wliT adre nadirobis anabanas Cem Tvalwin rom eufleboda. vicani da uceb avReldi. ai, aseTi mweralia folkneri. man ioknapatofa da misi mkvidrebi monatrebuli ojaxis wevrebiviT an bavSvobis unaxavi megobrebiviT miqcia. TviTon ar iyo ioli xasiaTis kaci. arc bednieri yofila. bednieri adamiani amdens verc SeZlebda. misi wignebi evropaSi ufro popularuli iyo, vidre amerikaSi, ojaxi rom erCina, holivudSi gadavida mxatvruli filmebisTvis dialogebis sawerad. warmoidgineT, rogori iyo Zveli holivudi, sadac Cveulebrivze Cveulebrivi filmebis dialogebs am donis mwerlebi werdnen! mxolod mas mere, rac ukve asakovans nobelis premia gadasces, man SeZlo sakuTari materialuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba da holivudSi samuSaoze uaris Tqma. nobelis premiis mere misken amerikeli mkiTxvelic motrialda da daafasa. is, rom folkneri sakuTar samSobloSi popularuli ar iyo, me Semdegnairad mesmis: is samxreTi, romelsac igi aRwerda, samxreTeli amerikelebisTvisac miuRebeli iyo da CrdiloelebisTvisac. uiliam folkneri aRwerda damarcxebulebs da damarcxebis sidiades. ucnauria, magram didi literaturisTvis gamarjvebuli da warmatebuli uinteresoa, damarcxeba da damarcxebuli ki –

uiliam folkneri saintereso. ufro metic, mwerali TiToeul sakuTar romans damarcxebas uwodebda, mis yvelaze aRiarebul wigns „xmaurs da mZvinvarebas“ ki – yvelaze did damarcxebas. ra ucnauria, ara? meore mxriv, yvelaferi martivia. mwerali wigns qmnis, yvelaze mTavars eWidaveba da verasodes miaRwevs imas, rasac gamarjveba hqvia. ver dawers srulyofil wigns, aucileblad damarcxdeba, magram mxolod aseT diad damarcxebas aqvs azri, mxolod aseTi damarcxebebisgan iqmneba didi literatura. xolo damarcxebuli samxreTis Temas rom mivubrunde, vityvi, rom istoriam gansaja ase, rom CrdiloeT Statebma, romlebic ufro ganviTarebuli da progresuli ideebiT iyvnen nasazrdoebi, romelTac yvela drois erT-erTi saukeTeso prezidenti edga saTaveSi, sZlies samxreTs, gaaTavisufles afrikeli monebi da XVIII saukuneSi miRebuli Tavisuflebis deklaraciasTan erTad, swored am gamarjvebidan iSva ameri-

uiliam folkneri

ხმაური და მძვინვარება

უილიამ

ფოლკნერი

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

kis SeerTebuli Statebis diadi da misabaZi demokratia, oRond gamarjvebul CrdiloeTs ar gamosCenia iseTi diadi mematiane, rogorc damarcxebul samxreTs. es ukve literaturuli kanonzomierebaa. oRond arc samxreTi aRmoCnda mzad folkneris misaRebad, radgan is Riad werda rasizmsa da rasistebze, linCis wesiT gasamarTlebaze. mis erT-erT patara moTxrobaSi Sinabera TeTrkaniani qali, romelic Tavisi ucnaurobebiT aris cnobili, Tavis Savkanian Tanamoqalaqes gaupatiurebis mcdelobaSi sdebs brals. es ukve ganaCenia. Savkaniani biWi ukvalod qreba, mas Tanamoqalaqe TeTri mamakacebi klaven, miuxedavad imisa, rom gulis siRrmeSi yvela darwmunebulia, rom qalma braldeba Tavad gamoigona. folkneris wignebidan me yvelaze metad „agvistos naTeli“ miyvars, saerTodac, msoflio literaturis erT-erTi mTavari Sedevri mgonia. es wigni or samyaros Soris gamokidebuli adamianis tragedia, TeTrkaniani kaci, romlis ZarRvebSi Savkanianis sisxli Cqefs da amis Sesaxeb mxolod TviTon icis, magram samxreTSi rasistuli garemo imdenad Zlieria, rom sisxlis es patara wilic ki cxovrebas jojoxeTad uqcevs da SeuZlebels xdis sakuTari Tavi srulfasovnad aRiqvas. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tanasworobaze dgas. rasac folkneri werda, Zalian Sors iyo Tanasworobisgan. ufro sworad, mwerals ar swamda, rom Tanasworoba SesaZlebelia, samagierod, mas swamda erTeuli adamianebisa da maTi gamarjvebis. mis yvelaze uimedo romanebSic ki arian adamianebi, romlebic yvela xifaTis da Tavs damtydari ubedurebebis miuxedavad, mainc inarCuneben adamianobas. es xandaxan meorexarisxovani personaJebi mwerals gansakuTrebiT uyvarda, ufrTxildeboda maT da romanidan romanSi gadahyavda. Semoqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT, am kacis cxovreba Cveulebrivze Cveulebrivi iyo. amitom mwerali uwyinari tyuilebiT alamazebda mas, gansakuTrebiT sibereSi, aTasi Wori gamougonia sakuTar „boboqar“ axalgazrdobaze. me miWirs Tqma, raSi sWirdeboda es yvelaferi, magram am tyuilebis patieba sul advilad SemiZlia.

mwerloba

uiliam folkneris mSrali biografia uiliam katbert folkneri daibada 1897 wels misisipis Statis qalaq niu-olbaniSi. xuTi wlisa ojaxTan erTad gadavida imave Statis qalaq oqsfordSi, sadac cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara. folkneri oTx Zmas Soris yvelaze ufrosi iyo. swavla didad ar itacebda da skolaSi imdenad zarmacobda, rom saSualo skolis damTavrebac ki ver SeZlo.

uiliam folkneri mamasTan erTad uiliams 1914 wels dawyebul pirvel msoflio omSi monawileoba ar miuRia, radgan samxedro samsaxurisTvis sidablis gamo daiwunes, magram kanadaSi ganlagebuli didi britaneTis samxedro nawilebis rezervSi mainc imsaxura, Tumca ocneba ver aisrula da ver gaxda samxedro piloti.

უილიამ ფოლკნერი

1919 wels swavla daiwyo misisipis universitetSi, Tumca erT semestrze meti ar uswavlia. aRsaniSnavia, rom momaval saxelganTqmul mwerals inglisur enaSi Zalian dabali qulebi hqonda. 1925 wels gamoaqveyna pirveli romani „jariskacis jildo“, romelsac gansakuTrebuli warmateba ar hqonia. 1927 wels dawera pirveli romani Tavisi gamogonili olqis ioknapatofas ciklidan. romans „droSebi mtverSi“ erqva da maSinve miiqcia mkiTxvelisa da kritikosebis yuradReba.

ჯარისკაცის ჯილდო

uiliam folkneri

1929 wels folknerma iqorwina Tavis axalgazrdobis siyvarulze â&#x20AC;&#x201C; estel oldhemze, romelsac wina qorwinebidan ori Svili hyavda. ojaxis sarCenad mwerals sxvadasxva samuSaos keTeba uwevda, radgan wignebidan Semosuli fuli sakmarisi ar iyo.

uiliam folkneri meuRlesTan erTad

1932 wels folkneri bedis saZieblad holivudSi gaemgzavra. momdevno oci wlis manZilze igi regularulad werda scenarebs holivudisTvis. yvelaze xSirad is legendarul reJisorTan hovard hoqsTan muSaobda, romelTanac megobrobda kidec. mweralsac da reJisorsac, orives, Zalian uyvardaT nadiroba da alkoholi. hovard hoqsTan erTad

1950 wels uiliam folkneri nobelis premiis laureati gaxda. uiliam folkneri gardaicvala 1962 wlis 6 ivliss, 64 wlis asakSi. dakrZalulia ojaxTan erTad oqsfordSi (misisipi), wm. petres sasaflaoze.

teqnologiebi

mirian juReli teqnologiuri ganviTareba rom yoveldRiurad cvlis Cvens cxovrebas, bevri ram metyvelebs. dRes teqnologiebi yvelganaa da, Sesabamisad, bunebrivia Cveni molodinic, rom is yvelgan unda iyos. zogi adamiani am realobas mesame industriul revoluciasac eZaxis. esaa dro, rodesac kidev ufro meti saqme keTdeba avtomaturad, rodesac adamianebs kompiuteriT da telefoniT SeuZliaT marTon qarxnebi, rodesac xelovnuri inteleqti Cvens magivrad asrulebs rTul davalebebs, rodesac interneti aris yvelgan, maT Soris iq, sadac yvelaze naklebad veliT da a.S. Tumca, modi, mimovixiloT, Tu rogor movediT dRevandlamde, dromde, romelic, Cemi azriT, saukeTesoa mTeli kacobriobis istoriaSi. vfiqrob, adamiani bunebiT e.w. Storyteller-i, anu ambis momyolia – yvelas uyvars sakuTari Tu sxvisi istoriebis moyola, komunikacia, azrebis gacvla da a.S. amaze metyvelebs adamianis mier datovebuli saTqmeli uxsovar dros – gamoqvabulisa Tu dRes – qalaqebis, Senobebisa da feisbuqis kedlebze. mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi kacobriobam ramdenime sakomunikacio xerxi mosinja: mtredebi, cecxlis anTeba koSkurebze, morzes anbani, telegrafi, telefoni da a.S. warmoidgineT, berZen macnes feidipidess 42 km-is garbena mouwia, rom maraTonis brZolaSi berZnebis sparselebze gamarjvebis ambavi aTenamde Caetana. mis pativsacemad olimpiur TamaSebSi rbena sportis saxeobad Seitanes da saxelad maraToni daarqves, im adgilis (maraTonis veli) samaxsovrod, sadac es legendaruli brZola gaimarTa. warmoidgineT, feidipidesi kurieri iyo, zustad iseTi, rogorsac dRes qalaqebSi vxedavT, visac sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gadaaqvs amanaTebi, sakvebi Tu sxva nivTebi. axla ukve ara mxolod 42 km-is daSorebiT, aramed sxva kontinentsa da sxva drois sartyelSi mimdinare movlenebi SegviZlia vnaxoT pirdapir eTerSi, mravali rakursiTa da mravali perspeqtiviT. da am realobis SeqmnaSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis teqnologiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki – internets.

internetma ra hqmna?

altamiras gamoqvabulSi napovni pirvelyofili adamianebis mier moxatuli kedeli

2007 wlis 9 ianvars stiv jobsma kompania Apple-is axali mimarTuleba waradgina – smartfoni iPhone da ganacxada, rom igi, sxva funqciebTan erTad, sam mTavar funqcias SeiTavsebda: iPod-isas – musikis mosasmenad, Phone-isas – dasarekad da Internet-isas – vebSi informaciis mosaZebnad. arsebobs cnobili interviu, sadac kompania Microsoft-is imdroindeli generaluri direqtori stiv bolmeri iPhone-s akritikebs da varaudobs, rom am telefons aravin SeiZens. aseve arsebobs bolmeris 2014 wlis interviu, sadac is 7 wlis Semdeg nanobs Tavis mosazrebas da ambobs, rom iPhone-is gamosvlis dros Microsoft-i msoflioSi yvelaze momgebiani kompania iyo, dRes ki mas orma kompaniam gaaswro da orive telefons awarmoebs – Apple-i da Samsung-i. da mainc, ratom gaxda telefoni Cveni cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani xelsawyo? erTi wamiT rom davfiqrdeT, dRevandeli telefonis funqciebidan tradiciuli salaparako daniSnuleba yvelaze naklebad gamoiyeneba, telefoni Tavis TavSi aerTianebs saaTs, foto- da videokameras, kalkulators, kompass, rukas, TamaSebs, gadaxdis sistemebs, mesijebs, satelefono wignaks da sxva. daaxloebiT 50-100 wlis win es yvelaferi an maTi nawili mxolod privilegirebul adamianebs hqondaT, magaliTad, mogzaurebs, mmarTvelebs, samefo ojaxebs da a.S. axla ki, mxolod erTi smartfoniT jibeSi yvelas SeuZlia iyos mogzauri, Jurnalisti, menejeri, sajaro moxele.… albaT, amitomaa, rom adamianebi telefonis dakargvas Zalian ufrTxian. dRes smartfoni adamianis xelSi arsebuli yvelaze Zlieri iaraRia, xolo informacia – yvelaze ZviradRirebuli da mniSvnelovani resursi. smartfoberZnul WurWelze gamosaxuli maraTonis scena

aleqsandre greiam beli Tavisi Seqmnili telefonis pirveli aparatiT

teqnologiebi nis arsebobamde informaciis gadacema aseve mxolod privilegirebul an konkretul sferoSi dasaqmebul adamianebs SeeZloT. warmoidgineT, 30 wlis win axali ambebis Sesatyobad an televizorisTvis unda geyurebinaT, an radiosTvis mogesminaT, anda dilis gazeTi unda wagekiTxaT. Cvens droSi informacias iRebT maSin, roca gindaT, sadac gindaT da, rac mTavaria, Tavadac qmniT mas. rac Seexeba saqalaqTaSoriso zarebs, adre telegrafSi an fostaSi unda wasuliyaviT da iqidan dagerekaT, axla ki rekavT maSin, roca gindaT da roca gWirdebaT. teqnologiebTan yvelaze martivad axalgazrdebi adaptirdebian, radganac isini maTTan erTad izrdebian da gamogonebaTa umetesobac maT saWiroebebzea morgebuli. axalgazrdebis nawili smartfons sakuTari SesaZleblobebis warmosaCenad iyenebs, raTa saxaliso Tu SemecnebiTi videoebi da fotoebi gadaiRos da socialur qselebSi gaavrcelos, zogi sxvadasxva saintereso ambavs aSuqebs, zogi aplikaciebis daxmarebiT cdilobs sazogadoeba Tu samyaro gamoasworos da zogic Tavad qmnis aseT aplikaciebs. modi, vnaxoT ramdenime mimarTuleba da rogor iyeneben axalgazrdebi Tanamedrove teqnologiebs:

stiv jobsi (1955-2011)

aqtivizmi aqtivizmis uamravi forma arsebobs, iqneba es politikuri, socialuri Tu sxva. yvela maTganma, teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, saxe icvala da bevrad ufro mrvlferovani gaxda. dRes adamianebs SeuZliaT Seavson onlainpeticiebi da ase daicvan sakuTari pozicia, misweron meilebi TavianT politikur warmomadgenlebs da a.S. magaliTad, indoeTis erT-erT qalaqSi adgilobriv mTavrobas xeebis gaCexva da komerciuli farTis aSeneba hqonda ganzraxu-

stiv bolmeri (dab. 1954)

internetma ra hqmna?

li. adgilobrivma aqtivistebma gadawyvites teritoriis dacva da martivi gamosavali moifiqres: maT moiZies gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebis mobiluri telefonis nomrebi da daiwyes maTTvis gamotovebuli zarebis datoveba. Tavdapirvelad am kampaniis Sesaxeb 900-ma adamianma icoda, bolos ki masSi 1.65 milioni CaerTo da, Sesabamisad, 1.65 milionma gamotovebulma zarma adgilobrivi mTavroba iZulebuli gaxada proeqti SeeCerebina da xalxis survils dahyoloda. nebismier qveyanaSi, sadac politikuri protesti imarTeba, xelisuflebisTvis sul ufro da ufro rTulia xalxis motyueba, radgan am protestze imdeni mobiluri telefoni da imdeni kameraa, ramdenic adamiani. Sesabamisad, nebismieri provokacia Tu Zalis gadameteba sxvadasxva rakursiT aRibeWdeba da Semdgom Tavisuflad gamodgeba sasamarTloze mtkicebulebad. mobiluri aqtivizmis uamravi forma arsebobs. axalgazrdebi sakmaod swrafad qmnian xangrZliv Live-CarTvebs, e.w. mimebs, romelic Zalian popularulia, Coub-ebs, romliTac isini mimdinare movlenebs aSarJeben da sxva. garemos dacva globaluri daTboba, dabinZurebis mzardi masStabebi, plastikuri masalebis gamoyeneba da a.S. garemoze sakmaod cud zegavlenas axdens. axalgazrdebi, romlebic am problemebiT arian Sewuxebuli, sxvadasxva teqnologiur xerxs mimarTaven, raTa am mimarTulebiT aamaRlon mosaxleobis cnobiereba da problemis gadaWraze imuSaon. ramdenime wlis win saqarTveloSi kompania `jeoselma~ garemos dabinZurebis winaaRmdeg kampania wamoiwyo, romlisTvisac mobiluri aplikacia `movla~ Seqmna. aplikaciis daxmarebiT momxmareblebs SeeZloT saqarTvelos rukaze dabinZurebuli adgilebi moeniSnaT, gadaeRoT foto-

teqnologiebi ebi da sxvebisTvis moewodenibaT CarTuliyvnen dasufTavebaSi. ramdenime kviraSi `movlas~ rukaze aTobiT „davaleba“ gaCnda, romelTa umetesoba turistuli/sapiknike zonebidan iyo. davalebis Semsrulebelnic momxmareblebi iyvnen – maT SeeZloT rukaze moniSnul adgilze misuliyvnen, daelagebinaT, axali fotoebi gadaeRoT, aetvirTaT da moeniSnaT, rom davaleba Sesrulebulia. msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi iniciativa arsebobs, romlebsac erTi ram aerTianebT – moqalaqeTa CarTulobisa da cnobierebis amaRlebis gamartiveba teqnologiebis daxmarebiT. ganaTleba wlebis win adamianebs ganaTlebis misaRebad sxvadasxva gza unda gaevloT – dadiodnen skolebSi, universitetebSi, biblioTekebSi da a.S. dRes ganaTleba Seudareblad xelmisawvdomia. adamianebs saxlidan gausvlelad SeuZliaT moiZion sasurveli informacia, daeuflon profesias da, metic, saxlidanve dasaqmdnen. adre, rodesac profesori leqcias kiTxulobda, studentebs konspeqtebi unda moemzadebinaT, rveulebSi CaeweraT sxvadasxva informacia, dRes ki isini dafebs fotoebs uReben da Semdeg studentebisve Seqmnil feisbuqjgufebSi aziareben, raTa erTmaneTs swavlaSi daexmaron. zogjer am jgufebSi Tavad profesorebic arian gawevrianebuli da prezentaciebsa Tu damatebiT sakiTxav masalas iqve tvirTaven. dRes biblioTekaTa umetesobis monacemebi cifruladaa xelmisawvdomi da, Sesabamisad, naSromze muSaobisas students aRar uwevs cud amindSi gareT gasvla, wignis Zieba sxvadasxva biblioTekis Taroebsa da sacavebSi. axla saxlidan gausvlelad, mobiluriT SegiZliaT miagnoT saWiro wyaros da ise moamzadoT Tqveni davaleba. teqnologiebis daxmarebiT bevrad ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxda leqtorebTan da akademiur sabWosTan urTierTobac, arseboben profesorebi, romlebic gamocdebs distanciurad, videoCarTviT ibareben.

Movla App 44

internetma ra hqmna?

bevri universiteti Tu saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba, Tavis leqciebs onlain tvirTavs, raTa codna kidev ufro xelmisawvdomi iyos da specialuri saWiroebebis mqone adamianebs saxlidan gausvlelad mieceT ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba. amis saukeTeso magaliTia Masterclass-i – 2014 wels Seqmnili saganmanaTleblo onlainplatforma, sadac, magaliTad, Wadraks gaswavliT gari kasparovi, musikas – hans cimeri, kinematografias – martin skorseze, msaxiobobas – natali portmani da a.S. – 70-ze meti msoflioSi cnobili sxvadasxva dargis profesionali. dRes bevri adamiani ambobs, rom teqnologiebi adamianebs erTmaneTis mimarT aucxoebs, rom bavSvebi saTamaSod ezoebSi aRar Cadian, rom xalxTa Soris urTierToba daikarga, Tumca, Cemi azriT, es adamianebi cdebian. vfiqrob, teqnologiebma, piriqiT, ufro dagvaaxlova erTmaneTTan, ufro meti SesaZlebloba mogvca gavicnoT gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi, xalxebi, SeviZinoT megobrebi, sxvadasxva kontinentidan da drois sartylidan, viswavloT iseTi dargebi da iseTi adamianebisgan, romlebic aqamde miuwvdomeli iyvnen, gavcvaloT azrebi da ideebi, viTanamSromloT da erTad vizrunoT imaze, rom sazogadoeba da samyaro ukeTesi gaxdes. internetis daxmarebiT martivia problemis identificireba, diskusiaSi CarTva, STagoneba da gadawyvetis gzebis mofiqreba. albaT, ganaTleba da codna arasdros yofila aseTi xelmisawvdomi, Masterclass-is garda, onlainganaTlebis uamravi platforma arsebobs, magaliTad: Khan Academy Coursera, Udemy da sxva, zogi maTgani fasiania, zogic – ara. erT-erT yvelaze saintereso inspiraciis platformaze – TED mudam ideba saintereso adamianebis gamosvlebi, saidanac bevris swavla SeiZleba. amrigad, interneti da masTan wvdomis sxvadasxva saSualeba SesaniSnavi gzaa adamianis ganviTarebisa da winsvlisaTvis. Cemi rCevaa maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT interneti Cveni interesebisa da saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad, gavicnoT axali adamianebi, axali ideebi da erTad vecadoT gavxadoT qveyana da samyaro ukeTesi.

saqarTvelo

„daiaraRebuli“ mSvidoba

sulxan salaZe

1877 wlis dekembris bolo dReebi idga, osmaleTis elCi inglisSi gamalebiT cdilobda, rom rogorme osmaleTs rusebTan morigebisa da omis dasrulebis Taobaze molaparakebebi daeCqarebina. xumroba saqme xom ar iyo, ruseTi ise axlos iyo osmalTa mTavar qalaqTan, rom osmaleTisTvis es kargs arafers moaswavebda. is, rom balkaneTis frontze osmaleTi praqtikulad marcxisTvis iyo ganwiruli, jer kidev 1877 wlis noembris bolos gamoikveTa. plevnis aRebam, didi msxverplis miuxedavad, ruseTs mniSvnelovani warmateba moutana balkaneTis frontze. 1878 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi ruseTis jarma sofia daikava, Semdeg plovdivTan osmalebis dajgufeba gaanadgura da 8 ianvars adrianopolSi Sevida. ruseTis jars osmaleTis mTavar qalaqamde 300 km-ze naklebi aSorebda. stambols realuri safrTxe emuqreboda, rogorc Crdilo-dasavleTidan, ise samxreT-aRmosavleTidan. ukeTesi mdgomareoba osmaleTs arc aRmosavleTis frontze – kavkasiis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi hqonda. 1877 wlis noembris Sua ricxvebSi ruseTis imperiis jarma, mixeil loris-meliqovis meTaurobiT, yarsze gadamwyveti ieriSi miitana da 18 ianvris dilas yarsi aiRo. osmaleTma brZolis velze 2500 jariskaci da oficeri dakarga, 17000 mebrZoli ki tyved Cabarda, maT Soris, 5 faSa da 800 oficeri. yarsis cixis dacema namdvili katastrofa iyo osmaleTisTvis. amieridan ruseTs saSualeba eZleoda baTumze ieriSi kidev erTi mxridan mietana. miT umetes, rom yarsis cixis aRebas maleve SavSeTisa da artanujis aRebac mohyva. ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris dazavebis, omis dasrulebis da morigebis konturebi 1878 wlis TebervalSi gamoCnda. oRond, omis monawileebs Soris morigeba marto osmaleTisa da ruseTis saqme aRar iyo. ruseTi ise Sors iyo wasuli, rom calke inglisi da calke safrangeTi iTxovda

`daiaraRebuli~ mSvidoba

maTi interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. dasustebuli da Sercxvenili osmaleTi suls Rafavda, samagierod, ruseTi iyo madaze mosuli da kidev ufro win wawevas lamobda. 1878 wlis areuli da gaurkveveli zamTari iwureboda. Tebervlis jer kidev grZel Rameebs mokle dReebi enacvleboda, ruseTosmaleTis omis Semyure qarTveloba ki imaze fiqrobda, Tu ra iqneboda xval – xval, roca omi damTavrdeboda, evropis didi saxelmwifoebi molaparakebebis magidas miusxdebodnen da mravali saqmis paralelurad, osmaleTis mier baTumisa da saqarTvelos sxva nawilebis ruseTisTvis daTmoba-ardaTmobaze daiwyebdnen msjelobas. sazogadod cnobili ambavia, rom maSindeli qarTveloba omis ambebs yvelaze ukeT presidan igebda. ras ar waikiTxavdiT imdroindel gazeTebSi – ginda omis ambebi, ginda telegramebi, ginda feletonebi, ginda dRiurebi, gancxadebebi, matareblebis mimosvla da a.S. – usasrulod. imdroindel saqarTveloSi presa iyo yvelaferi da omis damTavrebis ambavic gazeTidan gaigo saqarTvelom. ambavi ki iyo is, rom dunais armiis mTvarsardali kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardals telegramiT auwyebda:

es telegrama TbilisSi 21 Tebervals samSabaTi dRis „droebaSi“ daibeWda. imave dRes, dilis 10 saaTze, TbilisSi zarbazani isroles. mTeli Tbilisi gareT gamovida da erTmaneTs ekiTxeboda, ra moxda, ra dros zarbaznis srola iyoo. bolos xma gavarda – ruseTi da osmaleTi morigdnen da is zarbazanic morigebis aRsaniSnavad gavardao. ruseTisa da osmaleTis morigeba erTi iyo, magram jer aravin icoda TbilisSi ra iyo morigebis realuri piroba. stambolis karebTan Camomdgari ruseTis yvela moTxovna miiRo osmaleTma, Tu jer kidev samsjelo iyo mTeli rigi sakiTxebi. is, rom ruseT-osmaleTis morigebis ambavi ase iolad ver gasruldeboda imTaviTve naTeli iyo. evropis didi saxelmwifoebidan safrangeTi Tvlida, rom ruseTi osmaleTs samxedro xarjs ver mosTxovda, aqaoda osmaleTs parizis vali marTebs, veRar gadaixdis da gakotrdebao, xolo londonSi miaCndaT, rom ruseTis imperias ukan unda waeRo osmaleTis mxridan flotis daTmobis moTxovna. yarsi, XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedi

mixeil tarielis Ze loris meliqiSvili (loris-meliqovi) (1825-1888) – ruseTis imperiis samxedro da saxelmwifo moRvawe, kavaleriis generali, general-adiutanti, grafi, saxelmwifo sabWos wevri

saqarTvelo yvelaze Sors mainc germaniis kancleri oto eduard leopold bismarki iyureboda da varaudobda, rom Tu inglisi da ruseTi ver morigdebodnen, maSin es ori qveyana dardanelsa da bosforSi gamarTavda brZolas. paralelurad, evropuli presa eWvis TvaliT uyurebda ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris dazavebas. „Times“-i ityobineboda, rom cdeboda is, vinc fiqrobda ori naomari qveynis morigebiT mSvidoba daisadgurebda evropaSi. is, rac surda ruseTs, miuRebeli iyo inglisisTvis da, Sesabamisad, is, rac surda ingliss, miuRebeli iyo ruseTisTvis. gazeTebi „Morning Post“-i da `Standard~-i SiSiT Sehyurebdnen arsebul politikur mdgomareobas da kiTxvasac svamdnen – ras izamda inglisi sakuTari interesebis dasacavad? kidev erTi inglisuri gazeTi „Daily Telegraph“-i urCevda inglisis mTavrobas, rom energiulad momzadebuliyo omisTvis. san-stefanos sazavo pirobebi aRelvebda avstria-ungreTsac. imdroindeli evropuli presis Tanaxmad, inglisi-ruseTis mosalodneli omis garda, arc is iyo gamoricxuli, rom evropas kidev erTi omi enaxa, amjerad ruseTis da avstria-ungreTis imperiebs Soris. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, san-stefanoSi miRweuli SeTanxmeba mxolod mcire nawili iyo im didi garCevisa, romelic imave wlis zafxulSi berlinis kongresze gaimarTa. Tumca berlinis kongresamde dazavebisa da cecxlis Sewyvetis mniSvnelovani etapi san-stefanos sazavo xelSekruleba iyo. san-stefanos preliminaruli (winaswari) sazavo xelSekruleba sul 29 muxlisgan Sedgeboda da amiT: Cernogorias, serbeTs da rumineTs damoukidebloba eniWebodaT. amasTan, omSi monawileobis gamo, rumineTs ufleba eZleoda kompensacia moeTxova. marTalia, bulgareTi osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda, magram TviTmmarTveli samTavros statuss iRebda. qveynis sazRvrebs sabolood ruseT-osmaleTis komisia daadgenda. bulgareTis mTavars Tavisufali arCevnebiT airCevdnen, romelsac osmaleTis sulTani ruseTTan da evropis qveynebTan SeTanxmebiT daamtkicebda. osmaleTs amnistia unda gamoecxadebina yvela im adamianis mimarT, vinc ajanyebaSi miiRo monawileoba. osmaleTi ruseTis sasargeblod kompensaciis gadaxdis valdebulebas iRebda: omis xarjebisTvis – 900 milioni franki; 100 milioni franki – omis dros osmaleTis jaris mier kavkasiaSi ruseTis jarisTvis miyenebuli zaralis gamo; 10 milioni franki – ruseTis vaWrobisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis gamo.

oto eduard leopold bismarki, Tavadi fon bismark-Senhauzeni (1815-1898) – germaniis saxelmwifo moRvawe, germaniis imperiis damaarsebeli da pirveli raixskancleri.

`daiaraRebuli~ mSvidoba

toriuli teritoriebis SemoerTebis Sansi eZleoda. oRond kiTxva is iyo, osmaleTisgan gamoxsnili qarTvelobis da danarCeni saqarTvelos Sexvedra rogor momxdariyo. rogor daaxloebodnen erTmaneTs da rogor gaCeniliyo ndoba orive mxares Soris. am sakiTxze bevrs werdnen, bWobdnen da TaTbirobdnen maSindel saqarTveloSi. erT aseT gamosavlad vaWrobis gaCaReba miiCneoda, Tumca rogorc am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sergei mesxi ambobda:

kompensacia osmaleTs unda gadaexada fuliT da teritoriebis gadacemiT. osmaleTi valdebulebas iRebda, rom ruseTs dauTmobda artaans (ardagans), baTums, yarss, baiazeTs. bosforis da dardanelis sruteebi, rogorc mSvidobian, ise omis dros, Ria unda yofiliyo neitraluri qveynebis savaWro gemebisaTvis.

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Cven, qarTvelebi, vaWari xalxi ar varT; ar gviyvars agreTve Cvens cxvir iqiT sadme fexis gadgma; Tu Zalian didi saWiroeba ar moiTxovs, araTu sadme ucxo qveyanaSi ar wavalT im qveynisa da xalxis gasacnobad, aramed Cvenive qveynis erTi mazridam meore mazraSi gadasvla gveZneleba. aqedam warmosdgeba is garemoeba, rom Cven, erTi qveynisa, erTi miwisa da xalxis Svilni, erTmaneTs TiTqmis srulebiT ar vicnobT. maSasadame, imedi ar unda gvqondes, rom am saSualebiT Cven da axladSemoerTebuli qarTvelebi gavecnobiT erTmaneTsâ&#x20AC;&#x153;.

ruseTis mier omis dros dakavebuli teritoriebis dabrunebis sanacvlod, osmaleTs ruseTisaTvis saerTo jamSi erTi miliard oTxas aTi milioni franki unda gadaexada. es Tanxa warmoudgenlad rTuli gadasaxdeli iyo osmaleTisTvis da Zalianac rom moendomebina, marto verafriT gaswvdeboda amxela xarjs. sazavo xelSekruleba calke ar adgenda baTumis dabrunebis fass, Tumca, rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, baTumi ganxilvis erT-erTi mTavari sagani iyo berlinis kongresze. san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis teqstis gasajaroebis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom imdroindel saqarTvelos Tavisi is-

sergei mesxi (1845-1883)

san-stefanos zavis gaformeba (wyaro: The Illustrated London News)

saqarTvelo

berlinis kongresi – saerTaSoriso kongresi, romelic 1878 wlis 13 ivnisidan imave wlis 13 ivlisis CaTvliT muSaobda berlinSi. mo M wveuli iyo avstria-ungreTisa da inglisis moTxovniT da germaniis mxardaWeriT. kongresis mizans warmoadgenda ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis Semdgom dadebuli san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis pirobebis gadasinjva.

vaWrobasTan dakavSirebuli pesimizmis miuxedavad, gamosavali mainc arsebobda da am gamosavlad axlad SemoerTebul miwebze qarTuli skolebis gaxsna da xalxuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSebis gavrceleba miiCneoda. baTumSi, qobuleTSi, zemo da qvemo aWarasa da SavSeTSi skolebis gaxsnamde ozurgeTis da axalcixis skolebs unda miezida axalgazrdebi saswavleblad. saswrafod iyo saWiro axlad SemoerTebul teritoriebze SemorCenili xalxuri leqsebis, legendebis, zRaprebis, gadmocemebis da sxva istoriuli ambebis Tavmoyra da gamocema. swored amgvar saqmianobas unda Seewyo xeli axlad SemoerTebuli saqarTvelosa da danarCeni saqarTvelos daaxloebis saqmisTvis. qarTuli skolebis gaxsnis da zepirsityvierebis nimuSebis gavrcelebis momxreTa pozicias isic aZlierebda, rom, magaliTad, 1877 wels, ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebamde, gazeT „droebis“ yoveli nomris Svidi egzemplari igzavneboda qobuleTsa da aWaraSi. gazeTs umetesad aWareli begebi kiTxulobdnen. garda amisa, ramdenjerme patara qarTuli wignebic gaigzavna aWaraSi gasavrceleblad. aWaraSi skolebis da ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas TbilisSi axalcixidan Casuli Serifbeg ximSiaSvilic usvamda xazs. stefane meliqiSvilTan sadilze mipatiJebul Serifbegs uTqvams: „kai iqneba, batonebo, rom aWarlebi qarTvelebTan iyvnen SemoerTebulni. magram Tu agi ar moxda, sacai unda iqnen, vinatroT, bednierad iyvnen. ganaTlebai eWireba, bato-

Serif-beg ximSiaSvili (1829-1892) zemo-aWaris ukanaskneli mTavari, generalmaiori, sazogado moRvawe.

no, imaT. amdeni axalgazrda kacebi xarT, ganaTlebulebi, wadiT, geicaniT, zogi aq moiyvaneT, skola gamarTeT, aswavleT da ase unda... aba, ra Zma xarT, Tu ise abdlurad datovebT?!“ Serif-begma TbilisSi yofnisas mixeil mefisovTan erTad daaTvaliera stefane meliqiSvilis stamba, Semdeg axlad gaxsnili qarTuli wignis maRaziaSi Seiara da `deda enis~ 20 egzemplari SeiZina. aseve TiTo egzemplari yvela qarTuli wigni, rac ki iyideboda imxanad wignis maRaziaSi. Serif-begi siamayiT aRniSnavda, rom mTel aWaraSi qarTulad laparakobdnen. Turquli mxolod mamakacebma icodnen aqa-iq, oRond saxlSi yvela qarTulad saubrobda. wuxda, rom qarTulad laparakisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTulad wera-kiTxva didi problema iyo da mxolod alag-alag icodnen da isic – umetesad qalebma. Tumca, erTi iyo, ras fiqrobda maSindeli qarTveloba da meore – realoba. sinamdvileSi, saqme bevrad ufro rTulad iyo da maSindel saqarTveloSi dawyebuli sja-baasi axlad SemoerTebul teritoriebTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba mxolod sja-baasad darCeniliyo, Tu momavali berlinis kongresi ar gaimarTeboda. am mxriv yvelaze

`daiaraRebuli~ mSvidoba

lo SeTanxmeba gaformda, romelic sanstefanos sazavo xelSekrulebis gadasinjvas ukavSirdeboda. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis me-18 muxlis safuZvelze inglisi Tanxmobas acxadebda, rom baTumi ruseTs mieRo da SeenarCunebina mis mier dapyrobili somxeTis istoriuli teritoria, Tu SemdgomSi ruseTi osmaleTis xarjze teritorias aRar gazrdida.

rTuli sakiTxi, berlinis RonisZiebaSi inglisis monawileobas ukavSirdeboda. swored inglisis monawileoba-ar monawileobis Sesaxeb laparakobda maSindeli rogorc evropuli, ise qarTuli presa, „droebis“ da „iveriis“ saxiT. xSirad ise xdeboda, rom movlenebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb diliT miRebuli telegrama SuadRes gamousadegari iyo. saRamos ki sul sxva telegrama modioda da SuadRes miRebuli ukve arafrad vargoda. imxanad TbilisSi ambobdnen: „gardawyvetiT kacs veraferi uTqvams: xval isev mSvidobaSi avdgebi loginidam, Tu gacxarebul brZolis atexas unda vucdideT“. inglissa da ruseTs Soris SesaZlo omis dawyebis safrTxem berlinis kongresis mowveva daaCqara. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT germaniis kancleri oto fon bismarki aqtiurobda. 1878 wlis maisSi cnobili gaxda, rom inglisi Tanaxma iyo kongresi mowveuliyo, Tumca 4 mniSvnelovan pirobas asaxelebda:

sabolood, 1878 wlis 1 ivniss berlinis kongresi muSaobas Seudga. kongresis saqmianobaSi Semdegi saxelmwifoebi iRebdnen monawilebas: ruseTi, inglisi, safrangeTi, avstria-ungreTi, germania, italia da osmaleTi. kongress germaniis kancleri bismarki xelmZRvanelobda. delegatebi pirvelive sxdomaze SeTanxmdnen, rom sxvadasxva sakiTxze msjelobis dros pirveli pozicias ruseTi daafiqsirebda, Semdeg, TanmimdevrobiT – inglisi, avstria-ungreTi, safrangeTi, germania, italia da bolos – osmaleTi. berlinis kongresi erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda. imdroindeli saqarTvelosTvis gansaxilvel sakiTxTa Soris yvelaze did interess, cxadia, baTumis momavali iwvevda. TiTqos inglisi Tanaxma iyo, baTumis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi gadasvlaze, Tumca axla osmaleTs aRar eTmoboda igi da yvelafers akeTebda calke kongresze da calke uSualod baTumSi, rom baTumi mas darCenoda.

bulgareTis sazRvrebis Semcireba; rumeliasa da makedoniaSi reformebis gatareba; ruseTis mier san-stefanos zaviT miRebuli moldaveTis rumineTisaTvis gadacema; baTumis osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi datoveba. cxadia, inglisis mTavrobis am moTxovnas ruseTi ar iziarebda. ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo kancleri aleqsandr gorCakovi ambobda, rom ruseTis gegmas balkaneTSi Zlieri slavuri saxelwifos Seqmna ki ara, Tavisi sazRvrebis usafrToxeba warmoadgenda. berlinis kongresis dawyebamde ori kviriT adre ruseTsa da ingliss Soris saidum-

stefane meliqiSvili – qarTveli sazogado moRvawe, gazeT „droebis“ gamomcemeli da stambis damaarsebeli, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis namdvili wevri

saqarTvelo „iveria“ – qarTuli politikuri da literaturuli perioduli gamocema, gamodioda TbilisSi 1877 wlis martidan yovelkvireul gazeTad, 1879-1885 wlebSi – Jurnalis saxiT, 1886 wlidan – yoveldRiur gazeTad. misi damaarsebeli da redaqtori iyo ilia WavWavaZe.

osmaleTis mcdeloba amao gamodga, berlinis kongresis bolos naTeli gaxda, rom baTumi ruseTs darCeboda, oRond qalaqi gansakuTrebul statuss iZenda da is porto-franko, anu Tavisufali navsadguri xdeboda. yvela saxelmwifo iRebda uflebas, rom savaWro gemebiT daubrkoleblad esargebla baTumis portiT. SezRudva mxolod samxedro gemebs exeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom baTumi ruseTis sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, samxedro flotis qonis da cixeebis mSeneblobis ufleba arc ruseTs hqonda. cxadia, baTumis porto-frankod gamocxadebiT yvelaze metad inglisi xarobda. im dros zRvaze inglisis msgavsi arc floti da arc vaWroba sxvas aravis hqonda. berlinis kongresma muSaoba 1878 wlis 1 ivliss daasrula. xangrZlivi diskusiebis da ganxilvebis Semdeg ruseTma, germaniam, inglisma, avstria-ungreTma, safrangeTma, italiam da osmaleTma berlinSi xeli moaweres traqtats, romlis ZaliTac gadawyda, rom: evropis saxelmwifoebi cnobdnen rumineTis, serbeTisa da Cernogoriis damoukideblobas; besarabia, mdinare dunais SesarTavis garda, gadaecemoda ruseTs; mcirdeboda bulgareTis teritoria, Tumca mas gadaecemoda sofiis sanjayis nawili. sofiis sanjayis danarCeni teritoria bulgareTis nawilad ar iTvleboda; dobruja gadaecemoda rumineTs; bosniasa da hercegovinaSi avstria-ungreTis jari unda Sesuliyo; aRmosavleTi rumelia uSualod sulTnis mmarTvelobis qveS rCeboda; saberZneTSi da qristiani xalxebiT dasaxlebul balkaneTis sxva teritoriaze osmaleTs mniSvnelovani reformebi unda gaetarebina; osmaleTs ar unda SeezRuda qristiani xalxis aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. politikuri da samoqalaqo uflebebi eniWeboda yvela aRmsareblobis xalxs.

`daiaraRebuli~ mSvidoba

saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani berlinis traqtatis is nawili iyo, romelic saqarTvelos istoriul mxareebs exeboda da, marTalia, ruseTisTvis gadacemis gziT, Tumca mainc saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi brundeboda. berlinis kongresze miRebuli traqtatis 58-e muxlSi aRiniSna, rom osmaleTi ruseTs uTmobda: artaans (ardagans), yarssa da baTums portTan erTad. aseve, ruseTs gadaecemoda mTeli teritoria, romelic mdebareobda ruseT-osmaleTis Zvel sazRvarsa da san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebiT gansazRvrul axal sazRvars Soris. berlinis kongresis traqtatis Tanaxmad, aziaSi ruseT-osmaleTis sazRvari didwilad imeorebda san-stefanos sazavo xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul sazRvars. erTaderTi, rac ruseTs osmaleTisTvis unda daebrunebina, es qalaqi baiazeTi da alaSkertis veli iyo. 1878 wlis ianvridan moyolebuli, miuxedavad ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris gaformebuli sanstefanos sazavo xelSekrulebisa, TiTqmis eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi, evropa axali omis zRvarze cxovrobda. berlinis kongresis Semdeg, omis safrTxe gaqra, yovel SemTxvevaSi, oficialurad omis winapiroba aRar arsebobda. rogorc maSin saqarTveloSi ityodnen, „daiaraRebuli“, iaraRSi Camjdari, mSvidoba sruldeboda da namdvili mSvidobis dro dgeboda. swored maSin laparakobdnen CvenSi baTumSi Sesvlis moaxloebul TariRze da ganicdidnen cnobebs baTumidan – jaris Sesvlis dros adgilobrivebTan SesaZlo dapirispirebis Taobaze. wuxdnen da brazdebodnen osmalo molebis mier gaCaRebul agitaciaze, romlebic aWarlebs iaraRis xelSi aRebisa da omis dawyebisken mouwodebdnen. did imeds amyarebdnen im adamianebze, vis mimarTac baTumelebs, qobuleTelebs da mTlianad aWarlebs gansakuTrebuli pativiscema da ridi hqondaT da visac baTumSi Sesvlis dros ruseTis jaris winamZRolebad isurvebdnen. sTxovdnen da mouwodebdnen ruseTis Sesabamis pirebs, rom baTumsa Tu zemo da qvemo aWaraSi qarTul da TaTrul enaze gamoecaT proklamaciebi, sadac naTlad da mkafiod iqneboda naTqvami, rom xalxis miwa-wyals, saxl-kars da sarwmunoebas aravin Seexeboda. axla kidev ufro metad laparakobdnen skolebis gaxsnis saWiroebaze, sadac swavla uciloblad qarTul enaze unda yofiliyo. sjerodaT axlad SemoerTebul saqarTvelosa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris vaWrobis, misvla-mosvlis da erTmaneTis xSiri mokiTxvis saWiroebisa. bWobdnen, fiqrobdnen da ganicdidnen. iwyeboda baTumis namdvil qalaqad gadaqcevis da aWarlebis sevdiani muhajirobis dro.

aq da statiis Tavfurcelze omis karikaturuli rukebi, fred rouzi, 1877

istoria

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis

omi

arCil CaCxiani

1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis buneba da genezisi dResac araa bolomde naTeli da naklebad cnobil omad rCeba evropuli omebis istoriaSi. albaT, is im omebis siaSi unda SevitanoT, romelTa daviwyebasac saguldagulod cdilobda da cdilobs sabWoTa istoriografia. `daviwyebuli omebis~ rigSi unda ganvixiloT sabWoeTis mier warmoebuli iseTi srulmasStabiani samxedro dapirispirebebic, rogoric iyo 1939-1940 wlebis sabWoTa kavSirifineTis, e.w. `zamTris omi~, II msoflio omis periodSi da mis Semdgom baltiispireTSi dawyebuli xangrZlivi antisabWoTa partizanuli omi, anu `tyis Zmebis omi~, 1979-1989 wlebis sabWoTa kavSir-avRaneTis omi da Tundac, sul ukanasknel xans, 2014 wels ruseTis mier donbasSi warmoebuli saomari moqmedebebi. 1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis ganxilva politikuri da wminda samxedro xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc strategiul, ise operatiul da taqtikur doneebze, metad saintereso da mniSvnelovania. Tumca mTavari sakiTxi, riTac es omi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebisTvisaa saintereso, omis dinamika da misi bataluri peripetiebia, ramac gansazRvra amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli mTavari samxedro-politikuri movlenebis arsi da raoba. sabWoTa ruseTsa da poloneTs Soris omis samxedro strategiebisa da operaciebis dagegmva-marTvis ukeT warmosadgenad, albaT, jarebis saxeobebisa da gvareobebis mokle genezisi da maTi sabrZolo aqtivobebis ganxilvac sakmarisi iqneba. artileriisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis sferoSi arsebuli sagrZnobi progresis miuxedavad, I msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg kavaleria jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. misi taqtikuri mniSvneloba, marTalia, Semcir-

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

sabWoTa jariskacebi zamTris omSi

sabWoTa jariskacebi avRaneTSi

da, magram strategiul doneze mainc sakmaod didi iyo. doqtrinaluri TvalsazrisiT, kavaleria, romlis mniSvnelobas jer kidev 1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omSi mixvdnen amerikelebi, mxolod ruseTSi iyo aRiarebuli. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg mxolod sabWoTa ruseTSi Seiqmna msxvili sakavalerio SenaerTebi – cxenosani korpusebi da armiebi. isic faqtia, rom wiTeli kavaleriis moqmedebebSi ukve SeiniSneboda momavali blickrigis garkveuli elementebi, bolSevikTa 1-li cxenosani armia ki SeiZleba am samxedro strategiis Canasaxovan instrumentad ganvixiloT. brZolebSi orive mxare iyenebda tankebsa da javSanmanqanebs. Tumca, SezRuduli raodenobisa da teqnikuri monacemebis gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo maTze dayrdnobiT garRvevis organizeba. tankebs rusebi iyenebdnen, rogorc moZrav sayrden punqtebs Tavdacvasa da SetevaSi, polonelebi ki – rezervadac, romelic Sesabamisi meTauris gadawyvetilebiT gamoiyofoda. farTod gamoiyeneboda agreTve javSan-matareblebi – brZolis warmoebisa da sacecxle mxardaWeris es umZlavresi saSualeba. javSan-matareblebi mcire desantis gadasxmis saSualebasac iZleoda. orive mxares aviaciis garkveuli raodenoba hqonda. polonelebi efeqturad iyenebdnen aviacias ara marto sadazvervo daniSnulebiT, aramed saxmeleTo operaciebis mxardasaWeradac. sahaero brZolebi Zalian iSviaTad imarTeboda – mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi polonelma mfrinavebma mxolod 4 sabWoTa TviTmfrinavi Camoagdes. yvelaferi imaze miuTiTebda, rom aviaciis gamoyenebis polonuri doqtrina ufro warmatebuli iyo. varSavis operaciisas polonelTa warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani roli swored aviaciam iTamaSa – sahaero dazbolSevikTa vervis saSualebiT maT sabWoTa kavSiris or 1-li cxenosani armia armias Soris gaCenili rRveuli aRmoaCines.

istoria

riga

latvia moskovi

lietuva vilniusi ruseTi minski belarusi poloneTi varSava kievi praRa CexeTi

ukraina

1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis mizezebi erTdroulad ideologiuricaa da nacionaluric. ruseTsa da poloneTs Soris arsebuli miwebis (lietuva, latvia, belarusi, ukraina) teritoriuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi araerTi didi Tu mcire omi momxdara. 1919-1921 wlebis ruseT-poloneTis omSi, romelic ruseTis samoqalaqo omis fonze mimdinareobda, erT mxares poloneTi da dasavleT ukrainis saxalxo respublika warmoadgenda, xolo meores â&#x20AC;&#x201C; sabWoTa ruseTi, sabWoTa belarusi da sabWoTa ukraina. oqtombris gadatrialebis Sedegad, ruseTis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave bolSevikebma globaluri politikuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba igrZnes. bolSevikTa liderebs sjerodaT, rom msoflio revoluciis gamarjveba uaxloesi momavlis sakiTxi iyo. saocaria, magram faqtia, rom bolSevikuri gadatrialebis meore dResve, 1917 wlis 26 oqtombers gamarTul sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis II yrilobaze bolSevikTa erT-erTi mTavari ideologi, lev trocki, didi STagonebiT acxadebda: `evropuli revoluciis gaRvivebis saqmeSi Cveni revoluciis imedi gvaqvs. Tu evropis ajanyebuli xalxebi ar gasresen imperializms, maSin Cven TviTon gagvsresen â&#x20AC;&#x201C; es udavoa. an rusuli revolucia aagorebs brZolis qariSxals dasavleTSi, an Tavad Cven dagvaxrCoben yvela qveynis kapitalistebi~. bolSevikuri revoluciis `gaRvivebisaTvis~ ki germaniasTan zavis dadeba da ruseTis I msoflio omidan saswrafo gamosvla iyo saWiro. umZimesi, damRleli da gamanadgurebeli omis mesame wlis Tavze rusi jariskacisaTvis omidan revoluciuri gamosvlis perspeqtiva realobad iqca. isargebla ra memarcxeneTa gamosvlebiT, omis damamTavrebel etapze leninma III internacionalis, komunisturi internacionalis, anu `kominternis~, Seqmna daisaxa miznad, romlis amocanac msoflios yvela socialisturi partiis gaerTianeba da ruseTidan revoluciuri moZraobis eqsporti iyo. da marTlac, 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskis zavis dadebam leninsa da mis TanamebrZolebs `oqtombris monapovrebis~ ganmtkicebisa da ganvrcobisaTvis brZolis gagrZelebis SesaZlebloba misca. ruseTi da misi mosaxleoba ki, sisxlismRvreli samoqalaqo omisaTvis gaiwira.

sabWoTa javSanmatarebeli

polonuri javSanmanqana

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

leninis gamosvla ruseTis sabWoebis II yrilobaze

xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan sul mcire xanSi, moklevadiani demokratiuli preludiis Semdeg, bolSevikebi aqtiur moqmedebebze gadavidnen. ukve 1918 wlis 7 marts, ruseTis komunisturi partiis VII sagangebo yrilobaze gamosvlisas, vladimer lenini cekas mier Catarebuli samuSaoebisa da samomavlo gegmebis Sesaxeb politikuri angariSiT warsdga: `radgan Cveni revolucia moxda am bednier momentSi, rodesac mtacebelTa verc erTma giganturma jgufma ver SeZlo verc dauyovnebliv dasxmoda erTmaneTs Tavs da verc Cven winaaRmdeg moaxerxes gaerTianeba – mxolod am saerTaSoriso politikuri da ekonomikuri momentiT SeeZlo esargebla da isargebla kidec Cvenma revoluciam, raTa ganexorcielebina Tavisi brwyinvale triumfaluri svla evropul ruseTSi, gavrcelebuliyo fineTSi, daiwyos kavkasiis, rumineTis dapyroba~. diax, zustad es sityva aris naxmari – `dapyroba”! brest-litovskis zavma ara mxolod omidan gamoiyvana ruseTi, aramed saSualeba misca mas, rom saerTaSoriso izolaciisTvisac daeRwia Tavi. kremlSi imaze daiwyes fiqri, Tu ra mimarTulebiT, romel qveyanaSi da ra sqemiT daewyoT `proletaruli revoluciis~ eqsporti. am TvalsazrisiT, lenini da misi uaxloesi TanamebrZolebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas germanias, poloneTsa da avstria-ungreTs uTmobdnen. saocaria, magram faqtia, rom bolSevikTa molodinic TiTqos marTldeboda. 1918 wlis noemberSi revoluciebi moxda germaniasa da estoneTSi, imave wlis dekemberSi – litvasa da latviaSi. germaniis revoluciam kremlis gegmebs axali gaqaneba misca. dRis wesrigSi dauyovnebliv dadga `proletaruli revoluciis eqsportis~ sakiTxi germaniaSi. bolSevikuri eqspansiis am dasavlur sqemas ki gzad poloneTi eRobeboda...

ioseb stalini, vladimer lenini da lev trocki

brest-litovskis zavis xelmowera

rac Seexeba poloneTs, 1918 wlidan ruseTSi bolSevikTa xelisuflebaSi mosvlis momentidan, `proletariatis diqtaturisa~ da `msoflio proletaruli revoluciis~ ideologiidan gamomdinare, axali polonuri saxelmwifo da misi lideri marSali iuzef pilsudski undoblad uyurebdnen rogorc `TeTr~, ise `wiTel~ ruseTs. istoriuli gamocdilebiT poloneTi kargad icnobda rusuli imperializmis dampyroblur arss... 11 noembers, kompienSi xelSekrulebis dadebisa da I msoflio omis dasrulebis dRes, polonelebma kontroli aiRes varSavaze. 14 noembers ki, varSavaSi oficialurad gamocxadda damoukidebeli polonuri saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelsac `meore reC pospolita~ ewoda. bolSevikuri agresiisgan Tavis dasaRwevad iuzef pilsudskis mizans federaciuli saxelmwifos Seqmna warmoadgenda, poloneTis, ukrainis, belarusisa da baltiispireTis SemadgenlobiT. poloneTis damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan ramdenime dReSi, 1918 wlis 17 noembers, iqmneba bolSevikTa `dasavleTis armia~ da iwyeba e.w. `wiTeli marSi~ dasavleTi-

istoria saken `revoluciis monapovrebis~ litvasa da belarusSi gasatanad. poloneTisa da germaniis gasabWoebis Semdeg ki rus bolSevikTa SeiaraRebuli eqspansia `msoflio revoluciaSi~ unda gadazrdiliyo. 1918 wlis 10 dekembers bolSevikTa `dasavleTis armiam~ minski aiRo. 12 ianvars ki gaica Setevis meore fazis dawyebis brZaneba, rac poloneTis teritoriebis okupacias da germaneli komunistebis daxmarebas gulisxmobda. rusebis mier vilnos dakavebis Semdeg, 1919 wlis 27 Tebervals, gamocxadda metad egzotikuri saxelwodebis mqone saxelmwifos – litbelis (litva-belorusiis sabWoTa respublika) Seqmna. amave dros daiwyo polonelTa SeteviTi moqmedebebi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebaze. polonurma SenaerTebma daikaves kobrini-prujani-mdinare nemanis xazi. 19 Tebervals ki isini vilnoSi Sevidnen. ase Seiqmna poloneT-sabWoTa ruseTis fronti litvisa da belarusis teritoriebze. agvistos TveSi polonelebi isev gadavidnen Setevaze, romlis mizanic minskis aReba iyo. eqvssaaTiani brZolis Semdeg, 9 agvistos, polonelebma minski aiRes, xolo 29 agvistos – bobruiski. oqtomberSi bolSevikebi kontrSeteviTi moqmedebebiT Seecadnen mdgomareobis gamosworebas, magram – uSedegod. 1919 wlis Semodgomaze germaniis revoluciis barikadebi

fronti polocki-borisovi-bobruiski-moziri-Jitomiris xazze gavida. es xazi, faqtobrivad, 1772 wlis ruseT-poloneTis sazRvars emTxveoda... fronti dastabilurda... 1919 wlis seqtemberSi pilsudskim politikuri xelSekruleba dado ukrainis saxalxo respublikis liderTan, general semion petliurasTan, wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb. 1919 wlis oqtomberSi dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris dawyebulma xangrZlivi molaparakebebis procesma Sedegi ar gamoiRo. Tumca, bolSevikebma isargebles saomari moqmedebebis SeCerebiT da gamoTavisuflebuli SenaerTebi denikinisa da iudeniCis winaaRmdeg mimarTes. faqtia, rom poloneTis frontze saomar moqmedebebSi Sesvenebam saSualeba misca wiTel armias sabolood gaetexa denikini... am periodSi orive mxarem Zalebis mokreba da axali SeteviTi moqmedebebisTvis mzadeba daiwyo. saomari moqmedebebi 1920 wlis dasawyisidan ganaxlda. general edvard rij-Smiglis SenaerTebma moulodneli dartymiT aiRes dvinski. 6 marts ki – moziri da kalinkoviCi. wiTeli armiis mcdelobebs, gamoesworebinaT mdgomareoba, Sedegi ar mohyolia. maTTvis uSedegod dasrulda SeteviTi moqmedebebi ukrainaSic. warumatebeli xelmZRvanelobis gamo, dasavleTis frontis sardali vladimer gitisi moxsnes Tanamdebobi-

iuzef pilsudski (1867-1935) – poloneli saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, axali polonuri saxelmwifos pirveli xelmZRvaneli da 1918 wels poloneTis armiis Semqmneli. ruseTis 1905 wlis revoluciis aqtiuri monawile da poloneTis socialisturi partiis lideri. I msoflio omSi avstriis armiis SemadgenlobaSi ibrZoda ruseTis winaaRmdeg. poloneTis respublikis pirveli marSali. XX saukunis evropuli politikuri scenis mniSvnelovani figura.

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

elgava

liepaia maJeikiai

sebeJi daugavpilsi

klaipeda paneveJisi raseiniai

vitebski

SvenCenisi kaunasi

tilsiti kenigsbergi

kalvaria

postavi vilniusi molodeCno

borisovi

alenSteini novogrudoki lomJa

mogilevi

minski

Stabini

bobruiski

baranoviCi

Jlobini slucki

pultuski ruJani sedlce

lunineci

maziri

sabWoTa saagitacio antipolonuri plakati

dan da kavkasiis frontis sardlad gadaiyvanes. mis adgilze ki, 27 wlis warmatebuli meTauri, ruseTis samoqalaqo omis gmiri mixail tuxaCevski dasaxelda. wiTeli armiis mTavarsardalma kamenevma 1920 wlis 20 marts moaxsena lenins, rom dasavleTis frontis sardlis Tanamdebobaze igegmeboda tuxaCevskis daniSvna, romelic `unarianad da gabedulad atarebda bolo operaciebs general denikinis gasanadgureblad~. amave dros, jarebis marTvis gasaumjobeseblad, bolSevikTa dasavleTis frontis samxreTis SenaerTebisagan Seiqmna samxreT-dasavleTis fronti, romlis sardlad aleqsandr egorovi dainiSna.

litbeli semion petliura (1879-1926) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ukraineli politikuri, saxelmwifo da erovnuli moRvawe, profesiiT Jurnalisti. maswavlebeli, istorikosi, mkvlevari, mecnieri da publicisti. 1900 wlidan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ukrainis revoluciuri partiis wevri, memarcxene nacionalisti. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ukrainis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis lideri, ukrainis safronti rad-is xelmZRvaneli, ukrainis saxalxo respublikis direqtoriis meTauri, ukrainis jarebisa da flotis mTavari atamani.

am ambebamde ramdenime dRiT adre ki, kerZod, 1920 wlis 25 aprils, polonurma da ukrainulma SenaerTebma frontis mTel sigrZeze daiwyes strategiuli SeteviTi moqmedebebi kievis mimarTulebaze. warmatebuli SeteviTi moqmedebebis Sedegad polonelebma win waiwies 200-300 km-iT. 7 maiss polonuri SenaerTebi, petliuras ukrainuli nawilebis mxardaWeriT, kievSi Sevidnen, or dReSi ki mdinare dnepris marcxena napirzec gadavidnen da 15-kilometriani siRrmis placdarmic Seqmnes... polonur-ukrainuli SenaerTebis SeteviT moqmedebebTan erTad, foilo-wiTeli xidis midamoebSi, rusebTan omSi did warmatebas miaRwies qarTulma SenaerTebmac. qarTulma mxarem ara Tu moigeria me-11 armiis SenaerTebis Semoteva, aramed kontrSetevazec gadavida da operatiuli upiratesobac moipova. bolSevikebma wiTeli xididan didi

istoria valga pskovi danakargebiT daixies ukan, rac male panikur voru valmiera ventspilsi ostrovi gaqcevaSi gadaizarda. yvelaferTan erTad, aluqsne cesisi tukumsi ruseTis TeTri moZraobis axalma liderma, riga luZa opoCka liepaia generalma petre vrangelma swrafad da efbaltiis zRva maJeikiai iekabpilsi sebeJi eqturad Caatara jarebis reorganizacia, telSiai Siauliai daugavpilsi warmatebiT ukuagdo wiTlebis Seteva da klaipeda paneveJisi zarasai disna polocki raseiniai kontrSetevazec gadavida. bolSevikebi umukmerge vitebski Zimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. dasavlekaunasi SvenCionisi kenigsbergi Tis frontze polonelTa mier miRweuli slupski gdanski orSa vilniusi borisovi kalvaria didi gamarjveba da kievis dakaveba, qarTsuvalki elblagi seini lida velTa mier warmatebiT ganxorcielebuli mogilevi minski olStini kontrSeteviTi moqmedebebi yazaxi-ganjis Stabini bidgoSCi bobruiski lomJa baranoviCi mimarTulebaze, rasac daemata general belostoki slomini slucki Jlobini plocki vrangelis mier yirimidan wamowyebuli Segomeli pultuski gnezno lunineci teviTi moqmedebebi, cxadyofs, rom 1920 kobrini sedlce maziri pinski wlis maisis dasawyisSi bolSevikTa dasavbresti luri `wiTeli marSisa~ da `msoflio proletaruli revoluciis~ bedi marTlac bewvze sabWoelebis winsvla 1918 wels ekida. kievis aRebisa da bolSevikTaTvis poloneTis frontze Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, leninis miTiTebiT, 1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi saswrafod daido samSvidobo xelSekruleba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis da bolSevikuri ruseTis mTavrobebs Soris, romlis ZaliTac ruseTi deiure cnobs saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas, mis saxelmwifo sazRvrebsa da mTavrobis legitimurobas.

frontebze Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, bolSevikTa cekas politbiurom moiwona polonuri agresiis Semdgomi mogeriebis gegma, rac iTvaliswinebda dasavleTis frontidan mTavar dartymas belarusze. samxreT-dasavleTis frontis SenaerTebis valdebuleba ki iyo damxmare dartyma. samxreT-dasavleTis frontis gasaZliereblad samxedro sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes ioseb stalini, frontis SemadgenlobaSi ki CarTes CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedi budionis 1-li cxenosani armia. semion budionis 1-li cxenosani armia maikopidan 3 aprils gamovida da SeuerTda samxreT-dasavleTis fronts, romelic saerTo Setevaze 26 maiss gadavida. dartymis mTavar mimarTulebaze tuxaCevskim 31 000 polonelis pirismixail tuxaCevski (1893-1937) – rusi da sabWoTa samxedro moRvawe, I msoflio omis monawile, mefis armiis yofili oficeri, podporuCiki. ruseTis samoqalaqo omis gmiri, sxvadasxva frontis sardali. samxedro Teoretikosi da publicisti, strategiuli `siRrmiseuli SeteviTi operaciis~ koncefciis erT-erTi avtori da apologeti. SemdgomSi sabWoTa kavSiris yvelaze axalgazrda marSali. I msoflio omSi ibrZoda dasavleTis frontis 1-li gvardiuli diviziis SemadgenlobaSi. 1915 wels germanelebma tyved aiyvanes, gagzavnes ingolStadtis cixeSi, sadac masTan erTad ijda Sarl de goli. 1917 wlis seqtemberSi tuxaCevski cixidan gaiqca da gadavida SveicariaSi. imave wlis oqtomberSi dabrunda ruseTSi. dainiSna aseulis meTaurad semionovskis polkSi. 1918 wlis gazafxulidan gadadvida bolSevikTa mxareze, rkp(b) wevri 1918 wlidan, muSaobda centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis samxedro ganyofilebaSi, Semdeg dainiSna moskovis raionis samxedro komisrad. 1918 wlis ivnisidan bolSevikTa muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis erT-erTi meTauri da armiebis sardali. Tavdapirvelad formirebis procesSi myofi aRmosavleTis frontis 1-li armiis sardali. 1918 wlis dekemberSi samxreTis frontis sardlis TanaSemwe, 1919 wlis 24 ianvridan 15 martamde – samxreTis frontis me-8 armiis sardali, Semdeg, 1919 wlis 5 aprilidan, aRmosavleTis frontis me-5 armiis warmatebuli sardali. 1919 wlis bolos kolCakis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli aRmosavleTis frontis sardali, 1920 wlis 4 Tebervlidan – kavkasiis frontis sardali, xolo imave wlis aprilidan – sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis dasavleTis frontis sardali. misi zedmetad Tavdajerebuli strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis gamo, 1920 wlis SemodgomisaTvis, sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi wiTeli armiis sruli katastrofiT dasrulda.

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

pir 60 000 kaci daayena. tuxaCevskim uaryo mTavarsadlobis Setevis gegma (minskze dartyma centriT) da SeteviTi moqmedebebis dawyeba Tavisi gegmiT ganizraxa – iribi dartyma Setevis marjvena flangiT bJiSkianis me-3 sakavalerio korpusisa da me-4 armiis ZalebiT, raTa polonelebi Seeviwroebina pinskis Waobebisaken. pilsudskis brZanebiT, polonelTa 1-lma da me-4 armiebma, I msoflio omisdroindeli germanelTa yofili TavdacviTi poziciebis dakavebis mizniT, lidis mimarTulebiT ukan daixies. 1920 wlis 19 ivlisisaTvis dasavleTis frontze wiTeli armiebi grodno-baranoviCi-luninecis xazze gavidnen, xolo 26 ivlisisaTvis warmatebuli SeteviTi moqmedebebiT wiTlebma gadaabijes poloneTis eTnografiul sazRvars belostokis raionSi. 1 agvistos rusebma brest-litovskic aiRes da mdinare vislaze gasasvlelad daiwyes mzadeba. polonelTaTvis operatiuli viTareba ukiduresad damZimda. vislaze operaciis dawyebamde yvela samxedro specialisti im azrisa iyo, rom poloneTis bedi gadawyvetili iyo. uimedo strategiul mdgomareobasTan erTad, polonelTa sabrZolo suliskveTebac daeca. poloneTis armiaSi moraluri sisustis is niSnebi gaCnda, rasac qveyana saboloo daRupvamde unda mieyvana. agvistos pirveli ricxvebisaTvis dasavleTis frontis SenaerTebi tuxaCevskis sardlobiT gadian mdinare vislas xazze da safrTxes ukve uSualod varSavas uqmnian. 1 agvistos belostokSi yalibdeba poloneTis revkomi da vrceldeba mimarTva `poloneTis mSromelebisadmi~. daiwyo muSaoba poloneTis wiTeli armiis Seqmnis mizniT. lenini da sxva bolSeviki liderebi varSavaze SeteviTi operaciis saswrafo dawyebas moiTxovdnen. magram iyo erTi adamiani, romelic ar iziarebda rusi bolSevikebisa da wiTeli meTaurebis am sayovelTao aRtyinebas – samxreTdasavleTis frontis samxedro sabWos wevri ioseb stalini. igi ambobda: `axla uadgiloa is trabaxi da saqmisaTvis saziano is TviTkmayofileba, riTac zogierTi amxanagia dakavebuli. erTni ukmayofiloni arian frontebze miRweuli warmatebiT da mTeli xmiT gahyvirian `varSavaze marSis~ Sesaxeb. meoreni, Cveni respublikis TavdacviT ukmayofiloni, amayad acxadeben, rom isini mxolod `wiTel sabWoTa varSavas~ Seurigdebian... Cveni warmatebebi poloneTis frontze di-

sergei kamenevi (1881-1936) – mefis armiis yofili polkovniki da sabWoTa ruseTis muSurglexuri wiTeli armiis mTavarsardali, `voenspeci~, I rangis komandarmi. ruseT-iaponiis, I msoflio omisa da ruseTis samoqalaqo omis aqtiuri monawile. I msoflio omSi 1914 wlis seqtembridan 1-li dasavleTis frontis armiis Stabis kvartermeisteris ufrosi adiutanti, Semdeg – armiis operatiuli ganyofilebis ufrosi. 1917 wlis aprilidan polkovniki, poltavis 30-e polkis meTauri. 1917 wlis noembridan me-15 saarmio korpusis Stabis ufrosi. oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg emxroba bolSevikebs. 1918 wlis aprilidan muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis SemadgenlobaSia. 1918 wlis ivnisidan vitebskis wiTeli qveiTi polkis meTauri, 1918 wlis agvistodan – smolenskis raionis samxedro xelmZRvaneli, 1919 wlis agvistodan – aRmosavleTis frontis sardali da muSur-glexuri wiTeli armiis mTavarsardali. 1924 wlis aprilidan wiTeli armiis mTavari samxedro inspeqtori, 1925 wlidan – Stabis ufrosi. 1926 wlis agvistodan wiTeli armiis mTavari sammarTvelos ufrosi, amave dros m.frunzes saxelobis samxedro akademiis taqtikis ciklis ufrosi. 1927 wlidan samxedro da samxedro-sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile da sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro revoluciuri komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgile. 1935 wlidan eniWeba I rangis komandarmis samxedro wodeba, maSin roca samoqalaqo omSi misdami daqvemdebarebul xuT mxedarTmTavars (k. voroSilovi, s. budioni, v. bliuxeri, al. egorovi da m. tuxaCevski) mieniWaT umaRlesi samxedro wodeba – sabWoTa kavSiris marSali. gardaicvala 1936 wlis 25 agvistos gulis SeteviT. 1937-1939 wlebis didi wmendebis dros igi `samxedro-faSisturi SeTqmulebis~ monawiled gamocxadda. kamenevis saxeli amoSales ruseTis samoqalaqo omis oficialuri istoriidan, misi samxedro xasiaTis Sromebi ki daviwyebas mieca.

istoria dia. da, ra Tqma unda, es warmatebebi kidev ufro ganviTardeba. magram naadrevia miRweuli warmatebebiT zedmeti baqibuqi. ar unda vifiqroT, rom polonelebTan saqme ukve moTavebuli gvaqvs da mxolod `varSavaze marSi” dagvrCa... denikinisa da kolCakis zurgisagan gansxvavebiT, polonelTa zurgi erTgvarovani da nacionalurad Sekrulia. umTavresi ganwyoba ki, `samSoblos gancda~, polonelTa fronts mravali ZafiT gadaecema, rac nawilebSi nacionalur SekavSirebasa da simtkices qmnis. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs polonelTa jaris mdgradoba~. da mTavari daskvna: `Tu poloneTis jars sakuTriv poloneTis teritoriaze mouwevs omis warmoeba, maSin masTan brZola, eWvgareSea, Zalian rTuli iqneba~. tuxaCevskis mTavari amocana varSavis aReba iyo, mizani – polonelTa ZiriTadi Zalebis ganadgureba, xolo samxedro strategia – ormagi garSemortyma. sardlis operatiuli Canafiqri moicavda: 1. dasavleTis frontis ZalebiT varSavis CrdiloeTidan garSemovlas;

me-12 armiis ZalebiT dasavleTis frontis me-14 da me-16 armiebTan erTad varSavis samxreTidan garSemortymas; 3. Crdilo-dasavleTis da samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebebidan erTdroulad dartymas varSavaze. aq ki Rirs erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, `detalze~, SeCereba: jer kidev 1919 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi polonel kriptologTa jgufma, vice-polkovnik ian kovalevskis xelmZRvanelobiT, moaxerxa sabWoelTa Sifrebis gatexva. 1919 wlis agvistodan 1920 wlis bolomde polonelma deSifratorebma ramdenime aTasi radiograma daiWires da gaSifres. am Sifrogramebis umetesoba 1920 wlis zafxulis periodze modioda, rodesac deSifratorebs TveSi 500-mde radiogramis gaSifvra uxdebodaT. am faqtma erTerTi mTavari roli iTamaSa ruseT-poloneTis omis mTel msvlelobasa da Sedegebze.

samxreT-dasavleTis frontis sardali aleqsandr egorovi da frontis revoluciuri sabWos wevri ioseb stalini

2. samxreT-dasavleTis frontidan gadmojgufebuli 1-li cxenosani armiisa da

piotr vrangeli (1878-1928) – rusi mxedarTmTavari, generaluri Stabis general-leitenanti. ruseT-iaponiisa da I msoflio omis monawile, TeTrgvardiuli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri. 1917 wlis ianvridan usuriis cxenosani diviziis me-2 brigadis meTauri, 1917 wlis ivlisidan me-7 sakavalerio diviziis meTauri, Semdeg – Sereuli sakavalerio korpusis sardali. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan moxaliseTa armiaSi cxenosani diviziis meTauri. 1919 wlis noembridan moxaliseTa armiis sardali yirimSi, 1920 wlis dasawyisidan – rusuli armiis umaRlesi mTavarsardali da samxreT ruseTis saxelmwifos mmarTveli. giorgis jvris kavaleri. 1920 wlis Semodgomidan emigraciaSi wavida.

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

polonelTa strategiuli gegma iTvaliswinebda mniSvnelovani Zalebis koncentracias varSavis samxreTiT, mdinare vepSTan. swored am mizniT iqmneba general rij-Smiglis centraluri frontis Semadgenlobisgan damrtymeli dajgufeba, bolSevikTa dasavleTis frontis zurgSi moulodneli mZlavri dartymisaTvis. 1920 wlis 12 agvistos wiTeli armiis dasavleTis frontis SenaerTebi Setevaze gadadian. da kidev erTi `detali~ – polonurma radiodazvervam daiWira brZaneba varSavaze SeteviTi moqmedebebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, xolo saaviacio dazvervis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, general vladislav haleris me-5 armiam daartya tuxaCevskis metad gawelil fronts zustad wiTlebis me-3 da me-15 armiebis Sexebis areSi. garRvevis ubanze Zalebis mniSvnelovani koncentraciis Semdeg, 16 agvistos, marSali pilsudski iwyebs Cafiqrebul strategiul kontrdartymas. polonelTa warmatebuli moqmedebebis Sedegad, rusTa me-16 armiis samxreTis frTa srulad ganadgurda. aSkara gaxda wiTlebis dasavleTis frontis mTeli infrastruqt-

uris ganadgurebisa da varSavasTan Tavmoyrili sabWoTa SenaerTebis alyaSi moqcevis perspeqtivac. pilsudskis gegmis Tanaxmad ganisazRvra varSava-brestis gzatkecilze gasvla. erTdroulad mimdinareobda SeteviTi moqmedebebi me-3 diviziis ZalebiT vlodavaze, tankebis mxardaWeriT – minskimazoveckze. general sikorskis me-5 armiis SenaerTebma elviseburi, damangreveli dartyma miayenes sabWoelebs varSavasTan, tankebiT, javSanmatareblebiTa da dajavSnuli manqanebiT. Setevis tempi iyo 30 km. dReSi. rusebis strategiuli Canafiqri varSavis `ormag garSemortymaze~ CaiSala... 1920 wlis 11 agvistos kamenevi sabolood iRebs gadawyvetilebas samxreT-dasavleTis frontis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali 1li cxenosani armiisa da me-12 armiis dasavleTis frontisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb; 15 rusuli artileria, bolSevikTa me-16 armiis me-8 msroleli diviziis haubicebis batarea mdinare bugTan

semion budioni (1883-1973) – rusi samxedro moRvawe, samoqalaqo omis gmiri, sabWoTa kavSiris marSali, samgzis sabWoTa kavSiris gmiri. monawileobda ruseT-iaponiis da pirvel msoflio omebSi. 1918 wlidan iyo wiTel armiaSi, kavaleriis meTauri.

wiTlebis ucilobeli upiratesoba, polonelebTan SedarebiT, 1920 wlis kampaniaSi rusuli sakavalerio SenaerTebi iyo, pirvel rigSi, semion budionis 1-li cxenosani armia da haik bJiSkianis me-3 sakavalerio korpusi. 1-li cxenosani armia, umZlavresi operatiuli sajariso gaerTianeba, Seiqmna 1919 wlis bolos CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi moqmedi wiTeli sakavalerio nawilebis SeerTebiTa da gamsxvilebiT, maSindeli samxreTis frontis samxedro-revoluciuri sabWos wevris – stalinis iniciativiT. zogadad, sakavalerio armiis Seqmnis idea pilsudskis `strategiul lafsusad~ miaCnda. magram rusebis sakavalerio SenaerTebis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebma, sakuTari cxenosani artileriis, javSnosani manqanebisa da javSanmatareblebis cecxliT mxardaWeram naTlad daanaxa polonelebs am mosazrebis mcdaroba. polonelebisaTvis rusuli sakavalerio SenaerTebis sabrZolo potenciali moulodneli siurprizi aRmoCnda. gansakuTrebiT, rusuli kavaleriis tyviamfrqveviani sazidrebi, didi sacecxle Zalisa da manevrulobis gamo. SubiTa da xmliT SeiaraRebuli poloneli kavaleristis taqtika sruliad uZluri aRmoCnda rusul kavaleriasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom omis bolos polonelebmac miiRes kavaleriis SeiaraRebaSi tyviamfrqveviani manevruli sazidrebi.

istoria stokholmi

stokholmi talini

stokholmi

talini

talini fskovi

fskovi riga

riga

fskovi rJevi

rJevi moskovi kaunasi

kaunasi

kaunasi vilniusi

vilniusi sCecini

minski

belostoki

vilniusi sCecini

minski

belostoki

poznani

poznani varSava bresti loZi lublini vroclavi lvovi

krakovi bratislava

moskovi smolenski

smolenski

belostoki

kurski

kievi Jitomiri

1919 wlis marti

rJevi

riga

moskovi

vena bratislava

minski

poznani

varSava bresti loZi lublini vroclavi kievi krakovi lvovi Jitomiri

kurski

1919 wlis dekemberi

varSava bresti loZi lublini vroclavi kievi krakovi lvovi Jitomiri vena bratislava

1920 wlis ivnisi

agvistos wiTeli armiis mTavarsardlis mier samxreT-dasavleTis frontisaTvis gagzavnil direqtivaze armiebis dasavleTis frontisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb pasuxi aravis gaucia. mTavarsardlobis ganmeorebiT moTxovnaze ki, 1-li cxenosani armiis sardalma budionim ase upasuxa: `mocemul momentSi armia sabrZolo moqmedebebSia Cabmuli da brZolidan gamosvla ar SeuZlia~…. bolos da bolos, moskovis mkacri zewoliT, 20 agvistosaTvis budionis 1-li cxenosani armiis SenaerTebi CrdiloeTisken daiZrnen. 1920 wlis 31 agvistos komarovosTan XX saukunis umsxvilesi sakavalerio brZola daiwyo. rusebis 1-l cxenosan armias general rumelis 1-li cxenosani divizia daupirispirda. miuxedavad didi ricxobrivi upiratesobisa, wiTlebis cxenosani armia sastikad damarcxda. maTi danakargi 4 000 kaci iyo, rumelis kavaleristebisa ki – 500. budionis armiis narCenebi da masTan erTad mTeli samxreT-dasavleTis fronti iZulebuli gaxda ukan, lvovisaken, daexia da TavdacvaSi gadasuliyo. omis Semdeg tuxaCevskim pirdapir daadanaSaula stalini da misi wre varSavis operaciis CavardnaSi... es braldeba sabediswerod imoqmedebs wiTeli armiis axalgazrda sardlis, SemdgomSi yvelaze axalgazrda sabWoTa marSlis momavalze... Tumca es ukve sul sxva istoriaa... saerTo jamSi, wiTlebis dasavleTis frontis me-4 armia Tavisi oTxive diviziis narCenebiT, agreTve haik bJiSkianis me-3 cxenosani korpusis gadarCenili nawilebi da me-15 armiis ori divizia kveTen prusiis sazRvars, maTi internirebis adgils. 21 seqtembrisaTvis ki polonelebma sruliad gaanadgures rusebis samxreT-dasavleTis frontis samive armia, riTac man faqtobrivad arseboba Sewyvita. `saswauli vislaze~ moxda – rusebma katastrofuli marcxi iwvnies.

kurski

rusi tyveebi

1920 wlis 12 oqtombers dapirispirebul mxareTa Soris daiwyo molaparakebebi cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, 18 oqtombers ki saomari moqmedebebi SeCerda... 1921 wlis 18 marts omi iuridiulad dasrulda. rigaSi xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas da ganisazRvra poloneTis aRmosavleTi sazRvrebi... bedis ironiaa, rom zustad am dRes, 1921 wlis 18 marts, xeli moewera rus bolSevikebsa da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis warmomadgenlebs Soris ukve ruseT-saqarTvelos 1921 wlis Teberval-martis meore omSi cecxlis Sewyvetis xelSekrulebasac... 1919-1921 wlebis sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi bolSevikTaTvis sruli katastrofiT dasrulda. am omis mTavari batalia, 1920 wlis agvistos varSavis brZola ki omebisa da samxedro xelovnebis istoriaSi `vislaze saswaulis~ saxeliT Sevida. faqtia, rom aRikveTa rus bolSevikTa `wiTeli marSi~ dasavleTisken. sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omi or axladwarmoqmnil saxelmwifos – bolSevikur ruseTsa da meore reC-pospolitas Soris mimdinareobda. orive qveyana I msoflio om-

wiTeli marSi dasavleTisken

stokholmi talini

poloneTi-sabWoTa kavSiris omis sqema (1919-1921) fskovi

fskovi riga

riga

rJevi

moskovi

sCecini sCecini poznani poznani

belostoki kurski varSava bresti varSava loZi bresti loZi lublini vroclavi lublini kievi kievi krakovi xarkovi Jitomiri Jitomiri lvovi krakovi lvovi vena bratislava

1920 wlis agvisto

poloneTi

smolenski

smolenski kaunasi vilniusi vilniusi minski minski belostoki

kaunasi

vilniusi

sCecini

latvia

minski

belostoki poznani varSava loZi

sabWoTa ruseTi da sxva sabWoTa qveynebi

kurski

lietuva

bresti

Seteva

vroclavi lublini krakovi

kievi Jitomiri

xarkovi

wiTeli armiis poziciebi

lvovi vena bratislava

is Sedegad iyo dangreuli, orive udides materialur siduxWires ganicdida, orive axlad qmnida sakuTar SeiaraRebul Zalebs, miznebi ki gansxvavebuli hqondaT... am omSi miRweuli gamarjvebiT poloneTma SeZlo Tavisi 1795 wlidan dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena da SenarCuneba. mTavari ki is iyo, rom poloneTma dasavleTisken mimarTuli bolSevikuri eqspansia da `msoflio proletaruli revolucia~ SeaCera. am omma udidesi zegavlena iqonia orive qveyanaze da, amasTan, saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi mimdinare samxedropolitikur procesebze. am omis gamoZaxili 1939 wlis molotov-ribentropis paqtsa da

ukan daxeva

rigis xelSekruleba

polonelebis poziciebi

sabWoTa kavSiris mier aRmosavleT poloneTis dapyrobis sakiTxzec aisaxa. misi Sedegi iyo katinis tragediac – sabWoTa НКВД-is mier polonel oficerTa masobrivi daxvreta, rac stalinis SurisZiebis aqti iyo. 19371938 wlebis didi represiebis dros stalinma Tavisi adreuli warumateblobis yvela mowmec Tavidan moiSora, erTguli voroSilovisa da budionis garda. man TavisTvis misaReb konteqstSi gadawera istoria. aRmosavleT poloneTis dapyrobiT stalinma 1939 wlis seqtemberSi aRasrula is, rac 1920 wels ver moaxerxa, xolo 1945 wlidan dawyebuli, aRmosavleTi evropa, romelic nacizmisa da faSizmis yavisferi Wirisagan gaTavisuflda, bolSevizmis mewamul bindSi CaiZira...

vislas saswauli, kosak voicexis naxati

molotov-ribentropis paqti – 1939 wlis 23 agvistos germaniis mesame raixsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebuli Tavdausxmelobis paqti, romelsac germaniis mxridan xeli moawera sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ioahim fon ribentropma, xolo sabWoTa mxridan – sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrma viaCeslav molotovma. am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa kavSirs da germanias Tavi unda aeridebinaT erTmaneTze TavdasxmisaTvis, aseve ar unda gaerTianebuliyvnen iseT aliansebSi, romelic am paqtis xelmomweri romelime qveynis winaaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli. paqtis gasaidumloebul muxlebSi gansazRvruli iyo aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis (poloneTi, lietuva, latvia, estoneTi, fineTi, agreTve besarabia) gayofa.

religia

aRmosavluri misticizmi giorgi lobJaniZe yvela religias, cxadia, aqvs Tavisi mistikuri ganzomileba da, maT Soris, islamsac, romlis wiaRSic warmoiSva metad saintereso movlena, misticizmis Taviseburi saxeoba – sufizmi. sityva „sufizmi“ evropuli „izm“ sufiqsiTaa gaformebuli, arabulad da muslimur samyaroSi ki am mimdinareobas hqvia „Tasavvuf“, mis mimdevars ki – „sufi“ anda „muTasavvifi“. sityva „sufias“ ramdenimenairad ganmartaven. mecnierTa erTi jgufi darwmunebulia, rom es arabuli sityva momdinareobs berZnuli sofiadan, rac sibrZnes niSnavs. meore jgufs ki hgonia, rom sityva arabulidanvea wamosuli da ukavSirdeba „suf“-s – Salis samoss, „sufii“ ki Salis samosiT mosil adamians niSnavs. SesaZloa, rom es saxeli marTlac amis mixedviT daerqmiaT, radgan sufizmis mimdevrebi namdvilad imosebodnen uxeSi Salisa Tu selis samosliT. sainteresoa, saerTod vin iyvnen es adamianebi da ra gamoarCevdaT maT danarCeni morwmune muslimebisgan? rwmenis aRiarebis formaluri niSnebiT – arc araferi: isinic, rogorc yvela muslimi, aRiarebdnen islamis xuT ZiriTad princips, e. w. islamis xuT burjs, rasac muslimTa rwmena efuZneba. esenia:

aRmosavluri misticizmi

„mistika“ berZnuli sityvaa da qarTulad „saidumlos“ niSnavs. rogorc termini is aRniSnavs: a) rwmenas, romlis mixedviTac adamians TiTqos SeuZlia urTierToba daamyaros saiqiosTan; zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmenas da b) raime idumals. mistikiT gatacebasa da dainteresebas ki „misticizmi“ ewodeba.

sjulis aRiarebis formula (e.w. Sahada)

dReSi xuTgzis locva

weliwadSi erTxel, ramadanis TveSi, marxvis Senaxva

aucilebeli mowyalebis, e.w. zaqaTis gaReba

cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc meqaSi, islamis umTavresi taZris – qaabas molocva

Cveulebrivi muslimisaTvis rwmenis wyaro aris am religiis saRvTo wigni yurani da „suna“ – gadmocemebi islamis winaswarmetyvelis, muhamadis, Sesaxeb, misi gamonaTqvamebi da ambebi imaze, Tu rogor iqceoda igi Cveulebriv, yofiT situaciebSi. sufiebi ki, am yvelaferze dayrdnobiT aRiarebdnen adamianis RmerTTan dakavSirebis agnostikur (aragoniT) da zebunebriv SesaZleblobas. maTi azriT, wigni da suna iyo Cveulebrivi xalxisaTvis, rCeul adamianebs ki RmerTi TviTon ukavSirdeboda zebunebrivi meTodebiT. sufiebis warmodgeniT, mTeli samyaro, xilulica da uxilavic, materialurica da sulieric, RvTis gamosxivebaa, ganfenaa. ai, rom warmoidginoT sicocxlis wyaro – RmerTi, saidanac asxivebs yvelaferi, yvela sagani, cocxali da aracocxali bunebis Semadgeneli TiToeuli nawili, maT Soris – TiToeuli adamiani. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rasac Cven garSemo vxedavT, RmerTs aris Camomwydari da itanjeba kvlav RmerTTan dabrunebis dauokebeli wyurviliT. amas bevri ver acnobierebs, magram es vneba yvela adamianSia Cadebuli. amitomac yvela adamiani da saerTod yvelaferi kvlav Tavisi pirvelsawyisisken – RvTisaken – miiswrafis. am procesSi sufiebma simbolurad gamoyves sami umTavresi fenomeni: satrfo – RmerTi, metrfe – adamiani da siyvaruli, anu gza, romelmac metrfe satrfosTan unda miiyvanos. erT-erTi sufiuri gadmocemis mixedviT, RmerTTan misasvleli gza imdenia, ramdeni sulic (ramdeni adamianic) aris qveyanaze. aqedan kargad Cans isic, Tu ra Tavisuflad, liberalurad ekidebodnen sufiebi adamianis arCevans da isic, rom maTi SexedulebiT, RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis praqtika metad individualuri, rom ar vTqvaT – ukiduresad intimuri, procesi iyo. amis miuxedavad, sufiuri religiuri cxovrebis praqtika imdenad rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gzaa, rom adamians martos am gzis gavla Znelad xelewifeba. amitomac erTiandebodnen sufiebi garkveul jgufebad, e.w. „tarikaTebad“. arabuli sityva „tarikaTi“ qarTulad „gzas“, „savals“ niSnavs. sufiuri saZmoebis SemTxvevaSi ki am termins Cveulebriv Targmnian, rogorc „ordens“. ordenis saTaveSi aucileblad idga „murSidi“ – megzuri, gzamkvlevi, winamZRoli, romelsac sparsulenovani sufiebi „firs“, anu bers, an „fire TariyaTs“ – (sufiuri) gzis uxucessa Tu imave terminis arabul variants – „Seixs“ uwodebdnen.

religia ordenis danarCeni wevrebi, anu Seixis, murSidis mimdevrebi, aRiniSnebodnen zogadi terminiT „murid“, rac qarTulad niSnavs msurvels. muridebs aseve erqvaT talibebi, anu „maZieblebi“, xolo saZiebeli, anu RmerTi iyo „matlub“. RmerTis Ziebis es procesi, rogorc zemoT iTqva, Zalze rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiTa da safrTxeebiT aRsavse procesi iyo. amitomac saWiro iyo winamZRoli, romlis nebasac talibi, muridi srulad unda damorCileboda. arsebobs aseTi zogadi sufiuri gamonaTqvami: muridi ise unda iyos murSidis xelqveiTi, rogorc micvalebuli mkvdris gambanelis xelSi. anu murids moeTxoveboda srulad eTqva uari sakuTar Tavze da savsebiT damorCileboda murSidis – Tavisi sulieri winamZRolis – neba-survilsa da gadawyvetilebas. murSidi ganixileboda, rogorc saZieblis, anu RmerTis, xiluli xati da amitomac, cxadia, mimdevarTaTvis is upirobod da ukritikod misaRebi avtoriteti iyo, visac xelT epyra ara mxolod saZmoebis marTvis sadaveebi, aramed Tavisi saZmos TiToeuli wevris sicocxle da misi pirovnuli gadawyvetileba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gadawyvetileba yvelaferTan dakavSirebiT murSidis saqme iyo, rasac muridi sityvis Seubruneblad da mTeli Tavisi arsebiT emorCileboda. sufiuri saZmos wevrad gaxdomac sakmaod rTuli iyo: rogorc wesi, murSidi TviTon irCevda sakuTar mimdevrebs im xalxisagan, romelic RvTis maZieblobis, RmerTis gzaze Sedgomis saTanado miswrafebas amJRavnebda.

tarikaTi

am miswrafebas, romelsac sufizmSi „niaTs“ (survils, ganzraxvas) uwodeben, sufiebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan praqtikulad es iyo erTaderTi gadawyvetileba, romelsac adamiani TviTon iRebda, ris Semdegac Tavis bedsa da cxovrebas ukve ordenis xelmZRvanels gadaabarebda. oRond, ordenis xelmZRvanels SeiZleba yuradReba arc mieqcia misi mimdevrobis msurvelisTvis da es ukanaskneli didxans darCeniliyo sufiur saZmoSi ise, rom formalurad winamZRolTan urTierTobis pativs ver Rirseboda. esec erTgvari gamocda iyo, riTac sufiur gzaze Sedgomis msurvelis gadawyvetilebis simtkice da siRrme mowmdeboda. TviTon sufiebi RvTisaken saval am simbolur gzas ramdenime monakveTad, „manzilad“, anu gaCerebad, an „vadiid“, anu „xeob-

yurani muridi da murSidi

aRmosavluri misticizmi

ad“, anda „makamad“, anu „sadgomad“, „sadgurad“, „safexurad“ yofdnen. sxvadasxva ordenSi sxvadasxva iyo am vadiebis, anu monakveTebis ricxvi. Cveulebriv, zogan Svid „manzils“ iTvlidnen, zog tarikaTSi ki cxra „manzili“, cxra „vadii“ iyo. TiToeuli es monakveTi realurad warmoadgenda sulieri savarjiSoebis (riadaT) nakrebs, romelic mkacri TanamimdevrobiT iyo gansazRvruli da romlis gavlac ama Tu im vadiSi myof talibs evaleboda. sxvagvarad is ver gadavidoda Semdgom vadize, anu sulieri ganviTarebis Semdgom safexurze. es savarjiSoebi xSirad Zalze saxifaTo iyo sicocxlisTvis da amitomac murSidis mkacri meTvalyureobiT aResruleboda. TviTSemoqmedeba am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia damRupveli aRmoCeniliyo da murids SeiZleba daekarga ara mxolod saZiebeli mizani, aramed sakuTari Tavic. cxadia, aq ar igulisxmeba mxolod fizikuri safrTxeebi, rac cxovrebis aseT wess yovelTvis axlda. pirvel rigSi, laparakia sulier safrTxeebze, rac gacilebiT damRupveli iyo, vidre fizikuri ganadgureba.

sufiuri svla-gezis TiToeul monakveTs (manzils, vadiis) Tavisi saxeli hqonda da IX saukuneSi sufizmis Sesaxeb dawerili pirveli traqtatis – abu naser sarajis „brwyinvalebis wignis“ mixedviT, ase iyofoda: 1. Tavba – monanieba, ufalTan dabruneba; 2. var’i – RvTis winaSe Zrwola; 3. zuhdi – wuTisoflisagan gandgoma, asketizmi; 4. fakri – aras mqoneoba, uqonloba, siRatake; 5. sabri – moTmineba, daTmena. 6. Tavaqquli – RvTisadmi sasoeba da 7. rida – kmayofileba. saleqi, romelic yvela am safexurs warmatebiT gaivlida, miaRwevda gasxivosnebas, anda RmerTSi danTqmas, rasac sufiebi „fanas“ – ganadgurebas uwodebdnen. TiToeuli am makamis gavla did sulier ZalisxmevasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xSirad saleqi Tavs anebebda sulieri gzis gavlas da mxolod cota pretendents Tu SeeZlo, sabolood, dasaxuli miznisTvis mieRwia. Tuki makami an vadii am svla-gezis, sulieri ganviTarebis myari niSnulebi iyo, arsebobda, e.w. droebiTi, warmavali markerebic, romlebsac sufiebi adamianis guneba-ganwyobidan momdinare impulsebad Tvlidnen da xan – rogorc konkretuli makamisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garegnul gamovlinebas, xanac, saerTod, gzidan macdunebel efemerul qimerebad miiCnevdnen. am warmaval maxasiaTeblebs isini „hals“, anu „viTarebas“, „mdgomareobas“, „ganwyobilebas“ uwodebdnen. es halebic daxarisxebuli iyo da TiToeuls aseve hqonda Tavisi saxeli. ar gvinda Cveni es patara werili terminebiT gadavtvirToT, magram mainc vfiqrobT, aucilebelia halebis saxelebic CamovweroT, radgan mxolod es saxelwodebebic ki SeiZleba karg orientirebad gamogvadges sufizmis arsSi gasarkvevad. sufiebi ambobdnen, rom arsebobs: 1. hal al-murakaba (TviTWvretis, analizis); 2. alkurbi (siaxlovis, daaxloebis); 3. al-mahabba an: al-iSk (siyvarulis); 4. al-xavf (SiSis); 5. ar-raja (imedis); 6. aS-Sauk (gznebis); 7. aluns (SeCvevis, Tanaziarobis); 8. al-itminan (dajerebis, guldajerebis); 9. al-muSahada (danaxvis) da 10. al-iakiin (darwmunebis) halebi.

sufi derviSebis cekva

sufiebi da sufizmis mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom makami SeZenilia, pirovnuli garjis, Sromis, Zalisxmevis Sedegad mopovebu-

religia li myari safexuria da warmoadgens im saqmianobaTa nakrebs, rac saleqis nebasa da gankargulebas emorCileba; hali ki im sulieri Zvrebisa da STabeWdilebebis nazavia, rac adamianis pirovnul nebas ar epueba da misi kontrolis daqvemdebarebaSi ar Semodis. sufiebi Tavidan RmerTis Semecnebis saqmeSi ara mxolod saRvTo werilis (anu yuranis) avtoritets ar aRiarebdnen saTanadod, aramed saerTod uaryofdnen yovelgvar Canawers, qadagebas, TavianTi gamocdilebebis sityvier gamoxatulebas. isini ambobdnen, rom sufizmi „halia“ (viTarebaa, mdgomareoba, sulieri gamocdilebaa) da ara „kali“ (sityva, naTqvami). XIII saukunis didi sparseli poeti hafez Sirazeli erT leqsSi ambobs: „TviT iqec furclad, Tu xar Cveni Tanaklaseli, radganac trfobis codna rveulSi arsad Segxvdeba“. am citatidanac kargad Cans, rogor uyurebdnen sufiebi daweril RvTismetyvelebas anda, saerTod, raime azris gamoTqmas imaze, risi arsic gamouTqmeli iyo.

sxvaTa Soris, „moTminebis, daTmenis“ makami iTvaliswinebda imasac, rom am makamze mdgom adamians xeli aRar wascdenoda da ena aRar mobruneboda Tavisi pirovnuli sulieri gamocdilebis sxvisTvis gasaziareblad; rakiRa sufiebs miaCndaT, rom codna saxifaTo Zalaa da „aragandobilTaTvis“, anu arasaTanado sulieri momzadebis pirTaTvis am Zalis gadacema safrTxes uqmnida TviTon am pirebsac da, saerTod, mTel sazogadoebasac. am pirovnuli sulieri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb saubari mxolod alegoriulad, Zalian didi simboloebis meSveobiT SeiZleboda, rom axsna araerTgvarovani yofiliyo da yvelas Tavisi pirovnuli ganviTarebis Sesatyvisad gaego. amitomac sufizmma Tavidanve airCia gamoxatvis formad poezia da poeturi simboloebis samoseli, romelic Tavidan SedarebiT gamWvirvale iyo, Semdeg ki, gvian Sua saukuneebSi, ise CaixlarTa da gabundovanda, rom marTla Wirda garCeva, sad iyo es SegrZnebebi namdvili da sad kidev – sxvebis mibaZviT Seqmnili da mixatuli. Tanac, Tavdapirveli principis sawinaaRmdegod, TviTon sufiebma imdeni ilaparakes am saidumloze, iseTi nairgvari naSrome-

hafez Sirazelis (1320-1389) Semoqmedeba sparsuli lirikis mwvervalad iTvleba. man didi gavlena moaxdina mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis lirikaze. misi leqsebi qarTulad SesaniSnavad aqvs Targmnili vaxuSti kotetiSvils.

aRmosavluri misticizmi

bi, leqsebi, epistoleebi, traqtatebi daaxvaves, rom am memkvidreobaSi garkveva dRes ukiduresad gaZnelebulia. mimdinareobam, Tavisi ukiduresad tolerantuli, Semwynarebluri bunebis Sesabamisad, farTod gauRo kari da SeiTvisa sxvadasxva filosofiuri da religiuri doqtrinis nairgvari, xSirad urTierTgamomricxavi Sexedulebebi. amitomac amboben, rom sufizmis arsSi garkveva Zalian rTulia da es mogvagonebs im ambavs, romelic jalal ed-din rumis – XIII saukunis udidesi sufi poetisa da Teoretikosis eqvswignian sufiur poemaSi „arsTa mesneviSi“ aris aRwerili. kerZod, am poemis mesame wignSi moTxrobilia sibneleSi gamoketili spilos ambavi, romelsac adamianebi ver xedaven, mxolod xeliT exebian da TiToeul maTgans imis mixedviT eqmneba warmodgena am cxovelze, misi sxeulis romel nawilsac mosinjavs: erTi ambobs, rom is sawvimari milia, meore ambobs, rom is Senobis sayrdeni burjia, mesame – rom is taxtrevania da a. S. mTlianobaSi ki aravis aqvs warmodgena imaze, Tu ris winaSe dganan sinamdvileSi.

asevea sufizmic: calkeulma adamianma SeiZleba Seiswavlos misi esa Tu is mxare, magram mTlianobaSi am movlenis arsSi garkveva Zalian Znelia an TiTqmis SeuZlebeli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze adekvatur warmodgenas sufizmze mainc is didi teqstebi Segviqmnis, rac am mimarTulebis ostatTa xeliT dawerila da romlebic SegviZlia, ise aRviqvaT, rac Cveni ganviTarebis donis Sesatyvisi iqneba. magaliTad, hafezis – am udidesi sparseli poetis leqsebi ise wavikiTxoT, rogorc Cveulebrivi sasiyvarulo lirika, mamakacis mier qalisaTvis miZRvnili satrfialo poeziis brwyinvale nimuSebi, maSin, roca sinamdvileSi es leqsebi RvTisadmi adamianis siyvaruls gamoxatavs da im mijnurobazea, romlis Sesaxebac rusTaveli gveubneba „mas erTsa mijnurobasa Wkvianni ver mixvdebian“. „Wkvianni“ rusTavelis am taepSic RvTiuri bunebis empiriuli gonebis meSveobiT Semecnebis mowadineebs aRniSnavs, „filosofosebs“, romelTa goniT argumentebsac umwvavesad upirispirdebodnen sufi ostatebi.

jalal ed-din mohammad b. baha’ ad-din mohammad ibn balxi (1207-1273), romelic aseve cnobilia zedwodebiT `moulana“ (`Cveni batoni“), gamoCenili sparseli mistikosi da poeti, moulavias sufiuri saZmos damaarsebel-eponimi da araformaluri xelmZRvaneli. daibada balxSi (CrdiloeT avRaneTSi) 1207 wlis 30 seqtembers da gardaicvala koniaSi (mcire aziaSi, dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze) 1273 wlis 7 dekembers.

regioni

lietuvis

brZola TavisuflebisTvis

zurab batiaSvili

lietuvelebma gansakuTrebulad ibrZoles TavisuflebisTvis. es patara eri (dRes lietuvaSi maTi ricxvi 2,5 milionia) araerTxel daipyres da gaanadgures, magram yoveli okupaciis Semdeg qveyana feniqsiviT aRdga ferflisagan. amayi lietuvelebi yovelTvis poulobdnen Zalas, rom TavisuflebisTvis ebrZolaT. maTi udreki nebis gamoxatulebaa isic, rom maT XX saukuneSi oTxjer gamoacxades damoukidebloba. meoTxe da ukanaskneli mcdeloba yvelaze warmatebuli gamodga. dRes lietuva natosa da evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoa. es patara qveyana (iseve, rogorc mezobeli latvia da estoneTi) warmoadgens saukeTeso magaliTs imisa, Tu ra SeiZleba dadges yofili sabWoTa respublikisgan, rodesac zustad ici, risTvis da ratom ibrZvi, mkafiod gaqvs gansazRvruli prioritetebi da Seupovrad moqmedeb miznis misaRwevad. Zveli periodi lietuvelebis winaprebi indoevropuli modgmis baltiuri tomebi iyvnen, romlebic 1253 wlisTvis legendarulma didma mTavarma mindaugasma gaaerTiana. am ukanasknelma mogvianebiT qristianobac miiRo da lietuvis pirveli da erTaderTi qristiani mefec gaxda. magram mindaugasi maleve mokles sxva mTavrebma da lietuvelebi warmarTebad darCnen.

lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

latvia maJeikiai teSlai klaipeda

Siauliai

baltiis zRva

paneveJisi

visaginas drisviatis

utena

lietuva

tba

kedainiai

lietuvis gerbi

ionava

ruseTi

kaunasi vilniusi mariampole

alitusi

belarusi poloneTi

lietuvis droSa Tanamedrove saxiT XX saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna da lietuvelebisTvis igi maleve iqca damoukideblobis simbolod. droSaze yviTeli feri aRniSnavs mzes da keTildReobas, mwvane feri â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tyes, Tavisuflebas da imeds, wiTeli ki lietuvisTvis daRupulTa sisxlia.

Wkviani mmarTvelebis damsaxurebiT lietuva im periodis evropis udidesi qveyana gaxda. man SeZlo teritoriuli gafarToeba da misi sazRvrebi baltiis zRvidan Sav zRvamde gadaiWima. am saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis did mTavar gediminass (1275-1341), romelsac, sxva did saqmeebTan erTad, dedaqalaq vilniusis daarsebac miewereba. samomavlod, lietuvelebis religiuri, kulturuli da politikuri orientaciisTvis gadamwyveti aRmoCnda 1385 wels poloneTTan damyarebuli dinastiuri kavSiri, romelic XVI saukuneSi polonur-lietuvur TanamegobrobaSi (dedaqalaqiT krakovSi) gadaizarda. am periodsve emTxveva lietuvis gaqristianebac. lietuva erT-erTi im ukanasknel saxelmwifoTagania evropaSi, romelmac qristianoba yvelaze gvian, XIV saukunis bolosken, miiRo. lietuvelebma, ZiriTadad, kaTolikoba SeiTvises, Tumca maTma nawilma im periodSi, aRmosavleli slavebis gavleniT, marTlmadidebloba miiRo. polonur-lietuvurma Tanamegobrobam 226 weli iarseba. amis Sedegad, lietuvis politikur cxovrebaSi dominirebda polonuri an polonizebuli Tavadaznauroba, sazogadoebac polonuri eklesiisa da enis gavlenis qveS moeqca. Tumca, meore mxriv, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erT saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebam lietuvelebi dasavluri civilizaciis nawilad aqcia. swored am dros dainerga lietuvaSi dasavluri ganaTlebisa da kulturis modeli. 1579 wels gaixsna vilniusis universiteti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi umaRlesi saswavlebeli. Tanamegobroba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom polonur-lietuvurma nawilebma 1611 wels moskovis aRebac ki SeZles. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi misi samxedro SesaZleblobebi Sesustda. 1795 wels avstriam, prusiam da ruseTis imperiam bolo mouRes poloneT-lietuvis Tanamegobrobas, misi teritoriebi ki erTmaneTSi gadainawiles. lietuva ruseTis provincia gaxda. caristulma ruseTma mmarTveloba kulturasTan brZoliT daiwyo: akrZala skolebi lietuvur enaze, akrZala laTinuri anbaniT lietuvuri wignebis beWdva (mxolod kiriliciT unda daebeWdaT). represiebSi moaqcia kaTolikuri eklesia. aseT pirobebSi lietuvis mTavari

mindaugasis qandakeba vilniusSi

regioni mo L neta gediminasis gamosaxulebiT

polonur-lietuvuri Tanamegobrobis gerbi

gmiri gaxda iurgis belinisi, romelic XIX saukunis erT-erT mTavar kontrabandistad iqca. oRond, misi mTavari kontrabanduli saqoneli iyo ara sakvebi produqtebi, aramed aRmosavleT prusiaSi laTinuri SriftiT dabeWdili lietuvuri wignebi, romlebic aralegalurad Sehqonda lietuvaSi. man amiT gadaarCina lietuvuri kultura da TviTmyofadoba. XIX saukuneSi lietuvelebi da polonelebi orjer (1830-1831 da 1864 wlebSi) ajanydnen caristuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg, magram orive SemTxvevaSi damarcxdnen da represiebi ganicades. lietuvaSi erovnuli gamoRviZeba 1880-ian wlebSi daiwyo, rasac saTaveSi adgilobrivi inteligencia (maT Soris, samRvdeloebac) edga. am process TviTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis moTxovna mohyva. 1905 wels lietuva gaxda ruseTis pirveli provincia, romelmac avtonomia moiTxova. marTalia, maSin am ideam xorci ver Seisxa, magram caristuli ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda garkveul daTmobebze mainc wasuliyo – SemoiRes mSobliur enaze swavleba, neba darTes aeSenebinaT kaTolikuri eklesiebi da moixsna laTinuri anbanis gamoyenebis akrZalva. pirveli damoukidebloba I msoflio omis dasawyisSi lietuva germanelebma daikaves. mogvianebiT, roca daiSala am omSi CarTuli ori didi imperia – ruseTi da germania, dapyrobil patara erebs damoukideblobis mopovebis Sansi gauCndaT. am SansiT kargad isargebla lietuvamac – 1918 wlis 16 Tebervals sruli damoukidebloba gamoacxada (es TariRi yovelwliurad erovnuli damoukideblobis dRed aRiniSneba) da daiwyo axali etapi lietuvelebis cxovrebaSi.

vilniusis universiteti

lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

polonur-lietuvuri Tanamegobrobis mier moskovis aReba, ernst lisneris naxati iurgis belinisi (1846-1918)

samwuxarod, axal, ukve qveynis damoukideblobis periodSi bevri xelSemSeleli faqtori arsebobda. 1919 wels lietuva ibrZoda aseve axladCamoyalibebul poloneTTan, sadavo iyo q. vilniusis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. qalaqi xelidan xelSi gadadioda. 1920 wlis bolos, II msoflio omamde, poloneTma SeZlo vilniusisa da mimdebare teritoriebis dakaveba. lietuvas arasodes uTqvams uari sakuTar dedaqalaqsa da mimdebare teritoriebze. Tumca, misi mTavroba droebiT qveynis sididiT meore qalaq kaunasSi ganTavsda. imdroindeli lietuva ebrZoda rogorc bolSevikur ruseTs, ise regionSi germanuli gavlenis aRdgenas. 1919 wels axalgazrda respublikam SeZlo wiTeli armiis Setevis mogerieba. 1920 wlis 9 ivliss sabWoTa ruseTis liderma vl. leninma xeli moawera samSvidobo SeTanxmebas lietuvasTan, romelSic ruseTi „samudamod“ ambobda uars lietuvis teritoriebze da aRiarebda mis damoukideblobas.

1926 wels lietuvas saTaveSi Caudga antanas smetona, omebs Soris periodis lietuvis erTaderTi da ukanaskneli prezidenti, romelic 1940 wlamde „mtkice xeliT“ marTavda qveyanas. 1920-1940 wlebs Soris periodi lietuvisTvis xasiaTdeboda saxelmwifoebriobis swrafi aRmSeneblobiTa da progresiT. gatarda miwis reforma, gamyarda erovnuli valuta. lietuvelebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo, rom swored am periodSi daarsda axali skolebi da universitetebi, sadac swavleba lietuvur enaze mimdinareobda. Sedegad, qveyanaSi gaizarda wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa raodenoba, rac dadebiTad aisaxa yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. am periodSive Seiqmna axali Sedevrebi lietuvur literaturaSi (vincas krevemickeviCiusis „mefe mindaugasis sikvdili“, vincas mikolaitesis „sakurTxevlis Crdili“, kazis binkisis „asi gazafxuli“ da sxva), rac dRes ukve klasikuri lietuvuri literaturis kuTvnilebaa. lietuvelebisa da polonelebis 1830-1831 wlis ajanyeba

regioni

antanas smetona (1874-1944)

mravaljeradi okupacia 1939 wlis 23 agvistos stalinma da hitlerma sabWoTa kavSirsa da nacistur germanias Soris Tavdausxmelobis xelSekruleba gaaformes, romelic „molotov-ribentropis paqtis“ saxeliTacaa cnobili. xelSekrulebas Tan axlda saidumlo oqmi, romelic poloneTis, baltiis respublikebisa da evropis sxva teritoriebis erTmaneTSi gadanawilebas iTvaliswinebda. oqmis pirveli variantis mixedviT, lietuva germanuli gavlenis sferoSi xvdeboda. Tumca, imave wlis seqtemberSi igi sabWoTa kavSirs „gadauloces“. sabWoTa agresiamac ar daayovna. 1939 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoeTma lietuvas (aseve

vincas krevemickeviCiusi (1882-1954)

estoneTsa da latvias) Tavs moaxvia e.w. „Tavdausxmelobis paqti“, romlis mixedviTac moskovs eZleoda ufleba lietuvaSi hyoloda 20 000-kaciani samxedro garnizoni, Tumca lietuvas unarCundeboda suvereniteti. 1940 wlis 15 ivliss lietuva wiTeli armiiT gaivso – daaxloebiT 200 000-ma sabWoTa jariskacma gadalaxa sazRvari. smetonas mTavrobam winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver SeZlo da qveyana datova. sabWoelebma xelisuflebaSi komunisturi mTavroba moiyvanes. am marionetulma reJimma qveyana maleve, 3 agvistos, sabWoTa kavSirs „miuerTa“. SeerTebulma Statebma da bevrma sxva qveyanam ar cno lietuvis sabWoTa kavSirTan mierTebis kanoniereba.

lietuvis damoukideblobis aqtis xelmomwerTa foto

lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

molotov-ribentropis paqtis dadeba

wiTeli armia lietuvaSi

lietuvaSi sabWoTa mmarTvelobis SemoRebas radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi (politikuri partiebisa da kerZo sakuTrebis akrZalva, erovnuli valutis xelovnurad devalvacia, cxovrebis donis dacema da a.S.) da stalinuri terori (dakavebebi, daxvretebi, deportacia) mohyva. mxolod erT RameSi (1941 wlis 14-15 ivnisi) 30 000-ze meti lietuveli (umetesad yofili samxedroebi, policielebi, politikosebi, inteligencia da maTi ojaxis wevrebi) gadaasaxles cimbirSi. momdevno wlebSi cimbirSi kidev 200 000-ze meti lietuveli gaagzavnes.

nen iaraRs da imedovnebdnen, rom dasavleli mokavSireebi gamarjvebis Semdeg xels Seuwyobdnen lietuvis damoukideblobis aRdgenas.

1941 wlis 22 ivniss sabWoTa terori droebiT SeaCera germaniis Tavdasxmam sabWoTa kavSirze. meore dRes lietuvelma partizanebma kaunasi da vilniusi aiRes da lietuvis damoukideblobis aRdgena gamoacxades. magram germanelebma aq Zalian male sakuTari mmarTveloba daamyares da lietuveli patriotebi kvlav iatakqveSeTSi gadavidnen. isini beWdavdnen akrZalul gazeTebs, marTavdnen ekonomikur boikots, imaragebd-

nacistebi aTi aTasobiT lietuvels aiZulebdnen emsaxuraT germanul jarSi, gadasaxlebuliyvnen da emuSavaT germaniis qarxnebSi. gansakuTrebiT sastiki represiebi Seexo lietuvis ebraul Tems â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nacisturma brigadebma gaanadgures maTi daaxloebiT 90 procenti â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 200 000 ebraeli. sabWoTa jarebma lietuvis ganmeorebiTi okupacia moaxdines 1944 wlis zafxulSi, rodesac nacisturi germaniis jarebi ukan ixevdnen. qveynis srul sovetizacias xeli winaaRmdegobis moZraobam (lietuveli partizanebi) SeuSala, romelic SeiaraRebuli ibrZoda sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. saerTo jamSi, lietuvam 1940-1954 wlebs Soris, sabWoTa da nacisturi okupaciebis periodSi, 850 000-mde adamiani dakarga, anu sakuTari mosaxleobis daaxloebiT mesamedi. lietuvelebisTvis mZimea okupaciis periodis gaxseneba.

deportirebuli lietuvelebi

regioni sabWoTa sistema lietuvaSic iseTive iyo, rogoric sxvagan – komunistur partias hqonda absoluturi Zalaufleba da ekonomikis marTva iyo mkacrad centralizebuli. Zaladobrivi koleqtivizacia ganxorcielda 1947-1951 wlebSi. sabWoTa uSiSroebis Zalebi mZime terorSi amyofebdnen mosaxleobas, daiwyo cimbirSi mosaxleobis deportaciis axali talRebi. lietuvaSi, sabWoTa kavSirSi integrirebis mizniT, Caasaxles eTnikuri rusebi (Tumca, amas arasodes miuRia is masStabebi, rac latviasa da estoneTSi). represiebi Seexo kaTolike samRvdeloebasac – maTi TiTqmis mesamedi deportacias daeqvemdebara. gadasaxlebulTa nawilma stalinis sikvdilis (1953) Semdeg SeZlo samSobloSi dabruneba. zemoxsenebuli movlenebis gamo lietuvelebi arasodes yofilan loialurad ganwyobili axali sistemis mimarT. im periodis lietuvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis mxolod 18,4% iyo eTnikurad lietuveli. partia da, Sesabamisad, Zalaufleba eTnikurad rusebis xelSi iyo. lietuvelebma mxolod mogvianebiT daiwyes komunistur partiaSi gawevrianeba, isic im mizniT, rom kulturisa Tu ekonomikis sferoebSi kariera aewyoT. maT Soris, faqtobrivad, aravin yofila fanatikosi bolSeviki. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom lietuvaSi iatakqveSeTSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis moZraoba arasodes gamqrala. lietuveli disidentebi aqtiurad ibr-

lietuveli ebraeli patimrebi

1944-1953 wlebSi lietuveli partizanebi aqtiurad ibrZodnen sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. maTi saboloo mizani iyo qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgena. partizanebis saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT iyo 50 000 kaci, romelTa naxevarze meti am brZolas Seewira. lietuvis winaaRmdegobis moZraoba yovelTvis kargad iyo organizebuli. misi lideri iyo adolfas ramanauskasi, romelmac maswavleblobas Tavi daaneba da sabWoTa okupaciis winaaRmdeg dawyebul moZraobas Caudga saTaveSi (1956 wels igi Seipyres da daxvrites). mmarTvelobis centralizebuli sistema partizanebs saSualebas aZlevda efeqturi kontroli daemyarebinaT respublikis mTel rig raionebze. 1949 wels lietuvelma partizanebma qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenac ki gamoacxades. sabWoTa saxelmwifo Seubralebeli iyo partizanebisa da maTi ojaxebis mimarT – maTi nawili daxoces, nawili ki gadaasaxles. sabWoTa saxelmwifom SeZlo liderebis fizikuri ganadgureba. amis gamo 1953 wlis Semdeg lietuvelebma ZiriTadad Sewyvites SeiaraRebuli brZola, Tumca erTeulebi 1960-ian wlebSic ibrZodnen. dRes cocxalia ramdenime yofili partizani da maT qveyana didi pativiT epyroba.

lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

romas kalantas dakrZalvis Semdeg gamarTuli aqcia

Zodnen kaTolikuri eklesiis uflebebis dasacavad (lietuvis ssr sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali erTaderTi respublika iyo, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas kaTolikeebi Seadgendnen). 1970-ian wlebSi gaCnda araerTi disidenturi gamocema. maT Soris yvelaze gamorCeuli da regularuli iyo „lietuvis kaTolikuri eklesiis qronikebi“, romelic 20 weli ibeWdeboda aralegalurad da romelsac sabWoTa uSiSroebis samsaxurebma veraferi daakles. 1972 wlis 14 maiss 19 wlis romas kalantam q. kaunasSi sabWoTa reJimisadmi protestis niSnad benzini gadaisxa da Tavi daiwva. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxda kaunasis quCebSi jari gamoeyvana, radgan kalantas Tavganwirvas areuloba mohyva. axalgazrdis dakrZalvis Semdeg aTiaTasobiT adamiani Seikriba quCebSi, SeZaxilebiT – „Tavisufleba lietuvas!“ demonstrantebma ieriSi miitanes miliciis ganyofilebebsa da komunisturi partiis ofisebze. xelisuflebam saprotesto aqciebis CaxSoba mxolod

masobrivi represiebis gatarebis Semdeg SeZlo – daapatimres saprotesto gamosvlebSi monawile 402 piri. disidenturi moZraobis garda, aqtiuri iyo lietuvis inteligenciac (gansakuTrebiT, mwerlebi da xelovnebis muSakebi), romelic breJnevis periodisTvis (1964-1982) damaxasiaTebeli rusifikaciis fonze xSirad imaRlebda xmas mSobliuri enis, kulturisa da tradiciebis dasacavad. damoukideblobis aRdgena 1985 wels sabWoTa kavSirs saTaveSi Caudga mixeil gorbaCovi, romelmac daiwyo e.w. „perestroikis“ („gardaqmnis“) politika. am periodSi Serbilda zewola sabWoTa moqalaqeebze da maTac SedarebiT Riad daiwyes sakuTari survilebisa da moTxovnebis wamoyeneba. baltielma disidentebma 1987 wlidan daiwyes masobrivi saprotesto demonstraciebi. 1988 wlidan aseTive aqciebi daiwyo saqarTveloSic. 1988 wlis 3 ivniss lietuvaSi Camoyalibda organizacia „saiudisi“ (liet. „moZraoba“), romelic saTaveSi Caudga damoukideblobis moZraobas. organizaciis lideri gaxda zomieri konservatori, musikaTmcodneobis profesori vitautas landsbergisi (SemdgomSi axali lietuvis pirveli prezi-

romas kalanta (1953-1972)

regioni denti). aRsaniSnavia, rom „saiudisi“ saerTo erovnuli gaerTianeba iyo. masSi gawevrianebuli iyvnen lietuvis komunisturi partiis wevrebic. „saiudisTan“ aqtiurad TanamSromlobda lietuvis komunisturi partiis liderad arCeuli algirdas brazauskasic (SemdgomSi axali lietuvis meore prezidenti). am TanamSromlobis Sedegi iyo, rom lietuvelma komunistebmac aqtiurad dauWires mxari lietuvis damoukideblobas, xolo 1989 wels gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partias da social-demokratiuli stilis partiad Camoyalibdnen. 1989 wlis 23 agvistos baltiis respublikebma – estoneTma, latviam da lietuvam 680 km-iani cocxali jaWvi moawyves vilniusidan talinamde, romelSic daaxloebiT 2 milioni adamiani monawileobda. baltielebi erTad aprotestebdnen „ribentrop-molotovis paqts“ da moiTxovdnen warTmeuli damoukideblobis aRdgenas. baltiis Tavisuflebismoyvare erebma amgvarad erToblivad miawvdines xma civilizebul samyaros. samwuxarod, aseTi ram ver moxerxdeboda samxreT kavkasiaSi, radgan moskovis waqezebiT am dros erTmaneTs iaraRiT xelSi ukve ebrZodnen somxeTi da azerbaijani. 1990 wlis 11 marts lietuva iqca pirvel sabWoTa respublikad, romelmac sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis gadawyvetileba miiRo – misma parlamentma damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti gamoacxada. kremlma am gadawyvetilebis legitimuroba eWvqveS daayena da maleve blokadaSi moaqcia lietuva. blokadam ver gatexa es patara da amayi eri. igi ufro Seikra da erTsulovani gaxda Tavisuflebisken mimaval gzaze. 1991 wlis 9 ianvars sabWoTa kavSirma daiwyo specialuri daniSnulebis samxedro nawilebis Seyvana lietuvaSi, raTa bolo moeRo am qveynis axlad gamocxadebuli damoukideblobisTvis. kremls demokratiulad arCeuli lietuvis xelisuflebis Camogdeba da sabWoTa mmarTvelobis aRdgena surda.

„saiudisis“ logo

algirdas brazauskasi (1932-2010)

vitautas landsbergisi (dab. 1932)

lietuvis brZola TavisuflebisTvis

lietuvaSi SeWrilma sabWoTa specdaniSnulebis nawilebma maleve daikaves saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis umravlesoba. sapasuxod, aTi aTasobiT mSvidobiani lietuveli gamovida quCaSi damoukideblobis dasacavad. 13 ianvars sabWoTa jarma vilniusis teleanZaze ieriSi miitana, mSvidobian mosaxleobas, romelic teleanZas icavda, sabWoTa jarma cecxli gauxsna, rasac 14 mSvidobiani lietuvelis sicocxle Seewira, maTgan ors, romlebic win gadaudgnen sabWoTa Zalas, tankma gadauara. daWrilTa da daSavebulTa raodenobam 700-s gadaaWarba. mosaxleobam parlamentis dasacavad barikadebi aRmarTa. am barikadebis nawili dResac SemorCenilia parlamentis Senobis gverdiT. sabWoeTma parlamentis Sturmi veRar gabeda (rogorc Cans, didi msxverplis SeeSinda) da ukan daixia. rodesac am movlenis gamo dasavleTis qveynebma moskovis kritika daiwyes, am ukanasknelma Cveuli cinizmiT ganacxada, rom cecxli pirvelad demonstrantebma (romlebsac iaraRi ar hqoniaT!) gaxsnes. es movlenebi istoriaSi Sevida `vilniusis sisxliani kviris~ saxeliT da lietuvelebisTvis iseTive mniSvnelobisaa, rogorc CvenTvis 9 aprili. 1991 wlis agvistoSi moskovSi dawyebuli putCis Semdeg kidev ufro dasustda kremli da am fonze dasavleTis saxelmwifoebma baltiis respublikebis damoukideblobis aRiareba daiwyes.

13 ianvars gardacvlilTa dakrZalvis ceremonia

aRsaniSnavia, rom lietuva aseve iyo pirveli yofili sabWoTa respublika, romlis teritoria datoves rusma samxedroebma. bolo rusuli eSeloni qveynidan 1993 wlis 31 agvistos gavida. warmatebulad Catarebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri reformebis Semdeg, 2004 wels, lietuva gawevrianda natosa da evrokavSirSi da estoneTsa da latviasTan erTad iqca karg magaliTad yofili sabWoTa respublikebisTvis, romlebic cdiloben dasavlur samyarosTan integracias. lietuvam araerTxel daamtkica, rom TavisuflebisTvis brZolas yovelTvis aqvs azri.

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Sveulad 1. mdinare aSS-Si, md. misisipis marjvena Senakadi. 3. katisebrTa ojaxis didi mtacebeli ZuZumwovari cxoveli. 4. qaRaldis an qsovilis kideebze Semovlebuli zoli. 5. erTi da imave gvaris mefeebi, romlebic TanamimdevrobiT cvlian erTmaneTs taxtze naTesaobis da memkvidreobis uflebis safuZvelze. 6. ama Tu im damwerlobis garkveuli grafikuli formis niSanTa erToblioba, romelic iqmneba teqstis dasabeWdad. 8. ufleba an SesaZlebloba sakuTari Sexedulebis an survilis mixedviT moqcevisa. 9. gadat. saqmianobis sfero, sarbieli, asparezi. 10. didi moculobis prozauli nawarmoebi, romelsac axasiaTebs rTuli siuJeti. 12. cekvis xelovneba. 13. piri, romlis sakuTrebaSic gadadis gardacvlilis qoneba. 14. urwmuno, RmerTis uarmyofeli. 16. erTi saxeobis individTa didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli erToblioba. 17. gemze an xomaldze aRmarTuli vertikaluri Zeli, romelzec ialqania damagrebuli. 18. rameze sakuTari uflebis gamocxadeba, risame moTxovna; ukmayofilebis gamoxatva. 23. Sua saukuneebSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saxelmwifos nawili, monarqiuli warmonaqmni. 24. masobrivi komunikaciis beWdviTi an eleqtronuli saSualeba. 25. gerbTmcodneoba. 26. sawinaaRmdego, vinmesgan (raimesgan) sruliad gansxvavebuli. 27. sxvadasxva daniSnulebis marTkuTxa, mravalkuTxa an wriuli formis maRali nageboba. 30. Jurnalisti, romelic informacias redaqcias ama Tu im adgilidan awvdis. 34. raime saerTaSiriso organizaciis wevrTa saerTo kreba. 35. ebraelebis moZule. 36. miwis zedapirze an sivrceSi savalad moniSnuli zoli; mimarTuleba. 37. adamianTa Soris komunikaciis saSualeba. 38. visime cxovrebis aRwera. 41. mRvdlis ganieri da grZeli samosi. 42. jgufuri mecadineoba codnis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT. 44. SemoRobili adgili, saTavsi cxovelebisa da frinvelebisaTvis. 46. yvelaze saxelganTqmuli indieli meomari, apaCebis samxedro lideri. 48. msubuqi, uwyinari xasiaTis, odnav damcinavi damokidebuleba. 49. xis mokle da msxvili nawili. 50. raime ricxvis (erTeulis) erTi measedi nawili. 52. risame damzadebis wesi. gadat. risame miRwevis aprobirebuli wesi, raime formiT moqmedebis meTodi. 56. SuRli, mtroba 58. periodis xangrZlivoba cocxali organizmis dabadebis momentidan dRemde an drois nebismier sxva mocemul momentamde. 60. risame gagebis, gacnobis, Seswavlis survili; miswrafeba. 61. karCaketili sazogadoebrivi jgufi. 62. risame cvlis, ganviTarebis procesi. 63. erTgvarovani produqciis damoukidebel mwarmoebelTa gaerTianeba, romelic kisrulobs