N39

saqarTvelo

nacionalizmi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi didi adamianebi

l i t e r a t u r a

s a m x e d r o

a r q i v i

x e l o v n e b a sazogadoeba m o g z a u r o b a

`axalgazrda saqarTvelo~

saqarTvelos `samxdro centri~

montres konvencia da misi Sedegebi

ukrainuli nacionalizmi (nawili I ) galileo galilei –Tanamedrove mecnierebis mama

jim korbeti – kaciWamiebze monadire da bunebis mcveli

Tomas jefersoni –Tavisuflebis mociquli

cuSimis brZola –rusuli flotis aRsasruli

antuan de sent-egziuperi mfrinavi, romelmac „patara princi“ dawera

TinaTin evdoSvili

oTar janeliZe zurab daviTaSvili zurab batiaSvili giorgi badriZe

arCil CaCxiani

levan CxeiZe arCil qiqoZe levan berZeniSvili daviT jiSkariani

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `ukrainuli nacionalizmi~

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss

wesiT warmarTva, mowesrigeba. 67. arCeviTi organo, romelic xelmZRvanelobs krebas, TaTbirs, yrilobas. 68. sakuTari qveynisa da xalxis siyvaruli, erTguleba. 70. gamomcemlobis specialuri ganyofileba, romelic amzadebs xelnawers dasabeWdad. 72. mdinaris, zRvis qveda, myari nawili. 73. pirovnebis arsebiTi, ganuyofeli da ZiriTadi meoba. 75. garkveuli wesiT Sedgenili gamokiTxvis furceli monacemebis Sesagroveblad. 79. muslimTa saRvTo wigni. 80. modgma, STamomavloba, jilagi. 82. mokle, swori, basri xmali. 83. meTauri, xelmZRvaneli. 86. Tqmuleba, legenda. 88. gadamwyveti ieriSi mowinaaRmdegis simagris asaRebad. 89. erTianoba, gaerTianeba, kavSiri ori monarqiuli saxelmwifosi erT-erTi mefis meTaurobiT an kaTolikuri da zogierTi marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa romis papis meTaurobiT.

9. risame asagebad, Sesaqmnelad, dasamzadeblad an rekonstruqciisaTvis damuSavebuli gegma. 11. dausabuTeblad, brmad miRebuli debuleba, romelsac miiCneven uryev WeSmaritebad yvela droisa da istoriuli pirobebisaTvis. 12. mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organo. 13. ucxoelebisa da yovelive ucxouris siZulvili. 17. sxvadasxva inventaris, mowyobilobis, xelsawyosa da misT. erToblioba. 18. samxedro mrewvelobis samoqalaqo relsebze gadayvana. 19. xelis cecxlsasroli iaraRi, romelsac cilindruli formis mbrunvi savazne kolofi aqvs. 20. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Sexedulebis, saRi azris mkveTrad sawinaaRmdego msjeloba, mosazreba. 21. saerTo warmodgena raime saganze, movlenaze, raimes arsi. 23. (gadat.) risame moqmedebis, gavrcelebis sfero. 24. oficeri, romelic uSualod eqvemdebareba samxedro nawilis ufross da asrulebs sxvadasxva davalebas. 25. wignsacavi. 30. litvis didi samTavros mTavari 1345-1377 wlebSi. 32 zedamxedveloba, meTvalyureoba, Semowmeba. 34. sazogadoebrivi da materialuri kulturis ganviTarebis done, romelsac miaRwia ama Tu im sazogadoebriv-ekonomikurma formaciam. 35. winaswar gansazRvruli cxovrebis gza. 36. qveiTi jaris samxedro nawilebis SenaerTi. 37. qalaqi aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze, amave saxelwodebis vilaieTis administraciuli centri. 39. mosamzadebeli sistema umaRlesi samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. 40. xelovnebis udidesi muzeumi msoflioSi, mdebareobs parizSi. 43. werilobiTi cnoba raime faqtis, movlenis Sesaxeb. 45. samxedro samsaxuridan ganTavisufleba armiis samSvidobo mdgomareobaze gadayvanis Sedegad. 46. memkvidreobiTi an miRebuli sapatio wodeba. 48. gunduri Sejibreba zogierT sportul saxeobaSi, rodesac mTeli distanciis ramdenime etapze gundis wevrebi cvlian erTmaneTs da Senacvlebisas yoveli momdevno monawile iRebs winamorbedisgan garkveul niSans (sagans), sityva ixmareba gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac. 49. brZolis, moqmedebis, moRvaweobis, Sejibris adgili. 51. zogadad meTauris aRmniSvneli cneba donis, zaporoJies, Tergis da yubanis kazakTa Soris. 54. (gadat.) raimes kvali, niSani, anabeWdi. 57. raime sadavo sakiTxis sajaro ganxilva; kamaTi, paeqroba. 58. umaRlesi wodebis episkoposi marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi. 59. vinmes an raimes mdebareoba, mdgomareoba, ganlageba. (gadatan.) azri, Tvalsazrisi, gacnobierebuli damokidebuleba vinmes an raimes mimarT. 61. Senobis wina, mTavari mxare, romelic Cveulebriv quCiskenaa mimarTuli. 62. cxovelTa mwvave gadamdebi daavadebebis saerTo saxelwodeba. 63. saxelmwifo, romelic flobs Tavis dapyrobil koloniebs. 65. saqmis kargi SedegiT dasruleba, winsvla. 68. ideebis erToblioba, romlis safuZvelzec iqmneba partiis an sazogadoebrivi dajgufebis politikuri programa. 69. dawesebulebis, organizaciis struqturis Secvla, gadakeTeba, gardaqmna. 71. umaRlesi saswavleblis moswavle. 74. zogierT qveyanaSi saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo saswavlo dawesebuleba. 76. raimes safuZveli, arsi. 77. calkeuli arseba, pirovneba. 78. cecxlsasroli iaraRis vaznis asafeTqebeli nawili, romelic miznis dasazianebladaa gankuTvnili. 81. winaswar mofiqrebuli ram, rac unda ganxorcieldes. 84. mimarTuleba, gezi, orientacia (politikaSi). 85. diplomatiuri misia (ufro dabali rangis, vidre saelCo). 86. debuleba, romelic gansazRvravs calkeuli Sinasaxelmwifoebrivi an saerTaSoriso organizaciis saqmianobas da wess. 87. cxovelebis dasaWeri mowyobiloba, maxe. 88. Tambaqos mosawevi mowyobiloba, romelsac aqvs mrgvali Tavi Tambaqos Casayrelad da mogrZo mili, romliTac ewevian. 90. drois, dasawyisisa da dasasrulis, yvela saqmis wamowyebis RvTaeba romaul miTologiaSi; gamoisaxeboda ori pirisaxiT. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli ianvris saxeli. 91. sxvisi keTildReobisTvis sakuTari sicocxlis daTmobis unari. 92. weliwadis, Tvis, dRe-Ramis da a.S. garkveuli monakveTi, rodesac raime xdeba. 93. sagangebo, sapasuxismgeblo davaleba, daniSnuleba, roli.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

1. ena 2. aWara 3. iupiteri 5. erdo 7. done 9. monopolizacia 10. isli 11. abati 12. gumbaTi 13. leitenanti 14. migracia 15. Tanasworoba 17. dolabi 18. faqtori 22. islandia 25. diversia 27. azia 29. dedaboZi 33. Rataki 34. baxusi 38. teqnologia 39. xorbali 40. elementi 41. eskizi 44. demografia 47. guSagi 48. mrewveloba 49. wirva 51. muhajiroba 53. voluntarizmi 57. instituti 58. minareTi 60. iarliyi 62. mentaliteti 65. adaptacia 66. darbazi 67. pluralizmi 68. iniciativa 69. elinizmi 76. impulsi 79. senati 80. uReli 81. tradicia 82. Sedevri 84. aRdgoma 86. alizi 87. Sturmi 90. nalia 92. zvavi 94. poeti 96. wre

2. aTabagi 4. personali 6. oda 8. almasi 16. lombardi 18. fakulteti 19. efendi 20. mozaika 21. klimati 23. laSqroba 24. produqti 26. revolucia 28. saladini 30. profili 31. merkantilizmi 32. gobi 35. sqizma 36. kapitulacia 37. sindikati 39. xeoba 42. saZirkveli 43. saidumlo 45. svaneTi 46. bangi 50. epidemia 52. qveSevrdomi 54. faza 55. olqi 56. iara 59. eri 61. salamuri 63. fundamenti 64. standarti 70. qrestomaTia 71. kardinali 72. nakli 73. ruka 74. ali 75. organizacia 77. talanti 78. siria 79. skulptura 83. urbanizacia 85. imperia 88. asli 89. dialeqti 91. iudaizmi 93. etapi 95. dilegi 97. kalibri 98. medina 99. importi 100. avtoriteti

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas, cnobil politikur elitasTan erTad, saxelovan generalTa da oficerTa mTeli kohorta hyavda am adamianebis samxedro kariera ruseTis imperias ukavSirdeboda, romlis qveSevrdomebic isini iyvnen, magram rogorc ki garemoebam moiTxova, maTi absoluturi umravlesoba uyoymanod Cadga Tavisufali saqarTvelos samsaxurSi

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samwlian istoriaSi TavianTi mxedruli mamacobiT araerTma maTganma datova waruSleli kvali, magram yvelasagan gamorCeulia im 15 mamuliSvilis bedi, romlebic mterma samSoblos siyvarulisa da misi Tavisuflebis erTgulebisaTvis zustad 100 wlis win – 1923 wlis 20 maiss – sikvdiliT dasaja.

yvelaferi ki ase daiwyo:

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiam saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas bolo mouRo daemxo qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, romlis arsebobis sami weli, konstantine gamsaxurdias sityvebiT Tu vityviT, „ufro Zlieri iyo Tavisi gancdis intensiurobiT, vidre Cveni monobis asi weli“

marTalia, wiTeli armiebis SemoWras maSin „qudze kaci“ ver daupirispirda, magram okupaciis Sedegi – saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargva da qveyanaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba – imdenad Tavzardamcemi aRmoCnda, rom sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fena saprotesto ganwyobam moicva

rogorc erTi Tanamedrove werda:

yol qTl intigts Tasi Ta mnaSad miaCn saTod, is y fam igrZno Seigno, Tu vkgeT spontanad iba renSis wyli — sircx-

„TlSi gancdil rcx qTli xalxis ovni Segnis saswari gamojansaRa gamoiwa.

lis mosecxad“

oTar janeliZe

saqarTvelos

„samxedro centri“

axla mTavari iyo, vin SeakavSirebda damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol Zalebs, vin Seqmnida erTian fronts, vin umeTaurebda am brZolas da waruZRveboda azvirTebul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, radgan demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba, ise, rogorc politikuri partiebis liderTa mniSvnelovani nawili, ucxoeTSi iyo gaxiznuli da saqarTvelosTan intensiur kavSirs veRar axerxebda

cnobilia, rom revoluciurma komitetma (revkomi) saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave specialuri mowodeba gamoaqveyna da aq arsebul politikur partiebs amnistia aRuTqva revkomi amiT cdilobda daemtkicebina, rom bolSevikebisaTvis „ucxo iyo SurisZiebis grZnoba TavianT politikur mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT“ – magram maTi ndoba ar SeiZleboda miT ufro, rom xsenebul mowodebas win uswrebda revkomisave dadgenileba, romliTac Seiqmna sabWoTa xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdege kontrrevoluciur organizaciebTan, jgufebTan Tu pirovnebebTan, spekulaciasa da sabotaJTan brZolisa da revoluciuri wesrigis dacvis gansakuTrebuli organo – saqarTvelos sagangebo komisia („saqCeka“). sagangebo komisia erTdroulad sagamoZiebo organoc iyo, msjavrmdebelic da aRmasrulebelic. msgavsi araordinaruli saxelmwifo struqtura sabWoTa ruseTSi

saqarTvelos `samxedro centri~

1917 wlis dekembridan arsebobda da sul raRac 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi aTiaTasobiT adamiani hyavda daxvretili

Cvens qveyanaSi represiebs Tavidan ar hqonia aseTi masStabi, magram Ceka aqac energiulad Seudga saqmianobas saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebidan 1921 wlis dekembris bolomde saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiam sicocxles gamoasalma 144 kaci, maTgan 14 – „kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobisaTvis“ masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo „usabuTo Cxrekebma, rekviziciebma, konfiskaciebma da dapatimrebebma

aRniSnulia erT imdroindel saarqivo dokumentSi

faqtobrivad kanongareSe aRmoCnda saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia. marto 1922-1923 wlebSi 1500 moqmedi taZari daangries an gaauqmes. eklesia-monastrebis mamulebi da qoneba saxelmwifom miisakuTra. aviwroebdnen, apatimrebdnen da abuCad igdebdnen kultis msaxurT, uxeSad Seuracxyofdnen erovnul tradiciebs

mkacr ideologiur wnexSi moeqca inteligencia, romlisganac reJimis erTguleba da mis samsaxurSi morCilad Cadgoma moiTxoves. sazogadoebis am fenam umal igrZno saqarTvelos avi perspeqtiva da winaaRmdegobis formaTa Ziebas Seudga.

„xalxi kvnis sagango organois usarTlo saqciiT cxoobs toris qS“.

saqarTvelo

am droisaTvis qarTulma politikurma partiebma emigraciaSi daZlies urTierTundobloba da moaxerxes muSaobis koordinacia antisabWoTa niadagze. 1922 wlis martSi parizSi dafuZnda interpartiuli (ganmaTavisuflebeli) komiteti, romelSic Sevidnen social-demokratiuli partiis, federalistTa da erovnul-demokratTa warmomadgenlebi (karlo CxeiZe, grigol veSapeli, simon mdivani da sxv ) interpartiuli komitetis Seqmnam saqarTveloSi darCenili da iatakqveSeTSi gadasuli antibolSevikuri organizaciebis gaerTianebac daaCqara social-demokratiuli, gaerTianebuli erovnul-demokratiuli, socialist-federalistTa, socialist-revolucionerTa partiebisa da damoukidebeli social-demokratiuli „sxivis“ mesveurebma TbilisSi molaparakebebi gamarTes da urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze, 1922 wlis 29 aprils „saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti“ (igive „paritetuli komiteti“) Camoayalibes. komitetSi dasaxelebul organizaciaTa TiTo warmomadgeneli gaerTianda.

sabWoTa reJimTan qaosurad dapirispireba sasurvel Sedegs ver moitanda amitom, partiaTa SeTanxmebiT, am organos saqarTvelos deokupaciisa da damoukideblobisaTvis gaSlili moZraobis saerTo xelmZRvaneloba, mebrZoli Zalebis darazmva da SekavSireba, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRsadgenad mZlavri saxalxo ajanyebis organizeba daevala. damkomis pirveli Tavmjdomare iyo gogita faRava, romelic SemdegSi nikoloz qarcivaZem Secvala, bolos ki es posti konstantine andronikaSvils (yvelani social-demokratebi) ekava.

damoukideblobis komiteti erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis politikur centrs warmoadgenda, magram mas gauZneldeboda SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis organizeba, profesiulad samxedro saqmisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis codnas rom moiTxovda, rasac politikosebi moklebuli iyvnen. sabednierod, saqarTvelos ar aklda maRali rangis patrioti samxedroebi, visac aseTi codna da unarebi hqondaT. maTi didi nawili uyoymanod CaerTo samSoblos ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. damkomma SearCia qarTveli generlebi da oficrebi, romelTa meSveobiTac 1922 wlis gazafxulze gaerTianebuli samxedro centri Camoayaliba. centris Tavmjdomared general-maiori aleqsandre andronikaSvili, xolo Stabis ufrosad polkovniki rostom musxeliSvili dai-

nikolizqarcivaZe(1884-1937)

konstantine andronikaSvili (1876-?)

gogita faRava (1895-1924)

saqarTvelos `samxedro centri~

kote afxazi (1867-1923)

niSna. samxedro centris sxva wevrebi iyvnen: general-maiorebi konstantine (kote) afxazi da varden wulukiZe, polkovnikebi giorgi ximSiaSvili, aleqsandre maWavariani da elizbar gulisaSvili, kapitani farnaoz yaralaSvili, rotmistri simon bagration-muxraneli, oficrebi levan klimiaSvili da ivane quTaTelaZe (veterinari-eqimi), podporuCiki dimitri Crdileli, umcrosi oficeri nikoloz zandukeli, aseve, iason kereseliZe da simon WiabriSvili.

samxedro centri awarmoebda iaraRisa da mebrZoli Zalebis aRricxvas, adgenda da calkeul qalaqebsa da soflebSi agzavnida moqmedebis instruqciebs, krebda informacias saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiaSi dislocirebuli sabWoTa jarebis ricxvis, SeiaraRebis, adgilmdebareobis, gadaadgilebaTa da sxv. Sesaxeb.

centris zogierTi wevri, vinc sabWoTa xelisuflebas moCvenebiTad loialoba gamoucxada, sabWoTa jaris SemadgenlobaSic msaxurobda, raTa uSualo wvdoma hqonoda maTTvis saWiro monacemebze (magaliTad, rostom musxeliSvili wiTeli armiis diviziis Stabs xelmZRvanelobda)

samxedro centri amzadebda meTaurTa Semadgenlobas, regionebis mixedviT ayalibebda Tavis filialebs – samxedro Stabebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, qmnidnen da aiaraRebdnen sabrZolo partizanul razmebs. gansakuTrebuli SemarTebiTa da aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda qaquca ColoyaSvilis SeficulTa razmi, romelic kaxeTis tyeebSi Camoyalibda da duSeTis, TianeTisa da Telavis mazrebSi moqmedebda aralegalurad moqmedi SeiaraRebuli razmebi dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic Camoyalibda

rogorc erTi Tanamedrove werda: „amgri zmis sobas orgri mniSvnoba iWo: s un gaegrina xalxSi imi mrZoli siskTa a dros moZade xisuflasac un Sehkco kadnia – rom Ta usjad egrZno“

varden wulukiZe (1865-1923)

rostom musxeliSvili (1888/1889-1923)

aleqsandre andronikaSvili (1871-1923)

aleqsandre maWavariani (1872-1923)

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi Cabmuli partizanuli razmebis meTaurebsa da wevrebs sabWoTa xelisufleba „banditebad“, „moRalateebad“ da „Savrazmelebad“ naTlavda da maT winaaRmdeg gadamWreli moqmedebis gzebs saxavda

ise, rogorc damoukideblobis komiteti, misi samxedro centric konspiracias icavda, magram bevri politikosisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTac cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze aralegaluri saqmianoba mouwiaT, samxedroebs aseTi gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT

maTTvis metad Zneli iyo SeuCvevel garemoSi, iatakqveSeTSi muSaoba, miT ufro, rom, rogorc saxelmwifo uSiSroebis arqivSi gamovlenili dokumentebi cxadyofen, Cekas

maTze imTaviTve faruli meTvalyureoba hqonda dawesebuli

samxedro centris 15 wevridan 13 profesionali samxedro iyo maTgan politikur cxovrebaSi aqtiurad CarTuli mxolod erTaderTi – kote afxazi Cans igi 1913 wlidan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavad-aznaurTa winamZRoli iyo, xolo 1916 wels ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad airCies (10 wliT adre amave sabWoSi Sedioda ilia WavWavaZe, romlis disSvilic iyo kote afxazi)

1917 wlis noemberSi afxazi saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos wevri gaxda, 1918 wlis 26 maiss ki xeli moawera saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqts aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo Tbilisis universitetis dafuZnebaSi upartioTa kavSiris siiT (ivane javaxiSvilTan, zurab avaliSvilTan, kote mayaS-

vilTan da sxv erTad) 1919 wlis TebervalSi kenWs iyrida damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi, Tumca saWiro xmebi ver miiRo da sakanonmdeblo organos miRma darCa. 1922 wlis oqtombridan kote afxazi saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis aralegaluri centraluri komitetis Tavmjdomared airCies.

bolSevikuri xelisufleba gulmodgined daeZebda TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis xelmZRvanel Stabs, romlis aRmosaCenad da salikvidaciod yvela Rones mimarTavda

erovnul-demokratebma scades safrTxe aeridebinaT TavianTi partiis TavmjdomarisaTvis, romelzec xelisuflebas eWvi hq n m t n li da misi sazRvargareT gaaxes kote afxazma amaze kauari ganacxada: „Cvens qveyas ver mivatoveb am misi brZoebis xanaSi garda qarTul ciisa, romelic aseT dros ovebinebda qarTvel kacs Talos, sad gagonila, rom Rejars brZolis velze stoen da garbodnen... me vrCebi avrCebi bolomde, raTa davexmaro saqarTvelos mebrZol banaks misi ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi“, – aseTi iyo generlis uryevi gadawyvetileba.

giorgi ximSiaSvili (1892-1923)

elizbar gulisaSvili ( 1890-1923)

simon bagration-muxraneli (1895-1923)

1923 wlis martis dasawyisSi amierkavkasiis sagangebo komisiam aRmoaCina da daapatimra „didi samxedro organizacia, romelsac miznad hqonda samxedro ajanyeba sabWoTa mTavrobis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi“ es organizacia iyo swored saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis samxedro centri

Zieba „antisabWoTa samxedro organizaciis“ (samxedro centris) saqmeze da dapatimrebulTa dakiTxva or Tveze met xans gagrZelda (sapyrobileSi ijda 56 patimari, xolo 100 kacze gamocxadebuli iyo Zieba) dakiTxvebs awarmoebdnen amierkavkasiis sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomaris moadgile vasili pankratovi, kontrdazvervis ganyofilebis ufrosi aSukini, petrosiani da sxv

centris wevrebs brali edebodaT antantis qveynebis agentobaSi, bolSevikuri xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi, sabWoTa saxelmwifos Ralatsa da saqarTveloSi bandituri gamosvlebis organizebaSi

solomon zaldastaniSvilis cnobiT, erovnul-demokratebma dapatimrebulTa gasaTavisufleblad gansakuTrebuli razmi Seadgines, magram damkomma Cekaze Tavdasxmis gegma ar gaiziara

xelisuflebas ganzraxuli hqonda dapatimrebulTa sajaro gasamarTleba da maTi revoluciuri tribunalisaTvis gadacema, magram sabraldebo masala imdenad susti da dausabuTebeli iyo, rom Ria sasamarTlo process amjobines ganaCeni sagangebo komisiis kolegias gamoetana. kolegiaSi amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiebis Tavmjdomareebi – solomon mogilevski da epifane kvantaliani, mxaris bolSeviki lideri mamia oraxelaSvili, Salva eliava da sxv Sediodnen

kolegiis sxdoma 1923 wlis 19 maiss gaimarTa. gamotanili ganaCeni, romelic mxolod misi aRsrulebis Semdeg, 25 maiss gamoqveynda, iuwyeboda:

„antantis kapitalistis agtis nCi muSaoba saqTloSi ajanyis mosamzadd moispo patimriT, romic moaxdina sagango komisiam sabWoTa xisuflis winaaRmdeg SeTqmis, saqTloSi banditi moZobis mowyobisa sSi monawileobis miRis muS-gl saxmwifosaTs tis gamo, am-kavkasiis sagango komisiis mi mTa gamoZiiT, saqTlos ss rpublikis sagango komisia adgs: miajos uRli sasji...“

nikoloz zandukeli (1883-1923)

levan klimiaSvili (1897-1923)

saqarTvelos `samxedro centri~

saqarTvelo

ganaCeni imave Rames moiyvanes sisruleSi – samxedro centris wevrebi dRevandeli vakis parkis midamoebSi daxvrites

xelmZRvaneli samxedro birTvis ganadgureba saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisTvis mZime dartyma iyo. didi iyo danaklisi, magram amas sabWoTa reJimTan dapirispirebuli Zalebis sasowarkveTa ar gamouwvevia. samxedro centris adgili „samxedro komisiam“ daikava, romelmac ganagrZo brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. am brZolis gautexel suliskveTebas mkafiod gamoxatavda imxanad gavrcelebuli proklamacia, saTauriT „patriotebis daxocva“, romelic zizRs gamoxatavda saqarTvelos sisxliani dampyroblebis mimarT eris saukeTeso Svilebis avazakurad daxvretisaTvis.

იმდროს,როდესაცთქვენიაღსასრულისზარიდაჰკრავს.დაჰკრავსკი,რადგანასეთიაყველგანდა ყოველთვისდესპოტიზმისბედი“.

sagulisxmoa is sityvebi, romlebic samxedro centris wevrebma sasamarTloze da uSualod daxvretis win warmoTqves:

rd wukiZe: „sikiliT r SegSinT.

Cni sikili saqTlos ganTasuflis

Taia. igi gaasalkldebs is simtkic, TiaTasadgaamsmrZolT!gaeciTCns axlobls, rom xoceT, T qTl patriotsSehfiT!“

koteafxazi:„mevkisixiT,dganRirsi gadisamSoblossamsxrplozezkadmitanisa, Cni sikili kidev T garjbas moutans saqTlos“.

simon bagtion-muxni: „gaurjos Cns samSoblos, mSdobiT Zmo! get am!“

giorgi ximSiaSli: „le dga dro TeTri giorgi mrisxan mogTxovT pasuxs. gaurjos saqTlos!“

პატრიოტების დახოცვა

simon WiabriSvili (1880-1923)

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, davimowmoT fragmentebi samxedro centris wevrTa daxasiaTebidan, romelic saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-erT damaarsebelsa da liders spiridon kedias ekuTvnis:

spiridon kedia (1884-1948)

„Cni afxazi, keTilSobili moridi, gonii mri T klde, aw sxrpT gaRi samSoblos didisaTs, xasiaTi iyo saqTlosi“;

„andronikaSli, iSaTi pirovna. gmiri mxeri Zalian ganaTli gonii gali faqizi. patrioti“;

„gali rd wukiZe. indi. uSiSi meori patrioti“;

„rostom musxiSli polkovniki, patrioti, gonii, didi muSaki“;

„simonika muxnski, axalgazr ofici. Zli qTli sicis!“

qaquca ColoyaSvilis SeficulTa razmi

saqarTvelos `samxedro centri~

saqarTvelo

saqarTvelos samxedro centris wevrTa cxovreba sanimuSo magaliTia imisa, rogor unda giyvardes sakuTari samSoblo da sicocxle gaiRo misi TavisuflebisaTvis.

2017 wels saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivma, konrad adenaueris fondis mxardaWeriT, moamzada da gamosca wigni, saxelwodebiT „mSvidobiT, Zmebo, gvxvreten amaRam!“ naSromSi Tavmoyrilia arqivis fondebSi daculi unikaluri masala, romelic naTels xdis saqarTvelos samxedro centris wevrTa patriotul suliskveTebasa da samSoblosaTvis uangaro Tavdadebas. SemTxveviT ar aris, rom wignSi Sesuli dokumentebi sabWoTa periodSi gasaidumloebuli iyo.

mamia oraxelaSvili (1881-1937)

Salva eliava (1883-1937)

„informaciis Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis institutma“ (IDFI), pirvelwyaroebze dayrdnobiT, daadgina 1923 wlis maisSi represirebuli „samxedro centris“ wevrTa sacxovrebeli misamarTebi amave institutis iniciativiT, qalaq Tbilisis meriam ramdenime maTganis saxlebze, kerZod, kote afxazis (l. asaTianis q. 46), rostom musxeliSvilisa (kojris q. 4) da elizbar gulisaSvilis (Zmebi kakabaZeebis q. 15), ukve ganaTavsa memorialuri dafebi, riTac pativi miago qveynisTvis Tavganwirul gmirebs da maTi saxelebi am formiT ukvdavyo.

saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnulma biblioTekam da Sss-is arqivma gamosces 2023 wlis kedlis kalendari, romelic daxvretil gmir mamuliSvilTa xsovnas eZRvneba samxedro centris wevrTa daxvretis adgilze agebulia memoriali

epifane kvantaliani (1889-1937)

solomon mogilevski ( 1885-1925)

saqarTvelos `samxedro centri~

nacionalizmi

ukrainuli nacionalizmi

nawili II

ukrainuli nacionalizmi 1945-1991 wlebSi

zurab daviTaSvili

1945 wels ukrainis teritoria kidev ufro gaizarda. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida omamde Cexoslovakiis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli imierkarpateTis ukraina. amgvarad, ukrainuli miwebis gaerTianeba damTavrda da yvela maTgani ukrainis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. metic, 1954 wels, aRmosavleT ukrainis ruseTTan SeerTebis 300 wlisTavze, xruSCovis iniciativiT, ukrainas gadaeca yirimis olqi, romelic manamde ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo da ukrainis nawili arasodes yofila.

cxadia, sabWoTa xelisuflebis es saCuqrebi garkveulwilad imasac emsaxureboda, rom ukraineli xalxis keTilganwyoba moepovebina da ramdenadme Seesustebina ukrainuli nacionalizmi, romelic seriozul problemebs uqmnida reJims, kerZod, dasavleT ukrainaSi

1940-1950-iani wlebi dasavleT ukrainelebisaTvis mZime wlebia 1945-1956 wlebSi sabWoTa samxedro da uSiSroebis Zalebma gaanadgures ukrainis amboxebulTa armiis 155 aTasi mebrZoli, xolo 75 aTasi daapatimres sastiki represiebi ganicada mSvidobianma mosaxleobamac, yvelam, viszec patara eWvi mainc arsebobda, rom ukrainis amboxebulTa armias exmareboda da saerTod, ukrainul nacionalizms uWerda mxars daapatimres 100 aTas kacze meti, xolo 200 aTasze meti cimbirSi gadaasaxles

sabWoTa reJimma ukrainuli nacionalizmis erT-erT mTavar burjad miiCnia ukrainis berZnul-kaTolikuri (uniaturi) eklesia – dasavleT ukrainis mTavari religiuri instituti da kanongareSed gamoacxada igi eklesia, romelsac 7 milionamde mrevli hyavda, gaauqmes da ruseTis marTlmadidebel eklesias miuerTes, romelic ukrainaSi warmodgenili iyo moskovis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebuli kievis mitropoliiT uniaturi eklesiebis didi nawili sameurneo nagebobebad gadaakeTes, nawili ki marTlmadideblur eklesias gadasces aqedan moyolebuli, 1991 wlamde, ukraineli kaTolikeebi faruli religiuri cxovrebiT cxovrobdnen

ukrainis teritoriuli zrda 1939-1954 wlebSi

1939 wels poloneTis mier ukrainisTvis gadacemuli teritoria

1940 wels rumineTis mier ukrainisTvis gadacemuli teritoria

1945 wels Cexoslovakiis mier ukrainisTvis gadacemuli teritoria

1948 wels rumineTis mier ukrainisTvis gadacemuli teritoriebi

1954 wels ruseTis mier ukrainisTvis gadacemuli teritoria

kidev erTi dartyma ukrainuli nacionalizmisTvis iyo ukrainuli enis Seviwroeba. sabWoTa xelisufleba Seecada dasavleT ukrainis iseTive rusifikacia ganexorcielebina, rogoric aRmosavleT ukrainaSi moxda. aRmosavleT ukrainaSi ukiduresad mcire iyo ukrainuli skolebis ricxvi, umaRlesi saswavleblebi TiTqmis mTlianad rusulenovani iyo, praqtikulad yvela uwyebasa da dawesebulebaSi saqmis warmoeba rusulad midioda, ris Sedegadac aRmosavleT ukrainelebis sagrZnobi nawilisTvis rusuli mSobliur enas warmoadgenda da ukrainuli cudad an saerTod ar icoda amas emateboda aT milionamde eTnikuri rusi, romlebic umravlesobas Seadgendnen yirimis, doneckis da luganskis olqebSi

dasavleT ukrainaSi rusifikaciis politikas warmateba ar hqonia. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mtkiced idga ukrainul erovnul poziciaze, medgrad ewinaaRmdegeboda rusifikacias, myarad inarCunebda ukrainul identobas, gamoirCeoda antirusuli ganwyobiT da ocnebobda ukrainis damoukidebel saxelmwifoze aseTma mdgomareobam zogierT mkvlevars Seuqmna warmodgena ori ukraineli eris Sesaxeb, romlebic mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan: aRmosavleT ukrainelebi, romlebic Tavs ufro rusul subeTnosad miiCneven, vidre damoukidebel erad da rusebTan erTad saerTo sa-

xelmwifoSi cxovrebas uWeren mxars da dasavleT ukrainelebi, romlebsac Zalian Zlieri erovnuli TviTSegneba aqvT da miznad ukrainis suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnas isaxaven

sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas arasodes Seusustebia yuradReba ukrainuli nacionalizmis mimarT da yovelTvis hqonda SiSi, raime iseTi ar momxdariyo, rac 50-milioniani respublikis dakargvis safrTxes gaaCenda amitom eWvis TvaliT uyurebda ukrainis xelisuflebis yovel nabijs, rac ukrainuli enis da ukrainuli kulturis dacvisken iqneboda gadadgmuli, xedavda ra masSi nacionalizmis gamovlinebas rogorc bevri mkvlevari fiqrobs, ukrainis komunist lider petre Selestis mimarT swored aseTi eWvi gaCnda da amitomac daatovebines Tanamdeboba.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom ukraineli nacionalistebi sabWoTa ukrainaSi aSkarad ver imoqmedebdnen da amitom Rrma iatakqveSeTSi uxdebodaT moRvaweoba 60-80-ian wlebSi bevri maTgani, rogorc disidentebi, antisabWoTa propagandis muxliT gaasamarTles da xangrZlivi vadiT daapatimres amitom iqca im periodSi ukrainuli nacionalizmis mTavar centrebad kanada, aSS, germania da safrangeTi, sadac ukrainelTa Zlieri diasporebi iyo.

civi omis periodSi evropaSi moqmedi ukraineli nacionalistebis organizaciis orive frTa, rogorc banderelebi, ise melnikelebi TanamSromlobdnen dasavleTis specsamsaxurebTan, rac kidev ufro aSfoTebda sabWoTa uSiSroebis organoebs amitom miiRes gadawyvetileba fizikurad gaenadgurebinaT unos liderebi araerTi warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg, 1959 wels, unoSi Segzavnilma kagebes agentma b staSinskim miunxenSi mokla stefan bandera staSinskis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli unos kidev erTi lideris – lev rebetis mkvleloba 1964 wels luqsemburgSi gardaicvala andrei melniki liderebis sikvdilma sagrZnoblad daasusta uno, Tumca 1967 wels Seqmnilma ukrainelTa msoflio kongresma gar-

kveulwilad gamoaswora mdgomareoba da diasporis gaerTianebaSi didi roli Seasrula.

ukrainuli nacionalizmis aRorZineba 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi moxda, magram ara sazRvargareT, aramed ukrainaSi da es sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideris, mixail gorbaCovis mier ganxorcielebuli „perestroikisa“ da „glasnostis“ Sedegi iyo

Tavdapirvelad ukrainuli enis dacvis da misi gamoyenebis gafarToebis problemebma wamoiwia gaiSala farTo kampania ukrainuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebis moTxovniT 1989 wels ukrainis konstituciaSi Sevida muxli, romlis mixedviTac, ukrainuli ena rusulTan erTad cxaddeboda ukrainis ssr saxelmwifo enad

petre Selesti (1908-1996)

nikita xruSCovi (1894-1971)

bogdan staSinski dab. 1931 w. stefan bandera (1909-1959) lev rebeti (1912-1957)

Semdeg etapad iqca ukrainis istoriis gadaxedvis sakiTxi da misi ganTavisufleba sabWoTa, komunisturi kliSeebisgan es Seexo, upirveles yovlisa, ukrainuli nacionalisturi organizaciebis moRvaweobis Sefasebas, romlebsac sabWoTa propaganda calsaxad faSistur, danaSaulebriv organizaciebad ganixilavda

didi mniSvneloba hqonda ukrainis berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesiis legalizacias, romelsac daubrunda CamorTmeuli eklesiebi da morwmuneebs miecaT saSualeba Riad gamoexataT TavianTi religiuri kuTvnileba. kidev ufro mniSvnelovani erovnuli movlena iyo, roca kievisa da sruliad ukrainis mitropoliti filareti gamovida ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis daqvemdebarebidan da damoukidebel, avtokefaliur eklesiad gamoacxada ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesia. maSin sxva marTlmadidebel eklesiebs ar uRiarebiaT ukrainis eklesiis avtokefalia, magram faqti TavisTavad Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo. ukraineli marTlmadideblebi orad gayvnen, erTi nawili daeqvemdebara axladSeqmnil ukrainis marTlmadidebel eklesias (kievis sapatriarqo), meore ki (ZiriTadad, aRmosavleT ukrainaSi) darCa ruseTis mier avtonomiaminiWebuli ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis (moskovis sapatriarqo) mrevlad.

miuxedavad ukrainuli nacionalizmis warmatebisa da ukrainuli erovnuli identobis ganmtkicebisa, 1991 wlamde xalxSi ukrainis damoukideblobis sakiTxi jer kidev ar iyo momwifebuli (garda dasavleT ukrainis mosaxleobis nawilisa). martSi gamarTul referendumze 70%-ma mxari dauWira

sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc ganaxlebuli suverenuli respublikebis kavSiris SenarCunebas, Tumca am referendumSi dasavleT ukrainis mosaxleobis did nawils monawileoba ar miuRia

viTareba icvleba 1991 wlis 18-21 agvistos moskovis putCis CaSlis Semdeg. aSkara gaxda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo, veRar SenarCundeboda. ukrainis uzenaesma sabWom, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi wevrebis umravlesoba komunistebi, xolo sakmaod didi nawili rusulenovanebi iyvnen, 24 agvistos gamoacxada ukrainis damoukidebloba, xolo 1 dekembers gamarTul referendumze (romelSic monawileoba mosaxleobis 84%-ma miiRo) 90%-ma mxari dauWira ukrainis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aqts (maT Soris aRmosavleT ukrainis rusulenovani mosaxleobis umravlesobamac)

mitropoliti filareti dab. 1929 w.

andrei melniki (1890-1964)

mixail gorbaCovi (1931-2022)

ukrainuli nacionalizmi

dekembris referendumi ukrainaSi iyo is bolo movlena, romelmac gadawyvita sabWoTa kavSiris bedi. ukrainis gareSe es saxelmwifo azrs kargavda. ukrainis prezidentma leonid kravCukma (romelic adre ukrainis komunistur partias xelmZRvanelobda) mkafiod ganacxada, rom ukrainis suverenitets veRaraferi daudgeboda win. 8 dekembers minskis maxloblad, beloveJis tyeSi, leonid kravCukma, ruseTis prezidentma boris elcinma da belorusiis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem stanislav SuSkeviCma (rogorc ssrk-is damfuZnebeli respublikebis liderebma) xeli moaweres sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifos daSlis da misi wevrebis suverenul saxelmwifoebad gamocxadebis aqts. sabWoTa kavSiris prezidenti mixail gorbaCovi iZulebuli gaxda Serigeboda am faqts da Tanamdebobidan gadamdgariyo. sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba Sewyvita, xolo ukrainam nanatri damoukidebloba moipova.

ukrainuli nacionalizmi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg

ukrainis damoukideblobisTanave gadaidga ramdenime mniSvnelovani nabiji ukrainuli nacionalizmis ganmtkicebisken: ukrainuli ena gamocxadda qveynis erTaderT oficialur saxelmwifo enad, moxda ukrainel nacionalistTa organizaciis sruli reabilitacia, maTi moRvaweoba ki Sefasda, rogorc ukrainis gaTavisuflebisaTvis Tavganwirul patriotTa organizaciis gmiruli moqmedeba unos orive frTa legalurad dabrunda ukrainaSi uno (b), anu banderelebi, politikur partiad gardaiqmna ukraineli nacionalistebis kongresis (КУН) saxelwodebiT da ukrainis politikur cxovrebaSi CaerTo, melnikelebi ki, anu uno (m) sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobad Camoyalibda garda amisa, warmoiSva ramdenime nacionalisturi ideologiis mqone partia, romlebmac myarad daimkvidres adgili ukrainul politikaSi.

agvistos putCi moskovSi

24 agvisto, ukrainis damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRe

ssrk-is damfuZnebeli respublikebis liderebi xels aweren sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis aqts

ukrainuli nacionalizmis aseTma ganviTarebam ukmayofileba gamoiwvia qveynis rus da rusulenovan mosaxleobaSi. maTi moTxovna iyo, rom rusuli ena gamocxadebuliyo ukrainis meore saxelmwifo enad da qveynis sagareo-politikuri veqtori ruseTisken yofiliyo mimarTuli. ufro rTuli viTareba iyo yirimSi, sadac mosaxleobis 2/3-s rusebi Seadgendnen da yirimis gadasvlas ruseTidan ukrainis SemadgenlobaSi xruSCovis xuSturad miiCnevdnen, rac aucileblad unda gamosworebuliyo. am mizniT gaiSala moZraoba, romelic yirimis ruseTSi dabrunebis lozungiT gamodioda. amgvarad Seiqmna ukrainis teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis safrTxe.

am problemis gadaWris mizniT, 1994 wels ukrainam xeli moawera SeTanxmebas (iseve, rogorc belorusiam da yazaxeTma), rom is uars ambobda Tavis teritoriaze arsebul birTvul iaraRze da gadascemda ruseTs im

pirobiT, rom daculi iqneboda ukrainis teritoriuli mTlianoba ukrainis teritoriis mTlianobis garantebad cxaddebodnen ruseTi, aSS da didi britaneTi, rac maT xelmoweriT daadastures

qveyanaSi arsebulma rTulma politikurma, ekonomikurma da socialurma problemebma gavlena moaxdina ukrainul nacionalizmze igi sam mTavar narativad SeiZleba

davyoT: pirveli maTganis mixedviT, ukrainis sagareo-politikuri veqtori ruseTTan mWidro urTierTobebs unda eyrdnobodes (ruseTi sxvaa, magram megobaria), meoris mixedviT, ruseTi mteria da ukrainis, rogorc evropis nawilis mizani evroatlantikur struqturebSi gawevrianeba unda iyos, rac misi usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobis garantiaa mesame, SedarebiT naklebpopularuli narativis mixedviT ki, ruseTic da dasavleTic mteria da amdenad, ukraina maqsimalurad damoukidebeli unda iyos orive Zalisagan. rogorc vxedavT, arcerTi narativi eWvqveS ar ayenebs ukrainis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis samarTlianobas.

es nacionalisturi narativebi mkafiod iCens Tavs politikuri partiebis ideologiebSi da Tavis gamoxatulebas saparlamento da saprezidento arCevnebis SedegebSi poulobs. erTgvar tendenciad Camoyalibda proevropuli da prorusuli xelisuflebebis monacvleoba. ukrainis damoukideblo-

leonid kravCuki (1934-2022)

leonid kuCma dab. 1938 w.

viqtor iuSenko, dab. 1954 w.

viqtor ianukoviCi da vladimer putini

ukrainuli nacionalizmi

ianukoviCis mxardamWerebi

50-74%

75-100%

timoSenkos mxardamWerebi

50-74%

75-100%

bis erT-erTi mTavari Semoqmedi, proevropuli orientaciis prezidenti leonid kravCuki rusuli orientaciis leonid kuCmam Secvala, Semdegi prezidenti proevropeli viqtor iuSCenko ki (man mianiWa stefan banderas ukrainis erovnuli gmiris wodeba) –prorusma viqtor ianukoviCma miuxedavad politikuri simpaTiebis aseTi monacvleobisa, arCevnebis Sedegebis geografiuli suraTi TiTqmis ar icvleboda: aRmosavleT da samxreT ukrainaSi, rogorc wesi, prorusuli Zalebi imarjvebdnen, dasavleT da centralur ukrainaSi – proevropuli (ix 2010 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebis ruka)

2013 wels, ruseTis prezidentis vladimer putinis kategoriuli moTxovniT, ianukoviCma gamoacxada, rom ukraina uars ambobs evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmoweraze. es niSnavda uars ukrainis dasavlur momavalze, misi ruseTis sruli gavlenis qveS moqcevas da, faqtobrivad, imis uaryofas, risTvisac ukrainuli nacionalizmi yovelTvis ibrZoda aman didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia ukrainel xalxSi daiwyo permanentuli saprotesto antisamTavrobo aqciebi (e w maidanis movlenebi), romelic ramdenime Tve gagrZelda da 2014 wlis TebervalSi ianukoviCis damxobiT damTavrda

ukrainuli nacionalizmis da saerTod, ukraineli xalxis es gamarjveba putinma ruseTis marcxad CaTvala da ukrainis samagaliTo dasja gadawyvita maleve, martSi, yirimSi gamarTuli ukanono referendumis safuZvelze (romlis Sedegebi ruseTis garda aravis ucnia), yirimis aneqsia ganxorcielda da igi ruseTis erT-erT respublikad gamocxadda garda amisa, ruseTma moaxdina separatistebis provocireba aRmosavleT ukrainaSi, rac e w doneckis saxalxo respublikisa da luganskis saxalxo respublikis gamocxadebaSi gamoixata

Tu yirimis aneqsia ruseTma uomrad SeZlo, donecksa da luganskSi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi daiwyo, erTi mxriv, rus da adgilobriv boevikebsa da, meore mxriv, ukrainul samxedro formirebebsa da moxaliseebs Soris am ukanasknelTa mxares sxvadasxva qveynis, maT Soris qarTveli, moxaliseebic iyvnen qarTvelebis mxridan am brZolebSi monawileoba iyo sapasuxo nabiji im mxardaWerisa, rac ukrainelma moxaliseebma gauwies saqarTvelos afxazeTis konfliqtisa da 2008 wlis ruseTTan omis dros. bevrs axsovs afxazeTSi mebrZoli ukrainis nacionaluri asamblea – ukrainis saxalxo TviTTavdacvis (

-УНСО) samxedro meTauris sityvebi: „Tu rusebs gumisTaze ver SevaCerebT, maSin maTi SeCereba dneprze mogviwevs“.

2010 wlis ukrainis saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebi

dasavleTi ukraina centraluri ukraina samxreT-aRmosavleTi ukraina

aRmosavleTi ukraina

aRmosavleTi ukraina

ukrainuli nacionalizmi

yirimis aneqsiam da doneck-luganskis provokaciam ukrainuli nacionalizmi ufro prodasavluri da antirusuli gaxada TviTon ukrainaSi mkveTrad Semcirda rusuli orientaciis momxreTa raodenoba 2019 wlis arCevnebSi proevropeli prezidenti petro poroSenko ukve ara prorusma, aramed aseve proevropelma volodimir zelenskim Secvala, romelsac manamde mxolod reJisorad, msaxiobad da iumoristuli telegadacemis wamyvanad icnobdnen.

2014 wlis Semdeg mkveTrad gaizarda dasavleTis qveynebis da saerTod msoflios progresuli nawilis simpaTia ukraineli xalxis, rogorc ruseTis mxridan agresiis msxverplis, mimarT SesaZloa, amanac iqonia gavlena, rom konstantinopolis msoflio patriarqma barTlomem 2019 wels cno ukrainis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis (kievis sapatriarqo) avtokefalia

ruseT-ukrainis omi da ukrainuli nacionalizmis transformacia

2022 wlis 21 Tebervals vladimer putinma televiziiT gaakeTa gancxadeba, romelmac mTeli msoflio gaaogna da hitleris gamosvlebi gaaxsena. putinis sityvis dedaazri is iyo, rom araviTari ukraineli eri ar arsebobs, rusebi erTi eria da maTi dayofa rusebad, ukrainelebad da belarusebad dasavleTis imperialistebis da bolSevikebis antirusuli, danaSaulebrivi politikis Sedegia. gansakuTrebiT mkacrad gaakritika man lenini, romelic daadanaSaula ukrainis calke sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SeqmnaSi da ukrainis saxelmwifos dacinviT uwoda „leninis saxelobis ukrainis respublika“ unda aRiniSnos, rom aseve fiqrobs rusi mosaxleobis didi nawili 2021 wels ruseTSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa 64% miiCnevda, rom rusebi da ukrainelebi erTi xalxia

erTi sityviT, putinma mianiSna, rom unda aRdges erTiani ruseTis saxelmwifo ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebSi, sadac araviTari eTnikuri respublikebi Tu administraciuli erTeulebi ar iqneba da mxolod guberniebad iqneba dayofili. am miznis miRwevisaTvis ki mTavari dabrkoleba ukrainis saxelmwifoa, romelsac faSistebi xelmZRvaneloben da saSinlad aviwroeben rusebs, ukrZalaven ra maT mSobliur enaze laparaks. amitomac miiRo gadawyvetileba „specialuri samxedro operaciis“ Catarebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizanic ukrainis denacifikacia da demilitarizaciaa.

amis Semdeg, 24 Tebervals, gamTeniisas, ruseTma daiwyo farTomasStabiani omi ukrainis winaaRmdeg.

putinis da ruseTis xelmZRvanelobis gaTvliT, ukraina ver gauwevda winaaRmdegobas ruseTs, dasavleTi darCeboda pasiuri, xolo ukrainis eTnikurad rusi mosaxleoba da rusulenovani ukrainelebi masobrivad ruseTis mxares daiWerdnen amdenad, omi ramdenime dReSi damTavrdeboda ruseTis sruli gamarjvebiT

putinis arcerTi varaudi ar gamarTlda ukrainam gmirulad gauZlo ruseTis sastik agresias. araTu sami dRe, weliwadze metia ukraina vaJkacurad icavs Tavisuflebas da suverenitets ruseTma 100 aTas jariskacze meti dakarga da ramdenadme xelSesaxeb warmatebas mainc ver miaRwia luganskisa da doneckis e w respublikebis da xersonisa da zaporoJies olqebis ruseTis nawilad gamocxadeba iaffasiani propagandaa da mxolod sakuTar mosaxleobazea gaTvlili. msofliom dainaxa ukraineli jariskacis gmiruli suli, xolo volodimir zelenski dRes udavod aris yvelaze popularuli politikosi, romliTac mTeli msoflioa aRfrTovanebuli.

msofliom aseve gaacnobiera, rom ruseT-ukrainis omi ar aris omi mxolod or saxelmwifos Soris, aramed es aris omi sikeTesa da borotebas, progressa da regress, demokratiasa da diqtaturas Soris ruseTma sabolood Camoixsna niRabi da yvelas daanaxa, rom is aris usastikesi, imperialisturi, faSisturi saxelmwifo, safrTxe mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. am omSi ukrainis damarcxeba progresuli kacobriobis damarcxeba da

sruliad axali saerTaSoriso wesrigis damyarebaa amis daSveba ki arafriT SeiZleba amitomac dadga dasavleTi ukrainis gverdiT didi samxedro, finansuri da moraluri daxmarebiT, ruseTis winaaRmdeg mkacri sanqciebiT da misi izolaciiT ukrainis mimarT simpaTiis naTeli gamovlineba iyo ukrainisTvis evrokavSiris wevrobis kandidatis statusis miniWeba maSin, roca sul ori wliT adre es warmoudgeneli Canda.

magram yvelaze didi moulodneloba ruseTisaTvis (da garkveulwilad msofliosaTvisac) iyo is erTianoba da SekavSireba, rac ukrainis mosaxleobam gamoiCina. molodini, rom ukrainis rusi da rusulenovani mosaxleoba omis dros ruseTs dauWerda mxars da ukrainis xelisuflebas daupirispirdeboda, sruliad fuWi aRmoCnda, xolo warmodgena „ori ukraineli eris“ Sesaxeb sapnis buStiviT gaskda. ukrainis mosaxleobam calsaxad aCvena, rom maTTvis mTavari Rirebuleba ukraina da misi Tavisuflebaa. eTnikuri rusebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma, rusulenovanma ukrainelebma da moskovis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebaSi myofi ukrainis eklesiis mrevlmac daamtkica, rom isini, upirveles yovlisa, ukrainelebi arian. TviT ukrainis radis opoziciuri, prorusuli fraqciis erT-erTma liderma iuri boikom ganacxada: Cven erTi samSoblo gvaqvs – ukraina da is unda davicvaT.

volodimir zelenski

petro poroSenko

ukrainuli nacionalizmi

vladimer putinis satelevizio gamosvla 2022 wlis 21 Tebervals

yovelive es imis maCvenebelia, rom mosaxleobisaTvis ukrainis moqalaqeoba ufro didi Rirebuleba gaxda, vidre eTnikuri kuTvnileba, xolo cnebam „ukraineli“ ara mxolod eTnikuri, aramed politikuri Sinaarsic SeiZina. Sesabamisad, Cven mowmeebi varT ukrainuli nacionalizmis transformaciisa. aRmosavluri tipis eTnikuri nacionalizmisagan igi gardaiqmneba dasavluri tipis samoqalaqo nacionalizmad, eTnikur erTobas cvlis moqalaqeTa kavSiri da sityva „eric“ sxva, politikur datvirTvas iRebs am procesis saboloo Sedegia ukrainis Camoyalibeba dasavluri tipis er-saxelmwifod, sadac yvela moqalaqe Tavs miiCnevs erTi eris warmomadgenlad, miuxedavad imisa, vin aris is eTnikurad aseTi eris da saxelmwifos damarcxeba ki praqtikulad SeuZlebelia yovelive zemoTqmuli adasturebs, rom nacionalizmi xSirad asrulebs pozitiur da progresul rols

cxadia, ukrainis gamarjveba da misi teritoriuli mTlianoba ukraineli eris mTavari mizania, magram istoriam mas daakisra kidev ufro didi da sapatio misia, vidre TviT samSoblos dacva da misi suverenitetia. yvela acnobierebs, rom am omSi ruseTis gamarjveba misi mxridan kidev sxva omebs daudebs saTaves da msoflios kidev ufro saSiSi borotebis imperia moevlineba, vidre sabWoTa kavSiri iyo, ruseTis marcxi ki niSnavs msoflios ganTavisuflebas im safrTxisagan, romelic yovelTvis arsebobda rusuli imperializmisa da Sovinizmis saxiT es niSnavs axal geopolitikur wesrigs da ZalTa axal gadanawilebas, romelic ufro usafrTxo da demokratiuli iqneba faqtobrivad, ruseT-ukrainis omi aris omi, sadac ukrainis gamarjveba ganapirobebs dasavluri samyaros, demokratiis, progresis da mSvidobis beds

amitomacaa, rom mTeli msoflios yvela keTili nebis adamiani dgas ukrainis gverdiT, gamoxatavs simpaTias da pativiscemas misi mosaxleobisa da mebrZolebis mimarT, amitom gaxda zelenski Tanamedroveobis yvelaze popularuli politikuri lideri, dRevandel msoflioSi ki yvelaze gavrcelebul lozungad iqca „dideba ukrainas, dideba gmirebs!“

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

montres konvencia da misi mniSvneloba

zurab batiaSvili

saqarTvelo sazRvao qveyanaa da Savi zRvis gavliT ukavSirdeba gare samyaros. am zRviT vukavSirdebiT dasavleTsac, romelTan integraciac sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebisTvis. aqve gadis dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis damakavSirebeli derefnis mniSvnelovani nawilic, rac saqarTvelos did satransporto funqcias sZens.

Sav zRvaSi samoqalaqo gemebs gadaadgileba Tavisuflad SeuZliaT, magram arsebobs garkveuli SezRudvebi samxedro gemebisTvis da am sakiTxs aregulirebs montres konvencia

mokle istoria

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisa da xangrZlivi molaparakebebis Semdeg, 1923 wels, gaformda lozanis xelSekruleba, romelic, erTi mxriv, adgenda TurqeTis respublikis dasavleT sazRvrebs, meore mxriv ki, Sav zRvaze awesebda samxedro da samoqalaqo gemebis SeuzRudav mimosvlas, romelic erTa ligis saerTaSoriso sruteebis* komisiis zedamxedvelobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo

rogorc cnobilia, pirvelma msoflio omma ver daasrula evropaSi arsebuli problemebi. yvela qveyana (da maT Soris TurqeTic) moeloda, rom axali msoflio omi axlovdeboda. ankarisTvis saWiro iyo zomebis miReba, raTa Seemcirebina savaraudo safrTxeebi (am SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlo brZolebi Sav zRvaze, rac, didi albaTobiT, omSi TurqeTis CarTvasac gamoiwvevda).

amgvarad, TurqeTma 1935 wlis aprilSi moiTxova axali konferenciis mowveva da navigaciis pirobebis gadaxedva. konferenciaSi monawileoba ar miuRia italias, radgan miiCnevda, rom Sexvedris monawileTa mizani aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvasa da Sav zRvaze romis interesebis SezRudva iyo. Tumca, xelSekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 1938 wels, mas mainc mouwia mierTeboda konvencias.

*saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi cneba „sruteebSi“ igulisxmeba bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi

konvencia – qveynebs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis forma, romelic erT konkretul sakiTxs exeba.

erTa liga – pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli saerTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso organizacia, romlis mizansac msoflioSi mSvidobis da stabilurobis dacva warmoadgenda daarsda 1920 wlis 10 ianvars parizis samSvidobo konferenciis Sedegad da 1946 wlamde iarseba meore msoflio omis Semdeg erTa liga gaerom Caanacvla

molaparakebebi daiwyo 1936 wlis 22 ivniss Sveicariis qalaq montreSi da TiTqmis erT Tves gagrZelda monawileobdnen: sabWoTa kavSiri, TurqeTi, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, bulgareTi, rumineTi, saberZneTi, iugoslavia, avstralia da iaponia

molaparakebebis procesSi gamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi midgoma: britanelebi sruteebze moZraobis im periodisTvis arsebuli wesebis SenarCunebas iTxovdnen, romelic erTa ligis saerTaSoriso sruteebis komisiis winaswar informirebas da samxedro gemebis advilad gatarebas gulisxmobda; ankaris ZiriTadi interesi iyo msoflios wamyvan qveynebs kidev erTxel daedasturebinaT, rom sruteebs Turquli mxare akontrolebda, xolo sabWoTa kavSiri absoluturad Tavisufali gadaadgilebis reJimis dawesebas iTxovda. moskovis es, erTi SexedviT, ucnauri midgoma ganpirobebuli iyo xmelTaSua zRvis mimarTulebiT eqspansiis surviliT

bunebrivia, moskovis am poziciis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen didi britaneTi da safrangeTi. isini SiSobdnen, rom sabWoTa flotis xmelTaSua zRvaSi gamoCena safrTxes Seuqmnida sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan savaWro marSrutebs, romlebiTac evropuli qveynebi ukavSirdebodnen egviptes, indoeTsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis qveynebs

saboloo jamSi, imisTvis, rom SeTanxmebuliyvnen, yvelas mouwia raRacis daTmoba britaneTma da safrangeTma TurqeTis sasargeblod daTmes TavianTi pirveladi pozicia, raTa moaxloebul meore msoflio omSi ankara germania-italiis mxares ar gamosuliyo sabWoTa kavSirma ki SeZlo konvenciaSi im muxlis Setana, romlis ZaliTac erTmaneTisgan sagrZnoblad imijneba Savi zRvisa da araSavizRvis qveynebis uflebebi samxedro gemebis gadaadgilebisas.

amrigad, frangul enaze Sedgenil montres konvencias 1936 wlis 20 ivliss moewera xeli, xolo ZalaSi imave wlis 9 noembers Sevida.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

Sav zRvaze naosnoba

saqarTvelodan gemiT bosforis srutemde misaRwevad daaxloebiT 2-3 dRea saWiro (damokidebulia gemis siCqareze) iqidan ki, gaivliT bosforis srutes, marmarilos zRvas, dardanelis srutes da moxvdebiT egeosis zRvasa da xmelTaSua zRvaSi

amave marSrutis gavla uwevT Savi zRvis qveynebidan (ukraina, ruseTi, rumineTi da bulgareTi) xmelTaSua zRvisken mimaval gemebs, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom bulgareTi, rumineTi da ukraina geografiulad ufro axlos arian sruteebTan Sesabamisad, maTi gemebi ufro male xvdebian iq

ruseT-ukrainis omis dawyebis Semdeg garTulda ukrainuli gemebis mimosvla sruteebis mimarTulebiT. magram 2022 wlis 22 ivliss gaerosa da TurqeTis iniciativiT xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, romelic gulisxmobs gemebiT ukrainuli marcvleulis sruteebisa da iqidan sxvadasxva qveynebis mimarTulebiT usafrTxo transportirebas

es SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania afrikisa da axlo aRmosavleTis Raribi qveynebisTvis, sadac bevri adamianis sicocxle swored ukrainidan miwodebul marcvleulzea damokidebuli

montres konvenciis miReba

montres konvenciis ZiriTadi pirobebi

„sruteebis reJimTan dakavSirebuli montres konvencia“ kidev erTxel adasturebs ankaris suverenitets bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze da aregulirebs gemebis moZraobas Sav zRvaze.

konvencia Sedgeba 29 muxlis, 4 danarTisa da 1 oqmisgan.

konvenciis II-VII muxlebi exeba savaWro gemebis tranzits maTi Tavisufali moZraoba sruliad garantirebulia mSvidobian periodSi

ufro rTuli da kompleqsuria montres konvenciis mixedviT dadgenili samxedro gemebis moZraobis reJimi, romelsac exeba am SeTanxmebis VIII-XXII muxlebi

TurqeTs omianobis an agresiis SemTxvevaSi ufleba aqvs daketos sruteebi nebismieri saxis samxedro gemebisTvis

mas aseve SeuZlia uari Tqvas sruteebSi im qveynis komerciuli gemebis gatarebaze, romelTanac omi aqvs

Savi zRvis qveynebi, romlebsac sakuTari samxedro gemebis sruteebSi gatareba surT, valdebuli arian amis Sesaxeb 8 dRiT adre acnobon TurqeTs araSavizRvis qveynebma ki, Tu aseTi survili eqnebaT, es 15 dRiT adre unda gaakeTon amasTan, am qveynebis kuTvnili arcerTi samxedro gemis tonaJi ar unda aRematebodes 10 000 tonas, rac imas niSnavs, rom araSavizRvis qveynebi didi zomis gemebs ver gagzavnian am regionSi.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sav zRvaSi myofi araSavizRvis qveynebis samxedro gemebis saerTo tonaJi ar unda aRematebodes 30 000 tonas (mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSia dasaSvebi saerTo tonaJis 45 000 tonamde gazrda).

aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rom amave gemebisTvis izRudeba Sav zRvaSi yofnis vada. maT aq mxolod 21 dRis ganmavlobaSi SeuZliaT darCena.

gemebis zoma-wona tonaJiT, igive wyalwyviT an tvirTmzidaobiT izomeba mas calke xelSekruleba –1969 wels londonSi xelmowerili „gemebis tonaJis gazomvis saerTaSoriso konvencia“ aregulirebs

rodesac pirveli samxedro gemebis warmoeba daiwyes, maSin maTi zomebi da Sesabamisad, tonaJic mcire iyo. SemdgomSi, samxedro mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, gaizarda samxedro gemebis tonaJic. gemebis wyalwyvaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad SegviZlia SevxedoT aviamzidebis tonaJs. didi aviamzidebis wyalwyva daaxloebiT 100 000 tonaa (magaliTad, cnobili amerikuli aviamzid „ronald reiganis“ wyalwyva, romelic wyalSi 2001 wels CauSves, 101 400 tonas Seadgens)

montres konvenciis mixedviT, mxolod Savi zRvis qveynebs SeuZliaT sruteebSi gaataron msxvili sabrZolo xomaldebi, romelTa eskortis raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes or sazRvao gamanadgurebels

Savi zRvis qveynebs aseve SeuZliaT sruteebSi gaataron TavianTi wyalqveSa navebi

aseve, nebadarTulia samoqalaqo daniSnulebis TviTmfrinavebis moZraoba xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris, mxolod im gzebiT, romlebsac gansazRvravs TurqeTis mTavroba

ramdenad Seesabameba montres konvencia dRevandel viTarebas

montreSi xelSekruleba gaformda 1930-ian wlebSi da didwilad asaxavs im dros am regionSi Seqmnil rTul geopolitikur situacias konvenciis pirobebi ki aireklavs maSindel aqtorTa interesebs.

montres konvenciis xelmoweris Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala regionSic da msoflioSic: moxda meore msoflio omi, daiwyo da dasrulda „civi omi“, daiSala am konvenciis xelmomweri qveynebi – ssrk da iugoslavia, uSualod Savi zRvis sanapiroebze gaCnda axali qveynebi – saqarTvelo, ukraina da ruseTi, rumineTi da bulgareTi ki natosa da evrokavSirSi gawevriandnen, ruseTma afxazeTis okupacia, SemdgomSi ki yirimis aneqsia ganaxorciela da bolos srulmasStabiani omi daiwyo ukrainis winaaRmdeg; safuZvlianad Seicvala samxedro industria mTel msoflioSi – qveynebma ufro didi zomisa da tonaJis samxedro gemebis warmoeba daiwyes, gaizarda msoflio ekonomika, rasac mohyva mimosvlis gazrda zRvebze da maT Soris Sav zRvazec da a.S.

dardanelis srute

dardanelis brZolebi

antantis poziciebi

antantis gadaadgileba

antantis mier okupirebuli teritoria

antantis Setevis mimarTuleba

osmalebis poziciebi

osmalebis gadaadgileba

dardanelis brZolebi gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria, rom montres konvenciaze molaparakebebis warmoebisas TurqeTis respublikas saTaveSi edga mustafa qemal aTaTurqi, romelic pirveli msoflio omis mimdinareobisas, axalgazrda osmalo oficris statusiT, uSualod monawileobda dardanelis TavdacviT brZolebSi da kargad esmoda sruteebis strategiuli mniSvneloba es brZolebi TiTqmis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1915 wlis 19 Tebervlidan 1916 wlis 9 ianvramde) mimdinareobda antantasa (ZiriTadad didi britaneTi da safrangeTi) da osmaleTs Soris da mas aTeul aTasobiT jariskacis sicocxle Seewira orive mxridan antantis SeteviTi operaciis mizani dardanelis, bosforisa da stambolis xelSi Cagdeba, osmaleTis omidan gaTiSva da ruseTTan sazRvao kavSiris damyareba iyo magram osmaleTis medgarma winaaRmdegobam es gegma CaSala dardanelis operaciis CavardniT wagebuli darCa ruseTi, romelsac antantis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, sruteebis raioni unda rgeboda swored dardanelis brZolisas uTxra mustafa qemalma jariskacebs Tavisi cnobili, istoriuli sityvebi: „me Tqven gibrZanebT sikvdils! sanam Cven davixocebiT, sxva Zalebi da meTaurebi Cagvanacvleben!“

montres konvencia rom ver pasuxobs dRevandel realobas, ukve araerTxel gamoCnda praqtikaSi. yvelaze naTeli magaliTi iyo ruseT-saqarTvelos 2008 wlis omi, romlis dawyebis Semdegac aSS-s Tavisi ori hospitaluri gemis Semoyvana surda Sav zRvaSi, saqarTvelosTvis daxmarebis gasawevad da radgan am gemebis saerTo tonaJi aRemateboda 69 000 tonas, TurqeTma maTi tranzitis nebarTva ar gasca

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi ankaraze seriozul zewolas axorcielebda vaSingtonic (gemebis gatarebis moTxovniT) da moskovic (argatarebis moTxovniT)

saboloo jamSi, TurqeTma ar daarRvia montres konvenciis pirobebi da im ori gemis nacvlad Sav zRvaSi Semovida sami Seda-

montres konvencia

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi

rebiT patara amerikuli samxedro gemi, romlebmac 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg saqarTvelos portebSi humanitaruli daxmareba Camoitanes

amrigad, sruliad darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi xelmowerili montres konvencia asaxavs TiTqmis erTi saukunis winandel situacias da naklebad Seesabameba am regionSi dRes Seqmnil geopolitikur viTarebas

ramdenad SesaZlebelia konvenciis gadaxedva

Teoriulad, xelSekrulebis gadaxedva adrec SeiZleboda da axlac SesaZlebelia konvenciis teqstSi Riad weria, rom igi dadebulia 20 wlis vadiT. Tu xelmomwer mxareebs aRar akmayofilebT konvenciis pirobebi, maT SeuZliaT moaxdinon misi denonsacia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, avtomaturad xdeba konvenciis vadis gagrZeleba

magram realurad situacia rTulia da masze mravali faqtori axdens gavlenas

ankaraSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT, rom konvenciis pirobebis gadaxedvis survili daemsgavseboda pandoras yuTis gaxsnas, romelic aravin icis, riTi dasruldeboda.

amasTan, konvencias bevri xelmomweri mxare hyavs, romelTa interesebi Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan amitom sruteebSi moZraobis reJimSi mciredi cvlilebis Setanac ki sakmaod Zneli saqmea

magram bevri ram Secvala ruseT-ukrainis omma mTel msoflioSi Seicvala usafrTxoebis sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebac am omis dasrulebis Semdeg saWiro iqneba usafrTxoebis axali arqiteqturis Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi da, konkretulad, Savi zRvis regionSi aman ki SesaZloa dRis wesrigSi daayenos montres konvenciis gadaxedvis aucileblobis sakiTxi.

binali ildirimi da rejef Taif erdoRani

antantis mebrZolebi dardanelis brZolebi

KANALISTANBUL-is proeqti

ramdenime wlis win TurqeTma gamoacxada, rom apirebs grandiozuli da ambiciuri proeqtis Kanal Istanbul-is ganxorcielebas, romelic gulisxmobs bosforis srutis paralelurad 45 km-iani xelovnuri arxis gayvanas Sav da marmarilos zRvebs Soris

aseTi didi proeqtis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, gaizrdeba ankaris gavlena da roli regionSi mas SesaZloa ufro meti damoukidebloba mieniWos Sav zRvaze gasasvleli gzebis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT.

proeqtis mixedviT, axali arxi stambolis amJamindel evropul nawils orad gayofs da, Sedegad, evropisa da aziis kontinentebs Soris axali kunZuli warmoiqmneba (kunZuls sazRvao zoli eqneba Sav da marmarilos zRvebTan, bosforis srutesTan da

montres konvencia

axal arxTan) stambolis arxi bosforis srutis SemovliTi sazRvao gzis rols Seasrulebs.

arxis mSeneblobis mTavari mizani bosforis sruteSi gemTa mimosvlis Semcirebaa.

TurqeTis yofilma premier-ministrma binali ildirimma 2018 wlis ianvarSi ganacxada, rom KanalIstanbul-i ar daeqvemdebareba montres konvenciis reJims. mogvianebiT msgavsi gancxadeba gaakeTa TurqeTis prezidentma rejef Taif erdoRanmac magram prezidentma, detalebis dazustebis gareSe, iqve dasZina, rom isini „am sakiTxs gadawyveten“, anu pirobebis ganxilva momavlisTvis gadado

cxadia, am gancxadebebma rusuli mxaris mkveTrad uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvia, radgan montres konvencia mkveTrad zRudavs sxva qveynebis samxedro yofnas Sav zRvaze da es momenti ruseTisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos regionebis okupaciisa da ukrainasTan srulmasStabiani omis dawyebis fonze

am sakiTxSi bevri sxva bundovanebac arsebobs magaliTad, montres konvencia oficialurad exeba orive srutes (bosfors da dardanels) magram axali xelovnuri arxi KanalIstanbul-i Tu aigo, igi mxolod bosforis srutes Caanacvlebs. am SemTxvevaSi jerjerobiT bundovania, ra iqneba dardanelis srutesTan mimarTebiT

amJamad Kanal Istanbul-is proeqtis ganxorcieleba SeCerebulia finansuri sirTuleebis gamo (proeqtis daaxloebiTi Rirebuleba 15 mlrd aSS dolaria)

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom proeqtis winaaRmdeg gamovida TurqeTis opozicia (maT Soris, stambolis meri eqrem imamoRlu) da garemos damcveli zogierTi organizacia.

Savi zRva

marmarilos zRva

bosforis srute stambolis arxi

osmaleTis imperiis mebrZolebi

Tomas jefersoni

Tavisuflebis mociquli

Tomas jefersoni (1743-1826) amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli figuraa „damfuZnebel mamebad“ cnobil im politikur, ideologiur da samxedro liderebs Soris, romlebmac XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi safuZveli Cauyares 13 amerikuli koloniis gaerTianebas da britaneTTan damoukideblobis revoluciur omSi gamarjvebiT SeerTebuli

Statebis Seqmnas, jefersons erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

Tomas jefersonis mravalricxovani miRwevebidan mxolod imis aRniSvna iqneboda sakmarisi, rom man 1776 wels dawera amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracia. amis garda, igi iyo SeerTebuli Statebis pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani (1789-1794), anu sagareo saqmeTa ministri, meore vice-prezidenti (1797-1801) da mesame prezidenti (1801-1809) metic, misi Rvawli SeerTebuli Statebis da msoflio istoriis winaSe amiT ar Semofarglula: mravalmxrivi niWiTa da unariT dajildoebul pirovnebaze zogjer amboben, rom is „aRorZinebis xanis adamiania“ – Tomas jefersoni ueWvelad imsaxurebs aseT epiTets, Tumca SegviZlia isic vTqvaT, rom igi aris ganmanaTleblobis xanis pirmSo da misi erT-erTi saukeTeso warmomadgeneli politikosis garda, is iyo gamoCenili iuristi, diplomati, arqiteqtori da filosofosic ki, man daafuZna da Tavadve daaproeqta virjiniis universiteti

jefersoni, SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobasTan erTad, Tavisuflebisa da adamianis uflebebis erT-erTi udidesi mqadagebeli iyo, ris gamoc mas „Tavisuflebis mociquls“ uwodebdnen.

Tomas jefersoni daibada 1743 wels SeZlebuli plantatoris ojaxSi, virjiniaSi, romelic maSin britaneTis erT-erTi kolonia iyo miuxedavad imisa, rom mama sakmaod adreul asakSi, 14 wlisas, gardaecvala, mzrunveli adamianebis yuradReba ar mohklebia da brwyinvale ganaTlebac miiRo. Tomasma swavla jer kidev 5 wlisam daiwyo da adreve gamoavlina niWiereba. is gansakuTrebul interess iCenda sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisa da musikis mimarT kargi zogadi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 16 wlis asakSi, swavla uiliamis da meris kolejSi ganagrZo, sadac maTematika, metafizika da filosofia Seiswavla. swored iq gaecno jefersoni didi moazrovneebis –

giorgi badriZe

fransis bekonis, jon lokisa da isaak niutonis ideebs vinc axalgazrda jefersons icnobda, niWierebasTan erTad aRniSnavda mis warmoudgenel sibejiTesa da Sromismoyvareobas – Tomasi dReSi 15 saaTs swavlas da kidev 3 saaTs violinoze dakvras uTmobda da mxolod 6 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Wamda da eZina.

kolejSi swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg Tomas jefersonma advokatad daiwyo muSaoba da sul mcire xanSi moipova uZlieresi iuristis reputacia man maleve gadawyvita politikaSi wasvla da 1768 wels, 25 wlis asakSi, virjiniis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi iyara kenWi. warmatebuli politikuri karieris dawyebasTan erTad is garkveul dros sakuTari mamulis mSeneblobas uTmobda, romelic male namdvil walkotad aqcia

virjiniis sakanonmdeblo organoSi jefersonis moRvaweobis dawyeba daemTxva amerikelTa mzard winaaRmdegobas britaneTis parlamentis mier miRebuli sagadasaxado kanonebis mimarT. miuxedavad Tavisi britanuli warmomavlobisa, virjiniis da sxva amerikuli koloniebis plantatorebi da saqmiani wreebis warmomadgenlebi sul ufro metad gamoxatavdnen ukmayofilebas britanuli kanonebis mimarT, romelTa miRebaSi isini ar monawileobdnen da londonis xelisuflebas skeptikurad uyurebdnen benjamin franklini axalgazrda asakSi iqca im moZraobis erT-erT liderad, romelic principulad uaryofda britaneTis parlamentis Zalauflebas koloniebSi.

damoukideblobis deklaracia, 1776 weli

„amerikis cameti gaerTianebuli Statis damoukideblobis calmxrivi deklaracia“ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, rogorc saxelmwifos, damfuZnebeli dokumentia is amerikis kongresma – cameti Statis, britaneTis yofili koloniebis, warmomadgenlobiTma sakanonmdeblo organom – 1776 wlis 4 ivliss miiRo da axali eris da saxelmwifos warmoSoba auwya msoflios Tavdapirvelad dokumentis teqstis Sedgena xuT yvelaze warCinebul politikur liders daevala. xuTkacian komitetSi Sediodnen jon adamsi, benjamin franklini, Tomas jefersoni, robert livingstoni da rojer Sermani deklaraciis teqstis proeqti Tomas jefersonma Seadgina, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac masSi komitetis danarCenma wevrebma garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana moiTxoves, manve Camoayaliba is saboloo versiac, romelic dRes mTel msoflioSia cnobili

damoukideblobis survilis dasabuTebad Tomas jefersonma iseTi ideebi gamoiyena, rogoric iyo xalxis swrafva sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebis uzrunvelyofisken, rac exmianeboda misTvis didi avtoritetis – jon lokiseul „adamianis bunebrivi uflebebis“ gansazRvrebas, sadac loki kerZo sakuTrebasac axsenebda. sainteresoa, rom jefersonis mier Sedgenili teqstis pirveli proeqtidan saboloo versiaSi aRar Sevida is nawili, sadac jefersoni sastikad akritikebda didi britaneTis mier sakuTari Zalauflebis da simdidris gasamyareblad monebis gamoyenebas. es, didi albaTobiT, imitom moxda, rom amgvari for-

Tomas jefersoni

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracia

damfuZnebeli mamebi

didi adamianebi

13 amerikuli koloniis (Statis) gaerTianeba

koneqtikuti

masaCusetsi roud-ailendi

niu-jersi

merilendi delaveri

amerikel kolonistebs da didi britaneTis xelisuflebas Soris SeiaraRebul dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda, ramac mxolod daarwmuna adgilobrivebi, rom damoukidebloba sakuTari interesebis da Tavisuflebis dacvis erTaderTi gza iyo. amgvar viTarebaSi bunebrivi iyo, rom politikur asparezze mTavar liderebad Tomas jefersoni da misi is Tanamoazreebi gamovidnen, romlebic Tavisuflebaze, samarTlianobasa da demokratiul warmomadgenlobaze TavianTi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli ideebiT iyvnen cnobili

damoukideblobis deklaracias cameti Statis 56-ma uflebamosilma adamianma moawera xeli, romlebic koleqtiurad „damfuZnebeli mamebis“ saxeliT Sevidnen istoriaSi, Tumca, bunebrivia, maT Soris yvelas Tanaswori roli ar Seusrulebia. ueWvelia, rom jefersonis Rvawli sruliad gansakuTrebulia am istoriuli dokumentis miRebaSi, romlis mniSvneloba scdeba mis mSobliur qveyanas, radgan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dafuZnebam mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebas misca axli gezi.

politikuri moRvaweoba virjiniaSi ,1776-1782 wlebi

mulireba kongresis wevrebis ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevda, radgan maTi didi nawili Tavadve iyo monaTmflobeli (Tavad Tomas jefersonis CaTvliT, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari).

CrdiloeT amerikaSi britaneTis cameti koloniis damoukideblobis idea TandaTanobiT yalibdeboda, sul mcire, ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac izrdeboda ukmayofileba metropoliis sagadasaxado politikis mimarT. kolonistebi miiCnevdnen, rom dabegvra warmomadgenlobis gareSe usamarTlo iyo rodesac 1775 wels londonma

Tavisi suverenitetis gansaxorcieleblad

Zalis gamoyeneba gadawyvita, daZabuloba

damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT SeerTebuli Statebi myisierad ar qceula suverenul saxelmwifod am procesSi britaneTma amerikelebs gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegoba gauwia, ramac amerikis damoukideblobisTvis warmoebuli revoluciuri omi gamoiwvia, romelic didi msxverplis fasad, magram amerikelebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda – 1783 wels britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina Tavisi yofili koloniebis damoukidebloba

jefersoni damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebidan maleve daubrunda virjinias da Statis samarTlebriv reformebs Caudga saTaveSi, raTa virjiniis kanonmdebloba axali drois demokratiuli moTxovnebisTvis miesadagebina man sami prioritetuli sfe-

Crd. karolina samx. karolina

xuTkaciani komiteti (CommitteeofFive)– benjamin franklini (1706-1790), Tomas jefersoni (1743-1826), jon adamsi (1735-1826), rojer Sermani (1721-1793), robert livingstoni (1746-1813)

ro gamoyo: miaRwia, rom gauqmebuliyo feodaluri xasiaTis kanonmdebloba, romlis mixedviTac qoneba memkvidreobiT mxolod ufros vaJze gadadioda, rac zRudavda keTildReobis farTod gavrcelebas; gamovida zogadi ganaTlebis reformis iniciativiT, romlis mixedviTac ganaTlebis sawyisi done yvelasTvis, maT Soris Raribi fenebisTvisac, unda gamxdariyo xelmisawvdomi, gansakuTrebuli niWiT gamorCeul axalgazrdebs ki, vinc ufro maRali safexuris ganaTlebis miRebas moisurvebda, unda miscemodaT xelisuflebis daxmareba; mesame reforma pirdapir exmianeboda jefersonis didi xnis survils – momxdariyo saxelmwifos da eklesiis sruli gancalkeveba

1779 wels Tomas jefersoni virjiniis gubernatorad airCies, rac, wesiT, misTvis erTgvari politikuri tramplini unda gamxdariyo, magram es epizodi mis karieraSi yvelaze uiRblo gamodga. 1780 wels virjiniaSi britanuli jari SeiWra, risTvisac Stati moumzadebeli aRmoCnda da jefersons gaqceva mouwia amaze presas usamarTlod gadametebuli reaqcia hqonda, ramac jefersonze mZime fsiqologiuri gavlena iqonia da man Tanamdeboba datova. politikas jefersoni maleve daubrunda – 1782 wels igi SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi airCies

SeerTebuli Statebis despani safrangeTSi, 1784-1789 wlebi

Tomas jefersonis cxovrebaSi axali etapi 1784 wels daiwyo, rodesac man benjamin franklini Caanacvla parizSi SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis Tanamdebobaze. parizSi man maleve aRmoaCina, rom ramdenime garemoebis gamo xelSesaxebi warmatebebis miRweva diplomatiur frontze ukiduresad rTuli iyo: SeerTebul Statebs safrangeTisa da sxva evropuli qveynebis didi vali hqonda da maTi darwmuneba savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gasaRrmaveblad ver xerxdeboda ufro

didi problema ki ukavSirdeboda imas, rom im droisTvs aSS-is centralur xelisuflebas uWirda ewarmoebina Camoyalibebuli sagareo politika, radgan saamiso uflebamosileba ar gaaCnda es viTareba garkveulwilad Secvala 1789 wels aSS-is konstituciis miRebam, Tumca dava federalur centrs da Statebs Soris araerTxel momxdara parizSi jefersonis diplomatiuri misiis warumateblobas isic gansazRvravda, rom 1780ian wlebSi safrangeTSi mwvave Sidapolitikuri krizisi iyo, rac sabolood revoluciiT dasrulda

SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivani, 1790-1793 wlebi

1789 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis miRebiT qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis sruliad axali sistema Camoyalibda konstituciam Seqmna Zalauflebis sami Sto: sakanonmdeblo Sto kongresisgan Sedgeboda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmomadgenelTa

amerikis revoluciuri omis amsaxveli suraTi

britaneTis armiis SeWra virjiniaSi

Tomas jefersoni

didi adamianebi

palatad da senatad iyo dayofili aRmasrulebeli Sto mTavrobas, anu kabinets warmoadgenda, romlis saTaveSi prezidenti iyo, uzenaesi sasamarTlo ki sasamarTlo Stos edga saTaveSi jefersons, SeiZleba iTqvas, aqac ar gaumarTla, radgan parizSi yofnis gamo konstituciis Seqmnis procesis miRma aRmoCnda.

SeerTebuli Statebis pirvel prezidentad damoukideblobis revoluciuri omis gmiri da aRiarebuli lideri – jorj vaSingtoni airCies, romelmac Tavis kabinetSi saxelmwifo mdivnad Tomas jefersoni miiwvia

am periodSi, radgan mTavroba axali Camoyalibebuli iyo, wminda sagareo-politikuri sakiTxebis garda, uamravi sxva problemac iyo mosagvarebeli erT-erT seriozul problemad iqca dava kabinetis wevrebs Soris, Tu sad unda yofiliyo qveynis dedaqalaqi savaraudod, Tavisi virjiniuli fesvebis gamo, jefersoni dedaqalaqis samxreTSi dafuZnebis momxre iyo, sxvebs (gansakuTrebiT, aleqsander hamiltons) ki dedaqalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi, komerciul da satransporto kvanZebTan axlos erCiaT sakiTxi, rogorc cnobilia, dRevandeli vaSingtonis sasargeblod gadawyda, romelic virjiniasTan axlos mdebareobs.

jefersonis saxelmwifo mdivnis Tanamdebobaze yofnisas aSS-is sagareo politikis mTavari mimarTuleba iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebis mimarT strategiis Camoyalibeba, rac dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda seriozul winaaRmdegobebTan kabinetSi praqtikulad yvela iziarebda SeerTebuli Statebis neitra-

litetis ideas, magram ver xerxdeboda Tanxmobis miRweva iseT rTul sakiTxze, rogoric iyo damokidebuleba britaneTsa da safrangeTTan, romlebic evropaSi hegemoniisTvis iRvwodnen jefersoni upiratesobas safrangeTTan urTierTobebs aniWebda, rasac revoluciuri omis dros am qveynis daxmarebiT asabuTebda. amas franguli revoluciis Sedegad Seqmnili axali respublikis argumentic daemata, romelic faseulobebiT axlos idga Tavad SeerTebuli Statebis idealebTan piradad misTvis safrangeTi ganmanaTleblobis progresuli ideebis umTavres wyaros warmoadgenda, magram safrangeTSi maleve dawyebulma masobrivma terorma, romelmac revoluciis mravali lideric gaanadgura, am arguments Ziri gamouTxara amis miuxedavad, jefersoni safrangeTTan TanamSromlobis momxred darCa da britaneTTan dadebul xelSekrulebebs da savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas „moZme frangi xalxis“ Ralatad afasebda 1793 wels is Tanamdebobidan gadadga, virjiniaSi dabrunda da iqidan daiwyo kampania, romelic britaneTTan kavSirebis gaRrmavebisadmi winaaRmdegobis garda, sakuTari politikuri poziciebis gamyarebasac isaxavda miznad. man mwvaved gaakritika aleqsander hamiltonis iniciativiT 1794 wels britaneTTan dadebuli xelSekruleba da gaafrTxila mTavroba, rom londonTan TanamSromloba britaneTis gavlenas gazrdida da respublikas Zirs gamouTxrida. jefersoni safrangeTis erTguli revoluciis Semdgomi teroris pirobebSic darCa, ramac

jorj vaSingtoni , Tomas jefersoni da aleqsander hamiltoni

jorj vaSingtonis pirveli inauguracia

bevr amerikel politikur liders daupirispira, Tumca mogvianebiT, misi prezidentobisas, safrangeTis mimarT keTilganwyobam didi dividendi moutana, rasac qvemoT SevexebiT

SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti, 1801-1809 wlebi

1800 wels Tomas jefersoni kidev erTxel daupirispirda jon adamss saprezidento arCevnebSi da amjerad gaimarjva, rasac gazrdili gadasaxadebis da federalistTa partiaSi Sida uTanxmoebis gamo adamsis popularobis dacemam Seuwyo xeli. 1800 wlis saarCevno kampania SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave dapirispirebiT aRiniSna mxareebi ar eridebodnen ukiduresi zomebis gamoyenebas da erTmaneTs yvela codvaSi adanaSaulebdnen. federalistebis mxardamWeri gazeTebi Tomas jefersons aTeistad, kerpTayvanismcemlad da moRalated moixseniebdnen, xolo demokrat-respublikelTa mxardamWerebi adamss da mis federalistur partias brals probritanulobasa da monarqistobaSi sdebdnen vnebaTaRelva arCevnebSi gamarjvebis Semdegac ar cxreboda – jefersonis oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom man saarCevno manipulaciebi gamoiyena. yvelafris miuxedavad, 1801 wels Tomas jefersoni SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti gaxda

Tavis sainauguracio sityvaSi jefersonma scada wertili daesva dapirispirebisTvis da piroba dado, rom amerikis keTildReobisTvis yvela erTad iSromebda „Cven yvela respublikeli da yvela federalisti varT“, – Tqva man. mis prezidentobas bevri marTlac did safrTxed aRiqvamda, radgan ar iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom jefersoni federaluri xelisuflebis mimarT ad-

re gaJRerebul skepticizms saqmed ar aqcevda da bolos ar mouRebda axalgazrda respublikas yvelasTvis naTeli iyo, rom erTiani federaluri mmarTvelobis gareSe SeerTebuli Statebi erTian saxelmwifod ver darCeboda. Tumca oponentebis SiSi maleve gaqarwylda. jefersonma daamtkica, rom arc erTiani federaluri xelisuflebis winaaRmdegi iyo da, rac ufro mTavaria, saxelmwifos da eris erTianobas sulac ar sWirdeba ukiduresad centralizebuli mmarTveloba, romlis saTaveSic yovlisSemZle mTavroba idgeboda mas sjeroda, rom Statebs TviTmmarTvelobis maqsimaluri saSualeba unda hqonodaT, rac ar SeuSlida xels amerikeli eris keTildReobis da erTianobis miRwevas. Tumca dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, mravali misi reforma marTlac winaaRmdegobrivad gamoiyureba – man ara marto maqsimalur decentralizacias Seuwyo xeli, aramed gaauqma saerTo armia da sazRvao floti da aseve programebi, romlebic manamde federaluri gadasaxadebiT finansdeboda sazogadoebam amgvari reformebi dadebiTad aRiqva Sedegad,1804 wels jefersonma iolad gaimarjva morig arCevnebSi da meored daikava prezidentis Tanamdeboba.

SesaZloa, Tomas jefersonis udidesi istoriuli memkvidreoba, damoukideblobis deklaraciasTan erTad, luizianis teritoriis Sesyidva iyos. XIX saukunis dasawyisis-

jefersonis xmebi adamsis xmebi

luizianis Sesyidva, 1803 weli

1800 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebi

Tomas jefersonis inauguracia

Tomas jefersoni

didi adamianebi

Tvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoria CrdiloeT amerikis umetesad aRmosavleT sanapiroze mdebare StatebiT iyo Semofargluli, romelsac CrdiloeTiT britanuli kanada, xolo dasavleTiT franguli luiziana esazRvreboda dRes luiziana erTi SedarebiT mcire zomis Statia, xolo maSin es saxeli uzarmazar teritorias erqva, romelic mdinare misisipis mTel dasavleT auzsa da 2 milion kvadratul kilometrze met farTobs moicavda (SedarebisTvis, es SeerTebuli Statebis imdroindeli farTobis toli iyo)

1800 wlamde es teritoria formalurad espaneTs ekuTvnoda, magram misi safrangeTisTvis daTmoba mouwia 1803 wels napoleon bonapartisTvis ukve naTeli gaxda, rom britaneTTan didi omi gardauvali iyo da amitom politikuri da finansuri poziciebis gamyareba daiwyo man gadawyvita, CrdiloeT amerikaSi axlad SeZenili teritoriebis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis miyidva. amas ramdenime mizezi hqonda: CrdiloeT amerikaSi didi franguli imperiis mSenebloba ukve ararealisturi iyo da naTlad Canda, rom adre Tu gvian es teritoria daikargeboda finansur interesze metad mas undoda, rom SeerTebuli Statebi, dasavleTiT gafarToebis SesaZleblobis micemiT, britaneTis metoqed eqcia da amiT Zveli samyaros ZalTa

balansi Seecvala am gadawyvetilebas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom Tomas jefersoni, SeerTebuli Statebis imdroindeli prezidenti, safrangeTis did megobrad iTvleboda

Tomas jefersonma jer kidev 1802 wels gamoxata axali orleanis SeZenis interesi, risTvisac napoleonTan molaparakebebic daiwyo. sapasuxod, napoleonma jefersons mTeli zemoxsenebuli teritoriis –2,144,480 kvadratuli kilometris farTobis Sesyidva SesTavaza, sul raRac 15 milion dolarad es garigeba ara marto aormagebda SeerTebuli Statebis teritorias, aramed msoflioSi yvelaze nayofier miwas aZlevda, ris Sedegadac Statebi sursaTis warmoebaSi TviTkmari gaxda magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani strategiuli Sedegi is iyo, rom SeerTebul Statebs gza gaexsna kontinentis srulad asaTviseblad da wynari okeanisken gasasvlelad, rac kidevac moxda momdevno aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi luizianis Sesyidvas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan man dasabami misca SeerTebuli Statebis kontrols atlantidan wynar okeanemde, Tavisi ulevi resursebiT da geopolitikuri upiratesobebiT, ramac, saboloo jamSi, amerika msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia

dRes sul ufro xSirad ismis Tomas jefersonis kritika (iseve, rogorc mravali

istoriuli figurisa) monobasTan dakavSirebuli poziciis gamo: rom igi Tan Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas qadagebda da Tan monaTmfloblad rCeboda. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom idealuri adamianebi, albaT, ar arseboben, rom istoriul figurebsac bevri Secdoma Tu naklovaneba hqoniaT da amave dros, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom roca vaanalizebT ama Tu im pirovnebis Rvawlsa Tu naklovanebas, ar unda gamogvrCes istoriuli konteqsti da meqanikurad Cveni drois standartebiT ar unda gavzomoT. unda gvaxsovdes, rom adamianis uflebebis universalur faseulobad gamocxadebamde da rasis, religiis Tu yvela sxva kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis aRiarebamde kacobrioba didxans da brZoliT midioda. samwuxarod, es brZola dResac mimdinareobs da zogierTi sazogadoeba jerac Sorsaa am ideebis gamarjvebisgan

amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tomas jefersoni rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi pirovneba iyo, mas udavod ekuTvnis rogorc

naxati `luizianis Sesyidva~ – gamosaxulia napoleon bonapartis da Tomas jefersonis Sexvedra, sinamdvileSi isini erTmaneTs arasdros Sexvedrian.

amerikeli, ise mTeli msoflios Tavisuflebismoyvare sazogadoebis madliereba. jefersonma xeli Seuwyo revoluciur cvlilebebs, ramac koloniuri amerikuli sazogadoeba, SesaZloa ara srulyofil, magram bevrad ufro demokratiul sazogadoebad aqcia da axali standartebi daamkvidra SeerTebul StatebSi es demokratiuli standartebi periodulad ixveweboda momdevno xanis axali liderebis damsaxurebiT da TandaTan amerika, am TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi mowinave qveynad iqca.

mas Semdeg, rac SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios wamyvan demokratiad da Tavisufali samyaros liderad Camoyalibda, msoflios mravalma erma swored mis mier damkvidrebul standartebze daiwyo sworeba demokratiasa da adamianis uflebebis sferoSi amitom, Tu samarTlianad SevxedavT, yvela naklovanebis miuxedavad, Tomas jefersoni Tavisuflebis da demokratiis winsvlis saqmeSi msoflio istoriis erT-erTi udidesi gmiria, romlis gareSec dRes Cven sxvanair, naklebad mimzidvel samyaroSi vicxovrebdiT

Tomas jefersoni

cuSimis brZola rusuli flotis aRsasruli

arCil CaCxiani cuSimis brZola 1904-1905 wlebis ruseT-iaponiis omis gadamwyveti sazRvao brZola iyo, romelic mimdinareobda 1905 wlis 27-28 maiss (14-15 maisi) cuSimis sruteSi, iaponiis zRvaSi, kunZul cuSimis maxloblad, sadac iaponiis flotma sastikad gaanadgura rusuli sazRvao floti.

ruseT-iaponiis omi iyo or imperias Soris manjuriasa da koreaze kontrolis mosapoveblad dawyebuli srulmasStabiani samxedro konfliqti, romlis samxedro moqmedebebi 1904 wlis 27 ianvridan 1905 wlis 23 agvistomde mimdinareobda omebis istoriaSi didxniani Sesvenebis Semdeg es iyo XX saukunis pirveli didi omi, sadac gamoiyenes im droisaTvis arsebuli uaxlesi teqnologiebi, samxedro teqnika da SeiaraReba politikuri TvalsazrisiT ki, ruseT-iaponiis omi imperializmis epoqis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samxedro dapirispireba iyo, sadac erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ori aziuri imperia aRmoCnda

cuSimis brZolaSi monawileobda msxvilkalibriani da Sorsmsroleli artileria, SejavSnuli predrednoutis klasis xomaldebi da kreiserebi, saeskadro katarRebi da naRmosnebi es iyo sazRvao istoriaSi pirveli gadamwyveti sazRvao brZola, sadac ibrZodnen Tanamedrove foladiskorpusiani sabrZolo xomaldebiT, sadac ukabelo kavSirgabmulobis saSualebam, rdiom, kritikulad mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula amave dros, es iyo ukanaskneli sazRvao brZola omebis istoriaSi, sadac damarcxebuli flotis gemebi gamarjvebul flots Cabardnen ramdenime rusulma gemma neitralur portebs Seafara Tavi da mxolod oTxma maTganma miaRwia ruseTis teritoriul wylebs

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cuSimis brZola iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani sazRvao movlena trafalgaris brZolis Semdeg da misma Sedegebma sabolood gadawyvita kidec am omis bedi iaponiis sasargeblod

yvelaferi ki ase daiwyo: 1894-1895 wlebis saomari kampaniisas didi britaneTis samefo samxedro-sazRvao flotis nimuSis mixedviT Seqmnili flotis wyalobiT, CineTis SeiaraRebul Zalebze myisieri gamarjvebis Semdeg, swrafad mzardi iaponia Soreuli aRmosavleTis regionSi angariSgasawev Zalad iqca da male yviTel zRvasac daepatrona. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis imperiac daadga aRmosavleTiT eqspansiis gzas 1898 wlis 15 marts rusul-Cinurma konvenciam ruseTs 25-wliani ijariT gadasca liaodunis naxevarkunZulze mdebare saporto qalaqi port-arturi (dRevandeli CineTis qalaqi daliani), am vadis gagrZelebis uflebiT port-arturis gadacemiT ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebma wynari okeanis auzSi, yviTel zRvaSi, miiRo porti, romelic ar iyineboda

pirvelebi aq ruseTis armiis aRmosavleT cimbiris me-9 msroleli polkis jariskacebi gadmosxdnen, 1898 wlis 16 marts ki rusuli droSac afrialda amis Semdeg port-arturi ruseTis wynari okeanis flotis mTavari baza gaxda, ramac iaponiis armiisa da flotis samxedro reformebis daCqareba da iaponiis militarizacia gamoiwvia. iaponiis agresiulma moqmedebebma rusuli sazogadoebis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, magram saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis reaqcia am movlenaze gansxvavebuli iyo. msoflios udidesma saxelmwifoebma, ameri-

kis SeerTebulma Statebma da didma britaneTma, uyoymanod daiWires iaponiis mxare. im droisaTvis ruseTis mokavSire safrangeTis pozicia neitraluri iyo. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis ruseTis mokavSireoba safrangeTs germaniis gaZlierebis neitralizaciisTvis sWirdeboda, magram ruseT-iaponiis omis dawyebidan sul mcire xanSi safrangeTmac probritanuli politikis gatareba daiwyo, ramac rusul-franguli urTierTobebis gacivebas Seuwyo xeli, germaniam ki am omSi Tavidanve ruseTTan megobruli neitralitetis politika airCia

iaponiis teritoriuli eqspansia iaponiis zRvis auzis dapatronebiT ar dasrulebula 1904 wlis dasawyisSi iaponia gadamwyvet moqmedebebze gadavida: xelSi aiRo iniciativa, Tavisi SenaerTebiT daikava korea, SeiWra manjuriaSi da alyaSi moaqcia portarturi. 1904 wlis 27 ianvars iaponiis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebma, iaponiis gaerTianebuli flotis sardlis, admiral togos meTaurobiT, omis gamocxadebis gareSe, saeskadro naRmosani gemebiT moulodnelad Seuties am mniSvnelovan samxedro ports da Ruzaze mdgari TiTqmis yvela rusuli gemi CaZires. magram prusiuli jaris nimuSis mixedviT Seqmnil da organizebul iaponelTa jars port-arturis aReba gauWirda. igi amaod cdilobda am metad mniSvnelovani portis dakavebas, romelic rusebs kargad hqondaT gamagrebuli.

trafalgaris brZola – sazRvao brZola britaneTisa da safrangeT-espaneTis gaerTianebul sazRvao

Zalebs Soris mesame koaliciis omis dros, romelic napoleonis omebis nawili iyo koaliciis Zalebs meTaurobda frangi vice-admirali pier-Sarl vilnevi, britanelebs ki – admirali horacio nelsoni brZola gaimarTa 1805 wlis 21 oqtombers atlantis okeaneSi, espaneTis samxreT-dasavleT sanapiroze, trafalgaris koncxTan axlos. nelsonis gankargulebaSi iyo 27 saxazo gemi mowinaaRmdegis 33-is sapirispirod. brZolis win nelsonma Semdegi Sinaarsis signalis gadacema brZana: „inglisi moelis, rom yvela adamiani Tavis movaleobas Seasrulebs“. ZalTa arasaxarbielo Tanafardobis miuxedavad, brZola britanelebis brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda britanelTa danakargebi mcire iyo, Tumca brZolis miwuruls sasikvdilod daiWra admirali nelsoni. brZolis Sedegebi koaliciisTvis gamanadgurebeli iyo. 12 aTas daWrildaRupul mebrZolTan erTad maT dakarges 22 saxazo gemi, romelTagan 21 mowinaaRmdegis xelSi gadavida brZolam sabolood dausva wertili napoleonis Canafiqrs gadaelaxa la-manSis srute da SeWriliyo britaneTSi

istoria

rusebi medgrad icavdnen qalaqs da cixesimagres, magram maTi resursebi ar iyo sakmarisi xangrZlivi TavdacviTi saalyo brZolebis sawarmoeblad. port-arturis SesanarCuneblad maT saswrafod esaWiroebodaT iaraRiT, sabrZolo masalebiTa da samxedro aRWurvilobiT, aseve sxva materialuri saSualebebiTa da cocxali ZaliT daxmareba. Soreuli aRmosavleTis rusuli eskadris mcdeloba, alya moexsna simagrisaTvis, uSedego gamodga xuTi rusuli samxedro gemi iaponelTa winaaRmdeg sazRvao brZolaSi ganadgurda, xolo eskadris meTauri, kontradmirali vilhelm vitefti sasikvdilod daiWra.

omis pirvel etapze iaponiam strategiuli iniciativa Caigdo xelSi da zRvaze mniSvnelovan upiratesobasac miaRwia. aseT rTul viTarebaSi rusuli flotis xelmZRvanelobam wynari okeanis eskadris gasaZliereblad gadamWrel zomebs mimarTa Soreul peterburgSi miiRes gadawyvetileba blo-

port-arturis brZola, 1904

kirebuli port-arturis dasaxmareblad baltiis floti – imperiis ukanaskneli sazRvao rezervi – gaegzavnaT baltiis zRvaSi bazirebuli Tanamedrove rusuli saxazo gemebidan oTxi gamoirCeoda – `kniaz suvorovi~, `aleqsandr III~, `borodino~ da `orioli~. es linkorebi 15 000 tona wyalwyvis xomaldebi iyo, maTi sagembano artileriis mTavari kalibri 254 mm-s Seadgenda, javSnis sisqe – 194 mm-s da siCqare ki – 18 kvanZs saerTo jamSi, es mniSvnelovani da angariSgasawevi sabrZolo Zala iyo da yvela maCvenebliT warmateba unda hqonoda garda amisa, baltiis flotis am saxazo gemebs unda SeerTeboda kidev erTi didi da sami patara kreiseri, aseve ramdenime saeskadro naRmosani.

iaponia

manjuria ruseTi CineTi kunZ

yviTeli zRva

iaponiis zRva port-arturi

40

saxazo gemi, igive linkori (ingl. Battleship) – XX saukunis yvelaze mZlavri saartilerio javSnosani gemebis klasi saxazo gemebis daniSnuleba iyo mowinaaRmdegis gemebisa da, pirvel rigSi, msgavsi klasis xomaldebisTvis mZlavri saartilerio dartymebis miyeneba, mowinaaRmdegis strategiuli daniSnulebis sanapiro nagebobebisa da infrastuqturis ganadgureba da sakuTari SenaerTebis sabrZolo Zalis strategiuli mdgradobis SenarCuneba.

baltiis zRvis flotis sardlad ruseTis mTavari samxedro-sazRvao Stabis ufrosi, vice-admirali zinobi roJestvenski dainiSna – mefis gulficxi rCeuli mas dedamiwis garSemowerilobis TiTqmis naxevris gavlasTan dakavSirebuli lojistikuri problemebi aSinebda, magram mefe nikoloz II da samefo karis gavleniani warmomadgenlebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom operacia warmatebiT Catardeboda da port-arturis alyac moixsneboda maTi azriT, mTavari aq drois faqtori iyo, magram rusul flotSi yvelaferi rigze ar iyo. saqme isaa, rom maTi ekipaJebi saxeldaxelod gawveuli matrosebisa da jariskacebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebsac arasodes gauvliaT swavleba zRvaosnobasa da samwyobro Tu sacecxle momzadebaSi. maT uWirdaT SeTanxmebulad moqmedeba, erToblivi manevrebis Casatareblad ki dro aRar rCeboda. ase iyo Tu ise, xelisuflebam gadawyvetileba miiRo da sabrZolo gegmis aRsrulebis jeri dadga

1904 wlis 15 oqtombers ormocdaori gemisgan Semdgarma rusulma flotma datova ruseTis baltiis sazRvao porti libau. ganwyoba Tavidanve didad imediani ar yofi-

ruseTis wynari okeanis II eskadris gemebi port-arturis yureSi reidze port-arturis yureSi reidze mdgari rusuli gemebis dabombva iaponelTa artileriis mier

cuSimis brZola

togo haihaCiro (1848-1934) – iaponii imperiis flotis marSali 1913 wlida ruseT-iaponiis omSi iaponiis gaerTian buli flotis sardali

javSnosani `orioli~

la. curvis pirvelsave dReebSi rusul eskadras cudad wauvida saqme. gemebis ekipaJebs imTaviTve elandebodaT mowinaaRmdege. 21 oqtombris Rames erT-erTma gemma gangaSi atexa – Tavis garSemo mtris naRmosnebis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb gadasca Setyobineba da qvemexebidanac gaisroles sinamdvileSi, „naRmosnebi“ uwyinari inglisuri traulerebi aRmoCnda, romlebic rusuli flotis saartilerio cecxlSi moyvnen erTi TevzsaWeri gemi CaiZira yvela ubedurebasTan erTad, sakuTari gemebidan Wurvi rusuli eskadris kreiser `avrorasac~ moxvda da xomaldis mRvdeli daiRupa. ekipaJs es incidentic cudad eniSna.

didi britaneTis saadmiralom gangaSi atexa. inglisuri presa aRSfoTebuli werda `rusuli cofiani ZaRlebis flotis~ barbarosobaze. didi britaneTis mTavrobam TevzsaWer traulerebTan dakavSirebuli SemTxvevis safuZvliani saerTaSoriso gamoZieba da damnaSavis mkacrad dasja moiTxova man CaTvala, rom Rirseba Seulaxes da misi simpaTiebic kidev ufro gadaixara iaponiisken, romelTanac 1902 wlidan hqonda xelSekruleba dadebuli ruseTis imperatori nikoloz II iZulebuli gaxda daeTmo da britaneTs zaralis finansur anazRaurebas dahpirda. magram am nabijma gafuWebul saqmes veRar uSvela. rusuli flotis jer kidev arSemdgari dideba umal gacamtverda aqedan moyolebuli, igi sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSi moeqca da mis mogzaurobas port-arturamde ar mohklebia sxvadasxva qveynis presisa da msoflio sazogadoebis gesliani ironia mzadyofnaSi iyvnen britanuli samxedro gemebic da isini didi yuradRebiT akvirdebodnen rusuli flotis gadaadgilebas

roJestvenskis gemebs win 18000 sazRvao mili hqondaT gasavleli, dedamiwis perimetris TiTqmis sami meoTxedi, marSruti ki marTlac rTuli iyo atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebis gavliT isini CineTis zRvaSi unda Sesuliyvnen da Semdeg CrdiloeTisken gaecuraT. amasTan, samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis istoriaSi pirvelad gemebi Ria zRvaSi unda moemaragebinaT naxSiriT, rac metad rTuli amocana iyo. CrdiloeTis zRvaSi inglisur TevzsaWer gemebTan dakavSirebuli incidentis gamo rusuli flotis reputacia ukve Zalian Selaxuli iyo, amitom neitralurma saxelmwifoebma rusebs ar misces ufleba gaCerebuliyvnen maT navsadgurebSi da iq SeevsoT sawvavis maragi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi didi imperia iyo, mas Tavisi kontinenturi teritoriebis miRma sayrdeni punqtebi ar gaaCnda.

javSnosani `Tavadi suvorovi~

zinobi roJestvenski (1848-1909)

kreiseri `avrora~

didma koloniurma saxelmwifoebma –didma britaneTma da safrangeTma uari Tqves rusuli flotis naxSiriT momaragebaze amrigad, rusuli floti sakmaod mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. bolos, ruseTis imperiis mTavrobasTan molaparakebis Semdeg, germanuli sazRvao-satransporto kompania „hamburg-amerikis xazi“ daexmara rusul flots da 60 gemiT 340 000 tona naxSiri miawoda. germaniis axalgazrda imperiisTvis es xelsayreli garigeba iyo. am saomar kampaniaSi germanulma raixma didi Tanxebi iSova erTi mxriv, man rusuli gemebi moamaraga naxSiriT, meore mxriv ki, iaponiis flotsa da savele artilerias krupis sistemis uaxlesi tipis qvemexebs awvdida.

saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTlis mixedviT, naxSiris miReba navsadgurSi ar SeiZleboda. gemebi Ria zRvaSi, amweebis gareSe, unda datvirTuliyo, amitom rusuli flotis gadaadgileba mniSvnelovnad Seyovnda ekipaJze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia aseve tropikulma klimatma. tanJerSi, marokoSi, rusebma morigi marcxi iwvnies – zRvaSi gasvlisas SecdomiT gadaWres marokodan evropisken mimavali telegrafis kabeli mTeli

kreiser `avroras~ matrosebi qvanaxSiriT datvirTvis samuSaoze Sesvenebis dros

msoflio presa isev amxedrda da isev erTi ambavi atyda. kidev ufro naTeli gaxda, rom am operacias namdvilad ar sdevda iRbali.

rusuli floti jer kidev gzaSi iyo, rodesac Seatyobines port-arturis kapitulaciis Sesaxeb 1905 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi. port-arturis dacemasTan erTad iaponelebma sakuTar yureSi, gare reidze mdgari rusuli xomaldebic CaZires sabrZolo danakargebi iaponelebsac hqondaT – sazRvao naRmebze ori iaponuri kreiseri afeTqda. Tumca, es mdgomareoba sulac ar cvlida saerTo suraTs ruseTis Soreuli aRmosavleTis flotma arseboba Sewyvita

port-arturis dacemam kardinalurad

Secvala suraTi da gaCnda kiTxvebi: ra iqneba Semdeg? gagrZeldeba Tu Sewydeba rusebis ukve umiznod qceuli sazRvao eqspedicia? rogori iqneba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis saadmiralosa da mTavari samxedro-sazRvao Stabis gadawyvetileba?

javSnosani `imperatori nikolai I~

cuSimis brZola

orTviani lodinis Semdeg gadawyda, rom madagaskarTan gaCerebul roJestvenskis daqvemdebarebul flots mesame formirebac, e w „ruseTis wynari okeanis flotis mesame eskadra“ SeuerTdeboda, admiral nikolai nebogatovis meTaurobiT, romelic 1905 wlis 18 Tebervals gamovida kronStadtidan da madagaskarisken gaemarTa amocana gasagebi iyo – rusuli flotis samive formireba unda SeerTebuliyo da gaecura wynari okeanis rusul navsadgur vladivostokisken. ruseTis politikuri da samxedro xelmZRvaneloba am gziT imedovnebda flotis gaZlierebas sinamdvileSi ki, es gadawyvetileba rusebis kidev erTi Secdoma iyo.

Zvelma gemebma svla ufro Seaneles da bolos saerTod gaCerdnen. saeqspedicio Zalebis piradi Semadgenlobis sabrZolo suliskveTeba daeca swavlebis dros ki rusuli sazRvao SenaerTis saflagmano xomaldma „kniaz suvorovma“ sagembane artileriis mTavari kalibridan SecdomiT sakuTar kreisers gauxsna cecxli.

amasobaSi, manjuriaSi, qalaq mukdenTan gamarTul brZolaSi, ruseTis jari sastikad damarcxda. es iyo ruseT-iaponiis omis yvelaze masStaburi, xangrZlivi da sisxliani brZola, sadac orive mxridan naxevar milionamde jariskaci da oficeri, 2500 saartilerio danadgari da 250 tyviamfrqvevi monawileobda mTliani danakargi iyo 160 aTasi kaci, anu brZolaSi monawile mTeli piradi Semadgenlobis 30%, sxva danakargze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mukdeni dRevandeli

qalaqi Seniania, CineTis provincia liaoninis administraciuli centri roca vice-admiral roJestvenskisTan mukdenis brZolaSi rusebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb Setyobineba mivida, madagaskarTan gaCerebuli samxedro gemebis ekipaJebi ukve buntis dawyebas apirebdnen. roJestvenskis sxva araferi darCenoda, garda dauyovnebliv winsvlis brZanebis gacemisa

1905 wlis 25 maisisaTvis gaerTianebuli rusuli floti sabolood Seikriba da 52 gemma gezi CrdiloeTiT, iaponiis zRvisken, aiRo. am xangrZlivi eqspediciis daniSnulebis bolo wertili iyo vladivostoki magram rogor unda misuliyo rusuli floti iqamde? amis ori marSruti arsebobda: an wasuliyo mokle gziT, pirdapir koreis srutisa da kunZul cuSimis gavliT, an aRmosavleTidan Semoevlo iaponiis mTavari kunZulebisTvis da ise Casuliyo vladivostokamde

rusma admiralma umoklesi gza airCia admirali haihaCiro togo, romlis mTavari Zalebic kunZul cuSimasTan iyo Tavmoyrili, varaudobda, rom rusuli eskadra cuSimasTan gaivlida da man sazRvao akvatoriis am zonaSi damxmare kreiserebis sadazvervo eskadra ganalaga, romelsac togos StabisTvis rusuli eskadris gamoCenis Sesaxeb droulad unda Seetyobinebina igi ar gamoricxavda, rom mowinaaRmdegis gemebi sxva sruteebiTac isargeblebdnen, sadac aseve gagzavnes sadazvervo xomaldebi amave dros, 2 aprilisaTvis iaponelebma vladivostokTan sazRvao naRmebis gadamRobi zoli moawyves SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi energiuli da srulfasovani moqmedebebiT iaponelebma srulad dablokes rusuli eskadris miaxloebis yvela SesaZlo marSruti

iaponuri sabrZolo xomaldi `mikasa~

nikolai nebogatovi (1849-1922)

bolos da bolos, rusuli floti cuSimis srutes miuaxlovda rogorc ki 90 sazRvao milis daSorebiT rusuli flotis pirveli gemebi gamoCndnen, iaponelebi sabrZolvelad gaemzadnen

1905 wlis 27 maisis dilas rusuli floti cuSimis sruteSi sabrZolo wyobiT, ormagi kilvateruli koloniT, Sevida, kunZulis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, mtkice kursiT Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT daniSnulebis adgili vladivostoki iyo. siCqare ar iyo maRali, radgan roJestvenskis undoda Tvalyuri edevnebina Tavisi eskadris nela moZravi gemebisTvis vice-admiral roJestvenskis mier Tavisi flotis winaSe dasmuli amocana naklebad Seesabameboda im droisaTvis arsebul strategiul viTare-

bas – rusuli flotis amocana CrdiloeTisaken gaWra iyo, mowinaaRmdegesTan brZola ki ara, misgan Tavis daRweva ase rom, rusebis arCevani kvlav pasiuri moqmedebebis taqtika iyo. yvelaze gaugebari ki is iyo, rom rusebs taqtikuri dazverva arc brZolis win, arc brZolis dros da arc brZolis Semdeg ar CautarebiaT. mTavari amocana iyo CrdiloeTisaken garRveva nebismier fasad am sqemaSi kreiserebis, naRmosnebis, satransporto da damxmare xomaldebis adgili da moqmedebebis Tanmimdevroba gawerili ar yofila mTavari miTiTeba mxolod „erTad yofnas“ moiTxovda. javSnosnebs ki erTad Sekrul jgufSi mowinaaRmdegesTan ise unda ebrZolaT, rom SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad gadaadgilebuliyvnen CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT.

gamarjvebaSi darwmunebulma iaponelma admiralma togom Tavis saflagmano gemze `mikasa~ Z niSani daayena, rac niSnavda: `samSoblos momavali damokidebulia am brZolaze. dae, TiToeulma SeZlebisdagvarad moixados vali ~ , mowodeba, romelic mogvagonebs trafalgaris brZolis win admiral nelsonis brZanebas. amasTan, togom gaakeTa iseTi ram, rac Tavis droze TviT horacio nelsonsac ki SeuZleblad miaCnda man Tavisi flotis organizacia Secvala da msgavsi tipisa da klasis gemebi damoukidebel sabrZolo erTeulebad gaaerTiana

27 maisi ruseTSi nikoloz II-is mefed kurTxevis dRe iyo da amitom yvela rusul gemze wirva tardeboda. oficrebi svamdnen Sampanurs, ekipaJebi ki – roms swored am dRes, gamTeniisas, rusuli da iaponuri flotebi pirvelad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. pirveli rusuli gemi, romelic iaponelTa

admirali togo `mikasas~ bortze cuSimis brZolis win, flagStokze aRmarTulia niSani `Z~

niSani `Z“ – `samSoblos momavali an daRupva damokidebulia am brZolaze. dae, TiToeulma SeZlebisdagvarad moixados vali!~

cuSimis brZola

sazRvao xomaldebis kilvateruli wyoba aris wyoba, rodesac gemebi mkacrad erTmaneTis kiCos miuyvebian kilvaterul wyobaSi mcuravi gemebis siCqare gaTanabrebulia da maT Soris arsebuli distanciac mkacrad aris daculi

rusuli eskadra kilvaterul wyobaSi

kontrolirebad sazRvao sivrceSi Sevida, saeskadro javSnosani „orioli“ iyo. dilis bindbundisa da kvamlis gamo iaponelebma kreiser „sinanomarudan“ igi gvian SeamCnies „oriolTan“ miaxloebisas „sinanomarum“ rusuli eskadris kidev 10 xomaldi aRmoaCina 04:28 saaTze iaponuri kreiseris meTaurma, I rangis kapitanma narukavam Tavisi flotis Stabs radioTi gaugzavna Setyobineba: „mteri 203-e kvadratSia“ iaponelebma cecxli gaxsnes da rusma admiralmac Tavis saflagmano gem `kniaz suvorovs~ cecxlis gaxsnis brZaneba misca 18 kilometris distanciaze XX saukunis saxazo gemebis pirveli sazRvao brZola daiwyo. rusebis gankargulebaSi ukeT SejavSnuli saxazo gemebi iyo, iaponelTa floti ki patara, magram moZravi da swrafi sabrZolo gemebiT iyo aRWurvili. maRali iyo maTi ekipaJebis gawvrTnis done da motivaciac

rusuli saeskadro naRmosani `stereguSCi~ utevs iaponur javSnosan `fuZis~

admirali togo marTlac SesaniSnavad meTaurobda brZolas mas sabrZolo taqtika rusuli xomaldebis sabrZolo moqmedebebis taqtikis analizis safuZvelze hqonda SemuSavebuli da miznad isaxavda rusuli flotis ganadgurebas praqtikam aCvena, rom rusebi upiratesobas brZolis TavdacviT taqtikas aniWebdnen maTi xomaldebi kilvaterul kolonebSi moZraobdnen, sadac CarTuli iyo sxvadasxva tipis, maT Soris, nela mcuravi gemebic, rac sabrZolo formirebis saerTo siCqares dabla swevda rusebis am taqtikas togom mcire samanevro jgufebis swrafi SeteviTi taqtika daupirispira, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda maRali siCqarisa da manevrulobis gamo xelsayreli kuTxiT Seetia mowinaaRmdegisTvis, pirvel rigSi ki – kolonis Tavsa da boloze es Setevebi da cecxlis gaxsna, rogorc wesi, didi distanciebidan xdeboda. sacecxle Zalas iaponelebi kargad damuSavebuli da gamiznuli jgufuri cecxliT zrdidnen pirveli gasrola kolonis TavSi myofi xomaldidan xdeboda, rac erTgvar moniSvnas da

`T-isebri kveTa~ – `CrossingtheT~

`lurjebi~ `wiTlebis~ mimarT atareben sazRvao brZolis klasikur manevrs

jgufis danarCeni xomaldebisTvis mTavari samiznis SerCevas niSnavda. amis Semdeg cecxli ixsneboda iaponuri xomaldebis yvela kalibridan da mowinaaRmdegis am xomaldis irgvliv iqmneboda erTgvari „mkvdari zona“. iaponelTa es e.w. „sacecxle jgufi“ uwyvetad manevrirebda iqamde, sanam ganwiruli rusuli gemi da, pirvel rigSi, javSnosani, sabolood ar ganadgurdeboda.

togom moaxerxa Seesrulebina sazRvao brZolis klasikuri manevri – „T-isebri kveTa “ , rac rusuli flotis kursis perpendikularul gadakveTas niSnavda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken. iaponur gemebs mxolod gverduli poziciidan SeeZloT srola. maTi zalpi zustad iyo gaTvlili, rusulma gemebma ki iaponelTa mier Catarebuli moxerxebuli manevris gamo ver SeZles sapasuxo cecxlis gaxsna. wina xazze mdgari ramdenime rusuli gemi dazianda da CaiZira. rusebma, mZime Secdomis gamo, verc sakuTari msxvilkalibriani sagembano artileriis SesaZleblobebis srulad gamoyeneba moaxerxes – tropikul wylebSi xangrZlivi mogzaurobisas ekipaJebma denTis tenianobis done xelovnurad maRla aswies, rom maRali temperaturis gamo TviTaalebisa da afeTqebis safrTxe SeemcirebinaT da aman savalalo Sedegi gamoiRo – gasrolili rusuli Wurvebis TiTqmis naxevari ar afeTqda

admiralma togom kidev erT gabedul manevrs mimarTa: 180 gradusiT Semobrunebuli iaponelTa eskadra uwyveti cecxliT waiyvana rusuli gemebis kursis perpendikularulad da es gemebi aRmosavleTisken, vladivostokis gzidan Sors, gareka iaponelebma 6-kilometriani distanciidan gauxsnes cecxli orive rusul saflagmano gems erTi maTgani, meore eskadris flagmani javSnosani „imperatori nikolai I“ mZimed dazianda, CaiZira da mTeli ekipaJic Tan gaiyola

rusuli da iaponuri flotis gemebis curvis marSrutebi cuSimis brZolis win

iaponelTa mier cuSimis brZolaSi CaZiruli pirveli rusuli gemi, kreiseri `osliabia~

cuSimis brZolis saerTo panoramuli xedi

cuSimis brZola

iaponelebma mTavar mizanSi amjerad rusuli flotis flagmani amoiRes da zusti sroliT admiral roJestvenskis saflagmano gemi `kniaz suvorovic~ aafeTqes gemi CaiZira, misma ekipaJma gadarCena scada, admirali roJestvenski ki mZimed daiWra TavSi igi gaWirvebiT gadaiyvanes naRmosan „bedovis“ bortze

rusulma eskadram brZolis dawyebidan 20 wuTSi dakarga marTva. aRmoCnda, rom gadamwyvet momentSi rusuli floti sruliad umeTaurod darCa – admirali roJestvenski mZimed iyo daWrili, meore eskadris meTauri

mkvdari, rac roJestvenskim damala, radgan fiqrobda, rom meTauris sikvdili jariskacebs moralurad gatexda, xolo mesame eskadris meTaurma, admiralma nebogatovma ki amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda rusul gemebze qaosi da panika daiwyo. marTva moiSala, xolo is rusuli gemebi, romelTa kapitnebic Seecadnen xelmZRvaneloba sakuTar Tavze aeRoT, iaponelTa WurvebiT dazianda da CaiZira. meore dRes rusi admirali iaponelebs danebda da tyved Cabarda rusuli saeskadro naRmosani „bedovi“ ki iaponuri flotis sakuTreba gaxda.

rusebs uzarmazari danakargi hqondaT –maTi flotis ZiriTadi nawili ganadgurda, daeRupaT xuTi aTasamde mezRvauri. gadarCenil nawils Ramis imedi hqonda, magram admirali togo sibneleSic kargad ibrZoda da Ramec ar Seuwyvetia rusebis ganadgureba am saSinel katastrofas mxolod xuTma rusulma gemma daaRwia Tavi – es iyo ori saxazo gemi, ori SejavSnuli sanapiro dacvis gemi da erTic – kreiseri. es rusuli kreiseri legendaruli „avrora“ iyo am gemebma Tavs brZolidan gaqceviT uSveles. maT gezi manilisaken aiRes, romelic im droisaTvis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis proteqtoratis qveS iyo da 20 maiss, manilis portSi Sesvlis Semdeg, rusuli gemebis internireba amerikis xelisuflebam moaxdina gemebi 1906 wlis martSi baltiaSi dabrundnen

28 maisis gamTeniisas iaponelTa ZiriTadma Zalebma darCenili rusuli gemebic aRmoaCines rusebis mdgomareoba gamouvali iyo da iZulebuli gaxdnen brZola SeewyvitaT iaponelebma TiTqmis eqvsi aTasi rusi aiyvanes tyved. maTi flotis sabrZolo danakargebi ki Seudareblad mcire iyo – mxolod sami naRmosani da as aTi mezRvauri

cuSimis brZola rusuli saimperatoro flotis ganadgurebiTa da sruli katastrofiT damTavrda es iyo sazRvao brZolebis istoriaSi mopovebuli erT-erTi brwyinvale gamarjveba, romlis ganWvretac winaswar iyo SesaZlebeli rusebis umZimesi Secdomebis, araswori Sefasebebisa da gaumarTlebeli gadawyvetilebebis mTeli jaWvis gamo

rusuli eskadra cuSimis (koreis) yuris misadgomebTan

javSnosan `navarinias~ ekipaJis wevrebi, 681 wevridan mxolod 3 kaci gadarCa

iaponelTa mier ganadgurebuli rusuli saeskadro javSnosani `orioli~

cuSimis brZolis dasrulebiT ruseT-iaponiis omic dasrulda am omSi damarcxebam ruseTi did saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis subieqtidan obieqtad aqcia sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi sagareo politika ufro damokidebuli gaxda ruseTis, rogorc samxedro imperiis prestiJi daeca. imperia, romelic msoflioSi sididiT mesame flots flobda, romelic TiTqmis mTlianad dakarga, meorexarisxovan sazRvao saxelmwifod iqca, rogorc Tavis droze –avstria-ungreTi. msoflios wamyvani qveynebis TvalSi ruseTis prestiJis dacemam msoflioSi ZalTa balansi daarRvia, rac momavali I msoflio omis dawyebis erT-erTi mizezTagani gaxda cuSimis brZolasa da mTlianad ruseT-iaponiis omSi damarcxebam da uzarmazarma materialurma

rusuli eskadra cuSimis (koreis) yuris misadgomebTan

danakargebma, rac daaxloebiT 500 milioni rubli iyo, didi gavlena iqonia ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare Sida politikur procesebzec, rac, pirvel rigSi, romanovebis dinastiis diskreditaciasa da revoluciuri moZraobis momZlavrebaSi gamoixata. cuSimis katastrofam damRupvelad imoqmeda mTlianad rusi xalxisa da ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis piradi Semadgenlobis suliskveTebaze zafxulSi odesaSi rus matrosTa buntma ifeTqa javSnosan kreiser `potiomkinze~, romelic male revoluciaSi gadaizarda.

sabolood, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezident Teodor ruzveltis SuamavlobiT, 1905 wlis 23 agvistos (5 seqtembers) dapirispirebulma mxareebma portsmuTSi xeli moaweres sazavo xelSekrulebas ruseTma aRiara iaponiis interesebi koreasa da wynari okeanis sanapiroebze. garda amisa, man uari Tqva CrdiloeT ganedis 50 gradusis samxreTiT mdebare kunZul saxalinis nawilze iaponiam ki Tavisi strategiuli Canafiqri aisrula da Soreul aRmosavleTSi gabatonebul saxelmwifod iqca

portsmuTis samSvidobo molaparakebebi rusuli mxare (marcxniv): korostoveci, nabokovi, vite, rozeni, plansoni. iaponuri mxare (marjvniv): adaCi, oCiei, komura, takana, sato

iaponiisa da yvela azieli xalxisTvis es omi iyo axali epoqis pirveli didi gamarjveba, sadac samecniero-teqnikur revoluciaze dayrdnobiT aziurma saxelmwifom „evropuli qveyana“ daamarcxa. cuSimis gamarjvebam iaponia mZlavr sazRvao saxelmwifod aqcia am sakiTxSi arcTu ukanaskneli roli alafad mopovebulma rusuli flotis gemebmac Seasrules iaponiis wvdomam koreisa da CineTis resursebze ki mniSvnelovnad daaCqara misi ganviTarebul industriul saxelmwifod gadaqceva. amave dros, iaponur samxedro elitaSi nel-nela gavrcelda azri, rom mZlavri floti Tu eyolebodaT, SesaZlebeli iqneboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis flotebis damarcxeba da iaponiis wynari okeanis auzis pirvelxarisxovan saxelmwifod Camoyalibeba imperator mucuxito meiZis mmarTvelobis periodSi iaponia tkbeboda Tavisi matrosebis simamaciTa da meTaurTa brZnuli sardlobiT, magram nel-nela im gzaze dadga, ramac amomavali mzis qveyana II msoflio omSi miRweul pirvel gamarjvebebamde da sabolood srul damarcxebamde miiyvana

rusuli delegacia portsmuTSi sxedan s vite da baroni r rozeni

cuSimis brZola

galileo galilei

Tanamedrove mecnierebis mama

levan CxeiZe

konfliqtebi, romlebic erT dros inteleqtualur cxovrebas asazrdoebda, iwvevda vnebaTaRelvas, Seuwynareblobas da xSirad Zaladobasac ki, dRes aRaraa aqtualuri didi xania mecnierebi aRar kamaToben imaze, Tu romeli ciuri sxeulia samyaros centri sul sxva Tavsatexebi ipyrobs maT yuradRebas: mouxelTebeli bneli materia da energia, warmoudgenlad mcire nawilakebi, Savi xvrelebi, samyaros warsuli da momavali am rTul amocanebs verasodes SeveWidebodiT, mecnierebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tavdauzogavad rom ar eSromaT

Cveni winaprebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen bunebis Seswavlas – cnobismoyvareoba xom universaluria: arcerT epoqaSi, arcerT dasaxlebul kontinentze adamians ar asvenebda fiqri imaze, Tu rogoraa mowyobili samyaro. Tumca, Tu mecnierebas moviazrebT, rogorc bunebis iseT kvlevas, romlis farglebSic grovdeba obieqturi codna samyaros Sesaxeb, iqmneba hipoTezebi da prognozebi, romelTa gadamowmebac cdebiT SeiZleba, aRmovaCenT, rom mecniereba amgvari formiT sul ramdenime saukunis win Camoyalibda

albert ainStainis azriT, galilei iyo „ara mxolod Tanamedrove fizikis, aramed mTeli Tanamedrove mecnierebis mama“. XVI-XVII saukuneebis samecniero revoluciis dros iSva samyaros is axleburi aRqma, romelmac gansazRvra dRevandeli msoflios realoba – realoba, romelSic SesaZlebelia Soreuli galaqtikebis da elementaruli nawilakebis Seswavla, kompiuterebisa da mobiluri kavSirgabmulobis gamoyeneba. am revoluciis saTavesTan idga galileo galilei –adamiani, romelic daibada Soreul 1564 wels, rodesac gardaicvala miqelanjelo da qveynierebas moevlina Seqspiri.

galileo galilei

gzis dasawyisi

galileos mama, vinCenco, qsovilebiT vaWrobda msxvil vaWrebTan konkurencias is mSobliuri florenciidan pizaSi gaeqca swored aq daibada galileo pizaSi vaWrobas sakmarisi Semosavali ar mohqonda, ris gamoc odesRac SeZlebuli ojaxi xelmokled cxovrobda prestiJul skolebs vinCenco ver gaswvdeboda, amitom 13 wlis galileo saswavleblad florenciis siaxloves mdebare monasterSi miabares galileo daeufla berZnul da laTinur enebs, gaecno filosofiis da logikis sawyisebs erTxans saeklesio karierazec ki fiqrobda, magram mamamiss sxva gegmebi hqonda – niWier ymawvils swavla unda gaegrZelebina da ojaxi mZime finansuri problemebisgan exsna. 1580 wels galileo pizis universitetis studenti gaxda. Tavisufal dros is geometriis leqciebs eswreboda da ise moixibla, gadawyvita maTematikosi gamxdariyo. vinCenco winaaRmdegi iyo. mamas surda, rom misi vaJi gahyoloda medicinas, romelic pativsacemi da maRalanazRaurebadi saqmianoba iyo, magram galileo gajiutda da Tavisi gaitana.

universitetSi galileo aristoteles da arqimedes naSromebs gaecno aristotelesgan gansxvavebiT, arqimede bunebas gazomvebis da gamoTvlebis meSveobiT swavlobda da is galileosTvis samagaliTo figurad iqca studentobisas galileom qanqaris mniSvnelovani Tviseba aRmoaCina erTxel pizis taZarSi misi yuradReba miipyro WaRma, romelsac qari arxevda man SeniSna, rom erTi rxevisTvis saWiro dro araa damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad ixreba WaRi. rxevis periodis gasazomad galileom sakuTari majiscema moiSvelia. saxlSi dabrunebulma, sxvadasxva sigrZis Zafebisgan da sxvadasxva wonis sxeulebisgan qanqarebi daamzada da

maT rxevebs daakvirda. Sedegi igive iyo: rxevis periodi ar yofila damokidebuli mis amplitudaze. faqtobrivad, es galileos pirveli eqsperimenti iyo.

1585 wels galileom, usaxsrobis gamo, swavla Sewyvita is Tavs irCenda maTematikis kerZo gakveTilebiT, yidda Tavis gamogonebul xelsawyoebs – hidrostatikur saswors da Termometris winapars, Termoskops man ramdenime debuleba daamtkica sxeulTa simZimis centris Sesaxeb, ramac maTematikosTa wreSi saxeli mouxveWa 1589 wels galileo pizis universitetis profesori gaxda, swored im saswavleblis, romelic akademiuri xarisxis gareSe miatova amaSi misi mdidari mfarvelis, meqanikiT dainteresebuli erTi didebulis xeli eria

pizis universiteti

miqelanjelo buenaroti (1475-1564)

uiliam Seqspiri (1564-1616)

mecniereba

mijnuli filosofiisa da Teologiisgan. aristoteles SexedulebebSi eWvis Setana mkrexelobad aRiqmeboda

galileo aristoteles winaaRmdeg

pizaSi daiwyo galileos mravalwliani konfliqti aristoteles mimdevrebTan kaTolicizmTan adaptirebuli aristoteles moZRvreba safuZvlad edo imdroindeli evropis msoflmxedvelobas miiCneoda, rom aristoteles naSromebSi samyaro amomwuravadaa aRwerili, amitom bunebis mkvlevari, pirvel yovlisa, aristoteles bejiTi mkiTxveli unda yofiliyo. mecniereba ar iyo ga-

aristoteles samyaro warmoadgens koncentruli sferoebis sistemas centrSi ganlagebulia dedamiwa, romelzec yovelive arsebuli Sedgeba 4 elementisgan: miwisgan, wylisgan, haerisgan da cecxlisgan mZime elementebi (miwa, wyali) ganlagebulia samyaros centrTan; msubuqi elementebi (haeri, cecxli) – zemoT miiltvis yvelafers aqvs Tavisi „bunebrivi adgili “ sxeulebi, ZiriTadad, miwisgan Sedgeba da maTi vardnis axsnac esaa: isini cdiloben daikavon „bunebrivi adgili“ samyaros centrTan mTvare, planetebi da mze ganlagebulia e w cis sferoebze dedamiwidan yvelaze daSorebul sferoze Zevs uZravi varskvlavebi. cis sferoebi da maTze ganlagebuli obieqtebi Sedgeba idumali mexuTe elementisgan – eTerisgan. sferoebi sxvadasxva siCqariT brunavs dedamiwis garSemo. caSi yvela moZraoba wriuli da Tanabaria. miwieri da cis samyaroebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba: dedamiwaze yvelaferi cvalebadi, warmavali da arasrulyofilia, cis sferoebSi ki – ucvleli, maradiuli da srulyofili. kanonebi, romlebsac cis sferoebi emorCileba, arafriT hgavs dedamiwaze moqmed kanonebs. dedamiwaze sxva fizikaa, caSi – sxva.

aristotelesTvis eqsperimentis idea ucxo iyo. misi azriT, movlenebs unda davakvirdeT, Semdeg ki gamarTuli logikuri msjelobiT avxsnaT, anu davadginoT movlenis gamomwvevi mizezi. meorexarisxovania,

galileo akvirdeba pizis taZris WaRs

rogor vardeba vaSli, mTavaria, vicodeT vardnis mizezi – vaSli Sedgeba miwisgan da iltvis dedamiwis centrisken ZvelberZeni filosofosi arc maTematikas cnobda bunebis Semecnebis instrumentad

aristoteles Tanaxmad, sxeulebi mxolod maSin moZraoben, rodesac maTze Zala moqmedebs. sicariele ar arsebobs: garemos winaaRmdegobis gareSe sxeulis siCqare usasrulobamde gaizrdeboda mZime sxeulebi msubuqze swrafad vardeba magaliTad, Tu erTi sxeuli meoreze aTjer mZimea, is aTjer ufro swrafad daecema miwaze

swored Tavisufali vardnis gamo Seerkina pirvelad galileo aristoteles mimdevrebs. galileos miaCnda, rom sxeulebis vardnis dro araa damokidebuli maT masaze. misi pirveli biografi vinCenco viviani mogviTxrobs, rom simarTlis dasadgenad galileo erTnairi masalisgan damzadebul gansxvavebuli masis sxeulebs pizis daxrili koSkidan agdebda mZime sxeulebi odnav ufro swrafad vardeboda vardnis droSi mcire gansxvaveba galileom sworad axsna haeris winaaRmdegobiT is fiqrobda, rom sicarieleSi sferoebi erTdroulad daecemoda

aristoteles mimdevrebs eqsperimentma azri ver Seacvlevina, xolo sicarielis xsenebam maT ironiuli Rimili mohgvara: maTi saTayvano maswavlebeli xom sicarielis ar-

galileo galilei

sebobas uaryofda, vakuumis xelovnurad Seqmna ki im dros SeuZlebeli iyo isini, vinc brmad ar eTanxmebodnen ZvelberZen filosofoss, naTlad xedavdnen, rom simarTle galileos mxares iyo – sxeulebi marTlac erTnairi aCqarebiT vardeba da es aCqareba maT masaze araa damokidebuli.

1. Zveli warmodgena

2. galileos cdis Sedegi

axlis miuReblobisa da avtoritetebis brma Tayvaniscemis gamo galileo mwvaved akritikebda pizel kolegebs gasakviri araa, rom vadis amowurvis Semdeg universitetis mesveurebma galileos xelSekruleba aRar gaugrZeles gavlenianma megobrebma arc amjerad miatoves 28 wlis galileo paduaSi gadabargda da iqauri universitetis profesori gaxda

saocari axali samyaro

padua veneciis respublikas ekuTvnoda. venecia romisgan damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyo, Sesabamisad, paduis universitetSi SedarebiT liberaluri atmosfero sufevda, cenzuris da inkviziciis wnexi didad ar igrZnoboda da evropaSi erT-erT saukeTesodac miiCneoda. galileom iq 18 weli gaatara (1592-1610). es iyo ukiduresad nayofieri, aRmoCenebiT daxunZluli wlebi, romlebsac Tavad galileo cxovrebis ubednieres xanad moixseniebda

pizaSi galileo mcire jamagirs iRebda; paduaSi mas bevrad ukeTesi pirobebi SesTavazes Tumca, vinCencos gardacvalebis gamo galileos ojaxis ufrosis valdebulebebi daekisra: ori gasaTxovari da gasamziTvebeli gauxda; Tavistkivilad qarafSuta umcrosi Zmac daemata. galileos isev mouwia moswavleebis ayvana. leqciebi da kerZo gakveTilebi fiqris da kvlevebis dros TiTqmis ar utovebda, magram man mainc SeZlo pizaSi dawyebuli saqmis gagrZeleba.

Tavisufali vardnisas sxeulebi imdenad swrafad moZraobdnen, rom maTi vardnis drois gazomva sakuTari pulsis da wylis saaTebis gamoyenebiT SeuZlebeli iyo amitom galileom gamoiyena daxrili sibrtye: sxeulebi masze ufro nela moZraobdnen, siCqare regulirebadi iyo, zedapiris damuSavebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda xaxunis Zalis Semcireba; drois intervalebis gazomva realistur amocanad iqca. mravali cdis Sedegad, galileom aRmoaCina, rom TanabaraCqarebuli moZraobisas sxeulis mier gavlili manZili moZraobis dawyebidan gasuli drois kvadratis pirdapirproporciulia. cdebis Sedegebma maTematikuri gamoxatuleba pova. ibadeboda bunebis Semecnebis axali, araaristoteleseuli meTodi.

venecielebisTvis, romlebic gauTaveblad omobdnen, balistika mniSvnelovani iyo galileom Seiswavla Wurvebis moZraoba da daamtkica, rom gasrolili Wurvis traeqtoria warmoadgens parabolas

galileo kopernikis heliocentruli sistemis momxre iyo am modelSi samyaros centri mzea, xolo dedamiwa da sxva planetebi mzis garSemo brunavs dedamiwa brunavs sakuTari RerZis garSemoc

im dros sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iyo klavdius ptolemes geocentruli sistema, romelic aristoteles moZRvrebas efuZneboda am modelSi planetebi moZraobs or warmosaxviT wrewirze: epiciklze da deferentze am abstraqtuli wrewirebis SemoRebiT ptoleme xsnida planetebis retrogradul moZraobas (aristoteles sistema ver xsnida, Tu ratom neldeba planeta, Cerdeba, iwyebs moZraobas sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, Semdeg ki ubrundeba „normalur“ moZraobas) ptolemes modeli, CaxlarTulobis miuxedavad, sworad winaswarmetyvelebda astronomiul movlenebs garda amisa, masSi martivad SeiZleboda Sesworebebis Setana: axali faqtebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, sakmarisi iyo modelSi epiciklebis Camateba

nikolai koperniki da misi heliocentruli sistemis modeli

kopernikma Tavis naSromSi „cis sferoebis garemoqcevaTa Taobaze“, romelic galeleos dabadebamde TiTqmis 20 wliT adre gamoica, aCvena, rom Tu planetebi mzis garSemo brunavs, epiciklebis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeba, astronomiuli gamoTvlebi ki arsebiTad martivdeba. ptolemes sistemis kopernikis modeliT Canacvlebas aravin Cqarobda. dedamiwis moZraoba uSualod ar aRiqmeba. paralaqsis (varskvlavebis wanacvleba dedamiwis mzis garSemo moZraobis gamo) damzera imdroindeli instrumentebiT SeuZlebeli iyo. ptolemes da kopernikis sistemebi erTnair prognozebs iZleoda. mas aRiqvamdnen rogorc fizikur Sinaarss moklebul maTematikur konstruqcias, xriks, romelic gamosadegia gamoTvlebisTvis. aravin fiqrobda, rom mas raime kavSiri aqvs samyaros realur agebulebasTan.

galileo acnobierebda, rom Tu koperniki marTali iyo da dedamiwa araa samyaros centri, aristoteles fizika daemxoboda: gaugebari gaxdeboda, ratom vardeba sxeulebi dedamiwis centrisken. astronomias SeeZlo, gadamwyveti roli Seesrulebina fizikis ganaxlebaSi! amaSi galileo ufro metad darwmunda 1604 wels, rodesac gvelismWeris

TanavarskvlavedSi gamoCnda zeaxali varskvlavi. es fenomeni ewinaaRmdegeboda aristoteles moZRvrebas, romelSic ca ucvlelia mTavari movlena, romelmac galileo dakvirvebiTi astronomiis mamad aqcia, 1609 wels moxda: man Seityo, rom holandielma ostatma Seqmna xelsawyo, romelic Soreul sagnebs aaxloebs galileom ivarauda, rogor muSaobda es xelsawyo da male bevrad ga-

klavdius ptoleme da misi geocentruli modeli

am modelSi mze, mTvare da pla netebi moZraobs mcire wrewirebze – epiciklebze. yoveli epiciklis centri Tav dac moZraobs dedamiwis garS mo did wrewirze – deferentz

ase gamoiyureba dRes kepleris zeaxali varskvlavisgan SemorCenili nisleuli (ferebi pirobiTia)

galileo galilei

umjobesebuli Wogriti Seqmna misi saukeTeso instrumenti sagnebs ocdaaTjer adidebda. galileom meyseulad gaacnobiera Wogritis komerciuli potenciali. erT dRes man sademonstracio Cveneba moawyo qalaqis mTavari taZris, san markos, samrekloze. mowveulebma, maT Soris, veneciis senatorebma, saTanadod Seafases Wogritis mniSvneloba sazRvao da samxedro saqmisTvis es gamogoneba galileom diplomatiurad miuZRvna veneciis mTavars – doJs. doJma uxvad

daajildova: uboZa samudamo profesoroba da xelfasi gauormaga galileom maSinve „startapi“ daaarsa da Wogritebis masobriv warmoeba-realizacias Seudga.

1609 wlis miwuruls galileom Wogriti cisken mimarTa Tvalwin saocari axali samyaro gadaeSala

sul ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi galileom araerTi revoluciuri aRmoCena gaakeTa, romlebmac samyaros suraTi radikalurad Secvala iupiters oTxi Tanamgzavri aRmoaCnda; es niSnavda, rom samyaroSi brunvis sxva centrebic arsebobs, yvela ciuri sxeuli ar brunavs dedamiwis garSemo Turme, irmis naxtomi uamravi varskvlavisgan Sedgeba, romelTa Sesaxeb ptolemes warmodgenac ki ar hqonda. mTvareze mTebi da dablobebia iseve, rogorc dedamiwaze; aristoteles ki miaCnda, rom is idealurad gluvia, Sedgeba eTerisgan da saerTod arafriT hgavs dedamiwas. veneras fazebis sruli nakrebi hqonia, rac utyuari mtkicebuleba iyo, rom venera mzis garSemo brunavs galileom mzis laqebic naxa, Tumca es Cinelma astronomebma daaswres. laqebis arseboba galileom aristoteles momxreebis winaaRmdeg polemikaSi gamoiyena: ar yofila mze srulyofili es aRmoCenebi ver amtkicebda imas, rom dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo, magram maT Ziri gamouTxares aristoteles kosmologias Tavdapirvelad aristoteles momxreebi ar aRiarebdnen galileos aRmoCenebs: zogierTebi optikur iluziebad da linzebis defeqtebad miiCnevdnen, sxvebi saerTodac teleskopSi gaxedvas uarobdnen ase grZeldeboda, sanam samecniero revoluciis sxva gmirma –iohanes keplerma da avtoritetulma astronomma – klaviusma ar daadastures am aRmoCenebis namdviloba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo klaviusis daskvna: is iezuitTa sasuliero ordenis wevri iyo, iezuitis daskvnaSi ki aristoteles momxreebi eWvs ver Seitandnen am aRmoCenebs galileom Tavi mouyara wignSi „varskvlavTa macne“, romelic pirvel samecniero bestselerad iqca. galileo saqveynod cnobili gaxda, mis aRmoCenebze mTel evropaSi bWobdnen

veneciis doJi ecnoba galileos Seqmnil Wogrits

pirvel suraTze gamosaxulia veneras fazebi, rogorc maT winaswarmetyvelebda ptolemes modeli; meore suraTze naCvenebia galileos mier 1610 wels danaxuli suraTi. fazebis aseTi suraTis miReba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu venera brunavs ara dedamiwis, aramed mzis garSemo

kargi samuSao pirobebis miuxedavad, galileos aRar surda veneciaSi darCena da sayvarel florenciaSi dabruneba gadaewyvita. imxanad toskanis sahercogos mediCebis mdidari da gavleniani sagvareulo marTavda. mediCebma, romlebsac renesansis generalur sponsorebadac ki moixsenieben, uamravi talantis gafurCqnas Seuwyves xeli, riTac umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrules italiaSi mecnierebisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. galileom „varskvlavTa macne“ toskanis did hercogs – kozimo II mediCis miuZRvna, xolo iupiteris Tanamgzavrebs „mediCis varskvlavebi“ uwoda Sedegmac ar daayovna: 1610 wels hercogma galileo Tavisi karis filosofosad da maTematikosad daniSna triumfi eloda galileos romSic man vatikanis oficialuri Teologis, kardinal belarmines keTilganwyoba moipova kardinali Tavadac astronomiis moyvaruli iyo da kargad esmoda galileos aRmoCenebis mniSvneloba male romis pap pavle V-sTan audienciis pativic ergo, xolo kardinal mafeo barberinis saxiT Zlevamosili megobari SeiZina es adamianebi galileos cxovrebaSi did rols Seasruleben TiTqos araferi moaswavebda avs

pirveli procesi

aRmoCenebiT da aRiarebiT Segulianebulma galileom irwmuna, rom dro movida, ptolemes dromoWmuli geocentruli modeli kopernikis models Caenacvlebina mas swamda, rom heliocentruli sistema ar aris mxolod sasargeblo maTematikuri xriki: mze ara mxolod astronomebis gamoTvlebSi, aramed realuradac samyaros centrSia. es ewinaaRmdegeboda kaTolikuri eklesiis oficialur pozicias. eklesia ar devnida kopernikis models, vidre is abstraqtul maTematikur modelad rCeboda; metic, eklesia iyenebda am models: masze dayrdnobiT Catarda 1582 wlis kalendris reforma; magram

klaviusi (1538-1612)

iezuitTa sasuliero ordenSi iricxeboda araerTi cnobili maTematikosi da astronomi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, kaTolikuri eklesiis pozicias aJRerebdnen SeiZleba iTqvas, klaviusi vatikanis oficialuri astronomi iyo

galileo galilei

TeologebisTvis erTaderT swor sistemad kvlav rCeboda ptolemes geocentruli sistema, radgan is ar ewinaaRmdegeboda biblias geocentruli sistemis fizikuri realobis mtkicebiT, galileo eklesiasTan dapirispirebis gzas daadga

galileos esmoda, rom teleskopiT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi ar iyo sakmarisi geocentruli sistemis dasamxobad bevrma uaryo ptolemes sistema, magram ar gaiziara kopernikis ideebi aseTebi gaxdnen tixo brahes mimdevrebi danielma astronomma SeimuSava hibriduli modeli, romelSic planetebi brunavs mzis garSemo, mze ki – dedamiwis garSemo brahes models im droisTvis araferi ewinaaRmdegeboda SegaxsenebT, rom mzis da sakuTari RerZis garSemo dedamiwis brunvis pirdapiri mtkicebulebebi (paralaqsis gazomva, fukos qanqara da sxv ) bevrad gvian gaCnda astronomiuli mtkicebulebebis ukmarisobis gamo galileom sxva mxridan miitana ieriSi geocentrizmze. man SeimuSava Teoria, romlis mixedviTac zRvebis da okeaneebis moqcevebs iwvevs dedamiwis dRiuri da wliuri moZraoba. es mcdari Teoria iyo (moqcevebs mTvaris gravitaciuli miziduloba iwvevs), magram mcdeloba ar gamohparviaT galileos mowinaaRmdegeebs.

daiwyo galileos da, zogadad, kopernikis moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg gamalebuli brZola calkeulma saeklesio pirebma qadagebebSi koperniki da galileo eretikosebad moixsenies inkviziciam ramdenime saCivari miiRo florencieli RvTismsaxurebisgan agorebul kampanias SeuerTdnen aristoteles momxreebi, romlebmac galileos samyaros tradiciuli suraTis dangreva ver apaties. braldebebi erTi tipis iyo: heliocentrizmi ewinaaRmdegeba garkveul adgilebs bibliaSi, magaliTad, ieso naves Zes ambavs, romelmac mze gaaCera, amdenad, misi mimdevrebi arian eretikosebi. imxanad es Zalian saxifaTo braldeba iyo: 1600 wels mwvaleblobaSi braldebuli jordano bruno cocxlad dawves romSi. brunos ganaCenze kardinal belarmines xelmowerac iyo.

galileom Tavis dasacavad ori sajaro werili gamoaqveyna, romlebSic scada, daemtkicebina, rom kopernikis moZRvreba ar ewinaaRmdegeba wminda werils. misi ganmartebiT, wminda werilis is monakveTebi, sadac samyaros agebulebazea saubari, ar unda gavigoT sityvasityviT. galileos TqmiT, samyaros wigni arasodes ewinaaRmdegeba biblias, winaaRmdegoba mcdari interpretaciis Sedegia. galileo kidev ufro Sors wavida: misi azriT, bunebis Semecneba ar aris Teologebis saqme, isini mxolod sulieri da moraluri sakiTxebiT unda Semoifarglon.

galileo aCvenebs kozimo II mediCis iupiteris Tanavarskvlaveds

kardinali belarmine (1542-1621)

am werilebma, situaciis ganmuxtvis nacvlad, Teologebi ganarisxa. 1615 wlis miwuruls, braldebebis uarsayofad, kopernikis ideebisa da sakuTari reputaciis dasacavad, galileo romSi gaemgzavra is grZnobda, rom eklesia apirebda heliocentrizmis akrZalvas da ganzraxuli hqonda, es ar daeSva mas hqonda kardinal belarmines da papis imedi, romlebic romSi wina vizitis dros Tbilad gaumaspinZldnen. galileos mxolod SiSi ar amoZravebda, is gulwrfelad morwmune kaTolike iyo, mwvaleblobis braldebebi udides usamarTlobad miaCnda da Zalian stkenda guls.

1616 wels heliocentrizmis Sesaswavlad romSi Seiqmna sagamoZiebo komisia, romelSic inkvizitorebic Sediodnen galileos bedic am komisias unda gadaewyvita komisiam heliocentrizmi cno absurdul da mwvaleblur doqtrinad, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba wminda werils, Teologias da filosofias. es verdiqti SeiZleboda sicocxlis fasad dasjdomoda galileos, magram papma sxvagvarad gadawyvita man galileosTan miavlina kardinali belarmine, romelmac gaacno komisiis gadawyvetileba da urCia, kopernikis moZRvrebis propagandirebisgan Tavi Seekavebina es Segoneba Sefaruli muqara iyo, gajiutebas mZime Sedegebi mohyveboda galileom dado piroba, rom arc sityvierad, arc werilobiT aRar daicavda heliocentrizms. papi piradad dahpirda, rom vidre is cocxali iqneboda, galileos sicocxlesac araferi daemuqreboda mas Semdeg, rac xmebi dair-

xa, rom galileom dagmo heliocentrizmi da sasjelic daekisra, man belarmines mosTxova sabuTi, romliTac reputaciis Semlaxavi Worebisgan daicavda Tavs belarminem Txovna Seusrula sabuTSi ewera, rom galileos ar daugmia sakuTari Sexedulebebi, arc dasjila, SeeZlo gamoeyenebina „kopernikis hipoTeturi modeli“ astronomiuli gamoTvlebisTvis da ubralod ekrZaleboda kopernikis ideebis dacva an gavrceleba am sabuTma didi roli Seasrula 1633 wels, rodesac galileo meored warsdga inkvizitorebis winaSe.

galilei droebiT CamoSorda saxifaTo polemikas kopernikis moZRvrebis garSemo.

papi pavle V (1550-1621)

kardinali mafeo barberini (papi urban VIII) (1568-1644)

jordano bruno (1548-1600)

galileo galilei

meore procesi

1623 wels galileom gamoaqveyna didi naSromi, romelSic Camoayaliba samecniero meTodis safuZvlebi swored am wignSi gvxvdeba fraza, romelic kargad gadmoscems galileos Sexedulebebs: „filosofia weria am diad wignSi, samyaroSi, romelic mudmivad gadaSlilia Cven Tvalwin; magram wignis gageba SeuZlebelia, sanam mkiTxveli ar iswavlis enas da im asoebis kiTxvas, romlisganac is Sedgeba. is dawerilia maTematikis enaze, xolo misi asoebia samkuTxedebi, wrewirebi da sxva geometriuli figurebi, romelTa gareSec SeuZlebelia, adamianma Tundac erTi sityva gaigos“.

naSromis publikacia daemTxva imas, rom galileos megobari, misi niWis Tayvanismcemeli da mfarveli, mafeo barberini, gaxda romis papi urban VIII-is saxeliT. galileom nacad xerxs mimarTa da naSromi urbans miuZRvna; Semdeg romSi gaemgzavra da paps Sexvda papma galileis neba darTo, daewera wigni samyaros modelebis Sesaxeb, oRond gaafrTxila, kopernikis modelze esaubra, rogorc hipoTezaze da ara – rogorc WeSmaritebaze

„dialogi samyaros ori sistemis Sesaxeb“ gamoica 1632 wels dialogSi personaJi saxelad salviati aJRerebs galileos pozicias, simpliCio ki icavs aristoteles da geocentrizms salviati Tavis Sexedulebebs maTematikurad asabuTebs, xSirad, galileis aRmoCenebsac iSveliebs; simpliCio komikuri personaJia, romelic bevrs verafers upirispirebs salviatis. dialogis bolos simpliCios mohyavs urban VIII-is sayvareli Teologiuri argumenti kopernikis winaaRmdeg

galileo inkviziciis winaSe 1615 wels

erTi versiiT, papma sulel simpliCioSi sakuTari Tavi amoicno da risxvamac ar daayovna sxva versiiT, papis reaqcia aixsneba imiT, rom mowinaaRmdegeebi urbans kaTolicizmis arasakmarisad xist dacvas abralebdnen, sust da eretikosebisadmi lmobier papad gamosaxavdnen imxanad evropaSi kontrreformacia mimdinareobda – kaTolicizmi samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi iyo Cabmuli protestantizmTan, mZvinvarebda ocdaaTwliani omi. mZime braldebebis gasaqarwyleblad da zedmeti liberalizmiT Selaxuli imijis gasaumjobeseblad urban VIII-m did politikur TamaSSi paikiviT gawira Tavisi megobari galileo

galileo inkviziciis winaSe 1633 wels

papis brZanebiT Seiqmna galileos wignis Semswavleli komisia, romelmac daaskvna, rom galileom kopernikis sistema wignSi ara hipoTezad, aramed realobis amsaxvel modelad warmoaCina. saqmeSi inkvizicia CaerTo. 1633 wels galileo romSi ixmes da 1616 wels dadebuli piroba Seaxsenes Tavis dasacavad man ukve gardacvlili belarmines werili waradgina saqme CixSi Sevida xangrZlivi ganxilvis da ganuwyveteli zewolis pirobebSi, avadmyofobiT gatanjuli 70 wlis galileo inkvizitorebTan garigebaze wavida da aRiara, rom gascda belarmines mier dawesebul farglebs: wignSi kopernikis Teoriis aRwerisas gadaameta, rac SeiZleboda aRqmuliyo, rogorc kopernikis Teoriis dacva. is mwvaleblobaSi eWvmitanilad cnes, aiZules, oficialurad daegmo kopernikis moZRvreba da samudamo Sinapatimroba miusajes. arcerTi wyaro ar adasturebs, TiTqos procesis bolos warmoTqva fraza „is mainc brunavs!“ galileo arasodes gamoumwyvdeviaT cixeSi, arc uwamebiaT. procesis dros is vatikanSi, toskanis elCis saxlSi cxovrobda, sicocxlis bolo wlebi ki arCetriSi, florenciis maxloblad mdebare vilaSi gaatara

galileo arCetriSic ganagrZobda muSaobas swored patimrobaSia Seqmnili misi Semajamebeli wigni „ori axali mecniereba“, romelSic Tavmoyrilia mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi moZraobis da masalaTa gamZleobis Sesaxeb. naSromSi ganxilulia inerciis da moZraobis fardobiTobis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, romlebic klasikur meqanikas daedo safuZvlad (niutonis pirveli kanoni galileos mier Camoyalibebuli inerciis principia) bedis ironiiT, adamianma, romelmac usasrulo sivrceSi gaixeda da kacobriobis Tvalsawieri ukideganod gaafarTova, sicocxlis bolo wlebi srul wyvdiadSi gaatara usinaTlo galileo 1642 wels gardaicvala. toskanis hercogs surda, galileosTvis aRemarTa akldama florenciis taZar santa kroCeSi, sadac misi winaprebi asvenia, magram am survils romis papi aRudga win – mwvab b S W m n bs m bs r S n b n – SeuTvala gulRrZo urbanma mediCis

XX saukunis miwuruls romis papma, ioane pavle II-m, galileos reabilitaciis procesi wamoiwyo erTerT gamosvlaSi man brZana, rom galileom „bevri usamarTloba iwvnia eklesiisgan da misi msaxurebisgan“. papis TqmiT, mas devnidnen adamianebi, romlebic ver xvdebodnen, rom samecniero WeSmariteba da religiuri rwmena erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba daaxloebiT imave dros iupiteris Tanamgzavrebisken gaemgzavra NASA-s aparati „galileo “ did mecniers da gulmxurvale kaTolikes orive ambavi gauxardeboda

galileo galilei, mxatvari otavio leoni

galileo galilei

jim korbeti kaciWamiebze monadire da bunebis mcveli

arCil qiqoZe

jim korbetis wignSi „rudrapraiagis leopardi“ (qarTulad am wignis saTauri arasworadaa naTargmni da mas „rudrapraiagis avaza“ hqvia) aris erTi momenti, romelic xSirad maxsendeba. avtori RamiT leSTan usafrdeba kaciWamia leopards, romelsac as oc adamianze meti hyavs mokluli. es nadiri yvelaze frTxili da veragia maT Soris, viszec ki unadiria. radgan leSis garSemo xe ar aris, monadire safars miwaze awyobs, zurgiT kldezea miyudebuli da mTvariani Ramis imedi aqvs, magram mTvares Rrublebi faravs, iwyeba kokispiruli wvima da korbeti srul sibneleSi aRmoCndeba. monadire Tavad xdeba sanadiro obieqti. yovel wuTs elis, rom leopardi Caafrindeba. kunapet sibneleSi misi Tofic gamousadegari xdeba. korbeti pijaks ixdis da yelze ixvevs, radgan leopardi Tavis msxverpls mudam yelSi asobs eSvebs. xelSi bRujavs qaSmirul xanjals, romlis tarzec sami naWdevia, rac imas niSnavs, rom wina patrons amiT sami adamiani hyavs mokluli. „rodesac am naWdevebis mniSvneloba amixsnes, mivxvdi, rom gulisamrevi suveniri viyide, magram axla, am bnel RameSi, mainc bednieri viyavi, rom xelSi meWira“.

riski jim korbetis cxovrebis nawili iyo. ori msoflio omis monawile oficeri da kaciWamia mtaceblebze monadire, xSirad uyurebda sikvdils TvalebSi, magram is avdriani, bneli Rame, rodesac indoeTis yvelaze saSiS mxecTan xanjlis amara darCa, mainc gamorCeulad sazareli iyo misTvis. wignis kiTxvisas amas naTlad xvdebi.

jim korbetis qarTulad naTargmni wignebi bavSvobaSi Seviyvare da sul axlaxan gadavikiTxe, roca gavige, rom indoeTSi mivemgzavrebodi ukve am jadosnur qveyanaSi moxvedrili, mxolod korbetis „kumaonis kaciWamiebs“, „taZris vefxvs“, „rudrapariagis leopards“ vkiTxulobdi da mjeroda, rom es wignebi da maTi avtori damexmarebodnen vefxvi menaxa da, mgoni, damexmarnen kidec, magram amaze – cota gvian.

iyo dro, rodesac didi britaneTi yvelaze Zlevamosili saxelmwifo iyo da naxevar msoflioze batonobda misi kolonia iyo indoeTic, romlis marTva sulac ar iyo advili saqme, magram ingliselebma mainc moaxerxes, rom morCilebaSi hyolodaT mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri indoeTi, romelic maSinac da dResac evropisgan da mTeli msofliosgan absoluturad gansxvavebuli qveyanaa

yvela ingliseli rodi uZlebda indoeTis tropikul daavadebebs, gamudmebul ajanyebebs, adgilobriv wes-Cveulebebs da Tundac garSemo gamefebul siRatakes viRacisTvis indoeTSi samxedro an sajaro samsaxuri sasjeli iyo, viRaca ki am qveyanas iyvarebda da iq samudamod rCeboda eseni gamorCeulad Zlieri adamianebi iyvnen

jim korbeti 1875 wels daibada indoeTis CrdiloeTSi, kumaonis olqSi. is merve Svili iyo TeqvsmetSvilian ojaxSi, romlis ukve ramdenime Taoba cxovrobda indoeTSi jim korbetis maminacvali gadamdgari samxedro iyo da daba nainitalSi fostis ufrosad muSaobda adgili, sadac momavali monadire gaizarda, himalais mTiswineTSi mdebareobs misi bavSvobis dros ki nainitals gars gauvali tyeebi – junglebi ertya

dResac ki, rodesac indoeTis mosaxleoba raodenobiT sadacaa CineTisas gauswrebs, sadac milioniani qalaqebi „patarebad“ miiCneva, xolo asi aTasiani dasaxlebebi – sof-

lad, am qveyanaSi mogzaurobisas gaocebs adamianebis da gareuli nadir-frinvelis mWidro Tanacxovreba. mtacebeli frinvelebi qalaqis nagavSi iqeqebian, parkebSi, xeebze, uzarmazar Ramurebs – mfrinav meliebs aqvT koloniebi mowyobili, Sxamiani gvelebis an maTze monadire mangustis naxva qalaqis centralur ubnebSi SeiZleba, xolo imave qalaqebSi maimunebi ufro metia, vidre

jim korbeti (marcxniv) da-ZmasTan erTad

jim korbeti

nainitali

quCis ZaRlebi. es Tanacxovreba Zalian did STabeWdilebas axdens. xolo korbetis bavSvobasa da axalgazrdobaSi, roca tyeebs ganuzomlad didi adgili ekava, indoeTi nadir-frinveliT usazRvrod mdidari iyo. bunebaze Seyvarebuli patara biWic usasrulod daexeteboda TofiT nainitalis garSemo da nel-nela Tavisi qveynis floris da faunis ubadlo mcodne xdeboda. diax, indoeTi misi samSoblo iyo da sxva samSoblo korbets ara hqonia inglisSi mas arasodes ucxovria, mSobliuri indoeTi ki sigiJemde uyvarda misi pirveli gamyolebic da bunebis ana-banas maswavleblebic indusi brakonierebi iyvnen rogorc TviTon wers mogonebebis wignSi „Cemi indoeTi“, aTi wlisa marto iZinebda miwaze, tyeSi, romelic vefxvebiT iyo savse pirveli leopardi ki cxra wlisam mokla

korbeti bavSvobidan daeufla junglis sibrZnes tyis yvela xmauris da Cqamis mniSvneloba icoda, SeeZlo kvalis kiTxva da frinvelebisa da cxovelebis mibaZva. mogvianebiT, erT-erTi kaciWamia vefxvi man amZuvnebuli dedali vefxvis xmiT miityua da ramdenime metris manZilidan mokla aseve SeeZlo vefxvis da leopardis gadaadgileba Se-

etyo junglis sxva binadrebis atexili xmauriT, iqneboda es patara iremi karkeri, maimuni languri, TeTrTava bulbuli Tu sxva cxovel-frinveli, romlebic mtaceblis gamoCenaze gangaSs texen rodesac me korbetis sacxovrebeli da sanadiro adgilebidan xuTasi kilometriT daSorebul rantamboris nakrZalSi Sevedi, iq mxolod vefxvebi rodi vnaxe, Cemi TvaliT vixile korbetis wignebis sxva personaJebi – irmebi, zambarebi da Citalebi, maimuni langurebi raRacnairi momzadebuli viyavi am SexvedrisTvis es xom is arsebebi iyvnen, romelTa Sesaxeb amdeni wamekiTxa, amdeni warmomedgina da mefiqra axla ki maT vxedavdi da maTi xmebi mesmoda. TiTqos fokusi gavaswore durbindSi, fotoaparatSi andac sakuTar TvalebSi, romliTac samyaros vxedav, wigns vkiTxulob. rantamboris nakrZalSi Sevabije, korbetis aRwerili junglis binadrebi sakuTari TvaliT vnaxe da wakiTxulsa da naocnebars xorci Seesxa im dRes...

Cemi statiis gmirma ki 19 wlisam daaneba swavlas Tavi da rkinigzaze daiwyo muSaoba, jer – rogorc sawvavis inspeqtorma da mere – rogorc mtvirTavebis xelmZRvanelma, mdinare gangis sanapiroze, biharis StatSi

mfrinavi meliebi indoeTSi

maimunebi indoeTis qalaqSi

arsebul mokama xatis rkinigzis sadgurze cxovrebis es periodi korbets iseve eamayeboda, rogorc kaciWamia vefxvebis da leopardebis ganadgureba, es mis wignebSi kargad Cans mtvirTavebad mas, ra Tqma unda, indoelebi hyavda – indusebi (induizmis mimdevrebi) da muslimebi induistebi maSinac da dResac warmoSobis mixedviT dayofilia kastebad, romelTa Soris umaRlesi – brahmanebi (orjer dabadebulebi), umdablesi ki xelSeuxeblebi arian. kastaTa Soris ar arsebobs qorwineba, zogjer ar arsebobs aranairi kontaqti, radgan erTT keTilSobiluri warmoSobisad miaCniaT Tavi, meoreebs ki – umdablesad, indoelebisTvis Cveuli fatalizmiT Seguebuli arian sakuTar beds da imis imedad arian, rom reinkarnaciis (meored dabadebis) Semdeg SeiZleba sxva sxeulSi dabadebuli maTi suli sazogadoebrivi ierarqiis ufro maRal safexurze aRmoCndes.

es Zalian rTuli sazogadoebaa, romelsac dResac uWirs erToblivi ZalisxmeviT saxelmwifos Seneba. am xalxis marTva Wirs dResac da Wirda maSinac, miT ufro – ingliselisTvis. korbetma SeZlo kastaTa Soris lavireba, moaxerxa, rom is, rogorc ufrosi da xelmZRvaneli, yvela qveSevrdomma Seiyvara, radgan Tavad kargad icnobda am xalxs da iTvaliswinebda maT saWiroebebs da religiur Taviseburebebs. korbeti uyvardaT, samarTlianad miaCndaT. yvela gaWirvebuls

SeeZlo misgan fulis sesxeba is maT ganaTlebazec zrunavda, sakuTari muSebis SvilebisTvis xsnida ufaso skolebs da sjeroda indoeTis da misi xalxis sidiadis Tavad ingliseli pirdapir werda, rom mova dro da indoeTi gaTavisufldeba da Rirseul, damoukidebel saxelmwifos Seqmniso

rkinigzaze muSaobisas daiwyo korbetma kaciWamia vefxvebze nadiroba. Tuki dRes indoeTSi sami aTasi vefxvic aRar aris darCenili, XX saukunis dasawyisSi maTi raodenoba asi aTass aRwevda es uzarmazari mtacebeli da adamiani gverdigverd cxovrobdnen da maT Soris konfliqti gardauvali iyo sxvaTa Soris, es konfliqti dRemde arsebobs da indoeTSi yovelwliurad aTi adamiani mainc iRupeba vefxvis klanWebSi (leopardebisgan, romlebic pirdapir qalaqebis gareubnebSi cxovroben, mokluli adamianebis ricxvi gacilebiT didia), maSin ki situacia bevrad mZime iyo korbeti bavSvobidan icnobda vefxvebs da esmoda, rom Cveulebriv, nadiri adamians gaurbis, Tavs arasodes

rantamboris nakrZali, arCil qiqoZis fotoebi

jim korbeti

esxmis, magram ama Tu im mizeziT dasaxiCrebuli mtacebeli, romelic gareuli nadiris, irmebis Tu sxva Cliqosnebis monadirebis unars kargavs, msxverplad ufro susts, adamians, irCevs erTxel gaigebs mis gemos, gadaabijebs orfexis mimarT instinqtur SiSs, mixvdeba, ra advili mosanadirebeli yofila adamiani, kaciWamia xdeba da maSin indoeTis soflebs namdvili ubedureba atydeba Tavs.

Campavatis kaciWamiis saxeliT cnobili pirveli kaciWamia vefxvi 31 wlis korbetma 1907 wels mokla es iyo mxeci, romelsac adamianTa ganadgurebis absoluturi rekordi – 436 sicocxle ekuTvnis pirveli orasi adamiani vefxvma nepalSi mokla da mas mere, rac iqidan mTeli nepaluri armiis ZalisxmeviT gamoaZeves, mezobel kumaonSi daido bina da iq gaagrZela „moRvaweoba“. kumaoneli indusebi mas „SaiTans“ (eSmaks) eZaxdnen. rodesac korbetis tyviam vefxvi gangmira, mis nakuwebad daglejas asobiT adgilobrivi glexi Seecada. arc aris gasakviri – raionebi, sadac wlebis manZilze esa Tu is kaciWamia boginebda, namdvili teroris qveS imyofeboda. vefxvebis da leopardebis SiSiT mTliani soflebi icleboda da sacxovreblad sxva, ufro usafrTxo adgilas gadadioda. andac, vefxvi dRisiT, mzisiT mTeli soflis Tvalwin itacebda qalsa Tu kacs da veravin bedavda mis gamodevnebas, imdenad didi iyo es pirvelyofili SiSi.

da mainc, aRwerili aTasi ubedurebis miuxedavad, korbetis wignebi advili da kargi sakiTxavia maTTvis, visac buneba uyvars da

ainteresebs es bunebis ubadlo mcodnis, namdvili profesionalis naweria, Tanac iseTis, literaturuli niWic rom aqvs msgavsi literatura axalgazrdobaSi bevri maqvs wakiTxuli, magram korbetisTana sxva avtori ar Semxvedria

kaciWamia nadirs is mudam marto udgeboda kvalSi, radgan mxolod sakuTari Tavis imedad erCivna yofna. vefxvebis da leopardebis saqcieli winaswar SeeZlo ganeWvrita magaliTad, vefxma ar icis, rom adamians susti ynosva aqvs da masac ise epareba, rogorc irems an gareul Rors miepareboda, qaris mimarTulebas iTvaliswinebs da Tavdasasxmelad iseT kuTxes irCevs, rom niavi adamianisgan misken qrodes da ara – piriqiT amitomac vefxvze monadire korbeti arasodes moZraobda qaris sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, raTa zurgi daculi hqonoda junglSi siarulisas imnair zigzagebs akeTebda, rom safrTxe mudam mis win an gverdiT yofiliyo am kacisTvis araferi iyo xis totze Ramis Teneba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Zilic miuxedavad imisa, rom kaciWamiebis ganadgureba saWiro da aucilebel saqmed miaCnda da did kmayofilebas hgvrida, arasodes ezizReboda nadiri, romelsac kvalSi edga. icoda, rom vefxvi kaciWamia ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo gaxda da ara sakuTari surviliT da yovel jerze amis dasturs mokluli nadiris sxeulSi poulobda – rogorc wesi, es iyo an bedovlaTi monadiris nasroli tyvia, romelmac vefxvi daasaxiCra da Cveuli siswrafe daakargvina an maCvzRarbas ekali, romelic am cxovelze Tavdasxmisas nadirs TaTSi esoba da samudamod akoWlebs.

rudrapraiagis leopardi

jim korbeti da vefxvi `SaiTani~

korbeti wers, rom leopardebis kaciWamiebad qcevis mizezi sxva iyo indoeTSi micvalebulebs wvaven da maT ferfls mdinares atanen aseTia am qveynis mosaxleobis induisturi nawilis dakrZalvis ceremonia, magram saSineli epidemiebis dros, roca saxlidan gamosvla da sxvebTan kontaqti TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, micvalebuls ubralod nakverCxals udebdnen pirSi da xramSi agdebdnen, leopardebi ki leSiT ikvebebodnen da adamianis xorcs eCveodnen. swored didi epidemiis Semdeg gamoCnda rudrapraiagis leopardi, yvelaze eSmaki cxoveli, romelze nadirobac korbets Tveebis ganmavlobaSi mouwia da am nadirobas mTeli wigni miuZRvna.

unda iTqvas, rom ufro adre korbets mokluli hyavda sxva kaciWamia leopardic, romelmac oTxasi adamiani imsxverpla, magram es nadiri Zalian miyruebul provinciaSi moqmedebda da mis Sesaxeb bevrma ar icoda. rudrapraiagis kaciWamia ki adamianebze nadirobda mlocvelTa gzaze, romelzec induisturi siwmindeebis mosanaxuleblad yovel wels aTi aTasobiT adamiani mimodioda. vefxvisgan gansxvavebiT, leopardi mxolod RamiT nadirobs, es nadiri ki pirdapir saxlebidan da momlocvelTa sadgomebidan

korbeti aSenebs samalav qoxs leopardze sanadirod

jim korbeti

itacebda msxverpls masze werdnen gazeTebi, misi mokvlisTvis dawesebuli iyo premiebi, magram leopardi mudam gamarjvebuli rCeboda korbetTan dapirispirebaSic man araerTi raundi moigo, magram mravalTviani nadirobis Semdeg monadirem mainc ajoba da mokla qalaq rudrapraigis gareubanSi xidan umTvaro RamiT marjved nasroli tyviiT. Txis Savi cikani, romliTac korbetma kaciWamia miityua da romelic leopardis Tavdasxmas gadaurCa, patronis movlis sagani da Semosavlis wyaro gaxda. mTel indoeTSi is yvelaze cnobili Txa iyo da Rrma siberemde uzrunvelad icocxla. mangos xec, romelzec korbets safari hqonda mowyobili, Tayvaniscemis Tavisebur adgilad iqca da, ra Tqma unda, monadireze didxans icocxla. internetSi am xis fotoebic arsebobs. Zvel suraTebze is marto dgas, mere mis garSemo qalaqi Sendeba, xe berdeba... axla ukve isic aRar arsebobs.

pirveli kaciWamia vefxvi korbetma 31 wlisam mokla, ukanaskneli ki – 60 wels gadacilebulma. mTeli 30 weli es adamiani erTaderTi imedi iyo SiSisgan paralizebuli mosaxleobisTvis. mas RmerTiviT eTayvanebodnen, masSi mxsnels xedavdnen da elodnen.

Txa, romlis daxmarebiTac korbetma mokla rudrapraiagis leopardi

oRond es adamiani meti iyo, vidre ubralod monadire. man pirvelma ganWvrita, rom indoeTis bunebas da mis mSvenebas – vefxvs –dacva sWirdeboda mas ekuTvnis mSobliur kumaonSi erovnuli parkis Seqmnis idea amisTvis Zala ar dauSurebia sibereSi Tofs foto da kinoaparati amjobina. iRebda vefxvebs bunebaSi da cdilobda maT gadarCenas. es ki sul ar iyo advili saqme inglisuri koloniuri mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi da indusi feodalebi vefxvebze uzarmazar nadirobebs awyobdnen. am nadirobebis masStabi rom agixsnaT, mxolod erT faqts moviyvan. jaipuris rajis mTavari Sikari (monadire), polkovniki kesri singxi, Tavis wignSi „rajastanis vefxvebi“ wers, rom mxolod mas aTasi vefxvi hyavs mokluli. misnairebi ki bevrni iyvnen. korbeti amas yvelafers xedavda da icoda, rom vefxvTan erTad indoeTi Zvirfas ganZs dakargavda Zalisxmevam Sedegi gamoiRo da misi mSobliuri nainitalis midamoebSi marTla Seiqmna pirveli daculi teritoria, romelsac dRes misi saxeli –korbetis erovnuli parki hqvia da SigniT, sxva mraval nadirTan erTad, 260-mde vefxvic binadrobs

indoeTSi rom mivdiodi, guli, ra Tqma unda, korbetis erovnuli parkisken miwevda, im adgilisken, sadac odesRac es kaci daiareboda jer TofiT da mere fotoaparatiT SeiaraRebuli, magram bolos mainc rajastanSi arsebuli rantamboris nakrZali varCie, radgan naTeli tyis da naxevarudabnos landSaftis wyalobiT masSi ufro advilia vefxvis naxva, korbetis parki ki uzarmazaria da iqauri tyeebi – uRrani me vnaxe vefxvebi – es sanaxaoba Cemi cxovrebis erT-erT mTavar ambad iqca da, marTalia, rajastanidan kumaonamde Soria, magram korbetis da misi wignebis wyaloba iyo, rom iq aRmovCndi da am didebul nadirs velur bunebaSi vucqire

dRes vefxvi indoeTSi mxolod qveynis simbolo rodia, is aTasobiT adamianis Semosavlis wyaroa vefxvis sanaxavad indoeTis dacul teritoriebs milionobiT adamiani stumrobs. rom ara vefxvi, am tyeebsac aRaravin mouvlis, ar gaufrTxildeba, maTac sasoflo savargulebad an axali qalaqebisTvis adgilis mosaclelad gaCexaven da aRar iarsebebs mravali sxva cxoveli, romelzec es didebuli mxeci nadirobs.

indoeTSi vefxvi daculia da am dacvis saTaveebTan maTze yvelaze ganTqmuli monadire dgas.

fotoebi korbetis erovnuli parkidan

jim korbeti

korbetma mSobliuri indoeTi 1947 wels datova, im wels, rodesac qveyanam britaneTisgan damoukidebloba moipova korbeti afrikaSi, keniaSi, gadasaxlda oficialurad, indoeTidan wasvlis mizezi misi malariiT Seryeuli janmrTeloba iyo, Tavad Cveni moTxrobis gmirs arasodes uTqvams augi indoel xalxze, magram SesaZloa manac sxva ingliselebiviT ganicada Seviwroeba da usafrTxoebis mizniT mouwia axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifos datoveba SeiZleba misTvisac ar moinaxa axal indoeTSi adgili, romlis damoukideblobas mudam winaswarmetyvelebda da am gzaze indoelebs mudam usurvebda warmatebas

afrikaSi dawera wignebi, romlebmac msoflio aRiareba moutana da romlebic sxva bevr enasTan erTad, qarTuladac iTargmna me didi imedi maqvs, rom am statiis wamkiTxvelebs misi wignebis gacnobac moundebaT da vici, es did sixaruls moutanT, TvalTaxedvas gaufarToebT

moxucebulobaSi korbeti erTi istoriuli faqtis mowme gaxda: afrikas stumrobda britaneTis princesa elisabedi, romelmac ganTqmuli monadiris da mwerlis gacnoba moindoma. maTi Sexvedra gaimarTa egzotikur sastumroSi, romelic giganturi fikusis xis totebSi iyo aSenebuli 1952 wlis 5-6 Tebervlis Rame iyo ise moxda, rom im Rames inglisSi princesis mama, britaneTis mefe georg VI gardaicvala

diliT jim korbetma sastumros STabeWdilebebis wignSi aseTi Canaweri datova:

„msoflios istoriaSi pirvelad moxda, rom axalgazrda gogona xeze princesad avida da ukan dedofali Camovida RmerTi hfaravdes!“

diax, is princesa yvelasaTvis cnobili elisabed II iyo

jim korbeti ki, romelsac arasodes hyolia col-Svili, 1955 wlis 19 aprils gardaicvala keniis dedaqalaq nairobiSi, Tavis meeqvse da ukanaskneli wignis dasrulebidan ramdenime dReSi

sastumro xeze

antuan de sent-egziuperi

mfrinavi, romelmac „patara princi“ dawera

levan berZeniSvili

antuan Jan-batist mari roJe de sent-egziuperi iyo martin lui mari Jan de sent-egziuperisa da andre mari luiz moie de fonkolombis Ze; misi ded-mama umaRles frangul aristokratias miekuTvneboda antuani iyo frangi mwerali, poeti, mfrinavi, reportiori da legenda

oTx da-ZmasTan erTad gaatara bednieri bavSvoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom mama 41 wlis asakSi TavSi sisxlis CaqceviT gardaecvala. mari de sent-egziuperi xuT Svils zrdida, raSic mas avstrieli guverniori qali – paula henSteli exmareboda. romanSi „samxedro mfrinavi“ avtori am qalis mimarT pativiscemas ase gamoxatavs:

„mexsieriT davbrundi bavSvobaSi, rom xaxla aRmoCino CemTvis suvereni dacvis grZnoba ci daucvia raki ci xar, ganwiri xar magram vis ra SeuZlia patara biWis winaaRmdeg, romlis xic yoisSemZle paas uWiravs? paa, me Seni aCrdili fariviT vixmare “

antuanis deda mZimed ganicdida udroo qvrivobas, Tumca optimisturi buneba saSualebas aZlevda, Tavis Tavze aRebuli valdebulebebi Seesrulebina. antuans dedam brwyinvale ganaTleba misca, rac ioli ar iyo martoxela qalisTvis. dedisgan gamohyva mis mier gaRmerTebul Svils Rirebulebebi, romlebsac igi mTeli sicocxle inarCunebda: patiosneba, sxvebis pativiscema yovelgvari qedmaRlobisa da socialuri gansxvavebebis gareSe.

aT wlamde antuanis bavSvoba or cixesimagreSi mimdinareobda, es iyo la-molis koSki vareSi, bebiamisis (dedis dedis) sakuTreba da sen-moris-de-remanis koSki enSi, deidamisis, madam trikos sakuTreba

1908 wels lionSi qristianul skolaTa saZmos merve klasSi moxvda 1909 wlis zafxulis bolos mari de sent-egziuperi bavSvebTan erTad le-manSi gadavida, sadac antuani Sevida kolejSi notr-dam-de-sent-krua saSualo moswavle iyo, mas axasiaTeben, rogorc meocnebesa da udisciplinos, mas aSkarad sxva, Soreuli samyaro izidavda, Tavgadasavlebi swyuroda, bavSvobidanve cdilobda, Tavi daeRwia Tavisi mosawyeni aristokratiuli garemocvisTvis.

1912 wels zafxulis ardadegebi sen-moris-de-remanSi gaatara TviTmfrinavebiT iyo gatacebuli da velosipediT xSirad midioda amberie-an-biuJes aeroportSi, romelic misgan ramdenime kilometrSi mdebareobda da iq saaTobiT rCeboda, meqanikosebs TviTmfrinavis muSaobaze aTas kiTxvas usvamda erTxel mfrinav gabriel salvesTan isaubra da daarwmuna, TiTqos dedam TviTmfrinaviT frenis neba darTo swored amitom misi sahaero naTloba moxda W2bis TviTmfrinaviT, romelic vilerbanSi Zmeb gabriel da pier vroblevskebs augiaT SemdgomSi leqsi dauweria, romliTac TviTmfrinavebisadmi Tavisi mgznebare vneba gamouxatavs:

saRamos qari, frTis caxcaxi, Zravis simRera, mTemare sis gamoRviZa da Semoxed Camali da fermkrli mzisa

antuani da-ZmebTan erTad

martin lui mari Jan de sent-egziuperi (1863-1904)

andre mari luiz moie de fonkolombi (1875-1972)

egziuperi

amgvarad, sent-egziuperim TiTqmis mTeli bavSvoba sagvareulo cixesimagreSi gaatara Zmisa da debis garemocvaSi pirveli msoflio omi rom daiwyo, mari de sent-egziuperi amberie-an-biuJes hospitlis ufros meddad dainiSna bavSvebi TavisTan gadaiyvana ori vaJi, antuani da fransua, iezuitur kolejSi moewyvnen staJiorebad amrigad, axalgazrda antuans SeeZlo Tavi mieZRvna mwerlobisTvis, mas saSualo skolaSi erT-erT eseSi Txrobis ostatobisTvis specialuri prizic miuRia

1915 wels, saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi, mari de sent-egziuperim, romelic jerac amberie-an-buJeSi imyofeboda, igrZno, rom mis vaJebs iezuiti mamebi maincadamainc ar moswondaT deda cdilobda bavSvebi daecva da isini SveicariaSi, friburgis kolejSi gadaiyvana iq gamoiyeneboda aRzrdis Tanamedrove meTodi, romelic Semoqmedebaze dafuZnebul principebs aRiarebda

antuani meocnebe studenti iyo, 1917 wels bakalavris xarisxi miiRo, miuxedavad imisa, rom cudi akademiuri Sedegebi hqonda samecniero sagnebs ukeT swavlobda, vidre literaturas zafxulSi misi umcrosi Zma, fransua, TamaSisas erTguli partniori da mesaidumle, perikarditiT gardaicvala sayvareli Zmis sikvdiliT gulmokluli antuani amas siymawvilidan didobaSi gadasvlis niSnad aRiqvamda.

antuanma samxedro-sazRvao akademiaSi konkursi ver gaiara da saxviTi xelovneba da arqiteqtura Seiswavla samxedro samsaxurSi 1922 wels piloti gaxda da 1926 wels safosto firma „latekoerma“ (SemdgomSi „aeropostalma“) daiqirava gadahqonda fosta tuluzidan senegalSi, xolo 1929 wels samxreT amerikaSi gadasaxlda swored am dros Camoyalibda mwerlad. mfrinavis gamocdilebam ukarnaxa pirveli romanebi: „samxreTis kurieri“ (1929) da, gansakuTrebiT, „Ramis frena“ (1931). debiuti warmatebuli aRmoCnda da man avtors `feminas~ prizi moutana.

1932 wlidan sent-egziuperi dRisiT

Jurnalisti iyo da RamiT – mfrinavi cnobili iyo humanitaruli Rirebulebebisadmi miZRvnili misi vrceli reportaJebi indoCineTidan (1934), moskovidan (1935), espaneTidan (1936). romanma „adamianTa miwa“, romelic 1939 wels gamoqveynda, safrangeTis akademiis mTavari prizi moutana.

W2bis TviTmfrinavi

gabriel da pier vroblevskebi

Semdeg wlebSi erTmaneTs uTavsebda mfrinavobasa da Jurnalistobas

1935 wlis 29 dekembers, Tavis meqanikos andre prevosTan erTad, kodro-reno simunis TviTmfrinaviT ganizraxa ganexorcielebina reisi parizi-saigoni, rom moexsna andre Japis rekordi 1935 wlis 30 dekembers, TiTqmis ocsaaTiani frenis Semdeg, adgilze orientaciisaTvis sent-egziuperim TviTmfrinavi miwas miuaxlova da kldes Seaskda ori mfrinavi saswaulebrivad gadaurCa sikvdils im primitiuli rukebiT, romlebic aRmoaCndaT, maT ar hqondaT zusti warmodgena imaze, Tu sad imyofebodnen. qviSis diunebSi gaWedilebis maragi iyo: ramdenime mtevani yurZeni, ori forToxali, namcxvari „madleni“, cotaodeni yava – erT TermosSi da cotaodeni Rvino – meoreSi. wamlebis maragad hqondaT: asi grami 90-procentiani spirti, amdenive sufTa eTeri da iodis patara flakoni. sent-egziuperi gadawyvets airCios aRmosavleTis mimarTuleba, „sicocxlis mimarTuleba“, romelsac gahyva giiome xuTi wlis win andebSi Tavisi saxelganTqmuli mogzaurobis dros. sasmelis maragi pirvelsave dRes amoewuraT, orive mfrinavma naxa miraJebi, hqondaT smeniTi halucinaciebi, romelTac mohyva ufro elvare halucinaciebi meore da mesame dRes imdenad gauwyloebulebi iyvnen, rom oflianoba SeuwydaT. meoTxe dRes isini beduinebma ipoves, adgilobriv rehidrataciis Terapias mimarTes da gadaarCines

sent-egziuperis Sedevri, „patara princi “ , romelic udabnoSi gaCxerili mfrinavis aRweriT iwyeba, savaraudod, swored am gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba.

„aTasobiT varskvlavs Soris oblad Cakaguli yvavili Tu Seiyvare, varskvlavis xilva bednierebad geqceva SenTvis fiqrob: „Cemi yvavili sadRac iq aris“ („patara princi“) – amboben, rom egziuperim „patara princi“ Tavisi meuRlis, konsuelos, STagonebiT dawera da iq gamoyvanili vardi, romelic patara princs uyvars, konsuelos saxea. antuanisa da konsuelos siyvaruli da Tanacxovreba, rogorc ambobdnen, winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, sadac iyo vnebac, sinazec, dapirispirebac, Cxubic, Ralatic; rom Znelad moiZebneboda qveyanaze esoden Seuferebeli wyvili, romelsac ase izidavda erTmaneTi; antuans aRwerdnen, rogorc saTuTi sulis romantikoss, konsuelos ki – rogorc cinikurs, gulgrilsa da aragulwrfels imasac ambobdnen, rom konsuelo Tormetbaliani qariSxaliviT iyo, maTi yofa ki vulkanze cxovrebas hgavda – roca qali skandalebs awyobda, WurWels amsxvrevda da yviroda, kaci iRimoda, TiTqos qalSi mxolod poezias, ocnebasa da fantaziis xorcSesxmas xedavda

1937 wels sent-egziuperi Tavis ganuyrel meqanikosTan erTad gafrinda sahaero gzebis aRmosaCenad; maT dafares 9000 kilometrze meti da aRmoaCines sahaero marSruti kasablankas, timbuqtusa da bamakos Soris.

antuan de sent-egziuperi da konsuelo gomes karilio

egziuperi

literatura

1938 wlis 15 Tebervals antuansa da andres niu-iorkisa da punta-arenasis sahaero dakavSirebis axali mcdeloba hqondaT aSSis 3,78-litriani (anu erTgaloniani) da didi britaneTis 4,54-litriani (britanuli galoni ufro mZimea) sazomebis aRrevis gamo maT zedmetad gadatvirTes simounis axali TviTmfrinavi da gvatemalidan afrenis dros daimsxvrnen asafren-dasafreni bilikis bolos. orive mfrinavi mZimed daSavda, maT daxmareba jer gvatemalaSi aRmouCines, Semdeg ki niu-iorkSi gadaiyvanes.

am Tavgadasavlebma antuans daugrova mogonebaTa, emociaTa da gancdaTa mTeli kompleqsi, romelic safuZvlad daedo adamianis daniSnulebis miseul koncefcias am koncefciam miiyvana igi „adamianTa miwis“ ideamde. swored am romanSi vpoulobT saxelganTqmul frazas, romelic anri giiomem warmoTqva; am kacs mieZRvna sent-egziuperis es cnobili wigni. ai, ra Tqva giiomem andebSi ubeduri SemTxvevis Semdeg: „rac me gavakeTe, geficebiT, imas arcerTi mxeci arasodes gaakeTebda“.

1943 wels amerikaSi gamoqveynda „patara princi“, inglisurad da frangulad, magram safrangeTSi igi mxolod omis damTavrebis Semdeg daistamba, radgan manamde sent-egziuperis qmnilebebi viSis samarcxvino reJims hqonda akrZaluli. es mcire romani gviyveba axalgazrda princze, romelic sxvadasxva planetas stumrobs, maT Soris dedamiwasac, da exeba martoobis, megobrobis, siyvarulisa da danakargis Temebs. miuxedavad sabavSvo wignis stilisa, „patara

princi“ Rrma dakvirvebas gvTavazobs sicocxleze, zrdasrul (ufros) adamianebsa da, zogadad, adamianis bunebaze. esaa uCveulo simsubuqiTa da adamianis bunebisadmi Rrma pesimizmiT gaJRenTili filosofiuri zRapari

sent-egziuperi da andre prevo

„patara princi“ sent-egziuperis yvelaze warmatebuli namuSevaria: msoflioSi misi 140 milioni egzemplari gaiyida, rac mas istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze ufro gayidvad wignad aqcevs igi Targmnilia 500-ze met enaze mTel msoflioSi, rac ama Tu im nawarmoebis TargmanTa mixedviT meore Sedegia da, am mxriv, igi mxolod biblias CamorCeba „patara princi“ adaptirebulia xelovnebis bevri formisa da masobrivi sainformacio saSualebisaTvis, maT Sorisaa audioCanawerebi, radiodadgmebi, cocxali scenebi, kino, televizia, baleti da opera.

mTxrobeli iwyebs ufrosebis bunebis ganxilvas da aRniSnavs, rom maT ar SeuZliaT „mniSvnelovani ambebis“ aRqma gamosacdelad, imis gasarkvevad, arian Tu ara ufrosebi iseTive, rogoric bavSvia, igi maT aCvenebs naxats, sadac gamosaxulia maxrCobela gveli, romelmac spilo gadaylapa biWi ufrosebs naxats aCvenebs da ekiTxeba, Cemi naxati SiSis zars Tu gcemTo ufrosebi mudam upasuxeben, rom saSiSi aq araferia, naxatze ubralo Slapaa gamosaxulio swored amitom mTxrobelma daaskvna, rom zrdasrul adamianebs yovel fexis nabijze axsna-ganmarteba sWirdebaT, ufrosi adamianebi verafers igeben, bavSvebisTvis ki Zalian damqancvelia yvelafris dawvrilebiT ganmarteba. amitom maTTan mxolod „gonivrul“ rameebze laparakobs da ara – fantaziebze.

mTxrobeli mfrinavi xdeba erTxel misi TviTmfrinavi saharis udabnoSi Camovardeba, Sors civilizaciisagan mTxrobels wylis rvadRiani maragi aqvs da man TviTmfrinavi unda SeakeTos aq mas moulodnelad Sexvdeba biWi – patara princi biWs oqros Tmebi aqvs, sayvareli sicili icis da SekiTxvebs manam imeorebs, sanam ar upasuxeben

princi mTxrobels sTxovs bekeka dauxatos mTxrobelma maxrCobela gveli boa dauxata princi sworad xedavs naxats da ambobs, gveli da spilo ar minda, gveli saSiSia, xolo spilo Zalian didia da CemTan ar daetevao mTxrobeli bekekas samjer xatavs, magram princs arcerTi ar moswons maSin mTxrobeli xatavs yuTs da acxadebs, rom bekeka swored am yuTSia princi aRfrTovanebulia da acxadebs, rom swored aseTi naxati sWirdeboda

`patara princis~ pirveli gamocema

rva dRis ganmavlobaSi, sanam mTxrobeli cdilobs TviTmfrinavis SekeTebas, princi Tavisi cxovrebis ambavs yveba igi mSobliuri, erTi pawia planetis aRweras iwyebs irkveva, rom es sinamdvileSi saxlisodena asteroidia, romelsac dedamiwaze icnoben, rogorc „asteroid b-612-s“ asteroidis yvelaze ufro SesamCnevi Tavisebureba sami cicqna vulkania (ori moqmedi da erTi mZinare, anu Camqrali) da uamravi mcenare.

princi aRwers Tavis Zvel dReebs, rodesac vulkanebs wmendda da baobabebis amoZirkviT iyo dakavebuli baobabi droulad unda amoiZirkvos, Torem Tu gaizarda, fesvebiT mTel planetas Seiwiravs swored amitom sWirdeba princs bekeka, romelmac patara baobabebi unda SeWamos; magram arsebobs safrTxe, rom bekekam SeiZleba ekliani mcenareebic SeWamos

princi gviyveba Tavis siyvarulze: mas pranWia da suleli vardi uyvars, romelic am cota xnis win amovida mis asteroidze vardi yvelafers akeTebs, rom yuradReba miipyros da aiZulos princi, masze izrunos princi ambobs, rom kvebavda vards, zrunavda masze, gaukeTa Tejiri, SuSis xufi, rom sicivisa da qarisgan daecva, wyalsac usxamda, muxluxoebsac aSorebda

marTalia, princs vardi Seuyvarda, magram male igrZno, rom vardi mas iyenebda da gadawyvita, daetovebina planeta, rom danarCeni samyaro Seeswavla gamomSvidobebisas vardi bodiSs uxdis, rom ar aCvena, rogor uyvarda vardi princs yvelafer saukeTesos usurvebs da uaryofs princis survils, SuSis xufi daaxuros, amtkicebs, rom Tavadac SeuZlia Tavi daicvas princi ganicdis, vardis siyvaruli rom ver dainaxa

Semdeg princma kidev eqvsi planeta moinaxula, TiToeul maTganze TiTo ufrosi asakis arc ise brZeni adamiani naxa: uqveSevrdomo xelmwife (pirveli planeta), romelic aucileblad Sesasrulebel brZanebebs gascems, magaliTad, mzes ubrZanebs, rom dRis dasasrulisas Cavides; pativmoyvare kaci (meore planeta), romelic sakuTari TaviT aRfrTovanebulia, radgan ukacriel planetaze igi yvelaze gamorCeuli adamiania; loTi (mesame planeta), romelic svams, rom daiviwyos loToba ra samarcxvinoa; saqmosani (meoTxe planeta), romelic varskvlavebis silamazes ver xedavs da amis nacvlad gamudmebiT iTvlis da aRricxavs, rom maT „daeuflos“ (aq aSkarad igrZnoba materializmis kritika); mefarne (mexuTe planeta, yvelaze patara), romlis planetaze

mTeli dRe erT wuTs grZeldeba mefarne uazrod xarjavs sicocxles, brmad asrulebs brZanebas, yovel oc-

daaT wamSi aanTos da Caaqros farani, rom Tavis planetaze dRe-Ramis monacvleobas Seesabamebodes; mxcovani geografi (meeqvse planeta, mexuTeze aTjer ufro didi), romelic arasodes arsad yofila da araferi unaxavs imaTgan, rasac guldasmiT iwers – es aSkara karikaturaa Tanamedrove samyaroSi specializaciaze swored geografi Seatyobinebs princs, rom vardi efemeruli arsebaa, romlis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili da urCevs mas, rom Semdeg jerze planeta dedamiwa moinaxulos. dedamiwaze viziti iwyeba kacobriobis ukiduresad pesimisturi SefasebiT.

eqvsi uazro adamiani, romlebsac princi gadaeyara, mTxrobelis sityvebiT, ufrosi asakis TiTqmis mTel samyaros warmoadgenen. dedamiwaze iyo: 111 xelmwife... 7 000 geografi, 900 000 saqmosani, 7 500 000 loTi, 311 000 000 pativmoyvare kaci – anu daaxloebiT 2 000 000 000 zrdasruli adamiani.

radgan princi udabnoSi daeSva, igi fiqrobda, rom dedamiwa dausaxlebelia. Semdeg igi yviTel gvels Sexvda, romelic amtkicebda, rom SeuZlia Sin daabrunos, Tuki odesme dabrunebas moisurvebs. princi Sexvda udabnos yvavilsac, romelmac uTxra, rom samyaros am nawilSi sul xuTiode adamiani arsebobs (qaravani unaxavs erTxel), isini ufesvoni arian da qari maT aqeT-iqiT daatarebs.

patara princi yvelaze maRal mTazec avida, rac ki odesme unaxavs, imedi hqonda, rom mTel dedamiwas dainaxavda da xalxs aRmoaCenda. amis sanacvlod, mxolod uzarmazari udabno dainaxa. rodesac princma daiZaxa, mas eqom upasuxa, romelic man mowyenil kacad aRiqva, romelic mxolod imeorebs imas, rasac meore ambobs.

princi vardebis uamrav buCqs gadaawyda da sevdam moicva, rodesac mixvda, rom misi sayvareli vardi unikaluri ar yofila imasac mixvda, rom didi princi araa, radgan mis planetaze mxolod sami cicqna vulkania da yvavili, romelic Cveulebrivi yvavili aRmoCnda dawva balaxze da atirda tiroda, sanam melia ar movida

melias undoda, rom igi moeTvinierebinaT da aswavla princs, rogor unda gaekeTebina es moTvinierebuli raRac Cveulebrividan araCveulebrivi da unikaluri xdeba amas naklic aqvs, radgan ganSorebisas sevda da mwuxareba Warbobs

egziuperi

meliisagan princi gaigebs, rom misi vardi marTlac unikaluri da gansakuTrebuli yofila, radgan igi princs uyvarda; man moaTviniera igi da axla is yvela im vardze Zvirfasia, romlebic ki mas baRSi unaxavs bolos meliam saidumlo gaando – rom mniSvnelovani ambebi mxolod guliT SeiZleba dainaxo da ara TvaliT

dadga aviakatastrofidan merve dRe, mTxrobeli da princi wyurviliT itanjebian princi Zalian pirquSia, mas awamebs mogonebebi, Sin dabruneba da Tavis yvavilTan Sexvedra swyuria

Semdeg Was pouloben, rac maT gadaarCens. mogvianebiT mTxrobeli poulobs princs, romelic gvels esaubreba, masTan ganixilavs Sin dabrunebis ambavs princi emociurad gamoeTxoveba mTxrobels da acxadebs, rom Tu yvelaferi ise Cans, rom igi kvdeba, mxolod imitom, rom misi sxeuli metismetad mZimea imisTvis, rom Tavis planetaze waiRos Semdeg princi Sordeba mTxrobels, gvels nebas rTavs ukbinos da nela da uxmod waiqceva qviSaSi

Semdeg dilas mTxrobeli ver poulobs princis sxeuls. bolos da bolos igi axerxebs TviTmfrinavis SekeTebas da udabnos datovebas. mkiTxvelma unda gansazRvros, princi dabrunda Tavis planetaze Tu mokvda. ambavi mTavrdeba peizaJis suraTiT, sadac princi da mTxrobeli Sexvdnen erTmaneTs da sadac gvelma princis sxeulebrivi sicocxle waiRo. mTxrobeli iTxovs, rom dauyovnebliv daukavSirdes yvela, vinc am adgilas patara oqroskululebian kacs Sexvedria.

sent-egziuperis TviTmfrinavis naSTi samajuri sent-egziuperisa da misi meuRlis saxelebiT

ukanasknelad sent-egziuperi sadazvervo misiaSi CarTes. dazverva germanuli armiis gadaadgilebaze agrovebda fotomonacemebs ronis xeobaSi da mis irgvliv, rac win uZRoda mokavSireTa SeWras safrangeTSi. antuani Tavis eskadriliaSi im pirobiT aRadgines, rom igi xuT gafrenas ganaxorcielebda, magram 1944 wlis 31 ivliss SeuiaraRebeli P-38 TviTmfrinaviT igi mecxrejer afrinda korsikis aviabazidan es iyo misi ukanaskneli reisi antuan de sentegziuperi da misi TviTmfrinavi gaqrnen

1998 wlis seqtemberSi kunZul rius aRmosavleTiT, marselis samxreTiT, vinme mebadurma ipova vercxlis samajuri sent-egziuperisa da misi meuRlis, konsuelos saxelebiT. aRmoCenam didi emociebi gamoiwvia safrangeTSi, sadac sent-egziuperi erovnuli kerpia.

2000 wlis maisSi myvinTavma marselis maxloblad aRmoaCina lokhid P-38 laiTningis fragmenti, axlos im adgilTan, sadac manamde samajuri ipoves sabolood, antuanis TviTmfrinavis naSTi aRmoaCines 2003 wels. naxvretebi da srolis sxva kvali masze ar yofila. ra moxda, jerac saidumloa, magram axla Cven viciT, sad Sewyda msoflios erT-erTi usayvarlesi kacis guliscema.

meuRlesTan erTad

samxedro samsaxurSi

uknaskneli gafrenis win

baTumi, proklamaciebi da „axalgazrda saqarTvelo“

saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros (yofili kgb-is) arqivSi bevri mniSvnelovani sisxlis samarTlis saqme inaxeba. iq uamrav unikalur istorias waawydeba mkvlevari da maTi sazogadoebisTvis gacnobac moundeba. erT-erTi maTgani ki namdvilad aris sisxlis samarTlis saqme 5505 meeqvse fondidan.

es ambavi 1955 wels baTumSi moxda turistul sezonze, rodesac qalaqs bevri damsvenebeli hyavda, adgilobrivma axalgazrdebma quCebSi antisabWoTa proklamaciebi gamoakres maSindeli baTumi dRevandelisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli urbanuli sivrce iyo – sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs Soris mdebare sasazRvro, saporto da turistuli qalaqi, romelic ori samxedro blokis – Crdiloatlantikuri aliansisa da varSavis paqtis – sazRvaric iyo. aq moqmedebda usafrTxoebis gansakuTrebuli zomebi da Tavmoyrili iyo ramdenime aTasi sabWoTa jariskaci. amerikis centraluri sadazvervo saagentos ukve gansaidumloebul masalebSi baTumis Sesaxeb informacia sakmaod bevria; aq naxavT cnobebs mosaxleobaze, gzebis sigrZesa da siganeze, industriaze, cxovrebis Rirebulebaze, infrastruqturaze, rasakvirvelia, portze, daxurul obieqtebze da imazec, Tu ra Rirda winda Tu kargi kostiumi (sxvaTa Soris, baTumSi bambis winda, 1958 wlis monacemebiT, 7 rubli Rirda, xolo kargi kostiumi – 1500 rubli).

swored am qalaqSi 1955 wlis 12 ivliss, saRamos 10 saaTze, ramdenime axalgazrdam quCebSi winaswar damzadebuli proklamaciebi gamoakra – erT-erTs webo edo jibeSi, meores rveuli eWira, daniSnulebis adgilas midiodnen, qaRalds webos usvamdnen, akravdnen da sxvagan gadadiodnen. sul ramdenime qaRaldis gakvra moaswres – pirveli proklamacia maSindeli orjonikiZis (dRes z. gamsaxurdias quCa) quCaze, puris maRaziasTan gaakres, meore da mesame – mwvane bazarTan, meoTxe avtobusis gaCerebaze unda gaekraT, rodesac milicielma SeniSna, gamoekida da bi-

Webmac gaqceviT uSveles Tavs xelSi SerCenili proklamaciebis datoveba ukve saxifaTo iyo, amitom Tevzis mrewvelobis trestTan (РыбТрест) Tavidan moiciles da saxlebSi dabrundnen movlenebis ase ganviTarebis gamo, savaraudod, proklamaciebi an aravin waikiTxa, an Zalian cota adamianma Tumca, es sakmarisi aRmoCnda saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetisTvis, rom sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZruliyo saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58-e muxliT, rac politikuri niSniT Cadenil danaSauls niSnavda da xSirad sasjelis umaRles zomas – daxvretas iTvaliswinebda.

proklamaciebi kustarulad iyo damzadebuli – xeliT naweri kedlis gazeTis qaRaldze, ubralo kalmiTa da tuSiT damamzadeblebs arc specialuri gasamravlebeli aparati gaaCndaT da arc konspiraciis gansakuTrebuli codna. isini proklamaciebs saxlSi, mSoblebisgan uCumrad, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi werdnen. jamSi, 10 proklamacia Seqmnes, aqedan 3 tuSiT daesvaraT da dawves. arc Sinaarsze umsjeliaT didad, martivad SeTanxmdnen – akaki wereTlis leqsi „avadmyofis“ pirveli strofi ucvlelad gadmoiRes, xolo leqsis Sinaarsi ki proklamaciis teqstad aqcies. proklamaciis teqsti ase gamoiyureboda:

mozardebis mier gavrcelebuli proklamacia mniSvnelovani politikuri aqti iyo, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebul politikur ganwyobebs asaxavda amitomac acnoba saxelmwifo uSiSroebis axlad daniSnulma ufrosma – aleqsi inaurma – sruliad saidumlod saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralur komitets, rom nacionalisturad ganwyobilma axalgazrdebma baTumSi gaavrceles proklamaciebi, romelic erTa Soris SuRlis gaRvivebas emsaxureboda da rom agreTve daafuZnes organizacia „axalgazrda saqarTvelo“. werili faqtebs aRwerda da radikaluri nabijebis gadadgmisaken ar ubiZgebda partias, is ufro informirebis mizniT iyo gagzavnili, tonic SedarebiT rbili da naklebad kategoriuli hqonda. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos arqivebSi dRemde aRmoCenili dokumentebi ar iZleva saSualebas, rom aRvadginoT am saqmis irgvliv gamarTuli diskusia, rac ufro met naTels mohfenda am saqmeSi monawile axalgazrdebis mimarT partiis damokidebulebas

Cven xelT arsebuli oficialuri dokumentiT, saqarTvelos komunisturma partiam miiRo sakmaod formaluri dadgenileba, riTac daavala aWaris saolqo komitetsa da aWaris axalgazrda leninur komunistur kavSirs (alkk), rom baTumSi skolebSi CaetarebinaT aRmzrdelobiTi samuSaoebi, e i gaeZlierebinaT propaganda da partiuli

muSaoba

`axalgazrda saqarTvelo~

masalebi baTumis Sesaxeb CIA-s arqividan

12 ivniss gakruli proklamaciis avtorebi mxolod oqtomberSi daapatimres. saarqivo dokumentebSi ar Cans ra iyo amis mizezi. SeiZleba, es pirTa identificirebisaTvis saWiro gaWianurebuli samZebro saqmianoba yofiliyo an ukve gamorkveul pirTa TvalTvali imis dasadgenad, kidev Tu gaimeorebdnen am aqts realurad, „Zlevamosil“ sabWoTa uSiSroebas erTjerad, emociur aqtTan hqonda saqme, romlis Semoqmedebic konspiraciuli muSaobis gamocdilebis uqoneli axalgazrdebi iyvnen maTi saxelebia: gia simonis Ze soselia, dabadebuli 1940 wels, dapatimrebis dros swavlobda baTumSi, saSualo skolis IX klasSi, alkk-is wevri da amave skolis komkavSiruli organizaciis mdivani; iuri mixeilis Ze gigineiSvili soseliaze ufrosi iyo, 1938 wels dabadebuli, isic alkk-is wevri, baTumis sazRvao akademiis moswavle „axalgazrda saqarTveloSi“ ori Zma axvledianic iyo gawevrianebuli ufrosi, badri Salvas Ze axvlediani, 1938 wels iyo dabadebuli, swavlobda X klasSi da iyo alkk-is wevri umcrosi Zma, givi, 1940 wels iyo dabadebuli quTaisSi da IX klasSi swavlobda, aseve iyo alkk-is wevri. organizaciis wevrebi 15-17 wlisani iyvnen, yvela –alkk-is wevri, rogorc Cans, maT am organizaciis wevrobis gamo protesti ar hqoniaT – maTi protesti sruliad sxva mizezma gamoiwvia.

gamomZiebelma dapatimrebul gigineiSvils erT-erT pirvel dakiTxvaze hkiTxa, icoda Tu ara man akaki wereTlis leqsi „av-

admyofi“. mas upasuxia, rom mxolod erTi strofi axsovda, sadac akaki laparakobda saqarTvelos mkvdreTiT aRdgenaze da pirdapir uTqvams, rom Sida mtrebi ebrZodnen qarTul enas, kulturas da es araferi kargis momtani ar iqneboda momavalSi.

yvela braldebulTan gamomZieblebs muSaobis erTi strategia hqoniaT: ainteresebdaT, raze saubrobdnen isini erTmaneTTan, ra intensivobiT naxulobdnen erTmaneTs, ra iyo maTi ganxilvis Tema. dapatimrebulTa Tavdapirveli pasuxebi, rom isini nanax filmebsa da wakiTxul wignebze saubrobdnen, gamocdili CekistebisTvis mniSvnelovani, magram arasrulyofili informacia iyo.

dapatimrebulebma ramdenime dakiTxvis mere daadastures, rom maT gaiges, Tu rogor esroles gorSi rusma jariskacebma eTnikurad qarTvels, aseve rogor esroles qalaq maxaraZeSi (dRevandeli ozurgeTi) rusma jariskacebma stalinis Zegls da rom es maTTvis Seuracxmyofeli iyo. jgufis lideri gia soselia miiCnevda, rom Tu ase gagrZeldeboda, qarTvelebs garuseba emuqrebodaT. igi pirdapir ambobda, rom sanam stalini cocxali iyo, veravin bedavda saqarTvelos Seuracxyofas, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ki rusebi qarTvelebs

1950-iani wlebis baTumi

aleqsi inauri (1908-1995)

Rirsebas ulaxavdnen da swored amis gasaprotesteblad gadawyvites axalgazrdebma proklamaciebis gavrceleba

gamoZiebis procesidan Cans, rom axalgazrdebs aranairi xedva da momzadeba ar hqoniaT, arc is icodnen, ra elodaT dapatimrebis Semdeg isini xSirad urTierTgamomricxav informacias iZleodnen gamomZieblebma martivad miiRes pasuxebi kiTxvebze, Tu ratom gaakres proklamaciebi, ra iyo protestis mizezi, idga Tu ara vinme axalgazrdebis ukan, hqondaT Tu ara maT Camoyalibebuli organizaciuli struqtura, ramdeni adamiani iyo Cabmuli organizaciaSi, rogor iyo funqciebi gadanawilebuli, icoda Tu ara vinmem organizaciis Sesaxeb

dapatimrebulebma Tqves, rom maT daaarses organizacia „axalgazrda saqarTvelo “ , romlis xelmZRvaneli iyo gia soselia, moadgile ki – iura gigineiSvili jgufis wevrebi iyvnen Zmebi axvledianebic. jgufis wevrebs Soris davalebebi gadanawilebuli iyo: gia soselias jgufSi axali wevrebi unda Caeba, gigineiSvils – iaraRi unda eSova, Zmeb axvledianebs ki – proklamaciebi unda daeweraT da gaevrcelebinaT jgufis wevrebs revolveris SeZenac undodaT da amisaTvis fuls agrovebdnen.

axalgazrdebma mxolod 20 maneTis Segroveba moaxerxes da Semdeg am fuliT tuSi da bloknoti iyides saidumlo Sifris Se-

sadgenad. maT undodaT, rom Sifri erTmaneTTan mimowerisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, raTa sxvebs ar gaegoT am mimoweris Sinaarsi. amisaTvis daweres anbani da yovel asos miusadages saTanado mniSvnelobis cifri. jgufis TiToeul wevrs hqonda fsevdonomi: jgufis xelmZRvanels eZaxdnen „toms“, gigineiSvils – „jons“, badri axvledians – „urals“, jgufis kidev erT wevrs – „jims“. hqondaT damatebiTi fsevdonimebic – „Savi zRva“ da „azovis zRva“. es zedmeti saxelebi sWirdebodaT imisaTvis, rom ucxo piris TandaswrebiT erTmenTTan komunikacia SesZlebodaT gamoZiebis procesidan Cans, rom maT arc saidumlo Srifti SeuqmniaT da arc zedmetsaxelebi gamouyenebiaT – yvelaferi imaze male dasrulda, vidre maT warmoedginaT

am axalgazrdebis kidev erTi ganuxorcielebeli idea iyo muzeumidan sabeWdi manqanis moparva am ZarcvisTvis da, damatebiT, rusebis dasaSineblad undodaT maT revolveris SeZena axalgazrdebma verc es gegma ganaxorcieles dakiTxvidan Cans, rom organizaciis muSaobaSi, marTalia, sul 4 adamiani iyo CarTuli, magram ararsebuli gegmebis Sesaxeb bevrma icoda, zogma uaric ki Tqva masSi monawileobaze – konspiraciuloba aqac darRveuli iyo

is, rom organizaciis Seqmna axalgazrdebis emociuri aqti iyo, yvelaze kargad Cans gia soselias Cvenebidan, roca igi organizaciis Seqmnis mTavar motivze yveba: 1955 wlis maisSi isini samxedro nawilSi Ria cis qveS kinos sayureblad Separulan, sadac ucxo pirTa daswreba ar SeiZleboda morige oficers, erovnebiT russ, qarTveli axalgazrdebis dapatimreba da hauptvaxtSi Casma ubrZanebia, saidanac ori saaTis mere isini gauTavisuflebiaT maTTan erTad myofi rusi biWebi ki ar daupatimrebiaT. am faqts axalgazrdebi gaubrazebia da gadauwyvetiaT, yvela russ gasworebodnen, Tumca mere mimxvdaran, rom fizikurad yvelas ver moereodnen gabrazebulebs isic gaxsenebiaT, rom rusul skolebSi qarTuli ar iswavleboda, rom qarTuli tradiciebi idevneboda, magaliTad, qelexi akrZaluli iyo (sakmaod ucnauri argumentia – redaqtoris SeniSvna) da amis gamo gadauwyvetiaT proklamaciebis gavrceleba, raTa xalxs gaego, ra dReSi iyo qarTveli eri gia soselias isic gauxsenebia, rogor hkiTxa erTxel Tavis megobars, ratom ewera rigaSi gamoSvebul kalams lat-

viurad, xolo saqarTveloSi gamoSvebul produqcias – rusulad, razec mis megobars pasuxi ver gaucia

sasamarTlos sxdomaze axalgazrdebis mimarT braldeba Semdegi iyo: „1955 wlis maisis Tvidan megobrebis saubris Temas nacionaluri xasiaTis ambebi Seadgenda samarTalSi micemulma soseliam samarTalSi micemulTa Soris pirvelma wamoWra sakiTxi, TiTqos rusi erovnebis calkeuli pirebi upativcemulod ekidebdnen qarTvel xalxsa da qarTul kulturas, maT zne-Cveulebebs urTierTSeTanxmebiT gadawyvites SeedginaT jgufi, romlis mizani iqneboda nacionalisturi xasiaTis furclebis Sedgena, gamravleba da gavrceleba voiniCis moTxroba „krazanas“ mixedviT gadaRebuli kinosuraTis naxvisa da TviT am nawarmoebis wakiTxvis Semdeg, soselias winadadebiT, jgufs ewoda „axalgazrda saqarTvelo“

sasamarTloze dacvis mxare cdilobda maT dacvis qveS myof pirTa gamarTlebas maTi asakis gamo, rom isini axalgazrdebi iyvnen da ar hqondaT bolomde gacnobierebuli, ras akeTebdnen Tumca sasamarTlo kolegia Zalian mkacri aRmoCnda da sabraldebo daskvnaSi Caweres, rom „sasamarTlo kolegia ver gaiziarebs dacvis mxaris moTxovnas samarTalSi micemulTa mimarT iseTi Ro-

nisZiebis Sefardebaze, romelic Tavisuflebis aRkveTasTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli, ramdenadac, marTalia, samarTalSi micemuli arasrulwlovnebi arian, magram isini moqmedebdnen sruli SegnebulobiT da maT mier Cadenili danaSauli mZimea igi mimarTuli iyo socialisturi revoluciis didi monapovris – erTa Soris Tanasworuflebianobis winaaRmdeg“ igive kolegiam soselias da gigineiSvils orwliani sasjli miusaja bavSvTa SromagasworebiT koloniaSi, xolo Zmeb axvledianebs – TiTo-TiTo weli

amis Semdeg saqmeSi CarTuli advokatebi ufro gaaqtiurdnen maT ganaCeni saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sasamarTlos sisxlis samarlis saqmeTa sakasacio kolegiaSi gaasaCivres dacvis strategia sxvadasxva iyo gia soselias advokatma aSkarad SeteviTi taqtika airCia da sakasacio saCivarSi Cawera, rom misi dacvis qveS myofi piris mier „Cadenili danaSauli ar warmoadgens Tavisi SinaarsiT da SedegebiT mZime saxis danaSauls qmedebas aqvs wabaZulobis xasiaTi“ da rom es aris reaqcia „velikorusul Sovinistur“ saqcielze, romelic momarTuli iyo qarTveli naciisa da piradad msjavrdebulTa winaaRmdeg

axalgazrdebis sisxlis samarTlis saqmis analizisas Cans, rom stalinuri periodi dasrulebulia, mxolod daxvreta da gadasaxleba

partiis XX yriloba, sadac xruSCovi stalinis pirovnebis kults akritikebs

aRaraa sasjeli advokatebis roli SedarebiT gazrdilia da isinic sakuTar profesiul unarebsa da codnas iyeneben sasamarTlo procesze maT axalgazrdebis dacvis strategia imgvarad warmarTes, rom es iyo individualuri protesti rusi erovnebis kerZo pirebis mimarT da amas ar hqonia nacionaluri siZulvilis xasiaTi. sasamarTlos da mosamarTleTa damoukideblobaze 1955 wels sabWoTa saqarTveloSi laparaki araseriozulia, magram maSin arsebulma politikurma garemom mosamarTles misca saSualeba, rom dapatimrebulebisTvis sasjeli pirobiTi, sagamocdo 3-3 wliani vadiT Seecvala msjavrdebulebi gaaTavisufles

rodesac es saqmeebi arqivSi vipove, Sevecade moqmedi pirebi mepova. samwuxarod, arcerTi aRar iyo cocxali maT ojaxebSi cota an TiTqmis araferi icodnen am ambis Sesaxeb. maTTanac igive moxda, rac xSiria amgvari „Tavgadasavlis“ Semdeg: adamianebi erTmaneTs dascildnen – veRar SeinarCunes Zveli urTierTobebi.

vfiqrob, es saqme nacionalur niadagze Seuracxyofili ramdenime axalgazrdis pirad problemad darCeboda, rom ara erTi mniSvnelovani detali – swored soselias, gigineiSvilis, Zmebi axvledianebis Taobam aq aRwerili movlenebidan ramdenime TveSi, 1956 wlis 5-9 marts, didi demonstraciebi

gamarTa saqarTvelos ramdenime qalaqSi da Tvisebrivad Secvala moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris manamde arsebuli urTierTobebi. ise gamodis, rom mcire ambebiT efineba naTeli did istoriul movlenebs

1953 wlis 5 marts ioseb stalini gardaicvala kremlSi xelisuflebisTvis brZola daiwyo, romelic sabolood nikita xruSCovis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. xelisuflebisTvis brZolaSi man lavrenti beria da sxva oponentebi moiSora misi mmarTvelobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani politikuri nabiji destalinizaciis dawyeba iyo sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze xruSCovma stalinis pirovnebis kulti gaakritika saqarTveloSi es kritika nacionalur Seuracxyofad miiRes, radgan stalini qarTveli eris simbolod miiCneoda. axalgazrdebi quCaSi gamovidnen. TbilisSi da gorSi gansakuTrebulad xalxmravali demonstraciebi daiwyo xelisuflebam demonstrantebi daarbia, rasac, oficialuri informaciiT, ramdenime aTeuli adamiani emsxverpla. 1956 wlis martis demonstraciebis Sesaxeb mexsiereba SemdegSi nacionaluri moZraobis qvakuTxedad iqca am movlenebis Semdeg moskovsa da Tbiliss Soris urTierTobebi Seicvala da ufro distancirebuli gaxda.

`axalgazrda saqarTvelo~

1. ferweris saxeoba, romelic sruldeba kirian wyalSi gaxsnili saRebavebiT svel Selesilobaze.

2. warmoeba, ekonomika; yvelaferi, rac warmoebas Seadgens, misTvisaa gankuTvnili. 3. raime SemTxvevis damswre, mnaxveli. 4. qveiTi jaris qvedanayofi. 5. samxedro piri, kapitanze maRali wodebis oficeri. 6. (gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT) sazogadoebrivi jgufi, romelic gamoirCeva raime TaviseburebebiT. 7. sapatimro, cixe. 8. maRali zneobrivi, adamianuri Rirebuleba. 10. igivea, rac RmerTi. 14. Senoba, romelSic qristianTa RvTismsaxureba aResruleba. 15. parlamentSi ama Tu im partiis deputatTa organizebuli jgufi, romelic iqmneba partiis mier SemuSavebuli xazis gasatareblad. 16. dramatul nawarmoebTa Seqmnis xelovneba. 20. sazogadoebriv-politikuri xasiaTis literatura aqtualur Temebze. 22. gamdidrebuli glexi. 26. saxelmwifo aRmosavleT evropaSi, baltiis zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. 27. maRali wodebis warmomadgeneli feodalur saqarTveloSi. 28. berZnulad „RmerTis karibWe“, uZvelesi qalaqi SuamdinareTSi, evfratis sanapiroze. daaarses Sumerebma Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi. 29. arqiteqturuli nageboba, aRmarTuli vinmes an raimes ukvdavsayofad. 30. raime ekonomikuri an politikuri miznis misaRwevad wamowyebuli moqmedeba. 31. mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis raodenobriv cvlilebebs sazogadoebis, ama Tu im sferos ganviTarebaSi. 33. gardaqmna, saxecvlileba. 38. germaniis federaciuli respublikis parlamenti. 39. raime aqtis, kanonis oficialuri an sazeimo gamocxadeba. 41. istoriuli da kulturuli regioni CrdiloeT evropaSi, romelSic Sedis dania, SvedeTi da norvegia. 42. cecxlsasroli iaraRi, Tofis nairsaxeoba, romelsac lulaSi xraxniseburi Rarebi aqvs gasasroli tyviisaTvis brunviTi moZraobis misacemad. 43. gaqaneba, zoma, moculoba. 44. kulturuli mimdinareoba, romelic moicavs xelovnebas, arqiteqturas, musikas, literaturasa da dizains, aRmocenda XIX saukunis akademiuri da istoriuli tradiciebis winaaRmdeg. 47. regioni ruseTSi, sadac masiurad xdeboda patimrebis gadasaxleba. 50. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, fiqri, Sroma vinmesTvis an raimesTvis. 52. calke gamoyofa, gamocalkeveba, gamijvna. 53. sabWoTa xelisuflebis politikiT gamowveuli masobrivi SimSiloba ukrainaSi 1932-1933 wlebSi, ramac milionobiT adamiani Seiwira. 55. vinmesTvis raimes usafuZvlod dabraleba. 56. erTi miznis, erTi amocanis mqone saomar moqmedebaTa erToblioba. 60. piri, romelic arCeulia sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis warmomadgenlad saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo oraganoSi, raime organizaciaSi da a.S. 64. armiis, flotis, samarTaldamcavi struqturebis sameTauro Semadgenlobis warmomadgeneli. 66. risame garkveuli