ჩემი სამყარო 35

2022 35

sabWoTa sistema

diplomatia guSin da dRes

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

xelovneba

mecniereba

mogzauroba ernan kortesi da ori samyaros omi

voroncovi (zogierTi suraTi)

diplomatia

regioni rogor iqmneboda centraluri evropa

saqarTvelo

politika

istoria

saqarTvelos demok- ra SeeZlo eswavla ruseTs ratiuli respublika germaniis gardaqmnis da dasavluri samyaro istoriuli magaliTidan?

qarTuli modernizmis istoriidan (1910-1930)

vaqcinebis istoria da roli yvavilidan COVID-19-mde

35 2022

nebis, gamZleobis unari. 70. rwmena, SexedulebaTa da faseulobaTa sistema, qcevis wesi. 71. moulodneli saCuqari. 72. iZulebiTi an nebayoflobiTi gadasaxleba samSoblodan sxva qveyanaSi. 73. saxelmwifos mier kerZo mrewvelTan dadebuli xelSekruleba, romlis mixedviTac mrewveli iRebs garkveul samrewvelo sawarmoTa eqspluataciis uflebas. 74. gamocalkeveba, gamijvna. 75. SeTanxmeba raime sakiTxze, pirobis dadeba. 79. jaWviT SeerTebuli rkinis rgolebi damnaSaveTa xel-fexis Sesakravad. 82. wesi, tradicia, Cveuleba. 83. eri.

TinaTin evdoSvili

oTar janeliZe giorgi badriZe aka morCilaZe revaz gaCeCilaZe daviT dondua malxaz macaberiZe arCil qiqoZe maia ciciSvili nino WoRoSvili mixeil WabukaSvili

4. meTauri, xelmZRvaneli. 8. Zveleburi patruqiani Tofi, romelic lulidan iteneboda. 10. termini, romliTac aRiniSneboda inglisis yofili koloniebi: avstralia, axali zelandia, kanada, indoeTi, samxreT afrikis kavSiri. 11. moqalaqeTa piradi qonebis daufleba an qonebaze uflebis miReba, qonebrivi gamorCena motyuebiT an ndobis borotad gamoyenebiT. 12. mxatvruli Semoqmedeba. 13. koleqtivi adamianebisa, romlebic erTad cxovroben, erTad Sromoben da qonebac saerTo aqvT. 15. mixvedris, arsebul viTarebaSi garkvevis unari. 16. sazogadoebrivi organizaciis warmomadgenelTa kreba. 18. uflebebis gaTanabreba. 21. diplomatiuri dokumenti, romliTac gadmocemulia mTavrobis Tvalsazrisi ama Tu im sakiTxze. 22. sxarti xalxuri gamonaTqvami, romliTac brZnuli azria gamoxatuli. 23. sidideebis, elementebis, raimes Semadgenlobis gamoxatuleba simboloebiT. 24. qcevis wesebis erToblioba, romelic savaldebuloa mTeli sazogadoebisTvis an misi garkveuli wrisTvis. 27. wili, Senatani, damsaxureba. 29. raime teqstidan ucvlelad, sityvasityviT moyvanili adgili. 31. adamianTa jgufis gamgzavreba raime specialuri mizniT, sagangebo davalebiT. 32. mxatvruli nawarmoebis, mecnieruli Txzulebisa da misT. Semqmneli. 33. farulad dayenebuli Zlieri feTqebadi Wurvi, romelic feTqdeba garkveul garemoebebSi. 35. formalisturi mimdinareoba XX saukunis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, romelic uaryofda realizms, mTel tradiciul xelovnebas da cdilobda Seeqmna axali, Tanamedroveobis Sesaferisi stili. 36. muSaki, romelic Tan axlavs saqalaqo transports da yidis bileTebs. 37. TviTmfrinavebisTvis sagangebod mowyobili vrceli teritoria. 39. mtkice, myari konstruqcia, romelsac eyrdnoba nageboba. 40. adamianis sxeulis an saxis garkveuli mdgomareoba, garegnuli forma, dgomis manera. 43. kunZuli wynari okeanis samxreT nawilSi, safrangeTis polineziis kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri centri. 44. navsadguri.

45. saTaTbiro organo zogierT dawesebulebasa Tu organizaciaSi. 46. gacnobierebuli, nebayoflobiTi da ganzraxuli TanamSromloba mterTan, romelic mimarTulia sakuTari qveynis sazianod.

47. samgzavro an samxedro transportis mosamsaxure personali. 49. sagangebo, sapasuxismgeblo davaleba, daniSnuleba, roli. 51. mahmadianTa saSualo an umaRlesi sasuliero saswavlebeli. 52. Teatraluri warmodgenisTvis gankuTvnili adgili. 54. adamianTa erToblioba, romelic warmoadgens garkveuli TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan jgufs. 56. raime adgilis saerTo xedi, bunebis suraTi. 58. ciuri sxeuli, giganturi gavarvarebuli mnaTobi, romlis garSemo moZraobs dedamiwa da sxva planetebi. 60. gardaqmna, risame Secvla. 61. Zveli wignebiT movaWre. 62. sajaro xelisuflebis borotad gamoyeneba piradi an jgufuri gamorCenis mizniT. 63. fiqris, msjelobis, gansjis Sedegi; vinmes Sexeduleba ama Tu im sakiTxze. 65. axlandeli, amJamindeli dro. 67. avRaneTis mefe, romelmac avRaneTs moutana saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. 68. stumrebis misaRebad mowyobili oTaxi mdidrul saxlSi, sastumroSi. 70. Zv. berZnuli miTologiis gmiri, romelmac adamianebs olimpodan cecxli Camoutana. 73. Tanamdebobis piri, romelsac mTavrobisgan garkveuli rwmunebebi aqvs miniWebuli. 76. Zveleburi saomari iaraRi, xis grZeli tariT da wvetiani maxvili piriT, iyenebdnen satyorcnad da saZgereblad. 77. gansakuTrebuli SemTxveviT an movleniT gamowveuli mRelvareba, aurzauri. 78. ama Tu im adgilis mkvidri, adgilobrivi mosaxle. 80. piri, romelic malavs Tavis vinaobas da sxvis saxels atarebs. 81. amaRlebuli adgili dedamiwis zedapirze. 84. politikuri an sxva miznebisaTvis ama Tu im informaciis, azris, ganwyobis sistemuri gavrceleba. 85. uecari SiSi, Tavzari, romelic Seipyrobs adamians an adamianTa jgufs. 86. romelime saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier sxva qveynis teritoriis droebiT dakaveba. 87. organizaciis, dawesebulebis qvedanayofi; raime mTlianis erTi nawili. 88. avRaneTis dedaqalaqi. 89. uZravi qonebis droebiT daqiraveba saTanado xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. 90. odnav SesamCnevi gansxvaveba, elferi. 91. qalaqi niderlandebSi, samefo karisa da mTavrobis rezidencia.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: kolaJi statiisTvis `rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri~

Jurnali gamoicema SvedeTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagentos (Sida) finansuri mxardaWeriT. gamocemaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ekuTvniT avtorebs da SeiZleba ar asaxavdes saagentos Tvalsazriss.

1. reJimi 2. gripi 3. xotba 4. arsi 5. kanoni 6. Tanamgzavri 7. norma 8. vandea 9. regulacia 10. matadori 17. diqotomia 18. etapi 20. embargo 21. qedi 22. kacobrioba 23. ideologia 25. eqspresionizmi 28. iurisdiqcia 30. mexsiereba 32. traibalizmi 35. intervencia 36. diskreditacia 37. liaxvi 38. atlasi 39. argumenti 42. akreditacia 45. pasuxismgebloba 47. maharaja 50. duaieni 53. planeta 55. gori 57. incidenti 58. polisi 60. iTaka 63. berketi 64. eldorado 65. konstruqcia 68. recenzia 69. oazisi 71. terorizmi 72. triumfi 74. narkotiki 78. pandemia 80. bizantia 81. progresi 85. egoizmi 86. budobi 87. afrika 88. alaska 91. tilo

11. interieri 12. monografia 13. dabrkoleba 14. cneba 15. fsiqologia 16. gamocdileba 19. STagoneba 20. emiri 24. stereotipi 26. eroba 27. gzajvaredini 29. firi 31. impiCmenti 33. ganxeTqileba 34. liTiumi 40. torsi 41. cixesimagre 43. paradoqsi 44. Rirseba 46. msoflmxedveloba 47. marioneti 48. ieri 49. dekada 51. medikamenti 52. temperatura 54. kategoria 56. Cikago 58. polieTileni 59. mironi 61. jazi 62. tba 66. dari 67. iluzia 68. reportaJi 70. kontaqti 73. opeki 75. neba 76. reabilitacia 77. postulati 79. olqi 82. vietnami 83. modernizacia 84. qoneba 86. baza 89. organizmi 90. arabeska 92. madridi 93. eTnosi 94. kaligrami 95. iara 96. kaTedrali 97. portolani

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istoria

oTar janeliZe saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da dasavluri samyaro

4

politika giorgi badriZe ra SeeZlo eswavla ruseTs germaniis 12 gardaqmnis istoriuli magaliTidan? saqarTvelo aka morCilaZe voroncovi (zogierTi suraTi) regioni revaz gaCeCilaZe rogor iqmneboda centraluri evropa (nawili I)

20

28

diplomatia

daviT dondua

36

diplomati guSin da dRes sabWoTa sistema

malxaz macaberiZe

44

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri mogzauroba arCil qiqoZe ernan kortesi da ori samyaros omi xelovneba maia ciciSvili, nino WoRoSvili qarTuli modernizmis istoriidan (1910-1930) (nawili II) mecniereba mixeil WabukaSvili vaqcinebis istoria da roli yvavilidan COVID-19-mde

56

68

74

82

istoria

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da dasavluri samyaro oTar janeliZe

„Cveni dRevandeli cxovreba da momavali gza-kvali mWidroT, uSuamavloT gadaejaWva dasavleTs da am kavSiris gaqarwyleba ar ZaluZs araviTar Zal-Rones“. noe Jordania

Tanamedrove saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare, misi sagareo politikis erT-erT upirveles sakiTxad qveynis evropuli da evroatlantikuri integracia miiCneva. qarTuli sazogadoebis es Tavisufali da Seuqcevadi arCevani saxelmwifos ZiriTad kanonSi – konstituciaSicaa asaxuli (muxli 78). evropis civilizebul erTa ojaxSi Sesvla da damkvidreba didmniSvnelovani amocana iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisaTvisac 1918-1921 wlebSi. axlad Seqmnili saxelmwifosaTvis sasicocxlo aucileblobas warmoadgenda misi suverenitetis saerTaSoriso cnoba da aRiareba. xelisuflebis Zalisxmevac am kuTxiT warimarTa. sagareo saqmeTa saministro, misi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi ucxoeTSi mizanmimarTulad saqmianobdnen dasaxuli amocanis xorcSesasxmelad. mTavrobas gverdSi edga qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoc – jer saqarTvelos parlamentisa da Semdeg damfuZnebeli krebis saxiT. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas dasavleTis saxelmwifoTagan pirveli Sexeba germaniasTan mouwia. germaniam ixsna Cveni qveyana osmaleTis okupaciis safrTxisagan da SesaZlebloba misca aRedgina 117 wlis win gauqmebuli erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba. rogorc xatovnad ambobda poeti da politikosi Salva amirejibi, „saqarTvelos respublika maisSi daibada. misi bebiaqali germania iyo“.

4

saqarTvelo da dasavluri samyaro

ara marto samxedro miznebma, aramed udidesma survilma, davexmaroT qarTvel xalxs, aRidginos Tavisi Zveli saxelmwifoebrioba da damoukidebloba. Cven aq vimyofebiT ara rogorc gamarjvebulebi, aramed rogorc megobrebi da es aris safuZveli Cveni Semdgomi TanamSromlobisa“, – ganacxada fon kresma TbilisSi Camosvlisas. germaniis diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas saqarTveloSi grafi fridrix fon der Sulenburgi xelmZRvanelobda. mogvianebiT igi am postze doqtorma ulrix rauSerma Secvala. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sruluflebian elCad germaniaSi wargzavnili iyo vladimer axmetelaSvili.

Salva amirejibi (1887-1943)

saqarTvelosTvis germaniis amgvar mxardaWeras regionSi misi strategiuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri interesebi ganapirobebda. es interesebi ar laxavda saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas da naklebad ewinaaRmdegeboda qarTveli xalxis erovnul miswrafebebs.

1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi xeli moewera germania-saqarTvelos SeTanxmebas, romelic, omis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, or qveyanas Soris samxedro, finansur da savaWro problemebs awesrigebda. ufro arsebiTi ki is iyo, rom germaniis mTavroba de faqto cnobda saqarTvelos axlad warmoSobil saxelmwifosa da mis mTavrobas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom germanelebi ar Careulan saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saSinao saqmeebSi, maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis garantoba ikisres da danapirebi pirnaTlad Seasrules. rodesac 1918 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos samxreTSi osmaleTis armiis nawilebi SemoiWrnen, germanelma jariskacebma, qarTvelTa mxardamxar, sicocxlec Seswires saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva-SenarCunebas. germanias uari ar uTqvams saqarTvelos bunebrivi da materialuri resursebis gamoyenebaze, magram – nacvalgebiTa da saTanado anazRaurebiT.

1918 wlis ivnisSi, demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis TanxmobiT, saqarTveloSi ori bavariuli aTaseuli Semovida, 1800 mebrZolis SemadgenlobiT (mogvianebiT germanuli kontingenti daaxloebiT 19 aTas mebrZolamde gaizarda). SenaerTebs Tan axlda germaniis samxedro-diplomatiuri misia general fridrix zigmund kres fon kresenStainis meTaurobiT, romelmac bina TbilisSi, rusTavelis prospeqtze mdebare muxranbatonis yofil sasaxleSi daido. „Cven movediT Tqvens qveyanaSi rogorc megobrebi da davicavT Tqvens teritorias. ...kavkasiis uZveles miwaze Cven mogviyvana

fridrix zigmund kres fon kresenStaini (1870-1948)

5

istoria

fridrix fon der Sulenburgi (1875-1944)

ulrix rauSeri (1884-1930)

1918 wels TbilisSi dafuZnda qarTul-germanuli kulturuli sazogadoeba, Camoyalibda qarTul-germanuli savaWro palata, safuZveli Caeyara germanul realur gimnazias, gaixsna germanuli hospitali, ganzraxuli iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi germaneli profesorebis mowveva da sxv. „germanelebis aq yofnis dros qarTveli xalxis saqmianobas... Rrma rwmenis madli etyoboda... sxvebi rom pativs gvcemdnen, Cvenc vimsWvalebodiT sakuTris pativiscemiT. germania Tavis saqcieliT aq yvelas aCvenebda, rom saxelmwifoSi imyofeboda. Cveni xalxic izrdeboda am saWiro grZnobasa da SegrZnebaSi“, – werda gazeTi „sali klde“. gazeT „saxalxo saqmis“ Tanaxmad, „germaniis daxmarebas arasodes gadaubijebia megobruli urTierTobis sazRvrebidan. germanelebis saqarTveloSi yofna... sxva udides mniSvnelobasac Seicavda: saerTo rRvevisa da gaxrwnis dros discipliniani da uaRresad Tavaziani xalxis mezoblobas ucilobeli kulturuli mniSvneloba hqonda aRmSeneblobiT procesSi myof saxelmwifosaTvis“. pirvel msoflio omSi centralur saxelmwifoTa marcxma da 1918 wlis noembris revoluciam germaniaSi mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Seitana saqarTvelosa da germaniis urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. germania iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi samxedro kontingenti saqarTvelodan gaeyvana. saqarTvelos mTavrobam Rirseulad gaacila Tbilisidan mimavali germanuli eSelonebi. qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukideblobis dacvaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis mravali germaneli jariskaci da oficeri Tamar mefis ordeniT daajildoves.

vladimer axmetelaSvili (1875-1942)

6

saqarTvelo da dasavluri samyaro

germanelTa jaris Semosvla TbilisSi

cnobili qarTveli emigranti politikosisa da mecnieris viqtor nozaZis sityvebiT: „saqarTvelodan megobari germaniis jaris wasvla didi ubedureba iyo qarTveli erisaTvis, romelsac guliTadi mfarveli akldeboda“. germaniasa da saqarTvelos Soris intensiuri samxedro da ekonomikuri TanamSromloba veRar ganviTarda, magram ori qveynis diplomatiuri urTierToba ar Sewyvetila. 1920 wlis seqtemberSi germaniam saqarTvelos suvereniteti de iure aRiara.

Znelia gadaWriT Tqma, rogor ganviTardeboda da ra konkretul saxes miiRebda germania-saqarTvelos urTierTdamokidebuleba, igi rom xangrZlivad gagrZelebuliyo. im mcire drois ganmavlobaSi ki, rasac am urTierTobis istoria iTvlis, es iyo or saxelmwifos Soris keTilganwyobis, urTierTsargeblianobaze damyarebuli saqmiani TanamSromlobisa da partnioruli urTierTobis sagulisxmo magaliTi.

ad didi britaneTisaken miimarTa. es imitom, rom germanelTa Semcvlelad regions swored britanelebi moevlinnen. germaniisagan gansxvavebiT, maTi jarebi saqarTveloSi demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebas ar mouwvevia. britaneli meomrebiT dakompleqtebuli mokavSire saxelmwifoTa samxedro Zala kavkasiaSi, uinston CerCilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirveli msoflio omis „memkvidreobiT“ aRmoCnda. mudrosis zavis Semdeg britaneTis gavlena mTel axlo aRmosavleTze gavrcelda.

Secvlilma realobam saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikuri orientaciis cvlilebac gamoiwvia, Tumca igi kvlav evropuli darCa da amjer-

7

istoria didi britaneTis xelisuflebas jer kidev ar gaaCnda mkafiod Camoyalibebuli kursi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis momavalTan dakavSirebiT. londoni karga xans saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas oficialurad ar cnobda, magram TbilisSi myofi mokavSireTa samxedro warmomadgenloba TanamSromlobda qveynis legitimur mTavrobasTan.

britaneli jariskacebi baTumSi

saqarTveloSi ingliselTa samxedro nawilebis yofnisas britaneTis sami mTavarsardali gamoicvala – forestie uokeri, uiliam montgomeri tomsoni da jorj norton kori. arc erTs demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebasTan keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba ar hqonia. metic, maT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sawinaaRmdegodac araerTi nabiji gadadges, rac qarTuli politikuri speqtris, mTlianad qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevda. britanelebi cdilobdnen daeaxloebinaT saqarTvelo denikinis moxaliseTa armiasTan da CaerToT igi antibolSevikur frontSi, razec saqarTvelos xelisufleba ar Tanxmdeboda. mizezi is iyo, rom generali denikini ruseTis imperiis aRdgenaze ocnebobda da saqarTvelosac mis SemadgenlobaSi dabrunebas upirebda.

britanuli jari tovebs baTums

generali anton denikini (1872-1947)

didi britaneTis mTavrobaSic ar iyo erTiani azri samxreT kavkasiis sakiTxze. regionSi aqtiuri politikis momxred sagareo saqmeTa ministri, lordi jorj naTaniel kerzoni gamodioda, romlis kurss ar iziarebda samxedro da aviaciis ministri uinston CerCili.

1919 wlis aprilSi oficialurma londonma saqarTvelodan jaris gayvanis gadawyvetileba miiRo da praqtikuladac ganaxorciela (inglisis armiis qvedanayofebi mxolod baTumis olqSi darCnen). paralelurad, TbilisSi gamoigzavna diplomatiuri misia cnobili qarTvelologis, qarTveli xalxis megobris jon oliver uordropis meTaurobiT, romelic samxreT kavkasiaSi didi britaneTis umaRles komisrad dainiSna. uordrops mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis didi britaneTis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRiarebaSi. Tbilisidan samSobloSi, sagareo saqmeTa uwyebaSi gagzavnilma misma moxsenebiTma baraTebma da argumentaciam mniSvnelovnad

8

saqarTvelo da dasavluri samyaro

ganapiroba oficialuri londonis pozicia. lordi kerzonis winadadebiT, 1920 wlis ianvarSi, mokavSireTa umaRlesma sabWom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika de faqto cno. kavkasiidan jarebis gayvanis Semdgom saqarTvelom britaneTis axloaRmosavlur politikaSi cxovelmyofeloba dakarga. saqarTvelosTan ekonomikur kontaqtebs londonSi seriozulad arc ganixilavdnen, xolo azerbaijanSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebiT (1920 w. aprili) regionis, rogorc bolSevizmis sawinaaRmdego placdarmis roli arsebiTad amoiwura. albionze saqarTvelosadmi interesi ganelda.

1920 wlis ivlisSi britanuli samxedro kontingenti baTumidanac gaiwvies. baTumis olqi mis kanonier mepatrones, saqarTvelos, daubrunda. baTumisa da misi olqis SemoerTeba saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi did warmatebad aRiqves, rac sulac ar iyo safuZvels moklebuli, magram ingliselTa saqarTvelodan gasvla evropis mier kavkasiis mitovebas, mis saerTaSoriso izolaciasa da ruseTis pirispir darCenasac niSnavda.

lordi jorj naTaniel kerzoni (1859-1925)

britaneTis orWofuli politikis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mimarTeba dasavlur samyarosTan ar Secvlila. xelisufleba zrunavda evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis gaecno saqarTvelos resursebi da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi, cdilobda moezida dasavluri kapitali saqarTvelos bunebriv simdidreTa dasamuSaveblad. am kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia qarTul-franguli savaWro palatis daarseba TbilisSi, aseve, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri warmomadgenlobis gaxsna safrangeTSi (xelmZRvaneli damfuZnebeli krebis wevri ioseb eligulaSvili) da sxv. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb gare samyaros informirebaSi Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda TbilisSi gamomaval germanul, inglisur da frangulenovan periodul gamocemebs, kerZod, gazeTebs: „Kaukasische Post“, „The Georgian Messenger“, „The Georgian Mail“, „La Géorgie indépendante“ da „La République Géorgienne“. qveyana bevrs moeloda parizis samSvidobo konferenciisagan, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi gamarjvebulma saxelmwifoebma 1919 wlis ianvarSi moiwvies. konferencias damarcxebul qveynebTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi unda SeemuSavebina da gaeformebina. faqtobrivad, parizSi msoflios axali politikuri rukis konfiguraciac ix-

oliver uordropi (1864-1948)

9

istoria azeboda. imisaTvis, rom am rukaze saqarTvelos droSis feric aRbeWdiliyo, anu saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba saerTaSoriso masStabiT ecnoT da eRiarebinaT, demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebam konferenciaze oficialuri delegacia gagzavna. mas damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomare nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe xelmZRvanelobda. delegaciam konferencias warudgina memorandumi, romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aucilebloba. memorandumTan erTad konferencias gadaeca frangul enaze Sedgenili saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis ruka, im sazRvrebiT, romelSic saqarTvelo Tavisi suverenobis aRiarebas iTxovda. mokavSire saxelmwifoebi saqarTvelos sakiTxs karga xans ruseTis sakiTxis farglebSi ganixilavdnen, ris gamoc qarTulma delegaciam araerTxel gamoxata ukmayofileba. rodesac ruseTis samoqalaqo omSi bolSevikTa upiratesoba gamoikveTa da TeTrgvardiuli moZraobis mxardaWera dasavleTisaTvis uimedo gaxda, mokavSire saxelmwifoTa meTaurebma win wamoswies e. w. mandatis sakiTxi, romlis debuleba erTa

nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe (1864-1926)

10

ligam SeimuSava. mandati iTvaliswinebda Zlieri, ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis mzrunvelobas axlad warmoSobil politikur erTeulebze, romelTac „Tanamedrove samyaros rTul pirobebSi“ damoukidebeli arseboba ar SeeZloT. radganac did britaneTs ukve miRebuli hqonda kavkasiidan jarebis gayvanis gadawyvetileba, londonma regionis winaSe pasuxismgeblobac moiSora da saqarTveloze mandati italias SesTavaza. italiis xelisufleba interesiT moekida SeTavazebas. viTarebis adgilze Sesaswavlad aq, polkovnik melkiade gabas meTaurobiT, sagangebo misiac Camovida, daiwyo mzadeba saqarTveloSi saeqspedicio korpusis gamosagzavnadac, magram 1919 wlis ivnisSi, qveyanaSi samTavrobo cvlilebis gamo, es sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna. italiis mandati saqarTveloze ar Sedga. somxeTze da masTan erTad saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanze mandatis dawesebis SesaZleblobas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebic ganixilavda, Tumca prezident uilsonis es idea qveynis kongresma uaryo. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis administraciam saerTod eWvqveS daayena saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sakiTxic da mxari ar dauWira mis aRiarebas. am faqtma saqarTveloSi bunebrivi gulistkivili gamoiwvia, magram es ar gamxdara dasavleTisaTvis zur-

parizis samSvidobo konferencia

saqarTvelo da dasavluri samyaro

gis Seqcevis safuZveli. im qarTveli socialistebis sapasuxod, romlebic, TavianTi ideologiuri doqtrinidan gamomdinare, evropis wamyvan saxelmwifoebs imperialistur qveynebad moixseniebdnen, noe Jordania gadaWriT acxadebda: „mirCevnia dasavleTis imperialistebi aRmosavleTis fanatikosebs“ da dasZenda, rom bolSevikebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aziisaken miiswrafvian da „aRmosavleTs ebRauWebian“, saqarTvelo irCevs dasavleTis veqtors.

1921 wlis ianvris bolos antantis saxelmwifoebma saqarTvelos iuridiulad aRiarebis gadawyvetileba miiRes. imaT Soris, vinc saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis suvereniteti iuridiulad aRiara, iyvnen: safrangeTi, inglisi, italia, iaponia, belgia, avstria, rumineTi, luqsemburgi, haiti, libia, meqsika da sxv. zogierTma TbilisSi sakuTari diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobac gaxsna. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis diplomatiuri misiebi funqcionirebda germaniaSi, skandinaviis qveynebSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi da sxv. saerTaSoriso aRiareba qarTuli saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi warmateba iyo, magram mas afermkrTalebda uari, romelic demokratiulma respublikam erTa ligaSi Sesvlis Txovnaze miiRo. universaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia erTa liga, romelic aSS-is prezidentis – uilsonis ideiT Seiqmna, mowodebuli iyo saxelmwifoTa Soris keTilganwyobis dasamyareblad, sayovelTao mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis uzrunvelsayofad. saqarTvelom imTaviTve gamoTqva survili, Sesuliyo am TanamegobrobaSi, romelic Tavisi damoukideblobis ganmtkicebisaTvis saimedo garantad warmoedgina. mis am bunebriv miswrafebas mravali qomagi da Tanamdgomi gamouCnda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia doqtor fritiof nansenis (norvegia), lord ser robert sesilis (samxreT afrika), juzepe motasa (Sveicaria) da sxvaTa mxardaWera. isini dabejiTebiT asabuTebdnen erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos miRebis samarTlianobasa da aucileblobas, magram kenWisyrisas umciresobaSi aRmoCndnen. im motiviT, rom erTa liga ver SeZlebda evropis ganapira rTul regionSi mdebare qveynis dacvas moZaladeTa Tavdasxmisagan, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika am organizaciis wevrad ar miiRes.

vudro uilsoni (1856-1924)

noe Jordania (1868-1953)

11

politika

ra SeeZlo eswavla

ruseTs germaniis gardaqmnis

istoriuli magaliTidan? giorgi badriZe

rodesac demokratiulma dasavleTma, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis liderobiT, 1980-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa kavSiri daamarcxa 45-wlian civ omSi, ruseTs mieca istoriuli Sansi, gadaexeda sakuTari politikuri sistemisTvis da gardaqmniliyo ufro Tanamedrove da warmatebul saxelmwifod. ruseTs amis mcdeloba kidevac hqonda, rodesac misma axalma liderma, boris elcinma, sabWoTa kavSiris alternativis Seqmna gadawyvita, romelSic ruseTTan erTad sxva sabWoTa respublikebic gaerTiandebodnen, ro-

12

gorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi. am axal kavSirs swored „damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba“ (dsT) ewoda. Tumca maleve aRmoCnda, rom elcinis axali ruseTi sulac ar apirebda namdvili damoukideblobis ufleba mieca yofili sabWoTa respublikebisTvis, romlebic jer kidev mefis ruseTis droidan warmoadgendnen imperiis nawils. magaliTad, rodesac saqarTvelom uari ganacxada dsT-Si nebayoflobiT Sesvlaze, misi xelisufleba ruseTis mier organizebulma da mis mierve SeiaraRebulma dajgufebam saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT Camoagdo, ris Semdegac axalma xelisuflebam saqarTvelo moskovis gavlenis sferoSi daabruna.

Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom ruseTis axalma xelisuflebam verc saSinao sferoSi moaxerxa warmatebuli reformebis ganxorci-

ra SeeZlo eswavla ruseTs

eleba da elcinis mmarTvelobis bolos mis memkvidreobad qveynis moqalaqeebma arc meti keTildReoba miiRes da arc ufro demokratiuli wyoba. Tavad elcini ki misi xelisuflebis Signidan moulodnelad aRmocenebulma vladimer putinma Caanacvla, romelmac maleve daasrula demokratobanas TamaSi da kursi sabWoTa kavSiris da ruseTis imperiis memkvidreobis aRdgenaze aiRo. ramdenime welSi ruseTSi damyarda ara ubralod avtoritaruli, aramed totalitaruli reJimi, romelsac Tavad putinma „Zalauflebis vertikali“ uwoda da romlis pirobebSi etapobrivad gaqra Tavisuflebis is iSviaTi kunZulebi – Tavisufali presa da politikuri opozicia – romlebic, garkveuli saxiT, elcinis dros jer kidev arsebobda. Tanac qrebodnen ara mxolod mediasaSualebebi da partiebi, aramed fizikurad nadgurdebodnen maTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi – Jurnalistebi da politikosebi. am kursma putinis ruseTi logikur Sedegamde miiyvana – mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebam ver uzrunvelyo ruseTis moqalaqeebis keTildReobis gazrda da maTTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmna. am viTarebaSi absoluturi Zalauflebis Senar-

Cunebas dasWirda xalxis yuradRebis gadatana xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis uniaTobidan da korufciidan „ruseTis sidiadis aRdgenis“ proeqtze, romelsac „qveynis garSemo Sekrebili mtrebi xels uSlian“. ase Caeflo ruseTi sisxlian dapyrobiT omebSi jer saqarTveloSi, Semdeg ki – ukrainaSi. Sedegad ki, saSineli zianis garda, putinis xelisuflebam araferi moutana arc ruseTis mezoblebs, arc sakuTar qveyanas da, SesaZloa, arc Tavis xelisuflebas. is, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo am damRupveli gzis alternativa, naTlad Cans im gzaSi, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg omSi damarcxebulma germaniam gamoiara. am qveynis aRorZineba sruli katastrofidan evropis lider saxelmwifomde da msoflios erT-erTi udidesi ekonomikis mqone qveynamde marTlac mniSvnelovani gakveTilia nebismieri erisTvis, romelsac warsulis rTuli tvirTi aqvs gadasalaxi.

1945 wlis 8 maiss germanuli raixis xelmZRvanelebma xeli moaweres upirobo kapitulacias omSi, romelic TviTon gaaCaRes da romelmac kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze

dabombili drezdeni

13

politika didi ngreva da adamianuri msxverpli gamoiwvia. es omi germaniasac udides fasad daujda – man mosaxleobis didi nawili, 11 milioni yvelaze Sromisunariani adamiani, dakarga, miwasTan iyo gasworebuli mravali qalaqi da ekonomikuri infrastruqtura, rom araferi vTqvaT dakargul teritoriebze. demografiuli danakargebis sailustraciod gamodgeba qalaq kiolnis magaliTi, romlis mosaxleoba omamde 750,000-s Seadgenda, xolo omis Semdeg 35,000-mde davida. aseve, qveyana okupirebuli iyo oTxi gamarjvebuli mokavSiris – sabWoTa kavSiris, SeerTebuli Statebis, britaneTis da safrangeTis mier. Tanac, germaniis aRmosavleTi nawilidan sabWoTa kavSirma gazida is qarxnebi da fabrikebi, romlebic omis ngrevas gadaurCa. amave gzas gauyenes germanuli muzeumebis, sajaro organizaciebis da moqalaqeebis kerZo sakuTrebac. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi es ukve meore msoflio omi iyo, romlis dawyebaze pasuxismgeblobis didi wili germanias ekisreboda, am qveynis momavali gansakuTrebuli optimizmis safuZvels ar iZleoda. germanel ers win udidesi gamocda eloda, romelSic, dakarguli damoukideblobis (ucxouri okupaciis) da dangreuli qveynis fonze, pirvel rigSi, gadasalaxi iyo nacisturi ideologiis da faSisturi politikuri sistemis mZime memkvidreoba. aq aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebiT pirveli msoflio omis dasasrulisgan, rodesac gamarjvebulma saxelmwifoebma germaniaze sastikad iZies Suri, amjerad am axali urTulesi gamowvevebis winaSe germania marto ar darCenila. marTalia, maleve gaxda naTeli, rom Tavis saokupacio zonaSi (germaniis aRmosavleT nawilSi) sabWoTa kavSiri ar apirebda kontrolis daTmobas da praqtikulad CamoWra is danarCen germanias, qveynis im nawils, romelsac dasavleli mokavSireebi akontrolebdnen, bevrad ukeTesi perspeqtiva gamouCnda. pirveli msoflio omis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, aSS-m britaneTTan da safrangeTTan erTad gadawyvita, rom germaniisTvis ar daekisrebinaT iseTi reparaciebi, romlebic mis ekonomikur aRdgenas SeuZlebels gaxdida da Sedegad verc reparaciebs miiRebdnen da verc mdgrad demokratiul mmarTvelobas am qveyanaSi – amis gareSe evropis mSvidobiani momavlis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. metic, SeerTebulma

14

aRmosavleTi berlini dasavleTi berlini

germaniis demokratiuli respublika

germaniis federaciuli respublika

germaniis dayofa, 1949 weli

Statebma gadawyveta, rom germania CaerTo evropis omisSemdgomi ekonomikuri aRdgenis programaSi, romelsac misi iniciatoris, aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis – jorj marSalis saxeli ewoda. rac mTavaria, omis dasrulebidan sul 3-4 welSi germaniis adgilobriv xelisuflebas (sabWoTa saokupacio zonis garda) saSualeba misces Seeqmna axali konstitucia da aRedgina qveynis damoukidebloba. es istoriuli momenti ase Seafasa SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentma hari trumenma:

„

Cven srulad davamarcxeT Cveni mtrebi da vaiZuleT danebeba, Semdeg ki maT davexmareT aRorZinebaSi, demokratiad gardaqmnasa da saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobasTan SeerTebaSi.

amis gakeTeba mxolod amerikas SeeZlo.

ra SeeZlo eswavla ruseTs

magram ar unda davukargoT damsaxureba Tavad germanel xalxs da mis liderebs, romlebmac sul mokle droSi meore msoflio omis nangrevebze msoflios erT-erTi warmatebuli saxelmwifo aaSenes, stabiluri demokratiuli sistemiT da mowinave ekonomikiT. 1990 wlisTvis, rodesac germaniis federaciulma respublikam aRmosavleTi germania (gdr) daibruna sabWoTa kontrolidan, is msoflioSi zomiT mesame ekonomika iyo, aSS-is da iaponiis Semdeg. maS, rogor moaxerxa germaniam am urTulesi amocanis Sesruleba? rogorc aRiniSna, am qveynis warmatebul gardaqmnaSi dasavlurma demokratiebmac Seitanes wvlili imiT, rom maT mier damarcxebul qveyanas swori ganviTarebis saSualeba ar waarTves da xelic ki Seuwyves. xsenebuli gare faqtorebis garda, germaniis warmatebas safuZvelSi sami mTavari sayrdeni edo: es iyo axali konstituciiT gansazRvruli mwyobri da dabalansebuli demokratiuli politikuri sistema da am sistemis wyalobiT Catarebuli ekonomikuri reformebi, romlebmac Sedegad egreT wodebuli „germanuli ekonomikuri saswauli“ moitana. mesame faqtori ki evropis istoriaSi sruliad axali procesi – evropuli qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri integracia iyo, romelic 1951 wels qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebis SeqmniT daiwyo, rasac 1957 wels evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba da 1992 wels evropis kavSiri mohyva. politikuri sistemis mowyobis TvalsazrisiT, 1949 wlis germanul konstitucias araferi darCa saerTo nacizmis totalitarul sistemasTan. is ufro Zvel tradicias – 1871 wlis gaerTianebuli germaniis pirvel da 1919 wlis vaimaris respublikis konstituciebis garkveul elementebs iTvaliswinebda – anu axali germanuli saxelmwifo mowyoba sakuTar saukeTeso tradiciebs de-

evrokavSiri evropis rukaze

mokratiis mowinave elementebTan aerTianebda. magaliTad, konstitucia avtonomiis maRal xarisxs aniWebda federalur miwebs (aSS-is analogs), romlebsac sakuTari kulturul-istoriuli TviTmyofadoba da tradiciebi hqondaT, xolo federaluri centris uflebamosilebebi dabalansebuli iyo regionebis interesebTan. samarTlian saarCevno sistemasTan Serwymuli germaniis saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTveloba imdenad stabiluri aRmoCnda, rom 2021 wlis bolos arCeuli axali federaluri kancleri (mTavrobis meTauri) mxolod mecxrea 1949 wlidan (maSin, roca italiam meore msoflios omis Semdeg dRemde 29 premier-ministri da 66 mTavroba gamoicvala).

Zireul ekonomikur reformebs jer kidev konstituciis miRebamde Caeyara safuZveli, radgan omis Semdeg germania umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo Cavardnili. warmoebis mniSvnelovanma Semcirebam da fasebis regulaciam yvelanairi saqonlis da sursaTis mwvave deficiti gamoiwvia. aucilebeli gaxda valutis reforma, ris Sedegadac raixsmarka axali germanuli fulis erTeuliT – doiCmarkiT Canacvlda, xolo sursaTis de-

berlinis kedlis dangrevis dRe, 1989 wlis 9 noemberi

15

politika ficiti fasebis ganTavisuflebis gziT aRmoifxvra. magaliTad, omis Semdgomi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi germaniis moqalaqes sursaTis ZebnaSi da rigSi dgomaSi kviraSi, saSualod, cxranaxevari saaTi exarjeboda, fasebis regulaciis gauqmebis Semdeg es dro oTx saaTamde davida, ramac bevrad gazarda Sromis produqtiuloba. ekonomikuri reformebis erT-erTi mTavari avtori valter oikeni iyo, romlis saqme ludvig erhardma gaagrZela. federaciuli respublikis pirvel kanclerTan – konrad adenauerTan erTad swored maT Cauyares safuZveli germaniis ekonomikur saswauls. valutis reformasTan erTad oikenma da erhardma Seqmnes ekonomikis axali modeli – e.w. orboliberalizmi, anu „socialuri Tavisufali sabazro sistema“. es sistema eyrdnoboda kapitalizmis umTavres princips – Tavisufal bazars, magram Semohqonda axali elementi – saxelmwifo regulacia, romlis mizani iyo ar daeSva monopoliebis da kartelebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic bazars sakuTar interesebSi borotad gamoiyenebdnen. fasebis ganTavisuflebasTan da gadasaxadebis SemcirebasTan erTad aseve Seiqmna socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, ro-

melic daicavda yvelaze ufro gaWirvebul moqalaqeebs. reformebs ueWvelad marSalis gegmac daexmara. marTalia, germania ar yofila aSSis ekonomikuri daxmarebis yvelaze didi mimRebi (misi saerTo moculoba dRevandel 180 miliard aSS dolars udrida da evropis 16 qveyanaze iyo gadanawilebuli), magram is aSkarad yvelaze efeqturad gamoiyena. magaliTad, sul raRac aT weliwadSi, 1948 wlidan 1958 wlamde, qveyanaSi samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba oTxjer gaizarda. dadebiTi roli Seasrula aseve germaniis CarTvam evropis integraciul procesebSi. es kidev erTi magaliTi iyo imisa, rom germaniam gadalaxa imperiuli kompleqsi, romelmac mas 1870 wlidan sami didi omisken ubiZga. axali germania sakuTar Tavs ganixilavda ara damarcxebul imperiad, romlis aRdgenaze revanSis gziT unda ezruna, aramed axali evropuli ojaxis nawilad, sadac misi usafrTxoeba da ekonomikuri keTildReoba pirdapir iyo dafuZnebuli partniorebTan TanamSromlobaze da ara maTTan paeqrobaze. evropuli integraciis mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebi omis dasrulebidan ramdenime wel-

konrad adenaueri (1876-1967)

16

Ludwig Erhard

Konrad Adenauer

Walter Eucken

valter oikeni (1891-1950)

ludvig erhardi (1897-1977)

ra SeeZlo eswavla ruseTs

Si gadaidga, xolo 1951 wels qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianebaSi da 1957 wlis romis xelSekrulebiT Seqmnil evropis ekonomikur TanamegobrobaSi gawevrianebam is mWidrod gadaajaWva sxva dasavleTevropuli qveynebis ekonomikur sivrces da maTTan dapirispirebis nacvlad axali stabiluri saeqsporto bazaric gauCina. SualedSi ki, 1955 wels, germania Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis organizaciaSi (nato) miiRes, ramac is aSSis da evropeli partniorebis usafrTxoebis qolgis qveS moaqcia. es momentic sayuradRebo istoriul gakveTils Seicavs. saqme isaa, rom germaniis federaciuli respublika am dros sabWoTa kontrol qveS arsebul aRmosavleT germanias (romelic moskovma calke saxelmwifod – „germaniis demokratiul respublikad“ monaTla) kvlav Tavis teritoriad miiCnevda, romelic droebiT iyo okupirebuli. amis analogia ruseTis mier dRes okupirebuli da damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad aRiarebuli afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni („samxreT oseTis respublika“). natoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis mowinaaRmdegeebi, maT Soris germaniis warmomadgenlebi, am viTarebas xSirad asaxeleben, rogorc mTavar arguments – rom ruseTTan teritoriuli davis gamo Cveni natoSi gawevrianeba alianss ruseTTan avtomatur konfliqtSi Caayenebda. arada 1955 wels germania zustad analogiur viTarebaSi iyo da gamosavlad misi gawevrianebisas SemoRebuli daTqma iqca, romlis mixedviT, natos wesdebis mexuTe muxlis moqmedeba ar vrceldeboda okupirebul teritoriebze germaniis suverenitetis aRdgenamde. Sesabamisad, amave meqanizmis gamoyeneba SeiZleba saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSic – misi miReba natoSi afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionze uaris Tqmis gareSe, magram am teritoriebze mexuTe muxlis moqmedebaze droebiTi moratoriumiT. Cvens ZiriTad Temas rom davubrundeT, 1960-iani wlebisTvis ukve naTeli iyo, rom germania sruliad axali tipis, WeSmaritad demokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibda, romelmac Tvali gauswora Tavisi uaxloesi warsulis danaSauls da moaxerxa erovnuli TviTSegnebis axali SinaarsiT Sevseba. momdevno aTwleulebSi germaniis ekonomika evropis da msoflios wamyvan Zalad iqca, xolo qveyana – stabilurobis, xarisxis da keTildReobis simbolod. evrokavSirSi germania dRes lideri qveyanaa safrangeTTan erTad, qveyanasTan romelTanac meore msoflio omis dasasrulam-

de mxolod saukunovani paeqroba da omebi akavSirebda. mxolod 1870-1939 wlebSi maT Soris omi samjer daiwyo, aqedan bolo omi msoflio omad iqca. germaniis gardaqmnam da evropaSi mis mier napovnma axalma rolma SesaZlebeli gaxada am istoriuli mtrebis yve-

17

politika laze ufro axlo mokavSireebad gadaqceva. amgvarad gamodis, rom germaniam, romelic katastrofulad damarcxda meore msoflio omSi, gaimarjva omisSemdgom periodSi, anu moigo mSvidoba. dRes mas ufro gavleniani adgili ukavia evropaSi, vidre es Tanamedrove germaniis winamorbedebs odesme moupovebiaT omiT.

putinis xanaSi ki Riad daubrundnen revanSistul imperializms. Tavisi moqalaqeebisTvis normaluri cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnis nacvlad, putinis ruseTi jer „dakarguli didebis“ gamo varams da mtrebis da moRalateebis Ziebas Seudga, xolo Semdeg mezoblebis xarjze sakuTari „sasicocxlo sivrcis“ gafarToeba gadawyvita.

amave magaliTiT aRmoCnda, rom warsulis imperiebis da, gansakuTrebiT, nacisturi raixis maniakaluri miswrafeba teritoriis moxveWisken, rasac adolf hitleris ideologia erisTvis „sasicocxlo sivrcis“ (germanulad – l L ebensraum) gafarToebis aucileblobiT amarTlebda, sulac ar iyo eris da saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis da keTildReobis winapiroba. germaniam Tavis udides warmatebas swored teritoriuli danakargebis miuxedavad miaRwia.

arada, ruseTs germaniaze bevrad ufro xelsayreli sastarto pozicia hqonda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTis federacia msoflios yvelaze did saxelmwifod darCa, romlis usafrTxoebas araferi emuqreboda (maT Soris, memkvidreobiT miRebuli uzarmazari birTvuli arsenalis gamo). misi mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi civi omis xanidan, aSS da misi demokratiuli mokavSireebi, xalisiT exmarebodnen mas reformebSi da imedovnebdnen, rom axali ruseTi maTi partniori gaxdeboda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis Rrma ekonomikuri krizisis miuxedavad, ruseTs yvelaferi hqonda imisTvis, rom reformebiT Seeqmna warmatebuli ekonomikuri modeli – garda msoflios bunebrivi resursebis miaxloebiT 40%-isa, mas hyavda ganaTlebuli mosaxleoba da kvalificiuri muSaxeli. am yvelafris miuxedavad, jer elcinis xelisuflebam xelidan gauSva reformebis gziT mdgradi demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis da ekonomikuri kolafsidan gamosv-

wesiT, germaniis omisSemdgomi warmatebis gakveTili aSkara unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove ruseTisTvis, magram misma mesveurebma yvelaferi sapirispirod gaakeTes. 1991 wlidanve, roca sabWoTa kavSiris nangrevebze warmoqmnil axal ruseTs istoriuli Sansi mieca, ekonomikis da politikuri sistemis reformirebaze meti yuradReba Zalismieri meTodebiT yofil sabWoTa respublikebze kontrolis SenarCunebas mieniWa.

boris elcini (1931-2007)

18

ra SeeZlo eswavla ruseTs

lis SesaZlebloba, xolo putinma, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tavis prioritetad piradi Zalauflebis moxveWa aqcia. mizezi ki sakmaod banaluri aRmoCnda – orive SemTxvevaSi kremlis mesveurebi erovnul interesebze maRla pirad keTildReobas ayenebdnen, riTac aixsneba, rom putini da misi garemocva miliarderebad iqcnen, xolo ruseTis ekonomika msoflios ekonomikis 3%-s Zlivs aRwevs. SedarebisTvis, 2021 wels CineTis ekonomika ruseTisaze zustad aTjer didi iyo, xolo aSS-isa – TxuTmetjer. aseve sayuradReboa, rom ruseTs Tavisi ekonomikis zomiT samxreT koreamac ki gadaaswro. radgan mxolod ekonomikis zoma (mTliani Sida produqti – mSp) ar gansazRvravs qveynis ekonomikur keTildReobas, calke aRsaniSnavia ruseTis CamorCeniloba erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is maCvenebliT. 2020 wels ruseTi am mxriv praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebul qveyanas CamorCeboda, maT Soris, samive yofil sabWoTa respublikas, romlebic dRes evrokavSiris wevrebi arian. wesiT, daskvna sakmaod naTeli unda iyos.

Tuki saxelmwifos surs gazardos sakuTari moqalaqeebis keTildReoba da amave dros gaamyaros Tavisi gavlena samezoblosa Tu msoflioSi, germaniis gardaqmnis istoria amis saukeTeso magaliTia. sakuTari warsulis gadaazrebis da demokratiuli politikuri sistemis Seqmnis Sedegad, man Tavisi mo-

saxleobisTvis keTildReobis maRal dones miaRwia da amave dros Tavisi saerTaSoriso gavlena uprecedento simaRleze aiyvana. ruseTis mesveurebma ki, kolosaluri SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad, sakuTari moqalaqeebisTvis ukeTesi politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis Senebas sakuTari Zalauflebis gamyareba da piradi gamdidreba amjobines, rasac dRemde imperiis aRorZinebis proeqtad fuTaven. imis nacvlad, rom ruseTi mezoblebisTvis mimzidvel socialur da politikur modelad eqciaT, ruseTs maTze kontrolisTvis, Zalmomreobis garda, sxva meqanizmi ar aRmoaCnda da axla irkveva, rom Tavisi ekonomikuri ganuviTareblobis gamo, am imperiuli proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad mis mier arCeuli uxeSi Zalis resursic eleva.

Tuki ukrainaSi putinis danaSaulebrivi avantiura misi reJimis kraxiT dasruldeba, iqneb rusulma sazogadoebam axlidan gadaxedos germaniis gamocdilebas, raTa sakuTari saxelmwifos mowyobas da mis rols msoflioSi axleburad Sexedos. Tu ase ar moxdeba, rac savsebiT mosalodnelia, morig gaSvebul istoriul SesaZleblobaSi ruseTis liderebis da sazogadoebis garda aravin iqneba damnaSave.

vladimer putini

putinis sasaxle gelenjikSi

19

saqarTvelo

voroncovi (zogierTi suraTi)

aka morCilaZe

mixeil voroncovi, imperatorTa drois ruseTis ganTqmuli mmarTveli da samxedro, sicocxlis miwuruls general-feldmarSalic, cnobili kacia CvenSi, vinaidan XIX saukunis SuaSi, TiTqmis cxra weliwads iyo kavkasiis mefisnacvali da Tbilisis erT Zvel moedansa da mas midevnebul quCas dRemde swored misi gvariT moixsenieben, Tumca, droebaTa kvalad am moedans araerTxel Seucvales saxeli. odesRac, 1922 wlamde, am moedanze graf voroncovis brinjaoSi Camosxmuli mokrZalebuli Zeglic aRmarTuliyo, sami metris simaRlisa, algeTis qvis kvarcxlbekze Semoyenebuli, Tavisi fuSfuSa samxreebiTa da ordenebiT. Zeglis garSemo dakidebuli jaWvis Robe SemoevloT da oTxiv kuTxiT patara zarbaznebis qandakebiT daecvaT. TbilisSi Semosulma komunistebma Zegli aiRes, magram uros cemiT ar daungreviaT, radgan igi sul SemTxveviT meca vnaxe istoriis muzeumis ezos kuTxeSi midgmuli 1990 wels. es kaci vinaa-meTqi da – voroncovio. axla sadaa is Zegli, ver mogaxsenebT, albaT, sadme, sacavSi. qarTvelebisTvis saukunis ganmavlobaSi msjelobis sagnad qceuli kacis Zeglis Taobaze is ki cnobilia, rom misive saxelobis moedanze, misive brZanebiT gadebuli xidis TavSi, misi Zeglis aRsamarTad fuli Tbilisis xalxma Seagrova, mgoni, 36 aTas maneTamde da yoveli maneTi maSin ukve vercxlisa iyo, Tumniani ki – oqrosi. voroncovis Semdgomi kavkasiis mmarTveli bariatinski iyo, didi vnebagancdiT cnobili da TavzexelaRebuli samxedro, romelmac daasrula kidec kavkasiis omi, sxvanairad – SamilTan omi, romlis dasasruleblad dainiSna kidec voroncovi Tavis droze kavkasiis vice-mefed, Cveneburad – mefisnacvlad da mieniWa kidec im mefisnacvlobaSi sruliad gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, rac imas niSnavda, rom angariSvaldebuli mxolod erT kacTan – ruseTis imperatorTan gaxldaT.

20

voroncovi

kavkasiis mmarTvelobis ganmavlobaSi aq daniSnuli uzenaesi mmarTvelis Tanamdebobas xSirad ecvleboda saxeli. am saxelTa Soris ki Cvens enas yvelaze ukeT „mefisnacvali“ SemorCa. voroncovi ki, amaTgan yvelaze dasamaxsovrebeli Seiqna.

aleqsandre bariatinski (1815-1879 )

Spicruteni [germ. Spieβruten (mr.)] – revoluciamdel ruseTSi wkepla, romliTac scemdnen or mwkrivad dayenebuli jariskacebi maT Soris gatarebul dasasjel pirs.

voroncovi Tavisi drois ganTqmuli samxedro iyo. modgmiT didmoxeles, romelsac babuac general-gubernatori hyavda, denTis suni jer kidev kavkasiaSi ekra, sruliad Wabuks, da aq dabrunebuli amas xSirad ixsenebda sajaro gamosvlebisas: biWobidan vici aqaurobis ambavio. voroncovi borodinos brZolaSi TavgamoCenili meomari gaxldaT da napoleonis damxobis Semdeg rusuli saokupacio teritoriis ufrosi iyo safrangeTSi. es teritoria parizis sazRvrebs uwevda da voroncovi yovelnairad cdilobda, rom rusis samxedro parizSi ar Sesuliyo da iq ar gaenavarda an ar ebogina. ambobdnen, parizSi Separuli, oficrebis restornis valebsac TviTon ixdis, Tan ki, mis xelqveiT myof rusis nawilebSi jariskacebis garozgva akrZala, Spicrutenebze xom laparakic ar ariso. grafi voroncovi bare oTxi imperatoris xelSi cxovrobda, rac arcTu xSiri ramea, miT umetes, Tu umaRles samsaxurSi xar, romelic ara mxolod samxedros gzaa, romelic imperiis kideebze da mere napoleonTan omebSi gamoixata, aramed – sammarTvelo TanamdebobaSic. kavkasiaSi Camosvlamde voroncovi TiTqmis ocdaaT weliwads iyo molorosiis, dRes politikurad arakoreqtul sityvad qceuli miwis, gubernatori. am xangrZlivi mmarTvelobisas man Seqmna qalaqi odesa da sxva ram adgilebic, gaiyvana gzebi, daafuZna dawesebulebebi da saswavleblebi, gaaba savaWro xazebi da, mokled, gaacocxla iqauroba. modgmiT isedac Zalian mdidars, britaneTis samefo karze ruseTis elCis Svils da Tavadac inglisSi gazrdils, am mmarTvelobisas auracxeli simdidre Seeborodinos brZola, aleqsandr averianovis naxati

21

saqarTvelo mata, magram voroncovi saxelmwifos mZarcveli ar iyo da imperiis xazinasac gvarianad avsebda. ori sasaxle – saxelmwifos, erTi sasaxle – me – gaubraloebiT ase gamodis, magram mxolod es namdvilad ar iyo. voroncovs mohyavda niWieri italieli arqiteqtorebi, niWieri germaneli da ingliseli saskolo saqmis mcodneni, mxatvrebi, mSeneblebi, megzeveebi, TerZebi da, rasakvirvelia, uamravi saxelovnebo da sameurno dargis ostati da qmnida da aSenebda. man icoda, rogor unda hgavdes qveyana misi drois mowinave samyaros. samxedro iyo, amas midevnebiT – politikosic, Tan ki – didmoxele, Tumca, rogorc mmarTveli da politikosi, mainc cota sxvanairi xerxebis momxre gamodioda, vidre sxva misi wodebisa da Tanamdebobis adamianebi. voroncovis taqtika iyo mSvidoba, Seneba, ganaxleba da sayovelTao kmayofileba da amiT imgvari garemos Seqmna sxva saxelmwifo berketebTan erTad, romelic saerTo gegmas daexmareba da gamarjvebamde miiyvans.

Tumca, generali da mmarTveli sulac rom ar yofiliyo, am Seneba-ganaxlebas, albaT, mainc sadme wamoiwyebda, radgan ubralod moswonda da uyvarda, rogorc Tavisi saqmianobis nayofi. voroncovi arc reformatori iyo, arc liberali, arc rame sxva. is iyo kulturuli da aristokratuli, ufro

nikoloz I (1796-1855)

petre bagrationi (1765-1812 )

rbili, inglisuri gagebiT, raxan iq aRzrdiliyo da amas ki Cabmoda mdidari rusis didi pomeSCikis da Rirseuli samxedros jaWvebi. borodinos brZolaSi bagrationis xelqveiT mebrZoli da daWrili, mere parizSi ki cekvavda da iq saxelic daigdo, rogorc gamorCeulma, daxvewilma generalma, colad ki umdidresi polonelis qaliSvili SeirTo. mokled, zurgs ukan rusebi „angliCanins“ eZaxdnen, albaT, swored am arasaldafonuri moqcevisa da moqmedebis gamo. es „angliCanin“ sxva kacs, sxva rame-rumeebis adamians gulisxmobs. voroncovis mamam naxevar saukunes icxovra inglisSi da Tavisi drois yvelaze cnobil anglomanad iTvleboda. mgoni, voroncovis arss saukeTesod Caswvda puSkini, romelsac erTxans samxreTSi mouwia yofnam da malorosiis mmarTvelis xelqveiT muSaobamac, riTac poeti ukmayofilo darCa, radgan voroncovi mas araTu Tanasworad miiCnevda, aramed zedac ar uyurebda. Tumca, amas xeli ar SeuSlia puSkinisTvis voroncovis colis mesaidumle-megobari Seqniliyo da erT intrigaSi daxmareboda kidec mas. hoda, puSkinma ramdenime funagoria-sxartula miuZRvna „angliCanins“, romelTagan yvelaze cnobilSi voroncovi Sefasebulia, rogorc „naxevrad lordi, naxevrad vaWari, naxevrad brZeni, naxevrad ubiri, naxevrad Taxsiri, Tumc, imedia, rom mTelic Seiqneba“. voroncovis sanaxevroobis ambavi zusti mignebaa, Tumca, misi „naxevrad“ kargi saqmeebic xSirad sakmarisi iyo, rom am adamianiT aRfrTovanebuliyvnen. arsiT ki voroncovi namdvili da saukeTeso rusis moxele iyo, oRond ufro daxvewili Wkuisa, vidre sxva aTasi da rom ara didi samxedro kariera, egeb samoqalaqo pirad

22

voroncovi

samxedro sakiTxi misTvis yovelTvis pirveli rigisa iyo, sxva mxriv ki, es pirveli mogzauroba simboluric gamodga: voroncovi gzaze xSirad myofi mmarTveli iyo.

aleqsandre puSkini (1799-1837) avtoportreti

ufro migeRo, vidre damsaxurebul generlad. mas albaT egona, rom samudamod darCeboda ukrainaSi, magram imperatorma nikoloz I-ma albaT imxanad gadawyvita, rom ukeTesi aravin hyavda kavkasiaSi omis dasamTavreblad da Tan ki am rTuli mxaris mosawesrigeblad da amitomac daZra uzarmazar provinciaSi samudamod momjdari kaci Tbilisisken. rogorc ixseneben, voroncovs kavkasiaSi wamosvla ar undoda: vin wava misganve naSenebi samoTxisebri baRebidan iq, sadac swrafi cxeni, basri xanjali da mSrali findixi, egeb imaze mets wyvets, vidre fiqri da gegma? sabolood, voroncovma ifiqra da imperators gaagebina, rom dasWirdeboda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi da pirdapiri xelqveiToba mxolod imperatorisa da ara – aTasi uwyebisa. asec gadawyda: arsi ki mTeli am uflebebisa da mefisnacvlobisa unda yofiliyo Samilis moZraobis ganadgureba. Samili ki, swored rogorc kavkasioni, im dros Tavs adgas kavkasiis Zvelsa da istoriul qveynebs, aw ruseTis imperiis ganapira mxareebs, imaT Soris ki pirvels – saqarTvelos. ase rom, arsi voroncovis TbilisSi gamomgzavrebisa iyo samxedro – Samilis waxdena. aqve rom iTqvas, voroncovma es ver moaxerxa, Tumc ki mis dros iyo ori-sami xmauriani gamarjveba. kavkasiaSi yofnis rva wlis Semdeg imperators gaTavisufleba sTxova: Tvals didad damaklda da janzec ver varo. gaemgzavra da iq gardaicvala, ori wlisa da cota metis Semdeg, sicocxlis bolos ki feldmarSlobac miiRo.

egeb amanac ubiZga gzebis mowesrigebisa da Senebisken, Tumca, misi sameurno saqmianobisadmi didi midrekileba isedac gulisxmobda ganaxlebas da bevri ramis aSenebas da mowesrigebas. yvelaferi rom ganze gadavdoT, kargi gzebi jarisaTvis iyo saWiro. didad mogzauri mefisnacvali aranakleb dros rCeboda TbilisSi: kabinetidan marTvas da mravalferovani da mravalerovani rTuli mxaris moxilvas kargad uxamebda sakabineto saqmes: dgeboda adrian diliT, sauzmobda erTi moxarSuli kvercxiT da ijda kabinetSi, romlis misaRebic yovelTvis savse iyo umaRlesi wodebisa da Tanamdebobis, umetesad gamopranWuli, adamianebiT. missave kabinetSi idga meore samuSao magidac, misi meuRlisTvis, romelic qalTa sakiTxebSi iyo Cafluli da isedac bevr araoficialur saqmes agvarebda. voroncovs odesidan Camohyva msaxurTa da TanaSemweTa mravalnacadi gundi da misi ukiduresad didi biblioTekis nawilic. mefisnacvali moumzadebeli ar Camosula: bevric waekiTxa aqaurobis Sesaxeb da SeemuSavebina kidec damokidebuleba, romelic momgebiani aRmoCnda da romelsac TandaTan gamocdilebac daexmara. magaliTad, voroncovma icoda, rom miuxedavad rusuli administraciisa da kanonebisa, misadmi rwmunebul guberniebSi SesaZ-

simion voroncovi, mixeil voroncovis mama (1744-1832 )

voroncovi 1845 wlis martis bolos Camovida TbilisSi, erTi amoisunTqa da wamsve xazze gaemgzavra – nawilebTan Sesaxvedrad.

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saqarTvelo loa gavlena hqonodaT sul sxva adamianebs, romlebsac sakmaod xSirad arc eWiraT raime Tanamdeboba. amitom xSiri iyo scenebi, roca romelime regionSi Casuli mefisnacvali oficialurad miesalmeboda mis winaSe gamwkrivebul rus samxedroebsa da moxeleebs da rigis boloSi mdgom romelime adgilobriv Tavads an begs gauCerdeboda, gadaexveoda, ambebs gamohkiTxavda, sadiladac miiwvevda, mswrafl raime Zvirfas saCuqars miuZRvnida da colisTvisac gaatanda. grafis adiutants yovelTvis Tan hqonda didi, saCuqrebiT savse yuTi. es erTgvarad aRizianebda iq gamwkrivebul rusebs, rom viRac „basurmans“ meti pativi ergo mefisnacvlisgan, magram voroncovi Tvlida, rom es xalxi unda xedavdes, rom umaRlesi xelisufali maT Zalian afasebs da maTi CarTuloba misTvis aucilebelia. Semonaxulia istoriuli anekdoti, romelic aRwers, rogor aCerebinebda zaqaTalidan momavali voroncovi Tavis ekipaJs kaxeTis soflebSi, gadmodioda da pativiT esalmeboda mis misasalmeblad gamofenil Tavadebs. es iseTi sixSiriT xdeboda, rom Stabis ufrosi SeSfoTda, dagvaRamdebao, razec voroncovma miugo, rom gzis piras gamosul TiToeul Tavads oriaTaswlovani sagvareulo warsuli aqvs da kargi salmis meti araferi unda, rac sasixarulo unda iyos, amitom jobs dagviRamdes, vidre usalmod CaviqroloTo. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom voroncovi amgvarad saurTierTobo adamianebad aRiarebda mxolod umaRles aristokratias, did da

Zvel sagvareuloTa STamomavlebs da raxan TviTonac aseTi warmoSobisa iyo, miaCnda, rom kargad esmoda maTi. Tvlida, rom moxele da oficeri, Tundac gamorCeuli, magram ara umaRlesi gvarisa, aristokratis toli ver iqneboda, Tumca, samsaxurSi misTvis yovelmxriv unda SeewyoT xeli da misi unarebi saxelmwifos srulad unda wadgomoda. voroncovis adgilobrivebTan damegobrebis taqtika gamomdinareobda misi mTavari Sexedulebidan, rom am xalxma unda Seisisxlxorcos, rom ruseTis imperia maTi qveyanacaa da maT ki ar marTaven viRac mosulebi, aramed isini Tavad monawileoben am udidesi qveynis marTvaSi, CarTuloba da imis Segneba, rom ruseTi Cvenicaa, mxolod Cven ki ar varT maT xelqveiT, aramed Cven erTad varT da vuZRvebiT saqveyno saqmes. aqedan ki – misi moTxovna, rom rusma moxeleebma unda icodnen qarTuli da kavkasiis sxva enebi, Sesabamisi saWiroebis mixedviT, xolo kavkasielebma rusuli unda iswavlon. es daexmareba imas, rom Txa da mgeli erTad Zovdes da aqedanaa misi survilic, rom umaRlesi qarTuli aristokratia ojaxuri kvanZebiT daekavSirebina kavkasiaSi momuSave umaRles rus moxeleebTan, didi rusuli sagvareuloebidan. kavkasiis marTva kavkasielebisve xeliT – rogorc komunistebis dros ityodnen, „brZnuli xelmZRvanelobis qveS“ da rac im dros da im viTarebaSi kavkasiis ufro didi erebisTvis unda iyos xelsayreli.

mixeil voroncovi da misi meuRle elisabed branicka-voroncova (1792-1880)

24

voroncovi

es imasac gulisxmobda, rom garusebis xisti xerxebi voroncovs ar gamouyenebia, radgan maTi ar swamda, arc mentalurad da arc politikurad. is Tvlida, rom qarTvelma ar unda ibrZolos Tavisi qarTvelobisTvis, amaze saerTod ar unda fiqrobdes da arc ifiqrebs, Tu mas sakuTari qarTvelobis, kulturis cocxlad SegrZnebis saSualeba eqneba. voroncovis droeba mosdevs 1832 wlis damarcxebuli SeTqmulebis, kuSti dumilis xanas, roca ocnebebi dalewilia da saqarTveloze mofiqrali xalxi ukve karga xnis dasjilicaa, mere – provinciebSi Seketilic da gulgatexilic. aleqsandre orbeliani masTan saWirboroto saqmeze sasaubrod mosul xalxs bnel oTaxSi SeuZRveboda xolme, sanTeli ar gvinda, ifiqron rom gvZinavs da ase vilaparakoTo. gare mzirebis SiSi hqonda, mgoni, yvelaze ukeT da mgrZnobiared esmoda rusuli mmarTvelobis sul bolo, SiSveli arsi da ase gaatara sicocxle. aq ki voroncovma: modi, rac gaqvT, warmoaCineTo – Jurnali, ambavi, Semoqmedebis gamococxleba, kulturis wamoweva, marTalia, rusuli, magram gazeTi, iqiT – Teatraluri suli, giorgi erisTavi, saukeTesoTaTvis gza universitetisa da samxedro saswavleblebisaken da uamravi iseTi ram, ramac mTlianad Secvala kulturuli da saazrovno viTareba ara mxolod TbilisSi da qarTvelebisTvis, aramed sxva erebisTvisac.

aleqsandre orbeliani (1829-1869)

ra Tqma unda, am ambis yvelaze xiluli da STambeWdavi magaliTi iyo Tbilisis operis mSenebloba da misi gaxsna, ramac sruliad Secvala garemo qalaqSi da kavkasiis Suaguli evropasTan daakavSira. ra Tqma unda, cenzura arsebobda da es ar iyo raime iseTi Tavisufleba, romelic samagaliTo iqneboda, magram es iyo arafridan raRac, rac sasiamovno da damamSvidebeli Canda da rac xvalis imeds Sobda. xvale ki, marTla gamovida Tergis daleviT da imas moyolili gadarCeniT.

imami Samili (1797-1871)

amas mosdevda saswavleblebi da voroncovis sayvareli saqmianoba – ganaxleba, gamokeTeba da mowesrigeba. voroncovis dro SeTqmulebis Semdgomi qarTvelobisTvis sulis mosaTqmeli gamodga. aristokrati qarTvelebi Zalian afasebdnen mefisnacvals. misi kavkasiidan wasvlis Semdeg aseTi qcevac ki Camoyalibda, rom

25

saqarTvelo CrdiloeTSi mimavali qarTveli TavadiSvili, Tuki zRviT midioda da odesaSi unda moxvedriliyo, iq aucileblad mividoda voroncovisas, mas saCuqars miuZRvnida da kidev erTxel gamoucxadebda madlobas qarTvelTaTvis keTili saqmisaTvis. es pirdapiri Tayvaniscemis ambavi didxans ar gagrZelebula, radgan voroncovi aqedan wasvlis Semdeg male gardaicvala, magram mere mis qvrivs ewveodnen xolme: akaki „Cems TavgadasavalSi“ aRwers, rogor mivida, sruliad axalgazrda, elisabed qsavierovna voroncovasTan da rogor miuZRvna mas mamisgan gatanebuli saCuqari. akaki mTeli sicocxle voroncovs aqebda da sibereSi poemac ki dawera mis Sesaxeb. es sakvirveli iyo adamianisgan, romelic sityviT da saqmiT ebrZoda rusul mmarTvelobas. ase ityoda xolmeo, ra gindaT, rac gvaqvs, yvelafris ufleba magan mogvca da im dros gadagvarCinao. ZeglisTvis fulis Segrovebac am damokidebulebis nawilia.

Tumca, qarTvelic aris da qarTvelic. aleqsandre orbelianma, mgoni, samyaros ukanasknelma romantikosma, voroncovis xanas sabolood mainc „Cveni motyuebulobis dro“ uwoda: am moTafluli xerxebiT da mis ukan dafaruli Sors mimavali zraxvebiT Cvenive sabolood damorCileba undodao. azric swored ase iyo gayofili: erTni aqebdnen, meoreni mis veragobas ixsenebdnen.

Tumca, rogorc yovelTvis, maqebari meti gamodioda. amasobaSi ki, maSenebeli da megobruli voroncovi yvelaferSi iseTi keTili da aRmSenebel-brZeni ver gamodioda, rogorc amas misi ukeTesi mxare warmoaCenda. magaliTad, misi mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi mefisnacvlis sasaxlis boZze mikruli iyo yviTeli safosto yuTi, romelSiac SegeZloT CagegdoT xelmouwereli werili, saCivari, dasmena an rogoric mogafiqrdebodaT, iseTi qaRaldi. es gaugonar ambad Canda keTilSobili xalxisTvis. arc mere da arc manamde, vidre komunistebamde, dasmenis amgvari waxaliseba kavkasiaSi ar momxdara. imasac ambobdnen operis did holSi, sadac Sesvenebebisas sazogadoeba trialebs, kedlebSi faruli xvrelebia da imaT ukan ki momsmenebi sxedan, romlebic sazogadoebriv azrs swavlobeno. ramdenad gamodioda es, Zneli saTqmelia, magram ambad ki dadioda. kidev iyo aseTi ambavi, rom voroncovi endoboda ramdenime adamians da maT rCevebs midevnebiT gascemda uzarmazar savaWro da saijaro ufle-

26

bebs ukiduresad saeWvo adamianebze, Sedegebs ki Znelad moikiTxavda xolme. mefisnacvali Zalian mdidari kaci iyo, mis karze yofna, mis mejlisebsa da sadilebze siaruli ki Zalian Zviri ujdeboda saqarTvelos, sabolood – soflis SemosavliT qalaqSi moarsebe aristokratias, romelic cdilobda, rom brwyinvale tansacmliTa da saCuqrebiT fexi aewyo mefisnacvlisTvis. aseTi Tavganwiruli siZviriT parizSic ar icmeveno, aRwerda viRac erT Tbilisur mejliss da ki, voroncovs mohyva franguli samkervaloebi, sadalaqoebi, Zvirfaseulobis maRaziebi da, ra Tqma unda, gamoCndnen TaRliTebic, romlebic orSaura ucxour samkaulebs da samoss iseT fasad yiddnen, rom Tavadebi colebis gaevropelebis mizniT mamulebsac ki agiravebdnen. voroncovis drois aristokratia mooqrovili mundirebis, wveris parsva-moSTobis, sapkurebel-sunamoebis, WaRebis, oqros dezebis gamo valebSi Caflul sazogadoebad Camoyalibda. yvelas vali hqonda, vali izrdeboda da izrdeboda Txovnebis saqaRaldeTa mTac voroncovis magidaze: es CamogvawereT, Tqveno uganaTlebulesobav (mimarTvis iSviaTi saxelmwifo forma, romelic voroncovma aq yofnis bolosken daimsaxura imperatorisgan), is CamogvawereT, amaSi damexmareT, imaSi daRupvisgan gada-

voroncovi

Tbilisis operis Teatri

voroncovis sasaxle TbilisSi

marCineTo. yovelive amasTan erTad mimdinareobda omi kavkasiis mTebSi, iyo siamaye gergebilis aRebiT da TbilisSi „Samila, Samilas“ Zaxili. Tumca, qarTvelobisTvis bevri mware ambavic moxda. voroncovma kavkasia marTla imitom datova, rom Cveuli samuSao reJimis, siarulis, sakiTxebis mTeldRiani ganxilvis jani aRar mosdevda. Zneli saTqmelia, Camosvlisas ramdeni xniT yofnas gegmavda. albaT, ufro samxedro kampaniasa da imperatorze iyo damokidebuli, magram asakma Tavisi Tqva da voroncovi imperators Seevedra – damiTxoveo. istoriam misi ramdenime portreti Semoinaxa, xelgawafuli mxatvrebis mier dawerili, misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva aTwleulSi. am portretebze Cans mSvidi kaci, wyliani TvalebiT, xSirad – dafaruli RimiliT da karga gvariani fiqriT. ra iRvawa aq da rogor im TiTqmis cxra weliwads, Zalian didi istoriaa da wvrilad Sesaswavlic. mgoni, misi kavkasiuri mmarTvelobis nebismier did samecniero aRweraSi yovelTvis darCeba „ra gindaT, rac gvaqvs, yvelafris ufleba magan mogvca da maSin gadagvarCina“-c da „Cveni motyuebulobis dro“-c.

Tumca, aq mainc gagaxsendeba iliam rom dawera: „ra gavagrZelo, TavadisSvili, kargi ra aris, cudi ra iyos?“ voroncovis Zegli TbilisSi

27

regioni

rogor iqmneboda centraluri evropa

revaz gaCeCilaZe arsebobs „centraluri evropis“, rogorc geografiuli regionis, sakmaod bevri definicia. masSi xandaxan SeaqvT germania, avstria, Sveicariac ki, axseneben „centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropis“ regionsac, romelic yofil „socialistur bloksa“ da yofil sabWoTa baltiispireTs moicavs.

Cvens SemTxvevaSi „centralur evropad“ ufro mcire farTobs ganvixilavT, romelsac marTlac ukavia centraluri adgili evropaSi. es aris teritoria, sadac I msoflio omamde erTmaneTs uSualod emezoblebodnen ruseTis, germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis imperiebi, xolo omis Semdeg iq gaCnda axali saxelmwifoebi – poloneTi, Cexoslovakia da ungreTi. Zalian Znelia centralur evropaze msjeloba misi istoriuli geografiis ugulebelyofiT – am regionis politikur rukaze Zalian didi cvlilebebi xdeboda. avstria-ungreTis adgilze 1918 wlis bolos aRmocenebuli „germanuli avstriis respublika“ (ase erqva mas 1919 wlis 21 oqtombramde) cdilobda Sesuliyo imdroindeli germaniis („vaimaris respublikis“) SemadgenlobaSi. imaves cdilobdnen germanelebiT dasaxlebuli silezia da sudetenlandi. aseTi gaerTianeba ar dauSva msoflio omSi gamarjvebulma „antantam“ – safrangeTma da didma britaneTma. Cexoslovakia da ungreTi Seiqmna habsburgTa dinastiis mier Svidi saukunis ganmavlobaSi Senebuli da 1918 wlis bolos daSlili avstria-ungreTis imperiis teritoriaze. poloneTs ki sxva geografiuli istoria hqonda.

28

centraluri evropa

slavuri aristokratia: am teritoriaze SemorCenili yvela istoriuli cixesimagre ungrel an germanel („avstriel“) didgvarovanT ekuTvnodaT. adgilobrivi slavuri mosaxleoba mxolod glexoba iyo. maT zogadslavuri saxeliT icnobdnen, anu „slovakebad“, maSin, rodesac sxva slav xalxebs, romelTac saxelmwifoebrioba hqondaT, sakuTari eTnonimebic hqondaT (Cexi, poloneli, xorvati, serbi, rusi da sxv.). slovakebi, ungrelebis msgavsad, kaTolikeebi iyvnen. slovakuri nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibeba mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo. es garkveulwilad iyo reaqcia adgilobrivi slavuri mosaxleobis nawilis „madiarizaciis“ (gaungrelebis) mcdelobaze. aRmosavleTiT, karpatis qedis mTiswinebSi, cxovrobdnen „uniati“ slavebi, romelTac sxvebi „ruTenielebs“ uwodebdnen, TviTsaxelad ki „rusini“ hqondaT. habsburgTa dinastiis gerbi

1867 wels avstriis imperia gardaiqmna avstria-ungreTis imperiad. es iyo kompromisi iqamde mZafrad dapirispirebul habsburgTa dinastiasa da ungrul aristokratias Soris. momdevno naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi am saxelmwifos hqonda ori dedaqalaqi da ori parlamenti – venasa da budapeStSi, magram hyavda erTi monarqi. imperiaSi Semavali ungreTis samefo teritoriulad sWarbobda avstriul nawils. mis SemadgenlobaSi XI saukunidan Sedioda karpatis qedis mTiswinebsa da dunaispira dablobze mdebare dRevandeli slovakeTis respublikis teritoria. es iyo „zemo ungreTi“ (germanulad – Höher Ungarn), sadac Sua saukuneebSi ar arsebobda eTnikurad

XVI saukunis Sua wlebidan, rodesac ungreTis samefos dedaqalaqi, q. buda, saukunenaxevriT aRmoCnda osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, 1848 wlamde ungreTis faqtobriv dedaqalaqs warmoadgenda q. presburgi (ungrulad – poJoni), sadac xdeboda ungreTis mefeTa koronacia. 1802-1848 wlebSi ZiriTadad germanelebiT, ungrelebiTa da ebraelebiT dasaxlebul q. presburg/poJoniSi mdebareobda ungreTis parlamenti. 1919 wels am qalaqs pirvelad ewoda slavuri saxeli – bratislava. amJamad is slovakeTis respublikis dedaqalaqia. dResac ki slovakebi ganasxvaveben 1918 wlamde arsebul ungreTis samefos (slovakurad mas uwodeben Uhorsko-s), romlis SemadgenlobaSic cxra saukune icxovres, Tanamedrove ungreTis respublikisgan, romelic maTTvis aris Mad’arsko.

poJoni XVI saukuneSi

29

regioni ZiriTadad germanulenovani da kaTolikuri avstriis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda istoriuli bohemiis (CexeTis) samefo, centriT q. praRaSi. adre am teritoriaze arsebobda slavurenovani Cexebisa da moravielebis samTavroebi. slavebis garda, iq farTod iyvnen warmodgenili eTnikuri germanelebic (maTi sakmao nawili protestanti iyo). aseTi gamoTqmac ki arsebobda: „yvelaze karg germanuls praRaSi gaigonebT!“ 1918 wels poloneTis meore JeCpospolita (respublika) aRdga im teritoriaze, romelic iqamde Sedioda ruseTis, germaniis da avstria-ungreTis imperiebis SemadgenlobaSi. dasustebuli poloneTis pirveli JeCpospolita 1772-1795 wlebSi dainawiles Zlierma mezoblebma. misi teritoriis TiTqmis oTxi mexuTedi I msoflio omamde Sedioda ruseTis imperiis farglebSi, sadac, peterburgis miTiTebiT (is iyo ruseTis dedaqalaqi), kaTolike polonelebis rusifikacias cdilobdnen. prusiis samefos (1871 wlidan – germaniis imperia) poloneTis farTobis meaTedze meti Sexvda da iq polonelebis germanizacia xdeboda.

poloneTis sami danawileba XVIII saukunis bolos

fskovi

SvedeTi

poloneTis dayofa riga

ruseTi prusia avstria 1772 1793

baltiis zRva

1795

smolenski

dancigi (gdanski)

kenigsbergi (kaliningradi) elblongi

prusia

vilno (vilniusi)

ruseTi

bidgoSCi toruni pozeni (poznani) glogau (gloguvi)

varSava

breslau (vroclavi)

lublini

kievi krakovi lvovi

avstria (habsburgebis imperia) vena

kaSa (koSice)

moldovis samTavro

osmaleTis imperia

Rzeczpospolita (gamoiTqmis „JeCpospolita“) aris polonuri kalki laTinuri terminisa res publica, rac niSnavs „sayovelTao/saerTo sagans“. aqedan gvaqvs „respublika“, romelic gansxvavebiT monarqiisagan, Teoriulad mainc, xalxis mier marTuli „saerTo sagania“. poloneTis pirveli JeCpospolita arsebobda XVIXVIII saukuneebSi da mas marTavda arCeuli mefe, romelsac Zalian zRudavda aristokratiuli parlamenti – seimi.

30

centraluri evropa

avstriis imperiis farglebSi moqceul galiciaSi ki, romelsac faqtobrivi avtonomia hqonda, polonuri ena da kultura naklebad izRudeboda. q. krakovSi (dasavleT galiciaSi) da aRmosavleTiT – q. lvovSi arsebobda polonuri universitetebi. amave dros, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, galiciis aRmosavleT nawilSi TandaTan Zalas ikrebda ukrainuli nacionalizmi. lvovsa da sxva qalaqebSi polonuri da ebrauli mosaxleoba dominirebda, sofeli ki ukrainuli iyo. galiciis ukrainelebis umetesoba religiiT „uniati“ iyo, anu iqauri marTlmadidebeli eparqiebi 1596 wlis „uniiT“ (kavSiriT) eqvemdebarebodnen romis paps (avstriis imperiaSi mas „berZnul-kaTolikuri eklesia“ erqva). 1939 wlidan aRmosavleTi galicia ukrainis SemadgenlobaSia: iq ismis ukrainuli ena da yvelaze metad igrZnoba ukrainelTa erovnuli suli.

bohemiis samefos gerbi

XX saukunis Sua wlebamde centralur evropaSi yvelgan, gansakuTrebiT mravlad ki poloneTis teritoriaze, arsebobdnen ebrauli Temebi. mokled, asze cota meti wlis win centraluri evropa warmoadgenda mravali eTnosisa da religiis – kaTolicizmis, protestantizmis, uniatobis, marTlmadideblobis, iudaizmis mimdevarTa – Zalian Wrel konglomerats.

franc-ferdinandi (1863-1914 )

ukve XIX saukuneSi centraluri evropis yvela xalxs gauCnda nacionaluri idea – swrafva sakuTari erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken, romelsac Tavisive gansaxlebis adgilze xedavdnen. im saukunis miwuruls ebraelebmac dainaxes „erovnuli keris“ arsebobis saWiroeba da gaCnda „sionizmi“ – „aRTqmul miwaze“, palestinaSi, dabrunebis nacionaluri idea. avstria-ungreTis imperiis mesveurebic grZnobdnen centridanul Zalebs TavianT samflobeloSi. taxtis memkvidre francferdinandi, swored is, visi mkvlelobac 1914 wlis zafxulSi iqca I msoflio omis dawyebis sababad, amuSavebda gegmas, romlis mixedviTac, dualisturi imperia federalur sawyisebze unda gardaqmniliyo. ar dascalda!

I msoflio omma (1914-1918) evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi udidesi politikurgeografiuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. imperiebi daiSala, maT adgilze warmoiSva erovnuli saxelmwifoebi.

31

regioni kievi

ruseTis imperia poloneTi praRa

krakovi

lvovi

germaniis imperia germaniis (`vaimaris~) respublika

Cexoslovakia

vena

bratislava

zalcburgi berni

budapeSti

avstria

Sveicaria

ukraina sabWoTa kavSiri (1922)

avstria-ungreTi ungreTi segedi

rumineTi

transilvania

lubliana

italia

timiSoara

zagrebi venecia

avstria-ungreTis imperiis sazRvrebi 1914 w. ungreTis samefo imperiaSi

xorvatia serbebis, xorvatebis da slovenebis samefo

avstriuli nawili imperiaSi

saraevo

bosnia-hercegovina imperiaSi sxva qveynebis sazRvrebi 1914 w. danawevrebuli imperiis sazRvrebi 1919-1920 ww. xelSekrulebebiT wiTlad aRniSnulia qveynebi imperiis daSlis Semdeg

buqaresti

belgradi

bosnia

serbeTi hercegovina

bulgareTi montenegro

sofia

Savi zRva

adriatikis zRva

albaneTi

avstria-ungreTis imperia 1914 wels da daSlis Semdeg

I msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli „antantis“ saxelmwifoebis aliansma, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis xelmZRvanelobiT, 1919-1920 wlebSi gaaforma sazavo xelSekrulebebi omSi damarcxebul qveynebTan, maT Soris – cal-calke avstriasTan da ungreTTan. 1920 wlis 4 ivniss dadebuli „trianonis xelSekrulebis“ ZaliT, ungreTis samefos teritoriis TiTqmis ori mesamedi gadaeca axalSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs – Cexoslovakiis respublikas, serbTa, xorvatTa da slovenTa samefos (SemdgomSi iugoslaviad wodebuls), ukve arsebul rumineTis samefos. ungreTis mcire nawili avstriaSic ki aRmoCnda. „trianonis xelSekrulebas“ ungreTSi dRemde uTanabreben erovnul katastrofas maSin, rodesac slovakeTsa an rumineTSi is SeiZleba iyos dResaswaulis mizezi. marTalia, ungrelebma ibrZoles, magram mZafri Sida dapirispirebis fonze warmatebas ver miaRwies. centralur evropaSi ungreTi teritoriulad yvelaze dazaralebuli aRmoCnda, xolo ungrelebi – danawilebuli sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. ungreTisagan gansxvavebiT, Cexoslovakia da poloneTi gafarTovdnen eTnikurad Sereuli mosaxleobis mqone teritoriebis xarjze. imdroindel sazRvrebSi maTi Seqmna, rasakvirvelia, iyo didi eTnikuri jgufebis – polonelebisa da Cexebis – erovnuli proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. magram aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda „antantis“, upirvelesad – franc-ferdinandis safrangeTis respublimkvleloba kis, mmarTveli wreebis geopolitikur miznebs.

32

centraluri evropa

saxlebuli raionebi – dasavleTiT da ungrelebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi – aRmosavleTiT. am mizniT maT gamoiyenes „antantis“ politikuri mxardaWera da safrangeTsa da italiaSi gawvrTnili brZolisunariani samxedro nawilebi, dakompleqtebuli avstria-ungreTis armiis Cexi da slovaki samxedro tyveebiTa da dezertirebiT.

25% 50% 75%

germanuli mosaxleoba CexoslovakiaSi 1930-ian wlebSi

parizs undoda, rom omSi damarcxebuli, magram potenciurad saSiSi metoqis – germaniis – aRmosavleTiT Seqmniliyo potenciurad antigermanulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebi. aseTad parizSi miiCnevdnen Cexoslovakiasa da poloneTs. 1918 wlis 28 oqtombers, rodesac msoflio omi damTavrebulic ki ar iyo (es 1918 wlis 11 noembers moxda), gamocxadda Cexoslovakiis respublikis Seqmna. misma damaarseblebma, upiratesad Cexurma elitam, miaRwies imas, rom CexebiTa da slovakebiT dasaxlebuli miwebis garda, axali saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sesuliyo germanelebiT da-

xelaxla aRmocenebuli poloneTis „meore JeCpospolitis“ teritorias, polonelebiT dasaxlebuli miwebis garda, daemata silezia, sadac mosaxleobis naxevarze meti germanelebi iyvnen; poloneTma miiRo gasasvleli baltiis zRvaze, ramac germaniis teritoriis uwyvetoba daarRvia da aRmosavleTi prusia eqsklavad aqcia; 1920 wels, bolSevikur ruseTTan mogebuli omis Sedegad, poloneTis mosaxleobis polieTnikuroba gaizarda ukrainelebiTa da belorusebiT dasaxlebuli miwebis xarjze; poloneTma samxedro ZaliT SeierTa lietuvelebiT dasaxlebuli vilnos raioni, romlis centrSic (q. vilniusSi) sWarbobda polonuri da ebrauli mosaxleoba. istoriuli dedaqalaqis dakargvis gamo, 1918-1939 wlebSi lietuvis dedaqalaqis funqcias q. kaunasi asrulebda.

II msoflio omis win poloneTis mosaxleobis 30 procentze mets eTnikuri umciresobebi Seadgendnen. poloneTsa da Cexoslovakias 1919 wels erTmaneTTanac hqondaT omi: Cexoslovakiam brZoliT daikava zemo sileziis, ZiriTadad polonelebiT dasaxlebuli zaolzies/cieSinis raioni (801 kv. km), sadac gadioda praRisaTvis mniSvnelovani rkinigzis monakveTi.

lietuvis armiis Sesvla vilniusSi, 1939

33

regioni

adolf hitleris da nevil Cemberlenis Sexvedra miunxeni,1938 wlis 29 seqtemberi

eduard beneSi (1884-1948)

centraluri evropis qveynebis mravaleTnikuroba 1938-1939 wlebSi gaxda nacisturi germaniis eqspansionizmis „TviTgamarTlebis“ sababi, ramac evropa II msoflio omamde miiyvana.

1938 wlis 29 seqtembers q. miunxenSi germaniis „mesame raixis“ beladma (fiurerma) adolf hitlerma politikuri SantaJis gziT aiZula didi britaneTi da safrangeTi ecnoT germaniis ufleba CamoerTmia CexoslovakiisaTvis germanelebiT dasaxlebuli sazRvrispira teritoriebi, maT Soris ZiriTadi iyo sudetebi, Cexoslovakiis dasavleTiT. qveynis imdroindeli prezidenti, eduard beneSi, iZulebuli gaxades daTanxmeboda teritoriis gadacemas. „miunxeni“, SedarebiT susti qveynis xarjze, samarcxvino politikuri garigebis simbolod iqca. imave 1938 wels poloneTma isargebla Cexoslovakiis dasustebiT da SeierTa zaolzies/cieSinis raioni, romelic 1920 wels oficialurad dauTmo Cexoslovakias.

germania seqtemberi-noemberi, 1938

poloneTi oqtomberi,1938

bohemiis da moraviis proteqtorati slovakeTi

marti,1939

marti,1939

noemberi,1938

avstria

rumineTi ungreTi

Cexoslovakiis danawileba 1938-1939 wlebSi

34

centraluri evropa

bohemiis da moraviis proteqtorati

daTmo slovakeTma 1939 w.

poloneTi ukraina

brno

aneqsirebulia1939 w.

slovakeTi ungvari

kaSa

aneqsirebulia1938 w. bratislava

miSkolci

germania

`kar (ru patisw Ten ina ia) rus i~

niredhaza

aneqsirebulia1940 w.

diori debreceni

budapeSti

Crd. transilvania

sekeSfehervari

ungreTi

segedi subotica peCi zagrebi timiSoara

rumineTi

aneqsirebulia1941 w.

xorvatia

serbeTi

ungreTis teritoriuli gafarToeba 1938-1945 wlebSi

1938 wlis 2 noembers, „venis pirveli arbitraJis“ gadawyvetilebiT, ungreTma SeierTa samxreTi slovakeTi (10 390 kv. km, 854 aTasi mcxovrebiT, maT Soris 90 procenti eTnikurad ungreli iyo). oTxi Tvis Semdeg ungreTma SeierTa ruTenia (CexoslovakiaSi mas erqva Podkarpatska Rus, anu „karpatiswina rusi“), Tumca iq kaTolike ungrelebs ricxobrivad sWarbobdnen uniati da marTlmadidebeli rusinebi. ungreTma daibruna rumineTsa da iugoslaviaSi 1920 wels Sesuli teritoriis nawilic.

1939 wels CexeTis darCenili teritoria nacisturma germaniam SeierTa „bohemiisa da moraviis proteqtoratis“ saxeliT. slovakeTi, romelmac hitleris moTxovniT imave wlis 14 marts gamoacxada damoukidebloba, nacisturi germaniis marionetul saxelmwifod iqca. „ungruli miwebis Sekreba“ swrafwarmavali movlena aRmoCnda. ukve 1945 wels, II msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave, ungreTi aiZules ukan daebrunebina teritoriebi da dasjereboda im sazRvrebs, romlebic 1920 wels daumtkica „trianonis xelSekrulebam“.

Cexoslovakiis daSlis yvela aqti saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRvevad aris miCneuli. imdroindeli poloneTis „eqspansionizmsac“ zogierTi eqsperti nacisturi germaniis danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobad miiCnevs. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba gmobs centralur evropaSi im iZulebiT politikur-geografiul cvlilebebs, rac 1938-1941 wlebSi moxda. (gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi)

35

diplomatia

daviT dondua pirveli diplomatebi mTavarangelozebi iyvnen da zeciur samyaros miwierTan akavSirebdneno – xumrobdnen mRvdelmsaxurebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi. xumroba iqiT iyos da diplomatia maSinve Caisaxa, rogorc ki pirvelyofilma tomebma teritoriebi daisakuTres da, mezoblebTan brZoliT daRlilebma, problemebis mogvareba molaparakebiT scades. Tanamedrove msoflios diplomatia evropuli diplomatiis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. evropuli diplomatia ki saTaves antikuri saberZneTidan iRebs. sxvadasxva epoqaSi da sxvadasxva regionSi qveynebs Soris gansxvavebuli urTierToba arsebobda; aseve gansxvavebuli iyo im adamianebis, diplomatebis, profesiuli funqciebi da unarebi, romlebic am urTierTobas emsaxurebodnen. vnaxoT, rogor da ra safexurebi gamoiara diplomatis xelobam antikuri berZnuli demokratiidan dRemde. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTTan aqtiuri urTierToba hqondaT, risTvisac saWiro iyo despanebis mimosvla. Tavidan maTi mTavari funqcia erTi qalaqidan meoreSi ambis Catana iyo. kamaTi da molaparakeba maT ar evalebodaT. amitomac es funqcia heroldebs (macneebs) miandes, romlebsac did manZilebze cxeniT jiriTi exerxebodaT, xmals gabedulad xmarobdnen da gzis avazakebsac ar epuebodnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierToba mravalferovani gaxda, mravalmxrivi kavSirisTvis ki, utyvi heroldi sakmarisi aRar iyo. axla am saqmisTvis ukve warCinebul da daRvinebul pirovnebebs arCevdnen da maT prezbisebs, anu elCebs uwodebdnen (Πρεσβευτής – elCi, es sityva dRemde SemorCa berZnulSi). elCi aucileblad mWevrmetyveli unda yofiliyo, radgan mas sajarod unda miemarTa qalaqis mTavar moedanze Sekrebili mosaxleobisTvis. amitom xSirad am saqmes oratorobaSi gawaful msaxiobebsac ki andobdnen.

36

diplomati guSin da dRes

agamemnonis elCebi aqilevsTan

maSin mudmivi saelCoebi ar arsebobda, elCebi sagangebo davalebiT igzavnebodnen ucxo saxelmwifoSi da saqmis dasrulebis Semdeg samSobloSi brundebodnen. delegaciaSi ramdenime elCi iyo, romlebic qalaqsaxelmwifos sxvadasxva politikur jgufs warmoadgendnen. elCebs amgvari mivlinebisTvis saWiro Tanxas aZlevdnen da msaxurebs miuCendnen. ukan dabrunebuli elCoba axla sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaSe wardgeboda angariSiT da nebismier moqalaqes hqonda ufleba, azri gamoeTqva maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. ase muSaobdnen diplomatebi berZnul demokratiaSi. aq isic unda iTqvas, rom dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan, antikuri saberZneTis diplomatia ar iTvleba efeqtianad, vinaidan molaparakebas erTgvari privatuloba sWirdeba, rom zedmetma sajaroobam rTuli procesi ar daazianos.

*** Tu saberZneTSi elCebs saxalxo kreba irCevda, Zvel romSi es senatis saqme iyo. senatorebi elCebs, ZiriTadad, sakuTari wridan irCevdnen da aravis hqonda ufleba, uari eTqva am misiaze. elCs romSi legati erqva; sagangebo davalebis Sesasruleblad Seqmnil elCebis jgufs ki – legacia. legats oqros beWedi amSvenebda, romelic mas ufasod mogzaurobis uflebas aZlevda. legacias zogjer samxedro gemebi miacilebdnen. elCebs hqondaT kargi dafinanseba, saWiro resursebi da hyavdaT msaxurTa (mdivnebi, Tarjimnebi, mzareulebi, monebi) didi amala.

romaeli tribuni da legati

antikur saberZneTSi agreTve hyavdaT proqsenosebi, romlebic mSobliur qalaqSi sxva qalaq-saxelmwifos interesebs emsaxurebodnen. am moxeleebs informaciis Segroveba, vaWrobis xelSewyoba da mivlinebiT Camosuli Tavisi qalaqis elCebis maspinZloba evalebodaT. proqsenosi imdenad saWiro gamodga diplomatiur praqtikaSi, rom dRemde SemorCa. mas axla sapatio konsuli hqvia.

37

diplomatia marTalia, romis diplomatia berZnuli diplomatiis tradiciebze aRmocenda, magram romi oratori diplomatebis imedad ar iyo. Zlevamosil imperias ar sWirdeboda mWevrmetyveli elCebi, radgan meore mxaris gadmobirebas romauli legionebi advilad axerxebdnen. romaeli elCebi winaswar gamzadebul xelSekrulebas meore mxares gadascemdnen xelmosawerad. Tu vinme uarze iyo, mokle dros miscemdnen mosafiqreblad da Tu sasurvel pirobebze mainc ver daiTanxmebdnen, saqmeSi samxedroebi CaerTvebodnen da saqmec umal gvardeboda. amitom romi molaparakebisTvis dros ar kargavda. iq aqcenti samarTalze iyo gadatanili. did yuradRebas aqcevdnen xelSekrulebebis Sesrulebas, radgan yvela dokumenti romis interesebze iyo morgebuli. maSin damkvidrda gamoTqmac „xelSekruleba unda Sesruldes!“ (Pacta sunt servanda!).

*** romauli diplomatiis tradiciebi gaagrZela da kidev ufro daxvewa bizantiam. bizantiuri diplomatiis ganviTarebaSi udidesi wvlili imperator iustinianes miuZRvis. didi strategi da diplomati, iustiniane, SesaniSnavad uxamebda erTmaneTs diplomatiasa da Zalismier meTodebs.

Tumca, romisgan gansxvavebiT, bizantias ar hqonda fufuneba sagareo politikis warmatebaSi marto jars dayrdnoboda. samxedro TvalsazrisiT arcTu Zlier bizantias kargad ganviTarebuli diplomatiuri samsaxuri exmareboda ukidegano imperiis gakontrolebaSi. barbarosi tomebis garemocvaSi myof imperias eSinoda, rom mezoblebi pirs Sekravdnen da erToblivi ZaliT konstantinopolze gailaSqrebdnen. amitom bizantiuri diplomatia cdilobda mezobel tomebs Soris SuRli Camoegdo da gaeRvivebina. romauli Divide et impera (gaTiSe da ibatone) bizantiuri diplomatiis mTavar misiad iqca. meore mxriv, bizantieli imperatorebi Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen, rom mezoblebTan kargi urTierToba hqonodaT, isini imperiis samsaxurSi CaeyenebinaT da bizantiis mtrebisTvis daepirispirebinaT. amgvari politikis warmarTvisTvis ki informacia umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti iyo. konstantinopols unda scodnoda, ra xdeboda samezobloSi; ra mdgomareobaSi iyo mosazRvre qveynis jari, ekonomika; vin da rogor ibrZoda iq ZalauflebisTvis; ra gegmebi hqonda mmarTvels da sxva. aseT informacias diplomati ucxo qveyanaSi xanmokle vizitis dros ver moipovebda da amitom elCebs SeZlebisdagvarad didi xniT miavlendnen xolme. maT evalebodaT zedmiwevniT dakvirvebodnen yvelafers, rac konstantinopols ainteresebda. amrigad, am epoqaSi diplomatma axali funqcia SeiZina – dakvirveba, Segrovebuli informaciis aRnusxva da gaanalizeba.

romauli bareliefi

PACTA SUNT SERVANDA! 38

diplomati guSin da dRes

elCebis gamogzavnili angariSebi Tavs iyrida barbarosTa biuroSi, romelic sagareo saqmeTa saministros prototipad SeiZleba warmovidginoT. iq grovdeboda yvela informacia mezoblebis Sesaxeb. iqve xdeboda misi damuSaveba imperatorisTvis warsadgenad. cxadia, aseTi detaluri informaciis SegrovebisTvis marto elCebis Zalisxmeva ar iyo sakmarisi. amitom diplomatiur saqmianobaSi rTavdnen yvelas, vinc mizezTa gamo ucxoeTSi miemgzavreboda. imperiis sazRvrispira regionebSi specialurad aarsebdnen savaWro qalaqebs. iqaur vaWrebs ki avalebdnen dakvirvebodnen momijnave qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs da detaluri angariSebi gaegzavnaT barbarosTa biuroSi. bizantiis imperatorebi miiCnevdnen, rom imperiis usafrTxoebisTvis saWiro iyo mezobeli barbarosebis gaqristianeba. imperiis mier mivlinebuli misionerebi, qadagebis garda, iq mimdinare movlenebs akvirdebodnen, informacias agrovebdnen da konstantinopols awvdidnen.

veli mudmivi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi vatikans hqonda kaTolikur samefoebSi. XVII saukunisTvis ki mudmivi saelCoebi evropaSi Cveulebriv praqtikad iqca.

Seiqmna sagareo saqmeTa saministroebi da diplomatia gaxda saxelmwifos marTvis ganuyofeli nawili. saqmis simravlis gamo saelCoebSi, elCis garda, bevri profesionali muSaobda. gaCnda saxelmwifo moxeleebis axali kasta – diplomatebi. evropas sul ufro meti da meti profesionali diplomati sWirdeboda da universitetebSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis, Tanamedrove enebisa da istoriisadmi interesi gaizarda. momravlda diplomatebisTvis gansaxilveli sakiTxebi, amas ki maRalkvalificiuri iuristebi sWirdeboda. amgvarad, diplomats daemata axali funqcia – advokatoba.

es angariSebi ar iyo spontanuri; yvelas winaswar eZleoda mkafio instruqcia, Tu raze unda gaemaxvilebina yuradReba da rogor unda daewera angariSi. es angariSebi didad ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove diplomatiuri angariSebisgan, romlebsac saelCoebi regularulad agzavnian dedaqalaqSi. *** sagareo politikis warmoebisTvis Seqmnili diplomatiis profesiuli samsaxuris idea bizantiisgan mezobelma veneciam isesxa; veneciidan is jer italiis sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi, Semdeg ki danarCen evropaSi gavrcelda.

XIII-XIV saukuneebSi italiis teritoriaze mdebare qalaqi-saxelmwifoebidan iRebs saTaves organizebuli diplomatia. am saxelmwifoebs imdenad gacxovelebuli da mravalmxrivi urTierToba hqondaT erTmaneTTan, rom elCebis mokle vadiT mivlineba ukve aRar kmaroda. maSin daarsda pirveli mudmivi saelCoebi. varaudoben, rom pirimperatori iustiniane (482-565)

DIVIDE ET IMPERA 39

diplomatia sainteresoa, raoden grZeli iyo maSin am profesiisTvis aucilebeli moTxovnebisa Tu unarebis CamonaTvali. kargi diplomati aucileblad unda yofiliyo gamWriaxi, mWevrmetyveli, mdidari, sasiamovno garegnobis da daojaxebuli didgvarovani. is TeologiaSi, aristotelesa da platonis filosofiaSi kargad unda yofiliyo gaTviTcnobierebuli; unda scodnoda maTematika, arqiteqtura, musika, fizika, samoqalaqo da saeklesio samarTali, geografia, istoria, samxedro saqme da poeziac ki. mas samejliso cekvebis Sesruleba da alkoholis Sergeba unda SesZleboda; Tavisuflad unda elaparaka laTinurad, berZnulad, espanurad, frangulad, germanulad da Turqulad. florencia dRemde amayobs imiT, rom mas elCebad emsaxurebodnen saxelganTqmuli dante aligieri, franCesko petrarka, jovani bokaCo, nikolo makiaveli. im epoqaSi diplomatebs evropaSi bevri sxvadasxva saxeli erqvaT – legatebi, oratorebi, nunciebi, komisrebi, prokuratorebi, agentebi, elCebi. maspinZeli qveyana elCebs ganasxvavebda imisda mixedviT, Tu romel qveyanas warmoadgendnen; kaTolikur qveynebSi vatikanis elCs miagebdnen upirates pativs, mas mohyvebodnen samefoebis, Semdeg samTavroebis warmomadgenlebi. respublikuri qveynebis wargzavnilni dabali rangis elCebad iTvlebodnen.

dante aligieri elCad romis papTan

40

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)

*** gagikvirdebaT da, miuxedavad imisa, rom elCebs yovelTvis gamorCeulad scemdnen pativs, diplomatiuri samsaxuri mainc ar iyo popularuli. bevri qveyana Tavs aridebda diplomatebis miRebas, radgan maT potenciur jaSuSebad miiCnevda. bevrgan adgilobrivebs saerTod ekrZalebodaT diplomatebTan kontaqti. zogierT avtoritarul qveyanaSi mosaxleobas dResac ki ukrZalaven ucxoelebTan urTierTobas. erT-erTi faqtori, rac ganapirobebda diplomatis profesiis arapopularobas, iyo daucveloba. uZvelesi droidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi CarTuli pirebis xelSeuxebloba CveulebiTi samarTliT regulirdeboda. mTavrobebi samarTals ki scemdnen pativs, magram quCis kriminalisTvis mdidari elCi mTavari samizne iyo.

diplomati guSin da dRes

sxva sirTuleebic arsebobda. magaliTad, sazRvargareT mivlinebul veneciel diplomatebs colebis saxlSi datoveba uwevdaT, radgan miCneuli iyo, rom qalebs Woraoba uyvardaT da maTi ndoba ar SeiZleboda. didi Tavis tkivili iyo elCebi ra TanmimdevrobiT gamocxaddebodnen oficialur ceremoniebze da rogor ganlagdebodnen darbazSi. iTvleboda, rom maT rigiTobas maTi warmgzavni xelmwifeebis statusi ganapirobebda. radgan yvela xelmwife Tavs sxvaze aRmatebulad miiCnevda, elCebi mudam ekinklavebodnen erTmaneTs da es dapirispireba araerTxel gadazrdila xelCarTul Cxubsa da duelSic. yvelaze didi problema ki finansebi iyo. elCebi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, vin ukeT warmoaCenda Tavis xelmwifes, vin ufro mdidrul sadilsa Tu mejliss gamarTavda, ukeT Caicvamda da ufro Zvirfasi etliT gadaadgildeboda. cxadia, es yvelaferi did fuls moiTxovda, romelsac warmgzavni saxelmwifo ixdida. im epoqaSi evropaSi gauTavebeli omebi iyo da monarqebs erCivnaT elCebis nacvlad samxedroebi daefinansebinaT. gamarjvebuli jari samSobloSi alafiT brundeboda da samefo xazinas amdidrebda.

xarjebis dazogvis mizniT scades pompezuri diplomatia sadaTi SeecvalaT da, didgvarovnebis nacvlad, elCebad saSualo fenis warmomadgenlebi daeniSnaT, romlebic ufro mokrZalebulad icxovrebdnen ucxo qveyanaSi. cnobilia, rom safrangeTis mefem (lui XI) elCad sakuTari dalaqi daniSna, florenciaSi ki es saqme qimikoss miandes. magram pirvelad romis papma da Semdeg sxvebmac iukadrises „elCobisTvis Seuferebeli“ piris miReba sakuTar karze. xelmwifeebma gamosavali advilad gamonaxes da elCebi daavaldebules, mivlinebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela xarji sakuTari jibidan daefaraT. ra gasakviria, rom didgvarovnebs elCis ZviradRirebuli cxovrebis dafinansebas erCivnaT eomaT da Sin nadavliT gamdidrebuli dabrunebuliyvnen. amitom diplomatiuri samsaxuri jariviT savaldebulo gaxades. aseTi ramec ki xdeboda, rom florenciaSi elCad daniSnul urC didgvarovnebs, viTomda sapatio yarauliT, sinamdvileSi ki, SeiaraRebuli razmiT miacilebdnen sazRvramde.

1815 wels venaSi gamarTulma kongresma gansazRvra elCebisa da saelCoebis rangebi da daadgina rigiTobis principi. manamde arsebuli (monarqiis mudam sakamaTo statusze dafuZnebuli) gaurkveveli rigiToba Secvala martivma principma – upiratesia is elCi, romelic ufro adre Seudga moRvaweobas maspinZel qveyanaSi. rigiTobis es principi dResac ZalaSia.

jovani bokaCo (1313-1375)

franCesko petrarka (1304-1374)

41

diplomatia *** Semdegi gardamtexi cvlilebebi diplomatiaSi pirvelma msoflio omma moitana. swored pirveli msoflio omis dasasruls ukavSirdeba erTgvari zRvari Zvel da axal diplomatias Soris, maSin Seiqmna globaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia, erTa liga, romelic mogvianebiT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam Caanacvla. ase damTavrda didgvarovanTa, gasaidumloebuli da mxolod ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis, diplomatia. mis nacvlad daiwyo pirovnebaze da mis kompetenturobaze, sayovelTaod gacxadebul urTierTobaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTobis xana. dRes saelCoebis muSaobis areali ise gafarTovda, rom profesional diplomatebs mravali sakiTxis siRrmiseuli codna moeTxovebaT. Tumca, ragind mravalmxriv ganaTlebulic ar unda iyos adamiani, SeuZlebelia, yvelaferSi erTnairad kargad erkveodes. amitomac Tanamedrove saelCoebSi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobis specialistebTan erTad, sxva profesiis adamianebic muSaoben, romlebic Tavis dargebSi (jandacva, soflis meurneoba, samxedro saqme) ucxoel kolegebTan TanamSromloben. uwin saelCoebSi diplomatebs xangrZlivad an samudamodac ki agzavnidnen. mxolod Tanamedrove epoqaSi daiwyo diplomatebis rotacia: diplomats 3-4 wliT miavlenen romelime qveyanaSi, mere ki mas sxva diplomatiT cvlian. amgvari rotacia saWiroa imitom, rom ucxo qveyanaSi xangrZlivad mcxovrebi diplomati emociurad ar miejaWvos am qveyanas, zedmetad loialuri ar gaxdes mis1815 wlis venis kongresi

42

lui XI da misi dalaqi olivie le deni

dami da ar mowydes warmgzavni qveynis realobas. fiqroben, rom aseTi diplomati samSoblos saTanado msaxuri veRar iqneba. tradiciuli ormxrivi (saelCoebis meSveobiT warmoebuli) diplomatiis paralelurad, aqtiurad viTardeba mravalmxrivi diplomatia. mravalmxrivi diplomatiis gaCena ganapiroba dRevandelma realobam, roca msoflio iseTi kompleqsuri sakiTxebisa Tu problemebis pirispir aRmoCnda, romelTa mosawesrigeblad ori, Tundac didi, saxelmwifos SeTanxmeba araa sakmarisi. iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa birTvul SeiaraRebaze kontroli, terorizmi, trefikingi da narkobiznesi, sursaTis usafrTxoeba da siRaribis aRmofxvra, garemos dabinZureba da kidev bevri sxva, sayovelTao Tanxmoba sWirdeba.

diplomati guSin da dRes

amitom XX saukunidan gaxSirda saerTaSoriso konferenciebi da forumebi, sadac msoflios mravali qveynis warmomadgenlebi ikribebian. zogierTi konferencia mudmivmoqmedad iqca da saerTaSoriso organizaciad Camoyalibda. arsebobs globaluri (gaero), regionuli (evrokavSiri) da Tematuri – specifikur sakiTxebze momuSave (saerTaSoriso sazRvao organizacia) saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. bevr saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi qveynebs TavianTi samsaxurebi aqvT, sadac diplomatebi hyavT mivlinebuli. es samsaxurebic igive saelCoebia, oRond maT misias an warmomadgenlobas uwodeben. saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan akreditebul misiaSi da ormxriv saelCoSi momuSave diplomatebis saqmianoba imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi mivlinebulma diplomatebma, sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvasTan erTad, organizaciis sxva wevrebis interesebs da TviTon organizaciis amocanebsac unda gauwion angariSi. aseTi midgoma Tu ar iqneba, ver moxdeba erToblivi gadawyvetilebis miReba da organizacia ver Seasrulebs dakisrebul funqcias. amasTan, gaCnda diplomatebis axali kategoria – saerTaSoriso organizaciebis TanamSromlebi. saerTaSoriso organizacias hyavs sakuTari aparati, romelSic aseve diplomatebi muSaoben. marTalia, es diplomatebi sakuTarma saxelmwifom miavlina, magram isini iq ara samSoblos, aramed orga-

nizacias warmoadgenen da mxolod organizaciis miznebsa da amocanebs emsaxurebian. zogierTi organizacia metad specifikuria, magaliTad, atomuri energetikis saerTaSoriso saagento da iq metwilad im dargis profesionalebi, birTvuli fizikis specialistebi, muSaoben. internetisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebam diplomatebis saqmianobaSic iseve Seitana cvlileba, rogorc yvelgan. dRes ukve xSiria Sexvedrebi da molaparakebebi virtualur sivrceSi. pandemiam es procesi kidev ufro daaCqara. am yvelafris fonze zogierTi eWvis qveSac ki ayenebs tradiciuli ormxrivi diplomatiis momavals; Rirs ki amodena resursis xarjva saelCoebis Senaxvaze, roca bevri ramis gakeTeba distanciurad SeiZlebao – amboben skeptikosebi. es skepticizmi axali araa. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ukve xSirad ismoda amgvari mosazrebebi. magram drom aCvena, rom veraviTari Tanamedrove teqnologia ver Caanacvlebs adamianur faqtors. diplomati, romelic xangrZlivad cxovrobs qveyanaSi iseTi informaciisa da gamocdilebis matarebelia, rom veranairi internetis saZiebo sistema mas ver Secvlis. amasTan, fasdaudebelia is ndoba, romelic adamianebs Soris fizikuri Sexvedrebis dros yalibdeba da romelic xSirad gadamwyvet rols asrulebs molaparakebis warmatebaSi. isic faqtia, rom teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTarebis kvaldakval, diplomatebisa da saelCoebis raodenoba msoflioSi ki ar iklebs, piriqiT, izrdeba. amdenad, Tvalsawier momavalSi Zneli warmosadgenia, rom diplomatebs mxolod samSobloSi, kompiuteris ekranTan msxdomebs, mouxdeT muSaoba.

43

sabWoTa sistema

rogor Seiqmna

sabWoTa

?

kavSiri Sesavali

malxaz macaberiZe

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan sami aTeuli welia gasuli, magram ruseTis prezidenti putini sabWoTa kavSiris gaqrobas „geopolitikur katastrofas“ uwodebs da garkveuli saxiT mis aRdgenasac ar gamoricxavs. putini da mis msgavsad moazrovne adamianebi sabWoTa kavSirs „ruseTis saxelmwifos formad“ miiCneven da misi aRorZinebac ruseTis „Zveli Zlierebis“ aRdgenad esaxebaT. amdenad, marTebuli iqneboda imis gaxseneba, Tu rogor Seiqmna da ras warmoadgenda sabWoTa kavSiri. bolSevikebma, leninis meTaurobiT, 1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi revolucia daiwyes msoflio socialisturi revoluciis lozungiT da imedi hqondaT, rom msoflioSi komunizmi male gaimarjvebda, magram movlenebi ise ar warimarTa, rogorc bolSeviki liderebi moelodnen. msoflio revolucia ar moxda, Tumca bolSevikebis xelSi aRmoCnda yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriis didi nawili – 22,4 mln kv. km. da maT winaSe dadga sakiTxi, Tu rogor unda moewyoT saxelmwifoebrivad es uzarmazari teritoria. oficialurad am teritoriaze arsebobda 9 saxelmwifo – ruseTis federacia da mis „sazRvrebs gareT“ arsebuli, magram rusi bolSevikebis mier dapyrobili da maT kontrolqveS moqceuli belorusiis, ukrainis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijanis sabWoTa respublikebi, Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublika, xivisa da buxaris saxalxo respublikebi. maTi gaerTianebis sakiTxi bolSevikebs Soris didi dapirispirebis mizezi gaxda.

44

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

6

3 11 1 2 10 9 12 4

5 7 8

sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebi II msoflio omamde 1. ruseTi (moskovi) - 17,075,400 km2 2 2. yazaxeTi (alma-ata) - 2,717,300 km 2 3. ukraina (kievi) - 603,700 km 4. TurqmeneTi (aSxabadi) - 488,100 km2 5. uzbekeTi (taSkenti) - 447,400 km2 2 6. belorusia (minski) - 207,600 km

7. yirgizeTi (frunze) - 198,500 km2 2 8. tajikeTi (duSanbe) - 143,100 km 2 9. azerbaijani (baqo) - 86,600 km 10. saqarTvelo (Tbilisi) - 69,700 km2 11. moldoveTi (kiSiniovi) - 33,843 km2 2 12. somxeTi (erevani) - 29,800 km

bolSevikebi „imperiul“ da „adgilobriv“ nacionalizms Soris bolSeviki liderebis nawili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, lenini da trocki, kosmopolitebi iyvnen da maT „eTnikuri nacionalizmi“ ar axasiaTebdaT. isini eswrafodnen msoflio socialisturi revoluciis ganxorcielebas, rasac unda mohyoloda erTiani socialisturi saxelmwifos Seqmna, magram msoflio revolucia igvianebda. bolSevikebis umravlesoba ki Segnebulad Tu „stiqiurad“ rusul imperiul („velikoderJavul“) nacionalizms emyareboda. lenini da misi partia wlebis ganmavlobaSi amtkicebdnen, rom mxars uWerdnen „erTa TviTgamorkvevis“ princips da yovel ers, Tuki moindomebda, ruseTis imperiisgan gamoyofa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnac SeeZlo. magram, sinamdvileSi, am lozungs seriozulad arc aRiqvamdnen, radganac komunizmis dros, romelic, maTi azriT, „Sors ar iyo“, arc erebi iarsebebda da arc saxelmwifoebi. samoqalaqo omis dros „erTa TviTgamorkveva“ taqtikur (droebiT) lozungad miiCneoda, romelic mimdinare amocanebis gadasawyvetad iyo saWiro. bevri bolSeviki lideri (karl radeki, georg piatakovi, nikolai buxarini, feliqs ZerJinski, mixail pokrovski) saerTod uaryofda erebis politikuri TviTgamorkvevis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, piatakovis TqmiT, erTa TviTgamorkvevis principis deklarireba mxolod politikuri TamaSi iyo da is seriozulad ar unda aReqvaT.

45

sabWoTa sistema aRsaniSnavia, rom bolSevikebi erTi moulodneli gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCndnen. 1919-1922 wlebSi erTa TviTgamorkvevis principi komunistebis nawilma aRiqva ara taqtikur nabijad, aramed saxelmZRvanelo principad da partiis mier deklarirebuli am principis cxovrebaSi gatarebas Seecada. velikoderJavul poziciaze mdgomma bolSevikebis umravlesobam maT „nacional“-komunistebi/„nacional“-uklonistebi uwodes. „nacional“-komunistebi ukrainis, belorusiis, saqarTvelos kompartiebidan, aseve muslimi (TaTari) komunistebi energiulad cdilobdnen „damoukideblobis atributebis“ SenarCunebas TavianTi erovnuli respublikebisTvis. sabWoTa kavSiri iqmneboda bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi Camoyalibebul ramdenime mimdinareobas Soris mwvave brZolis pirobebSi, romelTac „sabWoTa teritoriis“ saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis gansxvavebuli xedva hqondaT.

sami mimdinareoba bolSevikebSi mimdinareoba

liderebi

pozicia

bedi

msoflio socialisturi revoluciis molodini

arSemdgarma msoflio revoluciam, leninis sikvdilma da trockis damarcxebam am mimdinareobas safuZveli gamoacala.

bolSevikikosmopolitebi

vladimer lenini lev trocki

imperiuli nacionalistebi

ioseb stalini feliqs ZerJinski karl radeki nikolai buxarini

rusuli bolSevikuri saxelmwifos Seqmna da gaZliereba, emyarebodnen rusul nacionalizms.

msoflio revoluciis imedebis gaqrobam win wamoswia rusuli saxelmwifos aRorZineba.

nacionaluklonistebi

budu mdivani qristian rakovski m. sulTan-galievi

cdilobdnen TavianTi sabWoTa respublikebisTvis „damoukideblobis atributebi“ SeenarCunebinaT.

gaanadgures imperiuli nacionalizmis poziciaze mdgomebma.

moskovs „erTiani sabWoTa saxelmwifo“ dasWirda sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis gegma gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda 1922 wlis gazafxulze, genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciis momzadebis periodSi. genuis konferenciaze unda emsjelaT omis Semdgom viTarebaze da masSi monawileoba unda mieRo rogorc dasavleTis qveynebs, ise sabWoTa respublikebsac. genuis konferenciaze unda ganexilaT mefis ruseTisa da droebiTi mTavrobis sagareo valebis sakiTxi, aseve ucxouri sakuTrebis sakiTxi ruseTsa da sxva „gasabWoebul“ qveynebSi.

ioseb stalini (1878-1953)

46

vladimer lenini (1870-1924)

lev trocki (1879-1940)

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

genuis konferenciaSi (1922 w. 10 aprili-19 maisi) monawileobda 29 saxelmwifo da inglisis 5 dominioni. konferenciaze ganixiles omis Semdgomi evropis ekonomikur-finansuri sakiTxebi.

giorgi CiCerini (1872-1936) genuis konferencias saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam gaugzavna mimarTva, romelSic konferencias sTxovda saqarTvelodan gaeyvanaT sabWoTa ruseTis saokupacio jarebi da qveynisTvis saSualeba miecaT Tavad gadaewyvita sakuTari bedi.

g. CiCerini, romelic sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo politikas xelmZRvanelobda, arasasurvelad miiCnevda, rom konferenciaSi monawileoba cal-calke mieRo yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze Seqmnil 9 sabWoTa respublikas. ra iyo CiCerinis SeSfoTebis mizezi? mas eSinoda, rom dasavleTi ruseTsa da calke warmodgenil sabWoTa respublikebs gansxvavebul pirobebs SesTavazebda da Seecdeboda maT gamoyvanas moskovis gavlenidan. CiCerini acxadebda, rom Tuki konferenciaze xelSekrulebebi gaformdeboda „cxra paralelurad arsebul sabWoTa saxelmwifosTan“, isini iuridiulad kidev didxans iarsebebdnen. CiCerini moiTxovda am qveynebis saswrafo Seyvanas ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi, raTa dasavleTi „momxdari faqtis“ winaSe daeyenebinaT. rac mTavaria, genuis konferenciaze mosalodneli iyo saqarTvelos sakiTxis dasma. sabWoTa ruseTi Tavs daesxa da daipyro dasavleTis mier iuridiulad cnobili saxelmwifo – saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. genuis konferenciaze saqarTvelos saxeliT sabWoTa ruseTs mihyavda okupirebul qveyanaSi mis mier dasmuli marionetuli reJimis warmomadgenlebi. cxadi iyo isic, rom emigraciaSi myofi saqarTvelos kanonieri mTavroba Seecdeboda konferenciaze daeyenebina saqarTvelos deokupaciis sakiTxi da moiTxovda uflebas, elaparaka saqarTvelos saxeliT. genuis konferenciaze emigraciaSi myofma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam Tavisi delegacia gagzavna.

feliqs ZerJinski (1877-1926)

georg piatakovi (1890-1937)

nikolai buxarini (1888-1938)

karl radeki (1885-1939)

47

sabWoTa sistema genuis konferencia 1922 wlis aprilSi tardeboda da konferenciamde darCenil erT TveSi respublikebis gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis gavla SeuZlebeli iyo. amis Taobaze sagareo uwyebas erovnebaTa saqmeebis komisarma i. stalinma acnoba. samagierod, 1922 wlis TebervalSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas, romlis ZaliTac ruseTis federacias ufleba eZleoda genuis konferenciaze warmoedgina kidev 8 saxelmwifos – ukrainis, belorusiis, saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijans, buxaris, xorezmis, Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublikis interesebi da maTi saxeliT xeli moewera xelSekrulebebisaTvis, anu dasavleTs mxolod moskovTan eqneboda saqme. sabWoTa respublikebis „avtonomizaciis“ gegma erTiani sabWoTa saxelmwifos Seqmnis „bunebriv“ gzad miiCneoda e. w. „avtonomizaciis“ gegma. formalurad „damoukidebeli“ sabWoTa respublikebi unda Sesuliyvnen ruseTis federaciaSi avtonomiuri respublikebis statusiT. „avtonomizaciis“ gegma stalinis saxels daukavSirda, magram unda iTqvas, rom es misi gamogonili ar iyo. „avtonomizaciis“ idea jer kidev 1919 wlis Sua xanebSi gaCnda da gulisxmobda, rom yvela damoukidebeli sabWoTa respublika (maSin mxolod ori „damoukidebeli“ sabWoTa respublika arsebobda – ukraina da belarusi) ruseTis federaciaSi unda Sesuliyo da am gziT Seqmniliyo „erTiani saxelmwifo“. arsebobda kidev sabWoTa respublikebis konfederaciis Seqmnis idea, romelic imave wels wamoayenes, Tumca aqtiuri ganxilvis sagani ar gamxdara.

bolSevikebSi mimdinare dava „avtonomizaciasTan“ dakavSirebiT farTo sazogadoebisaTvis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo ucnobi. amis Taobaze araferi iwereboda „sabWoTa kavSiris istoriis“ saxelmZRvaneloebSi. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac 1956 wels n. xruSCovma stalinis pirovnebis kulti dagmo, „farda axades“ sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis dros gaCaRebul kamaTsac, Tumca esec arsebul politikur koniunqturas Seesabameboda: „cud“ stalins daupirispires „kargi“ lenini, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebis „Tanasworuflebianobas“ icavda.

48

ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis plenumi, 1922 wlis 6 oqtomberi

„avtonomizaciis“ sakiTxs kvlav daubrundnen 1922 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac v. kuibiSevis TavmjdomareobiT muSaoba daiwyo specialurma komisiam sakiTxze „ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikisa da damoukidebeli respublikebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb“. es sakiTxi unda gaetanaT 1922 wlis 6 oqtombers daniSnul ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) centraluri komitetis plenumze, Sesabamisi rezoluciis teqstis momzadebas i. stalini xelmZRvanelobda.

valerian kuibiSevi (1888-1935)

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

stalinis mier momzadebuli rezoluciis proeqti (romelsac Semdeg „avtonomizaciis stalinuri gegma“ ewoda) mizanSewonilad miiCnevda damoukidebeli sabWoTa respublikebis: ukrainis, belorusiis, azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis Sesvlas ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi da Riad tovebda buxaris, xorezmis da Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublikebis sakiTxs, romlebTanac im etapze sakmarisad miiCneoda ekonomikuri, politikuri da samxedro kavSirebis damyareba. stalinis xelmZRvanelobiT momzadebul rezoluciaSi warmodgenili iyo is Tvalsazrisi, rasac iziarebda bolSevikuri partiis xelmZRvanelobis mravali warmomadgeneli, Tumca stalini avtonomizaciis ideis erT-erTi mTavari damcveli iyo. „avtonomizaciis“ gegmis ganxilva sabWoTa respublikebis xelmZRvanelobis mier vidre „avtonomizaciis“ proeqtze rkp(b) centraluri komiteti imsjelebda, igi gansaxilvelad daegzavna „damoukidebeli“ sabWoTa respublikebis kompartiebis centralur komitetebs. Tumca maleve gairkva, rom, sinamdvileSi, respublikebisgan moelodnen proeqtis ara realur ganxilvas, aramed mxolod mis mowonebas.

3 oqtombers ganixila da saWirod miiCnia ukrainis ssr damoukideblobis SenarCuneba; xazi gausva, rom „damoukidebeli respublikebis faqtobrivi centralizebuli xelmZRvaneloba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes Sesabamisi partiuli xaziT“, magram Tuki rkp(b) centraluri komiteti saWirod miiCnevda ukrainis ssr-is Sesvlas ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi, aRar daeJinebinaT ukrainis politikuri damoukideblobis formaluri niSnebis SenarCunebis aucilebloba da „urTierToba ganesazRvraT praqtikuli mizanSewonilobis safuZvelze“. avtonomizaciis gegmas yvelaze radikalurad daupirispirda saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti, romelmac 1922 wlis 15 seqtembers miiRo rezolucia:

„amx. stalinis Tezisebis safuZvelze SemoTavazebuli gaerTianeba damoukidebeli respublikebisa avtonomizaciis formiT naadrevad CaiTvalos. sameurneo RonisZiebaTa da zogadi politikis gaerTianeba saWirod migvaCnia, oRond damoukideblobis yvela atributis SenarCunebiT“.

zogierTi respublikis (azerbaijani, somxeTi) komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba asec moiqca. 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers azerbaijanis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobam moiwona avtonomizaciis gegma da daadgina: „aucileblad iqnes miCneuli, rom azerbaijani dauyovnebliv Sevides saerTo saruseTo federaciaSi farTo avtonomiis sawyisebze“. 16 seqtembers cnobili gaxda, rom aseve moiqca somxeTis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobac. belorusiis kompartiis centraluri komitetis biurom damoukidebel pasuxs Tavi aarida da daadgina, rom mizanSewonilad miiCnevda ruseTis federaciasTan iseT urTierTobas, rogoric damyardeboda ruseTis federaciasa da ukrainas Soris. ukrainis kompartiis centralurma komitetma „avtonomizaciis proeqti“ 1922 wlis proeqtis Tanaxmad, ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli respublikebis saxelmwifo organoebidan damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen mxolod iusticiis, ganaTlebis, Sinagan saqmeTa, miwaTmoqmedebis, muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis komisariatebi.

49

sabWoTa sistema saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti 21 kaciT iyo warmodgenili da masSi Sedioda 15 wevri (f. maxaraZe, p. sabaSvili, p. (budu) mdivani, s. Todria, s. qavTaraZe, S. eliava, m. oraxelaSvili. e. eSba. m. toroSeliZe, T. kalandaZe, b. gogia, a. gegeWkori, m. okujava, l. dumbaZe da k. cincaZe) da 6 wevrobis kandidati (i. jorbenaZe, d. susiSvili, i. bolqvaZe, d. mirotaZe, d. nasariZe da S. varamaSvili). maTgan 15 seqtembris sxdomas eswreboda 12 da „avtonomizaciis“ gegmas mxolod S. eliavam dauWira mxri. Semdeg isinic gamokiTxes, vinc sxdomas ar eswreboda da maTgan avtonomizaciis momxre mxolod m. oraxelaSvili da a. gegeWkori aRmoCndnen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitetSi, romelTac mxari dauWires „saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis atributebis“ SenarCunebas, Sediodnen is adamianebi, romlebic 1900-ian wlebSi „proletaruli internacionalizmis“ principidan gamomdinare, winaaRmdegni iyvnen saqarTvelosTvis moeTxovaT avtonomia, 1918 wels ki dagmes damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da „sabWoTa ruseTisagan saqarTvelos CamoSorebis winaaRmdeg“ gailaSqres. unda iTqvas isic, rom formalurad suverenuli sabWoTa respublikebis „avtonomizaciis“ gegmis ganxilva xdeboda partiuli xelmZRvanelobis viwro wreSi da amis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen partiis rigiTma wevrebma da, miT umetes, farTo sazogadoebam. saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komitetma, gamovida ra avtonomizaciis gegmis winaaRmdeg, iqve saWirod miiCnia: „droebiT Tavi SevikavoT farTo partiul masebSi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadatanisagan“.

Tu mokled CamovayalibebT „damoukidebeli“ sabWoTa respublikebis kompartiebis xelmZRvanelobis pozicias „avtonomizaciis“ proeqtTan dakavSirebiT, Semdeg suraTs miviRebT:

filipe maxaraZe (1868-1941)

budu mdivani (1877-1937)

50

mamia oraxelaSvili (1881-1937)

saSa gegeWkori (1895-1928)

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

qveyana

pozicia

ruseTi

mxari dauWires „avtonomizaciis“ proeqts.

ukraina

winaaRmdegia „avtonomizaciis“ gegmisa, magram Tuki rkp(b) amas saWirod miiCnevs, daemorCileba da uars ityvis „damoukideblobis atributebze“.

belorusia

mxari dauWires ruseTis federaciasTan imave urTierTobas, rac ukrainas eqneba.

saqarTvelo

winaaRmdeg wavidnen „avtonomizaciis“ proeqtisa da saWirod miiCnies „saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis atributebis“ SenarCuneba.

azerbaijani

mxari dauWires „avtonomizaciis“ proeqts.

somxeTi

mxari dauWires „avtonomizaciis“ proeqts.

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis mier avtonomizaciis gegmis uaryofam didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia avtonomizaciis momxreTa Soris, romlebic umravlesobas Seadgendnen ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetSi (garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis kompartiebi ruseTis kompartiaSi Sediodnen da saolqo komitetis uflebamosilebiT sargeblobdnen, samxreT kavkasiaSi kidev arsebobda am partiis e. w. „samxareo komiteti“, rogorc am „erovnuli“ kompartiebis sazedamxedvelo organo) da maT „damoukideblobis atributebis SenarCunebis“ moTxovna „burJuaziuli nacionalizmis gamovlinebad“ miiCnies. komunistur partiaSi es „umZimesi“ braldeba iyo.

1922 wlis 16 seqtembers „avtonomizaciis“ proeqti moiwona rkp(b) amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetma, saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis wevrebs – f. maxaraZes, s. qavTaraZesa da p. sabaSvils per-

sonaluri pasuxismgebloba daakisra imaze, rom „avtonomizaciis“ proeqti saidumlod SeenaxaT da cnobili ar gamxdariyo masebisTvis, amave dros daavala saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets moemzadebina partiuli masebi „avtonomizaciis“ proeqtis mxardasaWerad. amiT, faqtobrivad, ignorirebuli iyo saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis umravlesobis pozicia, romelmac miuReblad miiCnia damoukidebeli respublikebis „avtonomizaciis“ gegma.

1922 wlis 23 da 24 seqtembers gaimarTa rkp(b) centraluri komitetis sxdoma, romelzedac erTxmad miiRes i. stalinis rezoluciis proeqti sabWoTa respublikebis „avtonomizaciis“ Sesaxeb da uaryves saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis 1922 wlis 15 seqtembris dadgenileba. avtonomizaciis gegma, didi albaTobiT, am saxiT gatardeboda, rom ara leninis Careva, romelic am droisaTvis ukve mZimed iyo avad.

v. leninis gegma „suverenuli respublikebis“ kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb

sergo qavTaraZe (1885-1971)

rkp(b) xelmZRvanelobaSi bevrisTvis moulodnelad, v. leninma mkveTrad gaakritika „avtonomizaciis“, anu „suverenuli“ sabWoTa respublikebis ruseTis federaciaSi Sesvlis gegma. 1922 wlis 22 seqtembers v. leninma stalins sTxova ecnobebina, Tu rogori pozicia ekava rkp(b) centralur komitets sabWoTa respublikebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxSi. stalinma imave dRes gaugzavna werili, sadac warmoadgina arsebuli viTareba, 26 seqtembers ki piradad Sexvda lenins.

51

sabWoTa sistema

sergo orjonikiZe (1886-1937)

lev kamenevi (1883-1936)

stalinma, Tavis werilSi, lenins auxsna Seqmnili viTareba. misi TqmiT, samoqalaqo omis periodSi moskovi iCenda „liberalizms erovnul sakiTxSi“, urigdeboda erovnuli mxareebis viTomda damoukideblobas. aman, cxadia, sabWoTa xelisuflebas sargebeli moutana, magram iyo „negatiuri mxarec“ – „damoukideblobanas“ TamaSis periodSi sxva erebis (anu ararusi erebis) komunistebSi „aRizardnen namdvili da Tanamimdevruli social-damoukideblebi“, romelTac ar undodaT gaegoT, rom es iyo mxolod „damoukideblobanas TamaSi“ da uars ambobdnen moskovidan miRebuli miTiTebebis Sesrulebaze. amitom stalins aucileblad miaCnda am „TamaSis“ dasruleba da „suverenuli“ sabWoTa respublikebis Sesvla ruseTis federaciis (rsfsr) SemadgenlobaSi.

29 seqtembramde lenini agrZelebda respublikebis gaerTianebis sakiTxis Seswavlas da piradad Sexvda a. miasnikovs, g. (sergo) orjonikiZes, aseve qarTvel „nacionaluklonistebis“ 4 warmomadgenels – p. (budu) mdivans, m. okujavas, l. dumbaZes da k. cincaZes. Sedegad, ruseTis kompartiis (rkp(b)) momavali plenumisTvis momzadebuli rezoluciis proeqtSi ukve naTqvami iyo: „aucileblad iqnes miCneuli xelSekrulebis gaformeba ukrainas, belorusias, amierkavkasiis respublikebis federaciasa da ruseTis federacias Soris maTi gaerTianebis Taobaze „sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi“ da SeunarCundes TiToeul maTgans sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba“. aq pirvelad gaCnda abreviatura ssrk (СССР) da uari iTqva „avtonomizaciis“ gegmaze.

stalinTan Sexvedris Semdeg, imave dRes, anu 26 seqtembers, leninma werili gaugzavna ssrk centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis politbiuros wevrs, l. kamenevs (asli – politbiuros yvela wevrs), sadac aRniSnavda, rom stalini Zalze Cqarobda uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadawyvetisas da sayuradRebod miaCnda respublikebis xelmZRvanelobis pozicia. Tavad leninis azriT, laparaki unda yofiliyo ara ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi damoukidebeli respublikebis „Sesvlis“ Sesaxeb, aramed yvela damoukidebeli respublika unda gaerTianebuliyo axal kavSirSi, sadac ruseTi Tanasworuflebiani iqneboda ukrainasTan da sxva respublikebTan. es unda yofiliyo axali kavSiri, axali federacia – „evropisa da aziis sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiri“.

Tumca, aqve Caido amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnis gegma, romelSic unda gaerTianebuliyvnen sabWoTa saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani da mxolod am gziT Sesuliyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.

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stalini ukmayofilo iyo leninis mier qarTvel da ukrainel „damoukidebelTa“ (ase uwodes im komunistebs, romlebic avtonomizaciis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen) mxardaWeriT da leninis mier gamovlenili „liberalizmiT“ sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis sakiTxSi. stalini leninis gegmaSi kidev erT xarvezs xedavda da amis Taobaze 1922 wlis 27 seqtembers swerda politbiuros wevrebs. misi azriT, leninis gegmidan logikurad ga-

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

momdinareobda calke „ruseTis respublikis“ Seqmna da aseve ruseTis federaciidan 8 avtonomiuri respublikis gamoyvana da maTTvis „damoukidebeli“ respublikebis statusis miniWeba, romlebic calke Sevidodnen sabWoTa kavSirSi.

bolSeviki liderebi rkp(b) IX yrilobaze, 1920 weli

Tumca, „samsaxurebrivi mdgomareobidan“ gamomdinare, stalins didi winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmnis gegmisTvis. rogorc Cans, mas kargad esmoda, rom respublikaTa „suverenobasa da Tanasworobaze“ saubari ar gamoricxavda iseTi struqturis Seqmnas, sadac „ganapira mxareebi“ yvela ZiriTad sakiTxSi usityvod daemorCilebodnen centrs. „Tanaswor respublikaTa kavSiri“ swored aseTi gamovida. ratom Tqva uari leninma „avtonomizaciis“ gegmaze? an rogor unda yofiliyvnen realurad Tanaswori uzarmazari ruseTi da ruseTis yofili koloniebi, romlebic kvlav daipyro ruseTis wiTelma armiam da imarTeboda ruseTis komunistur partiaSi Semavali erovnuli kompartiebis mier, romlebic usityvod unda damorCilebodnen centraluri organoebis gadawyvetilebebs? lenini ukrainis an saqarTvelos „suverenobaze“ ki ar zrunavda, aramed ufro im droisaTvis jer kidev popularul „msoflio socialistur revoluciaze“ fiqrobda. Tuki, magaliTad, germaniaSi gaimarjvebda socialisturi revolucia mas xom ruseTis federaciaSi ver Seiyvandnen, samagierod, „sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiri“ amisTvis „karg safuZvels“ qmnida. sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio saxelmwifod moiazreboda. amaze metyvelebda saxelmwifo himni „internacionali“ da sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis preambulis Canaweri: „kavSiris kari Riaa yvela, rogorc amJamad arsebuli, ise momavalSi aRmocenebuli, socialisturi sabWoTa respublikisaTvis, rom axali sakavSiro saxelmwifo iqneba Rirseuli dagvirgvineba xalxTa mSvidobiani erTad cxovrebis da Zmuri TanamSromlobis saZirkvlisa, romelic Cayril iqna jer kidev 1917 wlis oqtomberSi, rom es saxelmwifo iqneba saimedo simagre msoflio kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg da axali gadamwyveti nabiji yvela qveynis mSromelTa gaerTianebisaTvis msoflio socialistur sabWoTa kavSirad“.

53

sabWoTa sistema nacional-uklonistebs icavda msoflio revoluciaze orientirebuli lenini. mas kargad esmoda, rom Tuki yofil ruseTis imperiaSi Semaval erebs Seaviwroebdnen, es msoflio revoluciis ideas daasamarebda. leninis mier deklarirebuli „axali tipis saxelmwifo“ – formiT sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiri, arsebiTad ki, kompartiis centralizebuli mkacri diqtatura iyo. is pretenzias acxadebda droTa ganmavlobaSi gaeerTianebina msoflios yvela qveyana. 1922 wlis 30 dekembris deklaracia sabWoTa kavSirs Riad acxadebda sxva qveynebis SesvlisaTvis da miznad isaxavda „msoflio socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis“ Seqmnas. am Canafiqridan gamomdinareobda sabWoTa kavSiris gerbi – dedamiwa, masze dadebuli namgliT da uroTi – glexisa da muSis Sromis simboloebi. gerbze gamosaxuli iyo xuTqimiani varskvlavi – komunistebis xelmZRvanelobiT xuTi kontinentis gaerTianebis simbolo. saxelmwifo droSa – wiTeli naWeri kuTxeSi namgliT da uroTi da zed xuTqimiani varskvlaviT. himni „internacionali“. gerbi, droSa, himni – msoflio komunisturi saxelmwifos simboloebi iyo. formalurad gaimarjva leninis Tvalsazrisma da Seiqmna „sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri“, Tumca mokavSire respublikebis Tanasworoba da suverenuloba mxolod qaRaldze arsebobda. sabWoTa kavSiris SeqmniT damTavrda bolSevikebis mier erTiani saxelmwifos aRdgenis procesi Zveli ruseTis imperiis nangrevebze. „suverenuli sabWoTa respublikebis“ kavSiri Zalze daemsgavsa „avtonomizaciis“ gegmas, romelic mokavSire respublikebis „suverenitetidan“ faqtobrivad arafers tovebda. lenini, romelic adre sabWoTa respublikebis „damoukideblobanas“ TamaSSi Tavad iyo CarTuli, axla statiaSi „avtonomizaciis“ Sesaxeb moulodnelad Tavisi partiis liderebs ucxadebda, rom gadaWriT SeebrZoleboda „velikorusul Sovinizms“ da uars ambobda Zaladobrivi meTodebiT kavSiris Seqmnaze, raTa ar momxdariyo ruseTis imperiis, misive TqmiT, „xalxTa sapyrobilis“ kopireba. magram maSin ra saWiro iyo wlebis manZilze meTodurad da Za-

54

rogor Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSiri

ladobrivad yofili ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis „gasabWoeba“? leninis Tanaxmad, isini Tavisi nebiT unda gaerTianebuliyvnen sabWoTa kavSirSi da nebismier dros SeeZloT „kavSiridan gasvla“. ucbad rom gamorkveuliyo, rom ama Tu im xalxs, magaliTad, saqarTvelos, araTu sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofna, aramed ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier Tavsmoxveuli sabWoTa xelisuflebac ar undoda, maSin rogor moiqceoda Tavad lenini? saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis emigraciaSi myofi xelisufleba „sami internacionalis“ egidiT saqarTveloSi referendumis Catarebas iTxovda, raTa xalxs gadaewyvita, Tu romeli xelisufleba undoda – demokratiuli Tu sabWouri.

leninis mier gamocxadebuli erTa TviTgamorkveva – gamoyofis ufleba fiqcia iyo, misi realizebis SesaZlebloba ki – gamoricxuli. leninis gegmiT, komunisturi partia erTiani unda yofiliyo kavSirSi Semaval yvela respublikaSi da unda SeenarCunebina xelisufleba xalxis nebis sawinaaRmdegodac. es erTiani komunisturi xelisufleba uzrunvelyofda formalurad „damoukidebeli“ da „suverenuli“ qveynebis politikur, ekonomikur da ideologiur erTobas. am SemTxvevaSi gasagebia, rom kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba realobidan Sors iyo. erTiani komunisturi xelisufleba arasodes daTanxmdeboda amas, misi Tanxmobis gareSe ki veravin TiTsac ver gaanZrevda „suverenul“ respublikebSi. mainc rogor esaxeboda sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna Tavisi ukanaskneli werilebis mixedviT lenins? es unda yofiliyo suverenuli da Tanasworuflebiani respublikebis federacia, umkacresad unda yofiliyo daculi sxva respublikebSi erovnuli enebis gamoyeneba, ar gamoricxavda samomavlod mxolod samxedro da diplomatiuri kavSiris datovebas, xolo danarCeni saqmeebis respublikebis gamgeblobaSi dabrunebas. ufro adre, 1922 wlis 6 oqtombers l. kamenevisadmi gagzavnil baraTSi, saWirod miiCnevda ssr kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb rezoluciis proeqtSi Sesuliyo Semdegi debuleba: „saWiroa absoluturad daJinebiT moviTxovoT, rom kavSiris cak-Si rigrigobiT Tavmjdomareobdnen rusi, ukraineli, qarTveli da sxv. absoluturad!“

sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis proeqtebi proeqti avtonomizacia (stalinis proeqti)

arsi yvela respublika Sedis rsfsr-Si avtonomiis uflebiT. rsfsr-is xelmZRvaneli organoebi xdebian centraluri sakavSiro organoebi.

leninis pozicia leninma brali dasdo stalins didmpyrobelur SovinizmSi.

avtonomiuri respublikebis uflebamosileba mcirdeba.

konfederacia (q. rakovskis proeqti)

yvela respublika erTmaneTTan debs ormxriv Tanasworuflebian xelSekrulebebs. centraluri sakavSiro organoebi ar iqmneba.

leninma aseTi gaerTianeba amorfulad da Zalze sustad miiCnia sagareo safrTxis winaSe.

gaerTianebaSi Semaval subieqtebs Tanabari uflebebi aqvT.

socialisturi federacia (leninis proeqti)

yvela respublika, rsfsr-is CaTvliT, qmnis Tanaswor respublikaTa kavSirs. iqmneba axali centraluri xelmZRvaneli organoebi. mokavSire respublikebi inarCuneben farTo da Tanaswor uflebebs. mokavSire respublikebs aqvT kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba.

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mogzauroba

1485-1547

ernan kortesi da ori samyaros omi arCil qiqoZe es kacobriobis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ucnauri da amave dros yvelaze dramatuli omi iyo, romelsac Tavis droze „axali espaneTis“ dapyroba ewoda. ase eZaxdnen XVI saukuneSi Tavad espanelebi im qveyanas, romelsac axla meqsika hqvia.

Tuki XV saukunis bolo didi aRmoCenebis xanaa, XVI saukunis dasawyisidan am axalaRmoCenili miwebis dapyroba iwyeba da msoflios mTavari dampyrobeli maSindeli yvelaze Zlevamosili saxelmwifo – espaneTia, romlis jaric saukeTeso iyo maSindel evropaSi da, vin icis, iqneb, msoflioSic. es arc aris gasakviri. saukuneebis manZilze espanelebi ebrZodnen arabebs (mavrebs), romelTac maTi qveyana hqondaT dapyrobili. am daundobel brZolaSi, romelic gamaTavisuflebeli omis garda, religiuri dapirispirebac iyo (qristiani kaTolikeebi dampyrobeli muslimebis winaaRmdeg), iSva axali socialuri fena – idalgoebi, wvrili aznaurebi, romelTa erTaderTi xeloba da saqmianoba omi iyo. maT sxva araferi icodnen, sxva saqmis keTeba eTakilebodaT da ekrZalebodaT. maTi erTaderTi Semosavali brZolebSi mopovebuli alafi iyo. arabTa uRlis gadagdebis Semdeg es profesionali mebrZolebi ufunqciod darCnen da radgan Tavgadasavali ar aSinebdaT, sixaruliT mieSurebodnen okeanis gaRma axalaRmoCenili miwebis da iqauri „barbarosebis“ dasamorCileblad, miT ufro, rom axali samyaro oqroTi da vercxliT iyo mdidari. espanuri laSqris samxedro yiJina – Santiago Matamoros! (santiago, gangmire mavrebi!) Caanacvla axalma SeZaxilma – Santiago Mataindios! (santiago, gangmire indielebi!). gamdidrebis JiniT Sepyrobilebi, isini sikvdils Tesavdnen yvelgan, sadac ki xmali miuwvdebodaT, iyvnen uSiSrebi da daundoblebi. maT konkistadorebi (dampyroblebi) ewodaT. mogvianebiT, erTma espanelma poetma pirveli konkistadorebi msxverplis ZiebaSi budidan WyiviliT gamofrenil Sevardnebs Seadara...

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ernan kortesi

idalgo iyo 1485 wels dabadebuli ernan kortesic. oRond konkistadorTa umetesobisgan gansxvavebiT, misma warCinebulma, magram gaRaribebulma mSoblebma moaxerxes da axali samyaros momaval dampyrobels salamankis universitetSi kargi ganaTleba miaRebines. am adamianis bavSvobis da axalgazrdobis wlebze bevri araferia cnobili, mxolod is, rom meqalTane da CxubisTavi iyo da araerT duelSi hqonda monawileoba miRebuli.

1504 wels kortesi axal samyaroSi, kunZul espaniolaze (dRevandeli haiti) gadasaxlda da miiRo kolonistis statusi, rac imas niSnavda, rom ufasod eboZa miwa da mona indielebi, romlebsac es miwa misTvis unda daemuSavebinaT. erTi xanoba kortess am miwaze Saqris lerwami mohyavda, magram es saqme male mobezrda da Tanac cali Tvali axali miwebisken eWira. diego kolumbi (1479-1526)

santiago wminda iakobi, espaneTis mfarveli

1510 wels espaniolis gubernatorma diego kolumbma (qristefore kolumbis Svilma), 300kaciani eqspedicia gagzavna kubis dasapyrobad da am razmSi moxvda ernan kortesic. TiTqos gasakviria, rogor unda daepyro 300 adamians uzarmazari kunZuli, magram espanelebma icodnen, rasac akeTebdnen. isini bevrad ukeT iyvnen organizebuli, vidre adgilobrivi indielebi. aRarafers vambob SeiaraRebaze. cecxlsasroli iaraRi SiSis zars scemda maT, visac arasodes gaegona Tofebis da zarbaznebis zaTqi da verafriT mimxvdariyo, rogor SeiZleboda Soridan maTi gangmirva. indielebs eSinodaT evropelTa cxenebisac, romlebic zRaprul arsebebad warmoedginaT, xolo maTze amxedrebuli, liTonis abjar-muzaradSi Camjdari evropelebi daumarcxebeli naxevarRmerTebi egonaT. espanelTa flotma jer gars Semouara kubas. eqspediciis xelmZRvanelma diego velaskesma rukaze daitana navsadgurad vargisi yvela yure. mere evropelebi napirze gadavidnen, pirveli qalaqi santiago-de-kuba daaarses da kunZulis Tanmimdevruli dapyroba, adgilobrivi tomebis damoneba-ganadgureba daiwyes. dRes arc haitize da arc kubaze indielebi aRar cxovroben, maTi nawili espanelebma daxoces, magram ufro meti indieli daiRupa evropelTa mier motanili ucxo daavadebebisgan, romelTa winaaRmdeg adgilobrivebs imuniteti ar gaaCndaT. kubis damorCilebis Semdeg espanelebma kidev ufro Sors, dasavleTiT, daiwyes yureba. vin iqneboda axali eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli? vin moixveWda didebas da simdidres TavisTvis da espaneTis xelmwifisTvis? konkistadorTa dapyrobiTi omebis alafis erTi mexuTedi espaneTis mefes – karlos V-s egzavneboda da nebismier eqspediciaSi arsebobda adamiani, romelsac Tvali unda edevnebina, rom „mefis mexuTeds“ araferi mohkleboda...

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mogzauroba kortesma yvelaferi gaakeTa imisTvis, rom eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli gamxdariyo, moaxerxa kidec, magram ukanasknel wuTs kubis gubernator diego velaskesTan urTierToba gaufuWda da misi meTauroba saTuo gaxda. kortesma faqtobrivad nebarTvis gareSe datova kuba, is da misi xalxi sami gemiT gubernators gaeparnen da 1518 wlis 18 noembers dasavleTisken aiRes gezi. es, albaT, erT-erTi yvelaze TavzexelaRebuli razmi iyo msoflios istoriaSi – 508 qveiTi meomari, 16 cxenosani raindi, 13 arkebuziT SeiaraRebuli meTofe, 32 arbaletiani meisre, 100 mezRvauri da 200 mona, 10 didi da 4 patara zarbazani. isini midiodnen iq, sadac aravin iyo namyofi da warmodgena ar hqondaT, ra Zalis mowinaaRmdegesTan mouwevdaT Sebma. diego velaskesi (1465-1524)

mogvianebiT, am laSqrobis monawileTagan araerTma dawera mogonebebi. Tavad kortesi regularulad ugzavnida werilebs karlos V-s, sadac detalur angariSs abarebda momxdari brZolebis Sesaxeb da es werilebi Cvenamde movida. laSqrobaSi monawileobda beri fransisko lopes de gomara, romelic ernan kortesis pirveli biografiis avtori gaxda, magram yvelaze saintereso wigni am omis Sesaxeb espanelma jariskacma bernal diasma dawera. saerTodac, diasis wigni erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso sakiTxavi mgonia mTel msoflio literaturaSi. ukve moxucebuli konkistadori Seulamazeblad aRwers sastik brZolebs, sxvebis msgavsad ar malavs indielTa simamaces da arc espanelTa Cadenil sisastikeze xuWavs Tvals. amave dros, bernal diasi ubralod kargi mTxrobelia, literaturuli niWiT dajildoebuli mamaci jariskaci, Tavisi sastiki drois Svili. am wignSi mTeli epoqa da am epoqis portretebi ixateba. Tu am wigns wavikiTxavT, mTxrobelTan erTad uamrav rames aRmovaCenT, pirvelad gavugebT gemos kakaos da Tambaqos, vanils da siminds, yvelafer imas, rac dRes Cveni yoveldRiurobis nawilia. maSindelma evropam ki kortesis laSqrobamde am gemoebis Sesaxeb araferi icoda. karlos V (1500-1558)

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ernan kortesi

CrdiloeTi amerika

meqsikis yure

atlantis okeane

santiago de kuba verakrusi

truxilo

wynari okeane

karibis zRva

samxreTi amerika

rogori iyo is samyaro, romlis dapyrobac espanelebma ganizraxes? amerika aTaswleulebis manZilze danarCeni samyarosgan izolirebulad cxovrobda, qmnida sakuTar civilizaciebs, romelTa erT-erTi akvani is adgilia, sadac dRevandeli meqsika mdebareobs. mis samxreT nawilSi cxovrobdnen maiebi, romelTa miRwevebi arqiteqturaSi, maTematikasa da bunebismetyvelebaSi dRes aRiarebulia. maiebis paralelurad, ufro CrdiloeTiT, arsebobda sapotekebis, miStekebis, actekebis civilizaciebi didebuli piramidebiT, uzarmazari qalaqebiT... bevr rameSi es xalxebi evropelebze ganviTarebuli iyvnen, magram namdvilad CamorCebodnen maT SeiaraRebaSi. indielebs liTonis iaraRic ki ar gaaCndaT da uTanasworo brZolaSi Cabma vulkanuri qvis – obsidianisgan da xisgan gakeTebuli sabrZolo ketebiT, mSvild-isrebiT da SubebiT uwevdaT. da kidev... indielebi warmarTebi iyvnen. maTi RmerTebi adamianur msxverplSewirvas moiTxovdnen da maTma sisxlianma religiam evropelebs erTgvari legitimacia misca – daesajaT warmarTebi, daemxoT maTi taZrebi da maT adgilas qristianuli salocavebi eSenebinaT.

bernal diasi (daaxl.1492-1584)

fransisko lopes de gomara (1511-1566)

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mogzauroba pirveli Setakeba espanelebs naxevarkunZul iukatanTan mdebare maiebiT dasaxlebul kunZul kosumelze mouxdaT, sadac isini msxverplSewirvis ritualma aRaSfoTa. espanelebma taZris dangreva ganizraxes, riTac adgilobrivebis risxva gamoiwvies. am brZolis Semdeg, romelSic espanelebma advilad gaimarjves, aRmoCnda, rom maiebs tyved hyavdaT ramdenime wliT adre zRvaSi daRupuli espanuri eqspediciis wevri, mRvdeli xeronimo de agilari, romelic konkistadorebma gaaTavisufles da Tarjimnad waiyvanes, magram de agilarma mxolod maiebis ena icoda, enebi ki axal kontinentze uamravi iyo.

maias tomis xelovneba

sasmeli wylis da sanovagis Sesavsebad evropelebi kidev ramdenjerme gadasxdnen napirze da yvela miwa, sadac fexi dadges, espaneTis samefos sakuTrebad gamoacxades.

TiToeul am gadasxdomas Tan axlda indielebTan brZola da oqros uSedego Zieba. zogjer konkistadorebs umarTlebdaT da umniSvnelo raodenobis oqros poulobdnen, magram yvela tyve indieli maT erTsa da imaves eubneboda, rom oqro ufro CrdiloeTiT da kontinentis siRrmeSi, actekTa Zlevamosil samefoSi moipoveboda. espanelebic sakuTari gemebiT CrdiloeTisken auyvnen karibis zRvis sanapiros da gadmosxdnen iseT adgilas, saidanac actekTa dedaqalaq tenoCtitlanamde yvelaze ioli iqneboda misvla. es isedac ukve actekTa samefo iyo da kortesma actekTa mefes (espanur wyaroebSi is imperatorad aris moxseniebuli) montesuma II-s adgilobrivTa piriT SeuTvala, rom masTan Sexvedra surda. sanam montesumasgan pasuxi movidoda, konkistadorTa banaks ewvivnen totonakebis tomis indielebi sempoalidan da actekTa winaaRmdeg samxedro kavSiri SesTavazes. kortesisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom montesuma da actekebi sZuldaT maT mier damorCilebul xalxebs da am siZulvilis saTavisod gamoyeneba sul advilad SeeZlo. dRes amboben, rom erTma muWa espanelebma moaxerxes da actekTa uzarmazari imperia daamxes, magram amis mTqmelebs aviwydebaT, rom espanelTa gverdiT ibrZodnen actekTa moZule sxva adgilobrivi xalxebi, romelTa gamoyeneba evropelebma Tavis sasargeblod moaxerxes.

mRvdeli xeronimo de agilaris ganTavisufleba

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sanam tenoCtitlanisken daiZreboda, kortesma daaarsa saporto qalaqi verakrusi, rac espanurad WeSmarit jvars niSnavs.

ernan kortesi

tenoCtitlanis pirveli evropuli ruka

bernal diasi aRwers, rom momavali qalaqis centrSi espanelebma eklesia da samarcxvino boZi aages, cota moSorebiT ki – saxrCobela. kortesma verakrusi cixesimagred aqcia, erTi gemi espaneTSi gauSva da karlos V-isTvis saCuqrebi da werili gaatana, sadac moaxsena, rom espaneTis samefosTvis uzarmazari miwebis dapyroba da auracxeli ganZeulis dapatroneba hqonda ganzraxuli. amis mere ernan kortesma darCenili xomaldebi CaZira, riTac sakuTar jariskacebs ukan dasaxevi gza mouWra, mezRvaurebi jariskacebad gamoacxada, verakrusis simagreSi asamde konkistadori datova, Tavad danarCenebs Caudga saTaveSi da kontinentis siRrmisken daiZra. manamde sempoalelma totonakebma kortess saCuqrad gadasces oqro da rva axalgazrda qali, romelTaganac erT-erTma, malinCem, actekTa enac icoda da maiasic. amieridan malinCe mxedarTmTavris piradi Tarjimani, mogvianebiT ki sayvareli da misi Svilis deda gaxda. malinCe maias enaze uTargmnida xeronimo de agilars, is ki mis naTqvams espanurad Targmnida, magram qalma male iswavla espanuri, moinaTla, donia maria dairqva da kortesis mrCeveli da marjvena xeli gaxda. dRevandel meqsikaSi malinCes pirovneba moZulebulia, rogorc moRalatis, misi da kortesis erToblivi qandakeba ki mexikos centridan aiRes da erT miyruebul ezoSi gadaitanes. montesumas da ernan kortesis Sexvedra

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mogzauroba 300 qveiTi mebrZolis, 15 cxenosnis da 1500 totonaki meomris saTaveSi kortesi, pirvel rigSi, gaeSura mTiani samTavro tlaskalisken, romelic actekebs ar emorCileboda da medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda. tlaskalelebi mamacobiT iyvnen ganTqmuli da konkistadorTa belads maTi gadabireba ewada, magram maT miwaze moxvedril espanelebs tlaskalelebi Tavs daesxnen da sastiki brZola gaumarTes. ramdenimedRian SetakebaSi espanelebma pirvelad dakarges TanamebrZolebi da tlaskalelebma maTi ori cxenis mokvlac ki moaxerxes. indielebma gadawyvites, rom aseT Zlevamosil xalxTan mtrobas megobroba sjobda da zavi iTxoves. kortesi zarzeimiT miiRo tlaskalis gamgebelma Sikotenkatma da masTan actekTa winaaRmdeg kavSiri Sekra. am dRidan moyolebuli, tlaskalelebi espanelTa yvelaze Zlieri mokavSireebi gaxdnen. amis gamo, qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg, espaneTis samefom tlaskalas damoukidebloba SeunarCuna da es patara saxelmwifo damoukidebeli iyo manam, sanam XIX saukuneSi espanelTa batonoba ar gauqmda da meqsikis saxelmwifo ar Seiqmna.

kortesis Sexvedra tlaskalelebis belad SikotenkatTan

kortesis Sexvedra totonakebis tomis indielebTan, centrSi malinCe

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konkistadorTa marSs ZrwoliT akvirdeboda montesuma II. mis mstovrebs yoveldRe mohqondaT ambebi ucxo tomis dampyrobelTa gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. actekTa da sxva xalxebis miTologiaSi arsebobda gadmocema imis Sesaxeb, rom dadgeboda dRe, rodesac zRvidan movidodnen RmerT kacalkoatlis

ernan kortesi

mier gamogzavnili wverosani da TeTrkaniani zeadamianebi da maT qveyanas daimorCilebdnen. espanelebi wverianebi da TeTrkanianebi iyvnen da maT zRapruli arsebebi axldaT (indielebs Tavidan, cxenebis msgavsad, zarbaznebic sulieri arsebebi egonaT). actekTa mmarTveli sagonebelSi iyo Cavardnili, verc konkistadorebTan Sebma gaebeda da verc maTTan Sexvedra da morCilebis gamocxadeba. kortesi gamudmebiT iTxovda montesumasTan Sexvedras, es ukanaskneli ki malimal ugzavnida ZRvens, ZiriTadad, oqros nivTebs, romlebic espanelebs kidev ufro umZafrebda dapyrobis survils. amave dros montesuma Tavis mokavSireebs mouwodebda, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT konkistadorebisTvis da rodesac espanelebi qalaq ColulaSi Sevidnen, iq maT Casafrebuli mteri elodaT. Colula tenoCtitlanis mere zomiT meore qalaqi iyo, uzarmazari piramidebiT da taZrebiT. iq Sesul espanelebs, romelTac, totonakebis garda, ukve 10 000 tlaskaleli mebrZolic axldaT, saCuqrebiT daxvdnen, gaumaspinZldnen, xolo bernal diasi ki wers, rom Colulelebs ukve cecxlze hqondaT Semodgmuli Tixis qoTnebi, romlebSic maT mosaxarSad wiwakiT Sezavebuli wyali TuxTuxebda.

xocva-Jleta ColulaSi

diego de ordasi (1480-1532)

aravin icis, ramdenad marTalia es cnoba, magram mokavSire indielebis saSualebiT kortesma Ralatis Sesaxeb Seityo da ColulaSi namdvili xocva-Jleta moawyo. im dRes daaxloebiT 6000 indieli mokles, qalaqi gaZarcves da actekTa dedaqalaqisken ganagrZes gza. Colulidan tenoCtitlanamde sul raRac 100 kilometri hqondaT darCenili. meqsika mTiani qveyanaa da konkistadorebs mouwiaT 3600-metrian uReltexilze gadasvla. am adgils dRes kortesis uReltexili hqvia. me gamimarTla da vyofilvar am ulamazes adgilas, romlis orive mxares ori xuTi aTas metrze maRali vulkani – Camqrali istaqsiuatli da moqmedi popokatepetli wamomarTula. kortesis razmi TavzexelaRebuli xalxiT iyo savse da erTerTma idalgom, diego de ordasma, 5426-metrian popokatepetlze asvlis nebarTva iTxova da or saWurvelmtvirTavTan erTad mTis pirveli dampyrobeli gaxda. mogvianebiT, espaneTis mefem de ordass neba misca, rom sakuTar gerbze kvamladenili mTa gamoesaxa.

ordasis gerbi

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mogzauroba konkistadorebi dabla daeSvnen da 1519 wlis 8 noembers tenoCtitlanSi Sevidnen. aqve vityvi, rom tenoCtitlanis adgilas dRes meqsikis dedaqalaqi mexikoa ganlagebuli. actekebi sakuTar Tavs meSikebs uwodebdnen da qveynis da qalaqis saxelwodebadac dampyroblebma meSiko-mexiko airCies, radgan „tenoCtitlanis“ gamoTqma uWirdaT. dRevandel mexikoSi maTi didebuli taZrebisgan mxolod nangrevebiRaa darCenili, aRarsadaa teskokos tbac, romelic espanelebma daaSres, magram maSin msoflios udidesi qalaqi mTlianad wyalze iyo gaSenebuli da erTmaneTTan xidebiT da dambebiT dakavSirebuli kunZulebisgan Sedgeboda. gaocebuli espanelebi am uzarmazar qalaqSi Sevidnen da maT mTeli Tavisi amaliT da meomrebiT montesuma II gamoegebaT, oqroTi daajildova stumrebi da erT-erT sasaxleSi miuCina adgili. mere ki espanelebma absoluturad TavzexelaRebuli ram Caidines: yvelaze mamac oficrebTan erTad iaraRSi Camjdari kortesi montesumas estumra da tyved aiyvana. mTeli Tavisi dedaqalaqis Tvalwin xelmwife quCaSi gaatares da espanelTa rezidenciaSi miuCines adgili. eqceodnen samefo pativiT, magram tyved hyavdaT, Tan farad ifarebdnen da Tan sul ufro da ufro met oqros sTxovdnen. tenoCtitlani da mTeli actekTa saxelmwifo gaugebrobas moecva da drtvinavda. yvela xvdeboda, rom maTi xelmwife erTi muWa daupatiJebeli stumrebis mZevali gamxdariyo.

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panfilo de narvaesi (daaxl. 1478-1528)

Semdeg moxda yovlad moulodneli ram: verakrusidan movida cnoba, rom iq gadmomsxdariyo kubis gubernatoris gagzavnili aTasamde espaneli, panfilo de narvaesis xelmZRvanelobiT, verakrusis garnizoni ganeiaraRebinaT da tenoCtitlanisken midiodnen kortesis dasapatimreblad, radgan man laSqroba gubernator velaskesis nebarTvis gareSe daiwyo. teskokos tba da qalaqi tenoCtitlani

ernan kortesi

kuitlauaka (1476-1520)

montesumas mkvleloba

kortesma montesuma da tenoCtitlani Tavis erTgul TanaSemwes, simamaciT da sisastikiT ganTqmul pedro alvarados Caabara da 70 espanelis da tlaskalelTa nawilis TanxlebiT de narvaesis Sesaxvedrad gaeSura. pirdapir ar Sebmia, jer mis TanamebrZolebTan gamarTa saidumlo molaparakebebi, Tavisken gadmoibira, auracxel simdidres Sehpirda da mxolod amis Semdeg Seeba narvaess, daamarcxa da daWrili Seipyro kidec. gubernatoris gamogzavnili xalxi mTlianad kortesisken gadavida da is actekTa dedaqalaqSi ufro meti jariskaciT dabrunda, vidre odesme hyavda. sainteresoa, rom narvaesis razmSi iyo zangi mona, romelic yvaviliT aRmoCnda daavadebuli. am erTi adamianisgan gavrcelebuli virusi mTel centralur amerikas moedo da ramdenime weliwadSi milionobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, radgan, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, indielebs Zveli samyaros daavadebebis mimarT aranairi imuniteti ar gaaCndaT.

pedro alvarado (1485-1541)

tenoCtitlanSi dabrunebul kortess saxifaTo mdgomareoba daxvda. mis aryofnaSi actekebma TavianTi RvTaebebisTvis adamianTa msxverplSewirva moawyves, ris pasuxadac komendantad datovebulma alvaradom qurumebi da dResaswaulSi monawileebi gaJlita. espanelebma 2000-ze meti adamiani mokles. mTeli tenoCtitlani ajanyda. Tavis xalxTan erTad kortesma actekTa dedaqalaqSi Sesvla ki moaxerxa, magram 100 000-ze metma indielma konkistadorebs alya Semoartya. actekebma axali mefe kuitlauaka airCies da montesumas mZevlobamac yovelgvari azri dakarga. kortesma mainc scada misi gamoyeneba da xalxis dasamSvideblad sasaxlis saxuravze aiyvana, magram montesumas aravin acada laparaki, qvebi dauSines da imdenad mZimed daaSaves, rom miRebuli Wrilobebisgan mefedyofili ramdenime dReSi gardaicvala, Tumca indielebi amtkicebdnen, rom montesuma Tavad espanelebma mokles.

65

mogzauroba konkistadorebi alyaSemortymulebi aRmoCndnen, gauTavdaT sursaTi da wyali. kortesma tenoCtitlanis datoveba gadawyvita da 1520 wlis 1 ivlisis Rames espanelebma malulad scades qalaqidan gaparva. ukve vaxsene, rom tenoCtitlani tbaze mdebareobda. xmeleTamde misaRwevad espanelebs samkilometriani gza unda gaevloT viwro dambaze. actekebma maTi gaparvis Sesaxeb Seityves da es samkilometriani msvleloba kortess da mis TanamebrZolebs jojoxeTad eqcaT. actekebi maT navebiT mosdevdnen da sastik zians ayenebdnen. am Rames „sevdis Rame“ ewoda, radgan aTasamde espaneli da kidev ufro meti tlaskaleli mebrZoli daiRupa. wyalSi gadavarda da daixrCo jori, romelzec espaneTis mefis kuTvnili nadavlis mexuTedi iyo akidebuli, pedro de alvarados razmidan, romelic zurgidan icavda konkistadorebs, mxolod ramdenime mebrZoli gadarCa. Tavad alvaradom, legendis mixedviT, Subi ise gamoiyena, rogorc simaRleze saxtomi Woki da bolo wams Tavze gadaevlo mters. am naxtoms Salto de Alvarado ewoda da konkistis legendad iqca. sastiki danakargebis miuxedavad, kortesis samxedro niWisa da misi meomrebis TavzexelaRebulobis wyalobiT, espanelebma moaxerxes da erT kviraSi sastikad daamarcxes actekTa uzarmazari laSqari, romelic tlaskalisken mimaval gzaze daewiaT. Tuki RamiT viwro dambaze konkistadorebma sakuTari upiratesobis – samxedro wyobis, cecxlsasroli iaraRis da disciplinis gamoyeneba ver SeZles, gaSlil velze bedi maT mxares iyo. konkistadorebi da maTi beladi isev imediT aRivsnen, totonakebi da tlaskalelebi isev maT mokavSireebad rCebodnen. konkistadorebma tlaskalaSi iarebi moiSuSes da Semdeg wels dabrundnen. amasobaSi kortess, kubis gverdis avliT, pirdapir espaneTidan Camouvida orasi qveiTi meomari da oTxmoci cxenosani. maTTan erTad iyo karlos V-is xazinadari, rac imas niSnavda, rom espaneTis xelmwife seriozulad dainteresda „axali espaneTiT“ da misi simdidreebiT. espaneli meomrebis garda, kortess Tan axlda mokavSire indielTa aTiaTasiani armia, xolo 8000 indieli mona konkistadorTa agebul 13 patara xomalds moaTrevda. TiToeuli gemis qimze zarbazani iyo damagrebuli. am xomaldebiT kortesma wylidan Seutia actekTa dedaqalaqs. amasobaSi narvaesis zangi monis mier gavrcelebuli yvavilis epidemia mTel tenoCtitlans modeboda da mefe kuitlauakac moekla. mis nacvlad misi naTesavi axalgazrda da mamaci kuatemoki mefobda. tenoCtitlanisTvis usastikesi brZola gaimarTa, ibrZodnen wyalsa da xmeleTze. miwis yoveli mtkaveli sisxliT iyo morwyuli. actekebi medgar winaaRmdegobas wevdnen da ukuaqcies kidec dampyroblebi, romlebic ukve qalaqSi iyvnen Sesuli, 80 espaneli daiRupa, kortesi daiWra da Zlivs gadaurCa tyveobas. rogorc konkistadorTa Canawerebidan Cans, misi mokvla SeeZloT, magram mxolod imis wyalobiT gadarCa, rom actekebisTvis aseTi mtris Sepyroba da mere RvTae-

tenoCtitlanis usastikesi brZola

66

ernan kortesi

bebisTvis msxverplad Sewirva ufro sapatio iyo. bolo wams TanamebrZolebma misi daxsna moaxerxes, magram yvelas ase ar gaumarTla. meore dRes ki konkistadorebs sakuTari TvaliT mouwiaT imis naxva, rogor ahyavdaT indielebs piramidebze tyve espanelebi da obsidianis daniT rogor xocavdnen maT qurumebi. bernal diasi, romelmac Tavisi wigni sibereSi dawera, aRiarebda, axla ar mrcxvenia imis Tqma, rom maSin, am sanaxaobis Semyures, SiSi Semepara gulSio. tenoCtitlani mainc daeca, radgan espanelebma actekebs sasmeli wyali gadauketes da SimSiliT amoxades suli. maSindeli msoflios udidesi qalaqi daeca, misi ukanaskneli mmarTveli kuatemoki ki tyved Cavarda da dampyroblebma is sastikad awames imisTvis, rom gaegoT, sad malavdnen actekebi Tavis saganZurs. wamebas ernan kortesi Tavad eswreboda. damTavrda ori samyaros sastiki omi. ufro ganviTarebulma evropam gaimarjva da daiwyo axali epoqa, espaneTis msoflio dominacia, mis mier mTeli centraluri da samxreT amerikis dapyroba (garda dRevandeli braziliisa, romelic portugalielebma daimorCiles), indielTa iZulebiT gaqristianeba, zangi monebis Camoyvana, kulturaTa Sexvedra da aRreva, yvelaferi is, ramac msoflios, Cemi azriT, yvelaze saintereso da mravalferovani regioni – laTinuri amerika – Sva. am yvelafris saTaveebTan ki ernan kortesi idga – Tavisi epoqis namdvili Svili, TavzexelaRebuli, cbieri da daundobeli. misi cxovreba tenoCtitlanis dapyrobiT ar damTavrebula. raRac xani is axali espaneTis gubernatori iyo, awyobda axal eqspediciebs, xSirad uwevda yofil TanamebrZolebTan omi. mere arakeTilmosurneebma karlos V-sTan urTierToba gaufuWes, xelmwifem mas gubernatoroba CamoarTva da oaxakas markizis tituli uboZa. kortesi ramdenjerme Cavida espaneTSi, rom mefes Sexvedroda, Tavi emarTlebina da sakuTari poziciebi daecva.

1528 wels erT-erT aseT mgzavrobaSi kortess Tan axlda Tavisi yvelaze erTguli oficeri, gonsalo de sandovali, romelic atlantis okeanis gadacurvisas daavadda da samSobloSi momakvdavma CaaRwia. iq, sastumros loginSi mwoliarem da Ronemixdilma, sikvdilis win naxa, rogor Semovida mis oTaxSi qurdi da rogor daepatrona mTel mis wil oqros, romelsac konkistadori mTeli cxovreba ixveWda. es mxolod erTi patara ambavia im epoqisa...

Tavad kortesma 1547 wlamde icocxla da espaneTSi gardaicvala, marTalia, xelmwifeze nawyeni, magram – mdidari da saxelovani.

ernan kortesi da gonsalo de sandovali (1497-1528)

67

xelovneba

qarTuli modernizmis istoriidan (1910-1930) nawili II avtori maia ciciSvili, nino WoRoSvili 1920-1930 wlebis qarTuli modernistuli xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino da mravalmxrivi interesebis mqone warmomadgenelia valerian sidamon-erisTavi (yvareli, 1889 – Tbilisi, 1943) – fermweri, grafikosi, karikaturisti, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari. ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda moskovis ferweris, qandakebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis saswavlebelSi. misi Semoqmedeba moicavs XX saukunis qarTuli xelovnebis sxvadasxva periods da Zalze mravalferovania Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT. 1910-ian wlebSi moRvawe sxva qarTveli mxatvrebis msgavsad, valerian sidamon-erisTavis umTavres amocanasac erovnuli formis Zieba warmoadgenda. man safuZveli Cauyara istoriuli Janris damkvidrebas qarTul dazgur mxatvrobaSi da saocrad TviTmyofadi ferweruli da grafikuli namuSevrebi Seqmna. valerian sidamon-erisTavis modernistuli periodis xelovnebac sruliad gamorCeulia sxva TanamedroveTagan. 1910-1920-ian wlebSi v. sidamon-erisTavi, istoriuli Temis garda, qmnida portretebsa da yoveldRiuri movlenebis amsaxvel tiloebs. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia v. sidamon-erisTavis 1920-ian wlebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi, sadac aSkarad aisaxa eqspresionistuli xelovnebis niSnebi. am periodSi Seqmnil ramdenime namuSevarSi („wiTeli mTesvelebi“, „wiTel cxenosanTa Seteva“, „bavSvebi baRSi“) yvelaze zustad gamoixata im mimdinareobis Taviseburebebi, romelic saukuneTa mijnis Semdgom, 1925 wlamde, evropis TiTqmis yvela regions axasiaTebda. bunebrivia, rom mZafrad patrioti mxatvari, valerian sidamon-erisTavi, wiTeli armiis Semosvlis Semdeg eqspresionisti gamxdariyo. aristokratuli warmomavlobis mxatvrisTvis bolSevizmi ara mxolod misi samSoblos dapyrobas niSnavda, aramed imasac, rom am dromde SemorCenil qarTul aristokratias ganadgureba eloda. valerian sidamon-erisTavis SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba mravalmxrivia. is TanamSromlobda Jurnal-gazeTebTan, qmnida karikaturebs, Canaxatebs yofiT da alegoriul Temebze, muSaobda wignebis dizainze. 1922 wlidan moRvaweobda Teatrsa da kinoSi, iyo daaxloebiT 35

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qarTuli modernizmi

filmis mxatvari, maT Sorisaa cnobili avangarduli filmi „Cemi bebia“ (reJ. kote miqaberiZe), TanamSromlobda kote marjaniSvilTan, aformebda speqtaklebs rusTavelis TeatrSi. miuxedavad mravali damsaxurebisa da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisa, valerian sidamon-erisTavi mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, miviwyebuli iyo, xolo misi Semoqmedeba, faqtobrivad, Seuswavleli da naklebad dafasebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo wlebSi is moeqca mkvlevarTa da qarTuli xelovnebiT dainteresebuli sazogadoebis TvalsawierSi da gansakuTrebiT miipyro yuradReba, rogorc qarTuli modernistuli xelovnebis Rirseulma warmomadgenelma.

v. sidamon-erisTavi, wiTeli mTesvelebi

v. sidamon-erisTavi, avtoportreti

kadri filmidan `Cemi bebia~

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xelovneba

S. qiqoZe, sami mxatvari

S. qiqoZe, udrood dakarguli megobris mosagoneblad

Salva qiqoZis (baxvi, 1894 – fraiburgi, 1921) ferwerul nawarmoebTa didi nawili weliwadnaxevris ganmavlobaSi parizSi cxovrebis periodSia Seqmnili. Salva qiqoZe – fermweri, grafikosi, karikaturisti – swavlobda Tbilisis saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi (1902-1912), gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg daeniSna „qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis“ stipendia da Cairicxa moskovis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze (1914). aseve swavlobda moskovis ferweris, qandakebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis institutSi (1916-1918). ardadegebze saqarTveloSi Camosuli S. qiqoZe d. SevardnaZis mier Camoyalibebuli pirveli profesiuli sazogadoebriv-kulturuli organizaciis „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ saqmianobaSi CaerTo (1916). monawileobda „saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebisa“ da „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ mier erToblivad mowyobil pirvel samxatvro-samecniero eqspediciaSi nabaxtevis eklesiis mxatvrobis pirebis gadmosaRebad. S. qiqoZe mWidrod TanamSromlobda JurnalebTan. misi karikaturebi ibeWdeboda satirul-iumoristul JurnalebSi „laxti“ da „eSmakis maTraxi“, aseve Teatralur JurnalebSi. 1920 wels „qarTvel xelovanTa sazogadoebis“ mier daniSnuli stipendiiT S. qiqoZe, d. kakabaZesa da l. gudiaSvilTan erTad, saswavleblad parizSi gaemgzavra, sadac ifineboda araerT galereaSi, kerZod, „la likornsa“ da „damoukidebelTa salonSi“. mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg, 1921 wels, Salva qiqoZe gardaicvala germaniaSi da dakrZalulia q. fraiburgSi. Salva qiqoZem, qarTuli modernistuli mxatvrobis erT-erTma TviTmyofadma warmomadgenelma da gamorCeuli niWis mxatvarma, miuxedavad xanmokle cxovrebisa, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi. misi namuSevrebi samSobloSi daabrunes misma mamam da daviT kakabaZem. 1920 wlis dasawyisSi evropuli kulturis centrSi, parizSi, moxvedril 26 wlis Salva qiqoZes Tavisi ori megobrisgan, daviT kakabaZisa da lado gudiaSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanadrouli parizis sazogadoebri-

Salva qiqoZe (1894-1921)

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qarTuli modernizmi

vi cxovrebis mimarT saSineli imedgacrueba daeufla. misi fiqrebi da gancdebi, garda misi mxatvrobisa, axloblebisaTvis miweril uaRresad cocxal da saintereso werilebSic aisaxa. sabolood, swored parizSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi gamoaSkaravda da Camoyalibda Salva qiqoZis eqspresionistuli damokidebuleba garemomcveli sinamdvilisadmi. parizSi Salva qiqoZem ramdenime Temas mimarTa, romlebsac, Tavisi ganwyobis mixedviT, Sesatyvisi mxatvruli forma mouZebna. „es iyo satiruli an tragikuli azrovnebis mxatvari... parizis qaosma etyoba didi STabeWdileba moaxdina am mgrZnobiare adamianze. is ironiulad laparakobda Tavis naadrev daberebaze, laparakobda avtoportretis eniT“. daviT kakabaZe (kuxi, 1889 – Tbilisi, 1952) – fermweri, grafikosi, Teatrisa da kinos mxatvari, xelovnebis Teoretikosi, gamomgonebeli. dawyebiTi samxatvro ganaTleba miiRo quTaisSi. Semdeg swavlobda peterburgis universitetis fizika-maTematikis fakultetze (1910-1918), paralelurad ki – l. dmitriev-kavkazskis samxatvro studiaSi (1910-1915). 1916 wels d. kakabaZe qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis wevri gaxda. 1917 wels daiwyo muSaoba imereTis peizaJebis seriaze, 1918 wels ki ukve Sesrulebuli hqonda cnobili namuSevrebi: „imereTis naturmorti“, „imereTi – dedaCemi“. 1919 wels l. gudiaSvilTan da s. sudeikinTan erTad moxata popularuli artistuli kafe „qimerioni“, monawileobda artistuli kafeebis „fantastikuri duqnisa“ da „farSevangis kudis“ moxatvaSi. 1919-1927 wlebSi d. kakabaZe cxovrobda da moRvaweobda parizSi, sadac Seqmna cnobili ferweruli da grafikuli kubisturi seriebi: „parizi“ (1920), „bretani“ (1921), „ialqniani navebi“ (1921), „ayvavebuli baRis abstraqtuli formebi“ (1921), `obieqtebi linzebiT~ (1924) da a.S. monawileobda parizis „damoukidebelTa salonis“ yovelwliur gamofenebSi. parizSive gamoaqveyna wignebi: „konstruqciuli suraTis Sesaxeb“ (frang. enaze, 1921), „parizi 1920-1923“ (1924), „xelovneba da sivrce“ (qarT. enaze, 1925), parizSi qveyndeboda misi werilebi Tanamedrove xelovnebis Sesaxeb. 1922 wels man gaaforma xelSekruleba m. miulerTan „usaTvalo stereokinomatografis“ gamogonebaze. parizis optikis institutSi wardgenis Semdeg patenti gamogonebaze Seisyida amerikam, germaniam, italiam, belgiam, espaneTma da ungreTma.

daviT kakabaZe, parizi

daviT kakabaZe, bretani

daviT kakabaZe, ialqniani navebi

daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebas mxatvrul stilTa da mimarTulebaTa mravalferovneba axasiaTebda. es eqsperimentatori xelo-

71

xelovneba daviT kakabaZe, dekoratiuli motivi

daviT kakabaZe, obieqtebi linzebiT

vani sruliad gansxvavebuli mxatvruli formebiTa da eniT qmnida Tavis mravalferovan seriebsa Tu calkeul nawarmoebebs.

Tumca misi Semoqmedebis yvela etapze Seqmnil rogorc figuratiul, ise abstraqtul nawarmoebebs Tanabrad gamoarCevs kompoziciis struqturuli, naTeli, racionalurad gaazrebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, klasikuri wyoba, dekoratiuloba, uaRresad daxvewili, lakoniurad metyveli, TavSekavebuli koloriti, asaxulis arsis statikuri monumenturobisa da zedroulobis gadmocemis survili. daviT kakabaZe qarTvel xelovanTa Soris erTaderTi Teoretikosi iyo, romelic mecnierulad aanalizebda avangarduli xelovnebis aqtualur sakiTxebs. qarTuli Tanamedrove xelovnebis Semdgomi ganviTareba, misi rwmeniT, SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo mxolod mowinave evropuli xelovnebis formaluri miRwevebis pirdapiri, uSualo ziarebiTa da aTvisebiT. „Cven unda vecadoT, rom saqarTvelo midiodes kulturul SemoqmedebaSi Tanamedrove mowinave qveynebTan ise, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi qarTveli xalxi Seadgenda erT mowinave razms im drois kulturul erTa Soris...“ daviT kakabaZe aRniSnavda, rom parizSi cxovrebis Svidi wlis ganamvlobaSi igi ara mxolod swavlobda, aramed praqtikulad muSaobda Tanamedrove mimdinareobebsa da formebze, radganac mas mowinave dasavleTevropuli xelovnebis yvela saidumlos amocnoba surda.

daviT kakabaZe (1889-1952)

72

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg qarTulma modernizmma SedarebiT ufro mcire da Semofarglul sivrceSi – TeatrSi gadainacvla. araerTma niWierma mxatvarma k. marjaniSvilis, s. axmetelisa da saopero TeatrebSi ganagrZo sakuTari Semoqmedebis ganviTareba. isini ar uSindebodnen droiT motanil akrZalvebs da Tanamedrove Teatris Sesaqmnelad Zalisxmevas ar iSurebdnen. swored am periodSi idgmeboda speqtaklebi, romlebsac, erTi mxriv, aformebdnen modernisti mxatvrebi (valerian sidamon-erisTavi, daviT kakabaZe, lado gudiaSvili, Tamar abakelia, elene axvlediani, sergo qobulaZe, irina Stenbergi, klara kveesi, ema lalaeva-ediberiZe, serapion vawaZe da a.S.), sxva mxriv ki – mxatvrebi, romelTa Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad Teatrs ukavSirdeba (soliko virsalaZe, mixeil SaviSvili, dimitri TavaZe, mixeil gociriZe da a.S.). gansakuTrebuli, radikaluri, avangarduli cvlilebebi qarTuli Teatris scenuri sivrcisa da kostiumis dizainSi petre ocxelma, irakli gamrekelma da kirile zdaneviCma Seitanes.

qarTuli modernizmi

petre ocxelis Semoqmedeba, samyaros miseuli, sruliad ganumeorebeli danaxvis unariT, aRqmiTa da moZebnili formiT gamorCeulia ara marto Tanamedrove qarTul mxatvrobaSi, aramed is udavod msoflio xelovnebis saganZurs warmoadgens. petre ocxeli Zalian adre Camoyalibda, rogorc mxatvari. misi Semoqmedebis metad daZabuli da mSfoTvare periodi sul cxra weliwads moicavs. man mxolod TeatrSi imuSava, Tumca TiToeuli misi eskizi Tu Canaxati damoukidebeli dazguri nawarmoebia. sruliad gansxvavebulad gadawyvetil yovel axal speqtaklSi Cans, Tu rogori gatacebiT, Tavisuflad, intuiciuri mignebiT, TiTqos TamaSiT, usazRvro fantaziiT qmnis es uaRresad Taviseburi msoflmxedvelobisa da asakisaTvis Seusabamo informaciis mqone xelovani mxatvrul saxeebs. bolomde gaazrebul eskizebSi msaxiobis saxe, kostiumi Tu yvelaze saxasiaTo poza erT mTlian organizmad gvevlineba. zogierTi maTganis mniSvnelovan, monumentur da imavdroulad uCveulod msubuq saxes erTgvari Separuli iumoric erTvis. yvela namuSevri axalgazrda mxatvris daxvewil gemovnebasa da novatorul mxatvrul azrovnebaze metyvelebs. petre ocxeli saqarTvelosa da ruseTs ar gascilebia. Tumca, imdenad grZnobda epoqis ganwyobasa Tu modas, rom zogierTi namuSevriT mniSvnelovnad gauswro dros.

Tavisi esTetikiTa da xedviT misi Semoqmedeba dResac avangardulia. warmodgenili mxatvrebis Semoqmedeba, cxadia, ver asaxavs qarTul modernistul xelovnebas mTeli misi mravalferovnebiT. qarTul modernizms gacilebiT meti niWieri, TviTmyofadi, cnobili da aseve, jer kidev naklebad Seswavlili mxatvari miekuTvneba. maTi namuSevrebis moZieba da kvleva jer kidev ar dasrulebula. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi nawili erTdroulad iRebda ganaTlebas evropis mTavar centrebSi (safrangeTsa da germaniaSi) da isini aseve erTmaneTis gverdiT, patara TbilisSi muSaobdnen, TiToeuli qarTveli modernisti mxatvris Semoqmedeba mkveTrad individualuria. 1916-19 wlebis Tbilisurma internacionalurma avangardulma garemom mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTuli kulturis momavali saxis gansazRvraSi, Tumca misi kvali mxolod wignis grafikasa da plakats Tu daetyo an artistul kafeebs Tu SerCa. qarTvel mxatvrebze am drois rusuli wamyvani avangarduli mimdinareobebis gavlena Znelad SesamCnevia albaT imitom, rom SemoqmedTa nawilma, romelsac maleve mouxda evropaSi wasvla, upiratesoba evropul avangards mianiWa. tradiciuli erovnuli kulturis mofrTxileba da mis safuZvelze Tanamedrove dasavluri mxatvrobis Sesatyvisi qarTuli modernistuli xelovnebis Seqmna iyo is ZiriTadi mizani, romelic am mxatvrebs aerTianebda. petre ocxeli, beatriCe CenCi

petre ocxeli, avtoportreti

petre ocxeli, mfrinavi mRebavi

73

mecniereba

vaqcinebis istoria da roli yvavilidan COVID-19-mde

mixeil WabukaSvili

vaqcinebis roli kacobriobis cxovrebaSi ganuzomlad didia. dRes aRar arsebobs bevri iseTi infeqciuri daavadeba, romlebmac istoriis manZilze uamravi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira da axla maT Sesaxeb mxolod gadmocemiTRa viciT. dRevandlamde mosaRwevad gza namdvilad ar yofila ioli, magram adamianma gamWriaxobis wyalobiT iswavla araTu Tavisi yvelaze daundobeli mtris – sneulebebis – damarcxeba, aramed maTi Tavidan acilebac. am TvalsazrisiT, vaqcina medicinisa da mecnierebis erT-erTi udidesi, albaT, yvelaze keTilSobiluri miRwevaa, romelsac kacobriobis mravalsaukunovani Sroma udevs safuZvlad. dRes, globaluri pandemiis epoqaSi, vaqcinacia iseTi mniSvnelovania, rogorc arasdros.

COVID-19-is vaqcinebi rekordulad swrafad Seiqmna, rac, pirvel rigSi, Tavdauzogavma Sromam da didma winaistoriam ganapiroba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi vaqcinacia uxeSi da xSirad sarisko praqtikidan uaRresad daxvewil, mecnierebiT zurggamagrebul procedurad iqca. pirveli nabijebi – yvavili yvavilis virusi aTasobiT wlis win gamoCnda da adamianebSi mZime daavadebasa da sikvdils iwvevda. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvaviliT gaCenili kanis dazianebebis msgavsi niSnebi Zvelegvipturi mumiebis saxezec aris aRmoCenili, yvavilis daavadebis yvelaze Zveli mtkicebuleba – misi werilobiTi aRwera – CineTSi Cndeba ax. w. IV saukuneSi. Cinelebi didi xnis win mixvdnen, rom adamianebs, romlebic yvavils erTxel gadaitandnen, es daavadeba meored aRar emarTebodaT. aqedan gauCndaT idea, rom msubuqad daavadebuli pirebis muwukebi aeRoT, gaexmoT, Semdeg daefqvaT da nestoSi SeeyaraT. biWebs marjvena nestoSi asunTqebdnen, gogonebs ki – marcxenaSi.

74

vaqcinebi

ase iwyeba vaqcinebis istoria, Tumca is Zalian fragmentulia da danamdvilebiT aravin icis, rodis mihyves adamianebma xeli „vaqcinacias“ an ramdenad efeqtiani iyo misi Sedegebi. zogi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom daavadebebis prevenciis aseT praqtikas jer kidev Zv. w. 200 wlisTvis Caeyara safuZveli. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT indoeTisa da afrikis istoriebSic moipoveba garkveuli masala, Tumca faqtobrivi monacemebis simwire maT sandoobas saTuod aqcevs. unda iTqvas, rom am saxis vaqcinaciis SemoRebis yvelaze meti mtkicebuleba XV saukuneSi CineTis minis dinastiasTanaa dakavSirebuli. marTalia, Cinelebi pirvelebi iyvnen, vinc yvavilis sawinaaRmdego vaqcinis gamogoneba scades, magram mxolod XVIII saukuneSi SeZlo britanelma eqimma eduard jenerma am vaqcinis pirveli usafrTxo da saimedo versiis Seqmna. jenerma SeniSna, rom Zroxis mwvelavebs, romlebsac xSirad emarTebodaT Zroxis yvavili, daavadeba, romelic msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvidan adamianebze gadadioda, yvavilis infeqciis adgilobrivi afeTqebe-

eduard jeneri (1749-1823)

bis dros es daavadeba ar emarTebodaT. Zroxis yvavili, erTi mxriv, aSkarad gansxvavdeboda yvavilis virusisgan, vinaidan adamianebSi mxolod msubuq simptomebs iwvevda, meore mxriv ki, yvavils mainc raRaciT hgavda, radgan adamianebSi am daavadebis sawinaaRmdego imunitets tovebda.

1796 wlis cnobil eqsperimentSi, romelic, albaT, dRevandel eTikur normebs ver daakmayofilebda, jenerma Cirqovani muwukebis nimuSebi aiRo Zroxis mwvelav sara nelmesisgan da mklavSi nakawridan Seuyvana 8 wlis biWs, saxelad jeims fipss. Semdeg jenerma scada biWi adamianis yvaviliT daeavadebina, magram jeimss virusi ar Sexvda. ori wlis Semdeg jenerma eqsperimentis Sedegebi wignSi gamoaqveyna. es maSin namdvili sensacia iyo. 1801 wlisTvis ki am meTodiT ukve daaxloebiT 100 000 adamiani iyo vaqcinirebuli. teqnologiis daxvewa da vaqcinebis namdvili revolucia aRsaniSnavia, rom jeneris midgomas SezRudvebic hqonda: adamianis yvela daavadebas ar gaaCnda cxoveluri analogi, romelic adamians imunitets Tavad daavadebis gamowvevis gareSe gamoumuSavebda. Semdegi Tavsatexi gaxda adamianebSi daavadebis gamomwvev virusebTan da baqteriebTan muSaoba: saWiro iyo maTi rogorRac ganiaraReba, daavadebis gamowvevis unaris warTmeva ise,

75

mecniereba rom imunuri sistemisTvis mainc eswavlebina am virusebisa Tu baqteriebis amocnoba da ganeitraleba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mogvianebiT isini marTlac moxvdebodnen adamianis organizmSi. mecnierebi mixvdnen, rom amis miRwevis ori gza arsebobda. pirveli – virusi an baqteria unda moeklaT, magram xeluxlebeli darCeniliyo maTi fizikuri naSTebi, rac organizms paTogenis aseTi „manekenis“ amocnobas aswavlida da imunur pasuxs aRZravda, Tuki odesme mis cocxal versias gadaawydeboda. meore gza iyo virusis an baqteriis ara mokvla, aramed dasusteba, misi gauvnebelyofa, rom aRar hqonoda daavadebis gamowvevis unari, magram imunuri sistemisTvis aseve unda eswavlebina SemdegSi maTi moZebna da ganadgureba. jeneris gamogonebidan momdevno saukune-naxevris ganmavlobaSi xan erTi da xan meore meTodiT mravali daavadeba SeaCeres.

1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, yovelwliurad, msoflioSi yvavilis daaxloebiT 50 milioni SemTxveva aRiricxeboda. mxolod XX saukuneSi am daavadebam msoflioSi daaxloebiT 300 milioni adamiani imsxverpla. inficirebulebSi sikvdilis riski TiTqmis 30 procents aRwevda. aSS-is daavadebaTa kontrolisa da prevenciis centris monacemebiT, vaqcinebis warmatebis wyalobiT, aSS-Si yvavilis bolo SemTxveva 1949 wels aRiniSna. 1980 wlis 8 maiss jandacvis msoflio organizaciam yvavili amoZirkvul daavadebad gamoacxada. mas Semdeg msoflioSi arcerTi SemTxveva ar gamovlenila.

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kamil gereni (1872-1961)

alber kalmeti (1863-1933)

jeneris gamogonebidan TiTqmis 100 wlis Semdeg, 1881-1885 wlebSi, frangma biologma lui pasterma Seqmna jilexisa da cofis vaqcinebi. amisaTvis pasteri paTogenebs JangbadiT amuSavebda da acxelebda, magram ar klavda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi frangma eqimma alber kalmetma da veterinarma kamil gerenma tuberkulozis vaqcina Seqmnes; amisaTvis maT pirutyvisgan aRebuli baqteriis Stami gamoiyenes, xelovnurad gamozardes misi 230 Taoba da yoveli Taobidan sul ufro da ufro dasustebuli versiebi SearCies. dasustebuli virusuli Stamebisgan Seiqmna aseve vaqcinebi wiTelas, ybayuras da wiTuras winaaRmdeg. wiTuras SemTxvevaSi ganaviTares da gamoiyenes Stami, romelic

vaqcinebi

li iyo formaliniT mokluli poliovirusi.

1962 wels polonel-amerikelma mkvlevarma albert seibinma amave vaqcinis versia dasustebuli StamiT Seqmna. solkis vaqcinis upiratesoba is iyo, rom is arasodes gaxdeboda poliomielitis ganviTarebis mizezi. seibinis vaqcina ki imiT iyo upiratesi, rom, solkis Seqmnilisgan gansxvavebiT, is ara saineqcio, aramed oraluri iyo da SesaZlebels xdida masobrivi imunizacia savele TanamSromlebs CaetarebinaT da ara – Sesabamisi gamocdilebis mqone samedicino muSakebs.

albert seibini (1906-1993)

jonas solki (1914-1995)

mxolod 37⁰C-ze dabal temperaturaze cocxlobda da Sesabamisad, adamianis sxeuli misTvis araxelsayrel garemos warmoadgenda. samive daavadeba adamianisTvis Zlieri safrTxe iyo da gamoirCeoda sikvdilianobis maRali maCvenebliT. dasustebuli virusebis problema isaa, rom SesaZlebelia moxdes mutaciebi – uiSviaTes SemTxvevaSi, prevenciis nacvlad, aseTma vaqcinam SeiZleba daavadeba gamoiwvios. amis gamo XIX da XX saukuneebSi mkvlevrebma qoleris, yivanaxvelis, gripisa da sxva daavadebaTa sawinaaRmdego vaqcinebi mTlianad mkvdari paTogenebisgan Seqmnes; maT dasaxocad iyenebdnen gacxelebas an formalins, formaldehidis gazavebul versias.

1955 wels damtkicda amerikeli virusologis – jonas solkis Seqmnili vaqcina poliomielitis winaaRmdeg. masSi gamoyenebu-

gavrcelebis pikSi, 1940-1950-ian wlebSi, poliomieliti (polio) msoflioSi yovelwliurad naxevar milion adamians klavda an paralizebuls tovebda. jandacvis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT, polios warmatebuli vaqcinaciis Sedegad, 1988 wlidan dRemde, poliovirusis SemTxvevebi 99 procentiT Semcirda. 1998 wels msoflioSi polios 350 000 SemTxveva dafiqsirda, 2018 wels ki – mxolod 33. polios vaqcinam msoflioSi milionobiT bavSvi gadaarCina. 1979 wels es daavadeba aSS-Si aRmofxvrilad gamocxadda. gamoikveTa, rom inficirebis riski ZiriTadad im adamianebs emuqrebodaT, vinc arasodes yofila vaqcinirebuli.

1980-ian wlebamde msoflioSi yovelwliurad difTeriis milionobiT SemTxveva aRiricxeboda. sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli inficirebulTa 5-10 procenti iyo. es daavadeba jer kidev Zv. w. V saukuneSi aRwera hipokratem. misi gamomwvevi baqteriis identificireba 1882 wels moxda, vaqcinis Seqmna ki – 1923 wels. warmatebuli vaqcinaciis damsaxurebiT, daavadebulTa raodenobam TandaTan mniSvnelovnad iklo da 2015 wels msoflioSi mxolod 4500 SemTxveva aRiricxa. amJamad es daavadeba ZiriTadad subsaharul

yvavilis virusi mikroskopSi

77

mecniereba afrikaSi, indoeTsa da indoneziaSia gavrcelebuli. vaqcinaciis maRali maCveneblis gamo uiSviaTesia SemTxvevebi ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magram SeiZleba xelaxla gamoCndes, Tuki vaqcinacia iklebs.

1940-iani wlebis bolodan vaqcinebis sferoSi mecniereba swrafi tempiT daixvewa da imunuri reaqciis aRZvrisaTvis mecnierebma virusebisa da baqteriebis garsis mxolod mcire nawilis gamoyeneba daiwyes – daaxloebiT ise, ZaRls rom dakarguli piris tansacmeli daaynosino da Semdeg mis mosaZebnad gauSva. amdagvarad moqmedeben paTogenidan aRebuli cilebi, romlebic Seicaven iseT qimiur xelweras, rom Tavadve SeuZliaT imunur sistemas im virusisa Tu baqteriis amocnoba da mokvla aswavlon, romelsac Tavad miekuTvnebian.

ZiriTadi vaqcinebis qronologia 1796 w.

doqtorma eduard jenerma yvavilis virusis cxoveluri versiis, Zroxis yvavilis, gamoyenebiT Seqmna yvavilis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1881 w.

frangma biologma lui pasterma warmatebuli vaqcina Seqmna jilexis (cimbiris wyluli) winaaRmdeg.

1885 w.

pasterma warmatebuli vaqcina Seqmna cofis winaaRmdeg.

1914 w.

Seiqmna yivanaxvelis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1923 w.

Seiqmna difTeriis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1938 w.

Seiqmna tetanusis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1848 w.

yivanaxvelis, difTeriisa da tetanusis vaqcinebi erT vaqcinaSi gaerTianda, romelsac DTP ewodeba.

1855 w.

jonas solkma Seqmna mkvdar poliovirusze dafuZnebuli poliomielitis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1963 w.

Seiqmna wiTelas sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1967 w.

damtkicda wiTelas sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1969 w.

Seiqmna wiTuras sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1977 w.

yvavilis vaqcina ukve aRar aris rekomendebuli. vaqcinaciis warmatebis gamo daavadeba srulad aRmoifxvra.

1981 w.

Seiqmna B hepatitis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1996 w.

Seiqmna Cutyvavilas sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

1998/99 ww.

Seiqmna rotavirusis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

2000 w.

Seiqmna A hepatitis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina

2000 w.

poliomielitis vaqcina ukve aRar aris rekomendebuli. vaqcinebis warmatebis gamo es daavadeba ukve safrTxed aRar miiCneva.

2001 w.

Seiqmna pnevmokokis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina.

2020 w.

rekordulad swrafad, warsulis mTel codnaze dayrdnobiT, mTeli msoflios mecnierTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, Seiqmna axlad gamoCenili da pandemiad gadaqceuli koronavirusuli daavadeba COVID-19-is sawinaaRmdego ramdenime vaqcina.

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vaqcinebi

axali teqnologiis vaqcinebi bolo periodSi, roca genomebi martivad gasaSifri gaxda, mecnierebma daiwyes iseTi vaqcinebis Seqmna, romlebic efuZneba paTogenidan aRebul rnm-s an dnm-s. am SemTxvevaSi, es genetikuri masala ujredebs iseTi cilebis warmoqmnas aiZulebs, romlebsac daavadebis gamowveva ar SeuZliaT, magram efeqtianad wvrTnian imunur sistemas paTogenebis winaaRmdeg, raTa mzad iyos, Tuki Semdeg isini sxeulSi moxvdebian. swored aseT midgomas efuZneba kompania Moderna-sa da Pfizer-BioNTech-is mier COVID-19-is winaaRmdeg Seqmnili vaqcinebi. isini iyeneben informaciuli rnm-is (mRNA) saxeliT cnobil genetikur masalas, romelic COVID-19-is gamomwvevi koronavirusidan – SARS-Cov-2-dan aris aRebuli. mRNA teqnologiiT vaqcinebis Seqmnaze mecnierebi ukve aTwleulebia muSaoben. aseTi vaqcinebis mimarT interesi ZiriTadad imitom gaizarda, rom laboratoriaSi maTi Seqmna advilad xelmisawvdomi masalebiT aris SesaZlebeli, rac imas niSnavs, rom vaqcinebis didi odenobiT warmoeba gacilebiT swrafad moxdeba, vidre sxva meTodebiT. mRNA vaqcinebze muSaoba mimdinareobs iseTi daavadebebis winaaRmdeg, rogoricaa gripi, zika, cofi da citomegalovirusi

koronavirusi mikroskopSi

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mecniereba

(CMV). rogorc ki cnobili gaxda yvela saWiro informacia COVID-19-is gamomwvevi virusis Sesaxeb, mecnierebma maSinve daiwyes mRNA instruqciebis Seqmna ujredebisTvis, raTa vaqcinis saxiT sxeulSi moxvedris Semdeg ujredebma koronavirus SARS-Cov-2-is wveti (spaik) cilebis warmoqmna daiwyon da imunuri sistema mzad iyos, Tuki es virusi SemdegSi organizmSi marTlac moxvdeba. momavalSi vaqcinebis mRNA teqnologiam SeiZleba migviyvanos erT vaqcinamde, romelic mravali sxvadasxva daavadebisgan dagvicavs. es namdvilad didi miRweva iqneba, radgan Seamcirebs im acrebis raodenobas, rac vaqcinebiT prevencirebadi daavadebebisgan dasacavad aris saWiro. garda vaqcinebisa, aqtiurad mimdinareobs mRNA teqnologiiT kibos sawinaaRmdego preparatebze muSaoba, rom am meTodiT ujredebma kibos konkretuli ujredebis mizanSi amoReba da ganadgureba iswavlon. mRNA teqnologiiT Seqmna kompania Moderna-m aiv-infeqciis sawinaaRmdego vaqcinac, romlis klinikuri cdebic 2022 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo. aiv-infeqcia erT-erTi yvelaze mouxelTebeli paTogenia, romlis sawinaaRmdego vaqcinis Seqmnac friad rTuli aRmoCnda. Moderna-s pirveli Sedegebi namdvilad imedismomcemia. klinikuri cdebis dawyebamde Catarebul pirvelad cdebSi monawileTa 97 procentSi warmoiqmna sasurveli imunuri pasuxi. momavali dReisaTvis jandacvis msoflio organizacias damtkicebuli aqvs daaxloebiT 30 daavadebis sawinaaRmdego vaqcina. paralelurad muSaoba mimdinareobs aTeulobiT axal vaqcinaze.

2021 wlis oqtomberSi jandacvis msoflio organizaciam afrikaSi gamoyenebisTvis daamtkica vaqcina kacobriobis Zveli da dauZinebeli mtris – malariis winaaRmdeg. es movlena namdvilad istoriulia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom malaria msoflioSi yovelwliurad dRemde daaxloebiT 400 000 adamians klavs.

80

vaqcinebi

malariis efeqtiani vaqcinis gza Zalian grZeli iyo, radgan mravalma vaqcinam mxolod mcire efeqtianoba aCvena. jandacvis msoflio organizaciis mier aRiarebul vaqcinaze muSaoba 30 weliwadze metxans mimdinareobda. is malariis pirveli vaqcinaa, romelmac farTomasStabiani klinikuri cdebi gaiara da aCvena, rom patara bavSvebSi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs daavadebas da icavs sikvdilisgan. amasTan, is pirveli vaqcinaa, romelic parazitis mier gamowveuli daavadebis winaaRmdeg Seiqmna. aRsaniSnavia, rom vaqcinebis ukan kacobriobis mravalsaukunovani Tavdauzogavi Sroma dgas. swored maTi wyalobiT, dRes bevri momakvdinebeli daavadeba aRar arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali virusebi mainc Cndeba, maT kvaldakval viTardeba da umjobesdeba vaqcinebic. paTogenebi umiznoa, magram – daundobeli, Tumca daundobelia mecnierebac. rogorc nebismier oms, paTogenebsac mravali sicocxle ewireba, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi kvlevebi ixveweba, mecniereba win midis da dRes ukve milionobiTaa gadarCenili adamiani. gadarCenilTa raodenoba momavalSic aucileblad gaizrdeba, mxolod mecnierebis damsaxurebiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa 2021 wels wamyvan samecniero Jurnal The Lancet-Si gamoqveynebuli Sefaseba, romlis mixedviTac, XXI saukunis dasawyisidan dRemde 10 ZiriTad daavadebaze imunizaciam msoflioSi 37 milioni bavSvi gadaarCina sikvdils. amave kvlevis mixedviT, 2030 wlisTvis es raodenoba SeiZleba gaormagdes da gadarCenil sicocxleTa umetesoba patara bavSvi iqneba. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom rogorc araerTxel momxdara, swored vaqcinebi ityvis gadamwyvet sityvas axlac – msoflioSi COVID-19-is pandemiis epoqaSi. es varaudi mxolod faqtebs da warsulis gamocdilebas efuZneba – vaqcinam da mecnierebam xom ukve mravali infeqcia mospo samudamod.

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Sveulad 1. saxelmwifos, sawarmos, organizaciisa da misT. Semosavlebisa da gasavlis aRricxva drois garkveul monakveTSi. 2. istoriuli masalebisa da sabuTebis erToblioba. 3. visimes an risame dacva, gamarTleba, Seqeba. 5. kavSiri, gaerTianeba. 6. sxva qveynis mier dapyrobili teritoria, qveyana an mxare.

7. mcenareTa samyaro. 8. raimes gakeTebis, ganxorcielebis, moxdenis SesaZlebloba. 9. mtruli qveynebis mier romelime saxelmwifos politikuri an ekonomikuri izolacia masze politikuri zemoqmedebis mizniT. 11. piri, romelic sxvis naTqvams erTi enidan meoreze zepirad Targmnis. 14. saxalxo moZraoba, romlis mizania erovnuli damoukideblobis mopoveba. 17. socialuri sqesi, gansxvaveba kacsa da qals Soris, romelic ganpirobebulia ara biologiuri, aramed socialuri mocemulobiT. 19. mcire zomis nawarmoebi, romelsac safuZvlad namdvili ambavi udevs. 20. faqtebisa da movlenebis sworxazovani gadmocema, anu ise, rogorc avtors aqvs gadmocemuli. 21. drois Zalian mcire konkretuli monakveTi, roca raRac xdeba. 23. kapitalizmamde arsebuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri wyobileba, romlis drosac warmoebis saSualebebi ekuTvnis msxvil memamules. 25. sagangebo davalebiT gasagzavni piri, macne. 26. pedagogikis nawili, romelic Seiswavlis swavlebis Teorias. 27. saqmis kargi SedegiT dasruleba, winsvla. 28. raimes Sesasruleblad saWiro miTiTeba. 30. gamogonili gvari an saxeli, romelsac pirovneba irCevs sakuTari gvarisa da saxelis nacvlad. 34. garkveuli saqmisTvis, gaWirvebulebisTvis materialuri daxmarebis gaweva, uangarod raimes gaReba. 36. ferTa Sexameba, rac qmnis suraTis, ornamentis, mozaikis da misT. garkveul mTlianobas, iers. 38. kenWisyriT saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze xalxis azris gasagebad.

40. raime faqtis an movlenisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis, ukmayofilebis aqtiuri gamoxatva.

41. risame Semadgeneli nawilebis urTierTmimarTeba; agebuleba, wyoba. 42. saqonlis farulad, kanonmdeblobis darRveviT gadatana saxelmwifo sazRvarze. 43. beWduri teqstis akrefis xelovneba.

48. mahmadianTa religia. 50. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi 1921-1927 wlebSi, romelmac genuis msoflio samSvidobo konferencias mimarTva gaugzavna. 53. daba samcxe-javaxeTSi. 54. qalaqi safrangeTSi, sadac imarTeba erT-erTi yvelaze prestiJuli kinofestivali msoflioSi. 55. vinmes daSineba fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT an muqariT. 56. erTi epoqis, erTi mimarTulebis gamoCenil moRvaweTa jgufi. 57. specialisti, romelic literaturul-publicistur saqmianobas eweva presaSi, radioSi an televiziaSi. 59. zogierT qveyanaSi saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo saswavlo dawesebuleba. 64. mxatvruli nawarmoebis moqmedi piri. 66. xmeleTSi SeWrili zRvis nawili. 69. moTmi-

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