My World #20 by Rondeli Foundation

2018

regioni somxeTi da somxebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ucnobi nacnobi

didi adamianebi

Turqizmisa da `didi Turanis~ istoriisaTvis

`ori samyaros~ gmiri da italiis gaerTianeba

rembrandt van reini

sporti

xelovneba

didi qarTvelebi

ilia vekua

rogor gaCnda nacizmi germaniaSi

istoria

ekonomika breton-vudsis institutebi da saqarTvelo

ideologia

saqarTvelo

sabWoTa memkvidreoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mTa adamianis gareSe

is `dinamo~ dRevandeli TvaliT

20 2018

nuxorcielebeli ocneba, fantazia. 51. dadgenil sazRvrebSi moqceuli zRvis an portis sivrce. 53. Tavad-aznaurTa erT-erTi umaRlesi titulis mqone piri dasavleT evropaSi. 55. sruli uwesrigoba, areuloba. 57. eleqtro- da radiokavSirgabmulobis saxeoba, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba cnobebis Sor manZilze swrafad gadacema. 58. didi sanTeli. 61. sisxlis Sededebis unaris dakargva. 65. XVII saukunis frangi mogzauri, romelmac Tavis `mogzaurobaSi~ vrclad aRwera sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi saqarTvelo. 66. CrdiloeT amerikaSi mobinadre ZroxisebrTa ojaxis wyvilCliqosani cxoveli. 68. mdinare Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTis teritoriaze. 69. mavne nivTiereba, romelic gamoiyofa naxSiris da sxva wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvisas.

TinaTin evdoSvili

arCil qiqoZe Tornike SaraSeniZe revaz gaCeCilaZe lado papava arCil CaCxiani ekaterine metreveli ilia TavTxeliZe nuca ciciSvili anri zedania

4. saTamaSo baraTebis dasta, romelsac aseve iyeneben fokusebSi, pasiansebsa da mkiTxaobaSi. 5. wylis saRebavebiT daxatuli suraTi axlad Selesil (jer kidev svel) kedelze, Werze. 8. calkeuli pirebis an jgufebis mier sxvadasxva mizniT/mizeziT sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla. 10. adamianebis koleqtivi, romelic erTad cxovrobs, Sromobs da qonebac saerTo aqvs. 11. eleqtruli muxtebis moZraoba. 12. ama Tu im qveynis (raionis da misT.) sameurneo cxovreba, meurneobis mdgomareba. 14. erTi nivTierebis atomebis an molekulebis TandaTanobiT SeRweva meore nivTierebis atomebis (molekulebis) SualedebSi maTi Tburi moZraobis Sedegad. 15. kulturebis gaerTianeba, imgvari Serwyma, rodesac warmoiSoba erTi, araerovnuli, kosmopolituri, globaluri kultura. 17. sxvadasxvagvari komponentebis meqanikuri SeerTeba, uwesrigo naerTi. 18. gardaqmna, saxecvlileba. 19. pirovnebis arsebiTi, ganuyofeli da ZiriTadi meoba. 22. iaponeli mwerali, axali iaponuri literaturis klasikosi. 24. raimes an vinmes komikurad/satirulad gamosaxva. 25. samefo sajiniboebis ufrosi Zvel saqarTveloSi. 27. erTgvari sastumro, sadac meqaravneebi isvenebdnen da savaWro saqonelsac abinavebdnen. 29. ruseTis imperiis didi reformatori da saxelmwifo moRvawe. ruseTis imperiis premier-ministri 1906-1911 wlebSi. 30. sxvadasxva saxis iaraRis gamocdis, aseve sabrZolo wvrTnisTvis gankuTvnili specialurad aRWurvili adgili. 32. istoriuli mxare dasavleT saqarTveloSi, dRevandeli galis teritoriaze. 36. meryeoba, cvalebadoba. 38. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebaTa gamoZiebis specialisti, maZebari. 39. erT-erTi saukeTeso sastumro TbilisSi XX saukunis dasawyisSi. 40. Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis erTguli, Tavdadebuli adamiani. 42. navsadguri. 44. muSaobis, moZraobis dros mowyobilobis, manqanis, meqanizmis dazianeba. 45. saSineli ambavi, ubeduri SemTxveva. 47. amerikis dasavleT StatebSi gamarTuli Sejibreba, sadac qauboebi sakuTar ostatobas aCveneben. 49. drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi warmoebuli produqtebis erToblioba. 52. mecnierebis, xelovnebis, warmoebis damoukidebeli sfero. 54. guriaSi SemorCenili meRvineobasTan da nayofierebasTan dakavSirebuli rituali. 56. qveynis fuladi erTeuli (qaRaldis fuli, moneta). 59. adgili, sadac sasargeblo namarxi, kerZod, madneuli moipoveba. 60. viqtor hiugos cnobili romani. 62. zoomorfuli droSa svaneTSi. 63. monarqi, imperiis umaRlesi xelisufali. 64. drois xangrZlivi monakveTi, romelic xasiaTdeba RirsSesaniSnavi movleniT. 67. warweraTmcodneoba. 70. sxva produqtis (sagnis) arasrulfasovani Semcvleli. 71. samxedro-sazRvao flotis gemebis didi SenaerTi. 72. bolSevikebis mier Seqmnili da sagangebo uflebamosilebebiT aRWurvili xelisuflebis droebiTi organo. 73. omi sarwmunoebisTvis, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;saRvTo omiâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, muslimebis erT-erTi religiuri movaleoba. 74. sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexedulebebis gamomxatveli masobrivi msvleloba. 75. marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi mRvdelmTavarTa krebuli, romelsac patriarqi Tavmjdomareobs.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: juzepe garibaldi, ilustracia statiisTvis: `ori samyaros~ gmiri da italiis gaerTianeba

1. laso 2. Samili 4. arRani 6. oratori 7. gimnazia 9. adaptacia 10. muxambazi 12. debati 14. farmakologia 17. manifesti 19. konsolidacia 20. maqinacia 21. dasi 23. xarazi 25. ierarqia 27. iniciativa 28. haushoferi 30. konservatizmi 31. nukleotidi 32. hirohito 37. mutacia 38. yaraCoxeli 42. verdi 44. aSpaSxana 46. inovacia 47. refugiumi 49. viqtoria 54. Timini 56. cukuba 58. oSima 59. fermenti 61. traqtiri 62. kolti 63. reforma 65. lordi 66.hangi 67. Temi 70. geni

3. saga 5. nostalgia 8. garibaldi 11. dizraeli 12. doSluRi 13. konfliqti 15. maraqa 16. artemisi 18. zaarbriukeni 20. metafora 22. materiki 24. pastori 26. diliJansi 29. noraSeni 33. vesterni 34. diversifikacia 35. idea 36. ueini 39. rezervacia 40. savarguli 41. apologeti 43. hetera 45. pietizmi 48. saiaTnova 50. vila 51. li 52. prologi 53. Serifi 55. seleqcia 57. dagerotipia 60. infrastruqtura 63. rasizmi 64. barbarosa 68. afrodite 69. doqtrina 70. gildia 71. strategia 72. qartia 73. optimizmi 74. besiki

20 / 2018

saqarTvelo arCil qiqoZe sabWoTa memkvideoba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mTa adamianis gareSe

ideologia

Tornike SaraSeniZe rogor gaCnda nacizmi germaniaSi regioni revaz gaCeCilaZe somxeTi da somxebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ucnobi nacnobi ekonomika lado papava breton-vudsis institutebi da saqarTvelo istoria arCil CaCxiani Turqizmisa da `didi Turanis~ istoriisaTvis didi adamianebi ekaterine metreveli `ori samyaros~ gmiri da italiis gaerTianeba

didi qarTvelebi ilia TavxeliZe ilia vekua

xelovneba nuca ciciSvili rembrandt van reini sporti anri zedania is `dinamo~ dRevandeli TvaliT

saqarTvelo

sabWoTa memkvidreoba –

mTa adamianis gareSe

arCil qiqoZe

saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa. Cveni qveynis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze qarTuli saxelmwifo xan dRevandelze didi iyo, xanac – patara. mas hqonda aRmavlobis da dacemis periodebi, misi sazRvrebi icvleboda, magram, rogorc wesi, icvleboda samxreTis da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, xolo dasavleTiT – Savi zRva da CrdiloeTiT – kavkasionis mTebi mudmivad iyo Cveni bunebrivi sazRvari. qarTvelebis ZiriTadi samkvidro samxreTi kavkasiaa, magram Cveni mTielebi cxovrobdnen da cxovroben kavkasionis wyalgamyofi qedis CrdiloeTiTac. piriqiTa xevsureTi, xevi da TuSeTi es is patara da Cveni qveynisTvis umniSvnelovanesi kuTxeebia, romlebic geografiulad CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mdebareobs. aq mcxovrebi qarTveli mTielebis istoriuli misia Cveni qveynis sazRvrebis dacva iyo. Tuki CrdiloeTidan mosuli mteri kavkasionis qedze romelime uReltexiliT amovidoda, maSin igi sul advilad, winaaRmdegobis gareSe daeSveboda dabla, amitom saWiro iyo am uReltexilebisken mimavali viwro xeobebis Caketva. mTielebi Cveni qveynis CrdiloeT karibWeebis mcvelebi iyvnen. aseTi karibWe iyo darialis viwro da Rrma kanioni, romelsac imgvari geografia aqvs, rom adamianTa mcire jgufs sul advilad SeuZlia gacilebiT didi raodenobis mtris Sekaveba. qarTvel mefeebs es kargad esmodaT, amitomac yvelanairad xels uwyobdnen qarTveli mTielebis kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobebze Casaxlebas da iq damagrebas. amave dros, Znelbedobis Jams, es miuvali xeobebi da Temebi araerTxel gamxdara Cveni devnili monarqebis TavSesafari. miuvali mTa da misi Svilebi araerTxel movlenia bars mxsnelad, gavixsenoT Tundac 1659 wlis baxtrionis ajanyeba, rodesac mTidan zvaviviT Camosulma xevsurebma, fSavlebma da TuSebma mTeli alaznis veli erT dReSi gawmindes dampyroblisgan.

mTa adamianis gareSe

1801 wels saqarTveloSi rusebi Semovidnen da Cveni qveynis aneqsia moaxdines, jer qarTl-kaxeTis samefo daipyres, mere ki dasavleT saqarTveloSic gadavidnen da Tanmimdevrulad gaauqmes imereTis samefo, samegrelos da afxazeTis samTavroebi... rusebi mTebSic avidnen da sakuTari dauwereli adaTebiT mcxovreb mTielebs maTTvis absoluturad ucxo kanonebi moaxvies Tavs, rac saerTo iyo mTeli uzarmazari imperiis mosaxleobisTvis. gansakuTrebiT mZime uReli da begara daawvaT moxeveebs da mTiulebs, maT, vinc saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze cxovrobdnen. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg pirveli ajanyeba swored mTaSi, mTiuleTSi, moxda 1805 wels. es ajanyebac, sxvaTa msgavsad, sisxlSi CaaxSves.

vaJa-fSavela da aleqsandre yazbegi

darialis xeobis damcveli moxeveebi

mTielebis da imperiuli ruseTis konfliqti yvelaze kargad am ambebis Tanamedroves da lamis Tanamonawiles, aleqsandre yazbegs, aqvs aRwerili Tavis patara, tragikul moTxrobebSi. rodesac 1918 wels saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova, Cveni mTielebi isev iaraRiT xelSi dadgnen mis sadarajoze. Cven gvqonda damoukideblobis samad sami weli, romelic sabolood azerbaijanis mxridan mosulma bolSevikurma me-11 armiam daasamara, magram dRes cotas Tu axsovs, rom mTeli sami wlis manZilze bolSevikebs araerTi mcdeloba hqondaT saqarTveloSi CrdiloeTidan, darialis xeobiT, SemoWriliyvnen, magram iq gamagrebulma moxeve mesazRvreebis patara jgufma araerTxel ukuaqcia mteri. mTielebma winaaRmdegoba mxolod maSin Sewyvites, rodesac ambavi movida, rom dedaqalaqi ukve dacemuli iyo da Tbilisis Tavze wiTeli droSa frialebda. moxeveebi dRemde amayoben imiT, rom maTma winaprebma sazRvari ar daTmes. swored am gautexeli winaaRmdegobis mere gaCnda xevSi cota qedmaRluri sadRegrZelo: jer moxeveebs gagvimarjos da mamre cxo yartayurta qarTvelebsao! ruseTis imperia kidev ufro daundobelma sabWoTa imperiam Caanacvla. aqve vityvi, rom nebismieri imperiisTvis mTa mudam iyo Tavis tkivili. mTaSi advilia daimalo, damalo iaraRi, mTaSi kanoni ufro sustia, vidre barSi. mTaSi mTavari kanoni stumarmaspinZlobaa, mTieli stumars arasodes gayidis, Tundac es stumari saxelmwifosgan devnili iyos. XX saukunis ocian wlebSi fSavlebs da xevsurebs Zalian Zvirad daujdaT bolSevikebis dauZinebeli mtris â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qaquca Co-

saqarTvelo loyaSvilis da misi razmis maspinZloba. mogvianebiT bolSevikebma dasajes yvela, vinc ki patriotTa SeiaraRebul razms ifarebda, gaanadgures mTis saukeTeso Svilebi, maT Soris, vaJa-fSavelas vaJi levan razikaSvilic... Tuki damoukidebeli saqarTvelosTvis mTa da misi Svilebi saimedo dasayrdeni iyo, sabWoTa imperiisTvis xelis SemSlel faqtors warmoadgenda, Tanac, Tuki baris saqarTveloSi Tavisuflebis idea Cakles, mTaSi es idea jer kidev Rvioda. dRes ukve cnobilia werili, romelic xevsurebma amerikis prezidents misweres da sadac autaneli bolSevikuri uRlisgan ganTavisuflebisTvis sTxovdnen daxmarebas. iaraRi ara gvaqvs, magram mzad varT xmlebiT da xanjlebiT vibrZoloT TavisuflebisTviso, â&#x20AC;&#x201C; swelevan razikaSvili ren xevsurebi amerikis prezidents, romlis (1887-1923) arc saxeli ician da arc gvari... es Zalian sevdiani ambavia. amerikeli turisti, romelsac xevsurebma werili prezidentTan wasaRebad gadasces, sinamdvileSi maTTan migzavnili `Cekas~ agenti iyo. werilis avtorebi daapatimres, nawili daxvrites da nawili Soreul cimbirSi gadaasaxles, saidanac arc erTi dabrunebula...

samanelebi

mTa adamianis gareSe

rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri meore msoflio omSi Caeba, bevrma qarTvelma imedis Tvali miapyro kavkasiis karibWesTan mosul germanul jars. 1942 wels TuSeTSi moxda sabWoTa xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego ajanyeba, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda axalgazrda niWieri poeti adam bobRiaSvili (literaturuli fsevdonimi – adam alvaneli), mis garSemo Seikriba SeTqmulTa jgufi, romlebmac sakuTar Tavs `samanelebi~ uwodes. saidumlo organizaciis dasaxeleba `samani~ amgvarad iSifreboda – `saqarTvelosTvis mebrZoli axalgazrda nacionalisti~. am organizaciis moRvaweoba dRemde araerTgvarovnad aris Sefasebuli da kamaTis sagania. maT sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs is, CeCnebis da inguSebis deportacia rom miznis misaRwevad samanelebi sastik meTodebs iyenebdnen, xolo sakuTar mokavSired nacisturi germania warmoedginaT. samanelTa momxreebs ki argumentad is mohyavT, rom maTi erTaderTi mizani da sanatreli ocneba samSoblos dampyrobeli ruseTisgan gaTavisufleba iyo da axalgazrda TuSebs TiTqmis aranairi warmodgena ar hqondaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra iyo sinamdvileSi nacizmi. samanelebs mokavSireebi hyavdaT xevsureTSi, CeCneTsa da TbilisSic ki, magram organizacia gasces. daiwyo masobrivi dapatimrebebi da samanelebma TuSeTs Seafares Tavi. aq maT bevri momxre hyavdaT, bevric gadaibires, nawili – muqariT da nawili – agitaciiT. mTeli zamTris manZilze moaxerxes sabWoTa razmebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, magram maTi ideis mowinaaRmdegeebisadmi didi sisastikec gamoiCines. sabolood germaniis jarebi TuSeTSi ar gamoCenilan, samanelebma ver moaxerxes CeCneTSi gadasvla da iq sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg mebrZol CeCen partizanebTan SeerTeba. samanelTa liderebis nawili sabWoTa razmebma brZolaSi gaanadgures, nawili ki daapatimres da daxvrites.

moxeve qali fardags qsovs

TuSi qalebi

saqarTvelo meore msoflio omis droindelma am movlenebma etyoba sabolood daarwmuna sabWoTa xelisufleba, rom mTis da mTielebis ndoba ar SeiZleboda. jer kidev omis msvlelobisas stalinis brZanebiT kavkasiidan ramdenime eTnikuri jgufi gadaasaxles. Tanamedrove adamianisTvis am tragediis masStabebi Znelad warmosadgenia iseve, rogorc Znelad warmosadgenia, rogor SeiZleba vinmes, Tundac tiranis, TavSi msgavsi idea daibados, magram faqtia – stalini ase azrovnebda da asrulebda kidec Canafiqrs. erT dRe-RameSi mTeli erebis ayra, satvirTo vagonebSi Serekva da Soreul Sua aziaSi gadasaxleba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. inguSebi, CeCnebi, yaraCaelebi, balyarelebi – Crdilokavkasieli es xalxebi erT dReSi gauyenes Soreul gzas, visi gadaadgilebac Se-

uZlebeli iyo, daxoces. igive bedi ewiaT Turq mesxebs samxreT saqarTveloSi da yirimel TaTrebs yirimSi. Cvens mTas msgavsi ram ar Sexebia, im jerze gadavrCiT, magram daaxloebiT 9 wlis Semdeg, 1953 wels ganviTarebuli movlenebi naklebad dramatuli, Tumca didi zianis momtani aRmoCnda Cveni qveynisTvis. am wels xevsurebi ZaliT Carekes barSi. erT dReSi daacarieles Cveni qveynis erTerTi yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani kuTxe – xevsureTi. damiznebuli Tofebis qveS, gafrTxilebis da momzadebis gareSe ayares Tavisuflebis moyvare mTis Svilebi da barSi gadaasaxles. mizezi – isev undobloba da siZulvili mTisa, romlis bolomde gakontroleba veravin SeZlo. isini masob-

TuSi da saxate ludis qvabi

mTa adamianis gareSe

rivad daasaxles xriok, dacemul velebze Tbilisis maxloblad, sofel gamarjvebaSi da dedofliswyaros raionSi, Siraqis velze. adgilebSi, romlebsac araviTari emociuri da geografiuli kavSiri ar hqondaT mTasTan. Cveni mTis meore unikaluri tomi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TuSebi iZulebiT ar CamouyvaniaT barad, maT saamiso pirobebi Seuqmnes. imave periodSi, roca xevsurebis gadasaxleba moxda, TuSeTSi aikrZala xvna-Tesva im sababiT, rom saxnav-saTesi miwebi cxvris saZovrebad unda gadaqceuliyo. amis mere TuSebis bedi gadawyvetili iyo. 1657 wels baxtrionis ajanyebaSi gmiruli monawileobisTvis TuSebi kaxeTSi, alaznis velze, miwebiT daajildoves kaxeTis mefeebma. mas mere es xalxi organ cxovrobda mTasa da barSi, xolo cxvari zamTrobiT Siraqis velze daudioda. magram TuSeTSi mainc iyo mkvidri mosaxleobis nawili, romelic mTeli wlis manZilze mTaSi rCeboda. xvna-Tesvis akrZalvis Semdeg TuSeTis meurneoba veRar iqneboda TviTkmari, rasac, xelisuflebis azriT, maTi barSi migracia unda gamoewvia da asec moxda.

Suri soflebis Tavze aucileblad SeatyobT, rom mTebs ucnauri, safexurebis msgavsi, reliefi aqvs. es adamianis xeliT Seqmnili terasebia, sadac xorbleuli kulturebi, Wvavi da qeri, iTeseboda. ormocdaaTiani wlebis mere es adgilebi saZovrebad iqca. sabWoTa kavSiris xelisufleba, adamianebis msgavsad, arc bunebas ufrTxildeboda da sastik eqspluatacias uwevda. gegmis gadaWarbebiT Sesruleba nebismier fasad... da mniSvneloba ar hqonda gegma qarxanaSi iyo Sesasrulebeli Tu soflad. Cvens mTielebs yovelTvis hyavdaT cxvari, magram xelisuflebam gadawyvita, rom aRmosavleT kavkasionis mTebSi imaze met cxvars unda eZova, vidre odesme, imaze mets, vidre amis warmodgena SeiZleboda da imaze mets, vidre alpur saZovrebs SeeZlo aetana.

moxeve qali karaqs dRvebs

mTaSi mogzaurobisas, Tuki odnav dakvirvebuli Tvali gaqvT, xevsuruli da Tu-

saqarTvelo mTaSi mogzaurobisas kidev erT rames daakvirdiT – ferdobebs, romlebic xramebadaa gadaqceuli da saxifaTod dauRiaT piri. saerTod, saqarTveloSi eroziuli reliefi metad farTodaa gavrcelebuli. gamomwvevi mizezi bevria – geologiuri procesebi, qaris moqmedeba, xeebis gaCexva, araswori morwyva, naleqis siWarbe Tu Tovlis dnobis intensivoba. amas emateba Warbi Zoveba – niadagis saxifaTo moZraobas balaxis ganadgureba uwyobs xels. aseTi pirdaRebuli ferdobebis sanaxavad Sors wasvla ar gWirdebaT, naTeli magaliTi saqarTvelos samxedro gzaze, mTiuleTSia. sofel mleTis Tavze mTeli midamo Rvarcof da mewyersaSiS xramebadaa qceuli. miwa mudmivad moZraobs, dabla micocavs da istoriul sofels walekviT, mosaxleobas ki daRupviT emuqreba. aseTi bunebrivi pirobebis gamoa aucilebeli mTasTan gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT moqceva, radgan zedmeti Careva da gadaWarbebuli saqmianoba kidev ufro azaxevsureTi, muco ralebs Cvens bunebas. amgvar suraTs kavkasionze bevrgan naxavT, magram davubrundeT xalxisgan daclil mTian kuTxeebs. mTaSi cxovreba ar aris ioli. qalaqeli adamiani mTaSi ZiriTadad zafxulSi xvdeba, roca alpuri mdeloebi yvavis, roca dRisiT iq siTboa, magram sakmarisia amindi gafuWdes, rom mogzaurma sakuTar Tavze gamocados mTis bunebis simkacre. axla warmoidgineT cxovreba sofelSi, romelic naxevari wlis manZilze gzas da civilizacias aris mowyvetili, sadac mTeli weli civi zamTrisTvis mzadebaSi gadis, sadac Tibvac, xvnac da Tesvac adamians cicabo ferdobebze uwevs. es umZimesi Sromaa, romelsac bavSvobidan eCvevian. mTaSi yvelaze did sircxvilad simsuqne iTvleboda, rac sizarmacis da uqnarobis niSani iyo. sakmarisia mTielma kacma ramdenime weli barad gaataros, rom mTaSi Tavis gatanis da gadarCenis unari dakargos. stalinis brZanebiT ki mTielebis mTeli Taoba CamoaSores mSobliur garemos. mogvianebiT, roca reJimi ukve aRar iyo iseTi Zlieri da saSiSi, xevsurebis da TuSebis naTuSeTi

mTa adamianis gareSe

wili daubrunda TavTavianT soflebs, magram es mxolod mcire nawili iyo da maT aRar aRudgeniaT tradiciuli meurneoba. mTam dakarga TviTkmaroba, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom iq mcxovreb adamians Tavad mohyavs yvelaferi, rac sicocxlisTvis sWirdeba. amieridan mTa barze damokidebuli gaxda. daclili soflebi aRarasdros aRdgenila pirvandeli saxiT. Zveli mosaxleobis aTi procentic ki ar asula ukan. samocdaaTian wlebSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebam garkveuli nabijebi gadadga mTis xelaxla dasasaxleblad. gamocxadda programa momxibvleli dasaxelebiT: `mTas daubrundes mTieli!~ am programis farglebSi TuSeTSi aiyvanes samanqano gza, xevsureTis or sofelSi, Satilsa da gudanSi, adgilobrivebs komfortuli saxlebi auSenes, Tanac ise, rom soflebis istoriuli wyoba da ieri ar dazaralebula. sxvaTa Soris, am saxlebma or xsenebul sofelSi mosaxleoba metad SeinarCuna, vidre danarCen xevsureTSi, magram es yvelaferi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. barSi gazrdil Taobas mTis mZime pirobebi aRar xiblavda. mTis dacla gagrZelda da dReisTvis katastrofuli Sedegebi gamoiRo. kvavlo, TuSeTi

Cven xSirad vaxsenebT sabWoTa mZime memkvidreobas, TiTqos gagviwyalda kidec es sityvaTa SeTanxmeba, magram sinamdvileSi memkvidreoba kidev ufro mZimea, vidre es SeiZleba erTi SexedviT Candes da Zalian savalaloa is mTaSi, sadac yvelaferi ufro mowyvladia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bunebisTvis da adamianisTvis miyenebuli Wriloba aq gacilebiT Znelad xorcdeba. moxeve qalebi

moxeveebi soflis salocavTan

ideologia

rogor gaCnda nacizmi germaniaSi

Tornike SaraSeniZe

germanuli nacizmi is fenomenia, romelmac ara mxolod uamravi adamiani Seiwira da araerT Taobas daumaxinja cxovreba, aramed bevrisaTvis dRemde bolomde auxsneli rCeba. rogor moxda ise, rom nacizmi gaCnda germaniaSi, qveyanaSi, romelmac amdeni SesZina civilizacias da progress da romelic dRevandel evropaSic ki samagaliToa, rogorc ara mxolod Zalian ganviTarebuli, aramed Zalian humanuri qveyana, sadac kars uReben ltolvilebs, sadac praqtikulad ar aris korufcia da sadac saxelmwifo yvelafers akeTebs, rom TiToeul adamians hqondes Rirseulad cxovrebis saSualeba. albaT, SedarebiT ioli asaxsnelia, rogor gaimarjva komunizmma ruseTSi, romelsac realurad arasodes hqonia demokratia da romelic arasodes yofila bolomde evropuli qveyana.

nacizmi germaniaSi

Sve de Ti

no rv egi a

fineTi

irlandia

Ti one est

CrdiloeTis latvia

zRva dania

litva sabWoTa

holandia

kavSiri

didi britaneTi

atlantis okeane

be l gi a

poloneTi

germania

Cex os lo vak ia

safrangeTi

avstria

Sveicaria

ungreTi

espaneTi

korsika elba

iugoslavia

va R z

sardinia

xmelTaSua zRva sicilia

Savi zRva bulgareTi

saberZne T

it al ia

is ik t ia r ad

po rt ug al ia

rumineTi

TurqeTi

afrika

iohan gotlib fixte (1762-1814) pirveli naperwkali

yvelaferi, albaT, imiT daiwyo, rom 1806 wels prusia sastikad damarcxda napoleonis safrangeTTan omSi. es ar iyo ubralod omis wageba, es iyo erovnuli sircxvili da katastrofa. omis dawyebidan ramdenime dReSi prusiis ori uzarmazari armia or sxvadasxva brZolaSi erTdroulad damarcxda frangebTan, ris Sedegadac sul male (omis dawyebidan or kviraSi!) mowinaaRmdegem prusiis mTeli teritoria daikava. omis ase sastikad wageba ukve Zalian mZimea, magram prusielebisaTvis es yvelaferi ormagad mZime aRmoCnda, radgan maT sakuTari jari evropaSi saukeTesod miaCndaT da isini arafers uTmobdnen iseT did yuradRebas rogorc jars â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qveynis yvelaze saamayo da yvelaze saWiro instituts. Sedegad katastrofas mohyva ara mxolod didZali teritoriebis dakargva da didZali gadasaxadi, aramed sruli uimedoba da sasowarkveTileba. rogorc aseT dros xSirad xdeba xolme, gamoCndnen patrioti da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebmac gadawyvites eri gamoefxizlebinaT da misTvis momavlis imedi CaesaxaT. XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi swored amas akeTebdnen ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli da prusiasac ase gamouCndnen inteleqtualuri liderebi, romlebic cdilobdnen xalxisaTvis CaegonebinaT, rom odesme prusia aucileblad daaRwevda Tavs frangebis monobas (iseve, rogorc saqarTvelo daaRwevda Tavs ruseTs). prusielebSi aseTebs Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda cnobili filosofosi fixte, romelic eris gamofxizlebis mcdelobisas erTob Sors wavida da gamoacxada, rom misi xalxi (ara prusielebi, aramed mTlianad germanelebi) yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo da gacilebiT meti SeeZlo, vidre, magaliTad, romanul erebs (maT Soris, frangebs) da rom, saerTodac, `namdvili eri~, rogorc aseTi, swored germanelebs SeeZloT SeeqmnaT. swored aq gaCnda germanuli nacizmis pirveli naperwkali, gaesva ra xazi germanelebis gansakuTrebul upiratesobas sxvebTan SedarebiT. napoleonTan damarcxebas kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva. prusielebma TavianTi Secdomebi gaiazres da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis reformirebas mihyves xeli. amis Sedegi iyo, rom naxevar saukuneSi maT evropaSi (da, Sesabamisad, mTel msoflioSi) uZlieresi SeiaraRebuli jari hyavdaT, romelmac (bismarkis brwyinvale diplomatiasTan erTad) didi wvlili Seitana prusiis mier germaniis gaerTianebis saqmeSi. erTiani germania prusiis modelze aewyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; jars aqac

ideologia gamorCeuli adgili eWira; arc fixtes ideebi gamqrala – ufro metic, eris warmatebebiT (warmateba ki bevri iyo, dawyebuli 1870 wels safrangeTis damarcxebiT da gagrZelebuli evropaSi arnaxuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT) Tavbrudaxveuli germaneli filosofosebi da mwerlebi axali SemarTebiT alaparakdnen germanelebis gamorCeulobaze. Tomas manic ki, romelic mogvianebiT nacizmis erT-erT yvelaze Seurigebel mowinaaRmdeged iqca, XX saukunis dasawyisSi germanul sulsa da inteleqts adidebda da germanelTa gamorCeul misiaze werda. Tomas manis aseTi gamosvlebis fonze gasakviri ar aris, rom germaneli samxedroebi sulac imaze werdnen, rom germanias, rogorc kacobriobis `sulier da inteleqtualur liders~, valdebuleba hqonda sxva qveynebi daepyro. ase mivida germania XX saukunis Tavis pirvel katastrofamde – pirvel msoflio omamde.

imperatori vilhelm II (1888 -1918)

Tomas mani (1875-1955)

katastrofa da damcireba

1914 wels germanias ara mxolod msoflioSi uZlieresi jari hyavda, aramed ekonomiurad erT-erTi uZlieresi qveyanac iyo. ekonomikis wyalobiT germaniis gavlena swrafad izrdeboda da, wesiT, mas omi araferSi sWirdeboda. magram, rogorc cnobilia, qveyana mainc gaexvia omSi – germaniis maSindeli imperatoris araTanmimdevruli da axirebuli xasiaTis, germaneli diplomatebis uTavobis, metoqe saxelmwifoebTan gaCenili undoblobisa da, ubralod, movlenaTa absurduli da tragikuli ganviTarebis gamo ver moxerxda omis Tavidan acileba, romelmac Seiwira imperiebi, milionobiT adamiani da sabolood moitana XX saukunis ori Wiri – nacizmi da komunizmi. rogorc ukve vTqviT, germanias omi, wesiT, araferSi sWirdeboda, magram amis miuxedavad, omis dawyebas germaneli xalxi arnaxuli sixaruliT Seegeba. qalaqebSi sazeimo msvlelobebi imarTeboda, romlis monawileebic gahyvirodnen, rom dadga sanatreli dro, rom bolos da bolos germaneli xalxi moipovebda misTvis kuTvnil adgils, daamarcxebda ra Tavis mtrebs! es, albaT, kargad metyvelebs germanelTa maSindel sulier mdgomareobaze. momavali oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi germaniis jarma viTomdac fenomenalur warmatebebs miaRwia. germanelebma orjer lamis aiRes parizi da mTeli omis

nacizmi germaniaSi

pirveli msoflio omis germanuli posterebi

germaneli jariskacebi ruseTSi

ganmavlobaSi safrangeTis teritoriis sakmaod didi nawili ekavaT. ruseTi sastikad daamarcxes, uzarmazari teritoriebi waarTves da samarcxvino zavzec moawerines xeli. magram am warmatebebs, saboloo jamSi, aranairi fasi ar hqonda, radgan germanelma samxedroebma am warmatebebiT isargebles, sruli kontroli daamyares qveynis sagareo politikaze da uamravi ugunuroba Caidines (sagareo politika diplomatebis saqmea da iseve ver itans samxedroebis Carevas, rogorc omi ver itans diplomatebisa da politikosebis Carevas). konkretulad, maT ramdenjerme Tqves uari dazavebaze, radgan verafriT warmoedginaT, rom germanias didZal axal teritoriebs ar SemouerTebdnen. bolos ki imdeni `moaxerxes~, rom germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi amerikac ki CarTes, rac sabolood gadamwyveti faqtori aRmoCnda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1918 wels germania gamoifita da aSkara gaxda, rom omis gagrZelebis Tavi aRar hqonda maSin, roca mis mowinaaRmdegeebs amerikelTa wyalobiT Zalebi ematebodaT. germania iZulebuli gaxda dazaveba eTxova, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis teritoriaze mowinaaRmdegeebs fexic ki ar daudgamT. dazaveba ki metad mZime gamodga. mokavSireebma germanias daaTmobines floti, mZime SeiaraReba da qveyana blokadaSi moaqcies, romelic manam ar moxsnes, sanam germaniis parlamentma dazavebis SeTanxmeba ar daamtkica. manamde ki blokadiT gamowveul SimSilobas milionamde germaneli emsxverpla, ramac, cxadia, erSi arnaxuli guliswyroma gaaCina. ratom unda daxociliyvnen SimSiliT germanelebi, romelTac omis dros teritoria ar daukargavT da aqeT iTxoves mSvidoba?! qveyanaSi areuloba da qaosi iyo, bevrgan ajanyebebic ki daiwyo, romelTa ukan komunistebi idgnen.

ideologia am tragedias isic daemata, rom im periodisaTvis xelisuflebas saerTod CamoSordnen samxedroebi, romelTa sworxazovnebam qveyana saboloo damarcxebamde miiyvana. amerikis prezidentma uilsonma ganacxada, rom igi `omis gamCaReblebTan~ saqmes ar daiWerda da Sedegad xelisufleba samoqalaqoebma gadaibares (imperatori gadadga da male qveynidanac gaiqca), romelTac omis gaCaRebasTan saerTo TiTqmis araferi hqondaT, magram, samagierod, umZimes samSvidobo SeTanxmebebze xelis moweris gamo risxva swored maT daatydaT Tavs. samxedroebmac mSvenivrad isargebles amiT da omis wageba `Ralats~, marqsistebsa da ebraelebs daabrales. ebraelebze yvelafris gadabralebis tradicia evropaSi didi xnis win damkvidrda – odesRac maT ase daabrales Savi Wiris gavrceleba da monRolTa Semoseva. hitleris siZulvili ebraelTa mimarT (romelic mere TiTqmis mTelma germanelma erma aitaca) upirvelesad swored am `Ralatis~ miTiT aixsneba.

dazavebaze kidev ufro mZime gamodga saboloo samSvidobo xelSekruleba, romelic parizis konferenciaze germanelTa monawileobis gareSe miiRes. frangebs omSi imdenad mZime danakargi hqondaT, rom yvelaferi gaakeTes, raTa germania maqsimalurad daesustebinaT da mas aRarasodes wamoeyo Tavi. ingliselebi xvdebodnen, rom frangebs zedmeti mosdiodaT, magram iZulebuli iyvnen sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis gaewiaT angariSi, romlisTvisac oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi germania kacobriobis upirveles mtrad iqca. Sedegad, germanias teritoriebi waarTves, daakisres arnaxuli da absurdulad didi gadasaxadi (dRevandeli kursiT, TiTqmis naxevari trilioni dolari) da omis dawyebaSi damnaSaved germania gamoacxades. ase damamcireblad evropaSi iqamde arc erT damarcxebul qveyanas ar mopyrobian. erTi saukuniT adre damarcxebul safrangeTs (romelic napoleonis xelSi TiTqmis oci weli aterorebda evropas) praqtikulad yvelaferi apaties da mis ZirZvel teritoriebs ar Seexnen. ra daaSava aseTi germaniam? ase iSva damcireba da SurisZiebis survili.

CrdiloeT Slesvigi (gadaeca danias)

memeli

dancigi pomerania aRmosavleTi prusia eipen-malmedi (gadaeca belgias)

germaniam safrangeTs daubruna dasavleTi prusia (gadaeca poloneTs) elzasi da lotaringia, belgias ergo germaniis Sida sazRvrebi

poseni (gadaeca poloneTs)

silezia hluCinis olqi (gadaeca Cexoslovakias) elzasi-lotaringia (gadaeca safrangeTs)

germaniis teritoriebi, ganawilebuli versalis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, 1919

eipeni da malmedi, xolo saaris industriuli regioni 15 wliT samarTavad gadaeca erTa ligas. daniam miiRo CrdiloeT Slesvigi. moxda rainis mxaris demilitarizacia – iq aikrZala germaniis samxedro Zalebi Tu safortifikacio nagebobebi. amasTan, Cexoslovakiam germaniisagan miiRo hluCinis olqi. germanuli qalaqi dancigi, erTa ligis gadawyvetilebiTa da mfarvelobiT, Tavisufal qalaqad iqca, aseve baltiis zRvaze mdebare memeli (dRevandeli klaipeda) litvis kontrols daeqvemdebara. evropis gareT germaniam yvela kolonia dakarga, mTlianad ki – Tavisi evropuli teritoriis 13 procenti (daaxl. 50 aTasi km2) da mosaxleobis erTi meaTedi (6.5-dan 7 milionamde adamiani).

nacizmi germaniaSi

damcirebidan nacizmamde

1920-iani wlebi germaniisaTvis axal koSmarad iqca. qveyana verafriT ixdida dakisrebul reparacias. mcire nawilis gastumrebisTvisac ki saWiro gaxda didi odenobiT markebis dabeWdva, rasac aranormaluri inflacia mohyva. roca germaniam reparaciebis gadaxda SeaCera, pasuxad safrangeTma misi teritoriis ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli nawili daikava. germaniam amas pasiuri protestiTa da boikotiT upasuxa, rasac kidev uaresi inflacia mohyva. Sedegad marka imaze iafi gaxda, vidre qaRaldi, romelzec ibeWdeboda. 1923 wlis bolos germanias gaumarTla – mis xelisuflebaSi bismarkis Semdeg yvelaze gonieri politikosi gustav Strezemani movida. igi kargad acnobierebda, rom boikoti da safrangeTTan dapirispireba saboloo jamSi germanias ufro azaralebda, rom qveyanas sulis moTqma sWirdeboda da saamisod, surda Tu ara, gamarjvebul qveyanasTan Serigeba da kompromisis gamoZebna iyo saWiro. Strezemanma gadawyvita boikoti daesrulebina. es ar iyo ioli gadawyvetileba – germanelTa didma nawilma es kapitulaciad da samarcxvino nabijad miiCnia da qveyanaSi saprotesto gamosvlebi daiwyo. bavariam, saerTod, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba gadawyvita. swored am dros emTxveva hitleris pirveli gamosvla. jer kidev naklebad cnobil, magram ukve fiurerobaze meocnebe politikoss SeeSinda bavaria marTlac ar gasuliyo germaniidan, mas xom sruliad germaniis fiureroba surda da amitom gadatrialebis mowyoba moindoma. mis partias jer bavaria unda Caegdo xelSi, Semdeg ki Tavis momxreTa armiasTan erTad berlinze unda wasuliyo. gadatrialebis mcdeloba Cavarda da hitlerma cixeSi amoyo Tavi, sadac dawera Tavisi cnobili `main kampfi~ (Cemi brZola). am wignSi aisaxa hitleris zizRi ebraelTa mimarT, am wignSi aisaxa hitleris zizRi `mo-

`batonebo, romeli nawili mogiWraT?!~ versalis sazavo xelSekrulebiT (1919) germanias omiT gamowveuli zaralis asanazRaureblad daekisra im droisaTvis uzarmazari Tanxis – 132 miliardi markis (33 miliardi aSS dolari) odenobis reparaciis (reparacia – fuladi an naturaluri gadasaxadi, romelsac uxdis omSi damarcxebuli qveyana gamarjvebuls miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad) gadaxda.

ruris okupacia (germ. Ruhrbesetzung) – 19231925 wlebSi safrangeTma da belgiam, vaimaris respublikis mxridan reparaciis gadaxdis Sewyvetis pasuxad, md. ruris xeoba daikaves.

ideologia RalateTa~ mimarT, romlebmac germanias `omi waagebines~, am wignSi aisaxa hitleris zizRnarevi damokidebuleba slavebis mimarT, romelTac avstriis imperia wabilwes, Seitanes ra iq `aragermanuli suli~ (TviTon hitlers avstria, Tavisi samSoblo, ezizReboda da pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis jarSi omobda). am wignSi gaiwera hitleris samomavlo programac msoflio batonobis

gustav Strezemani (1878-1929)

mopovebisaTvis – jer safrangeTis, rogorc germaniis dauZinebeli mtris daCoqeba, Semdeg ki – sasicocxlo sivrcis mopoveba aRmosavleTiT (ruseTis mimarTulebiT)... roca hitleri xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida, `main kampfi~ yvela germanelis savaldebulo sakiTxavad iqca, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc yvela qristianisaTvis iyo `biblia~. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom mis dros biblia ar gamoicemoda da realurad idevneboda kidec. es gasagebia – nacizmi, saxelmwifo ideologiis garda, religiis rolsac asrulebda. da Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom `Zveli aRTqma~ ebraelebs eZRvneba, gasakviri aRaraferi unda iyos. sanam hitleri cixeSi ijda, germaniaSi cxovreba lagdeboda. Strezemanma gamarjvebul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebi moagvara, isini valis restruqturizaciaze daiyolia, amerikidan didZali investiciebi moizida, SeRavaTiani sesxebi aiRo da ekonomika fexze daayena. sul male berlini evropis erT-erT yvelaze xalisian da bednier qalaqad iqca. damcireba TandaTanobiT yvelas aviwydeboda da axali omi aRaravis surda.

nacizmi germaniaSi

cixidan gamosuli hitleris adgilze albaT bevri Caiqnevda xels da gadawyvetda, rom azri aRar hqonda brZolas da `main kampfis~ programis ganxorcielebas,… magram yvelaferi sxvagvarad warimarTa. 1929 wels germanias (da mTel msofliosac) ori ubedureba daatyda Tavs – Strezemanis sikvdili da didi depresia. amerikidan investiciebi da sesxebi Sewyda, germanias, fulis miwodebis nacvlad, valebis dafarvas sTxovdnen. es axali ubedureba Znelad gasaZlebi iyo da germanelebmac ver gauZles. depresiisa da gaWirvebis fonze hitleris demagogiam frTebi gaSala da misma partiam arnaxuli popularoba moipova. amas isic daemata, rom Strezemanis gardacvalebis Semdeg germaniis politikaSi namdvili vakuumi gaCnda, aravin aRmoCnda iseTi, vinc hitlers seriozul metoqeobas gauwevda. sxva aravin Canda, visac wesrigis damyareba SeeZlo. germanelebs ki qaosisa da gaWirvebis Semdeg swored wesrigi enatrebodaT, wesrigi da ara – demokratia. 1928 wels nacional-socialistebma (hitleris partiam) xmebis 3 procentic ki ver miiRes, 1932 wels ki ukve parlamentis erTi mesamedi daakompleqtes.… 1933 wels, didi depresiis dawyebidan oTx weliwadSi, hitleri germaniis kancleri gaxda...

regioni

somxeTi da somxebi – ucnobi nacnobi

revaz gaCeCilaZe

somxeTis TviTsaxelia „haiastan“-i, sxvebi ki mas „armeniis“ saxeliT icnoben. „armina“, rogorc qveyana, moxseniebulia behistunis warweraSi, romelic Zv. w. VI saukunes ganekuTvneba. sxvadasxva istoriuli wyaroc asaxelebs „armenias“ dRevandel axlo aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi icvleboda somxebis mier Seqmnili samefoebis teritoriuli konfiguracia (iseve, rogorc yvela sxva xalxis saxelmwifoebisa). somexi mefeebi (xSirad – Zmebi an biZaSvilebi) dauzogavad ebrZodnen erTmaneTs, maTi samflobeloebi farTovdeboda an mcirdeboda, Tavneba feodalTa qcevis gamo iSleboda, zogierTi mefis ZalisxmeviT erTdeboda, isev iSleboda... am samefoebis istoria Zalian Sors wagviyvanda! faqtia erTi, rom aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebi somxebis Crdiloeli mezoblebi viyaviT da varT. Zalian xangrZliv mezoblobaze migviTiTebs is, rom erTmaneTs gansakuTrebuli saxelebiT vicnobT. somxebi Cvens qveyanas istoriulad „virq“-ad moixseniebdnen, rac Tanamedrove „vrastan“-ad iqca. termin „somexs“ da aqedan ganviTarebul „somxeTs“ (xandaxan arasworad – „sasomxeTs“) qarTvelebis garda aravin iyenebs.

somxeTi da somxebi

behistunis warwera – uzarmazari kldis reliefze gamoyvanili samenovani (Zv. sparsuli, elamuri da babilonuri) warwera qirmanSahis provinciaSi, iranSi. warwera aris aqemeniduri iranis erT-erTi uZlieresi mefis darios I-is warmomavlobisa da cxovrebis Sesaxeb, TariRdeba misi zeobis xaniT. pirveli svetis fragmenti: „ahuramazdam me miboZa samefo. ambobs mefe daraჲavahu: ai qveynebi romlebic mergo ahuramazdas nebiT; romelTa zedac xelmwife viyav: parsa, uvja, babiru, asura, arabia, zRvispireTi, mudraia, sparda, iauna, mada, armina...~ meore svetis fragmenti: „ambobs mefe daraჲavahu: erTi armineli saxelad dadarSi, Cemi mona, arminas wavgzavne da ase vubrZane: „wadi is ajanyebuli xalxi me rom ar mcnobs, daarbie!“ da wavida dadarSi. arminas rom miaRwia, Seikribnen amboxebulni da daiZrnen dadarSisTan Sesabmelad.“..... (aqemenidTa Zvelsparsuli warwerebi, Targmani Zvelsparsulidan maia saxokiasi, Tb. 2014)

marTalia, damoukidebel saqarTvelosa da somxeTs keTilmezobluri urTierToba aqvT, xSiria maRali rangis Sexvedrebi, magram erTmaneTis Sesaxeb codna mainc arasakmarisi gvaqvs. qarTvelebi kargad ar vicnobT somxeTs. Cveni masmedia iSviaTad interesdeba Tanamedrove somxeTSi mimdinare politikuri Tu socialuri procesebiT; qarTuli ekonomikuri interesebi somxeTSi SedarebiT mcirea (Tumca qarTuli limonaTi da citrusebi iq Zalian popularulia!); qarTveli turisti somxeTSi cota Cadis; qarTuli diaspora somxeTSi praqtikulad ar arsebobs; somxeTis Semswavleli mecnieri TbilisSi TiTzea CamosaTvleli da a.S. amis sapirispirod, somxebi SedarebiT ukeT (magram mainc arasakmarisad) icnoben saqarTvelos. somxuri presa interesdeba xolme saqarTvelos politikuri movlenebiT; danarCeni msofliosaken ZiriTadi gza Tanamedrove somxeTisaTvis saqarTveloze gadis; saqarTveloSi Semodis investiciebi somxeTidan, Tundac arcTu didi; Savi zRvis sanapiroze mravlad Camodian somexi turistebi; saqarTveloSi arsebobs sagrZnobi somxuri diaspora (istoriulad is bevrad ufro didi da aqtiuri iyo, vidre dResaa); saqarTveloTi dainteresebuli mecnieri erevanSi sakmaodaa da a.S. rasakvirvelia, am statias ar SeuZlia aRmofxvras „somxeTis codnis deficiti“, magram iqneb gaaRvivos interesi Cveni samxreTeli, da arcTu umniSvnelo, mezoblis mimarT?!

regioni religiuri Taviseburebebi somxebma qristianoba miiRes IV saukunis dasawyisSi. somxeTis mefe Trdatis qristianad moqcevis drod tradiciulad 301 wels asaxeleben da somxeTi msoflios pirvel qristianul qveynadaa miCneuli. magram seriozulma somexma mecnierebma ician, rom es TariRi pirobiTia. realurad qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba 301 wels ver moxerxdeboda, radgan romis imperatorma konstantinem iqamde akrZalul qristianobas legaluri statusi mxolod 313 wels mianiWa. imperiis oficialur religiad ki qristianoba mxolod 380 wels gamocxadda. aq unda vaxsenoT, rom 298 wels nisibisis (xandaxan weren „nisibini“) zaviT dasrulda xangrZlivi omi romis imperiasa da sasanianTa irans Soris, romelSic somxeTs romis mxare eWira da, bunebrivia, angariSs uwevda sabolood gamarjvebul uZlieres mokavSires, romelsac imperatori diokletiane marTavda. logikuria varaudi, rom nisibisis zavidan sul sami wlis Semdeg somxeTis mefe ver daiwyebda romis imperiasa da misi gavlenis sferoSi im dros jer kidev akrZaluli sarwmunoebis danergvas. magaliTad, somexi mkvlevari nina garsoiani gamoTqvams varauds, rom somxeTma qristianoba, SesaZloa, 314 wels miiRo. iseve, rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis, qristianuli sarwmunoeba somxebis erovnuli konsolidaciisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani kulturuli faqtori aRmoCnda. daiwyo wminda werilis Targmna somxur enaze, Seiqmna somxuri anbani da a. S. amasTan, Cven Soris arsebobs Zalian arsebiTi sxvaoba. maSin, roca qarTvelebi „bizantiuri tipis~ marTlmadideblebi gavxdiT, romelsac bevri sxva xalxic misdevs (arsebobs 14 avtokefaliuri marTlmadidebeli eklesia, dayofili teritoriuli principiT), somxebi qristianobis eqskluziur, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebel mimarTulebas misdeven: „somxur samociqulo eklesias“ sxvebi uwodeben „grigorianuls“ an „monofiziturs“ da „araqalkedonurs“.

wminda grigori qadagebs mefe TrdatTan

somxuri eklesiis mrwamsiT Ze RvTisa ganxorcielebamde ori – RvTaebrivi da kacebrivi bunebisagan Sedgeba, xolo ganxorcielebis Semdeg, am ori bunebis Serwymis Sedegad, mas mxolod RvTaebrivi – erTi buneba aqvs. eklesias, romelic qristes mxolod erT bunebas aRiarebs, monofiziturs (berZn.monos – erTi, physis – buneba) uwodeben. qristes bunebis Sesaxeb aseTi Tvalsazrisis gamo somxuri eklesia ar aRiarebs qalkedonis IV msoflio saeklesio krebis (451 w.) gadawyvetilebebs. garda somxurisa, monofizituria, magaliTad, kopturi da eTiopuri eklesiebi. qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio krebam ki 451 wels miiRo sarwmunoebis simbolo, anu mrwamsi, romlis Tanaxmad, qristeSi ori Seureveli bunebaa – RvTaebrivi da kacebrivi. is eklesia (maT Soris qarTulic), romelic aRiarebs qristes or bunebas, diofizituria (berZn. dio– ori, physis – buneba), anu `qalkedonuri~. somxuri eklesiis sruli saxelwodebaa: `somexTa samociqulo marTlmadidebeli wminda eklesia~. ganmartebisaTvis: somxuri eklesia Tavs miiCnevs `samociqulod~, vinaidan tradiciis Tanaxmad, somxeTis teritoriaze (romelic dRevandel somxeTis respublikis farglebs scdeboda) qristianobis pirvel mqadageblebad miCneuli arian mociqulebi Tadeosi da barTlome, romlebic mowameobrivad aResrulnen; eklesia `somexTaa~ (an somxuria), radgan emsaxureba Tavis mrevls (somxebs), miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel saxelmwifoSi cxovroben isini: misi eparqiebi ganTavsebulia msoflioSi yvelgan, sadac

somxeTi da somxebi

aris somxuri mosaxleoba; `marTlmadidebelia~, radgan qristianobis yvela mimarTuleba (eklesia), maT Soris somxuric, Tavs marTlmadideblad (erTaderT `marTlad, anu sworad madideblad~) miiCnevs. somxuri eklesiis mimarT saxelwodeba `grigorianuli~ XIX saukunidan gamoiyeneboda. kerZod, 1836 wels ruseTis imperiam kanonmdeblobiT (`poloJenie~) gansazRvra somxuri eklesiis urTierToba imperiasTan da uwoda mas `somxurgrigorianuli~. amiT xazi gaesva, rom somxeTSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba somexTa ganmanaTleblis – wm. grigol parTelis (grigor parTevi) moRvaweobis Sedegi iyo. imperiis kanoni 1917 wels gauqmda, magram somxuri eklesiis mimarT saxelwodeba `grigorianuli~ araoficialurad dRemde ixmareba.

TbilisSi zis „sruliad saqarTvelos (da ara „yovelTa qarTvelTa“!) uwmindesi da unetaresi kaTolikos-patriarqi“. misi samwyso qarTvelebTan erTad moicavs saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb yvela marTlmadidebel russ, oss, berZens, afxazs da sxvas. somxuri eklesiis meTauris oficialuri tituli ki aris „yovelTa somexTa uwmindesi da unetaresi kaTolikosi“. is zis wminda sakaTedro ejmiawinSi, romelic erevnis axlos, q. vaRarSapatSi mdebareobs. misi samwyso mxolod somxebs moicavs.

vin iyo somexi Sua saukuneebSi? es iyo „grigorianad“ monaTluli adamiani. maSin da XIX saukuneSic ki, Tu qarTveli kaci somxur eklesiaSi moinaTleboda, qarTulis garda sxva ena romc ar scodnoda, qarTveli marTlmadideblisaTvis is „somexi“ xdeboda. da piriqiT, imave periodSi saqarTveloSi marTlmadideblad monaTluli somexi aRiqmeboda „qarTvelad“. ase, magaliTad, XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobili, monofiziti mamis ojaxSi aRzrdili zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebidan zaqaria darCa monofizitad da, amdenad, mas somxad miiCnevdnen, misi Zma ivane ki marTlmadideblad moinaTla da „qarTveli“ gaxda. somxebs, romelTac garedan aRviqvamT, rogorc monoliTur ers, aqvT garkveuli Sida dayofa. maT aqvT ori saliteraturo ena – dasavlur-somxuri da aRmosavlur-somxuri, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, magram ZiriTadad urTierTgasagebia; somxur samociqulo eklesias hyavs ori kaTolikosi (ejmiawinisa da kilikiis) da ori patriarqi (ierusalimsa da konstantinopolSi). somxebis mcire nawili kaTolikea an protestanti.

ejmiawinis taZari

imperator diokletianes moneta (ax. w. 284-305)

regioni magram es „Sida dayofa“ axla bevrs arafers niSnavs, radgan religiurze meti mniSvneloba eTnikur TviTSegnebas mieniWa. amasTan, somxebis udidesi umravlesoba dRemde ganekuTvneba somxur samociqulo eklesias. kilikiis kaTolikosi da orive patriarqi somxuri diasporis garkveuli nawilebis sulieri moZRvrebi arian, magram amJamad srulad aRiareben ejmiawinis kaTolikosis uzenaesobas. somxuri samociqulo eklesia mxolod erT ers emsaxureba da religiurze aranakleb kvebavs Tavis mrevls erovnuli ideiT. es istoriulad Camoyalibda: radgan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi (1045 wlidan 1918 wlamde) somxebs kavkasiaSi ar hqondaT saxelmwifo da maTi mcirericxovani aristokratia sxva qveynebis xelmwifeTa (magaliTad, qarTveli mefeebis, ruseTis imperatorebis) samsaxurSi iyo, somexi xalxis maorganizebel Zalas eklesia warmoadgenda. magaliTad, konstantinopolis somexi patriarqi, romelsac XV saukunidan XX saukunis dasawyisamde Tanamdebobaze osmaleTis sultani amtkicebda (axla amtkicebs TurqeTis respublikis mTavroba) iyo mfarveli da pasuxismgebeli osmaleTSi mcxovrebi yvela somxisaTvis.

somxuri samociqulo eklesiis zogaderovnuli roli Cans Tundac imaSi, rom ejmiawinis kaTolikosis arCevaSi sasuliero pirebTan erTad monawileoben saero pirebic: am mizniT delegatebs irCeven diasporaSi mcxovreb somxur TemebSic. gafantuloba da teritoriuli konsolidacia ax. w. II aTaswleulis did manZilze, rodesac somxebs sakuTari saxelmwifo ar hqondaT, maTi, rogorc eTnosis, politikur-geografiul Taviseburebas qmnida is, rom isini Sereulad cxovrobdnen sxva eTnosebs Soris. rogorc ukve iTqva, Tuki isini inarCunebdnen Tavis sarwmunoebas, sxva eTnosebTan maTi Serwyma praqtikulad ar xdeboda, Tundac ojaxSi salaparakod romelime dominanti eris enaze gadasuliyvnen. somxebis gafantulobas (berZnulad – „diaspora“, somxurad – „sfiurq“), sxvadasxva politikur mizezTan erTad (magaliTad, somxuri saxelmwifos ararseboba, iZulebiTi gadasaxleba), xels uwyobda ekonomikuri faqtoric. garda imisa, rom somxebs mSromeli glexoba hyavdaT, maT Soris mravlad iyo kargi xelosani, yoCaRi vaWari. radgan vaWari da xelosani yvelgan iyo saWiro, axlo aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi somxebma momgebiani ekonomikuri niSa daikaves da gvian Sua saukuneebSi waiwies sparseTis, indoeTis, anatoliis, siriis, balkaneTis, kavkasiis, ruseTis qalaqebisaken, stambolisa da veneciisaken. iq maT Seqmnes eTnoreligiurad karCaketili Temebi, xSirad – Zalian warmatebuli ekonomikuri da kulturuli elitiTurT. es diaspora TiTqmis mTlianad qalaqebSi cxovrobda da, Sesabamisad, soflis mosaxleobaze ukeTesad ganaTlebuli da informirebuli iyo.

somexi sasuliero pirebi

somxeTi da somxebi

XV saukunidan moyolebuli XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulebamde osmaleTis sultnebi somxebs miiCnevdnen „mileT-i sadika“-d, anu „erTgul xalxad“. XIX saukuneSi stambolSi evropul yaidaze agebuli bevri lamazi Senoba somxuri kapitaliT aSenda; imave saukuneSi sultnis sasaxle „dolmabahCe“ somexma arqiteqtorma daaproeqta; osmaleTis imperiaSi Semaval palestinaSi, kerZod, ierusalimsa da beTlemSi mdebare qristianuli siwmindeebisaTvis erTmaneTTan mZafrad modave qristianul konfesiebs Soris osmaleTis sultani yovelTvis mxars uWerda somxur eklesias, maSin roca marTlmadideblurs – ruseTis imperatori. osmaleTis imperiaSi somxebi warmatebuli iyvnen. sakmaod sando cnobiT, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi somxuri kapitali akontrolebda osmaleTis mrewvelobis 25 procents da Sida vaWrobis 60 procents. es niSnavda maT did ekonomikur gavlenas imperiaSi, Tumca ar gamoricxavda muslimi konkurentebis negatiur ganwyobasac. magram XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulebamde Tanacxovreba osmaleTis sultnis muslim da somex qveSevrdomebs Soris TiTqmis ukonfliqto iyo.

XVIII saukuneSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, imperiuli ruseTis eqspansiis kvaldakval (xandaxan, rusebis damkvidrebamdec ki), somexma moaxalSeneebma daaarses an ZiriTadad daasaxles ramdenime qalaqi, maT Soris, armaviri, yizlari, surb xaGi (somxurad – wminda jvari, amJamindeli q. budionovski), nor naxijevani (somxurad – axali naxWevani, amJamindeli q. donis rostovis nawili) da sxva. samxreT kavkasiaSi, araratis velze da md. araqsis xeobaSi somxebis uZvelesi gansaxlebis XVI-XVII saukuneebidan dacarielebuli adgilebi ki, sadac aTaswleulis win somxebis mier Seqmnili materialuri kulturis araerTi Zegli dasturdeba, daikaves Tiurqulenovanma tomebma, ZiriTadad islamis Siituri mimarTulebis mimdevrebma da, agreTve, sunitma qurTebma. sefianma Sahebma iq daaarses erevnisa da naxWevnis saxanoebi.

Sah abas I (1571- 1629)

axlo aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis saxelmwifoebi somex vaWrebsa da xelosnebs TavianT qalaqebSi sagangebod asaxlebdnen. magaliTad, XVII saukunis damdegs sparseTis Sahma abas I-ma md. araqsis xeobaSi mdebare qalaq julfadan (misi somxuri saxelia juRa) ayara somxebi da axali sacxovrebeli miuCina Tavis sataxto qalaq isfahanis axlos (am ubans dRemde ewodeba nou jolfa, anu axali julfa). sefiani Sahebi piradad mfarvelobdnen somex sovdagrebs, romelTac sparseTis sagareo vaWrobis monopolizacia moaxdines, Sahebsac emsaxurnen da TviTonac Zalian gamdidrdnen. erekle II-m qarTl-kaxeTSi moiwvia somxebi (bevri – yarabaRidan), daasaxla isini siRnaRSi, TelavSi, gorSi, TbilisSi da moeloda maTgan vaWroba-xelosnobis ganviTarebas.

sefianTa dinastia marTavda sparseTs XVIXVIII saukuneebSi. maTi Sahebis sataxto qalaqebi iyo Tavrizi, yazvini da bolos – isfahani. am dinastias ekuTvnoda Sah abas I.

regioni rodesac 1828 wels xsenebuli saxanoebi ruseTis imperiam sparseTs waarTva da SeierTa, daaxloebiT 100 aTasi iqauri mcxovrebidan sul 20-25 procenti Tu iyo somexi, danarCeni ki – muslimi. imperiam am eTnoreligiuri Sefardebis Secvla ganizraxa da axalaneqsirebul teritoriaze 1828-1829 wlebSi Caasaxla 45 aTasamde grigoriani somexi CrdiloeT da dasavleT sparseTidan. rodesac ruseTis imperiam 1829 wels daamarcxa osmaleTis imperiac da SeierTa Zveli qarTuli provinciebi – mesxeTi da javaxeTi, iqidan gandevnili muslimi (xSirad – qarTulenovani) mosaxleobis adgilze somxebi Caasaxla (umetesoba – grigoriani, nawili ki – kaTolike). isini osmaleTis imperiis erzurumis eialeTidan moiwvies. mesxeT-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebis sagrZnob nawils dRemde axsovs erzurumis mxaris romeli Temidan Tu soflidan movidnen maTi winaprebi. imave periodSi osmaleTis q. baiazeTidan da mimdebare soflebidan gadmosaxlebuli somxebi sevanis tbis midamoebSi dasaxldnen da iq Seqmnil qalaqs daerqva novo-baiazeTi (axali baiazeTi), romelsac sabWoTa periodSi erqva kamo, xolo axla gavari ewodeba. 1828-1830 wlebSi ruseTis imperiam jamSi 140 aTasze meti somexi miiRo samxreT kavkasiaSi, ramac mkveTrad Secvala mTeli regionis eTnoreligiuri struqtura. axaldapyrobili, cota xniT adre islamuri qveynebis xelSi myofi miwebis Semosamtkiceblad peterburgs im dros esaWiroeboda aqtiuri qristianuli elementi, romelic sparseTidan da osmaleTidan miiRo. somxebi saxldebodnen Tbilisis, Semaxis, elisavetpolis (ganjis) guberniebSi (bolo ori gubernia Tanamedrove azerbaijans faravda), sadac sakmaod Wreli demografiuli suraTi iqmneboda. sparseTidan gadmosaxlebuli somxebis sagrZnobi nawili dasaxlda ruseTis imperiis erevnis guberniaSi (gubernia 1850 wels Seiqmna), romelic mniSvnelovanwilad (mTlianad ara) emTxveva Tanamedrove somxeTis respublikas. gubernia maSin moicavda naxWevnis mazrasac (axla azerbaijanis respublikaSi Semaval avtonomiur erTeuls), surmalus mazras (axla TurqeTSia), sa-

somxeTi da somxebi

dac mdebareobs araratis mTa, magram ar moicavda samxreTiT zangezurs, anu siuniqs (qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebi am regions sivnieTad moixsenieben), Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT – TavuSs, CrdiloeTiT – lores (somxurad – lori), romelTagan pirveli ori maSindel elisavetpolis guberniaSi Sedioda, xolo lore – Tbilisis guberniaSi. iqamde eqvsi-Svidi saukunis ganmavlobaSi lore saqarTvelos/qarTlis mefeebis samflobelo iyo: 1801 wels ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTi loresTan erTad SeierTa. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi erevnis guberniaSi somxebis ricxovnoba gaizarda, magram mxolod saukunis miwuruls, rodesac iq mivida osmaleTidan ltolvil somexTa pirveli nakadi (amis mizezze qvemoT vilaparakeb), maT ricxovnobiT gadaaWarbes imave guberniis muslim mosaxleobas. 1897 wlis ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT, somxebis wilma erevnis guberniaSi 56 procenti Seadgina. guberniis centri, q. erevani, kavkasiis kvalobazec ki Rrma provinciad rCeboda, mosaxleoba iq 30 aTasamde iyo, maTgan 42 procents azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen. im periodSi somxuri kulturis umTavresi centri erevani ki ar iyo, aramed Tbilisi – aRmosavleTiT da stamboli – dasavleTiT. 1890 wels q. TbilisSi ramdenime somexma inteligentma safuZveli Cauyara politikur partias saxelad „somexTa revoluciuri federacia“. am partiis wevrebs SemoklebiT „daSnakebs“ uwodeben, xolo partias – `daSnakcuTiuns~. Tavidan partia wminda nacionalisturi iyo da gegmavda revoluciuri gziT dasavleT somxeTis ganTavisuflebas osmaluri uRlisagan da kavkasiis somxeTTan erTad damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas. 1907 wlidan ruseTis socialrevoluciuri partiis (eserebis) rekomendaciiT „daSnakcuTiuni“ miiRes „socialistur internacionalSi“, romlis wevric is dRemdea. partia demokratiuli socializmis momxred acxadebs Tavs. „daSnakcuTiuns“, romelic 1905-1908 wlebamde aralegalurad moqmedebda ruseTsa da osmaleTSi, bevri mimdevari gauCnda. es partia marTavda somxeTis pirvel res-

„daSnakcuTiunis“ mebrZolebi

regioni publikas. is dResac arsebobs, somxeTis samTavrobo koaliciaSic Sedioda da ramdenime ministric hyavda mTavrobaSi. partia sakmaod gavleniania somxur diasporaSi. 1890-ian wlebSi daiwyo somxuri erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba osmaleTis aRmosavleT nawilSi (somxebisaTvis es „dasavleTi somxeTia“), sadac milionze bevrad meti somexi cxovrobda. moZraoba, bunebrivia, „sultnis satrapebis“ winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebasac gulisxmobda. sapasuxod osmaleTis mTavroba umkacres sadamsjelo operaciebs atarebda. somxebi da adgilobrivi muslimi, upiratesad qurTuli, tomebi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen. ....... ......1894-1896 wlebSi osmaleTis imperiaSi pirvelad moxda somxebis sastiki Jleta. daiRupa mravali qristiani asirielic (aisori). msxverplis raodenobas 80 aTasidan 200 aTasamde varaudoben. mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, romelsac ar surda monawileoba sisxlian garCevebSi, garboda ruseTis kavkasiaSi, maT Soris, erevnis guberniaSi. bevri damkvidrda TbilisSi, sadac somxebis ricxovnoba 1894-1910 wlebSi 47 aTasidan 125 aTasamde gaizarda. oficialuri londoni, parizi, peterburgi, vena, berlini xmamaRla gmobdnen somxebis revoluciuri moZraobis uxeSi ZaliT CaxSobas sultnis mTavrobis mier. realurad es TvalTmaqcoba iyo: TavianTi geopolitikuri interesebisaTvis osmaleTis imperiaSi, romelic maSindeli axlo aRmosavleTis did nawils flobda, evropis didi saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebi saTavisod iyenebdnen „somxur sakiTxs“. osmaleTis somxebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT saxifaTo aRmoCnda ruseTis imperiis fsevdozrunva maTze, rac mkveTrad zrdida muslimi umravlesobis undoblobas TavianTi qristiani mezoblebis mimarT. pirvel msoflio omSi ruseTisa da osmaleTis dapirispirebisTanave (sabrZolo moqmedeba maT Soris daiwyo 1914 wlis noemberSi) ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomma somexma moxaliseebma Seqmnes ramdenime batalioni, romlebic exmarebodnen rusul armias osmaleTTan brZolaSi da mtris zurgSic ki moqmedebdnen.O osmaleTis imperiis mTavrobam, romelic ruseTTan brZolaSi kavkasiis frontze marcxs ganicdida da misi armia ukan ixevda, 1915 wlis gazafxulze miiRo gadawyvetileba anatoliis qristianuli mosaxleobis – somxebisa da asirielebis –

winmswrebi deportaciis Sesaxeb im teritoriidan, romelsac im dros akontrolebda, radgan miaCnda, rom isini rusul armiasTan iTanamSromlebdnen. Zaladobrivi deportaciis, misi Tanmxlebi SimSilis an pirdapiri Jletis msxverpli gaxda aRmosavleT da centraluri anatoliis somxebisa da asirielebis didi nawili – milionze meti adamiani. ubedurebisagan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba iyo an gaqceva, an islamze gadasvla. somxeTis istoriis saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT, im periodSi „200 aTasamde somexi iZulebiT gaaTurqes“. somxebisa da asirielebis sagrZnobi nawili gaiqca sxva qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic. ZiriTadad im periodSi ltolvilma somxebma Seqmnes didi diaspora dasavleT evropaSi (upirvelesad, safrangeTSi), aSS-Si, laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi. deportacia ar Seexo stambolsa da dasavleT anatoliis sxva did qalaqebSi mcxovreb sakmaod mravalricxovan somexs, Tumca maT Sorisac daapatimres ramdenime aseuli adamiani da zogi maTgani sikvdiliT dasajes. somxebma am tragikul aqts uwodes „mew eRern“ (didi Jleta), rac SemdgomSi gauTanabres 1944 wels gaCenil termins „genocidi“.

somxeTi da somxebi

somxebis tragedia I msoflio omis dros

cnobili somexi istorikosi n. adonci 1918 wlis martSi werda: „somxebs Zvirad daujdaT swrafva ruseTisaken da simpaTia misadmi. omSi GaTreulma osmaleTma „somxur sakiTxSi“ rusuli diplomatiis warmatebisaTvis samagieros gadasaxdelad iseTi devna mouwyo somxebs, rom daaviwya yvela saSineleba, rac adre, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, Tavs dastexiaT“. 1917-1918 wlebSi somex ltolvilTa raodenobam erevnis guberniaSi imata. es iyo gaubedurebuli xalxi, vinc dakarga ojaxis wevrebi, sarCo-sabadebeli. magram imave xalxma radikalurad Secvala eTnodemografiuli struqtura im teritoriaze, romelic 1918 wlis maisis bolos damoukidebel somxeTis respublikad gamocxadda. 1918-1920 wlebSi arsebuli somxeTis pirveli respublikisaTvis, romelsac daSnakebi marTavdnen, eTnikuri homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis) miRweva erT-erTi prioritetuli mizani iyo. imdroindelma mTavrobam waaxalisa respublikis teritoriidan mravali muslimis – azerbaijanelis, Turqis, qurTis – wasvla. somxeTis respublikaSi da 1920 wlis noemberSi Seqmnil somxeTis sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi Tbilisidan TandaTanobiT gadasaxlda somxuri inteligenciis sakmaod bevri warmomadgeneli. sabWoTa periodis mosaxleobis pirvelma aRweram 1926 wels aCvena, rom somxeTis ssr-Si „satitulo eris“ xvedriTi wili mTeli kavSiris fonze umaRlesi iyo: eTnikurma somxebma 84,4 procenti Seadgines (danarCeni ZiriTadad azerbaijaneli da rusi iyo). SedarebisaTvis: saqarTvelos ssr-Si imave wels eTnikuri qarTveli 67,6 procenti iyo, xolo azerbaijanis ssr-Si eTnikuri azerbaijaneli – 62,1 procenti.

„satitulo erad“ sabWoTa kavSirSi miCneuli iyo is eTnosi, romlis saxelic erqva mokavSire an avtonomiur respublikas.

regioni monoeTnizaciis procesi somxeTSi SemdgomSi kidev ufro gaRrmavda. 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac „mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis“ gamo (ix. qvemoT) yvela azerbaijaneli iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina somxeTi, somxebis wilma respublikaSi 98 procents gadaaWarba da dRemde am doneze rCeba. imave periodSi, 1990 wlis bolomde, mTeli somxuri mosaxleoba (mTian yarabaRSi mcxovrebTa garda) iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina azerbaijani. orive eris warmomadgenlebisaTvis gaqceva da sakuTari sacxovreblis mitoveba didi tragedia iyo.

ruse E Ti saqarTvelo

giumris rusuli samxedro baza

azerbaijani

somxeTi mTiani yarabaRi TurqeTi n

(azax er We ba va ij ni an i)

azerbaijanis xelSi arsebuli mTiani yarabaRis teritoria

irani

somxeTis mier okupirebuli azerbaijanis teritoria

somxeTis Tanamedrove istoriis oriode sakiTxi 1918 wels damoukidebeli somxeTis respublikis dedaqalaqad, pirvelad somxeTis istoriaSi, gamocxadda q. erevani. iqamde, sxvadasxva dros, somexTa mefeebis sataxto qalaqebi yofila armaviri (zusti adgilmdebareoba ucnobia), artaSati, dvini, bagarani, yarsi, ani (anisi) da sxv. XX saukuneSi erevanma didi roli iTamaSa somxebis erovnul konsolidaciaSi da saxelmwifoebriobis CamoyalibebaSi. nebismier somexTan Sexvedrisas saubarSi aucileblad wamotivtivdeba genocidisa da „mTiani yarabaRis“ (somxeTSi iyeneben istoriul saxelsac - „arcax“) sakiTxebi. „mew eRernis“ (genocidis) mizezebsa da Sedegebze zemoT mokled iTqva. rasakvirvelia, es mezobeli eris tragedia da didi tkivilia. somxebis didi nawilis, gansakuTrebiT diasporaSi mcxovrebTa, survilia, rom es problema mTelma msofliom gaiTavisos. amitomac isini daJinebiT moiTxoven sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebisagan „somxebis genocidis aRiarebas“. zogierT qveyanaSi (magaliTad, safrangeTSi) maT miaRwies imas, rom „somxebis genocidis“ uaryofa kanoniT isjeba. somxebis saboloo mizania aiZulon TurqeTis respublika aRiaros osmaleTis imperiis mesveurebis mier genocidis aqtis Cadena da amis Semdeg moiTxovon teritoriuli da finansuri kompensacia TurqeTisagan. es Setanilia partia „daSnakcuTiunis“ programaSi. rac Seexeba „mTiani yarabaRis problemas“, masac xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. 1918-1920 wlebSi damoukidebel azerbaijansa da somxeTs hqondaT sisxlismRvreli omi im teritoriis flobisaTvis, romelic ruseTis imperiis dros administraciulad Sedioda elisavetpolis (ganjis) guberniaSi, xolo sparseTis batonobis xanaSi, XIX saukunemde – yarabaRis saxanoSi. amasTan, am momcro mTagorian teritoriaze (4,4 aTasi km.2) somxebi raodenobrivad dominirebdnen. baqos mTavroba, rogorc musavaTisturi (damoukidebeli azerbaijanis demokratiuli respublikis dros,

somxeTi da somxebi

1918-1920 ww.), ise komunisturi (1920-1991 ww.), am teritorias azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi ganixilavda. somxeTis respublika (1918-1920) da sabWoTa somxeTi, gansakuTrebiT, misi inteligencia ki mTian yarabaRs somxurad miiCnevda. 1920 wlis bolos bolSevikurma me-11 armiam somxeTisa da azerbaijanis samxedro nawilebs brZola Seawyvetina. sabWoTa kavSiris politikurma xelmZRvanelobam sadavo teritoria sabWo-

mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti

Ta azerbaijans miakuTvna. 1923 wlis 7 ivliss iq daarsda mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam arc SemdgomSi daakmayofila sabWoTa somxeTis xelmZRvanelobisa da somxuri eklesiis patriarqis Txovnebi azerbaijan-somxeTis sazRvris Secvlis Sesaxeb. 1987 wlidan, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasusteba TvalnaTeli gaxda, gaZlierda somxebis moTxovna azerbaijanidan somxeTisaTvis mTiani yarabaRis gadacemis Sesaxeb. erevanSi Camoyalibda komiteti „yarabaRi“, romelic somxeTis komunistur xelmZRvnelobasac daupirispirda. gorbaCovis droindeli kremlis reaqcia kavkasiur dapirispirebaze orWofuli gamodga. ukve 1988 wels daiwyo sisxliani Setakebebi eTnikur niadagze rogorc mTian yarabaRSi, ise azerbaijanis sxva nawilebsa da somxeTSi. sakuTriv mTian yarabaRSi sabrZolo moqmedeba daiwyo jer sanadiro TofebiT, gagrZelda avtomatebiT, Semdeg tankebiT, haubicebiTa da bolos moiereSe TviTmfrinavebiT. orive mxare, bunebrivia, SeiaraRebas sabWoTa (SemdgomSi – rusuli) armiisagan iZenda. 1991 wlis bolos sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala. misi samarTalmemkvidris, ruseTis federaciis, xelmZRvanelobam ki fsoni somxeTze dado da samxedro-materialuri daxmareba aRmouCina mas. somxeTis respublikis armiam „mTiani yarabaRis TavdacviT armiasTan“ erTad brZoliT daikava mTiani yarabaRi da mis irgvliv mdebare Svidi administraciuli raioni azerbaijan-

regioni

iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli azerbaijanelebi da maTi sacxovrebeli

Si. jamSi es aris 14 aTasi kv. km., anu azerbaijanis mTeli farTobis TiTqmis mexuTedi. is mTlianad gaiwminda iq adre mcxovrebi 600-650 aTasi azerbaijanelisagan, romlebic gaiqcnen danarCeni azerbaijanis teritoriaze da cxovroben ltolvilTa banakebSi. 1994 wels sabrZolo moqmedeba Sewyda droebiTi dazavebiT. samSvidobo xelSekruleba ar dadebula. somxeTsa da azerbaijans dRemde ar aqvT diplomatiuri an ekonomikuri urTierToba erTmaneTTan. TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunea mTiani yarabaRis irgvliv, okupirebuli teritoriis perimetrze, sangrebSi sxedan azerbaijaneli da somexi jariskacebi. 2016 wels azerbaijanis moZlierebulma armiam scada gaerRvia somxuri samxedro nagebobebi da mcireodeni teritoriuli monapovari hqonda. magram ruseTis xelisuflebam ar dauSva srulmasStabiani samxedro moqmedebis ganaxleba, rac konfliqtSi sxva saxelmwifoebis CarTvis sababi SeiZleboda gamxdariyo. ruseTi somxeTs ganixilavs, rogorc Tavis mTavar samxedro dasayrdens samxreT kavkasiaSi. somxeTi ki miiCnevs ruseTs ZiriTad mokavSired, radgan esaWiroeba is, rogorc geopolitikuri da samxedro gamawonasworebeli Tavis konfrontaciaSi mezobel qveynebTan. aseTebad is miiCnevs azerbaijans da TurqeTs. somxeTi Sedis „koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi“, sadac wamyvan rols ruseTi asrulebs. ruseTi SeRavaTian fasad awvdis uaxles samxedro SeiaraRebas somxeTis armias. 1995 wlidan (ganaxlebuli SeTanxmebiT – 2044 wlamde) somxeTis qalaq giumriSi ganlagebulia mZlavri 102-e rusuli samxedro baza. 2017 wlidan es baza da somxeTis armiis me-5 korpusi qmnian „gaerTianebul sajariso dajgufebas“, romelsac „agresiis uSualo safrTxis an omis dros“ xelmZRvanelobas gauwevs rusi sardali. 2015 wlidan somxeTi da ruseTi qmnian gaerTianebul sahaero Tavdacvis sistemas.

somxeTi da somxebi

2015 wels amoqmedda axali rusulი regionuli proeqti, romelsac saxelad evraziuli ekonomikuri kavSiri daerqva. kerZod, 2015 wlis 1 ianvridan integraciuli ekonomikuri procesebi belaruss, yazaxeTsa da ruseTs Soris regulirdeba xelSekrulebiT evraziuli ekonomikuri kavSiris Sesaxeb. 2015 wlis 2 ianvridan evraziul ekonomikur kavSirs miuerTda somxeTi, xolo 21 maiss – yirgizeTi.

somxeTi „Caketili qveyanaa“ ara marto im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas ara aqvs gasasvleli Ria zRvaze da, Sesabamisad, msoflio okeaneSi, aramed sagareo-politikuri TvalsazrisiTac. mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtis gamo mas ar SeuZlia kontaqtebis damyareba aRmosavleTiT, sadac mas azerbaijani emezobleba da arc dasavleTiT, sadac azerbaijanTan solidarobis gamo TurqeTs 1993 wlidan Caketili aqvs sazRvari somxeTTan. mxolod samxreTiT – iranTan da CrdiloeTiT – saqarTvelosTan aqvs somxeTs sxva saxelmwifoebTan komunikaciis saSualeba. saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT amyarebs is kontaqts ruseTTan, romelTan erTadac 2015 wlidan Sedis „evraziul kavSirSi“ da „erTian sabaJo sivrceSi“. mxolod saqarTvelos teritoriis meSveobiT aqvs somxeTs kontaqtebi evrokavSirTan, romelic misTvis pirveli savaWro partnioria. misi savaWro brunvis sami meoTxedi saqarTvelos gavliT xorcieldeba. 2017 wlis noemberSi „aRmosavleT partniorobis“ samitis dros somxeTma dado xelSekruleba „evrokavSirTan yovlismomcveli da gafarToebuli partniorobis Sesaxeb“, romelic ar gulisxmobs arc Tavisufal vaWrobas da arc asocirebas evropul kavSirTan. magram evropis mimarTulebiT gadadgmulma am patara nabijmac ki rusi eqspertebisa da rusuli mediis daufaravi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. ruseTis mTavrobam ki amjobina sajarod amis winaaRmdegi ar wasuliyo: rogorc Cans, am etapze TavisTvis seriozul problemad ar miiCnia es nabiji. saqarTvelos yvela mTavrobam, komunisturidan „qarTul ocnebamde“, gamoiCina politikuri sibrZne, rom ar Careuliyo romelime mxaris sasargeblod „yarabaRis konfliqtSi“ da Tanabari distancia daeWira baqosa da erevnis mimarT, rasac orive mxare afasebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos Tavisufali vaWroba aqvs evrokavSirTan, masTan asocirebis xelSekruleba aqvs dadebuli da natos aspirant qveynadaa gamocxadebuli, xolo somxeTi Sedis „evraziul kavSirSi“, Cven qveynebs normaluri, keTilmezobluri urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan. somxeTs eZleva sruli saSualeba gamoiyenos saqarTvelos gzebi sagareo-ekonomikuri urTierTobisaTvis.

sevanis tba

ekonomika

breton-vudsis insitutebi

da saqarTvelo

lado papava

1929 wels msoflio moicva Rrma ekonomikurma krizisma, romelic cnobilia `didi depresiis~ (ingl. Great Depression) saxeliT. cnobisTvis, ekonomistebi `depresiaSi~ gulisxmoben warmoebis moculobis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. sayuradReboa, rom `didi depresia~ aT wels gagrZelda. istoriuli faqtia, rom es msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi 1939 wels dasrulda da imave wlis 1 seqtembers daiwyo meore msoflio omi. ekonomistebi da socialur mecnierebaTa sxva specialistebi safuZvlianad miiCneven, rom am or globalur movlenas Soris kanonzomieri kavSiria: `didi depresiis~ daZleva SesaZlebeli iyo saomari moqmedebebisaTvis momzadebisa da dawyebis xarjze, rac gamoiwvevda samxedro daniSnulebis produqciis warmoebis da, aseve, masTan dakavSirebuli sxva dargebis produqciis warmoebis zrdas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; anu, sxva sityvebiT rom avxsnaT, omi aris is qmediTi `instrumenti~, romelic warmoebis moculobis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas ara ubralod aCerebs, aramed xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas da axali samuSao adgilebis warmoqmnas. `didi depresiis~ Seswavlam, misi damangreveli Sedegebis gaazrebam ekonomistebis da, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania, politikosebis winaSe daayena amocana, rom Seqmniliyo msoflio masStabis iseTi institutebi, romlebic mTlianad msoflios Tu mis calkeul regionebsa da qveynebs aacilebda ekonomikur krizisebs. am amocanis gadawyvetas meore msoflio omis dawyebam SeuSala xeli.

breton-vudsis institutebi

aTasobiT umuSevari saxelmwifo Sromis biurosTan, niu-iorki, 1933

breton-vudsis institutebis Seqmna

msoflioSi saerTaSoriso-safinanso mxardaWeris institutebisa da meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba jer kidev meore msoflio omis dasrulebamde daiwyo. kerZod, 1944 wlis 1-22 ivliss breton-vudsSi (niu-hempSiri, aSS) Catarda saerTaSoriso savaluto-safinanso konferencia, romelSic msoflios 44 qveynis delegacia monawileobda. konferenciam miiRo `daskvniTi aqti~, romelic saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso bankis Sesaxeb e.w. `SeTanxmebis muxlebs~ (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Articles of Agreementâ&#x20AC;?) moicavda. es `muxlebi~ warmoadgens am organizaciebis wesdebebs. radgan es `SeTanxmeba~ breton-vudsSi `gaformda~, amitom am institutebs breton-vudsis institutebs uwodeben. 1945 wlis 27 dekembers, mas Semdeg, rac msoflios 29 saxelmwifom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso bankis wesdebebis ratifikacia moaxdina (anu am dokumentebs Sesabamisma organom (rogorc wesi, es aris parlamenti) iuridiuli Zala mianiWa), isini oficialurad amoqmedda.

breton-vudsis konferencia

breton-vudsi, niu-hemfSiri

ekonomika saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis dafuZnebis sesiaze savanaSi (aSS) 1946 wlis martSi am fondis saqmianobis damaregulirebeli damatebiTi dadgenilebebi miiRes. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis Camoyalibeba praqtikulad 1946 wlis SemodgomisaTvis dasrulda da man savaluto operaciebi 1947 wlis 1 martidan daiwyo. rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso bankma Tavisi saqmianoba 1946 wlis 25 ivniss daiwyo. mas da masTan Seqmnil saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociacias msoflio banki daerqva. masSi aseve Sevida saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mizania msoflioSi, mis calkeul regionebsa Tu qveynebSi makroekonomikuri stabilurobis damyareba. cnobisTvis, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba â&#x20AC;&#x201C; es aris ekonomikuri ganviTareba, romelic efuZneba warmoebis mdgrad zrdas fasebis stabilurobis, umuSevrobis dabali donis, erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis da sxva pirobebSi.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis ofisi vaSingtonSi

Tuki saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mizania qveynebs daexmaros makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRwevasa da SenarCunebaSi, msoflio banki mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos Tavis wevr-qveynebs ekonomikis struqturul gardaqmnaSi, calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis wevri-qveynebi SeiZleba sam jgufad davyoT: `donorebi~, `recipientebi~ da `neitralebi~. `donorebi~ Tavisi SenatanebiT am organizaciebis safinanso wyaroebs qmnian; `recipientebi~ am organizaciebidan reformebis Casatareblad finansur daxmarebas iReben; `neitralebs~ ki ar sWirdebaT (an ukve aRar sWirdebaT) daxmareba da SesaZleblobaTa simwirisa Tu sxva mizezTa gamo arc Tavad monawileoben am organizaciebis safinanso wyaroebis SeqmnaSi. `recipienti~ wevri-qveynisaTvis safinanso mxardaWeris misaRebad saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan SeTanxmebuli programiT makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miR-

msoflio bankis ofisi vaSingtonSi

breton-vudsis institutebi

wevaa aucilebeli. amisaTvis ki am qveynis centraluri banki saerTaSoriso savaluto fondidan iRebs SeRavaTian, mravalwlian kredits, rac qveynis saerTaSoriso savaluto rezervis zrdas uzrunvelyofs. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavis `recipient~ wevrqveyanas `mwvane Suqs~ aunTebs, msoflio banki masTan SeTanxmebuli ekonomikis struqturuli reformebis programis realizebisaTvis am qveynis mTavrobas aseve SeRavaTian, mravalwlian kredits aZlevs. msoflioSi damkvidrebuli finansuri wesrigis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis dadebiTi pozicia aucilebelia sxva saerTaSoriso-safinanso organizaciebis mxridanac qveynis mTavrobisaTvis safinanso mxardaWeris (magaliTad, evrokavSiris SeRavaTiani kreditebi an grantebi) misaRebad. am midgomas iziareben `recipienti~ qveynis uSualo `donori~ saxelmwifoebic (magaliTad, niderlandebi saqarTvelosaTvis).

Tu saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi miiCnevs, rom `recipient~ wevr-qveyanaSi makroekonomikuri stabiluroba darRveulia, igi amis gamo safinanso daxmarebas SeaCerebs; am dros msoflio banki masTan SeTanxmebul programas Sesrulebuladac rom Tvlides, igi mainc SeaCerebs am qveynisaTvis safinanso daxmarebas im dromde, sanam saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi gadawyvetilebas miiRebs, rom qveynis xelmZRvanelobis mier gatarebuli safinanso-ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad ukve aRdgenilia makroekonomikuri stabiluroba. am princips iziarebs rogorc evrokavSiri, ise uSualod sxva `donori~ organizaciebi da saxelmwifoebic. sabWoTa kavSiri, politikuri mosazrebebis gamo, ar yofila breton-vudsis institutebis wevri. damoukideblobaaRdgenili saqarTvelo ki saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis wevri 1992 wlis maisidan gaxda. mas gawevrianebis safasuri, usaxsrobis gamo, niderlandebis mTavrobam gadauxada.

ekonomika saqarTvelos gamocdileba

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis misia saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1991 wlis noemberSi Camovida. es is droa, roca saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba ukve gamocxadebuli aqvs, Tumca sabWoTa kavSiri jer ar aris daSlili. am pirvel Sexvedras erTmaneTis gacnobis datvirTva hqonda. yoveli momdevno Camosvlisas saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis misia saqarTvelos xelisuflebas makroekonomikuri stabilurobis misaRwevad Tavis rekomendaciebs utovebda. saqarTvelos imdroindeli xelisuflebis wevrebi (calkeuli gamonaklisis garda), samwuxarod, am rekomendaciebs da maT avtorebs seriozulad ar ekidebodnen, ris Sedegadac qveyanaSi saerTod moiSala safinanso sistema. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier im dros gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikis xsenebul Sedegebs amZimebda omisaTvis absoluturad moumzadebeli qveynis saomar moqmedebebSi monawileoba jer yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi, xolo Semdeg – afxazeTSi. 1994 wels saqarTvelos xelisuflebis SemuSavebuli e.w. `antikrizisuli programa~ saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds Soris urTierTobis principulad axal doneze warmarTvas edeba safuZvlad; kerZod, am ukanasknelis rekomendaciebi sasurvelobis kategoriidan aucileblad gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebaTa rangSi gadadis, rasac Tavisi dadebiTi ekonomikuri Sedegebi moaqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi SeiZleba or etapad ganvixiloT: I etapi – 1991-1994 ww. da II etapi – 1994 w.-dan dRemde.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas rekomendaciebs aZlevs, Tumca es ukanaskneli, `urCi bavSviviT~, maT arad agdebs.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqmianobis umTavresi dadebiTi Sedegi is aris, rom saqarTveloSi safinanso sistema Seiqmna da makroekonomikuri stabiluroba damyarda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 1995 wels fulis reformis Catareba da erovnuli valutis – laris SemoReba.

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis rekomendaciebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis aucileblad Sesasrulebeli xdeba, imisda miuxedavad, rom isini xSirad cxovrebaSi xelisuflebis zogierTi warmomadgenlisTvis arc advili gasatarebelia da arc yovelTvis mosawoni.

breton-vudsis institutebi

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kreditebis uSualo mimRebi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankia da kreditebi misi rezervebis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba. pirveli aseTi krediti saqarTvelom 1994 wlis bolos miiRo. am droidan moyolebuli dRemde grZeldeba saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da erovnuli bankis saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan da msoflio bankTan aqtiuri TanamSromloba. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqarTveloSi saqmianobis Sedegad 1996-1997 wlebSi qveyanaSi ekonomikis zrdis maRali tempebi da inflaciis zomieri done Camoyalibda. makroekonomikuri stabiluroba ki is aucilebeli pirobaa, romlis gareSec qveyanaSi msxvili sainvesticio proeqtebi ver ganxorcieldeba. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier rekomendebuli qmediTi

erovnuli bankis Zveli da axali `samyofeli~

ekonomika zomebi saqarTveloSi sainvesticio klimatis Sesaqmnelad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, Zalze mniSvnelovania ganaxlebuli `didi abreSumis gzis~ realizaciisaTvis. bunebrivad unda iqnes aRqmuli isic, rom arc saerTaSoriso savaluto fondia dazRveuli Secdomebisagan sazogadod da, kerZod, rogorc saqarTvelosTan, ise sxva postkomunistur qveynebTan mimarTebiT. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mier saqarTveloSi daSvebuli sxvadasxva Secdoma sxvadasxva bunebisa da mniSvnelobisaa. aqve imasac unda gaesvas xazi, rom am Secdomebis nawili sakmaod zogadi xasiaTisaa da isi-

moricxuli) sakmaod ostaturad sargeblobdnen. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi xSir SemTxvevaSi qveynebis istorias, kulturul da erovnul Taviseburebebs ar iTvaliswinebs. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqarTveloSi saqmianobis dasawyisSive swored am xasiaTis Secdomam iCina Tavi. kerZod, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi rCeva `rublis zonaSi~ darCenisa da erovnuli valutis arSemoRebis Sesaxeb, romelic man saqarTvelos mTavrobas 1992 wlis TebervalSi misca. Znelia imis garkveva, Tu ra motiviT xelmZRvanelobda fondi (ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, unda vivaraudoT, rom is ruseTis jer kidev

axali abreSumis gza

ni fonds ara marto saqarTveloSi muSaobisas, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebSic dauSvia. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTvelos samTavrobo gunds, romelsac saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan molaparakebebis warmarTva, gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze uxdeboda, praqtikulad amis araviTari gamocdileba ar gaaCnda, siRrmiseulad verc fondis procedurebSi erkveoda, riTac nebsiT (savaraudod, Tavisi saqmis gasamartiveblad) Tu uneblieT (rac sulac ar aris ga-

Zlieri imperialisturi ganwyobis mqone Zalebs sifrTxiliT moekida, ris gamoc ngrevadi imperiis savaluto sivrcis revoluciur rRvevas ar Cqarobda), roca aseT rekomendacias iZleoda, magram Tuki gavixsenebT, rom fondis es rCeva yvela yofil sabWoTa respublikaze vrceldeboda, baltiis qveynebis (estoneTi, latvia, litva) garda, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom fondisaTvis ufro advili iyo valutis erT emitentTan (gamomSvebTan) emuSava da ara TormetTan,

breton-vudsis institutebi

risTvisac sakmarisi iqneboda erTi misiis da ara Tormetis Seqmna da, Sesabamisad, xarjebis ekonomiac; aq Zalze mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi mxolod im qveynebTan muSaobs, romlebsac sakuTari valuta aqvT. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi `rublis zonis~ SenarCunebas imitom uWerda mxars, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT aRmocenebul saxelmwifoTa arsebul SesaZleblobebs, gamoeSvaT sakuTari valuta, skeptikurad uyurebda; am-

asTan, fondis SexedulebiT, jer realuri makroekonomikuri stabiluroba iyo misaRwevi da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleboda erovnuli valutis SemoRebis mizniT fulis reforma ganxorcielebuliyo (rac, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, aSkara Secdomaa, radgan sakuTari valutis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifosaTvis fulis masis regulireba SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis miRweva SeiZleba mxolod keTil survilad darCes); savaraudoa, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds ar undoda axali valutis kraxSi yofiliyo dadanaSaulebuli.

rubli iyo sakavSiro valuta, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg ruseTis erovnuli valuta gaxda rusuli rubli sabWoTa rubli

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis mimarT radikalurad ganwyobili oponentebi am Secdomis saTaves gaurkvevlobaSi xedaven â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rom an saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, an misi `donori~ wevri-qveynebis xelmZRvaneloba im politikur situaciaSi ver gaerkva (an arc ki ucdia garkveuliyo), romelic sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisas Camoyalibda; fondma (iseve, rogorc `donori~ wevriqveynebis xelmZRvanelobam) am imperiuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis istoria ver (an ar) gaaanaliza, im erovnul da kulturul Taviseburebebs ar Caswvda, romlebic saqarTvelosa da zogierT sxva yofil sabWoTa respublikas realuri erovnuli damoukideblobis miRwevis gzaze amoZravebda.

ekonomika rom ara Tavad ruseTis mkacri zomebi, romelTa meSveobiTac moskovma rusuli fulis banknotebis miwodeba Seuwyvita saqarTvelos da sxva yofil sabWoTa respublikebs, savaraudoa, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi Tavisi damokidebulebis Secvlas `rublis zonis~ mimarT ar iCqarebda. aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma sakiTxi erovnuli valutis SemoRebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb fondTan pirvelive Sexvedrisas (1991 wlis noembers) dasva: mas saWiro gaTvlebi da banknotebisa da monetebis eskizebi warudgina da fulis reformis momzadebasa da gatarebaSi daxmareba sTxova. samwuxarod, es Txovna ar gaiTvaliswines. 1993 wels saqarTvelo sakuTari erovnuli valutis SemoRebis aucileblobas praqtikulad moumzadebeli Sexvda. es garkveulwilad saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis qmedebamac ganapiroba, Tumca fondisTvis am pasuxismgeblobis mTlianad dakisreba gamarTlebuli ar iqneba, radgan saqarTvelos imdroindeli mTavroba, jer erTi, fondis rCevebs praqtikulad araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevda, meore â&#x20AC;&#x201C; is Tavad imyofeboda `rublis zonaSi~ garkveuli vadiT darCenis iluziis tyveobaSi. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma Tavisi es Secdoma saqarTveloSi 1995 wlis Semodgomaze `gamoaswora~ (Tuki SeiZleba ase iTqvas!), roca masTan SeTanxmebuli gegmiTa da safinanso mxardaWeriT warmatebiT ganxorcielda fulis reforma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SemoiRes lari. miuxedavad am da zogierTi sxva Secdomisa, saqarTvelos pozitiuri damokidebuleba breton-vudsis institutebis mimarT Zalze mniSvnelovania.

breton-vudsis institutebi

saqarTvelom saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisTanave erTaderTi swori arCevani gaakeTa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; arCevani evropisaken, dasavleTisaken. es metad rTuli da xangrZlivi gzaa da am gzaze warmatebis miRweva mxolod da mxolod evropul faseulobaTa sistemis etapobrivi damkvidrebiT aris SesaZlebeli. aseTi midgoma Cveni yofis yvela sferos da, ra Tqma unda, qveynis safinanso-ekonomikur mowyobasac exeba. miuxedavad periodulad daSvebuli Secdomebisa, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi rCeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi yvelaze ufro avtoritetul safinanso-ekonomikur institutad da mas alternativa ar gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso-safinanso wesrigSi saqarTvelom am wesrigiT gansazRvruli pirobebi unda Seasrulos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso mxardaWeras ver miiRebs, rac realuri saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gansamtkiceblad agrerigad gvesaWiroeba. dasavleTis politikuri da safinanso mxardaWeris gareSe droebiT dakarguli teritoriebisa da transformirebadi ekonomikis mqone saqarTvelosaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis SenarCuneba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneboda. calkeuli Secdomebis miuxedavad, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saqarTveloSi jansaRi safinanso-ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnis realuri xelSemwyobi da saimedo safinanso garantia. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi saqarTvelos strategiuli partnioria da igi maSinac ki aseTad unda darCes, roca saqarTvelos aRar dasWirdeba fondisagan fulis sesxeba, radgan Cvens qveyanas sxva realuri alternativa, garda imisa, rom civilizebuli samyaros ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawili iyos, ar gaaCnia.

istoria

Turqizmisa da ,,didi Turanis“ istoriisaTvis

arCil CaCxiani

2006 wlis Semodgomaze TurqeTSi, patara sakurorto qalaq antaliaSi rigiT meaTe Turquli yurulTai (samiti) Catarda, romlis muSaobaSic 600 delegati monawileobda. miiRes erToblivi deklaracia, sadac mouwodes SemuSavdes Turqul saxelmwifoTa saerTo politika avRaneTSi, eraySi, palestinasa da libanSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, samitis monawileebma erTmaneTis mxardaWeris valdebuleba aiRes iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, yazaxeTis gawevrianeba euToSi 2009 wlisaTvis, TurqeTis Sesvla evrokavSirSi, TurqeTis, yazaxeTisa da yirgizeTis arCeva gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos aramudmiv wevrebad. deklaraciaSi naTqvami iyo, rom `romelime erTi Turquli saxelmwifos problema unda iyos sxva Turquli saxelmwifoebis problema~. 2012 wlis 22 agvistos Turqul sabWoSi gaerTianebulma oTxma Turqulma saxelmwifom – TurqeTma, yazaxeTma, azerbaijanma da yirgizeTma saerTo droSa miiRo, sadac oTxive saxelmwifos simbolika iyo CarTuli: mze –yirgizeTis droSidan, varskvlavi – azerbaijanis droSidan, naxevarmTvare – TurqeTis droSidan, xolo feri – yazaxeTis droSi-

didi Turani

dan. `erTad Cven SevZlebT didi warmatebebis miRwevas. axali droSa ki evrokavSiris droSis analogi iqneba, romelic erovnul droSasTan erTad aucilebeli saxelmwifoebrivi atributi gaxdeba yvela Turqulenovani saxelmwifosaTvis~, – ganacxada biSkekSi gamarTul pres-konferenciaze TurqeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma ahmed daviToRlum. amrigad, Turqul saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis sakiTxi mkvdari wertilidan daiZra, razec TurqeTi ukve mravali welia muSaobda. faqti isaa, rom panTurquli ideologia realuri xorcSesxmis fazaSi Sevida. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo politikosebi, politologebi da istorikosebi `Turqizmis~ ideologiasa da `didi Turanis~ cnebaSi sxvadasxva azrs deben – mkveTrad negatiuridan dawyebuli, apologeturi aRmafreniT damTavrebuli. es sakiTxi marTlac metad saintereso da winaaRmdegobrivi mosazrebebiTaa savse da saWiroa istoriul WrilSi ganvixiloT am sazogadoebriv-politikuri fenomenis genezisi, romelic organuladaa dakavSirebuli osmaleTis imperiis istoriasTan, dakavSirebuli da ara – gaigivebuli. istoriulad osmaluri samxedro propagandis ideologiur safuZvels oTxi ZiriTadi mimdinareoba warmoadgenda – osmaniz`Turani~ Zveli iranuli termini, romelic, rogorc wesi, upirispirdeba termin `irans~ (Turani-irani, Turani vs. irani). am sityviT aRiniSneboda iranis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare momTabare Turquli tomebiT dasaxlebuli vrceli qveyana. iranul kulturaSi sityva `Turans~ aSkarad negatiuri datvirTva hqonda. magram mogvianebiT es termini mecnierebma da Tavad Turqebmac Turquli da ugrofineli xalxebis ganzogadebul saxelad miiRes.

mi, islamizmi, vesternizmi da axladCasaxuli panTurqizmi. 1912-1913 wlebis balkaneTis omebSi marcxma panTurqizmis Semdgom ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. islamizmi yvela muslimisaTvis saerTo islamuri saxelmwifos – msoflio sasulTnos – Seqmnas RaRadebda, panTurqizmi ki Turquli modgmis xalxebis aRorZinebaze muSaobda. mogvianebiT panTurqizmisgan warmoiSva kidev erTi mimdinareoba – panTuranizmi, saocnebo didi Turanis Seqmnis ideologia. centraluri aziis sivrceSi ki panTurqizmma kidev erTi mimdinareoba – CaRaTaizmi Sva.

cnobili Turqi sazogado moRvawe da Turquli nacionalisturi ideologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli mehmed zia gokalfi (Mehmed Ziya Gökalp) (1876-1924) Tavis filosofiaSi sam ZiriTad mimarTulebas gamoyofda – vesternizms, islamizms da Turqizms: `Cvens qveyanaSi azrebis sami mimdinareoba arsebobs. Tu istorias mivmarTavT, maSin davinaxavT, rom Tavdapirvelad Cvenma ideologebma modernizaciis aucilebloba gaacnobieres, romelic saTaves selim III-is periodidan iRebs. amas sxva ideebi mohyva, romlebic islamizaciaze iyvnen dafuZnebulni. sul axlaxan ki ideaTa Ziebis mesame mimdinareoba gaCnda – Turqizmi...~

yurulTai – monRoluri da Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebis warCinebulTa da tomebis beladTa sayovelTao yriloba. aseve, zogierTi Turquli modgmis xalxebis (noRaelebi, baSkirebi, yazaxebi, yirgizebi, yirimeli TaTrebi, tuvelebi, CuvaSebi, altaelebi da sxv.) saerTo-saxalxo warmomadgenlobiTi organo mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad. yurulTai evropuli parlamentebis garkveul analogiad SeiZleba CavTvaloT. yurulTais, rogorc saerTo-saxalxo yrilobis cneba, pirvelad Cingiz yaenma Semoitana XII saukuneSi. man calkeuli momTabare monRoluri tomebi gaaerTiana, romlebic manamde cxovrebisa da meurneobis momTabare da gancalkevebul wess misdevdnen. xSirad isini erTmaneTsac upirispirdebodnen, rac maT Soris brZolebisa da omebis mizezic gamxdara. es sityva pirvelad naxmaria monRolTa wminda Tqmulebis 282-e paragrafSi `eYke u Q rilta~-s formiT. monRolur samyaroSi yurulTais udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

istoria ratomRac miRebulia azri, rom `Turqizmis~ ideologiasa da `didi Turanis~ saxelmwifoebriv-politikur proeqts, romelic XIX saukunis bolos gaCnda, Turquli warmomavloba, Turquli fesvebi aqvs. es mosazreba mcdaria, simarTles ar Seesabameba. `Turqizmi~, `didi Turanis~ koncefcia da `panTuranizmi~, rogorc ideologia, sul sxva sivrcesa da realobaSi, sul sxva politikur garemoSi, kerZod, ruseTis caristul imperiaSi Caisaxa. Turqizmis ideis Camoyalibeba pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli osmalur da rusul imperiebSi mcxovrebi Turquli modgmis xalxebis bedTan. faqtia, rom XIX saukunis bolodan moyolebuli osmalTa imperiis krizisma mraval dainteresebul politikossa da mecniers gauCina survili sakuTari ideologia SeemuSavebina, romelic saxelmwifos gaaZlierebda. Zalian mokled rom vTqvaT, Turqizmi, rogorc ideologia, XIX saukunis bolos Caisaxa ruseTis imperiaSi, romelic Semdeg osmalTa imperiaSic gavrcelda. axalgazrda TurqTa mmarTvelobis periodSi ki igi saxelmwifo ideologiad iqca. panTurqizmi SegviZlia davaxasiaToT, rogorc ideologiur-politikuri mimdinareoba, romlis mizansac evraziis Turquli modgmis xalxebis yovelmxrivi integracia da erTiani Turquli saxelmwifos Seqmna warmoadgenda. am ideologias Teoriuli safuZvlebi volgispireTisa da yirimis muslimma (TaTarma) inteleqtualebma Cauyares jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos. panTurqizmis ideologTa Soris aRsaniSnavia yirimeli TaTari ganmanaTlebeli, politikosi da publicisti ismail gaspreli (1851-1914), simbirskeli TaTari ganmanaTlebeli iusuf aqCura (1876-1935) da azerbaijaneli inteleqtuali da amierkavkasiis muslimTa Seix-ul-islami â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ali husein-zade (1864-1949). maT moZRvrebebSi wamoyenebuli iyo Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebis erTianobis idea. Tavad am ideologiam ki `Turqizmis~ saxelwodeba miiRo. TaTari erovnebis cnobili sabWoTa rusi istorikosis, TaTreTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondent iskander giliazovis mixedviT, ismail gasprelis ideebi SeiZleba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganvixiloT: 1. muslimi sazogadoebis modernizacia ganaTlebis mTeli sistemis reformis gziT; 2. ruseTis imperiaSi macxovrebeli Turquli mosaxleobis sulieri da politikuri erTianoba; 3. ruseTSi macxovrebeli muslimebis damokidebulebis formebis moZebna ruseTTan, anu rusul samyarosTan da dasavleTTan;

aspreli ismail g iusuf aqCura

ali husein-zade Seix-ul-islami â&#x20AC;&#x201C; islamur qveynebSi islamis sakiTxebSi umaRlesi sasuliero piris tituli. eniWeboda im pirebs, romlebic srulad flobdnen islamis samarTlebriv tradiciebs da SeeZloT religiuri normebis gamoyeneba yoveli axali religiuri mimdinareobis asaxsnelad. Seix-ul-islami amave dros warmoadgenda udides moralur avtoritets muslimTa Soris. zogierT muslimur qveynaSi ki igi aseve iyo umaRlesi mosamarTle. osmaleTis imperiaSi Seix-ul-islami miiCneoda yoveli muslimi sunitis sulier liderad.

didi Turani

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gasprelma Tavisi azrebi ruseTis imperiis Turqi muslimebis gaerTianebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb erT frazaSi Seajama – `erTianoba enaSi, azrebsa da moqmedebaSi~ (Dible, fikirde, iste birlik). misi warmodgeniT, sruliad Turquli da sruliad muslimuri erTianoba erTaderTi saSualeba iyo, romelic gadaarCenda ara marto mcirericxovan yirimel TaTrebs, aramed ruseTis imperiis yvela Turq xalxs gigantur rusul masasTan ukve dawyebuli asimilaciisagan~. gasprelis programis yvelaze ufro sakamaTo sakiTxs Turqebisa da muslimebis ruseTTan da dasavleTTan urTierTobebi warmoadgenda. igi arasdros iRebda im ideas, rom muslimi xalxebis gadarCena mxolod da mxolod evropuli civilizaciis pirdapiri gadmotana iqneboda. mas Rrmad hqonda gaazrebuli islamis potenciuri Zala da imaSic darwmunebuli iyo, rom muslimuri samyaros dacema droebiTi movlena iyo. amave dros mas isic esmoda, rom nebismieri naadrevi konfliqti ruseTTan yirimisa da sxva Turquli modgmis muslimebisaTvis didi ubedurebiT dasruldeboda. amitom ismail gaspreli garkveuli kompromisebis daSvebisa da sakuTari miznebis miRwevis gzaze rusul mTavrobasTan garkveuli TanamSromlobisaken mouwodebda. gasprelis swavleba axal safexurze aiyvana cnobilma simbirskelma TaTarma istorikosma da politikurma moRvawem, SemdgomSi stambolis universitetis profesorma iusuf aqCuram. misi naSromi – `politikis sami saxeoba~ – Turqizmis Taviseburi manifestia. aq avtori warmogvidgens osmaleTis imperiis politikuri cxovrebis im sam mTavar mimarTulebas, romlis ganviTarebac SemdgomSic iqneboda SesaZlebeli: 1. osmalTa imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebis asimilacia da gaerTianeba, romlebic SemdgomSi osmalur erad Camoyalibdeba; 2. yvela muslimis politikuri gaerTianeba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom osmalTa imperiis sulTani iqneboda nominaluri xelmZRvaneli – mTeli muslimuri samyaros xalifa; 3. Turqi eris politikuri Camoyalibeba, rac eTnikur faqtorebze iqneba dayrdnobili.

iusuf aqCuras wigni `politikis sami saxeoba~

iusuf aqCuras 1908 wels gamoqveynebuli naSromi `politikis sami sistema~ imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo kvlevebis siRrmiT, rom, zogierTi sazogado moRvawis sityvebiT, `mas igive mniSvneloba hqonda panTurqistebisaTvis, rac marqsisa da engelsis `komunisturi partiis manifests~ komunistebisaTvis~. Turqizmisa da osmanizmis ideebis Rrmad gaazrebisas aqCura im daskvnamde midis, rom `erTiani osmalo eris Seqmna uazro mcdelobaa~. did siZneleebs xedavda igi `islamuri erTianobis~ ideis xorcSesxmaSic. misi azriT, aseT politikas dauyovnebliv mohyveboda gare samyaros reaqcia. rogorc ki osmalTa imperia daiwyebda am politikis cxovrebaSi gatarebas, mas dauyovnebliv gauCndeboda qristianuli samyaros da, pirvel rigSi ki, ruseTis winaaRmdegoba. misi azriT, momavali mxolod `Turquli erTianobis~ ideas hqonda. igi werda: `Turquli erTianobis~ mTavari da yvelze didi sargebeli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man xeli unda Seuwyos TurqTa gaerTianebas, romelTa gansaxlebis teritoriebi aziis did nawilsa da aRmosavleT evropas moicavs. maT erTnairi ena, erTnairi warmomavloba, erTi da igive wes-Cveulebebi, umravlesobas ki – erTi religiac eqnebaT~. amrigad, amgvari politikis realizacia didi politikuri eris formirebis process Seuwyobda xels.

istoria amierkavkasiis muslimTa Seix-ul-islami ali husein-zade pirveli azerbaijaneli inteleqtuali iyo, vinc aqtiurad dainteresda Turqizmis ideebiT da Turqi xalxebisaTvis am moZRvrebis aqtualobiT. misi sityvebiT, ès gza imas niSnavs, rom Turquli grZnobebiT unda viyoT STagonebuli, gvjerodes islamis da Tanamedrove evropuli civilizaciis nayofiT unda gavamdidroT Cveni yoveldRiuroba~. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom germaneli istorikosisa da politologis, doqtor rolf hosfeldis azriT, ìseTi imperiisaTvis, rogoric osmaleTis imperia iyo, modernizacia amave dros Turqizacias niSnavda. sakvanZo momentad yovelTvis rCeboda nacionalizmi, rogorc misi ukiduresi gamoxatulebis forma~. swored ali husein-zadem wamoayena is sami ganuyofeli principi, romelic SemdgomSi Turqma inteleqtualma da moazrovnem mehmed zia gokalfim ganaviTara. Turq moRvaweTagan Turqizmis ideologiis erT-erT fuZemdeblad samarTlianad miiCneva XX saukunis dasawyisis cnobili politikuri da sazogado moRvawe mehmed zia gokalfi (18761924). igi osmalTa imperiaSi àxalgazrda TurqTa~ moZraobis erT-erTi lideri, imperiis mmarTveli partia èrTianobisa da progresis” (Ittihat ve Terakki) erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli da partiis centraluri komitetis wevri iyo. Turqizmis namdvil Teoretikosad ki zia gokalfi balkanuri omebis dros, 1912-1913 wlebSi, Camoyalibda. gokalfis ideologiis amosaval wertils is debuleba warmoadgenda, rom mravalerovnuli osmaleTis imperiis garduval daSlas swored es mravalferovneba gamoiwveveda. gokalfi miiCnevda, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Turqebma Tavisi tradiciebi dakarges da sxva xalxebis tradiciebi SeiZines. `sxva xalxebis dapyrobiT Cvenve aRmovCndiT sulierad dapyrobilebi~ – acxadebda igi. amitom saWiro iyo sakuTar istoriul fesvebTan dabruneba, `sakuTari Tavis xelaxlad Secnoba~, `Turquli sulis~ xelaxlad SeZena. gokalfi Turquli modgmis xalxebis preislamur yofasa da warmoSobas aidealebda da Turqi xalxis politikur da kulturul miRwevebs, atilas, Cingis yaenis, Temur lengis, baburas, osmalo sulTnebis `sagmiro saqmeebs~ adidebda. aqedan gamomdinare, zia gokalfi Turquli modgmis istoriul sacxovriss – `Turans~ ganadidebda da misi `xelaxlad Seqmnis~ apologetad gamodioda. Temur lengi

Cingiz xani

atila

didi Turani

gokalfi Tavis ideebsa da Sexdulebebs xSirad poeturad, leqsis saxiT warmoadgenda, raTa mkiTxvels gaadvileboda misi gageba. ai, citata misi erT-erTi cnobili leqsidan `Turani~, romelic 1911 welsaa dawerili:

`Cemi Sexedulebebi da maTi kvali, romelic Cems sisxlSi miedineba, Cemi istoriis anareklia. Cemi winaprebis sagmiro saqmeebis Sesaxeb me istoriis mkvdari da gayviTlebuli, mtvriani furclebidan ki ar vkiTxulob, aramed Cemi gulidan da ZarRvebidan vigeb. Cemi atila, Cemi Cingizi, es gmiruli saxeebi, romlebic Cemi eris gmirul didebas ganasaxiereben, istoriis gayviTlebul furclebze Cndebian, romelic arakeTilmosurneobiTa da sibilwiTaa savse da Tavad garemom Seamko isini sircxviliTa da uRirsobiT, Tumca isini arafriT Camouvardebian aleqsandresa da iulius keisars. Cemma gulma ukeTesad icis oRuz xanic, romelic istoriisaTvis bnel da Seucnobel saxed rCeba. Cems gulSi, Cems ZarRvebSi igi isev cocxalia Tavisi sidiadiT. oRuz xani aRafrTovanebs Cems guls, mxars miWers da zeimis ganwyobas mmatebs: TurqTa samSoblo arc TurqeTia da arc Turqestani, TurqTa samSoblo mudmivi da didebuli qveyana – Turania~.

sakiTxis arsSi meti sicxadis Sesatanad mcire geografiuli da istoriuli eqskursi unda CavataroT. pirveli – termin `Turqestans~ exeba, meore ki – osmalTa imperiaSi Turqizmis koncefciis geneziss. termini `Turqestani~ centraluri aziis istoriul-geografiuli regionis dasaxelebaa, romelic XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi ixmareboda. pirvelad toponimi „Turqestani~ gvxvdeba sogdianur enaze 639 wels Sedgenil dokumentSi, romelic ipoves 1969 wels. dawyebuli XIII saukunidan am regionis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen dRevandeli saxelmwifoebi: uzbekeTi, TurqmeneTi, tajikeTi, yirgizeTi da yazaxeTi, agreTve CineTis kuTvnili sinczian-uiRuris avtonomiuri raioni, samxreT cimbiris Turqulenovani regionebi, aseve iranisa da avRaneTis CrdiloeTi nawili. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi Turqestani pirobiTad iyofoda dasavleT (rusul), aRmosavleT (Cinur) da samxreT (iranisa da avRaneTis CrdiloeTi nawili) Turqestanad. dasavleT da aRmosavleT TurqestanSi umetesad Turqulenovani xalxebi cxovrobdnen, xolo samxreTSi – iranulenovani. 1920-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, termini „Turqestani“ nel-nela gamodis xmarebidan da mas termini `Sua azia~ cvlis. dReisaTvis ki am regionis dasaxelebad ukve mkvidrdeba termini „,centraluri azia~. Sesabamisad, Cvens werilSi gamoyenebul terminebs „Sua azia~ da „centraluri azia~ erTi da igive azrobrivi datvirTva aqvs.

istoria rac Seexeba Turqizmis geneziss: 1876 wels osmalTa imperiaSi konstitucia miiRes, romlis mixedviTac gamocxadda yvela moqalaqis Tanasworoba erovnebis, rasisa da aRmsareblobis miuxedavad. konstituciis safuZvels „osmanizmis~ ideologia warmoadgenda. osmanizmis ideologiis mixedviT, imperiis yvela moqalaqe osmanis modgmis, sulTnisa da erTiani saxelmwifos ideis erTguli unda yofiliyo. magram imperiis araTurqi mosaxleobisaTvis es idea ucxo da miuRebeli aRmoCnda. amitom mis nacvlad oficialurma xelisuflebam male religiuri erTianobis idea – islamizmi wamoayena, rasac Sedegad sulTan abdul hamid II-is mier miRebuli 1876 wlis konstituciis Secvla mohyva. magram arc islamizmi aRmoCnda imperiis yvela qveSevrdomisaTvis da, gansakuTrebiT, qristiani mosaxleobisaTvis misaRebi da gamaerTianebeli ideologia. swored konstituciis aRdgenisa da, Sesabamisad, osmanizmis aRdgenis mcdelobad SeiZleba ganvixiloT `axalgazrda TurqTa~ 1908 wlis revoluciac. maSin osmanizmis ideebiT aRtkinebuli revoluciis axalgazrda lideri, SemdgomSi samxedro ministri da osmalTa imperiis faqtobrivi mmarTveli, 26 wlis enver faSa sazeimod acxadebda: `amieridan Cven yvelani, Zmebi varT. amieridan aRar arseboben bulgarelebi, berZnebi, ruminelebi, ebraelebi, mahmadianebi... am erTiani lurji cis qveS yvelani Tanasworni varT. Cven vzeimobT, rom osmalebi varT...~ magram sul ramdenime weliwadSi imperiis politikur xelmZRvanelobas Tavisi ideologiuri niSnulebis gadalageba mouwia. 1912-1913 wlebis balkanurma omebma, romlis Sedegadac imperiam Tavisi evropuli teritoriebis udidesi nawili dakarga, da, gansakuTrebiT, I msoflio omis dawyebam naTlad aCvena, rom osmaleTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebisaTvis arc osmanizmis da, miT umetes, arc islamizmis ideologia namdvilad aRar iyo momxiblavi moZRvreba. am momentidan dawyebuli, sazogadoebaSi mwifdeba Turqizmis idea, romelsac unda gaeZlierebina saxelmwifo da gaezarda TurqTa erovnuli TviTSegneba. panislamizmis ideologiis sapirispirod, zia gokalfi sekularizmis garkveuli elementebis momxred gamodioda. igi amtkicebda, rom aucilebeli iyo saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis gayofa da Turqi eris ganviTareba evropuli civilizaciis miRwevebis safuZvelze. am gzaze warmatebis miRwevis erT-erT saSualebad igi Turqulenovani xalxebis erT saxelmwifoSi gaer-

enver faSa, igive ismail enveri an enverbei (1881-1922) – panTurqizmis ideologi da praqtikaSi gamtarebeli. osmaleTis 1908 wlis axalgazrda TurqTa revoluciis aqtiuri monawile da partia „erTianoba da progresis“ erT-erTi lideri. osmaleTis imperiis samxedro da politikuri moRvawe. I msoflio omis periodSi imperiis samxedro ministri da mmarTveli triumviratis wevri. SemdgomSi leninisa da bolSevik liderTa `aRmosavleTis bolSevikuri revoluciis~ koncefciis mTavari figura. 1922 wlidan Turqestanis basmaCuri moZraobis erT-erTi lideri da savele meTauri. moklul iqna wiTelarmielebTan gamarTul erT-erT SetakebaSi 1922 wlis 4 agvistos qalaq duSanbesTan.

enver faSa meh H med TalaaT-faSa

didi Turani

Tianebas miiCnevda. gokalfis ideebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda osmalTa imperiaSi da male igi `axalgazrda TurqTa~ wreSic miiRes. gansakuTrebulad Sovinisturad ganwyobilma warmomadgenlebma ki, gokalfis ideebi panTurqistul doqtrinaSi ganaviTares, romelic iTxovda sulTnis xelisuflebis qveS myofi yvela Turquli modgmisa da Turqulenovani xalxis gaerTianebas, amasTanave imperiis yvela erovnuli umciresobisa Tu diasporis iZulebiT gaTurqebas an maT likvidacias. am doqtrinis Zlier mxardamWerebad swored osmalTa imperiis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri elita da mmarTveli triumviratis wevrebi, imperiis samxedro ministri ismail enver faSa, didi veziri mehmed TalaaT faSa da samxedro-sazRvao ministri ahmed jemal faSa gamodiodnen. saerTo jamSi, zia gokalfma Semdegi mokle fraziT gamoxata Turqi xalxis TviTidentificireba: `...mokled rom vTqvaT, Turqi xalxi miekuTvneba xalxTa uraloaltaur jgufs, islamuri sazogadoebis erTianobas da dasavlur saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas~. miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, Turqizmis ideologia, rogorc aseTi, sulac ar warmoadgenda Turquli modgmis xalxebis erTian unificirebul moZRvrebas. osmaleTis imperiis ahmed jemal-faSa Turquli modgmis xalxebisagan gans-

xvavebiT, magaliTad, ruseTis TaTrebi da Suaazielebi masSi gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebis gagebas debdnen. Sua aziaSi Turqizmis ideur produqts CaRaTaizmis moZRvreba warmoadgenda. swored am formaSi moxda Turquli memkvidreobis realizacia Suaaziur mosaxleobaSi, rac arcTu iSviaTad ewinaaRmdegeboda Turqizmis sxva mimdinareobebs. revoluciamdel periodSi pirvelebi, vinc CaRaTaizmamde mividnen, Suaazieli inteleqtuali-modernistebi, anu jadidebi iyvnen. ruseTis mier Sua aziis dapyrobis Semdeg adgilobrivi inteligencia im daskvnamde mivida, rom maTi miwebis gadarCena samudamo imperiuli kabalisagan mxolod radikaluri TviTdaxvewisa da erovnuli modernizaciis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. uzbekuri warmoSobis cnobili amerikeli istorikosi da aRmosavleTmcodne, doqtori adif xalidi wers: `imdroindeli nacionalur-ganmaTavisuflebeli diskursidan Suaazielma inteligenciam myarad daaskvna, rom msoflio sxvadasxva xalxisagan Sedgeba, romlebic mudmivad ibrZvian arsebobisa da winsvlisaTvis. Sesabamisad, sicocxlis uflebis mopovebisaTvis erma, pirvel rigSi, Tavisi erovnuli TviTSegneba unda gazardos, Semdeg ki ganviTarebisa da sakuTari Tavis gadarCenisaTvis ibrZolos. am logikam jadidebi identobis sakiTxis axal gagebamde miiyvana, romelmac TandaTan moipova popularoba rogorc ruseTis, ise osmaleTis imperiebSi.

jadidizmi – warmodgeba arabuli sityvidan ,‫ ﺟدﯾدﯾﺔ‬rac `ganaxlebas~ niSnavs. muslimTa sazogadoebriv-politikuri da inteleqtualuri moZraoba, romelic ruseTis imperiis volgispireTisa da yirimel TaTarTa Soris gaCnda XIX saukunis bolodan. jadidizmi muslim reformatorTa ideologias warmoadgenda, romlis amocanac iyo Tanamedrove evropuli civilizaciisa da progresis sikeTeebis popularizacia muslimur samyaroSi. jadidebi evropuli politikuri azris, gansakuTrebiT, konstituciuri ideis didi gavlenis qveS iyvnen. maTi azriT, islami ar ewinaaRmdegeboda parlamentarizmis ideas. jadidebi miiCnevdnen, rom islami ar krZalavda muslimTa istoriis kritikul Seswavlas. amave dros, ramdenadac islamma ver SeZlo idealuri kulturis Seqmna, muslimebi sulac ar iyvnen movaleni, rom TavianTi sulieri winamZRolebi absoluturi WeSmaritebis matareblebad CaeTvalaT. isini socialuri mowyobis im principebis ZiebaSi iyvnen, romlebic ufro misaRebi iqneboda ama Tu im istoriuli periodisaTvis. 1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg jadidebi Seadgendnen partia `muslimTa kavSiris” birTvs, romlebic ibrZodnen konstituciuri monarqiis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis, sayovlTao arCevnebisa da sxva demokratiuli ideebis gasatareblad.

istoria orive imperiis muslimma inteligenciam uceb `aRmoaCina~ Tavisi Turquli fesvebi, rac maT siamayiT miiRes. es fenomeni Turqizmis aRmavlobad unda CavTvaloT, ramac sagrZnoblad gaxliCa muslimuri elitis warmodgenebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. eTnikur warmomavlobaze gakeTebuli aqcentebi, romlis ukanac idga axali eTnografiuli warmodgenebi, Turqologiis miRwevebi da lingvistika, Tavisi arsiT damangreveli aRmoCnda konfesiuri da dinastiuri principebisaTvis, romlis mixedviTac yalibdeboda aqamde Suaaziuri sazogadoebis erovnuli identobis sakiTxebi. CaRaTaizmSi, iseve rogorc `klasikur~ TurqizmSi, islami da religiuri sakiTxi ukana planze iqna gadaweuli~.

CaRaTaizmis koncefciis yvelaze mniSvnelovan figuras cnobili uzbeki istorikosi da Tanamedrove uzbekuri literaturis fuZemdebeli abdurauf fitrati (18861938) (namdvili gvar-saxeli – abdul rauf abdurahim oRli) warmoadgenda. fitrati misi literaturuli fsevdonimi iyo. fitratma dawyebiTi ganaTleba buxaraSi miiRo, oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1909-1913) ki konstantinopolis universitetSi swavlobda, sadac `axlgazrda TurqTa~ ideologiasa da Turqizmis ideebs eziara. aqve xdeba igi `erTianobisa da progresis~ partiis wevri, male ki – partiis aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevric. 1913 wels fitrati buxaraSi brundeba da saTaveSi udgeba jadidebis memarcxene, yvelaze ufro progresul frTas. amave dros eweva aqtiur samecniero, publicistur da literaturul moRvaweobas. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg faizu-

abdurauf fitrati

la xojaevTan erTad saTaveSi udgeba `axalgazrda buxarelTa~ partias da `axalgazrda TurqTa~ programis mixedviT am partiis programas ayalibebs. Tavis nawarmoebebSi igi araerTxel aRniSnavda `didi Temuris~ – Temur lengis mniSvnelobas SuaazielTa erovnuli identobisaTvis. faqtia, rom abdurauf fitratis nawarmoebebisa da swavlebebis Sedegad, Temur lengi didi dampyroblisa da Temuridebis dinastiis fuZemdeblidan Suaazieli Turqi xalxebis mamamTavrad mogvevlina.

rac Seexeba cnebebs `Turani~ da `Turanizmis~ ideologias, sityva `Turani~ Zveli iranuli terminia, romelic, rogorc wesi, upirispirdeba termin `irans~ (Turani – irani, Turani vs. irani). am sityviT aRiniSneboda iranis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare momTabare Turquli tomebiT dasaxlebuli ukidegano qveyana. maRali kulturis matarebeli iranisaTvis es qveyana tradiciulad mtrul, bnel, velur da barbarosul samyaros warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, iranul kulturaSi sityva `Turans~ aSkarad negatiuri datvirTva hqonda. aseTi mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari igi, magaliTad, abulkasim firdousisTan, cnobil poemaSi `Sah-name~. magram rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme istoriaSi, mogvianebiT es termini mecnierebma da Tavad Turqebmac Turquli da ugro-fineli xalxebis ganzogadebul saxelad miiRes. firdousis nawarmoebTa geografiuli analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom firdousisTan Turani warmoadgenda dRevandeli centraluri aziis teritoriebs – Turqestans.

didi Turani

ufro farTo gagebiT `Turanis~ uzarmazari sivrce, romelic grZediT moicavda iranidan CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritorias, xolo ganediT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; kavkasiidan saianamde areals, ganixileba, rogorc `Turanuli xalxebis~ winare samSoblo, romelsac miekuTvneba uralo-altauri enis yvela eTnosi. amasTan, Turquli samyaro miCneulia am ukidegano `Turanis~ mTavar RerZad. Sesabamisad, panTurqizmi ganixileba, rogorc `Turanizmis~, am Zalian farTo da amorfuli cnebis, ufro koncentrirebuli gageba. swored Turanidan gamovidnen Tavis droze samxedropolitikur arenaze atilas, alf arslanis, jalal ad dinis, Cingiz yaenis, erToRrulis, Temur lengisa da aRa mahmad xan yajaris urdoebi, romlebmac irani, ruseTi, amierkavkasia, anatolia, mTeli axlo aRmosavleTi da aRmosavleTi evropa walekes. am tomebis STamomavlebi dRes mTel aziasa da evropis nawilSi arian gabneuli. Turqizmis Semdgomi ganviTarebis stadias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `miTi didi Tufaizula xojaevi ranis Sesaxeb~ an, ubralod, Turanizmi. Turanizmi (panTuranizmi) ideur-politikuri mimdinareobaa, romlis mTavar amocanasac Turanuli xalxebis gaerTianeba warmoadgens. cneba `panTuranizmi~ ufro vrcelia, vidre `panTurqizmi~, imdenad, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli orientirebulia mxolod Turqul eTnosze, xolo `panTuranizmi~ politikuri integraciis subieqtebad yvela Turanul xalxs ganixilavs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom panTurqizmisa da panTuranizmis cnebebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad ar aris gamijnuli. Turanizms an panTuranizms samecniero literaturaSi, rogorc wesi, uwodeben Turqulenovani xalxebis politikuri, kulturuli da eTnikuri erTianobis ideas, sadac agreTve Sedian ungrelebi, estonelebi da finelebi. mokled rom vTqvaT, panTuranizmis koncefcia Turqulenovani da Turquli warmoSobis xalxebis erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad, romelic balkaneTidan lamis wynar okeanemde unda yofiliyo gadaWimuli. am zesaxelmwifos sazRvrebs unda moecva yvela Turquli warmomavlobisa da Turqulenovani xalxebis gansaxlebis areali, miuxedavad maTi saxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa da mdebareobisa. saocaria, magram faqtia, rom panTuranistebma didi energiiTa da SemarTebiT daiwyes muSaoba mosazRvre da mezobeli teritoriebis `did TuranSi~ CarTvazec. es gansakurebiT im saxelmwifoebs SeexebodaT, sadac Turanuli warmoSobis dinastiebi iyvnen gamefebuli, magaliTad yajarTa irani anda avRaneTi. qronologiurad Turqizmis ideologiisa da `didi Turanis~ ideis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesebi I msoflio omis mimdinareobasa da mis Semdgom periodze modis. Tumca, es ukve warmodgenili Temis sul sxva aspeqtebia...

didi adamianebi

„ori samyaros“ gmiri da italiis gaerTianeba

ekaterine metreveli

italiis erovnuli gmiri – generali juzepe garibaldi – italiis risorjimentos legendaruli lideri, saocrad momxibvleli, gansakuTrebuli simamacisa da ulevi energiis mqone adamiani iyo. misi mTeli cxovreba samSoblos damoukideblobisaTvis brZola iyo, xolo misi saxeli Tavisuflebisa da erTianobis simbolod iqca. garibaldis xSirad `ori samyaros~ gmirsac uwodebdnen, or kontinentze – evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi – moRvaweobis gamo. garibaldis erTnairad scemdnen pativs rogorc musolinis faSisturi partia, ise italieli liberalebi. juzepe garibaldi daibada 1807 wlis 4 ivliss nicaSi. istoriulad nica piemont-sardiniis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, Tumca piemontisa da avstriis gaerTianebuli jarebis italiaSi napoleonTan damarcxebis Semdeg nica, savoiasTan erTad, safrangeTs SeuerTda. 1814 wels, rodesac napoleoni taxtidan gadadga, venis kongresis gadawyvetilebiT piemont-sardiniis samefo aRdga Tavis sazRvrebSi da mefe vitorio emanuele I, romelic manamde Tavs sardinias afarebda, avstrielTa mxardaWeriT dedaqalaq turinSi dabrunda. piemontSi iseve, rogorc italiis sxva aTiode saxelmwifoSi, respublikis da imperiis pirobebSi Catarebuli progresu-

juzepe garibaldi

li reformebi kvlav XVIII saukunis droindeli kanonmdeblobiTa da dinastiebiT Seicvala. es ukanasknelni ki sruliad emorCilebodnen avstriis imperiis kontrols. revoluciuri safrangeTis gavlenam Sedegi gamoiRo da italiuri sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli nawili veRar Seegua italiaSi damkvidrebul reaqciul mmarTvelobas. mTel italiaSi warmoiqmna saidumlo orgaizaciaTa qseli, e.w. „karbonarebi“, romelTa mizanic iyo risorjimento, anu italiis aRorZineba. maTi moTxovnebi iyo: konstitucia, saxalxo warmomadgenloba da, rac mTavaria, italiis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianeba da ganTavisufleba avstrielTa batonobisgan. swored juzepe garibaldim, juzepe maZinisTan, vitorio emanuele II-sa da kamilo benso di kavurTan erTad, gadamwyveti roli Seasrula am saqmeSi.

vitorio emanuele II (1820-1878) tba vis Jene

Jeneva

Sveicariis konfederacia

savoiis sagrafo valsesia

aostas sagrafo

anesi S A amberi monmeliani

milanis sahercogo

ivrea vijevano

piemontis samTavro grenobli

suza eqsilesi

turini pinerolo

kasale kieri alesandria asti

bransoni

dofene

stafarda

karmaniola

a ik l b u sp re genua s i nu ge

saviliano miiestri saluco gapi ambreni kuneo barseloneti

finale

nica onelia

safrangeTi nica

juzepe maZini (1805-1872) – italieli patrioti, filosofosi da politikosi. misi damsaxurebaa Tanamedrove italiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, manamde arsebuli ramdenime calkeuli saxelmwifos nacvlad, romelTagan mravali XIX s.-mde ucxo Zalebis zegavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli.

vilfranSi

provansi

liguriis] zRva tuloni

risorjimento (ital. il Risorgimento) – italiis gaerTianeba – politikuri da socialuri moZraoba, romlis Sedegadac XIX s.-Si italiis naxevarkunZulis sxvadasxva saxelmwifo gaerTianda da Seiqmna erTi saxelmwifo – italia.

piemont-sardiniis samefo 55

didi adamianebi juzepe garibaldis winaprebi, mamis CaTvliT, naosnebi iyvnen, Tumca im periodisTvis sakmaod ganaTlebuli deda SvilisTvis sxva momavalze – sasuliero karieraze – ocnebobda da Sesabamisi ganaTlebac misca. magram bavSvobidan faTerakebis moyvarul juzepes sasuliero piris cxovreba ar xiblavda da guli zRvisken miuwevda. 15 wlis iungad wasuli juzepe 1832 wels ukve savaWro afrosan „klorindas“ kapitania. es is periodia, rodesac bolonia da modena ajanyebebma moicva, papi grigol XVI Tavisi Zalauflebis gazrdas cdilobs, xolo avstria sul ufro amkacrebs represiebs da usamarTlobas amkvidrebs dapyrobil teritoriebze. garibaldi xvdeba, rom papi da avstria ewinaaRmdegebian italiis gaerTianebas. male igi iatakqveSa revoluciuri organizacia „axalgazrda italiis“ wevri xdeba, romelsac juzepe maZini xelmZRvanelobs. gmirobas mowyurebuli garibaldi sardiniis samefos samxedro flotSi gadadis, sadac misi mizani ajanyebis momzadebaa, Tumca ajanyeba gasces da garibaldi daxvretis Tavidan asacileblad samxreT amerikaSi miemgzavreba, sadac 13 wels dahyofs juzepe panes saxeliT.

karlo alberto (1798-1849)

samxreTi amerika Tavisuflebis wyurvili garibaldis samxreT amerikaSic ar aZlevs mosvenebas. igi aqtiur monawileobas iRebs patara respublikis rio-grandes brZolaSi braziliis imperiis winaaRmdeg, Semdeg ki urugvais icavs argentinel diqtator manuel de rozasgan, romelsac urugvais argentinisTvis mierTeba surda. montevideos dasacavad garibaldi Tavisive Camoyalibebul italiur legionTan erTad ibrZoda. maTma Tavganwirvam didi gamoxmaureba hpova mTel msoflioSi. am periods ekuTvnis garibaldis mier Seqmnili simboloebi: Savi alami – tanjuli italiis simbolo, romelzec wiTeli aboboqrebuli vezuvia gamosaxuli, rogorc risorjimentos – italiis aRorZinebis – simbolo da samxedro uniforma – wiTeli xalaTi da yelsaxvevi. es simboloebi imaze metyvelebs, rom devnilobaSic ki garibaldis mTavari mizani italiis ganTavisufleba da gaerTianeba iyo. montevideoSi iZulebiTi devnilobis dros garibaldisa da italiel emigrantebs mudmivi kavSiri hqondaT samSoblosTan, kerZod, juzepe maZinisTan. italiis sazogadoeba aboboqrebuli iyo da qveyana damoukideblobisTvis sabrZolvelad emzadeboda. 1848 wlis aprilSi garibaldi uaxloes TanamebrZolebTan erTad italiaSi dabrunda.

juzepe garibaldi

sardiniis monarq karlo albertos, romelmac 30-ian wlebSi maZinis ori ajanyeba CaaxSo da garibaldi iZulebuli gaxada qveyana daetovebina, taxtis dakargvis SiSma politika Seacvlevina da gadaawyvetina piemonti im birTvad eqcia, romlis garSemoc mTeli italia gaerTiandeboda. amisTvis man mniSvnelovani reformebi gaatara armiaSi, ganaTlebisa da vaWrobis mimarTulebiT. 1847 wels miiRo konstitucia, romelic 1923 wlamde moqmedebda. karlo alberto kardinalurad gansxvavdeboda imdroindeli italiis sxva monarqebisgan da surda axali tipis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba. piemonti im drois italiis sxva monarqiebs Soris yvelaze progresuli iyo. meore mxriv, 1847 wels romis papi pius IX-is arCevam italiel inteleqtualebs imedi gauCina. man papis saxelmwifoSi politpatimrebis sayovelTao amnistia gamoacxada da maT dabrunebis ufleba misca. italia sul ufro uaxlovdeboda gaerTianebas. axali politika misaRebi iyo juzepesTvisac, magram axla mas avstrielTa batonobisgan undoda italiis ganTavisufleba. karlo albertom isargebla avstriaSi areulobiT da 1848 wlis martSi meternixis mTavrobis gadadgomiT da avstrias omi gamoucxada. misma armiam erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime gamarjveba moipova da piemonts lombardia da venecia SemouerTa. magram warmatebebis periodi amiT damTavrda. monarqs gabeduli qmedebebis eSinoda da avstrielTa kontrieriSs veRar gaumklavda, ris Sedegadac piemontma kvlav dakarga milanic da veneciac. omi wagebuli iyo. samSobloSi dabrunebuli garibaldi gaurkvevel viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. monarqis mier avstriasTan dadebuli zavi damamcirebeli iyo, aman gadaawyvetina garibaldis monarqis samsaxuridan eris samsaxurSi gadasuliyo. 1849 wlis martSi avstriam sabolood gaanadgura piemontis armia. piemonti okupacias mxolod safrangeTis CareviT gadaurCa. karlo alberto gadadga da taxti Tavis vaJs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; vitorio emanuele II-s dauTmo. avstriis kontrols daubrunda lombardia, toskana, parma, modena da sxva qalaqebi. damoukidebeli darCa mxolod romi da venecia. amave periodSi, 1849 wels, revolucionerebma daamxes romis papi da romSi italiis respublika gamoacxades. miRebuli iyo gadawyvetileba eklesiis qonebis konfiskaciis, agreTve, sayovelTao ganaTlebis,

papi pius IX (1792-1878)

osmaleTis imperia

parma

d en a

i saf ran geT

avstriis imperia

lombardiaveneciis samefo

sardiniis samefo

toskanis didi sagrafo

korsika

papis olqi

(safrangeTi)

adriatikis zRva

ic i

sardinia (sardiniis samefo)

xmelTaSua zRva

tunisi

didi adamianebi beWdviTi sityvis Tavisuflebis da moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. respublikelebma daxmareba garibaldis sTxoves. romis revolucia sayovelTao evropuli politikis yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda. romis papma pius IX-m mouwoda mTel kaTolikur samyaros daecvaT misi uflebebi. safrangeTma, romelic dainteresebuli iyo italiaSi Tavisi gavlenis gazrdiT, avstriis sapirispirod saswrafod gagzavna jari romis asaRebad. gaafTrebuli brZolebis Semdgom, 1849 wlis 3 ivniss, frangebma romi aiRes da garibaldi Tavisi legionis narCenebiT iZulebuli gaxda veneciisken daZruliyo. gza metad mZime aRmoCnda, maT unda gadaelaxaT apeninebi, fexdafex ki avstrielebi misdevdnen. am gadasvlis dros gardaicvala garibaldis meuRle, anita. garibaldim moaxerxa piemontamde miRweva, sadac mTavrobam igi daapatimra da qveynis dauyovnebeli datoveba SesTavaza. am droisTvis veneciis respublikac dacemuli iyo. garibaldi kvlav iZulebuli gaxda qveyana daetovebina da amjerad CrdiloeT amerikaSi gaemgzavra. misi devnilobis periodSi maZinis meTaurobiT gagrZelda italiis gaerTianebisTvis iatakqveSa moZraoba.

kamilo benso di kavuri (1801-1861) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; italieli saxelmwifo moRvawe da italiis gaerTianebis moZraobis wamyvani figura. kavuri, rogorc mas Cveulebriv eZaxdnen, 1852 wels piemont-sardiniis samefos premier-ministri gaxda da es Tanamdeboba man garibaldis mTeli kampaniis manZilze SeinarCuna, italiis gaerTianebamde. kavuri gaerTianebuli italiis premier-ministric gaxda, Tumca am Tanamdebobaze man mxolod sami Tve imuSava da ver moeswro im dros, rodesac italias SeuerTda venecia da romi. didi iyo kavuris diplomatiis roli piemontis interesebis gatarebisas, yirimis omisa da italiis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis meore fazis dros. warmatebuli diplomatiis saSualebiT man moaxerxa piemonti axali moTamaSe gamxdariyo evropaSi, akontrolebda ra imaze xuTjer did teritorias, rac kavurma xelisulfebaSi mosvlisas piemontis saxiT Caibara.

garibaldis dabruneba da italiis gaerTianeba 1850-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, garibaldis emigraciaSi yofnis periodSi, piemontSi mniSvnelovani sasikeTo cvlilebebi moxda. piemontis mefe vitorio emanuele II gaxda, romelmac aqtiurad daiwyo erovnuli politikis gatareba. turinSi, sadac sityvisa da azrovnebis Tavisufleba iyo, Tavi moiyares mTeli italiis inteleqtualebma da patriotebma. piemontis mTavrobas ki saTaveSi brwyinvale saxelmwifo moRvawe, didi italieli, kamilo benso di kavuri Caudga. misi gonivruli politikis wyalobiT piemonti im periodis evropis erT-erT mowinave qveynad gadaiqca, romlis garSemoc unda gaerTianebuliyo italiis sxva teritoriegaribaldim Tavisi meuRle anita (Ana Ribeiro da Silva) 1839 wels gaicno braziliaSi, lagunaze Tavdasxmis dros da TavdaviwyebiT Seiyvara. im dros anita ukve gaTxovili iyo, Tumca miatova kanonieri meuRle da garibaldis gahyva. maT aTi weli icxovres erTad, SeeZinaT oTxi Svili â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ori vaJi da ori qali. 1849 wels, veneciaSi gadasvlis dros, mexuTe Svilze fexmZime anita malariiT dasneulda da qmris mklavebSi dalia suli.

juzepe garibaldi

alpur msrolelTa korpusis moxaliseebis uniforma napoleon III (1808-1873)

bi. kavurma ostaturad gamoiyena inglisisa da safrangeTis ruseTTan dapirispireba, kerZod ki, 1854 wlis yirimis omi, sadac man samxedro kontingentic ki gagzavna da Sedegad saSualeba mieca 1856 wels parizis kongresze italiis sakiTxi daeyenebina. magram italiis gaerTianebisTvis marto diplomatia ar iyo sakmarisi da kavurma patriotuli moZraobis konsolidaciisTvis garibaldis mimarTa. 1854 wels garibaldi samSobloSi dabrunda da mxarSi amoudga vitorio emanuele II -s. premier-ministri avstriasTan omisTvis emzadeboda, imedi hqonda, rom italiis dakargul teritoriebs daibrunebda. amisTvis piemonts safrangeTis mxardaWera esaWiroeboda. Sedegad, kavurma napoleon III-sTan dado saidumlo, italiisTvis mZime, xelSekruleba. parizi valdebulebas iRebda mxari daeWira turinisTvis avstriis winaaRmdeg, daebrunebina CrdiloeTi italia, sanacvlod ki, nica da savoia safrangeTs gadaecemoda. piemontis mTavrobis TxovniT garibaldi piemontis armiis general-maiori gaxda. mas daevala moxaliseTagan alpur msrolelTa korpusis Camoyalibeba. turinis dacvam faqtobrivad am korpusis mxrebze gadaiara. erovnuli gmiris meTaurobiT maT gaanadgures avstriis jari lombardiaSi. avstriis imperatori franc iozef I ver SeewinaaRmdega safrangeTisa da piemontis gaerTianebul jarebs da safrangeTs lombardiis sanacvlod samxedro moqmedebebis Sewyveta SesTavaza. napoleon III-m daubruna italias milani da lombardia, samagierod ki daikanona nica da savoia. Zalian male piemontis samefos centraluri italiac SeuerTda. magram Tavisi mSobliuri qalaqis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nicis dakargva garibaldisTvis didi gulistkivili iyo. veneciac avstriis mflobelobaSi rCeboda. italielebi gulgatexilebi iyvnen, kavuri â&#x20AC;&#x201C; imedgacruebuli, napoleon III-m danapirebi bolomde ar Seasrula, Tumca realobas unda Segueboda da parizTan diplomatiuri vaWroba gaegrZelebina. garibaldi iZulebuli iyo brZola SeeCerebina.

didi adamianebi „aTasTa“ marSi

CrdiloeT italiis gaerTianebam erovnuli moZraobis axali talRa warmoqmna italiis samxreTSi, e.w. orive siciliis samefoSi, romelic Sedgeboda naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilisa da siciliisgan, dedaqalaqiT neapolSi. bolo 130 wlis manZilze samefos neapoleli burbonebi marTavdnen. 1860 wlis 6 maiss garibaldi wiTel xalaTebSi gamowyobil moxaliseTa „aTaskacian“ razms Caudga saTaveSi. „aTasis“ SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen axalgazrda enTuziastebi, advokatebi, Jurnalistebi, studentebi, alpur msrolelTa korpusis mebrZolebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kavuri sifrTxiliT uyurebda samxreT italiis politikuri SemoerTebis sakiTxs, mas garibaldisTvis aranairi dabrkoleba ar Seuqmnia. arc vitorio emanuele II-s gamouxatavs winaaRmdegoba. amgvarad, 5-dan 6 maisis Rames garibaldis ori xomaldi siciliis napirebisken daiZra. es sarisko wamowyeba, romelic daaxloebiT aTasi kaciT miznad isaxavda bevrad ufro Zlieri armiisa da Zlieri flotis mqone samefos damarcxebas, warmatebiT dasrulda. aTasTa marSi imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom es iyo erTaderTi erToblivi gadawyvetileba, romelsac italiis „eris oTxive mama“ – juzepe maZini, juzepe garibaldi, vitorio emanuele II da kavuri (marTalia, sxvadasxva formiT) – uWerda mxars. garibaldisTvis es italiis gaerTianebas niSnavda. 11 maiss „aTasi“ ubrZolvelad gadmosxda siciliaSi. ramdenime brwyinvale gamarjvebis Semdeg, sul ramdenime dReSi, ajanyebam moicva mTeli sicilia. yvela gaxarebuli iyo burbonebis damarcxebiT. „aTass“ bevri SeuerTda. siciliis aRebis Semdeg garibaldi gaemarTa kontinentze, neapolisken, da 1860 wlis 7 seqtembers ukve neapolic daikava. garibaldis marSis Sedegad neapolis samefo da sicilia vitorio emanuele II-is samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. am samefos italia erqva.

juzepe garibaldi

win romi da venecia iyo. Tumca, monarqma da kavurma Tavi Seikaves safrangeTTan konfliqtisgan, romlis garnizonebic papis Zalauflebas icavdnen. ganawyenebuli garibaldi gadadga da kunZul kapreraze dasaxlda. magram misi saxeli mTel msoflioSi quxda da masTan uamravi xalxi Camodioda azris sakiTxavad. marTalia, romi da venecia italiis farglebs gareT darCa, magram garibaldis jer ar hqonda Sesrulebuli Tavisi roli samSoblos gaerTianebis saqmeSi. veneciisa da romis misaerTeblad garibaldi 1866 wels kvlav CaerTo avstrielebTan brZolaSi. avstriasTan dazavebis Semdeg italias daubrunda venecia. 1867 wels ki garibaldi kvlav Seecada romis dabrunebas. amisTvis igi mogzaurobda italiaSi da xalxs ajanyebisken mouwodebda, rac kvlav gaxda misi dapatimrebis mizezi. italiis mTavroba frTxilobda daerRvia safrangeTTan arsebuli SeTanxmeba. garibaldim gaqceva moaxerxa da Svidi aTasi mebrZoliT kvlav Seutia roms, Tumca romis sabolood gaTavisufleba mxolod 1870 wels SeZlo, rodesac frangebi prusiasTan omis dawyebis gamo iZulebuli gaxdnen romi daetovebinaT. garibaldis, rogorc mxedarTmTavris aRiarebaze isic metyvelebs, rom 1870 wels frangebma garibaldi prusiis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad miiwvies. safrangeTi damarcxda, magram italieli mxedarTmTavari uyvardaT da pativs scemdnen. sicocxlis bolo wlebi garibaldim kunZul kapreraze gaatara, sadac gardaicvala kidec 1882 wels 75 wlis asakSi. partizanuli brZolis udidesi ostati – juzepe garibaldi – risorjimentos yvela mniSvnelovani samxedro gamarjvebis ukan idga, magram aranaklebi iyo misi Rvawli italiis gaerTianebisTvis emociuri, ideologiuri mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT. kavurisa da maZinisgan gansxvavebiT, ubralo warmomavlobis garibaldi did gavlenas axdenda ubralo xalxze da maT patriotul grZnobebs uRvivebda. mis mimarT ndobasa da misi pirovnebiT aRfrTovanebas garibaldis patiosnebac ganapirobebda – mas endobodnen da italiis gaerTianebisTvis Tavganwirul brZolebSi mihyvebodnen.

didi qarTvelebi

ilia vekua ilia TavxeliZe

gardacvalebamde (1977 wlis 2 dekemberi) ramdenime TviT adre ilia vekuam dawera `mimarTva axalgazrdobisadmi~, romelic didi mecnieris erTgvar anderZad iqca: `mecnieruli muSaobis warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad mTavaria sami ram: niWi, muSaobis unari da SerCeuli dargisadmi siyvaruli. adamians cxovrebis gzaze TiTqmis yovelTvis elodeba mravali cduneba. kerZod, esaa survili, erTi SexedviT, savsebiT bunebrivi, cxovrebis pirobebis keTildReobisa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; hqondes xeiriani bina, kargi xelfasi, manqana, Tanamdeboba da mravali sxva. mecnierebaSi warmatebebs miaRwevs mxolod is, visac usazRvrod uyvars Tavisi dargi, vinc yvelaferze maRla daayenebs samecniero-kvleviT muSaobas da Semoqmedebis sferoSi warmatebis mopovebas dauqvemdebarebs yvela sxva interess. vinc ase moiqceva da warmatebebsac miaRwevs, misTvis cxovrebis sxva mxareebi TandaTanobiT mogvardeba da gacilebiT ukeT, vidre SeiZleboda, mas axalgazrdobis dros esaxeboda, oRond amisaTvis saWiroa dro da moTminebis didi unaris gamomuSaveba, kerZod, sulis mRrRneli Surianobis daZleva~.

ilia vekua

maTematika erT-erTi uZvelesi, marad Tanamedrove, uaxlesi meTodebiTa da ideebiT „savse“ mecnierebaa. rogorc galileo galilei ambobda, „bunebis diadi wigni maTematikis enazea dawerili da ramdenadac kargad gvesmis es ena, imdenad sworad CavwvdebiT bunebis saidumloebebs!“ am kanonzomierebaTa enis aqtualoba srulad XX saukuneSi dadasturda, roca adamianis gonis am gamovlinebam srulad moicva da, ufro metic, ganapiroba kacobriobis ganviTareba medicinidan dawyebuli kosmosuri kvlevebiT „dasrulebuli“. dargis saerTaSoriso klasifikatorebis mixedviT, dReisaTvis maTematika 5625 dargs aerTianebs, romelTagan mxolod or aseulamde sxvadasxva mecnieris gvariTac aris saxeldebuli da raoden saamayoa, rom erT-erTi dargi, kerZod, 30G20 Generalizations of Bers or Vekua Type (pseudoanalytic, p-analytic, etc.), amerikel maTematikos lipman

bersTan erTad, Cveni Tanamemamulis, didi mecnieris – ilia vekuas saxelsac atarebs. ra Tqma unda, Tundac am faqtis gamoc ki Zalze rTuli da sapasuxismgebloa am sruliad araordinalur, did mecnierze laparaki, Tumca, meore mxiv, rogorc didi romaeli moazrovne lukreciusi ityoda, ex nihilo nihil ﬁt – anu `arafridan araferi warmoiSoba~ da, Sesabamisad, ilia vekuac mravali „bednieri SemTxvevisa“ da dauRalavi muyaiTi SromiT am SemTxvevebis realizaciis Sedegia. ilia vekuas saxeli ded-mamam – nestor vekuam da memu (liza) afSilavam ilia WavWavaZis pativsacemad daarqves. samegrelo-afxazeTSi ilias mogzauroba Zalze rezonansuli iyo da yoveli ojaxi cdilobda es movlena Taviseburad aReniSna da roca 1907

ilias vekuas mSoblebi – nestori da liza

wels, samurzayanos sofel SeSeleTSi 23 aprils daibada vaJi, mas ilia daarqves. mecnieri mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis wesiTa da udidesi pasuxismgeblobiT atarebda am saxels. babuam Seatyo, rom patara iliko wignis kaci iyo – sasoflo samuSaoebs Tavs Tu aaridebda, es sizarmacis gamo ki ar xdeboda, sadRac wigniT xelSi ijda. ase ramdenjerme Tavze wamomadgao babua Tedo – ixsenebda Semdgom ilia vekua. ojaxSi imsjeles da ilias swavlis gasagrZeleblad xar-kameCi gayides. mezoblebs ki SeuZaxebiaT, gayideT, Torem profesori ar gaxdeso, Tumca ilia vekuam mTeli cxovreba wigniT xelSi gaatara, profesoric gaxda, mravali qveynis akademiis wevric da yvelas daanaxa, rom xar-kameCi tyuilad ar gayidula.

ilia vekua iyo germaniis demokratiuli respublikis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri. hales universitetis sapatio doqtori germaniis sabunebismetyvelo akademia `leopoldinas~ wevri daniis gamoyenebiTi maTematikisa da meqanikis centris wevri Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi meqanikis saerTaSoriso kavSiris generaluri asambleis wevri palermos mecnierebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis akademiis wevri siciliis mecnierebisa da literaturis akademiis sazRvargareTeli wevri poloneTis Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi meqanikis sazogadoebis wevri saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1946) saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti (1972) miniWebuli aqvs 1963 – ssrk saxelmwifo premia 1963 – leninuri premia sapatio niSnis ordeni socialisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba leninis ordeni

didi qarTvelebi dawyebiTi ganaTleba sofel muxurSi miiRo da swavla zugdidSi gaagrZela. aq ilia maTematikis maswavlebelma, saqarTvelos jarebis yofilma sardalma, saocrad ganswavlulma da ganaTlebulma adamianma – artemon jijixiam SeniSna, skolis eqsternad damTavreba urCia da Tbiliss gamoamgzavra. iliam es faqti sicocxlis bolo wlebSi gamando, radgan artemon jijixia 1924 wlis „ajanyebis“ erT-erTi monawile iyo da misi „rekomendacia“ komunistur saqarTveloSi ufro „saSiSi“ iyo, vidre „saamayo“. ilia vekuam 1925 wels universitetSi misaRebi gamocdebi „Caabara“, fizikis garda yvela saganSi maRali niSani miiRo, fizikaSi ki – oriani, Tumca maSin esec niSani iyo da jamuri qulebis wyalobiT Cairicxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. swavla andria razmaZesTan daiwyo da misi gardacvalebis samgloviaro msvlelobisas mgznebare sityvac warmoTqva. Semdgom Tavisi mecnieruli interesebis gamo nikoloz musxeliSvils daukavSirda. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ilia vekuas da niko musxeliSvilis moswavle-maswavleblis, mecnierul-kolegialuri Tu adamianuri urTierTobebi mravali TaobisaTvis iyo samagaliTo. qarTvelma xalxma es damokidebuleba daafasa da isini gverdigverd dakrZala mTawmindis panTeonSi. batoni niko erTxel gaxumrebia kidec ilias: fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa doqtori xar, arada fizikis gamocdaSi oriani migiRiao.

ilia vekua (dgas marcxnidan pirveli) zugdidSi swavlis periodSi

andria razmaZe (1889-1929) – qarTveli maTematikosi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi damaarsebeli

niko musxeliSvilma adreve SeamCnia, rom ilia „didi mecnierebisaTvis“ unda moemzadebina da studentobis dasrulebisTanave, 1930 wels, maTematikis erT-erT wamyvan samecniero centrSi – sanqt-peterburgSi (maSindel leningradSi) miavlina, SesaniSnav mecnier-mkvlevarTan, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr aleqsei krilovTan.

ilia vekua

maTematikosi, meqanikosi da gemTmSenebeli al. krilovi originaluri adamiani iyo da man ilias, romelmac am droisaTvis mxolod cota germanuli ena icoda, ori kviris vadiT holandiur enaze dabeWdili samecniero naSromi misca gasarCevad. ilia am sirTules ar SeuSinda, enis arcodna sababad ar moitana, piriqiT, maTematikur formulebze dayrdnobiTa da leqsikonis daxmarebiT statia gaarCia da moxsenebac maRal doneze gaakeTa. amiT krilovis qeba da kolegebis pativiscema daimsaxura. 1933 wels, aspiranturis dasrulebis Semdeg, iliam maswavleblisagan cxovrebis erT-erTi mTavari samecniero mimarTuleba – garsTa Teoria „wamoiRo“. is sicocxlis bolomde am dargSi wamoWril amocanebs aRwerda, rac warmodgeaxalgazrda ilia vekua nilia kidec mis bolo monografiaSi „garsTa Teoriis zogierTi variantis agebis zogierTi zogadi meTodi“. es wigni rusul da inglisur enebze gamoica, msoflio aRiareba da sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifo premia (gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1982 w.) moipova da dResac specialistebisTvis erT-erTi „samagido“ wignia. leningradSi aspiranturis dasrulebis Semdeg ilia brundeba saqarTveloSi, 1937 wels icavs sakandidato, xolo 1940 wels – sadoqtoro disertaciebs. am periodSi Sedegebs iRebs iseT mimarTulebaSi, romelic imJamindeli msoflio avtoritetebis – hilbertisa da kurantis wignSi dauZlevlad da, savaraudod, arafris momtanad aris gamocxadebuli. ilias gamokvlevebi, Tavmoyrili mis pirvel monografiaSi „elifsur gantolebaTa amoxsnis axali meTodebi“ (dajildoebulia stalinis premiiT 1950 w.), mTlianad uaryofs am mosazrebas da, metic, 1968 wels maTematikosTa msoflio kongresze rixard kuranti aRiarebs, rom mas axalgazrdobiT mouvida „Secdoma“, rodesac mimarTuleba araperspeqtiulad gamoacxada.

didi qarTvelebi „bednierma SemTxvevam“ swavlis periodSi oTxi axalgazrda Seaxvedra erTmaneTs – nikoloz bogoliubovi, ilia vekua, mixeil lavrentievi da sergei sobolevi. axalgazrduli ambiciebi, dauRalavi Sroma, erTmaneTTan Sejibri, erToblivi samecniero seminari, erTmaneTis gatana da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze megobroba gaxda safuZveli imisa, rom oTxivem Seqmna „sakuTari mimarTulebebi“, msoflio masStabis mecnierebad Camoyalibdnen da TavianTi individualuri kvali datoves. metic, maT erTobliv seminarebze da maTi xelmZRvanelobiT mravali „msoflio klasis“ mecnieri gaizarda, romelTa Sorisac arian Cveni Tanamemamule akademikosebi – andria biwaZe da albert TavxeliZe. am oTxeulis saxelebs ukavSirdeba mecnierebaTa akademiis cimbiris ganyofilebis, novosibirskis universitetis, dubnis birTvuli kvlevebis gaerTianebuli institutis, cimbiris maTematikis institutis, Tbilisis gamoyenebiTi maTematikis institutis, kievisa da Tbilisis maRali energiebis institutebisa da mravali sxva samecniero centris ideologiis gansazRvra da Camoyalibeba. rogorc qarTuli andaza ambobs, „zogi Wiri margebelia“: ilia vekua raRac gaugebrobebis gamo 1951 wels saqarTvelodan „ganidevna“, Tumca im droisaTvis ukve saxelganTqmuli didi mecnieri maSinve miiwvies gamoCenilma maTematikosebma ivane petrovskim da ivane vinogradovma moskovis lomonosovis saxelobis universitetsa (profesorad 1951-1959 ww.) da steklovis saxelobis maTematikis institutSi (direqtoris moadgiled 1954-1959 ww.) samuSaod. amave peri-

andria biwaZe (1916-1994)

sergei sobolevi (1908-1989)

albert TavxeliZe (1930-2016)

mixeil lavrentievi (1900-1980)

nikoloz bogolubovi (1909-1992) da ilia vekua

ilia vekua

odSi is moRvaweobs moskovis sainJinro fizikisa da centraluri aerohidrodinamikis institutebSi. TviTmfrinavis frTis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneloba (1951-1952) da frTis „gaTvla“ ilias abrunebs garsuli tipis sxeulebis kvlevasTan. titanuri Sromis Sedegad misi mecnieruli avtoriteti izrdeba da ilia msoflio mecnierad yalibdeba. „maTematikis dedofali“ – kompleqsuri cvladis analizur funqciaTa Teoria – oTxi „gigantis“ – eileris-dalamberis-koSisa da rimanis saxelebs ukavSirdeba. am Zalze aqtualuri Tematikis Seswavlisas gadaikveTa ilia vekuasa da amerikeli lipman bersis mecnieruli interesebi. orive erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad da „Taviseburad“ Seecada cnebis ganzogadebas. es saerTaSoriso donis, mxolod mecnieruli SromebiT nacnoboba-Widili did megobrobaSi gadaizarda. am mimarTulebiT miRebuli maTi Sedegebi axali mimarTulebis sawyisi gaxda. iliam am mimarTulebiT dawera wigni „ganzogadebuli analizuri funqciebi“ (dajildoebulia leninis premiiT 1959 w.), romelic gamoica rusulad (orjer), germanulad, inglisurad da warmoadgens am dargis ganmsazRvrel monografias. 1964 wels i. vekua TbilisSi dabrunda. kidev erTxel (pirvelad – 1953 wlis ivlisi-seqtemberi) gaxda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori (1966 wlis aprilidan 1972 wlis aprilamde). universitetSi man daaarsa ramdenime axali fakulteti, kaTedra, kabineti; 1966 wels

ivan petrovski (1901-1973)

ivan vinogradovi (1891-1983)

riCard kuranti (1888-1972) da qarTuli delegacia

ilia vekua novosibirskSi

didi qarTvelebi universitetTan Seiqmna gamoyenebiTi maTematikis problemuri laboratoria, romelic Tanamedrove teqnikuri mowyobilobiT aRiWurva. mis bazaze mogvianebiT Camoyalibda gamoyenebiTi maTematikis instituti, romlis direqtoric i. vekua iyo da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg instituts misi saxeli mieniWa. 1972 wlis maisSi i. vekua saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentad airCies. am postze man Tavisi didi maswavlebeli niko musxeliSvili Secvala.

ilia vek ua da nik o musxel iSvili

vekua ilia

ilia vekua da nobelis xuTi laureati

ilia vekua gardaicvala 1977 wlis 2 dekembers. dakrZalulia mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa mTawmindis panTeonSi. ilia vekuas gardacvalebas amerikis maTematikosTa sazogadoebis Jurnali am sazogadoebis prezidentis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lipman bersis Zalze STambeWdavi statiiT gamoexmaura: â&#x20AC;&#x17E;...koSi-rimanis ganzogadebuli, pirveli rigis diferencialuri ori gantolebisagan Semdgari sistema ilia vekuas kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo. man aGvena, rom am sistemis amonaxsnebi gansazRvraven ganzogadebuli analizuri funqciebis Tvisebebs iseve, rogorc koSi-rimanis sistemis amonaxsnebi klasikuri analizuri funqciebis Tvisebebs. Gemi fsevdoanalizuri da ilias p-analizuri funqciebi mxolod midgomiTa da kvlevis motivaciiT gansxvavdebian. metic, ilia vekuam aq miRebuli Sedegebi gamoiyena drekadi garsebis Teoriasa da samganzomilebiani zedapirebis usasrulod mcire deformaciebis Seswavlisas wamoWrili sakiTxebis kvlevisas. ra Tqma unda, is bevrs muSaobda sxva mimarTulebiTac, magaliTad, man pirvelma gamoiyena kalderon-zigmundis utoloba beltramis gantolebis amoxsnisaTvis...

ilia vekua

lipman bersi (1914-1993)

ilia vekua iyo sabWoTa mecnierebis gavleniani warmomadgeneli da hqonda mravali sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdeboba da jildo. is iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiisa (1958) da misi prezidiumis (1964) wevri, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti (1972), novosibirskis universitetis damaarsebeli da pirveli reqtori (1959-1964), orjer _ Tbilisis universitetis reqtori (1953 da 1966-1972), ramdenimejer iyo arGeuli sabWoTa kavSiris parlamentis wevrad da, miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, araferi oficialuri da miuwvdomeli mis pirovnebaSi ar iyo. ilia nestoris Ze iyo Zalze megobruli da sicocxliT savse adamiani, mosuli aRnagobiTa da rixiani xmiT, Zveli yaidis daxvewili pirovneba. qalbatonebTan misi qcevisas, rogor eamboreboda maT xelze, an Tamadobisas, an sxvadasxva istoriis moyolisas, an misi gurmanobis gamovlinebisas dagaviwydebodaT misi mecnieruli Tu administraciuli sidide. misi keTilganwyoba scdeboda ubralo megobrobas. is mzad iyo dagxmareboda, rodesac sxvebs es ar surdaT. masTan Tavisuflad da gaxsnilad mraval Temaze SeiZleboda saubari. misi msjeloba iyo Rrma, gonivruli, originaluri da mkafio. Gven erTmaneTs pirvelad 1958 wels edinburgSi maTematikosTa msoflio yrilobaze SevxvdiT. iq pirvelad gamoGnda sabWoTa maTematikosTa didi jgufi. arc amerikelebma da arc sabWoelebma ar icodnen rogor moqceuliyvnen. â&#x20AC;&#x17E;yinuli ilia vekuam gaalRoâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, man yvela sastumros Tavis nomerSi dapatiJa wveulebaze. vekuas Rrmad fesvgadgmuli optimizmi ar iyo dafuZnebuli cxovrebis an istoriis tragikuli aspeqtebis uaryofasa Tu ugulebelyofaze. erTxel me da is brodveize daveswariT warmodgenas. SesaZloa, iliam ar icoda ser Tomas moris sikvdilis detalebi, magram man Rrmad gaiTavisa Tanamdebobis pirisa da tiranis konfrontaciis detalebi. me gavixsene es saRamo, rodesac wavikiTxe misi 70 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili statia, sadac aRwerili iyo, Tu ra rTuli problemebis gadalaxva mouxda sakuTari gambedaobis, Zalisa da TviTkontolis saSualebiT...~

xelovneba

rembrandt

van reini amsterdamis bohemur kafeebsa da velobilikebis xveulebs Soris erTi gansakuTrebuli saxli dgas, SuqurebiviT manaTobeli wiTeli darabebiTa da mwvane xis kariT. es kari yoveldRe uamravi adamianisTvis iReba da zRurblze gadabijebisas stumrebi warsulSi mogzaurobas iwyeben. iodenbreestraatis N4-Si mdebare am saxlSi odesRac rembrandt van reinis sicocxlis yvelaze bednieri da pirquSi dReebi enacvleboda erTmaneTs. dRes ki, 1911 wlidan moyolebuli, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;drois manqanadâ&#x20AC;&#x153; qceuli saxl-muzeumi mxatvris Semoqmedebis Tayvanismcemlebs maspinZlobs. XVII saukunis

nuca ciciSvili interieri, amave periodis aveji da nivTebi rembrandtis gemovnebis da interesebis Sesaxeb usityvod mouTxrobs mnaxvels. grafikis moyvarulebisTvis, mxatvris grafikuli namuSevrebis yvelaze didi koleqciis paralelurad, aqvea ofortis dasamzadebeli dazga, xolo visac ferwera ainteresebs, SeuZlia Tvali miadevnos muzeumis TanamSromlebis mier saRebavebis damzadebis cocxal samuSao process da Tavadac miiRos amaSi monawileoba. Suq-Crdilis didostatad Seracxuli mxatvris cxovreba Tavad hgavda naTelisa

rembrandt van reini

vilhelm I oraneli (Cumi) (1533-1584) oranis princi, nasaus grafi, niderlandebis burJuaziuli revoluciis moRvawe, 1579-1584 ww.-Si iyo niderlandebis Stathalteri/Stathauderi (qveynis konkretul teritoriaze saxelmwifo politikis gamtarebeli

da bnelis monacvleobas. yvelaferi ki mdinare rainis piras gaSenebul qalaq leidenSi daiwyo1606 wlis 15 ivliss, rodesac SeZlebuli mewisqvilis mravalSvilian ojaxSi kidev erTi vaJi daibada. mas rembrant harmensun van reini daarqves. mogvianebiT ki, 1633 wlidan moyolebuli, mxatvarma sakuTar saxels ratomRac `dâ&#x20AC;&#x153; daamata da isedac arcTu iolad warmosaTqmeli saxeli enis gasatexad aqcia. rembrandtis bavSvoba qalaq leidenis ekonomikur Zlierebas daemTxva. 1574 wels, espaneTTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi gamarjvebisas, qalaqis roli imdenad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, rom erTi wlis Tavze leidenma princ vilhelm I oranelisgan universitetis daarsebis ufleba miiRo. paralelurad, damoukideblobamopovebuli niderlandebis samefos swrafad mzardi ekonomika leidenis cxovrebis ritmsac daetyo da XVII saukuneSi igi erT-erT mniSvnelovan savaWro da saganmanaTleblo centrad iqca.

oforti dazguri grafikis nairsaxeoba, romelsac XVI saukunidan vxvdebiT. ofortis damzadeba ramdenime etaps moicavs: Tavdapirvelad laqwasmuli liTonis firfita specialuri instrumentebiT ikawreba, anu xdeba gravireba. Semdeg firfitas mJavaSi aTavseben garkveuli drois manZilze. mJavaSi damuSavebas zedapiris saRebaviT dafarva mohyveba, romelic amokawrul da mJaviT amomwvar nawilSi Rrmad Cadis da sabolood afiqsirebs gamosaxulebas. amis Semdeg firfitis gluvad darCenil zedapirs saRebavis da laqis fena scildeba da wnexis meSveobiT gamosaxuleba qaRaldze gadadis. wnexis simZlavre da misi gamoyenebis sixSire gansazRvravs gamosaxulebis mkafioobas.

xelovneba

`wm. stefanes Caqolva~, 1625, lionis saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumi, safrangeTi

garemopirobebma, mSoblebis stabilurma Semosavalma da keTilganwyobam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra rembrandtis momavali. ufrosi Zmebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saojaxo saqmianobis gagrZelebas apirebdnen, mSoblebma rembrandtisTvis srulyofili ganaTlebis micema gadawyvites. jer laTinur skolaSi, Semdeg ki, 13 wlidan, leidenis universitetSi swavla iuristis profesiis dauflebiT unda dasrulebuliyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ase Sors ixedeboda misi ded-mama, magram rembrandti xatviT iyo gatacebuli da veqilis mosawyeni saqmianoba

iakob van svanenbruhi (1571-1638)

piter lanstmani (daaxl. 1583-1633)

sulac ar izidavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas universitetSi swavla ar dausrulebia, miRebulma ganaTlebam â&#x20AC;&#x201C; laTinuri enis, antikuri poeziisa da filosofiis Seswavlam misi Tvalsawieri gaafarTova da misi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebazec mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. universitets sul male mxatvar iakob van svanenbruhis (1571-1638) saxelosno Caenacvla. aq gatarebulma samma welma rembrandts mxatvrisTvis aucilebeli praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi ganuviTara, van svanenbruhs ki istoriaSi genialuri mxatvris pirveli maswavleblis statusiT Sesvlis SesaZlebloba misca. 1623 wels rembrandtma swavla amsterdamSi piter lanstmanTan (daaxl. 1583-1633) gaagrZela. lanstmani am droisTvis ukve cnobili, saxelmoxveWili mxatvari iyo, romelmac staJireba italiaSi gaiara da samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg istoriul, bibliur da miTologiur siuJetebze Seqmnili tiloebiT gaiTqva saxeli. rogorc Cans, didi iyo misi gavlena moswavleebze da es rembrandtis adreul namuSevrebSic aSkarad Cans. am periodis miTologiur da bibliur siuJetebze Seqm-

rembrandt van reini

miqelanjelo merizi da karavajo (1571-1610) italieli mxatvari, realizmis fuZemdebeli da barokos erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili warmomadgeneli. daibada lombardiaSi, milanis axlos, patara qalaq karavajoSi, rac Semdgom mis metsaxelad iqca. karavajos Semoqmedeba Tanamedroveebis aRfrTovanebasac iwvevda da mwvave kritikasac. mxatvris gamorCeuli saSemsruleblo manera – SuqCrdilis mkveTri SepirispirebiT miRebuli efeqti, realizmisken swrafva, bibliuri siuJetebis Janruli gadawyveta, wmindanTa prototipebad Cveulebrivi adamianebis, xSirad dabali fenis warmomadgenlebis warmoCena – sazogadoebis azrs orad yofda: mas an afasebdnen da novatorul xedvas uwonebdnen, an, piriqiT, vulgarulobaSi sdebdnen brals. karavajos Semoqmedeba misi piradi, faTerakebiT savse cxovrebis gareSe arasodes ganixileba. niWieri, magram skandalisa da usiamovnebis maZebari miqelanjelo merizis mTeli kariera skandalebs ukavSirdeba da sicocxlesac idumal garemoebaSi asrulebs 1610 wlis 18 ivliss. biografebi da mkvlevarebi dRemde ver Tanxmdebian ra gaxda karavajos gardacvalebis mizezi – ubeduri SemTxveva Tu dagegmili mkvleloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom miqelanjelo merizi da karavajos mSfoTvare cxovreba mis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda adamianebs, misma Semoqmedebam gavlena iqonia ara mxolod italieli, aramed XVII saukunis espaneli, frangi da niderlandeli mxatvrebis araerT Taobaze da saTave daudo „karavajizms“, rogorc mxatvrul mimdinareobas.

Caravaggio nil tiloebs datvirTuli kompoziciebi, detalebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, mJReri feradovneba gamoarCevs (magaliTad, „wm. stefanes Caqolva“). yvelafer amas ki italiuri ferweris mimarT interesi da italiuri barokos erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlis – miqelanjelo merizi da karavajos (1571-1610) SemoqmedebiT gataceba emateba, rac im drois mxatvrebisTvis erTgvar modur aucileblobasac ki warmoadgenda. italias da italieli mxatvrebis Semoqmedebas rembrandti im Crdiloeli kolegebis namuSevrebiT da artefaqtebiT ecno-

boda, romlebzec xeli qveynidan gausvlelad miuwvdeboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros italia xelovnebis taZrad da nebismieri profesionali mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi gzis aTvlis wertilad miiCneoda, rembrandtma, Tavisi Tanamedroveebisgan gansxvavebiT, drois uqonlobis mizeziT am mogzaurobaze uari Tqva. misi gadawyvetileba aseve lanstmanTan ganswavlulma axalgazrda mxatvarma ian livensmac (16071674) gaiziara da leidenSi dabrunebis Semdeg, 1626 wels, maT erTad gaxsnes saxelosno, mowafeebi aiyvanes da farTo sazogadoebis yuradRebac miiqcies.

xelovneba rembrandtis da livensis erTad muSaobis periodi dRes bevr Tavsatexs uCens xelovnebaTmcodneebs. rembrandti gavlenas axdenda Tavis megobarsa da kolegaze da piriqiT, Tavadac ukve sakmaod gamocdili da aranakleb niWieri livensis mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs iTavisebda. isini xSirad muSaobdnen erTsa da imave tiloze, xSirad iyenebdnen erTi da imave rekvizits da amitomac am periodis namuSevrebis Taobaze dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa – rTulia oridan erTi konkretuli avtoris dadgena. warmatebac orives erTad ewvia: enTuziazmiT, ideebiT aRsavse da TviTZiebiT gatacebul axalgazrda mxatvrebs rekomendacia TviT konstantin heigensma (1596-1687) gauwia – Tavisi drois gamoCenilma holandielma mecnierma, poetma, musikosma da sazogado moRvawem. misi Sefaseba erTgvar savizito baraTad iqca rembrandtisa da livensisTvis da maTi Semoqmedeba xelovnebis damfasebelTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. sazogadoebis aRiarebas SekveTebis simravle da samoqmedo arealis gafarToebis bunebrivi survili mohyva. swored amitom 1631 wels rembrandtma amsterdamSi gadasvla gadawyvita. im droisaTvis amsterdami erT-erTi umdidresi kosmopolituri qalaqi iyo, romelic uamrav SesaZleblobas sTavazobda ambiciur xelovans. qalaqis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeboda damkveTTa raodenobaze da, marTalia, didebis maZiebel mxatvrebs Soris konkurenciac didi iyo, rembrandtma maleve gaiCina gavleniani nacnobebi, SekveTebi miiRo da niWieri mxatvris saxelic daimkvidra. karieris dasawyisSi mniSvnelovani warmateba ergo mis cnobil tilos – „eqim nikolas tulpis anatomiis gakveTils“ (1632, mauricheisis galerea, haaga, niderlandebi), sadac rembrandtma am tipis kompoziciis tradiciuli sqema daarRvia da personaJebis Sinagani dramatizmiT miiqcia yuradReba. am namuSevars man pirvelad daawera Tavisi saxeli, nacvlad manamde gamoyenebuli laTinuri inicialebisa „RHL“ – „rembrandt harmensuni leidenidan“. es ambavi mxatvris mzard popularobaze metyvelebda.

rembrandt van reini

sakmaod didi mziTviT. am qorwinebis safuZveli angareba ar yofila – saskia gacnobis dRidan mxatvris muzad da STagonebis uSret wyarod iqca. siyvarulis gamoxatva rembrandts yvelaze ukeT sakuTari SemoqmedebiT SeeZlo da sayvareli meuRlis saxec mis araerT grafikul Tu ferwerul portrets SemorCa. maTgan yvelaze cnobilia „flora~ (1634, ermitaJi, sanqtpeterburgi, ruseTi), „saskia arkadieli mwyemsi qalis kostiumSi“ (1635, londonis nacionaluri galerea, didi britaneTi), „danae“ (1636, ermitaJi, sanqt-peterburgi, ruseTi).

saskia van eilenburgi

amsterdamSi miRweuli Tavbrudamxvevi warmateba kidev ufro gamyarda rembrandtisa da saskia van eilenburgis qorwinebiT. rembrandtis megobrisa da artdileris hendrik van eilenburgis naTesavi saskia SeZlebuli da keTilSobili ojaxidan iyo,

erTi SexedviT, rembrandtis cxovrebaSi bednierebis da stabilurobis xana dadga. 1630-ian wlebSi misma popularobam mwvervals miaRwia. am periods miekuTvneba mxatvris araerTi Sedevri: „uZRebi Svili tavernaSi“, sadac Tavad rembrandti da saskia arian warmodgenili (1635, drezdenis galerea, germania), „balTazaris nadimi" (1635, londonis nacionaluri galerea, didi britaneTi), „isaakis msxverplSewirva“ (1635, luvri,

`eqim nikolas tulpis anatomiis gakveTili~

xelovneba

`uZRebi Svili tavernaSi~

`balTazaris nadimi~

parizi, safrangeTi) da a.S. Tumca maleve bedma mxatvars zurgi Seaqcia da mis cxovrebaSi tragikuli jaWvi qorwinebidan erTi wlis Tavze, 1635 wels, pirveli Svilis gardacvalebiT daiwyo. Semdgom wlebSi wyvils kidev ori gogona daeRupa, orives kornelia erqva. srulwlovnebas mxolod maTma meoTxe vaJma – titusma mi`saskia arkadieli mwyemsi aRwia. mxatvrisTvis qalis kostiumSi~ yvelaze didi dartyma iyo meuRlis sikvdili – 30 wlis saskia titusis dabadebidan 8 Tvis Tavze, 1642 wels, savaraudod, tuberkuloziT gardaicvala. meuRlis daRupviT gamowveul tkivils mZime finansuri mdgomareoba da mfarvelebis keTilganwyobis dakargva daerTo – mxatvris cxovrebaSi krizisi dadga. Tumca, SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT, es mis nayofierebaze ar asaxula, piriqiT, xelovnebis istorikosebi drois am monakveTs rembrandtis „sulierebis Ziebis~ periods uwodeben da imdroindeli namuSevrebis Rrma fsiqologiur Sinaarssa da gansakuTrebul mxatvrul Rirebulebaze laparakoben. swored am dros Seqmna rembrandtma iseTi cnobili tiloebi, rogorebicaa: `flora~

`danae~

rembrandt van reini

`ebraeli patarZali~

`isaakis msxverplSewirva~

„motirali qali“ (1644, detroitis xelovnebis instituti, aSS), „gogona fanjaraSi~ (1645, dalviCis suraTebis galerea, londoni, didi britaneTi), „aristotele homerosis biustiT“ (1653, metropoliten muzeumi, niu-iorki, aSS), „titusis portreti~ (1653, norton simonis muzeumi, pasadena, aSS), „moxuci ebraelis portreti“ (1654, ermitaJi, sanqt-peterburgi, ruseTi), „ebraeli patarZali“ (1665, amsterdamis saxelmwifo muzeumi, niderlandebi) da sxva. dResac bevrs msjeloben im mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebze, ramac rembrandtis karieras wertili Tu ara, mravalwertili mainc dausva. sakmaod didxans iyo gabatonebuli azri, rom am mxriv gadamwyveti roli 1642 wels Sesrulebul mis erT-erT yvelaze cnobil tilos – „Ramis guSags“ (amsterdamis saxelmwifo muzeumi, niderlandebi) ergo, romelic TiTqos damkveTebma daiwunes da amis Semdeg rembrandtis win yvela kari Cairaza. Tumca es mxolod nawilobriv Seesabameba simarTles, iseve, rogorc Tavad namuSevris saxelwodeba, ro`gogona fanjaraSi~ `motirali qali~

`aristotele homerosis biustiT~

`titusis portreti~

xelovneba melic mis namdvil saxels – „kapitan frans baning kokisa da leitenant vilhelm van reitenburgis msrolelTa brigadis gamosvla“ – Caenacvla da dResac ki ase moixsenieba. sxvadasxva wyaroze dayrdnobiT cnobilia, rom am uzarmazari (363X437 sm.) istoriuli Janris tilos dasrulebis Semdeg rembrandts damkveTebma soliduri Tanxa – 1600 florini gadauxades. imis miuxedavadac ki, rom momdevno aswleulSi mxatvris es Sedevri daudevrobiT daazianes, CamoaWres kideebi, araerTxel Seucvales adgilmdebareoba da didxans arc saTanado yuradRebas aqcevdnen, „Ramis guSagi“ xelovanisTvis sabediswero mniSvnelobis namuSevari namdvilad ar yofila.

`moxuci ebraelis portreti~ `Ramis guSagi~

aravin davobs, rom 1642 weli gardamtexi aRmoCnda rembrandt van reinis cxovrebaSi. pirad tragedias profesiuli warumatebloba da finansuri krizisi mohyva. Tu karieris dasawyisSi finansuri keTildReoba mxatvars xelgaSlili cxovrebis saSualebas aZlevda, ramdenime weliwadSi viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala. rogorc Cans, xelovnebis nimuSebis, iaraRis, aRmosavleTidan Camotanili nivTebis mravalferovani koleqciisTvis gaRebuli xarji bev-

rembrandt van reini

rad aWarbebda mxatvris Semosavlis limits. rembrandtisTvis finansuri kraxisken gadadgmuli bolo nabiji 1639 wels kreditiT SeZenili ZviradRirebuli saxli aRmoCnda. mdgomareoba kidev ufro daamZima saskias anderZma: man mTeli Tavisi qoneba Svils dautova, isic im pirobiT, rom rembrandtis xelmeored qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi dedis mziTvi ara tituss, aramed saskias erT-erT das gadaecemoda. mkvlevrebi am gadawyvetilebas saskias gulubryvilobas miaweren, radgan fiqroben, rom mas meuRlis Semosavalze optimisturi warmodgenebi hqonda. Tumca, SesaZloa, anderZis Sedgenisas is qalur eWvianobasac ver gaeqca da iqneb naTesavebis zewolasac ver gauZlo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saskias ojaxi xom rembrandts mudmivad adanaSaulebda colis mziTvis gaflangvasa da fulis umizno xarjvaSi. rembrandtis cxovrebas, Semosavlis, gavleniani megobrebisa da, Sesabamisad, damkveTebis SemcirebasTan erTad, skandaluri sasiyvarulo urTierTobebic emateboda. misi reputacia ramdenjerme seriozuli safrTxis winaSec dadga. Tavdapirvelad amis mizezi iyo titusis momvleli eqTnis, geerte dirksis, saCivari â&#x20AC;&#x201C; qali

hendrike stofelsi

`klaudius civilusis SeTqmuleba~

xelovneba daqvrivebul rembrandts micemuli pirobis Sesrulebas – masze daqorwinebas sTxovda. geertesTan skandaluri daSorebis Semdeg mxatvris cxovrebaSi ukanaskneli muza gamoCnda – mosamsaxure hendrike stofelsi, romlisganac rembrandts 1654 wels gogona – kidev erTi kornelia SeeZina. morig araoficialur urTierTobas eklesia mkacrad miudga da fexmZime hendrikes ziarebis uflebac ki CamoerTva. amis miuxedavad, qali bolomde darCa rembrandtis erTguli. ufro metic, 1656 wels, mas mere, rac mxatvari gakotrebulad gamoacxades da misi saxli da nivTebi auqcionis wesiT gaiyida, swored hendrikem iTava ojaxis finansuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba. titusTan erTad man xelovnebis nawarmoebebiT movaWre kompania daaarsa, sadac rembrandti oficialur daqirave-

bul pirad gaformda. aman saSualeba misca mxatvars mieRo gasamrjelo, moezida damkveTebi da gaeyida sakuTari namuSevrebi. qalaqis ganapiras, RaribTa kvartalSi, rembrandtis ojaxSi cxovreba gagrZelda da TiTqos yvelaferi Tavis kalapots daubrunda. 1661 wels mxatvarma sakmaod STambeWdavi dakveTac miiRo – amsterdamis axali ratuSisTvis grandiozuli tilo – „klaudius civilusis SeTqmuleba“, rembrandtis yvelaze masStaburi namuSevari (misi Tavdapirveli simaRle 5 metri iyo). istoriuli Janris es Sedevri ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi marTlac amSvenebda ratuSis galereas, magram male igi avtors daubrunes. mxatvroba Cvenamde dazianebuli saxiTaa moRweuli. savaraudod, dawunebul tilos kideebi Tavad ganawyenebulma mxatvarma CamoaWra. zogierTi cnobiT, Semdeg periodSi ekonomikurma mdgomareobam rembrandti aiZula saskias saflavis qvac ki gaeyida, magram esec ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi. rembrandtis cxovrebas ubedureba mudmivad Tan sdevda: 1663 wels gardaicvala hendrike, xolo 1668 wlis seqtemberSi – 27 wlis titusi, romelsac axladSerTuli fexmZime coli darCa. es dartyma yvelaze mZime aRmoCnda mxatvrisaTvis da igi Svilis sikvdilidan erTi wlis Tavze, 1669 wlis 4 oqtombers, gardaicvala. rembrandti dakrZales vesterkerkis eklesiis saerTo, daunomrav sasaflaoze. erT dros warmatebuli mxatvris dakrZalvis Sesaxeb mxolod mokle Canaweri SemorCa: `samSabaTi, 8 oqtomberi, 1669 weli. rembrandt van reini, rozenxraxtis quCaze mcxovrebi mxatvari~. holandiuri mxatvrobis „oqros xanis“ erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli mxatvris cxovreba da Semoqmedeba didxans rCeboda saTanado yuradRebis miRma, Tumca XIX saukuneSi mis mimarT interesi kvlav gaRvivda. interesis zrdasTan erTad mis biografias uamravi dauzustebeli cnoba daerTo, ris gamoc tyuil-marTali erTmaneTSi airia. aseve bevr kiTxvas badebda rembrandtis ferweruli da

rembrandt van reini

grafikuli namuSevrebi, romelTa mosapoveblad msoflios wamyvani muzeumebi da umdidresi koleqcionerebi ukan ar ixevdnen. rembrandtis Semoqmedeba, misi cxovrebis msgavsad, mudmivi ganxilvis sagnad iqca. gansakuTrebiT didxans kamaTobdnen specialistebi mxatvris namuSevrebis zusti raodenobis Taobaze. Tavdapirvelad miCneuli iyo, rom Cvenamde misma 800-mde ferwerulma tilom da 3 000-mde grafikulma namuSevarma moaRwia. Tumca, 1968 wels holandieli eqspertebisgan Semdgarma jgufma muSaoba daiwyo rembrandtis avtorobis dadgenaze da manamde misTvis mikuTvnebuli araerTi ferweruli tilo e.w. rembrandtis wris, misi mowafeebisa da Segirdebis namuSevrebad miiCnia. sabolood, 2014 wels gamoica katalogi, sadac Tavdapirveli cifri TiTqmis

ganaxevrda da, araerTi muzeumis protestis miuxedavad, sadReisod eqspoziciebze warmodgenili namuSevrebi rembrandtisa da misi wris Semoqmedebad daiyo. rembrandtis namuSevrebi Janruli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, romlis dominantur nawils istoriul, bibliur da miTologiur siuJetebze Seqmnili kompoziciebi warmoadgens. sagangebo adgili ukavia misi portretebis da avtoportretebis serias – xelovnebis istoriaSi arc erT mxatvars ar Seuqmnia amdeni avtoportreti. erTi SexedviT, es SeiZleba rembrandtis mxridan sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis gadametebul survilad aRiqmebodes, meore mxriv ki, SesaZloa avtoportreti misTvis Sinagani „mes“ fsiqologiuri wvdomisa da Secnobis saSualebac yofiliyo. misi cxovrebis TiToeul etaps ramdenime aTeuli ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevari asaxavs da xelovanis biografiis mxatvrul matianed warmogvidgeba. TviTdajerebul, momavlis rwmeniT aRsavse, ambiciur axalgazrdas TandaTan cxovrebiseuli tragediiT daRdasmuli moxucis saxe enacvleba. 1669 wels Sesrulebuli ukanaskneli avtoportreti mTeli sisavsiT gadmoscems im fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, romelic mxatvars sicocxlis miwuruls hqonda. rembrandtisadmi Tanamedroveebis gaorebuli damokidebulebis, dafasebisa Tu gansjis miuxedavad, dRes ukve aRaravin davobs, rom leidenSi, mdinare rainis piras, mewisqvilis ubralo ojaxSi dabadebul biWs gangebam geniosis bedi arguna.

sporti

is „dinamo“ dRevandeli TvaliT

anri zedania

1981 wels Tbilisis `dinamom~ Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi moigo. dRes aseTi turniri saerTod aRar arsebobs da saklubo Sejibrebebidan CempionTa ligis iqiT Znelad Tu interesdeba vinme, magram es – axla, odesRac ki `CempionTa liga~ iyo CempionTa Tasi, sadac mxolod Cempionebi (da ara sami-oTxi wamyvani gundi espaneTidan, inglisidan, italiidan, germaniidan da a.S. – rogorc es CempionTa ligaSia) monawileobdnen. Sesabamisad, bevri Zlieri gundi am gaTamaSebis gareT rCeboda, Tasebis Tasze ki yvelaze Zlierebi gamodiodnen da es turniri Zalian prestiJuli iyo, miT ufro, rom maSin erovnuli Tasebis mogebac, dRevandelTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro prestiJuli iyo. Tbilisis `dinamos~ sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT metad Zlieri konkurentebi hyavda. upirveles yovlisa, kievis `dinamo~, aseve – moskovis `spartaki~, moskovis `dinamo~, doneckis `Saxtari~. konkurencias emateboda is faqtoric, rom qarTvel fexburTelebs msajebi sakmaod xSirad Cagravdnen rusul gundebTan Sexvedrisas (aseve ukrainulTanac). sabWoTa kavSiris Cempionatis an Tasis mogeba ukve didi miRweva iyo, evropul Tasze TamaSi ki – axali didi gamowveva.

is `dinamo~

uefas Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi da logo

1981 wlis 13 maiss Tbilisis `dinamo~ Tasebis mflobelTa Tass daeufla – maSindeli germaniis federaciuli respublikis qalaq diuseldorfSi qarTvelma fexburTelebma germaniis demokratiuli respublikis klubi ienis `karl caisi~ vladimer gucaevisa da vitali daraselias golebiT daamarcxes, angariSiT 2:1. uefas Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi (ingl. Cup Winners' Cup) yovelwliuri safexburTo turniri evropis qveynebis klubebs Soris, romelSic monawileobas iRebdnen erovnul saTaso pirvelobebSi gamarjvebuli klubebi. pirveli gaTamaSeba gaimarTa 1960-1961 ww.-Si, bolo – 1998-1999 ww.-Si, ris Semdegac turniri gaerTianda uefas TasTan (mogvianebiT – evropis liga). gaTamaSeba daarsda 1960 wels evropis Svidi qveynis – ungreTis, germaniis demokratiuli respublikis, Cexoslovakiis, iugoslaviis, avstriis, italiisa da Sveicariis fexburTis federaciaTa iniciativiT. dasawyisidan 1994 wlamde turniris oficialuri saxelwodeba iyo evropis Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi, xolo 1994 wlis Semdeg – uefas Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi ewoda. 1972 wlidan Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis gamarjvebuli CempionTa Tasis (mogvianebiT – CempionTa liga) gamarjvebuls xvdeboda uefas superTasis matCSi. Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi iTvleboda evropis yvelaze prestiJul turnirad uefas CempionTa ligis Semdeg. turniris istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli klubia „barselona“, romelmac 4-jer moigo tituli. sul Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi 32 sxvadasxva klubs aqvs mogebuli. gaTamaSebis ukanaskneli gamarjvebulia romis „lacio“.

ra iyo is `dinamo~? ris xarjze da visi damsaxurebiT miaRwia gundma unikalur gamarjvebas? riTi gamoirCeoda es gundi, ra sqemiT TamaSobda da vin iyvnen misi liderebi? modi, es dRevandeli gadasaxedidan gaviazroT. didi sameuli da didi mwvrTneli

`dinamos~ gundSi qveynis (cxadia, igulisxmeba sabWoTa kavSiri) saukeTeso moTamaSis tituls sami fexburTeli flobda – aleqsandre CivaZe (erTxel), daviT yifiani (erTxel) da ramaz Sengelia (man es aRiareba orjer moipova). aqve unda iTqvas, rom Sengelia 1981 wels sul raRac 24 wlis iyo da am asakSi aseTi miRwevebi ukve mravlis metyvelia, miT ufro, rom 1983 wlidan `dinamoSi~ viTareba airia (yifianis wasvla, daraselias daRupva) da mas Semdeg Sengelias Tavisi niWis mTlianad gamomJRavnebis saSualeba ar eZleoda (SedarebisaTvis: 1981 wels yifiani ukve 30 wlis iyo, CivaZe ki – 26-is). ramaz Sengelias ZiriTad SemadgenlobaSi martivad ar daumkvidrebia adgili. mas konkurencias uwevda iseTi unikaluri fexburTeli, rogoric iyo revaz CelebaZe (Cele-pele, rogorc mas eZaxdnen) – zanti moZraobebis, magram ubadlo teqnikis mqone penaltebis didostati (erTgvari qarTveli

nodar axalkaci (1938-1998)

sporti panenka), romelsac sabWoTa kavSiris nakrebSic hqonda naTamaSebi da sakmaod warmatebiTac. marTalia, Cele-peles ZiriTadi Semadgenlobidan amogdeba da SemdgomSi `dinamodan~ wasvla mis xasiaTsac braldeba, magram gadamwyveti aq, albaT, mainc Sengelias ostatoba iyo. es iyo unikaluri forvardi, dajildoebuli megolisTvis saWiro alRoTi da, rac albaT kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, mTeli TamaSis ganmavlobaSi koncentrirebuli golis gatanaze (misi yvelaze zusti analogi, albaT, gerd miuleria). miuxedavad imisa, rom tandabali iyo, golebis gatanas TaviTac xSirad axerxebda, rac mis saocar Sromismoyvareobaze metyvelebs. dabolos, sabWoTa kavSiris saukeTeso fexburTelad samjer mxolod oleg bloxini dasaxelda, romelmac mTeli kariera fenomenalurad warmatebul, lobanovskis kievis `dinamoSi~ gaatara.

antoni n panen ka

i iuler gerd m

antonin panenka (dab. 1948)- Cexoslovakiis nakrebis moTamaSe 70-ian wlebSi, evropis Cempioni, gamoirCeoda penaltebis zusti da daxvewili Sesrulebis maneriT. gerd miuleri (dab. 1945) – adamiani-goli, 70ian wlebSi germaniis nakrebisa da miunxenis „baiernis“ Seucvleli forvardi, msofliosa da evropis Cempioni, CempionTa Tasis mflobeli. es iyo moTamaSe, romelic TiTqosda bevri arafriT gamoirCeoda da gansakuTrebuls arafers akeTebda moedanze, magram amave dros axerxebda mTavars – gahqonda goli.

Sengelias niWis gamovlenas gansakuTrebiT uwyobda xels sameulis meore legenda – daviT yifiani (yifo) – gundis diriJori da universaluri Semtevi (ris gamoc mas yvelaze xSirad platinis adarebdnen), romelsac SeeZlo rogorc sagole pasis gadacema, ise golis gatana. daxvewili teqnikisa da eleganturobis gamo gundis yvelaze popularuli moTamaSe iyo saqarTveloSic da mis farglebs gareTac (cnobilma poetma evgeni evtuSenkom mas patara poemac ki miuZRvna). 1982 wlis msoflio Cempionatze misi arwayvana CvenTan antiqarTul Jestad moinaTla. magram antiqarTuli amaSi araferi iyo, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom waiyvanes sxva oTxi qarTveli (ramaz Sengelia, vitali daraselia, Tengiz sulaqveliZe da aleqsandre (saSa) CivaZe, romelic saerTodac sabWoTa nakrebis kapitani iyo), xolo sabWoTa nakrebis erT-erTi mwvrTneli ki nodar axalkaci gaxldaT. ubralod, albaT CaiTvala, rom yifiani 1981 wlis bolos miRebuli mZime travmis Semdeg formaSi ar iyo... daviT yifiani

ramaz Sengelia

aleqsandre CivaZe

oleg bloxini (dab. 1952) – kievis „dinamosa“ da sabWoTa kavSiris nakrebis erT-erTi saukeTeso fexburTeli. metad swrafi da fizikurad Zlieri forvardi, romelsac SeeZlo TamaSi centrSic da flangzec. `oqros burTis~ (evropis saukeTeso fexburTelis prizi) da `Tasebis Tasis~ mflobeli.

is `dinamo~

yifianamde diriJoris funqcia `dinamoSi~ ufro manuCar maCaiZes hqonda – `dinamos~ kapitansa da imdroindel gulSematkivarTa kidev erT kerps. magram kerpobam savaleri lobanovski (dab. 1939) – yvela drois bolood maCaiZes ver uSvela, radgan axalerT-erTi saukeTeso mwvrTneli, romelmac kiekacs sWirdeboda diriJori, romelic drouvis „dinamosgan“ Seqmna uZlieresi sabWoTa gundi. lobanovskim fexburTSi axal simaRleze aiyvana lad gadaawodebda pass da TamaSs ar Seayovfizikuri momzadeba da gunduri taqtika. misi nebda, maCaiZes ki zedmetad uyvarda burTis xelmZRvanelobiT sabWoTa kavSiris nakrebmac `Treva~. es bevr mis `fans~ moswonda, magram did warmatebebs miaRwia. ar moswonda axalkacs, romelic kargad xvdeboda, rom qarTul fexburTSi sanaxaobrivi elementi sakmarisze metad iyo da rom vale r loba i `dinamos~ moedanze drois dakargvisa da novs ki TamaSis Seyovnebis fufuneba ar hqonda (igive mosazrebiT arCia man Cele-peles ufro swrafi da Sromisunariani Sengelia). ase aRmoCnda maCaiZe gundis gareT. diriJorad yifiani iqca, kapitnad ki – CivaZe. es ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo sabWoTa nakrebis kapitani, rac albaT damatebiT komentars ar saWiroebs. fizikurad sakmaod Zlieri da amave dros iSviaTi safexburTo inteleqtiT dajildoebuli centraluri mcveoleg bloxini li, romelsac hqonda kargi Soreuli dartyma da mSvenivrad erTveboda SetevebSi (ris gamoc bekenbauers adarebdnen). yvelafer amasTan erTad saSa (CivaZe) gamoirCeoda wesierebiTa da principulobiT da albaT swored aman moutana mas kapitnoba `dinamoSic~ da nakrebSic. fexburTSi mcvelebs naklebad afaseben xolme da amitom CivaZis titulebi da dafaseba gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia. am sameuls Tavisi adgili axalkacma miuCina. farsadanoviCi (ase, mamis saxeliT, eZaxdnen axalkacs) ara ubralod fexburTis kargi mwvrTneli iyo, aramed gamorCeuli inteleqtualic. rogorc inteleqtualebsa da niWier adamianebs sCveviaT, mas gamowvevebis ar eSinoda da Zlier metoqeebTan TamaSSi Sanss ufro xedavda, vidre safrTxes. kritikosebi ambobdnen, rom man `dinamos~ sanaxaobrivi fexburTi daaknina da rom bevr karg fexburTels uTxra uari. magram simarTle albaT is aris, rom axalkacs fexburTi am kritikosebze ukeT esmoda da xvdeboda, rom warmatebis misaRwevad sakmarisi ar iyo ubralod talantebisa da teqnikuri moTamaSeebis Tavmoyra. igi, pirvel rigSi, gundis Seqmnaze akeTebda aqcents. mis xelSi disciplinac myari iyo (oRond, cxadia, qarTuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT) da fexburTelTa Soris konfliqtebic saswrafod gvardeboda (yifiansa da Sengelias odesRac gvariani Selaparakeba mouvidaT, magram Semdeg sanimuSo partniorebad iqcnen). gundisadmi farsadanoviCis midgoma kidev ufro kargad gamoCndeba, roca sxva moTamaSeebis daxasiaTebaze gadavalT.

sporti Semdegi sameuli

vladimer gucaevi, vitali daraselia, Tengiz sulaqveliZe – es sameuli SeiZleba msoflio klasis ara, magram evropuli klasis namdvilad iyo. Tuki gavixsenebT, rom daraselia 25 wlis gardaicvala da saukeTeso wlebi win hqonda, sjobs am klasifikacias saerTod SeveSvaT. barem am didi fexburTeliT daviwyoT. Tanamedrove fexburTSi sayrdeni naxevarmcveli erT-erT gadamwyvet poziciadaa miCneuli. xSirad mohyavT magaliTad rogor moiSala galaqtikoebis `reali~ makeleles gareSe, romelic moedanze ki Canda, magram kidev ufro metad Canda maSin, roca moedanze ar iyo (gundi mis gareSe normalurad ver funqcionirebda). zustad imaves Tqma SeiZleba daraseliaze, oRond igi makeleleze ufro teqnikuri iyo, Setevac mSvenivrad exerxeboda da golebic xSirad gahqonda, miT umetes, misi ampluis kvalobaze. gulSematkivrebis kidev erTi kerpi – vladimer (vova) gucaevi – gamoirCeoda siswrafiTa da teqnikiT, ris gamoc xSirad flangebze moqmedebda. vova xSirad iRebda travmebs da albaT swored amis gamo iswavla eSmakoba – ostaturad wveboda xolme sajarimo moedanze, riTac gunds penalts moupovebda da masze dageSil mcvelebzec Surs iZiebda (ar dagvaviwydes, rom maSin uxeSobisaTvis TiTqmis ar sjidnen, rac teqnikur fexburTelebs Zalian urTulebda TamaSsac da cxovrebasac). diriJor yifosa da centrforvard SengeliasTan erTad garemarbi vova seriozul damrtymel Zalas qmnida. mxolod finalSi misi golis naxvac sakmarisia am fexburTelis Rirsebebis gasaazreblad. rac Seexeba Tengiz (Woma) sulaqveliZes, es iyo fizikurad metad Zlieri fexburTeli, romelsac TamaSi SeeZlo centralur naxevarmcvelad, centralur mcvelad da marjvena mcveladac (sabWoTa kavSiris nakrebSi 1982 wels swored am poziciaze TamaSobda). amave dros Woma iyo SesaniSnavi personaluri meurve, romelic TviT maradonasac ki miuCines. igi albaT erT-erTi iyo, vis gamoc farsadanoviCs sanaxaobrivi fexburTis dakninebaSi sdebdnen brals, Tumca am naklebad sanaxaobriv fexburTels golebic imdeni gahqonda, `sanaxaobrivs~ rom SeSurdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1988 wels (roca dinamos brwyinvale Taoba TiTqmis aRar iyo) lobanovskim sabWoTa nakrebSi qarTvelebidan swored sulaqveliZe waiyvana. `dinamoSi~ daraseliasTan erTad is centrSi qmnida im xerxemals, romlis wyalobiTac Semtevebs xel-fexi exsnebodaT. am duetis damsaxurebiT gundi brwyinvaled iyo dabalansebuli da yvela komponentSi SeeZlo metoqeoba evropis grandebisTvis gaewia.

vladimer gucaevi

vitali daraselia

Tengiz sulaqveliZe

is `dinamo~

naklebad dafasebulni

`dinamos~ kars oTar gabelia icavda. misi ZiriTadi Rirseba iyo kargi reaqcia, mTavari problema ki – feTqebadi xasiaTi, rac mis stabilurobazec aisaxeboda. is xSirad eCxubeboda mowinaaRmdegeTa Semtevebs da kidev ufro xSirad – Tavis mcvelebs. aseTi mekare gundisaTvis problematurad miiCneva xolme, magram gabelias Tavisi unikaluri qarizma hqonda, rac saboloo jamSi `dinamos~ Tavdajerebas ufro matebda. dacvaSi saSas gverdiT idga zegamocdili da metad saimedo SoTa xinCagaSvili. erT-erTi imaTgani, visac naklebi dafaseba xvdeba, ampluidan da saTamaSo stilidan gamomdinare. amas isic daemata, rom gafrTxilebebis gamo xinCagaSvilma finali ver iTamaSa. Tumca igi sakmaod kargad Secvala kidev erTma, SedarebiT naklebad dafasebulma mcvelma – nodar xizaniSvilma.

klod makelele (dab. 1973) – safrangeTis nakrebisa da madridis „realis“ centraluri naxevarmcveli. metad mSromeli da dauRalavi fexburTeli, romelsac ganuzomlad didi sargebloba mohqonda gundisaTvis da romlis gayidvis Semdeg „reali“ praqtikulad moiSala.

marjvena mcvelad TamaSobda aseve gamocdili Tamaz kostava, romelic mSvenivrad erTveboda xolme SetevebSi, magram Cawodebebi arc ise kargi hqonda. amitomac, albaT axalkacis davalebiT, gadamwyvet TamaSebSi igi dacvaze ufro zrunavda. marcxena flangze moqmedebda axalgazrda gia TavaZe – sakmaod saimedo moTamaSe, romelsac hqonda metad Zlieri dartyma da amiT SetevebSi Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda.

oTar gabelia SoTa xinCa gaSvi li

Tamaz kostava

ili nodar xizaniSv

sporti da kidev naxevardacvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; axalgazrda zaur svanaZe. igi, daraselias msgavsad, kargad muSaobda ukan da SetevebSic kargad erTveboda. kidev erTi universali, romelic farsadanoviCis sqemaSi kargad jdeboda. misi wyalobiT daraselia ufro xSirad iclida SetevebisaTvis. Tumca, finalSi ise moxda, rom gaSvebuli golis Semdeg axalkacma svanaZe ufro Semtevi, aseve axalgazrda nukri kakilaSviliT Secvala, romelsac daraselias gamarjvebis golSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis, gaukeTa ra blokireba metoqe mcvels. gundi da sqema sityva `universali~ ukve araerTxel vaxseneT. farsadanoviCis mTavari miRweva da koziri albaT swored es iyo. dinamoelTa umravlesobas ramdenime ampluaSi SeeZlo TamaSi. `vesthemTan~ gasvlaze yifo dacviTa da metoqeTaTvis fexebSi vardnebiT iyo dakavebuli, ramac xeli ar SeuSala saWiro momentSi Sengeliasken brwyinvale Soreuli pasi gaeWra. saSa SetevebSi moulodnelad erTveboda (da ase gautana goli igive `vesthems~), magram aseT dros dacva upatronod ar rCeboda, radgan sqemis mixedviT ukan ixevda Woma. ganapira mcvelebis SetevebSi Car-

60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Tbilisis dinamos Semadgenloba 1981 wlis uefas Tasebis mflobelTa Tasis finalSi ienis karl caisis winaaRmdeg

Tvaze ukve vilaparakeT, aseve daraselias unarze emuSava ukan da golebic gaetana. amis gaTvaliswinebiT es iyo XXI saukunis gundi. yvelafer amas daemata kargi gamocdilebac. ori wliT adre CempionTa Tasze TviT liverpulis damarcxeba (CivaZis TqmiT, yvelaze Zlier gundTan, romelTanac mas uTamaSia), Semdeg ki Za-

zaur svanaZe

nukri Svili a l kaki

gi Tava a Ze

is `dinamo~

lian Zlier hamburgTan Rirseuli SebrZoleba karg gakveTilad iqca. imave CivaZis TqmiT, liverpulTan TamaSis bedi yifianis individualurma ostatobam gadawyvita. magram calkeuli fexburTelebis individualuri ostatoba sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda hamburgTan (romelsac gasvlaze aseve yifianma, aseve individualuri ostatobis wyalobiT gautana goli). moTamaSeebma gamocdileba SeiZines, mwvrTnelma ki Tavisi gakveTili miiRo da gundur TamaSze meti aqcenti gaakeTa. `karl caisTan~ yifos metad uxeSi meurve miuCines da TamaSis saSualeba TiTqmis ar misces, magram samagierod SesaniSnavad iTamaSes sxva Semtevebma. rom ara gamocdileba, `dinamo~ ver daZlevda `feienoordis~ bariers. gasvlaze msajebma Cvens gunds namdvili jojoxeTi mouwyes – ramdenime arCaTvlili goli, ardaniSnuli penaltebi, Tvalis daxuWva saSinel uxeSobaze. aseTi barieris gavlas sWirdeboda ara mxolod safexburTo ostatoba, aramed fsiqologiuri mdgradobac. hamburgTan gasvlaze gundi sakmaod iolad gatyda mas Semdeg, rac daviT mujirma Tavis karSi CaWra goli. `karl caisTan~ goli sulac CivaZis Secdomis Sedegad gavida, magram amis Semdeg gundma TamaSi moigo. xSirad gavigonebT, rom `dinamos~ gaumarTla, radgan finalSi sust gunds Sexvda. magram am gundma iqamde `valensia~ da `benfika~ daamarcxa, rac ukve mravlismetyvelia. saerTod ki, rTulia gaixseno gamarjvebuli, romelsac yovelTvis umarTlebda. amitom es gamarjveba da misi Semoqmedebi unda davafasoT. miT umetes, rom axlandeli gadasaxedidan aseTi warmateba qarTul fexburTs didxans `ar emuqreba~.

ienis `karl caisi~

`hamburgi~

`liverpuli~

`vesthem iu naitedi~ 1981 wlis 4 marts uefas Tasebis Tasis gaTamaSebis pirvel meoTxedfinalur matCSi Tbilisis `dinamom~ londonis `apton parkze~ `vesthem iunaiteds~ mougo 4:1. „vesthemi“ iyo inglisis Tasis mflobeli da gaTamaSebis erT-erTi favoriti. qarTvelTagan golebi gaitanes: aleqsandre CivaZem, vladimer gucaevma da ramaz Sengeliam (2). maSindeli „liverpuli“ Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropis uZlieresi gundi iyo. „dinamosTan“ Sexvedramde CempionTa Tass swored es gundi flobda. maSindeli „hamburgi“ germaniis Cempioni iyo da amiT yvelaferia naTqvami. „dinamos“ damarcxebis Semdeg es gundi CempionTa Tasis finalSic ki gavida.

„feienoordi“

„feienoordi“ iyo holandiis, pirveli Tu ara, meore gundi siZlieriT. im dros holandiuri gundebi gacilebiT ufri did Zalas warmoadgendnen, vidre axla.

krosvordi

11 12

15 17

16 18 19

22 23 24 26

27 28 30

31 32

33 36

37 38

42 43 44

47 51

52 53

59 61

60 62 64

65 66

71 72 73

1. raime rwmeniT ukiduresi gataceba. 2. muslimTa religiuri kultis msaxuri. 3. gamoCenili italieli mwerali da istorikosi. 5. religiuri moZRvrebis pirveladi/yvelaze mTavari principebis rwmena, rac xSirad dakavSirebulia mkacr valdebulebebTan da zogjer fanatikuri gznebiTaa gamoxatuli. 6. kaTolikuri eklesiis sasamarTlo-policiuri organizacia, romelic ukiduresi sisastikiT uswordeboda eretikosebs. 7. frinvelze nadirobis erT-erTi Zveli saxeoba, gavrcelebuli guriaSi. 8. saomari moqmedebebis zonaSi daRupulebis, daWrilebis an mSvidobiani mosaxleobis Zarcva/qonebis miTviseba. 9. Zveleburi iSviaTi nivTebiT movaWre. 10. gvirgvinis dadgma, mefed kurTxeva. 11. ZiriTadi, gabatonebuli idea; risame ZiriTadi niSani. 13. diametrulad gansxvavebuli, sawinaaRmdego. 15. wylis nakadis energiaze momuSave eleqtrosadguri. 16. saufroso savarZeli, romelSic svaneTSi ojaxis ufrosi, qora maxvSi jdeboda. 20. marjve, efeqturi ileTi, xerxi. 21. gadamwyveti ieriSi mowinaaRmdegis simagris asaRebad. 23. ubeduri, tragikuli Sedegis mqone SemTxveva. 24. qonebis CamorTmeva saxelmwifos sasargeblod. 26. sazogadoebis, klasis, politikuri partiis, socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel SexedulebaTa, ideaTa sistema. 28. ZlierfeTqebadi nivTiereba, romlis mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia nitroglicerini. 31. piri, romelmac ukanonod Caigdo xelSi Zalaufleba an ZaliT miiTvisa sxvisi uflebebi. 33. uecari SiSi, Tavzari, romelic Seipyrobs adamians/adamianTa jgufs. 34. mZlavri artileriiT SeiaraRebuli didi swrafmavali samxedro gemi. 35. warmosaxviTi xazi, romelic gars uvlis dedamiwas (orive polusidan Tanabar manZilze) da yofs CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebad. 37. matiane; sazogadoebrivi movlenebis, ambebis qronologiuri aRnusxva. 41. Zrava, romelic orTqlis, gazis an wylis energias meqanikur energiad gardaqmnis. 43. jaris mewinave nawili. 46. sxva adamianis fizikur dazianebaze an fsiqologiuri zianis miyenebaze mimarTuli qceva. 48. adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli met-naklebad didi Tu mcire jgufi, SekavSirebuli Tavdapirveli teritoriis, enisa da kulturis erTobis safuZvelze. 50. ga-