My World #22

2018

22

didi adamianebi vudro uilsoni

civilizacia

regioni balfuris deklaracia

kalendari

politika

istoria

samezoblo

mesame romis ideologema

qarTuli fosta da marka

inguSebi da inguSeTi

marTve

saqarTvelo

musika

sporti fenomeni, romelsac Wadraki hqvia

crolis mTa xevsureTSi

22 2018

li naturaluri an fuladi gadasaxadi. 68. qalaqi dRevandel safrangeTSi, sadac 843 wels dadebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT karlos didis imperia misma SviliSvilebma gainawiles, riTac safuZveli Caeyara italiis, germaniisa da safrangeTis Camoyalibebas. 70. didi warmateba, brwyinvale gamarjveba; amiT gamowveuli zeimi. 64. Zveli romis politikuri da samxedro moRvawe. cnobilia, rogorc gaius iulius keisris mkvleli. 76. sruli marcxi. 77. damoukidebeli sajariso erTeuli, romelic Cveulebriv Sedis diviziis an brigadis SemadgenlobaSi, legioni. 80. miwis farTobis sazomi erTeuli inglissa da Crd. AamerikaSi. 81. saxelmwifos umaRlesi rangis mudmivi diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli ucxo qveyanaSi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

revaz gaCeCilaZe vasil kaWarava iulon gagoSiZe arCil CaCxiani roland spanderaSvili aleqsandre kvaxaZe Tornike SaraSeniZe varlam qutiZe kaxa ximSiaSvili

1. iulius keisris Svilobili, romis imperiis damaarsebeli da misi pirveli imperatori. 4. mcenareebiT Semosili wyliani adgili udabnoebsa da naxevarudabnoebSi, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavs adgils, movlenas, romelic sasiamovno gamonakliss warmoadgens. 12. sabrZolo xomaldebis, TviTmfrinavebis da tankebis didi SenaerTi. 13. tradicia, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelebi da Crdilokavkasielebi ramdenime wliT erTmaneTs ucvlidnen Svilebs ojaxebis daaxloebisa da danaTesavebis mizniT. 14. daniSnuleba, valdebuleba, saqmianobis sfero. 15. maRali tonis mqone xis Casaberi sakravi. 16. saqarTvelos mosazRvre respublika CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. 18. Sualeduri rgoli, romelic amsubuqebs Sejaxebas, konfliqts or mxares Soris. 20. qimiuri elementis umciresi nawilaki, romelic Sedgeba atomgulisa da eleqtronebisagan. 21. simReris dros melodiis Semkoba teqnikurad brwyinvale, virtuozuli pasaJebiT. 23. verdis opera. 25. piri, romelic qmnis musikalur nawarmoebs. 26. raioni, olqi, mxare. 29. samxedro da saxelmwifo arCeviTi Tanamdeboba Zvel romSi, romlis Zalaufleba utoldeboda konsulisas.

31. qvelmoqmedi, romelic materialurad exmareba mecnierebasa da xelovnebas. 32. erTxmiani lirikuldramatuli Sinaarsis vokaluri nawarmoebi. 33. mwvave infeqciuri daavadeba. 35. naxSirbadis atomebiT agebuli organzomilebiani kristali. 36. optikuri xelsawyo TvaliT uxilavi sagnebis dasanaxad. 38. samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba. 40. erTi niSniT gaerTianebul saganTa, movlenaTa, adamianTa jgufi. 42. qalaqis meTauri, municipalitetis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piri. 43. yvelaze grZeli da istoriulad erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi mdinare dasavleT aziaSi. 44. niSan-Tviseba, romlis mixedviTac xdeba raimes Sefaseba, klasificireba; sazomi. 46. socialuri qsel Facebook-is damfuZnebeli. 49. vaJa-fSavelas poema `gvelis mWamelis~ personaJi. 50. umaRlesi musikaluri saswavlebeli. 51. saWiroebis dros gamosayenebeli TadarigSi arsebuli maragi, saSualebebi, cocxali Zala. 54. teqnikis ama Tu im dargis specialisti umaRlesi teqnikuri ganaTlebiT. 55. ludvig van beThovenis erTaderTi opera. 57. xasiaTi, buneba, Tviseba. 59. saxelmwifo an mTavroba, romelic formalurad damoukidebelia, magram sinamdvileSi emorCileba sxva saxelmwifos. 64. dawesebuleba, sadac eqsperimentuli samecniero-kvleviTi muSaoba mimdinareobs. 65. xmeleTis ubani, romelic maxvili daboloebiT met-naklebad SeWrilia zRvaSi. 67. visime an risime SesaZleblobebi momavalSi. 69. istoriuli saxelmwifo Zveli romis aRmosavleTiT. 70. sxvadasxva saqonlis dawesebuli fasebi, sxvadasxva gadasaxadis normebi. 71. visime (risime) avtoriteti, sazogadoebaSi ndobiT, gavleniT sargebloba. 72. orTabrZola or pirs Soris erT-erTis gamowveviT, ama Tu im iaraRiT da garkveuli wesebis dacviT. 73. Zlieri aRfrTovaneba, sulieri aRmafrena, raimeTi gataceba.

75. zRude, dabrkoleba, raime moqmedebis Semaferxebeli garemoeba. 78 . Tanamdebobis piri, romelic Tavis movaleobas an sazogadoebriv davalebas formalurad asrulebs. 79. cxenosani jari. 82. raime movlenis, procesis mizezi, mamoZravebeli Zala. 83. raime saerTo niSnis mixedviT gamoyofili sivrce; zoli, raioni. 84. cecxlis mompovebeli da Semdgom kavkasiis mTebze mijaWvuli gmiri, berZnuli promeTes analogi. 85. piri, romelic ar iziarebs da mSvidobiani gziT ewinaaRmdegeba gabatonebul ideologias, oficialur wyobas, sxvagvarad moazrovne.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: giorgi axuaSvilis ilustracia statiisTvis `fenomeni, romelsac Wadraki hqvia~

1. faqti 2. romi 3. neitrali 4. danae 5. qaosi 7. urdo 9. respublika 11. konkurenti 12. maradona 13. xalifa 14. piemonti 16. recipienti 17. reali 20. metoqe 24. beTlemi 25. fenomeni 26. maTematika 29. eskizi 31. adaTi 33. razikaSvili 34. deportacia 35. cimbiri 36. sekularizmi 41. civilizacia 42. patriarqi 44. jadidizmi 45. eqspluatacia 46. banki 49. emitenti 50. haiastani 55. agenti 57. uefa 58. mefe 61. korporacia 62. atributi 64. iluzia 66. yarabaRi 68. araqsi 70. agitacia 71. erevani 73. ferwera 76. lari

2. risorjimento 6. yurulTai 8. kaprera 10. marka 15. progresi 18. liverpuli 19. rekomendcia 21. garibaldi 22. anatolia 23. Strezemani 25. faza 27. daSnakcuTiuni 28. uReltexili 30. kanioni 32. argumenti 37. nacizmi 38. genezisi 39. mesxeTi 40. nica 43. karavajo 47. restruqturizacia 48. veqili 51. Satili 52. depresia 53. vezuvi 54. terasa 56. panTurqizmi 59. osmanizmi 60. atila 63. oforti 65. ajanyeba 67. vali 69. dinastia 72.. Turani 74. begara 75. dolmabahCe 77. provincia 78. rembrandti 79. yifiani 80. genocidi 81. partniori 82. iunga

22 / 2018

regioni

revaz gaCeCilaZe 4 israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis saTaveebTan: balfuris deklaracia didi adamianebi

vasil kaWarava vudro uilsoni

10

civilizacia iulon gagoSiZe kalendari

22

politika

arCil CaCxiani mesame romis ideologema

30

istoria

roland spanderaSvili qarTuli fosta da marka

42

samezoblo

aleqsandre kvaxaZe inguSebi da inguSeTi sporti Tornike SaraSeniZe fenomeni, romelsac Wadraki hqvia

48

56

musika varlam qutiZe marTve

66

saqarTvelo

kaxa ximSiaSvili crolis mTa xevsureTSi

74

82

3

regioni

israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnis saTaveebTan

balfuris deklaracia

revaz gaCeCilaZe

2017 wlis 2 noembers Sesrulda asi weli axlo aRmosavleTis politikuri ganviTarebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi dokumentis miRebidan, romlis Sorsmimavalma Sedegebma Secvala regionis politikuri geografia da dRemde axdens gavlenas msoflio geopolitikaze.

1917 wlis 2 noembers, rodesac jer kidev mimdinareobda pirveli msoflio omi, didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, lordma balfurma, cnobili bankirebis, rotSildebis, britanuli Stos warmomadgenels – lord laionel uolter rotSilds – sionisturi federaciisaTvis gasacnobad gaugzavna mokle, sul 67 inglisuri sityvisagan Sedgenili teqsti, romelic isto-riaSi Sevida `balfuris deklaraciis~ saxeliT. ai am teqstis qarTuli Targmani:

4

balfuris deklaracia

ფორინ ოფისი, 2 ნოემბერი, 1917 ძვირფასო ლორდო როტშილდ, ჩემთვის დიდი სიამოვნებაა, მისი უდიდებულესობის მთავრობის სახელით გადმოგცეთ ებრაელთა სიონისტური მისწრაფებისადმი თანაგრძნობის შემდეგი დეკლარაცია, რომელიც წარედგინა კაბინეტს და კაბინეტმა დაამტკიცა: „მისი უდიდებულესობის მთავრობა კეთილგანწყობით უყურებს პალესტინაში ებრაელი ხალხისათვის ეროვნული კერის დაფუძნებას და გამოიყენებს მთელ თავის ძალისხმევას, რათა გააადვილოს ამ მიზნის მიღწევა, იმის ნათელი გაგ ებით, რომ არაფერი გაკეთდება ისეთი, რამაც შეიძლება ზიანი მიაყენოს პალესტინაში არსებული არაებრაული თემების სამოქალაქო და რელიგიურ უფლებებს, ანდა იმ უფლებებსა და პოლიტიკურ სტატუსს, რომლითაც ებრაელები სარგ ებლობენ რომელიმე სხვა ქვეყანაში“. მადლობელი დაგრჩებით, თუკი გააცნობთ ამ დეკლარაციას სიონისტურ ფედერაციას. არტურ ბალფური

1917 wlis Tebervlidan londonSi mimdinareobda molaparakeba palestinaSi ebraelTa legalurad dasaxlebis uflebaze didi britaneTis mTavrobasa da sionistur federacias Soris, romelsac warmoadgenda federaciis prezidenti xaim vaicmani (SemdgomSi israelis saxelmwifos pirveli prezidenti). vaicmani cnobili qimikosi iyo da man didi samsaxuri gauwia omSi CarTul britaneTs feTqebadi masalebis SemuSavebiT.

lord laionel uolter rotSildi (1868-1937)

londonSi mimdinare molaparakebis dros palestina jer kidev osmalebis xelSi iyo, Tumca maT britanuli armia ganuwyvetliv utevda. feldmarSalma edmund alenbim ierusalimi 1917 wlis 9 noembers aiRo, xolo danarCeni palestinis dapyrobas britanelebma kidev ori-sami Tve moandomes. unda iTqvas, rom sionistebis mimarT analogiuri valdebulebis aRebis mcdeloba hqondaT msoflio omSi monawile sxva saxelmwifoebsac. 1917 wlis 4 ivniss safrangeTis mTavrobam werilobiTi dapireba misca sionistebs, romelTac naum sokolovi warmoadgenda, rom igi mxars dauWerda ebraeli eris aRorZinebas `im miwaze~, saidanac israelis xalxi mravali saukunis win ganidevna. parizSi momzadebuli dokumenti bundovani iyo, gansakuTrebiT, geografiulad: pirdapir ar saxeldeboda `is miwa~, romelsac gulisxmobdnen teqstis avtorebi, Tumca arapirdapir naTeli iyo, rom am `miwas~ palestina warmoadgenda. frangebis mier momzadebuli dokumenti iyo

5

regioni sionistebi iRvwodnen ebrauli saxelmwifos aRorZinebisaTvis sakuTriv q. ierusalimsa (romlis sinonimad iyenebdnen sityva `sions~) da palestinaSi. sionizmis, rogorc ebraelTa erovnuli moZraobis, dafuZneba moxda 1897 wels q. bazelSi Catarebul pirvel sionistur kongresze. misi mowvevis iniciatori iyo avstrieli Jurnalisti Teodor hercli (18601904). 1896 wels herclma Tavis wignSi `saxelmwifo ebraelTaTvis~ daxata momavali ebrauli qveynis suraTi palestinaSi. misi ocneba, rom naxevar saukuneSi aseTi saxelmwifo Seiqmneboda, marTlac axda. Tavidan ki daarsda sionisturi federacia. sionizmi Seiqmna, rogorc sekularuli, arareligiuri moZraoba, magram `Zveli axali miwis~ (Altneuland – es kompoziti herclma gamoiyena 1902 wels gamosul Tavis sxva wignSi) asarCevad gamoiyenes religiuri argumenti: is, rom Toras Tanaxmad, ebraelTa RmerTma iahvem (ieRovam) Tavis rCeul xalxs aRuTqva qanaani, romelic teritoriulad palestinas emTxveva. jer kidev `winasionistur~ periodSi, XIX saukunis bolo meoTxedSi, mdidar ebrael rotSildTa franguli Stos warmomadgeneli baroni edmon rotSildi da zogi sxva msxvili ebraeli finansisti yidulobda miwas palestinaSi da cdilobda ebrauli imigraciis waxalisebas. 1901 wels Seqmnilma ebraulma `miwis fondma~ [keren kaiemeT], romelic SemowirulobebiT arsebobda, israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnamde (1948 w.) palestinaSi SeiZina 96 aTasi heqtari miwa, rac ebraeli xalxis ganuyofel qonebad iTvleba.

1903 wlisaTvis palestinaSi ukve cxovrobda, ZiriTadad, aRmosavleT evropidan mosuli 25 aTasi ebraeli. realurad, isini iyvnen pirveli sionistebi. XX saukunis damdegidan ebraulma imigraciam palestinaSi imata.

garkveuli impulsi didi britaneTis mTavrobisaTvis, rom sakuTari garantiebi mieca sionistebisaTvis, romelTac Tavadac erCiaT piroba londonisagan mieRoT, radgan msoflio omis meoTxe wels (1917) ukve naTeli gaxda, rom adre Tu gvian palestinas swored britanelebi daipyrobdnen. `balfuris deklaraciis~ gamoqveynebiT britaneTi Cqarobda daeswro omSi Tavisi mTavari mtrisaTvis – germaniisaTvis, romelic aseve cdilobda omis dros ebraelobis mxardaWeris mopovebas. 1918 wlis 5 ianvars berlinSic gamoqveynda sionistebis mxardamWeri analogiuri deklaracia, romelsac israelSi gamocemuli erTi enciklopedia `nel-Tbils~ uwodebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom germaneli ebraelebi germaniis imperiis loialuri moqalaqeebi iyvnen. britanul dokuments meti politikuri da praqtikuli mniSvneloba mieniWa, vinaidan swored britanelebma daipyres palestina da `balfuris deklaracias~ praqtikaSi xorci maT Seasxes. `balfuris deklaraciis~ saboloo redaqcia winaswari molaparakebis dros miRweuli kompromisebis Sedegs warmoadgenda: `deklaraciaSi~ aisaxa sionistebis miswrafeba – `palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisaTvis erovnuli keris dafuZneba~. termini `erovnuli kera~ (national home) sxvadasxva interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva da amitomac is orive mxarem – britanelebmac da sionistebmac – moiwona.

xaim (Carlz) vaicmani (1874-1952) – mecnieri, politikosi, msoflio sionisturi organizaciis prezidenti (1921-1931, 1935-1946), israelis saxelmwifos pirveli prezidenti (19491952), kvleviTi institutis damaarsebeli, romelic dRes mis saxels atarebs.

6

balfuris deklaracia

Teodor hercli (1860-1904)

pirveli sionisturi kongresi bazelSi, 1897

meore mxriv, aisaxa im gavleniani orTodoqsuli ebrauli wreebis Tvalsazrisi, romlebic sionizms ar wyalobdnen, miiCnevdnen mas `heterodoqsul kredod~, xolo sionistebis gegmas – `RvTis gegmis uzurpaciad~. orTodoqsi ebraelebis rwmeniT, `israeli mxolod mesias unda aRedgina~. imave wreebSi eSinodaT, rom vinmes ar moeTxova maTi gadasaxleba axlo aRmosavleTSi, im dros miyruebul, ganuviTarebel palestinaSi. `deklaraciaSi~ amitomac Caiwera: `araferi gakeTdeba iseTi, ramac SeiZleba ziani miayenos... im uflebebsa da politikur statuss, romliTac ebraelebi sargebloben romelime sxva qveyanaSi~; imave orTodoqsuli ebrauli wreebis gavlenis Sedegia, rom `deklaraciaSi~ laparakia palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisaTvis `erovnuli keris~ dafuZnebaze da ara mTeli palestinis gadaqcevaze aseT kerad. `balfuris deklaraciis~ am detals xazs usvamda 1922 wlis 3 ivnisis `CerCilis memorandumic~. inglisis mTavrobis iniciativiT Caiwera sityvebi: „palestinaSi arsebuli araebrauli Temebis... samoqalaqo da religiuri uflebebisaTvis zianis miuyeneblobis“ Sesaxeb. es „araebrauli Temebi“, anu muslimi da qristiani arabebi, romlebic imdroindeli palestinis 600 aTasi mcxovrebis 90 procents aWarbebdnen, `deklaraciaSi~ konkretulad naxsenebi ar yofilan da maT warmomadgenlebTan molaparakeba arc gamarTula. realurad, sionistebma `deklaraciis~ am punqts yuradReba arc miaqcies, britanelebma ki is ar daicves. didi britaneTis ministrTa kabinetma es `deklaracia~ gamosca im taqtikuri imediT, rom moipovebda amerikis ebraelobis damatebiT mxardaWeras msoflio omSi da daajerebda ruseTis ebraelobas, rom saWiroa gavlenis moxdena imdroindeli ruseTis respublikis droebiT mTavrobaze omSi monawileobis gasagrZeleblad. londons undoda eCvenebina germaniis ebraelobisaTvis, rom „britaneTi maTzec zrunavs“. ruseTis ebraelobasTan dakavSirebiT es taqtikuri imedi britanelebs Zalian swrafad gaucruvdaT. marTalia, „balfuris deklaraciis“ gamoqveynebidan sul xuTi dRis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 7 noembers, ruseTis saTaveSi mosuli bolSevikebis umaRles xelmZRvanelTa Soris ebraelebi lamis umravlesoba aRmoCndnen (trocki, sverdlovi, kamenevi, zinovievi, sokolnikovi, uricki, litvinovi, kaganoviCi, larini da sxvebi), magram isini „msoflio proletaruli revoluciis“ ideiT Sepyrobili marqsistebi iyvnen da arc sionizmsa da arc antantas ar wyalobdnen. rac Seexeba germaniis ebraelebs, isini mtkiced idgnen berlinis mxares, bevri maTgani TavganwirviT ibrZoda germanuli armiis SemadgenlobaSi.

7

regioni usafuZvlo aRmoCnda didi britaneTis mTavrobis strategiuli geopolitikuri gaTvlac, TiTqos palestinaSi ebrauli keris Seqmna didi xniT uzrunvelyofda mis gavlenas axlo aRmosavleTis strategiulad mniSvnelovan teritoriaze, romelic suecis arxis siaxloves mdebareobda. moxda ki piriqiT: ukve 1920-iani wlebis Suidan londoni safuZvlianad Caeflo palestinis Sida saqmeebSi, sadac an ebraelobis saqme unda ekeTebina, an arabebi da ebraelebi gaeSvelebina. orive mxare ki londons adanaSaulebda mowinaaRmdege mxaris mxardaWeraSi. ebraelTa gansaxleba 1917 wlidan

1917

1946 haifa

1947 haifa

xmelTaSua zRva

Tel-avivi

ierusalimi

ierusalimi

ierusalimi

Raza

ierusalimi

ierusalimi beTlemi

Raza

mkvdari zRva

mkvdari zRva

iordania

iordania

iordania egvipte

Tel-avivi

beTlemi

mkvdari zRva

egvipte

xmelTaSua zRva

Tel-avivi

beTlemi

Raza

haifa

xmelTaSua zRva

Tel-avivi

beTlemi

Raza

haifa

xmelTaSua zRva

Tel-avivi

beTlemi

egvipte

haifa

xmelTaSua zRva

დღეს

1967

Raza

mkvdari zRva

mkvdari zRva

iordania egvipte

iordania egvipte

1917 wlidan samiode aTwleulSi britanuli gavlena regionSi lamis nulamde daeca. ase rom, meore msoflio omis Semdeg didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs – ernest bevins namdvilad hqonda sababi eTqva: `balfuris deklaracia iyo britanuli sagareo politikis udidesi Secdoma XX saukuneSi~. `balfuris deklaraciam~ Tavidanve araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia. is sixaruliT miiRo msoflio ebraelobam da ara mxolod sionisturi organizaciis wevrebma. is imeds usaxavda maT, rom msoflios hegemoni qveynis (im dros es iyo didi britaneTi) mfarvelobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda dabruneba im miwaze, saidanac isini ori aTasi wlis win romaelebma gandevnes. `balfuris deklaracias~ uaryofiTad Sexvda arabuli sazogadoeba, rogorc sakuTriv palestinaSi, ise mis irgvliv. zogierTi arabi moRvawe imasac ki ambobda, rom `balfurma misca miwa, romelic mas ar ekuTvnoda, xalxs, romelsac masze ufleba ar hqonda~. faqtia, rom `deklaraciam~ sagrZnoblad daazarala palestineli arabebi. magram XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, rodesac osmaleTis imperiis nangrevebze axlo aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebi is-is iyo yalibdeboda, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs gansazRvravda gamarjvebuli antanta, anu londoni da parizi.

1918 wels `balfuris deklaracia~ cnes safrangeTma da italiam. is Seitanes sevris xelSekrulebaSi (1920 w.), romelic mogvianebiT sxva xelSekrulebebiT gabaTilda. 1922 wels deklaracias daeTanxma aSS-is kongresi. 1922 welsve deklaracia aisaxa erTa ligis mier ratificirebul dokumentSi, romlis ZaliTac palestinis marTvis mandati mieca did britaneTs. amrigad, `balfuris deklaraciam~ saerTaSoriso valdebulebis xasiaTi SeiZina. am dokumentis Sedegia fait accompli, anu Seuqcevadad momxdari faqti. misi praqtikuli Sedegi iyo palestinaSi jer ebrauli protosaxelmwifos warmoqmna, rasac britaneTis mTavroba, faqtobrivad,

8

balfuris deklaracia

1939 wlamde xels uwyobda. Tumca im wels, rodesac axali msoflio omis gardauvaloba naTeli gaxda, londonSi gadawyvites `eyidaT~ palestineli arabebis loialoba da erTgvarad SezRudes ebraelTa imigracia. bunebrivia, aman ebraelebis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. rogorc israeleli avtori tom segevi wers: `britanelebma Seusrules dapireba sionistebs. maT gauxsnes gza masobriv ebraul imigracias palestinaSi: 1948 wlisaTvis ebrauli mosaxleoba iq gaaTmagda. ebraelebs neba miecaT eyidaT miwa, ganeviTarebinaT soflis meurneoba, daearsebinaT sawarmoebi da bankebi. britanelebma maT neba darTes SeeqmnaT asobiT dasaxleba, maT Soris, ramdenime qalaqi. ebraelebma Seqmnes saskolo sistema da armia; daaarses politikuri xelmZRvaneloba da arCeviTi institutebi; amis Sedegad maT [ebraelebma] sabolood daamarcxes arabebi. es yvelaferi britanuli sponsorobiT keTdeboda, 1917 wlis dapirebis Sesabamisad. winaaRmdeg farTod gavrcelebuli azrisa, TiTqos britaneTi proarabuli iyo, sinamdvileSi britaneTis qmedeba sagrZnoblad uwyobda xels sionistur wamowyebas~. tom segevi imavdroulad imasac aRwers, Tu rogor ar usrulebda londoni sionistebs yvela danapirebs. faqtia, rom israeleli istorikosebisa da politikosebis umravlesoba mandatisdroindel did britaneTs ebraelebisadmi aramegobrul Zalad saxavs. es ki sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis. realurad, `balfuris deklaraciis~ Soreuli Sedegia 1948 wels israelis saxelmwifos Seqmna, rac ebraeli xalxis udidesi miRwevaa. lordi balfuri israelSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs – yvela qalaqSia misi saxelobis quCa; israelis premier-ministris rezidencia mdebareobs ierusalimSi balfuris quCaze; israelis erT sofels `balfuria~ daarqves. palestinel arabebSi ki balfuris saxeli cud asociacias iwvevs. britaneTis mTavrobas amis gaTvaliswinebac uxdeba. 2017 wlis 2 noembers „balfuris deklaraciis“ aRsaniSnav sazeimo sadils londonSi, romelsac britaneTisa da israelis premier-ministrebi daeswrnen, oficialuri statusi ar hqonda: is balfurisa da rotSildis STamomavalTa saxeliT gaimarTa.

mkvdari zRva

9

didi adamianebi

vudro uilsoni brwyinvale profesori, reformatori prezidenti da erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideis sulisCamdgmeli vasil kaWarava vudro uilsons, rogorc ruzvelts, miaCnda, rom xalxis piradi warmomadgeneli iyo da rom prezidentze ukeT aravin izrunebda qveynis saerTo interesebze. mis progresul reformebs amerikasa da msoflioSi axali tipis wesrigis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba mohyva. vudro uilsoni 1856 wels daibada samxreTeli presviterianeli mRvdlis ojaxSi, romelic TavgamodebiT icavda konfederacias da monaTmflobelic ki iyo. uilsonma daamTavra prinstonis universiteti, sadac istoria da politikuri filosofia Seiswavla. 1883 wels jon hopkinsis universitetSi daicva sadoqtoro disertacia amerikis politikis Temaze da Semdeg didi warmatebiT kiTxulobda leqciebs sxvadasxva kolejsa da universitetSi. uilsoni aseve iyo didebuli oratori. isic ki uTqvamT, rom misi gamosvlis ritmze valsis cekvac ki SeiZleboda. sxvaTa Soris, ukve prezidentobisas, kiTxvaze, Tu rogor axerxebda aseTi kargi da mokle sityvis Tqmas, uilsonma upasuxa: `Tu aTwuTiani gamosvla maqvs, erTi kvira vemzadebi, TxuTmetwuTian sityvas sam dReSi vamzadeb, xolo erTsaaTiani gamosvlisTvis axlac mzad var“.

10

vudro uilsoni

universitetis prezidentobis bolo periodSi uilsoni sul ufro metad dainteresda didi politikiT da misma momxreebma mis amerikis prezidentobaze daiwyes fiqri. maT am gzaze pirvel etapad niu-jersis gubernatoroba arCies da rodesac 1910 wlis oqtomberSi uilsonma prinstonis universitetis prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gadadgomis Sesaxeb ganacxada, igi ukve arCeuli iyo demokratiuli partiis kandidatad gubernatoris postze.

vudro uilsoni, 1880

presviterianizmi (puritanuli eklesia) protestantizmis erT-erTi saxeobis, kalvinizmis (warmodgeba Jan kalvinos saxelidan, romlis swavlebasac efuZneba es mimdinareoba), inglisur-Sotlandiuri variantia (kalvinizmidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia frangul-holandiuri varianti – reformatoruli eklesia (`hugenotebis~)). aSS-is presviterianuli eklesia amerikaSi gadasaxlebulma ingliselebma da Sotlandielebma XVIII-XIX ss.-Si Camoayalibes .

uilsonis samecniero moRvaweoba uaRresad nayofieri iyo. man dawera wignebi: `kongresis mmarTveloba“, `saxelmwifo: istoriuli da praqtikuli politikuri moqmedebis safuZvlebi“ (1888), `jorj vaSingtoni“ (1890), xuTtomeuli – `amerikeli xalxis istoria“ (1902), `konstituciuri mmarTveloba SeerTebul StatebSi~ (1908). iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom am kvlevebis avtori ara marto brwyinvale mecnieri da Teoretikosi, aramed didebuli praqtikosic SeiZleboda yofiliyo, romelic Tavisi politikuri msoflmxedvelobiT Zlieri saprezidento xelisuflebis momxre iqneboda. `prezidenti yvela Cveni saqmis moTave unda iyos, misi Tanamdeboba ki iseTi didi da gavleniani, rogoric kaci, romelic am adgils daikavebs“, werda igi. 1890 wels uilsoni prinstonis metad prestiJul universitetSi dafuZnda da studentebs Soris udidesi popularobiTac sargeblobda. saidumlo kenWisyriT studentebma igi Svidjer aRiares prinstonis saukeTeso profesorad. 1902 wels uilsoni TiTqmis erTxmad, yovelgvari seriozuli ganxilvis gareSe, airCies prinstonis universitetis prezidentad. axali prezidentis inauguraciaze mravali sapatio stumari iyo, maT Soris: aSS-is eqsprezidenti grover klivlendi, mark tveni, niu-jersis Statis gubernatori f. merfi, msxvili bankiri jon pirpont morgani da sxvebi. delegaciebi asamde sxva universitetmac gamogzavna. uilsoni did yuradRebas aqcevda adamianur Rirsebas, miaCnda, rom studenti jentlmenic unda yofiliyo. misi pedagogiuri moRvaweobis udidesi warmateba iyo 1905 wels e.w. damrigebelTa sistemis SemoReba. am sistemis mixedviT, leqtorTa da studentTa mcire jgufebi erTad msjelobdnen leqciebis, Sesabamisi literaturisa da studenturi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. erT kacs, romelic, miuxedavad cudi maCveneblebisa, misaReb gamocdebze cdilobda Tavisi Svilis prinstonSi mowyobas , uilsonma uTxra: `TviT mTavarangelozma gabrielmac rom moindomos prinstonSi moxvedra, cudi niSnebiT ver miviRebT, am mcdelobaSi igi, ubralod, dros dakargavs~. erTi studenti prinstonidan garicxes gadawerisaTvis, deda ki Svilis universitetSi aRdgenas iTxovda, Tanac ambobda, rom operacia unda gaekeTebina da Tu mis Svils ar miiRebdnen ukan, amas ver gadaitanda. SeiZleba, momkvdariyo kidec. `qalbatono, Tu me arCevani unda gavakeTo Tqvens sicocxles, Cems sicocxles an sxvis sicocxlesa da universitetis sikeTes Soris, me universitetis sikeTes varCev~, – ganucxada uilsonma. miT umetes, rom gadawera amerikul skolasa da universitetSi udides codvad iTvleba da adamianis arakeTilsindisierebis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli maCvenebelia. igi lamis kriminalur qmedebasTan aris gaigivebuli. amerikelTa TvalsazrisiT, Tu kaci gadaweras ikadrebs, arc sxva umsgavsoebis winaSe daixevs ukan. garda wminda zneobrivi xasiaTisa, aseTi damokidebuleba ubralo pragmatizmiT aris ganpirobebuli, vinaidan adamianis SesaZleblobebis mcdari Sefaseba metad sazianoa misi Semdgomi moRvaweobisaTvis da aseve did zians ayenebs, saerTod sazogadoebis normalur funqcionirebas.

11

didi adamianebi gubernatorobis pirvelive TveebSi uilsonma StatSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gaatara, maT Soris, gaamartiva partiuli kandidatebis wamoyenebis sistema, gazarda kontroli sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis sferoSi da rkinigzaze, SemoiRo dazRvevis sistema warmoebaSi dakavebuli muSebisaTvis da sxva. am yvelafris Sedegad, igi erovnuli masStabiT cnobil politikosad iqca. aseTi warmatebebis, brwyinvale ganaTlebis, organizaciuli da oratoruli niWis adamiani SeamCnies demokratiuli partiis liderebma. zogs isic moswonda, rom es brwyinvale pirovneba SedarebiT naklebad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli politikur intrigebSi da naklebi gavlena hqonda demokratiul partiaSi. Sesabamisad, fiqrobdnen, rom ufro advili samarTavi iqneboda. amrigad, 1912 wels demokratebma TavianT saprezidento kandidatad swored uilsoni airCies da gaimarjves kidec.

maT, visac egona, rom uilsoni advili samarTavi iqneboda, kovzi nacarSi CauvardaT. arCevnebis Semdeg, rodesac demokratiuli partiis liderebma uilsonisagan patronaJis tradiciis safuZvelze maRali Tanamdebobebi moiTxoves, gawbilebulebi darCnen. `modi, Tavidanve SevTanxmdeT, rom me Tqven prezident uilsonis gamosvla mimarT valdebulebebi ar gamaCnia~, – iyo kongresSi, 1915 uilsonis pasuxi. rasakvirvelia, man bolomde ver Seisrula es survili, magram aseTi damoukidebloba da gambedaoba mas seriozulad ganasxvavebda bevri winamorbedisagan. sakadro politikas isic arTulebda, rom 1897 wlis Semdeg demokratebi saerTod ar yofilan xelisuflebaSi da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli masStabis gamocdili politikosebi akldaT. uilsoni, rogorc Tavis naSromebSic werda, cdilobda maqsimalurad gaeZlierebina prezidentis xelisufleba da aqtiuri TanamSromlobiT `moerjulebina~ kongresi. man daarRvia aswlovani tradicia da werilobiT ki ar gaugzavna kongress prezidentis yovelwliuri mimarTva, aramed Tavad estumra sakanonmdeblo organos da Tavadve waikiTxa mimarTvis teqsti. uilsonis winasaarCevno lozungis –`axali Tavisuflebis“ erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna iyo tarifebis mniSvnelovnad daweva, rac moaxerxa kidec 1913 wels, e.w. `andervudis tarifis~ meSveobiT. am tarifebiT, importirebul saqonelze 1860 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabali tarifebi dawesda, magram amiT gamowveuli Semosavlebis Semcirebis dasabalanseblad kongresma federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi SemoiRo, risi uflebac mas aseve 1913 wels ZalaSi Sesulma konstituciis me-16 Sesworebam misca. aseTi federaluri gadasaxadi manamde mxolod omis dros wesdeboda da am udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtma Zireulad Secvala amerikis fiskaluri politika.

12

vudro uilsoni

amerikeli xalxis winaSe uilsonis erT-erTi udidesi damsaxurebaa 1913 wels federaluri sarezervo sistemis Seqmna. am struqturam sabolood Camoayaliba aSS-is finansuri sistema, romelic manamde Zalze qaosuri iyo da romelsac ZiriTadad uol stritis biznesmenebi akontrolebdnen. gadaxdac sxvadasxva saxis fuliT xdeboda: oqros, vercxlis monetebiT, sertifikatebiT, erovnuli bankis kupiurebiT da sxv. federalurma sarezervo sistemam moawesriga urTierToba mTavrobasa da kerZo finansur institutebs Soris da faqtobrivad, amerikis centraluri banki gaxda. misi daniSnuleba iyo kreditis regulireba da sabanko momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba. am kanonis mixedviT, qveyana 12 federalur sarezervo olqad daiyo da yovel maTgans sakuTari sarezervo banki hqonda. mTeli am sistemis zedamxedvelobisTvis iqmneboda federaluri sarezervo sabWo. mas hqonda ufleba, kreditebi ekontrolebina fulis mimoqcevaSi mateba-Semcirebisa da sesxebze sakredito ganakveTebis regulirebis meSveobiT. uilsonis drosve Seiqmna federaluri savaWro komisia, romelsac damoukidebeli saxelmwifo uwyebis statusi hqonda. misi funqcia arakeTilsindisier konkurenciasTan brZola – darRvevebis gamoZieba da aRkveTa iyo. kerZod ki, Zaladobrivi monopolizaciis Tavidan acileba da momxmarebelTa interesebis dacva. aseve miiRes kleitonis antitrestuli kanoni, romelmac kidev ufro gaamyara Teodor ruzveltis dros dawyebuli antimonopolisturi tendenciebi da

saprotesto aqcia `mSrali kanonis~ winaaRmdeg

vudro uilsonis wigni `axali Tavisufleba~

jer kidev 1890 wels miRebuli Sermanis antitrestuli kanonis Zala. uilsonis administraciis drosve miRebuli kanoniT aikrZala 14 wlamde bavSvebis Sroma qarxnebSi. miiRes federaluri fermeruli kanoni, romelic aadvilebda sesxebis gacemas fermerebisaTvis. agreTve miiRes adamsonis kanoni, romelic awesebda 8-saaTian samuSao dRes rkinigzis muSakebisaTvis da mravali sxv. amgvarad, uilsonis mmarTvelobisas qveynis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda mTavrobis aqtiuroba, misi maregulirebeli funqciebi da Zalze seriozuli ekonomikuri reformebi gatarda. uilsonis mmarTvelobis periodSi miiRes konstituciis sami mniSvnelovani Sesworeba: 1) 1913 wels ratificirebul iqna me-17 Sesworeba, romelmac senatorTa arCevis procedura Secvala, gaauqma saarCevno koleji da marto pirdapiri arCevnebiT Semoifargla, rac gacilebiT ufro demokratiuli iyo, Tumca prezidentis arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT saarCevno koleji dResac funqcionirebs da Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs; 2) me-18 SesworebiT miiRes e.w. `mSrali kanoni~, romlis mixedviTac, amerikaSi ikrZaleboda alkoholuri sasmelebis damzadeba da gayidva; 3) gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo me-19 Sesworeba, romelmac qalebs saarCevno xmis ufleba daukanona. es namdvilad drouli da seriozuli garRveva iyo amerikis demokratiul ganviTarebaSi.

13

didi adamianebi uilsoni warmatebiT agrZelebda Tavis winamorbedTa Semtev politikas karibis zRvis auzSi da amas moraluri xasiaTis argumentebiT asabuTebda: rom amerikam am xalxebs ara marto sakuTari produqcia unda mihyidos, aramed demokratiis wesebic unda Seaswavlos – Tu saWiro gaxda, Zalis gamoyenebiTac; isic uTqvams, `laTinuri amerikis respublikebs unda vaswavlo kargi kacis arCeva“. zogi amas `moralur imperializmsac“ ki uwodebda. iTvleba, rom arc erT prezidents, arc manamde da arc mere, ar gamouyenebia Zala laTinur amerikaSi ise xSirad, rogorc uilsons. uilsonis mmarTvelobis wlebSi ukiduresad daiZaba urTierToba amerikasa da meqsikas Soris, iyo momenti, roca omis safrTxec ki gaCnda. meqsika ara marto uSualo da didi mezobeli qveyana

iyo, aramed am qveyanaSi sakmaod sarfianad saqmianobda amerikuli kapitali da amerikelebs iq miliardze metis investicia hqondaT. 1916 wels meqsikis meamboxe generalma, cnobilma panCo viliam, saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mowyoba scada da kinaRam amerikasTan omis provocirebac ki moaxerxa. panCo vilias meomrebi arizonisa da niu-meqsikos sasazRvro qalaqebSi SeiWrnen da 17 amerikelic mokles. uilsonma, meqsikis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT, amerikis erT-erTi saukeTeso sardali – generali perSingi gagzavna vilias dasasjelad, magram perSingma igi ver daiWira da male, 1917 wels, misi jari ukan gaiwvies, miT umetes, rom perSings gacilebiT ufro seriozuli davaleba mieca – amerika mas evropis brZolis velebze saomrad gzavnida.

jon jozef perSingi (1860-1948) – amerikuli armiis generali, espaneT-amerikisa da pirveli msoflio omis monawile, erTaderTia, vinc sicocxleSive miiRo aSS-is armiis umaRlesi personaluri samxedro wodeba – aSS-is armiis generali.

panCo vilia (1878-1923)

14

vudro uilsoni

amerika I msoflio omSi da versalis sazavo molaparakebebze rogorc viciT, 1914 wlis agvistoSi evropaSi grandiozuli samxedro konfliqti daiwyo, romelic istoriaSi I msoflio omis saxeliTaa cnobili da romelmac 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi 10 milionze meti adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. rac Seexeba amerikas, man Tavidanve Sors daiWira Tavi evropis sisxliani konfliqtisgan, rac misi tradiciuli izolacionizmis nawilic iyo da imavdroulad realobasac asaxavda. im momentisTvis amerikas omSi Cabmis araviTari mizezi ar hqonda, Tumca mravali eris STamomavlebisgan Semdgar amerikis mosaxleobaSi iyo Taviseburi preferenciebi: germanuli da avstriuli warmoSobis 8 milionamde amerikeli da irlandiuri warmoSobis 4,5 milioni amerikeli, romelTac britaneTi tradiciulad sZuldaT, progermanuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen, Tumca umravlesoba mainc britanul samyarosTan iyo dakavSirebuli. neitralitetis miuxedavad, amerikas ufro mWidro savaWro kontaqtebi antantis qveynebTan hqonda, romlebic atlantis okeanes akontrolebdnen da ar aZlevdnen germanelebs amerikaSi Sesyiduli iaraRis waRebis saSualebas, Tumca Tavad aqtiurad ezidebodnen mas. rodesac antantis qveynebs naRdi fuli gauTavdaT, amerikam 2 miliardi dolari asesxa, rac aseve ar ewinaaRmdegeboda neitralitets. omis Tema umniSvnelovanesi iyo 1916 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSic. demokratiuli partiis konventze gamoCnda lozungi uilsonze – `kaci, romelmac omi agvacila Tavidan“. Tavad uil-

`luzitanias“ CaZriva

soni gamarjvebas optimisturad ar uyurebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ori evropuli blokis momxreebs ar moswondaT uilsonis neitraliteti, isini mainc ar warmoadgendnen umravlesobas da uilsonma, arcTu didi gansxvavebiT, magram mainc gaimarjva 9,1 milioni amomrCevlis xmiT 8,5 milionis winaaRmdeg, xolo saarCevno kolegiaSi – 277 xmiT 254-is winaaRmdeg. rasakvirvelia, arCevnebis Sedegebi maSinac mniSvnelovanwilad saSinao politikis sakiTxebma ganapiroba. viTareba TandaTan sul ufro rTuldeboda. jer kidev 1915 wlis maisSi germanelebma CaZires britanuli samgzavro xomaldi `luzitania“, romelSic 1200 daRupul mgzavrs Soris 128 amerikelic iyo. uilsonma mkacri nota gaugzavna germanias. germanelebma piroba dades, rom aRar daesxmebodnen Tavs samgzavro gemebs, magram am pirobam nel-nela Zala dakarga, miT umetes, rom zogjer aseTi gemebiT marTlac gadahqondaT iaraRi. rodesac germaniam 1917 wels kvlav ganaaxla wyalqveSa navebis SeuzRudavi sazRvao omi da ganacxada, rom sabrZolo moqmedebis zonaSi nebismier gems CaZiravda, viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba. germanelebi xvdebodnen, rom amas, savaraudod, omSi amerikis Cabma mohyveboda, magram imedovnebdnen, rom samxedro moqmedebebSi amerikelTa realur CarTvamde moaswrebdnen antantis damarcxebas.

15

didi adamianebi amerikaSi antigermanuli ganwyobebis zrdaSi didi roli Seasrula germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministris, alfred cimermanis, saidumlo depeSam meqsikis mTavrobisadmi, romelic britanulma dazvervam gaSifra da gaasajarova. germania, amerikis omSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, meqsikas amerikaze Tavdasxmisken mouwodebda, samagierod ki, meqsikelebs 1849 wels SeerTebuli Statebis mier warTmeuli uzarmazari miwebis dabrunebas hpirdeboda. bunebrivia, aman amerikelTa udidesi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ruseTSi 1917 wlis TebervalSi mefis TviTmpyrobelobis damxobam. Tu manamde demokratiuli amerikisTvis uxerxuli iyo naxevrad feodalur saxelmwifosTan kavSiri, axla ruseTSi, ase Tu ise, demokratiuli mTavroba Camoyalibda da masTan TanamSromlobac ukve aRar iyo saTakilo. ra icoda msofliom, rom male ruseTis xelisuflebaSi yvelaze ufro sisxliani diqtatura movidoda, romelTan SedarebiT nikoloz II-is ruseTi liberalur saxelmwifod moeCvenebodaT! ruseTis faqtori sxva mxrivac iyo mniSvnelovani. TviTmpyrobelobis dacemidan Zalian male gamoCnda, rom axali, Tundac demokratiuli, mTavroba, ise gacxovelebiT veRar gaI msoflio omis droindeli politikuri agrZelebda oms da amis gamo germania Tavisi karikatura – `SeuerTdi germanias da samxedro resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils miiRe cotaodeni SeerTebuli Statebi~ dasavleTSi gadaisroda, sadac mas gadaRlili da sisxlisgan daclili franguli armia jerovan winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda. marTalia, britaneTi medgrad idga, magram misi armia arc ise mravalricxovani iyo da Tan gadaRlilic Canda. amrigad, amerikelTa omSi Cabma ukve sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani xdeboda dasavleTis frontisTvis.

1917 wlis martis Sua ricxvebSi germanelebma oTxi amerikuli gemi CaZires da es bolo wveTi iyo. am viTarebaSi amerikas unda emoqmeda da Zalaze ZaliTve unda epasuxa. sabolood, 1917 wlis 6 aprils, kongresma omis gamocxadebis rezolucia miiRo, Tumca qveda palataSi 50 deputati, senatSi ki 6 senatori winaaRmdegi iyo.

amerikuli armia I msoflio omSi

16

kongresis 1917 wlis rezolucia omis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb, uilsonis xelmoweriT

vudro uilsoni

miuxedavad imisa, rom amerika antantisTvis uzarmazari raodenobis iaraRs awarmoebda, Tavad, sul 140 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari amerikuli armiiT, sakmaod moumzadebeli iyo didi omisTvis. Tumca, rogorc ki samxedro registracia gamocxadda, ukve ivnisisTvis 10 milionze meti kaci iyo armiaSi daregistrirebuli. dasvenebuli da Zlieri amerikuli armiis gamoCena didi Sveba iyo mokavSireebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT, sisxlisgan daclili franguli armiisTvis. amerikuli jaris mcire nawilma ukve 1917 wlis Semodgomaze ioma dasavleTis frontze, magram milioniani amerikuli armia, general jon perSingis sardlobiT, mxolod 1918 wlis gazafxulis bolos CaerTo masStabur brZolebSi. miuxedavad sabrZolo gamocdilebis naklebobisa, amerikelebma Tavi gamoiCines germanelTa Setevis SeCerebisas Sato tierTan, belous tyesa da kantinTan da SeZles kidec germanelTa SeCereba. omSi amerikelebma 120 aTasamde kaci dakarges. sxvaTa Soris, omis Semdeg uilsonma amerikuli jaris nawilebi bolSevikuri ruseTis winaaRmdegac gagzavna, Tumca es eqspedicia male da uSedegod dasrulda. kidev ufro mkafiod gamoikveTa amerikis roli versalis sazavo molaparakebebis dros. sainteresoa, rom rodesac omis bolo etapze germanelebma uilsons mimarTes dazavebis saqmeSi SuamdgomlobisTvis, man urCia, rom ajobebda, Tuki germaniis imperatori aRar iqneboda xelisuflebis saTaveSi, radgan mis mimarT arsebuli udidesi antipaTia kidev ufro daamZimebda dazavebis pirobebs. marTlac, rogorc cnobilia, ampartavani kaizer vilhelmi holandiaSi gaiqca da sicocxlis bolomde iq cxovrobda, xolo omi 1918 wlis 11 noembers dasrulda da cecxlis Sewyvetis SeTanxmebas xeli kompienis tyeSi, marSal foSis vagonSi, moewera. am istoriul dRes xelmowerili pirobebi Zalze mkacri iyo germaniisTvis, magram omisgan ekonomikurad dauZlurebul da revoluciis qar-cecxlSi myof germanias sxva gza ukve aRar hqonda.

devid loid jorji, vitorio orlando, JorJ klemanso da vudro uilsoni parizis (versalis) sazavo konferenciaze

17

didi adamianebi Tavad parizis samSvidobo molaparakebebze, romlebic 1919 wlis 18 ianvridan 1921 wlis 21 ianvramde gagrZelda, gadamwyveti xma britaneTs, safrangeTsa da amerikas hqonda. uilsoni uzarmazari avtoritetiT sargeblobda da sakuTar mTavrobebze sakmaod gulacruebuli safrangeTis, britaneTisa da italiis mosaxleoba mas udidesi enTuziazmiT xvdeboda, rogorc Zlevamosili mokavSirisa da axalgazrda, diadi demokratiis liders. imasac amboben, rom parizSi mas safrangeTis istoriaSi yvelaze didi raodenobis xalxi daxvda. amerikeli idealisti prezidenti konferenciaze daupirispirda Zvel imperialistebs: britaneTis premier loid jorjs da safrangeTis premier-ministr JorJ klemansos, metsaxelad `vefxvs“. iyo, agreTve, italieli premier-ministri vitorio orlando, magram did oTxeulSi mas bevrs arafers ekiTxebodnen da versalis konferencias, faqtobrivad, es didi sameuli warmarTavda, romelic SemdgomSi ubralod amcnobda Tavis gadawyvetilebebs konferenciis sxva 27 gamarjvebuli qveynis da 5 britanuli dominionis warmomadgenlebs.

uilsonis viziti

parizSi

unda aRiniSnos, rom versalis sazavo molaparakebebSi swored uilsonis wyalobiT iqca erTa TviTgamorkvevis idea realuri politikis Semadgenel nawilad. uzarmazari

herbert huveri (1874-1964) aSS-is 31-e prezidenti (1929-1933), respublikeli

18

koloniuri imperiis mflobel britanelebsa da frangebs maincadamainc ar moswondaT erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideis aseTi masStaburi realizacia. isini grZnobdnen, rom erTa TviTgamorkvevis evropaSi dawyebuli procesi male maT koloniur imperiebSi Semaval erebsac Seexeboda. magram uilsonma Tavisi gaitana. Sesabamisad, poloneTis, Cexoslovakiisa da fineTis msgavsi aTamde axali Tu aRorZinebuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmna evropaSi mniSvnelovanwilad uilsonis damsaxurebac iyo, xolo maTi mosaxleobis SimSilisgan gadarCena – aseve amerikuli daxmarebis administraciisa, romelsac momavali prezidenti herbert huveri xelmZRvanelobda. imitomacaa, rom evropis bevri qalaqis quCa da moedani amerikeli prezidentebis saxels atarebs. magaliTad, parizSi, lionSi, strasburgSi, bordosa da marselSi prospeqtebi da quCebi uilsonis saxelobisaa; praRaSi mTavari rkinigzis sadguri aseve uilsonis saxels atarebs; belgiis qalaq levensa da varSavaSi herbert huveris saxelobis moednebia.

vudro uilsoni

isic nu dagvaviwydeba, rom swored uilsoni iyo cnobili 14 punqtis avtori, romlebic TiTqosda safuZvlad unda dasdeboda sazavo molaparakebebs da romlebmac jer kidev omis dros garkveulwilad imoqmeda germanul sazogadoebaze, rodesac igi dazavebas Tanxmdeboda. am 14 punqtis meSveobiT amerikam umTavres Zalad warmoadgina Tavi, romelic saswrafo da mtkice mSvidobisTvis gamodioda da, amave dros, abalansebda kriminaluri bolSevikuri reJimis demagogiur gancxadebebs e.w. uaneqsio da ukontribucio zavis Sesaxeb (idea TavisTavad kargia, magram bolSevikebs msgavsi ram arasodes SeusrulebiaT – 1921 wels saqarTvelos okupacia amis saukeTeso magaliTia).

1918 wlis ianvarSi gamoqveynebuli am 14 punversalis xelSekrulebis xelmowera, qtis mixedviT cxaddeboda, rom es unda yo1919 wlis 28 ivnisi filiyo mSvidoba gamarjvebulis gareSe da mSvidoba TanasworTa Soris. sxva konkretul moTxovnebTan erTad uilsonis iniciativa gulisxmobda: 1. saidumlo xelSekrulebebis gauqmebas; 2. Tavisufal naosnobas; 3. yvela savaWro barieris mospobas; 4. SeiaraRebis Semcirebas; 5. koloniebis samarTlian mowyobas; 6. erovnuli jgufebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebis aRiarebas; 7. erTa ligis Seqmnas, raTa momavalSi Tavidan aecilebinaT msgavsi msoflio masStabis konfliqtebi. sinamdvileSi sul sxva rame gamovida. safrangeTma da britaneTma mkacrad dasajes germania da aq romaulma principma – `vai damarcxebuls“ ufro imZlavra, vidre uilsonis TanasworTa SeTanxmebam. aRsaniSnavia, rom molaparakebebis dros, mcire intervaliT, TiTqmis 6 Tve, uilsoni evropaSi imyofeboda, ramac garkveulwilad Camoacila amerikis politikuri cxovrebis majiscemas. da marTlac, miuxedavad uilsonis gansakuTrebuli saerTaSoriso avtoritetisa, amerikis se-

19

didi adamianebi natma uari Tqva erTa ligis saqmianobaSi monawileobaze da versalis zavis ratificirebas Svidi xma daaklda. es im sababiT moxda, rom erTa ligis wevroba kvlav CaiTrevda aSS-s evropis sisxlian saqmeebSi, amave dros, SeboWavda amerikul sagareo politikas da mas ligis gadawyvetilebebze damokidebuls gaxdida. uilsons isic gauxsenes, rom versalis molaparakebebze amerikul delegaciaSi man arc erTi cnobili respublikeli moRvawe ar dapatiJa, anu qveynis mosaxleobis naxevris warmomadgenelTa azri ar gauTvaliswinebia. arada, erTa liga xom uilsonis SemuSavebuli dazavebisa da omisSemdgomi mowyobis gegmis, e.w. 14 punqtis, erT-erTi mTavari Semadgeneli nawili iyo. aseTi politikuri anekdotic arsebobs: uilsonisTvis saiqioSi moses miusamZimrebia – es ra uqnes msoflios xalxebma Tqvens 14 punqtso? – eg araferi, – uTqvams uilsons, – Tqven is unda naxoT, maT Tqvens aT mcnebas ra uyveso.

prezidenti uilsoni ojaxTan erTad

magram uilsons axsovda mis misasalmeblad gamosuli aRtacebuli xalxiT gadaWedili londonis, romis, parizis quCebi, ramac garkveulwilad daabrmava kidec igi da sabolood obieqturad ver Seafasa viTareba rogorc evropaSi, ise samSobloSi – mxolod sakuTari azri miaCnda sworad. erTa ligis sakiTxSi mas mkveTrad daupirispirda respublikuri umravlesoba senator

henri kebot loji (1850-1924)

uiliam bora (1865-1940)

henri kebot lojisa da uiliam boras xelmZRvanelobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom uilsonma bevri ikamaTa senatTan da xangrZlivi mogzauroba daiwyo dasavleTis StatebSi swored erTa ligis sakiTxSi mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, mainc verafers gaxda. ufro metic, am mogzaurobis dros, 1919 wels, mas dambla daeca. saprezidento vadis dasrulebamde igi sakmaod mZimed avadmyofi marTavda qveyanas, magram ukve aRarc jani mosdevda da aRarc gavlena. marTalia, maSin jer kidev ar arsebobda konstituciis 22-e Sesworeba, romelic prezidentis mmarTvelobis periods mxolod ori vadiT sazRvravda, magram, zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, uilsonis xelaxal kandidatobaze saubari aRarc yofila. es didi adamiani sakmaod male, 1924 wels, gardaicvala.

Teodor ruzveltisgan gansxvavebiT, vudro uilsons cota megobari hyavda da axlo megobari TiTqmis arc hyolia. rogorc zogierTi arakeTilmosurne mkvlevari aRniSnavda, mas ar uyvarda Tavis garemocvaSi Zlieri da damoukideblad moazrovne xalxi, romlebic mis mosazrebebs gaakritikebdnen. igi gacilebiT naklebad icnobda msoflios, vidre TviTon miaCnda. magram, albaT, yvelaferi SedarebiTia – amerikis erT-erTi yve-

20

vudro uilsoni

laze ganaTlebuli prezidenti rogorme mraval politikur oponentze ukeT mainc erkveoda saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi. amis dasturia uilsonis idea erTa ligaSi amerikis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, romelic rom ganxorcielebuliyo, SeiZleba erTa liga ufro qmediTunarian meqanizmad eqcia da msoflios Tavidan aecilebina mTeli is ubedureba, rac II msoflio omma moutana. anu uilsonma sxvebze adre ganWvrita, rom 1920 wlisTvis amerikuli izolacionizmis dro damTavrda, magram bevri jiuti da naklebad ganaTlebuli senatoris `damsaxurebiT~ amerikelebi amas mxolod 1941 wlis 7 dekembers mixvdnen – perl harborze iaponelTa Tavdasxmis Semdeg.

prezidenti uilsoni meuRle editTan erTad

ase sakmaod dramatulad dasrulda amerikis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino prezidentis moRvaweoba. marTalia, misi prezidentobis bolo arcTu warmatebuli iyo, magram man Zalian bevri gaakeTa rogorc amerikisTvis, ise msofliosTvis da am Rvawls veraferi gadafaravs – igi marTebulad miiCneva amerikis erT-erT udides prezidentad.

21

civilizacia

kalendari iulon gagoSiZe

qristeSobis brwyinvale dResaswauls qarTveli marTlmadideblebi 7 ianvars aRvniSnavT, Tumca viciT, rom ieso qriste iSva 25 dekembers. saSobao sagalobelic xom ase JRers: „ocdaxuTsa dekembersa qriste iSva beTlemsao“…. axal welsac zogierTebi 13 dRis dagvianebiT, 14 ianvars aRniSnaven da mas „ZveliT axal wels“ uwodeben. es imitom xdeba, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia sargeblobs samoqalaqo kalendrisagan gansxvavebuli kalendriT. saeklesio kalendars xSirad „Zveli stilis“ saxeliT moixsenieben, samoqalaqos ki „axal stils“ uwodeben. sinamdvileSi, Cveni samoqalaqo kalendari im kalendris dazustebuli variantia, romliTac eklesia sargeblobs. ratom gansxvavdeba „Zveli stili“ „axali stilis“ kalendrisgan? dro Seiqmna samyarosTan erTad da dro aris yvelaferi materialuris aucilebeli Tviseba. araferi arsebobs drois gareSe, yvelaferi arsebobs droSi, yvelaferi xdeba droSi da, cxadia, am droSi cxovrobs adamianic. drois codna da misi danawileba, anu kalendari, adamianisTvis yovelTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac Semgrovebeli iyo da jer miwas ar amuSavebda, pirvelyofil adamians unda scodnoda, rodis damwifdeboda xili, romliTac ikvebeboda; rodis xdeboda im cxovelebis migracia, romlebzec is nadirobda; rodis amovidoda oraguli mdinareSi qviriTobisTvis. rodesac adamiani mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadavida da daiwyo miwaTmoqmedeba da me-

22

kalendari

ca. drois sazomi yvelaze TvalsaCino bunebrivi erTeuli cis kabadonze mzis moZraobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mze yovel diliT amodis, mere Cadis da meore dilas xelaxla amodis. dRe da Rame regularulad cvlis erTmaneTs da rac ar udna moxdes, es cikli ar Seicvleba. mzis amosvlidan meore amosvlamde drois monakveTs dRe-Rame ewodeba. ase gamoixateba bunebaSi dedamiwis erTi sruli Semobruneba Tavisi RerZis garSemo. marTalia, dRisa da Ramis xangrZlivoba icvleba, magram maTi jami yovelTvis ucvlelia. swored amitom is mudmivi sazomi erTeulia da masze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ra moxda ramdenime dRis win da ra – kidev ufro adre. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRe-Rame sakmaod mcire erTeulia drois xangrZlivi monakveTebis gasazomad. amisTvis arsebobs sxva, ufro grZeli erTeuli – weliwadi. dedamiwa sakuTari RerZis garSemo brunvis paralelurad mzis garSemoc brunavs. swored amitom icvleba gazafxuli zafxuliT, zafxuls Semodgoma mosdevs, Semodgomas ki – zamTari. mzis garSemo dedamiwis erT srul Semobrunebas tropikuli weliwadi ewodeba. es aris drois monakveTi mzis gazafxulis buniobidan Semdgom gazafxulis buniobamde, romelic 21 marts modis. am dros mze zustad ekvatoris Tavze dgas da Tanabrad anaTebs dedamiwis rogorc CrdiloeT, ise samxreT naxevarsferos; amitom dRisa da Ramis xangrZlivoba yvelgan erTnairia.

saqonleoba, drois aTvla sruliad aucilebeli gaxda, radgan mosavali rom miiRo, Tavis droze unda daTeso da momka. mecxvarem unda icodes, rom doli gazafxulze garkveul dros iqneba, romlis gadacileba ar SeiZleba da misTvis momzadeba droulad unda daiwyos. mas Semdeg, rac Seiqmna saxelmwifo xelisufleba, drois aTvlam kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. drois am gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis maCvenebeli isicaa, rom Zvel berZnebs drois RmerTic ki hyavdaT – qronosi, romelsac samyaros erTerT sawyisad moiazrebdnen. swored am saxelidan modis sityva qronologia – mecniereba drois Sesaxeb. iseve, rogorc manZils vzomavT sigrZis sazomi erTeulebiT, wonas ki – wonis sazomi erTeulebiT, drosac Tavisi sazomi sWirdeba da aseTi erTeulebi Tavad bunebam mogv-

arsebobs drois kidev erTi bunebrivi erTeuli, romelic dakavSirebulia mTvaris fazebis cvlasTan. mTvare cis kabadonze namglisebri formiT Cndeba, nel-nela ivseba, Semdeg kvlav Semcirebas iwyebs, bolos ki qreba. es cikli regularulad meordeba da swored mas ukavSirdeba iseTi erTeulis warmoSoba, romelsac Tve ewodeba. bevr enaSi sityva Tvesa da mTvares saerTo saxeli aqvs. asea Zvel berZnulSi (μήνας), inglisurSi (month/moon), rusulSi (месяц), megrulSi (TuTa). Zveli qarTuli sityvac – TTue – mTvaridan modis. Tavdapirvelad kalendaruli Tveebi swored mTvaris fazebis cvlasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Zvel romsa Tu saberZneTSi qurumebi caze namgala mTvaris gamoCenisTanave acxadebdnen axali Tvis dadgomas. Zvelbabilonuri da Zvelebrauli kalendrebic mTvaris fazebze iyo damyarebuli. muslimebis nawili dRemde mTvaris kalendars xmarobs.

23

civilizacia mTvaris kalendars erTi didi nakli aqvs: mTvaris erTi cikli 29 da kidev daaxloebiT naxevar dRe-Rames Seadgens. 12 aseTi Tve sul 354 dRes gvaZlevs. wliuri sezonebis cvalebadoba ki dakavSirebulia dedamiwis mzis garSemo moZraobasTan, romelic daaxloebiT 365 dRe grZeldeba. amitom aris, rom mTvaris kalendris axali weli moZravia da sezonebSi gadaadgildeba. amis gamo Zveli babilonelebi iZulebuli iyvnen, kalendrisTvis drodadro me-13 Tve daematebinaT, raTa kalendari sawyis wertils dabruneboda.

Zveli egviptelebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romelTac Seqmnes kalendari, romelic mxolod mzis moZraobaze iyo damyarebuli.

Zvel egvipteSi weliwadi sam Tanabar nawilad iyofoda, rac dakavSirebuli iyo nilosis wyaldidobasTan. mSrali havis gamo wvima egvipteSi didi iSviaTobaa, amitom mosavlis miReba damokidebuli iyo im wyalze, romelsac nilosi moitanda. nilosma yovel zafxuls icoda adideba da, Sedegad, mTel teritorias wyliT faravda. Zvel egviptelebs zustad unda scodnodaT, rodis daiwyeboda es wyaldidoba, raTa aeSenebinaT jebirebi da es macocxlebeli wyali saxnav-saTesi miwebisken miemarTaT. sxvanairad isini mosavals ver miiRebdnen. swored amitom weliwads isini sam nawilad yofdnen: axeti erqva wyaldidobis sezons, pereti – Tesvis, Semu ki – mosavlis aRebis periods. amis garda, we-

24

liwadi Tormet 30-dRian Tved iyofoda. yoveli 12 Tvis Semdeg egviptelebi kalendars 5 dRes amatebdnen, raTa 365-dRiani weliwadi SeevsoT. egvipturi kalendari

mzis garSemo erTi sruli Semobrunebisas dedamiwa sakuTari RerZis garSemo 365-jer brundeba da kidev daaxloebiT 1/4 bruns – 5 saaTs, 48 wuTs da 46 wams aswrebs. amitom dReebiT daTvlili weliwadi, romelic 365 dRisgan Sedgeba, erTi dRis TiTqmis meoTxediT ufro moklea, vidre realuri, tropikuli weliwadi. swored es qmnis uxerxulobas drois aTvlisas. yovel meore weliwads sxvaoba kalendarsa da tropikul weliwads Soris ormagdeba, oTxi wlis Semdeg ki kalendari tropikul weliwads TiTqmis erTi dRiT aris CamorCenili.

kalendari

kalendris es cdomileba didi xnis win SeamCnies. qristes Sobamde 46 wels (708 weli romis daarsebidan) iulius keisarma romauli kalendris reformis Casatareblad aleqsandriidan moiwvia berZeni astronomi sosigene, romlis winadadebiT, icodnen ra, rom dedamiwas mzis garSemo Semosabruneblad daaxloebiT 365 dRe da 6 saaTi sWirdeboda, gadawyvites, rom tropikuli weliwadisgan sxvaobis Sesamcireblad yoveli meoTxe wlis TebervlisTvis erTi dRe daematebinaT da 28 dRis nacvlad 29-dRiani gaexadaT. ase Seiqmna nakiani weliwadi.

325 wels, nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT, iuliusis kalendari savaldebulo gaxda yvela qristianisTvis. im droisTvis iuliusis kalendari gacilebiT ufro zusti iyo, vidre iqamde arsebuli romauli an romelime sxva kalendari. Tumca, is ar iyo da arc SeiZleba yofiliyo bolomde zusti.

iulius keisari nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba

pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba moiwvies 325 wels nikeaSi, konstantine I didis sagangebo brZanebiT. krebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiareba da amasTan erTad umTavresi dogmatikur-kanonikuri da ierarqiul-administraciuli sakiTxebis ganxilva. krebam dagmo arianeloba, SeimuSava `sarwmunoebis simbolos~ teqsti, daamtkica ama Tu im eklesiis mTavar warmomadgenelTa ierarqiuli da administraciuli normebi.

25

civilizacia

am uzustobis mizezi dRe-Ramisa da weliwadis is Tvisebaa, romelic zemoTac vaxseneT. bunebrivi drois sazomi erTeulebi, romlebzec aris damyarebuli kalendari – weliwadi da dRe-Rame – araTanabarzomieri erTeulebia, romlebic erTi meoreSi mTel erTeulebad ar eteva. tropikul weliwadSi dRe-Ramis raodenoba arc mTeli da arc raime wiladis saxiT gamoisaxeba. ariTmetikuli terminebi rom moviSvelioT, weliwadi ar aris dRe-Ramis jeradi. metic, maTi Sefardeba usasrulo periodul aTwilads iZleva. ase rom, maTi erTi da imave sazomiT zustad gazomva ar SeiZleba, ar gamodis. swored amitom uzustoba kalendarSi yovelTvis iarsebebs. ukeTesi ki is kalendria, romelSic es uzustoba ( anu kalendaruli weliwadis cdomileba tropikul weliwadTan mimarTebiT) naklebia. iuliusis kalendaruli wlis uzustobam cameti saukunis Semdeg iCina Tavi. XVI saukuneSi SeamCnies, rom gazafxulis bunioba, romelic 325 wels, rodesac nikeis msoflio saeklesio kreba Sedga, 21 marts emTxveoda, 11 marts modioda (iuliusis kalendris SemoRebis dros, qristes Sobamde 46 wels, bunioba 25 marts emTxveoda). anu kalendaruli weliwadi 10 dRiT iyo acdenili bunebis mocemul, tropikul weliwads. saqme isaa, rom iuliusis kalendari dafuZnebuli iyo im gamoTvlaze, rom dedamiwas mzis garSemo Semosabruneblad 365 dRe da dRe-Ramis meoTxedi, 6 saaTi sWirdeboda. sinamdvileSi, es iyo ara 6 saaTi, aramed 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT naklebi – 5 saaTi, 48 wuTi da 46 wami, rac yovel meoTxe weliwads ar gvaZlevs erT srul dRe-Rames. amgvarad im erTi dRis damatebis

romis papi grigorius XIII

26

kalendari

Semdeg, romelic nakian weliwads emateba, iuliusis kalendari tropikul weliwadze yovel oTx weliwadSi, oTxjer 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT ufro grZeli iyo. am sxvaobis dagrovebis Sedegad, daarsebis dRis Semdeg XVI saukunemde iuliusis kalendari ukve 10 dRiT scildeboda tropikul weliwads. swored es iyo gazafxulis buniobis 10 dRiT adre dadgomis mizezi.

1582 wels romis papma grigorius XIII-m iuliusis kalendris reformisTvis moiwvia jgufi, romelSic samRvdelo pirebis garda Sediodnen mecnierebic da maT Soris astronomebi. Sedegad, papma gamosca bula, romelic adgenda, rom kalendridan erTjeradad unda amoegdoT 10 dRe, raTa kalendris cdomileba gasworebuliyo da gazafxulis bunioba kvlav 21 marts damTxveoda. swored amitom 1582 wlis 4 oqtombris momdevno dRe, 5 oqtombris nacvlad, 15 oqtombrad gamoacxades. magram es iyo erTjeradi aqti da mas xangrZlivi moqmedeba ar eqneboda, radgan wlebis manZilze kvlav dagrovdeboda wuTebi, romlebic TandaTan kidev gamoiwvevda tropikuli weliwadis CamorCenas kalendaruli weliwadisgan. vinaidan 360 wlis manZilze 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT CamorCena daaxloebiT sam dRe-Rames Seadgens, gadawyvites, rom yovel 400 weliwadSi sami nakiani weliwadi Cveulebriv weliwadad gamoecxadebinaT.

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civilizacia amis gamosaTvlelad daadgines Semdegi wesi: iuliusis kalendarSi nakian weliwadad iTvleba is weliwadi, romlis wlis maCvenebeli ricxvi iyofa oTxze. yoveli meoTxe weliwadi, cxadia, 4-ze gaiyofa. magram, grigoriusis kalendris (am kalendars saqarTveloSi grigorianul kalendarsac uwodeben) mixedviT, or nulze damTavrebuli weli, romelic aucileblad iyofa oTxze da iuliusis kalendris mixedviT nakiania, mxolod im SemTxvevaSia nakiani, Tu misi aseulebis maCvenebeli ricxvi iyofa oTxze. e.i. 1600 weli nakiani iyo, rogorc iuliusis kalendrisTvis, ise grigoriusis kalendrisTvis, magram 1700 iseve, rogorc 1800 da 1900 wlebi iuliusis kalendris mixedviT nakiania, grigoriusis kalendris mixedviT ki – ara. ase rom, Tu 1700 wlamde or kalendars Soris sxvaoba 10 dRe iyo, XVIII saukuneSi sxvaoba 11-mde gaizarda, XIX saukuneSi ki man ukve 12 dRe Seadgina. 1900 wlidan dRemde es sxvaoba 13 dRes udris da ase iqneba 2100 wlamde. 2100 wlis Semdeg ukve 14 dRe gaxdeba da ase Semdeg.

iuliusisa da grigoriusis kalendrebi, realurad, erTi da igive kalendaria. grigoriusis kalendari, es aris dazustebuli iuliusis kalendari. papi grigoriusis reformis Sedegad kalendaruli weliwadi isev dauaxlovda tropikul weliwads. Tumca, kvlav imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom arc erTi kalendari, romlis sazomi erTeulebi araTanabarzomieria, ar SeiZleba iyos absoluturad zusti. mTlad zusti arc grigoriusis kalendaria. grigoriusis kalendari daaxloebiT 27 wamiT ufro grZelia, vidre tropikuli weliwadi. es 27 wami daaxloebiT 3200 wlis Semdeg erT damatebiT dRe-Rames mogvcems da kalendari isev acdeba tropikul weliwads. Tumca es iseTi umniSvnelo cdomilebaa, rom dResdReobiT SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT. papi grigorius XIII-is bula, rasakvirvelia, savaldebulo iyo kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom grigoriusis kalendari danarCenma msofliom advilad ar miiRo, nel-nela evropuli qveyne-

actekebis kalendari

romauli kalendari

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kalendari

bi mis xmarebaze gadavidnen. Tumca ruseTi „axal stilze“ mxolod oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg, 1918 wels gadavida leninis dekretiT. am periodSi kalendris Sesworebis sakiTxi aqtiurad ganixileboda marTlmadideblur eklesiaSic. 1923 wlis marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa msoflio krebam miiRo Casworebuli iuliusis kalendari, rac yvela marTlmadideblisTvis savaldebulo unda gamxdariyo. nel-nela marTlmadidebelma eklesiebma daiwyes „axal stilze“ gadasvla, radgan saeklesio da saero kalendrebs Soris sxvaoba garkveul sirTuleebs qmnis. magaliTad, iseTi saero dResaswauli, rogoric axali welia, saeklesio kalendriT marxvas emTxveva. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, wm. ambrosi xelaias locva-kurTxeviT 1923 wlis 1 noembridan dadginda, rom uZravi sauflo dResaswaulebi axali stiliT unda aRniSnuliyo, xolo aRdgoma da masTan dakavSirebuli moZravi dResaswauSumeruli kalendari

lebi Zveli wesiT unda gamoTvliliyo. maSin am cvlilebam didi winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia da kaTolikos-patriarqi 1925 wels iZulebuli gaxda, rom droebiT isev Zvel stilze daebrunebina eklesia. „axal stilze“ gadasvlis meore mcdeloba saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias 1927 wels hqonda. Tumca, Zveli stilis momxreTa mier eklesiaSi mowyobili didi areulobis gamo, 1928 wels saqarTvelos eklesiis sakaTalikoso sinodma miiRo axali stilis droebiT SeCerebis ganCineba. sakaTalikoso sinodi mRvdelmTavrebs avalebda, rom momavalSi gaegrZelebinaT muSaoba axali stilis dasabruneblad. dResdReobiT avtokefaliur marTlmadidebel eklesiaTa umetesoba „axal stilze“ – iuliusis kalendris Sesworebul variantzea gadasuli. jerjerobiT Zveli kalendris xmarebas ganagrZobs mxolod ramdenime marTlmadidebeli eklesia – ruseTis, serbeTis, saqarTvelos, aTonis mTis monasteri da ierusalimis sapatriarqo.

iaponuri kalendari

skandinaviuri kalendari

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politika

mesame

romis ideologema arCil CaCxiani

30

mxolod saxelmwifo, saxelmwifoebrivi yofa ar aris zogadad eris yofierebis ganmsazRvreli niSani, magram yoveli erisaTvis bunebrivia swrafva sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis, ganmtkicebisa da gaZlierebisaken. es nebismieri eris saRi instinqtia da, aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebrivi yofa eris normalur yofad unda CaiTvalos, saxelmwifoebriobis dakargva ki erisaTvis udidesi tkivili da tragediaa. mcire da susti erebisaTvis erovnuli sakiTxi aris sakiTxi ganTavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis mopovebisa, sakiTxi erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis, SenarCunebis da gaZlierebisa.

mesame romis ideologema

didi erebi, romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT TavianTi misia, cdiloben Seqmnan didi saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi, imperialisturi saxelmwifoebi, romlebic erovnuli yofierebis sazRvrebidan gadian. didi da Zlieri erebisaTvis erovnuli sakiTxi msoflio misiisa da, xSirad, imperialisturi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da gafarToebis sakiTxia. am procesis logikuri gza da Sedegi ki, rogorc wesi, omia, romelic zesaxelmwifoebis imperiuli ambiciebis dakanonebas emsaxureba. amave dros mimdinareobs brZola didi imperialisturi gaerTianebebisaTvis, didi istoriuli warmonaqmnebis SeqmnisaTvis. maSasadame, eris Zlevamosilebis garkveul safexurze didi erebis erovnuli cnobiereba imperialistur cnobierebaSi gadaizrdeba. magram erovnuli cnobierebis umaRles mwvervals mesianuri cnobiereba warmoadgens. amave dros, „mesianizmi xalxis SeSlili cnobierebaa~ – aRniSnavda Tavis droze didi rusi moazrovne da filosofosi, nikolai berdiaevi. mesianizmidan zvarakad Sewirvamde ki erTi nabijia, nabiji, romlis gadadgmiTac wydeba ama Tu im didi Tu mcire imperiis arseboba-ararsebobis sakiTxi. berdiaevi iqve iZleva gansxvavebas rusul da `klasikur~, ebraul, mesianizms Soris: `mesianizmis religiuri fesvebi ebraeli xalxis mesianistur SegnebaSia, romlis mixedviTac, igia RvTis rCeuli eri, sadac unda iSvas mesia, yoveli borotebis damTrgunveli, israelis netari samefos Semqmneli. Zvelebrauli mesianizmi gansakuTrebulia... magram rusul cnobierebaSi moxda qristianuli mesianizmisa da ebrauli mesianizmis Sereva, romelmac nacionalizmis safexurs gadaabija... vfiqrob, rom ruseTSi, rus xalxSi aris zRvargadasuli nacionalizmi da ebrauli mesianizmi, magram amave dros aris WeSmaritad qristianuli, msxverplis gamRebi mesianizmi...~ rusul me-

nikolai berdiaevi (1874-1948) – cnobili rusi da ukraineli religiuri da politikuri moRvawe, filosofosi, literatori da publicisti, egzistencializmis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. dawyebiTi ganaTleba ojaxSi miiRo, Semdeg swavlobda kievis kadetTa korpusSi. meeqvse klasSi tovebs saswavlebels da abarebs misaReb gamocdebs kievis universitetis jer sabunebismetyvelo, Semdeg ki iuridiul fakultetze. 1897 wels studentur moZraobaSi aqtiuri monawileobisa da areulobis mowyobis gamo ricxaven universitetidan, apatimreben da asaxleben vologdis guberniaSi. 1899 wels erT-erT marqsistul JurnalSi misi pirveli statia ibeWdeba. 1901 wlidan sxva TanamoazreebTan erTad gamodis revoluciuri inteligenciis msoflmxedvelobis kritikiT. 1903-1904 wlebSi monawileobs `gaTavisuflebis jgufis~ organizebaSi. 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ayalibebs `sulieri kulturis Tavisufal akademias~, romelmac sami weli iarseba. am periodSi kritikiT gamodioda sabWoTa xelisuflebisa da bolSevikTa mier gatarebuli politikis winaaRmdeg. Tavisi antibolSevikuri publikaciebisa da statiebis gamo mokle droSi orjer daapatimres, 1922 wlis 29 seqtembers ki sabWoTa xelisuflebam samudamod gaaZeva ruseTidan. Tavdapirvelad cxovrobda berlinSi, sadac SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi daamyara evropis mowinave filosofiuri skolis warmomadgenlebTan. 1924 wels sacxovreblad gadadis parizSi, sadac sicocxlis bolomde cxovrobda. parizSi cxovrebis periodSi eweoda aqtiur SemoqmedebiT literaturul da publicistur moRvaweobas. 1942-1948 wlebSi Svidjer iyo nominirebuli nobelis premiaze literaturis dargSi. gardaicvala gulis ukmarisobiT 1948 wels, parizTan axlos.

mesia (ebrauli gamoTqmiT – „maSiax“) berZnulad `xristosad“, `qristed“ iTargmneba, qarTulad – `cxebuli“. swored mesia, e.i. qriste, anu cxebuli, viTarca yovladsruli da sayovelTao mefe, aRasrulebs xiluli da araxiluli samyaros ideals, aRadgens dacemul adams da ganaaxlebs cisa da miwis kavSirs. ase rom, pirovneba, visac ugalobda daviTis qnari, iqneba ara mxolod cxebuli, aramed mxsnelic. `mxsnels“ ebraulad ewodeba `ieSua“, berZnuli transkrifciiT – `iesu~, `ieso“, romelic amave enaze iTargmneba `soterad“, laTinurad – `salvator“, rusulad – `spasitel~, Zveli qarTuli tradiciiT – macxovari. maSasadame, gankacebuli RmerTi, viT sanukvari mefe, warmomdgari iudas tomisagan, saxeldobr, daviTis STamomavali, iqneba cxebuli mxsneli, anu qriste ieso. kacobriobas mxsneli rCeuli eris wiaRidan moevlineba. erTsa da imave dros igi RmerTic iqneba da kacic. igi samsxverploze miitans Tavis Tavs, riTac Searigebs kacTa modgmas RmerTTan da uSualo winapris, daviTis, msgavsad, daTrgunavs goliaTs, anu wuTisoflis sacTurs, e.i. eSmaks da mis samefos – jojoxeTs.

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politika sianizmsa da kacobriobisaTvis msxverplad Sewirvas Soris berdiaevi tolobis niSansac svams: `mesianizmi, romelic yovelgvari nacionalizmis uaryofaSi gadadis, moiTxovs, rom rusi xalxi msxverplad Seewiros sxva xalxebis samsaxurs, rom rusma xalxma Tan moitanos yovladadamianis (Всечеловека) saxeba... da es movlena rusulia, nacionaluria, mis ukan ki yovladadamianis saxeba dgas, romelic unda ganvasxvavoT kosmopolitis saxebisagan~. mesianizms Rrma fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli ruseTis istoriaSi. yoveli imperia Zalmomreobis uSualo produqtia da igi garemomcvel xalxebTan SetakebebSi, mezobel Tu Soreul saxelmwifoebTan Widilsa da gamarjvebebSi ibadeba. ase Seiqmna ruseTis imperiac. istoriuli dokumentebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsebobda iseTi warmodgena, TiTqos XIXVI saukuneebis ruseTi simarTleze (Правда) dafuZnebul samefos warmoadgenda. `Zvel droSi rusma xalxma Tavisi simarTle ipova. es iyo ruseTi. da es simarTle imdroindelma mTelma rusma xalxma SeiTvisa ganurCevlad imisa, maRal fenas warmoadgenda igi Tu ubralo xalxs... rusi xalxis suli erTiani iyo... maTi msoflmxedveloba ruseTi iyo... wminda ruseTi arc legendaa da arc metafora...~ simarTlis (Правда) gageba rusi xalxisaTvis miwier cxovrebaSi qristianuli eTikis normebisa da Rirebulebebis gatareba iyo, xolo qristianul simarTlesa (socialuri mowyobis idealuri modeli) da socialur empirikas Soris SemaerTebel rgols mefe (Царь) warmoadgenda. imperia rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi fenomenia. rogorc wesi, is ar iqmneba erTbaSad da erTi xelis dakvriT. ruseTis imperiulobasac safuZveli gacilebiT adre Caeyara. imperiuli ideologema – idea marTlmadidebluri samefos Seqmnisa, moskovis didma mTavarma ivane III-m (14561505) dacemuli bizantiisagan wamoiRo. ruseTma bizantiis gerbis – orTaviani arwivis – eklesiisa da saxelmwifos simfoniis simbolos – ruseTSi gadmotaniT Tavi konstantinopolis memk-

ideologema – politikuri termini, romelic ewodeba ama Tu im ideologiis Semadgenel nawils, am ideologiuri sistemis fundamentur elements.

moskovis didi mTavari ivane III (1456-1505)

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mesame romis ideologema

vidred gamoacxada da mesame romis funqcia itvirTa. idea – `moskovi mesame romia~ ara mxolod ideologiur safuZvlad, aramed TviT rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobis azradac iqca. es istoria ar dasrulebula da dRevandel ruseTSi gadmoinacvla. `mesame romisa” da rusuli mesianizmis es ideologema isev cocxalia. dResac mZlavria rusuli da panslavisturi imperiuli mesianizmis suli, rusuli yovladmpyrobelobis am `diad~ ideas qveynierebis sxvadasxva mxares mzirali igive frTagaSlili orTaviani monstri gamoxatavs. rac Seexeba `mesame romis~ ideologemas, swored vladimirisa da moskovis didi mTavris, ivane III-is, Zisa da ivane IV mrisxanis mamis – vasili III-is mmarTvelobis periods ukavSirdeba erTi mniSvnelovani da istorikosebisaTvis kargad cnobili rusuli xelnaweri. esaa 1515-1521 wlebSi fskovis spaso-eleazaris monastris beris, uxuces filofeis werili did mTavar vasili III-Tan, romelSic `mesame romzea~ msjeloba. am werilis mTavari arsi isaa, rom romaul samefos amieridan warmoadgens rusi xelmwifis samefo da es samefo mTeli msoflioa. `ori romi daeca, mesame dgas da meoTxe romi aRar iqneba~, anu `pirveli romi iyo romi, meore romi – konstantinopoli, mesame romi moskovia da meoTxe romi aRar iqneba~. pavle mociqulis mixedviT ki, `romi – mTeli msoflioa~. am mimarTvaSi filofei or fundamentur ideas gamoxatavs, romelic zustad esadageboda imdroindel politikur realiebs: erTi – rusi eris RvTisrCeuloba, romelzec gadmovida RvTis madli da meore – bizantiisa da ruseTis samefoebis memkvidreobiToba. metad sainteresoa is faqti, rom romis saRvTo imperiis imperator maqsimilian I-Tan 1514 wels dadebul xelSekrulebaSi moskoviti mTavari vasili III pirvelad aris `Царь~-ad wodebuli. Tumca formalurad es tituli ukve vasili III-is Zis – ivane IV mrisxanis mefobidan damkvidrda rusul istoriografiaSi. ufro saintereso ki isaa, rom moskovis ruseTma bizantiisagan marTlmadidebeli samyaros winamZRolis roli 1589 wlamde, e.i. rusuli eklesiis mier avto-

moskoviti mTavrebi, anu moskovis samTavros – moskovias mmarTvelebi XV saukunidan XVIII saukunis dasawyisamde.

ivane IV mrisxane (1530-1584)

vasili III (1479-1533)

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politika kefaliis miRebamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre itvirTa, mas Semdeg, rac moskovis mitropoliti patriarqis rangSi aiyvanes da mas moskovis eklesiis winamZRolis roli daakisres. niSandoblivia, rom, miuxedavad avtokefaliis formalurad mopovebisa, moskovis eklesias am droisaTvis saepiskoposo mmarTvelobis mTavari organo, sinodi, ar gaaCnda. rusuli eklesiis sinamdvileSi sinodi mxolod 120 wlis Semdeg, 1701 wlidan Cndeba. mesianizms mtkiceba da dasabuTeba ar sWirdeba. amisaTvis mesianuri ideis aRqma, dajereba da misi gansakuTrebulobis upirobo rwmenaa saWiro, rac rusul saxelmwifoebriobas sakmarisze meti hqonda warsulSic da sakmarisze meti aqvs axlac. rusuli yovladmpyrobeluri suli da ganwyoba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ruseTis pirveli mefis – ivane IV mrisxanis droidan gacxadda, roca regaliebSi is iwodeboda agreTve, rogorc „Царь Иверийский“ (Sic!). ruseTis samefos umaRlesi TviTmpyroblis aRmniSvneli sityvis `Царь~ etimologia ki, romis imperiis umaRlesi mmarTvelis, keisris (Caesar) rusifikatoruli variantia. am tituls atarebdnen ruseTis samefos mmarTveli `samoderJavecebi~ ivane IV mrisxanis droidan... `moskovi mesame romias~ ideologemas Tavis pirvandel variantSi sruliad gansazRvruli Teologiuri azri hqonda... magram Zalian male moskovelma mefeebma filofeis sityvebSi raRac ufro didic dainaxes – moskovis axali religiuri statusi mas mTeli qristianuli samyaros politikur centrad aqcevda. Tu am konteqstSi ganvixilavT movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas, ruseTma erTi didi nabiji maSin gadadga, roca konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg Tavi `mesame romad~ da marTlmadideblobis burjad gamoacxada.

XVI saukunis pirveli naxevridan dawyebuli velikorosebs ukve RvTis rCeuli erisa da marTlmadideblur samyaroSi batonobis ambiciebi gauCndaT. aq wina planze ukve RvTismetyvelebis xiliasturi msoflmxedveloba gamodis. rusuli mesianizmis koncefciiT, rom ruseTs msoflioSi gansakuTrebuli amocana akisria. igi unda iqces qristian xalxTa samyaroseuli Zmobis `miwier samefod~. ruseTis mefe warmogvidgeba RvTis rCeul mmarTvelad, romelic Tavs yovelTa qristianTa xelmwifed miiCnevs da miznad isaxavs msoflios qristiani xalxebis gaerTianebas da araqristianTa monaTvlas.

xiliazmi (igive milenarizmi) aris saRvTismetyvelo Teoria, romelic dedamiwaze aTaswlovani mefobis molodins qadagebs, rodesac ieso qriste da qristianebi msoflios mmarTvelebi iqnebian. igi netarebis saufloa, romelic zogjer momdevno etapze gadasasvlel gardamaval mdgomareobad, xandaxan ki absolutur netarebad miiCneva. rogorc xiliazmis mimdevrebi miiCneven, aTaswlovani mefobis Semdeg dadgeba didi gankiTxvis dRe, istoriis dasasruli da axali mudmivi mdgomareoba axal miwaze, axali zecis qveS.

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mesame romis ideologema

Tanamedrove rusi istorikosi da politikuri eqsperti (aseTia misi oficialuri regaliebi) iaroslav butakovi ki Tavis naSromSi „Священная миссия России~, ase warmogvidgens velikorosebis `zeciuri daniSnulebis~ ideas: `ukanaskneli sami aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ideis Ziebis gzaze xan dasavleTisaken, xan aRmosavleTisaken TavianTi Clungi Tavebis trialSi, rusulma inteligenciam daviwyebas misca rusuli nacionaluri sulis udidesi aRmafrenis xana... petres Semdgomi periodis sazogadoebis mxolod zogierTma warmomadgenelma, iseTebma, rogorebic iyvnen slavofilebi, SeZles daenaxaT moskovis ruseTsa da `mesame romis~ cnebaSi Cveni eris ideuri Semoqmedebis mwvervali...

Cven, velikorosebi, unda vamayobdeT Cveni Sua saukuneebis istoriiT. moskovis saxelmwifom, romelic XIV saukunis SuaxanebSi patara samTavros warmoadgenda, sami saukunis Semdeg xmeleTis 1/6 daikava. globaluri masStabebiT am mcire xanSi moskovis ruseTma sabolood daamarcxa stepis barbarosebi, romlebic aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi aoxrebdnen slavebs, riTac Tavisda sasargeblod gadawyvita msoflios istoriaSi yvelaze xangrZlivi geopolitikuri dava. magram ara mxolod saxelmwifoebriv ZlierebaSi gamoixateboda Zveli moskovis dideba. moskovis ruseTma mkafiod da myarad gaiazra Tavisi zeciuri daniSnuleba – yofiliyo WeSmariti

sarwmunoebis damcveli dedamiwaze. ruseTs wmindad sjeroda, rom igi RvTisgan rCeuli eri iyo... bizantiis dacemam da moskovis samefos aRzevebam daarwmuna rusi xalxi Tavisi zeciuri misiis arsSi. Cveni erovnuli TviTgamoxatvis mwvervali gaxda koncefcia, rom `moskovi mesame romia~... msoflioSi WeSmaritad marTlmadidebel saxelmwifos moskovis samefo warmoadgenda. ruseTi erTaderTi qveyana iyo, sadac sufTad da xeluxleblad iyo SenarCunebuli WeSmariti sarwmunoeba. arsebiTad es iyo religiuri da nacionaluri gamorCeulobis gaazreba. nebismieri ucxoeli, urjulo Tu laTinurenovani, moskovelTa mier dabali rangis arsebad ganixileboda velikorosebTan SedarebiT... moskovis samefos arsebobis periodSi yvelaze ufro mkafiod iyo gamoxatuli rusuli erovnuli TviTSegnebis mesianuri xasiaTi...~ komentarebis gakeTeba zedmetad migvaCnia, imdenad cxadadaa warmodgenili am `WeSmaritad marTlmadidebeli~ velikorosis imperiuli da e.w. `mesianuri~ filosofia. rusi eris RvTisrCeulobis koncefcia uceb ar gaCenila. man, Zveli droidan moyolebuli, TandaTanobiT daimkvidra adgili rusul

evgeni trubeckoi (1863-1920) – rusi filosofosi, samarTalmcodne, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi.

35

politika cnobierebaSi. ufro metic, male Tavad macxovari ieso qristec ki rusi eris cnebasTan gaigivda. 1912 wlisaTvis cnobili rusi filosofosi da samarTalmcodne, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe evgeni trubeckoi werda: `cnobil xalxur gadmocemaSi qristes saubari samaritel qalTan asea aRwerili: `samariteli qali eubneba mas: rogor mogawvdi wyals, roca Sen ebraeli xar; qriste ki ase pasuxobs: cruob, me sufTa rusi var~. es Tqmuleba yovelTvis Semwynareblur Rimils iwvevs bneli, gaunaTlebeli ubralo xalxis misamarTiT. amave dros igi im nacionalur-mesianisturi fsiqologiis mTel arss gamoxatavs, rac, SesaZloa, ufro metadac ki itacebda ganaTlebul da kulturul adamianebs~. pirveli nabiji ruseTis imperiis Camoyalibebis gzaze iyo 1552 wels moskovis samTavros mier yazanis saxanos dapyroba. amas mohyva jer volgispireTisa da Semdeg cimbiris kolonizacia, ramac moskovis didi samTavro ruseTis polieTnikur saxelmwifod Camoayaliba. XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi ruseTis kontrolsa da gavlenas daeqvemdebara

SvedeTis mefe karl XII (1682-1718)

CrdiloeTis omi, anu CrdiloeTis didi omi – samxedro konfliqti SvedeTis samefosa da Crdiloevropuli saxelmwifoebis koalicias Soris, romelsac ruseTi edga saTaveSi. Tavdapirvelad koaliciaSi Sedionen saqsonia, poloneTi, dania-norvegiis samefo da ruseTi. omi mimdinareobda 1700-1721 wlebSi baltiispireTis miwebis dasauflebad. SvedeTis samefos karl XII warmoadgenda, ruseTisas ki – petre I. omis msvlelobisas koaliciaSi sxva qveynebic gaerTiandnen. sabolood, SvedeTi damarcxda da evropaSi gaCnda axali imperia – ruseTis imperia, romelmac gasasvleli moipova baltiis zRvaze.

CrdiloeTis omi, anu CrdiloeTis didi omi, 1709 wlis graviura

36

mesame romis ideologema

ukrainis mniSvnelovani nawilic kieviTurT. aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT rusma pirvelmkvlevrebma wynar okeanemde miaRwies da aliaskis aTvisebasac Seudgnen... XVIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi CrdiloeTis xangrZliv omSi warmatebam ruseTs SesaZlebloba misca daufleboda baltiispireTs, momdevno periodSi ki – yirimsa da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTs. imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca evropis vrceli teritoriebi, romlebic adre reC pospolitasa da osmaleTis sulTans eqvemdebareboda. lomis wili miiRo ruseTma poloneTis samgzis danawilebiTac.

perte I (1672-1725)

esqatologia msoflmxedvelobisa da RvTismetyvelebis nawilia. esaa moZRvreba kacobriobis ukanasknel movlenaze, civilizaciis dasasrulze. mistikur moZRvrebebSi esqatologia aRniSnavs ordinaruli realobis dasasrulsa da RmerTTan SeerTebas. tradiciul religiur sistemaTa esqatologiaSi ganxilulia ukanaskneli movlenebi, romlebic nawinaswarmetyvelebia wminda werilSi da sakralur teqstebSi: mesiis mosvla, didi samsjavro, jojoxeTi da samoTxe. esqatologia msoflios yvela civilizaciis religiur sistemaTa ganuyofeli nawilia, sadac odiTganve arsebobda erTmaneTis msgavsi moZRvreba ukanasknel, damamTavrebel movlenaze, rac aSkarad miuTiTebs erT preistoriul wyaroze. etatizmi msoflmxedveloba da ideologiaa, romelic awesebs saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisa da xedvis primats. esaa saxelmwifos absolutizebis idea sazogadoebaSi, saxelmwifos Careva sazogadoebis ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, samecniero da sxva saqmianobaSi. etatizmi sazogadoebis politizirebis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa, rodesac politika racionaluri urTierTqmedebis zRvars scdeba da cdilobs gansazRvros sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiToeuli sferos funqcionireba, ris Sedegadac zRudavs da aferxebs mas. etatizmi saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc umaRles instituts, romelic yvela sxva institutze maRla dgas.

37

politika ruseTis saxelmwifos imperiuli welTaRricxva oficialurad 1721 wlidan iwyeba. am wels, CrdiloeTis omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, petre I-ma rusuli `Царь~-is tituli uaryo da imperatoris dasavluri statusi miiRo. igi romanovebis dinastiis ukanaskneli mefe da ruseTis pirveli imperatori gaxda. ruseTsac imperia ewoda. marTlmadidebluri imperiuli ideis ganmsazRvrel RerZad amieridan qristianTa Zmobis, marTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis xalxTa xsnisa da dacvis ideologia gaxda. swored es ideologia iqca ruseTis saxelmZRvanelod, romlis Tanaxmadac, axali miwebis sakuTar saxelmwifoSi moqceva marTlmadidebeli samyaros sazRvrebis gafarToebasa da marTlmadidebeli xalxis raodenobriv zrdas niSnavda. petre I ar iyo Rrmadmorwmune marTlmadidebeli. mas konstantinopolis dacemis (1453 w.) Semdeg moskovis ruseTis mier gacxadebuli doqtrinis – `moskovi – mesame romi, meoTxe aRar iqneba~ – mxolod politikuri, ufro zustad, samxedro-politikuri aspeqti ainteresebda. am momentidan dawyebuli imperiis esqatologiur marTlmadideblur ideas eta-

moskovis didi samTavros zrda

1300 w.

ustiugi

1300-1340 ww.

1340-1389 ww.

1389-1425 ww.

vologda

1425-1462 ww. mTavrebis miwebi, sxvadasxva dros moskovs naklebad daqvemdebarebuli mordvebis miwa

beJiCi

novgorodis respublika

novgorodis respublika

galiCi

ugliCi

iaroslavi

kostroma

rostovi torJoki tveri rJevi

litvis didi samTavro

yazanis saxano

pereiaslavli suzdali

dmitrovi

niJni

iurevi moskovi

starodubi vladimiri

novgorodi

muromi

smolenski

tarusa riazanis pereiaslavli

kozelski

tizmi Caenacvla, xolo religiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi paradigmebi erTmaneTs Seerwya. imperiulobis saxelmwifoebrivi gageba sul sxva principebs, pirvel rigSi ki, geostrategiul miznebsa da interesebs daefuZna. sarwmunoebrivma motivma ukana planze gadainacvla da marTlmadidebloba imperiulobis erTaderTi safuZvlidan mis erT-erT nawilad iqca.

Tu Tavidan ruseTis saxelmwifoebrivi Zliereba marTlmadideblur gavlenas ukavSirdeboda, Semdgom periodSi marTlmadidebloba saxelmwifos ZlierebaSi hpovebda gamoxatule-

38

mesame romis ideologema

bas. saxelmwifo TandaTan sakralizebuli, xolo rusoba, eTnikuris nacvlad, saxelmwifoebrivi maxasiaTebeli xdeboda. zustad aRniSnavs profesori vaxtang guruli: `petre I-ma rusuli saxelmwifoebrioba daamkvidra, am sityvis farTo gagebiT. ganxorcielda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis reorganizacia, mowesrigda centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, mkacrad ganisazRvra yvela saxelmwifo uwyebis kompetencia, dakanonda saxelmwifo moxeleTa SerCevis kriteriumebi, mowesrigda sagadasaxado sistema da saxelmwifo xazina umkacres kontrols daeqvemdebara, Seiqmna Zlieri armia da samxedro floti, didi yuradReba mieqca ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis ganviTarebas. ruseTi aziuri samyarodan evropuli samyarosken daiZra, magram ruseTis evropeizacia ver Sedga. petre I umkacresi meTodebiT cdilobda rusuli samyaros evropul samyarod gadaqcevas. gairkva savalalo WeSmariteba: rusuli samyaros evropeizacia ar surda arc saero da arc saeklesio elitas. petre I-s daupirispirdnen ZirZveli feodaluri sagvareuloebi da saeklesio ierarqebi. rac mTavaria, rusuli samyaro ar eTmoboda mosaxleobis umravlesobas – glexobas~.

bizantiis imperiis gerbi

ruseTis imperiis gerbi

petre I-idan moyolebuli, ruseTi mudmivad cdilobda qceuliyo evropul qveynad an mimsgavseboda mainc dawinaurebul dasavlel mezoblebs. am gonieri mmarTvelis araerTi RonisZieba miznad isaxavda daeZlia ruseTis CamorCena da igi gverdiT amoeyenebina Tavisi drois Zlieri da mowinave saxelmwifoebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTi ver iqca `dasavleTad~. petre I-is reformebis Sedegad mxolod is gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom `ruseTi transformirebul, modernizebul aRmosavleTad gadaqceuliyo~. petre I-ma praqtikuli nabijebi gadadga, raTa Tavisi qveynis gavlena CineTsa da indoeTamde ganevrco, STamomavlobas ki anderZad dautova: `me ruse-

39

politika Ti nakadulad vixile, magram mdinared davtove; Cemi memkvidreebi mas zRvad gadaaqceven, romelic gaanayofierebs gaRatakebul evropas~.

Tu ruseTis istorias detalurad gavaanalizebT, naTlad gamoikveTeba saxelmwifoebrivi strategiebis sami ZiriTadi periodi. samive saxelmwifoebriv strategias mkafiod SemosazRvruli misia aqvs da brZolebisa da areulobebis xangrZlivi periodiT xasiaTdeba: pirveli `rusuli miwebisaTvis Tavis moyras~ eZRvneba, rac moskovis mTavrebma oqros urdos meTodebiT da amave oqros urdos mfarvelobiT Seasrules kidec. es periodi ivane mrisxanis taxtze asvliT dasrulda, rasac sisxlismRvreli reJimis damyareba da rusi eris ubedureba mohyva. meore pe-

staroobriadoba (Старообрядчество) – rusul marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi sxvadasxva religiuri mimdí nareobisa da organizaciis erToblioba, romelmac uaryo 1650-1660 wlebSi patriarq nikonisa da mefe aleqsei mixailoviCis saeklesio reforma, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda rusuli eklesiis RvTismsaxurebisa da berZnuli eklesiis, pirvel rigSi ki, konstantinopolis eklesiis RvTismsaxurebis unifikacia.

RvTismsaxurebis am reformam rusul eklesiaSi ganxeTqileba gamoiwvia. 1905 wlamde `staroobriadcebi~ ruseTis imperiaSi oficialurad `raskolnikebad~ iwodebodnen. XX saukuneSi moskovis sapatriarqos damokidebuleba staroobriadcebis sakiTxTan mniSvnelovnad Serbilda. ruseTis garda, dReisaTvis staroobriadcebis sazogadoebebi arsebobs latviaSi, lietuvaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, yazaxeTSi, poloneTSi, belarusSi, rumineTSi, bulgareTSi, ukrainaSi, aSS-Si, kanadasa da laTinuri amerikis rig qveynebSi, aseve avstraliaSi. xlistebi an xristovoverebi (Хлысты,́ Xристововеры) – erT-erTi uZvelesi rusuli araeklesiuri religiuri mimdinareoba, seqta, sulieri qristianebis eqstatikuri saxesxvaoba, romelic XVII saukuneSi warmoiSva marTlmadidebel glexTa Soris. maTi TviTdasaxelebaa `RvTis xalxi~ an `qristes sarwmunoeba~. dasaxeleba `xlistebi~ warmoiSva maTSi gavrcelebuli TviTgvemis ritualisagan an saxeSecvlili sityvisagan – `qriste~, imdenad, ramdenadac oficialuri sasuliero pirebi miuReblad Tvlidnen seqtis dasaxelebaSi ieso qristes saxelis xmarebas. `xlistTa~ seqtis warmoSobis sakiTxSi arsebobs ramdenime mosazreba. pirveli – esaa dasavleTevropuli protestantuli mistikuri seqtebis zegavlena; meore – bulgareli bogomilovebis zegavlena, maTi gavliT ki ufro Zveli – maniqevelebis zegavlena; mesame – xlistoba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc wminda rusuli movlena, romelic dakavSirebulia slavur kerpTayvanismcemlobasa da ezoTerizmTan da meoTxe – es TvalTaxedvac iziarebs xlistTa warmoSobis TviTmyofadobas, magram akavSirebs mas XVII saukunis rusuli qristianuli religiuri cxovrebis zogierT movlenasTan. dReisaTvis ruseTSi xlistTa mcirericxovani sazogadoebebi arsebobs tambovis, samarisa da orenburgis olqebSi, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.

40

mesame romis ideologema

riodi, romelic caristul reJims moicavs, lokalur dapyrobiT omebs eZRvneba. mesame periodSi, dapyrobiTi omebis Semdeg, daiwyo brZola msoflio batonobisaTvis. Sesabamisad, adgilobrivi samxedro kampaniebi msoflio masStabis konfliqtebSi gadaizarda. rusuli samyaros gafarToebisaTvis rusi eris mier warmoebul omebs ki, zemoxsenebuli filofeis politikuri formula warmarTavda... agresiuli politikis dawyebidan mTeli caristuli periodis ganmavlobaSi rusuli sazogadoebis yvela elementi eTanxmeboda am ideas da Tu lideri mis gansaxorcieleblad erT nabijs mainc gadadgamda win, mas yvela sisuste, Secdoma Tu codva mieteveboda. da, miuxedavad amisa, petre I-is mier Catarebuli saxelmwifos sekularizacia xalxis SegnebaSi damkvidrda, rogorc simarTlisagan ukusvla, rogorc usamarTlobis – Кривда-s gamefeba. am momentidan dawyebuli, ruseTis istoriaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT rusuli xiliasturi intuiciis dabadeba, romelic dedamiwaze RvTiuri simarTlis (Божья Правда) reabilitaciisaken iyo mimarTuli. rusuli xili-

asturi intuiciis dabadeba ara mxolod dedamiwaze RvTiuri simarTlis reabilitaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, aramed, pirvel rigSi, TviT am Божья Правда-s didi molodiniT iyo ganpirobebuli. yovelive aman ki Zalian male gansazRvra rusul marTlmadideblur sivrceSi aTasi jurisa da mimdinareobis xiliasturi seqtebis gaCena. male `moskovi – mesame romis~ ideologemam iatakqveSeTSi gadainacvla da rusma xalxma igi daiviwya. uxucesi filofeis mowodeba ki mxolod zogierTi rusuli seqtis, kerZod, `xlistebisa~ da `staroobriadcebis~ literaturaSi darCa. saerTo jamSi, oficialuri rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier `wminda ruseTze~ ocnebebi anaTemas gadaeca, xolo `staroobriadcebi~ akrZalul seqtad gamocxadda. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi XVI saukunis es miTologema dakonservda da rusuli sazogadoebrivi azri mas mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi miubrunda.

41

istoria

roland spanderaSvili

saqarTveloSi fostis arsebobas didi xnis istoria aqvs. uZvelesi droidan cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi cnobebis swrafad gadacema „SikrikTa“ da „malemsrbolTa“ meSveobiT xdeboda. sulxan-saba orbelianis Tanaxmad, uSualod informaciis gadamtan pirs „iqvrivisi“ ewodeboda: „ese ars mogzauri qalaqiT qalaqad swrafad ambavTa da ustarTa misaRebad“.

XVIII saukunis bolos ioane batoniSvili saxelmwifo mowyobis reformis proeqtSi did ekonomikur mniSvnelobas aniWebda fostis arsebobas qveyanaSi aReb-micemobis gansaviTareblad da xazinis Semosavlebis gasazrdelad. „fostebi anu Cafarxana raoden SeiZlebodes ganwesdes sam adgilas: qarTlsa, kaxeTsa da TaTrebSi“ („TaTrebSi“ ioane batoniSvili qvemo qarTls gulisxmobda). q. sanqt-peterburgis aleqsandre popovis saxelobis komunikaciebis centralur muzeumSi, fostis gadazidvasTan dakavSirebul uZveles saSualebebs Soris daculia qarTuli uremi, ro-

42

qarTuli fosta da marka

braziliuri `xaris Tvali~

Savi da lurji peni ciurixis markebi

safosto marka – niSani, romelic safosto momsaxurebis (korespondenciis gagzavnisa da adresatTan mitanis) winaswar gadaxdas uzrunvelyofs. tradiciulad markas safosto uwyeba uSvebs qaRaldis naWris saxiT, romelzec dabeWdilia gamosaxuleba da aRniSnulia fasi. mimoqcevaSi gasaSvebi standartuli safosto markebis garda arsebobs saiubileo, samaxsovro safosto markebi, safosto Ria baraTebi, markirebuli konvertebi. safosto bloki safosto markis specialuri formaa, farTo furcelze dabeWdili naxati, romlis siuJeturi nawilia marka. bloki warmoadgens filatelistur suvenirs, magram suvenirisgan gansxvavebiT, igi gamoiyeneba rogorc safosto sagadasaxado saSualebad, ise sakoleqcio daniSnulebiT. bloks beWdaven mniSvnelovani TariRebisa da movlenebis aRsaniSnad.

melic XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelodan ruseTSi tvirTis gadasatanad gamoiyeneboda. 1893 wels CikagoSi da 1900 wels berlinSi safosto muzeumebis gamofenaze am qarTuli safosto urmis fotom da maketma didi mowoneba daimsaxura. ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis aneqsiis Semdeg, 1804 wlis 19 aprils, amoqmedda safosto mimosvla. 1805 wels TbilisSi gaixsna pirveli safosto kantora, 1826 wlis 21 noembers ki moskovsa da tfiliss Soris dafuZnda safosto mimosvla – „eqstra fosta“. 1836 wlidan saqarTveloSi mdebare safosto sadgurebi gadaeca saxelmwifo safosto sistemas. 1840 wels ruseTis imperiaSi Seiqmna XII safosto olqi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda „qarTl-imereTisa“ da kaspiis olqebi. 1857 wels TbilisSi safosto kantorasTan gaixsna fostis ganyofileba. 1862 wlidan daiwyo mcxeTis, duSeTis, fasanauris, mleTis, gudauris, yazbegisa da larsis safosto sadgurebis mSenebloba.

1886 wels raWa-leCxumis mimarTulebiT ga-

ixsna safosto gza. 1894 wlidan fostis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli iyo fulis gagzavna (limiti 1000 maneTs Seadgenda, kerZod, adresats egzavneboda taloni, riTac SeeZlo adgilze gaenaRdebina Tanxa). saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis periodSi (1918-1921) funqcionirebda qarTuli fosta da uSvebda qarTul markebs. 1991 wlidan ki qarTulma fostam ganaaxla muSaoba, 1993 wlidan is msoflio safosto kavSiris wevria. miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval saukunes iTvlida gadazidvisa da safosto momsaxurebis istoria, XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde msoflioSi ar arsebobda safosto marka. pirveli safosto markis gamocemis idea ekuTvnis Sotlandiel jeims Calmers da sloveniel lovrenc kosirs. msoflioSi pirveli safosto marka gamoica 1840 wlis 1 maiss, ewodeba `Savi peni~ (Penny Black), Sav-TeTri naxatiTa da 1 pensis nominaliT mimoqcevaSi Semovida didi britaneTis gaerTianebul samefosa da irlandiaSi. ramdenime dReSi gamovida meore markac – „lurji pensi“ (Two

43

istoria Pence Blue), lurji naxatiTa da 2 pensis nominaliT. orive markaze gamosaxuli iyo dedofali viqtoria. britaneTis Semdeg safosto markebis emisia daiwyes sxva qveynebmac. 1843 wels SveicariaSi mimoqcevaSi gamovida evropis kontinentis pirveli markebi – „ciurixis markebi“ (Zurich 4&6), 4 da 6 rapenis nominaliT. erTi – uSualod ciurixis da meore – ciurixis kantonis teritoriaze gasagzavni werilebisaTvis. imave wels markebis emisia moxda laTinur amerikaSi, kerZod, braziliaSi. pirveli braziliuri markaa „xaris Tvali“ (B B ulls Eye), sami nominalis – 30, 60 da 90 reis RirebulebiT. qarTuli safosto markebis istoria 1857 wels iwyeba TbilisSi mciretiraJiani safosto markis – „tfilisis unikas“ (тифлисская уника) emisiiT. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da qronologiurad ruseTis imperiis istoriaSi pirveli safosto marka aRmoCnda „tfilisis unika“. am markas gansakuTrebulobas aseve sZens dabeWdvis stili – es aris wnexiT dabeWdili pirveli marka msoflioSi. 1856 wels ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre II-m (1855-1881) kavkasiis mefisnacvlad aleqsandre bariatinski (1856-1862) daniSna. mefisnacvlis nebarTviTa da kavkasiis safosto olqis ufrosis nikoloz kaxanovis

`tfilisis unikas~ aRweriloba nominali: 6 kapiki forma: kvadratuli beWdva: moyviTalo-TeTr qaRaldze, reliefuri gamosaxuleba: tfilisis guberniis gerbi, gerbis Tavze – ruseTis imperiis simbolo orTaviani arwivis gamosaxulebiT. markis oTxive mxares rusulenovani warwerebi: `ТИФЛИС“; `ГОРОДС”; „ПОЧТА“; „6 КОП“. markis ukana mxare dafarulia webos sqeli feniT. rogorc cnobilia, safosto markebis Segroveba erT-erTi gavrcelebuli hobia msoflioSi da mas filatelia ewodeba, am hobiT gatacebul adamians ki – filatelisti. es termini SemoiRo frangma koleqcionerma JorJ erpenma 1864 wels. msoflioSi bevri cnobili adamiani iyo da aris filateliiT dakavebuli, magaliTad, didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefos dedofali elisabed II, CogburTeli maria Sarapova, cnobili biznesmeni da mecenati uoren bafeti, amerikis prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti, momRerali fredi merkuri da sxvebi.

aSS-is prezidenti franklin delano ruzvelti

44

qarTuli fosta da marka

iniciativiT TbilisSi 1857 wlidan funqcionireba daiwyo Tbilisis safosto ganyofilebam. swored am wlis 20 ivniss n. kaxanovis iniciativiTve daibeWda „tfilisis unika“. mefisnacvali bariatinski cxovrobda TbilisSi, magram zafxuls kojris agarakze atarebda da pirvelad marka swored Tbilissa da kojors Soris safosto gzavnilebisaTvis gamoiyenes. Tbilisis Sida gzavnilebisaTvis sakmarisi iyo erTi marka, kojorSi gasagzavnad – sami marka. „tfilisis unikam“ mxolod ramdenime Tve iarseba. is 1858 wlis pirvel marts Caanacvles rusuli markebiT. imperiis mesveurebma „tfilisis unikas“ pirveloba ar apaties da misi ganadgureba gadawyvites. miuxedavad imisa, rom es markebi mxolod tfilisis guberniaSi mimoiqceoda, moigones versia, TiTqos swored am markebdakrulma konvertebma Seuwyo xeli im zafxuls TbilisSi epidemiis gavrcelebas. amitomac 1858 wels markebis mTliani tiraJi dawves.

dedofali elisabed II

dReisaTvis „tfilisis unikis“ xuTi originalia SemorCenili. markebi sufTa, anu gamouyenebel mdgomareobaSia. pirveli msoflio omis periodSi cnobili iyo mxolod sami egzemplari, romlebic agafon faberJes koleqciaSi iyo daculi. markebi pirvelad 1928 wels helsingforSi (fineTSi),

Tbilisis fostis Senoba

niu-iorkisa da londonis auqcionis sigelebi

45

istoria xolo 1933 wels venaSi (avstria) iyo warmodgenili gamofenebze. meoTxe aris parizuli asli, romelic damzadebulia 1870-1880 wlebSi, mexuTe ki smiTsonis institutis erovnuli safosto muzeumis koleqciaSia daculi – amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebam 2011 wlis martSi Seityo. 1936 wels „tfilisis unika“ evropis filatelistur katalogebSi Seitanes. 1939 wels londonSi gamarTul filatelistur auqcionze tfilisuri unikis sami egzemplari gayides: erTi egzemplari j. vilsonma 29 funt sterlingad SeiZina, meore – h. Stebem 25 funt sterlingad da mesame –14 funt sterlingad. meore egzemplarSi 1957 wels r. devidsonma 180 funti sterlingi gadaixada. mogvianebiT, 1971 wlis 24 marts, niu-iorkSi gamarTul auqcionze es egzemplari 7250 dolarad gaiyida. am ambavs amerikuli presa sensaciad acxadebda da statiebs uZRvnida. myidveli inkognitod rCeboda, 1985 wels gairkva, rom es adamiani iyo n. enSteini. mesame egzemplari 1958 wels h. gosma 175 funt sterlingad gayida. pirveli ori egzemplari cnobili filatelistis zbignev mikulskis koleqciaSi moxvda. mesame ki – luqsemburgeli koleqcioneris, belinJeris, koleqcias amSvenebs. mikulskim 1997 wels moskovSi gamarTul gamofenaze warmoadgina `tfilisis unikis~ egzemplarebi, manve 2000 wels erTi egzemplari auqcionze gaitana da sawyis fasad 500000 aSS dolari dasaxelda. marka gaiyida da misi axali mflobeli inkognitod darCa. 2008 wlis 5 oqtombers JenevaSi gamarTul filatelistur auqcionze mikulskis koleqciaSi darCenili `tfilisis unikis~ meore egzemplari 480 000 evrod (imJamindeli kursiT 700 000 aSS dolari) gaiyida. misi mflobelis vinaobac ucnobia. rac Seexeba meoTxe egzemplars, is aris 1870-1880-ian wlebSi parizSi damzadebuli unikis asli da originalisgan sqematuroba gamoarCevs. 2011 wlis martSi vaSingtonSi, smiTsonis institutis nacionaluri safosto markebis muzeumis koleqciaSi aRmoCnda „tfilisis unikis“ mexu-

1919 wels gamocemuli pirveli erovnuli qarTuli safosto marka

46

sabWoTa saqarTvelos safosto markebi

qarTuli fosta da marka

Te nimuSi, sufTa, gamouyenebel mdgomareobaSi. arsebuli informaciiT, es marka britaneTSi mcxovrebi rusi filatelistis g. kastlinis koleqciaSi inaxeboda da mis STamomavlebs marka muzeumisaTvis 1984 wels gadauciaT. 1997 wels saqarTvelos fostam gamosca „tfilisis unikis“ 140 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili marka da bloki, saxelwodebiT „tfilisis saqalaqo fostis marka“. markaze da blokze, SuagulSi, gamosaxuli iyo „tfilisis unika“. marka gamovida 80 TeTris nominaliT, xolo bloki – 1 laris nominaliT. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, 1919 wlis 26 maiss, mimoqcevaSi gamovida pirveli erovnuli qarTuli safosto marka 10 kapeikis nominaliT. masze gamosaxuli iyo pirveli respublikis droindeli saqarTvelos gerbi, warwerebi – „saqarTvelos respublika“ da „LA GEORGIE”.

1921 wlidan, mTeli sabWoTa periodis ganmavlobaSi, gamodioda safosto markebi saqarTvelos amsaxveli siuJetebiTa da qarTveli moRvaweebis gamosaxulebebiT, magram yvela marka ssrk-is mier iyo emisirebuli.

1991 wels, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, qarTulma fostam ganagrZo damoukideblad arseboba da markebis emisia. 1993 wlis 31 ivliss gamoica qarTuli erovnuli markebis seria „saqarTvelo gaeros wevri“, romelic mieZRvna saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi gawevrianebis wlisTavs. 1993 wlidan dRemde saqarTvelos fosta yovelwliurad eweva sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani qarTuli Tematikis markebis emisias. qarTuli markebi eZRvneba qveynis kulturul memkvidreobas, floras da faunas, mwerlobas, poezias, saerTaSoriso sportul RonisZiebebsa da, zogadad, sports.

baTumis fostis Senoba

47

samezoblo

inguSebi da inguSeTi

aleqsandre kvaxaZe

inguSebi Crdilokavkasiel xalxTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricxvovani da unikaluri kulturis mqone xalxia. inguSuri ena, kultura da tradiciebi uamrav uZveles elements inaxavs. inguSi xalxi CvenTvis imiTac aris saintereso, rom qarTveli da inguSi xalxebis istoria erTmaneTTanaa gadajaWvuli da mraval naTel epizods Seicavs. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom qarTvelebsa da inguSebs Soris arasdros yofila SuRli da konfliqti. istoriuli mimoxilva

inguSebi saxloben Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi, inguSeTis respublikaSi, Tumca mcire raodenobiT inguSuri diaspora TurqeTsa da eraySic gvxvdeba. oficialuri monacemebiT, inguSeTSi mcxovreb inguSTa raodenoba 385 aTass aRwevs. inguSebi sakuTar Tavs RalRais uwodeben. inguSuri ena miekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxs da CeCnur da wova-TuSur enebTan erTad qmnis naxur enaTa jgufs. Tavis mxriv, CeCnuri da inguSuri ena SeiZleba miviCnioT erT enad, Tumca istoriul-politikuri mizezebis gamo orives damoukidebeli enis statusi aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom CeCnebic da inguSebic sakuTari saerTo warmomavlobis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben termins vainaxi, rac CeCnur da inguSur enebze `Cven xalxs� niSnavs.

48

inguSebi da inguSeTi

qalaqi magasi axali qalaqia. adre mis adgilas simindis yana iyo. dedaqalaqis gadatana inguSeTis decentralizaciis mcdeloba iyo. simboluria qalaqis dasaxelebac. istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Crdilokavkasiuri saxelmwifos, alaniis, dedaqalaqs erqva magasi. vinaidan inguSebi, osebi da yaraCai-balyarelebi erTmaneTs alanebis STamomavlobaSi ecilebian, maT sakuTar dedaqalaqs magasi uwodes. magasSi mdebareobs yvela administraciuli Senoba, Tumca misi mosaxleoba kvlavac mcirericxovania.

inguSeTis dedaqalaqi aris magasi. es qalaqi dedaqalaqad 2000 wels gamocxadda, manamde ki dedaqalaqi iyo qalaqi nazrani. aRsaniSnavia, rom 7-aTasiani mosaxleobiT magasi aris ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval subieqtTa Soris yvelaze mcirericxovani dedaqalaqi. inguSebis winaprebi moxseniebuli arian uZveles istoriul wyaroebSi. jer kidev ax. w. I saukunis berZeni avtori straboni axsenebs CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb gargarTa toms, romelic, savaraudod, inguSebs da maT TviTsaxelwodeba RalRais unda ukavSirdebodes. qarTul wyaroebSi inguSeTi, CeCneTTan erTad, moxseniebulia durZukeTad. Sua saukuneebSi mezobeli saqarTvelos zegavleniT daiwyo inguSeTis gaqristianeba, Tumca axali Semosuli qristianoba Sezavebuli iyo adgilobriv rwmena-warmodgenebTan. qristianobis gavlena inguSeTSi, erTi mxriv, Sesustda saqarTvelos dauZlurebis, xolo, meore mxriv, monRolTa marbieli laSqrobebis Semdeg. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi mezobeli yabardoeli Tavadebi cdilobdnen inguSeTze zegavlenis mopovebas.

inguSi xalxis istoriis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo kavkasiaSi ruseTis gamoCena. ruseTs sasicocxlod sWirdeboda CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis damakavSirebeli gzis mSenebloba. aseTi gza, romelsac SemdgomSi saqarTvelos samxedro gza ewoda, inguSeTze gadioda. am gzis saTanado kontrolisTvis, ruseTis imperias esaWiroeboda inguSebis kontrolic. 1784 wels inguSur sofel buros maxloblad rusebma vladikavkazis (rac rusulad niSnavs `daipyari kavkasia~) cixe, xolo mogvianebiT ki nazranis cixe aaSenes. 1810 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam xelSekruleba dado gavlenian inguSur sagvareuloebTan, romelTac maT ruseTisaTvis erTgulebis piroba CamoarTves. XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi ruseTma iseve, rogorc yvela sxva dapyrobil miwaze, inguSeTSic daiwyo xalxis Casaxleba da imperialisturi politikis warmoeba, rasac 1858 wels nazranis ajanyeba mohyva. ajanyebam mTeli inguSeTi moicva da ajanyebulebi nazranis cixeSi SeWras Seecadnen. ajanyebis dros CrdilokavkasielTa TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis liderma, imamma Samilma, scada inguSTaTvis

49

samezoblo

yaraCai-CerqezeTi yabardo-balyareTi

i T Se gu in

CeCneTi

CrdiloeTi oseTi

daRestani saqarTvelo

damxmare razmebis gagzavna, Tumca warumateblad. sabolood ruseTma moaxerxa nazranis ajanyebis CaxSoba. ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasrulebis Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebam inguSTa nawili osmaleTis imperiaSi gadaasaxla. inguSeTis gasaWiri arc sabWoTa epoqaSi dasrulebula. CrdiloeT kavkasiis gasabWoebis Semdeg Seiqmna mTielTa avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, romlis SemadgenlobaSic inguSeTi inguSeTis okrugis saxeliT Sevida. amis Semdeg, 1924 wels, Seiqmna inguSeTis avtonomiuri olqi, romlis dedaqalaqic vladikavkazi iyo. mogvianebiT, 1934 wels, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis gaerTianebis Sedegad Seiqmna CeCneT-inguSeTis sabWoTa avtonomiuri respublika. inguSTa istoriaSi erT-erTi umZimesi dRe iyo 1944 wlis 23 Tebervali. sabWoTa kavSiris politbiuros dadgenilebiT, inguSebi maT mezobel CeCneb-

Tan erTad unda gadasaxlebuliyvnen Sua aziaSi. sabWoTa xelisufleba deportacias imiT amarTlebda, rom inguSebi, SesaZloa, faSistur germanias mimxrobodnen meore msoflio omis dros. sinamdvileSi, es iyo rusuli imperialisturi politikis gagrZeleba. 1944 wlis 23 Tebervals enkavedes danayofebma Sekribes TiTqmis yvela inguSi, Casxes matareblis vagonebSi da gaagzavnes Sua aziaSi. deportacias Tan axlda inguS qalTa, bavSvTa da moxucTa umowyalod xocva. bevrma adamianma ver gauZlo xangrZliv mgzavrobas, bevrma – Sua aziis mkacr klimats. am movlenebs uamravi inguSis sicocxle Seewira. yoveli 500 gadasaxlebulidan erTi iRupeboda. inguSebi deda-samSoblos mxolod stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg daubrundnen, kvlav aRdga gauqmebuli CeCneTinguSeTis avtonomiuri respublika. inguSTa deportaciis mZime Sedegebi 1992 wels gamoCnda. inguSebiT dasaxlebuli prigorodnis raioni, romelic deportaciamde ingu-

gazdievebis inguSuri ojaxi gardacvlili Svilis cxedarTan, yazaxeTi, 1944

50

inguSebi da inguSeTi

inguSeTis droSa da gerbi meore msoflio omis dros faSisturi germaniis sajariso nawilebma CrdiloeT kavkasiis nawili daikaves da winsvlas ganagrZobdnen. sabWoTa xelisuflebam CaTvala, rom SesaZloa, inguSebi, Tavisuflebis mopovebis mizniT, mimxrobodnen faSistur germanias. miuxedavad imisa, rom inguSi mamakacebis didi nawili wiTel armiaSi ibrZoda da frontze imyofeboda, gadawyda inguSi xalxis deportacia.

SeTisa da Semdgom CeCneT-inguSeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda, inguSebis deportaciis Semdeg CrdiloeT oseTis respublikas gadaeca da inguSeTs ukan aRar daubrunda. gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul inguSebs maTi kuTvnili saxlebis daclaze uari ganucxades iq Casaxlebulma osebma. saboloo jamSi, es yvelaferi 1992 wels prigorodnis konfliqtiTa da raionidan inguSTa gasaxlebiT dasrulda. am konfliqtis dros ruseTis mier marTulma osma boevikebma, garda eTnowmendisa, gaitaces didi inguSi mwerali idris bazorkini, xolo misi unikaluri biblioTeka, sadac jer kidev gamouqveynebeli araerTi naSromi inaxeboda, gadawves. aRsaniSnavia, rom am raionSi mdebare sofel anguStSi, romlis saxelwodebidan momdinareobs eTnonimi inguSi, moxda eTnowmenda da dRes iq inguSebi aRar cxovroben. unda aRiniSnos, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, mezobeli CeCneTisgan gansxvavebiT, inguSeTma uari Tqva ruseTidan gamoyofaze. 1992 wlis 4 ivniss gamocxadda inguSeTis respublika, romelsac saTaveSi ruslan auSevi Caudga. miuxedavad inguSeTis am mSvidobiani politikisa, mas prigorodnis raioni ar daubrunda da inguSebi kvlavac arian yoveldRiuri represiebisa da Zaladobis msxverpli – iq sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli adamianis gataceba, wameba da udieri mopyroba, raSic gareuli arian rusi Zalovnebi.

idris bazorkini – inguSuri literaturis fuZemdebeli, daibada 1910 wels sofel bazorkinoSi. amJamad es sofeli CrdiloeT oseTis SemadgenlobaSia Sesuli. 1930-ian wlebSi bazorkinma Seqmna inguSuri enis saxelmZRvanelo. 1944 wels igi gadaasaxles yazaxeTSi. 1992 wels osur-inguSuri konfliqtis dros bazorkini tyved aiyvanes osurma bandformirebebma. tyveobidan gaTavisuflebidan mcire xnis Semdeg bazorkini gardaicvala. misi nawarmoebebidan aRsaniSnavia istoriuli romani „saukuneebis wyvdiadidan“ („Из тьмы веков“).

51

samezoblo inguSeTis kultura

inguSi xalxis kultura mdidari da mravalferovania. yvelaze sanimuSo am mxriv inguSuri koSkebia. gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT koSkebi warmodgenilia maRalmTian jeiraxis raionSi. istoriulad, inguSuri koSkebi gamoiyeneboda rogorc sacxovrebeli, ise sabrZolo miznebiT. koSkebis simravliTaa cnobili iseTi soflebi, rogoric aris Targimi, xamxi, egiqxali, qarTi, erzi da nii. inguSuri arqiteqturis namdvil Sedevrad SeiZleba miviCnioT vovnuSqis cixe-simagre. is agebulia miuvali kldis wverze da auRebelia momxvdurisTvis. Zalian samwuxaroa, rom inguSTa deportaciis dros koSkebis didi nawili komunistebma daangries. inguSuri andazis Tanaxmad, cocxals koSki sWirdeba, micvalebuls ki – akldama.

TiTqmis yvela inguSuri soflis maxloblad mdebareobda akldamebis qalaqi, sadac micvalebulebs krZalavdnen. agreTve arsebobda sagangebo, e. w. mzis samarovnebi, sadac Savi WiriTa da sxva mZime infeqciuri daavadebebiT dasneulebuli adamianebi SehyavdaT, iqve tovebdnen da saWmels grZeli

joxebis meSveobiT awvdidnen. Tu adamiani gadarCeboda, mas ukan, sofelSi, abrunebdnen. Rrmad moxucebulebi sikvdilis moaxloebisas Tavad, nebayoflobiT midiodnen akldamebSi da ise elodebodnen sikvdils. islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg akldamebis kulti inguSeTSi daviwyebas mieca. msgavsi wesi xevsurebsa da TuSebSic iyo gavrcelebuli (gavixsenoT, magaliTad xevsureTis anatoris akldamebi). inguSTaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs adaT-wesebsa da ufrosis pativiscemas. inguSTa adaT-wesebis dauwerel kodeqss ewodeba `ezdeli~, sadac gaTvlilia cxovrebis da adamianTa Soris urTierTobis yvela mcire detalic ki, magaliTad, umcros Zmas ekrZaleba ufrosi Zmis TandaswrebiT sigaretis moweva. inguSeTSi uzenaes sasamarTlo organos warmoadgenda mexq-qxeli, romelic inguSurad `qveynis sasamarTlos~ niSnavs. mexq-qxelze ikribebodnen yvela sagvareulos warmomadgeneli uxucesebi da inguSi xalxis saWirboroto sakiTxebze iRebdnen gadawyvetilebebs. islamis sunituri mimarTulebis gavrcelebis Semdeg religia da adaT-wesebi erTgvarad Seerwya erTmaneTs da inguSebi kvlavac misdeven im uZveles tradiciebs, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegeba islamis kanonebs. inguSebi, maTi monaTesave CeCnebis msgavsad, Temebad da sagvareuloebad iyofian. inguSi xalxi iyofa xuT Tuxumad, sakuTriv Tuxumi iyofa Teipad, xo-

52

inguSebi da inguSeTi

lo Teipi ki – ukve sagvareulod. yovelive es metyvelebs inguSebSi sakmaod ganviTarebul naTesaur kavSirebze. cnobilia, rom inguSebSi naTesaoba cxra TaobiT ganisazRvreba da cxra Taobis naTesavebSi qorwineba sastikad ikrZaleba. mravalferovania inguSTa folkloric. sxva kavkasieli xalxebis msgavsad, inguSebSi gavrcelebulia narTuli eposi. am sagmiro eposis mTavari moqmedi pirebi – sesqa solsa, sela saTa da faTarza – ebrZvian miTiur Zlevamosil arsebebs. narTebis eposi inguSi eris uZveles istorias asaxavs. inguSebSi agreTve arsebobs sagmiro simRerebis kultura, romelTac ili ewodeba. ilis, rogorc wesi, mamakacebi asruleben. qalebi, ki lirikul simRerebs mRerian. inguSebi musikas iseT instrumentebze ukraven, rogoricaa samsimiani daCxan fondari (fanduri), akordeoni, xemiani sakravi Wondargi, doli da sxva. inguSuri xalxuri cekvac mravalferovnebiTa da maRali ostatobiT gamoirCeva.

saqarTvelo-inguSeTis urTierTobebi

qarTveli da inguSi xalxebis urTierToba araerT aTaswleuls iTvlis. moxeveebi inguSebs qistebs, xolo inguSTa uSualo mezobeli arxotioni xevsurebi ki RilRoelebs uwodeben. inguSebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba mudam keTilmezobluri iyo, maT Soris iyo Sereuli qorwinebebi, hqondaT saziaro dReobebi, produqtebis gacvla-gamocvla da mravali sxva. inguSTa da qarTvelTa urTierToba kargad aris asaxuli xevsurul xalxur folklorSi.

ezdeli – inguSuri adaT-wesebis erToblioba, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis qcevis normebs sazogadoebaSi, saxlSi, stumrad, samsaxurSi, naTesavebTan, mSoblebTan, da ucxo pirebTan, aseve aregulirebs sxva eTikur-moralur sakiTxebs. ezdeli efuZneba xuT ZiriTad princips: ehi – „keTilsindisiereba“, bexqi – „wesiereba“, iuhi – „namusi“, Rulaxi – „sikeTis keTeba“, sii – „Rirseba“.

53

samezoblo Sua saukuneebSi inguSebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba arnaxulad mWidro iyo. imdroindeli qarTveli mefeebi cdilobdnen inguSeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas. Sua saukuneebSi inguSeTSi aSenda tyoba-erdis, albi-erdis, Targimis, amgalierdis, molZ-erdisa da Tumgis taZrebi. tyoba-erdiSi XIX saukunemde inaxeboda qarTuli asomTavruli anbaniT Sesrulebuli saxareba, romelsac inguSebi gulmodgined ufrTxildebodnen. Zalian sainteresoa inguSur enaSi qarTulidan Sesuli qristianobasTan dakavSirebuli nasesxobebi, rogoricaa: mozRar (`mRvdeli~, qarTuli moZRvari), jor (`jvari~) da sxva. qarTvelTa da inguSTa keTilmezobloba kargad gamoCnda inguSTa deportaciisas. rogorc cnobilia, deportirebuli inguSebis nacvlad sabWoTa xelisuflebam inguSeTSi sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxi, maT Soris, qarTvelebi, metwilad xevsurebi, Caasaxla. inguSeTis maRalmTiani nawili, CeCneTis iTum-yales raionTan erTad, Sevida saqarTvelos ssr-is SemadgenlobaSi da ewoda axalxevis raioni. rodesac, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, inguSebi daubrundnen mSobliur adgilebs, qarTvelebma maT xeluxleblad daaxvedres saxlebi da ulaparakod daucales. inguSebs qarTvelebisTvis darCena SeuTavazebiaT, Tumca qarTvelebs samSobloSi dabruneba aurCeviaT, Tan TiTo-TiTo wyvili saqonelic dautovebiaT, rom dabrunebulebs pirveli xanebi ar gasWirvebodaT cxovreba. metic, axalxevis raionis gauqmebasa da miwebis CeCneT-inguSeTisaTvis dabrunebas qarTvelebSi aranairi protesti ar mohyolia.

tyoba-erdi

54

inguSTa deportacia kargad aris asaxuli qarTveli (arxotioni) poetis – gabriel jabuSanuris – poeziaSi. Tavad jabuSanuri inguSTa gasaxlebis dros inguSeTSi iyo Casaxlebuli. misi poeziis mTeli cikli eZRvneba RilRos, anu inguSeTs. jabuSanuri sinanuliT aRwers gaukacrielebul inguSur soflebs: `daRonebulo kento aulo, mitovebulo da ukacuro, minda martvili gagemcnauro da SenTan erTad cremli davRvaro~. qarTvelebisadmi Tbili damokidebuleba aqvT inguS mwerlebsac. magaliTad, 9 aprilis tragediis dros inguSi mwerali isa qoZoevi inguSebis delegaciasTan erTad ewvia saqarTvelos da gasaWiris Jams gverdiT daudga qarTvel ers. isa qoZoevs 2009 wels mieniWa Tbilisis sapatio moqalaqeoba. inguSTa da qarTvelTa Soris arsebobs sakmaod mdidari samecniero TanamSromlobis tradiciebic. araerTma inguSma moRvawem ganaTleba saqarTveloSi miiRo. saqarTveloSi inguSur enas intensiurad ikvlevs profesori merab Cuxua, romelmac dawera wigni `inguSuri ena~. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2016 wlidan TbilisSi arsebobs inguSeTis quCa, xolo inguSeTis qalaq nazranSi aris vaJafSavelasa da gabriel jabuSanuris quCebi.

inguSeTi

isa qoZoevi – gamoCenili inguSi mwerali. daibada 1938 wels sofel anguStSi. man sakuTar Tavze gamoscada rogorc deportaciis mZime wlebi, ise sabWoTa represiebi da araerTi weli gaatara ruseTis cixeebSi. mwerali Tavis nawarmoebebSi inguSi eris uaxlesi istoriis umZimes periods aRwers. misi Semoqmedebidan aRsaniSnavia Svidtomeuli `RalRai~, `yazaxeTis dRiuri~, `dalocvili magasi~ da a.S.

Targimi

albi-erdi

inguSeTSi qarTvelebs did pativs scemen, samagaliTod da sadarad hyavT. Turme, rodesac inguSur ojaxSi bavSvi saWmels ar Wams, mSoblebi eubnebian, Wame, Tu ginda qarTvelisnairi gaizardoo. inguSebsa da qarTvelebs Soris xSiri yofila Sereuli qorwinebebi, Tumca religiuri mizeziT maTma ricxvma sakmaod iklo. dReisaTvis uamravi inguSi biznesmeni da turisti Camodis saqarTveloSi. samwuxarod, ruseTis politikis gamo, am stumrobas mxolod calmxrivi xasiaTi aqvs da qarTvelebi aqtiurad ver Cadian inguSeTSi. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, Cvens xalxebs Soris SuRlis Camogdeba mterma ver SeZlo. qarTvelebisTvis inguSebi udavod aris erT-erTi yvelaze axlobeli eri, romelTanac aTaswleulebi gvakavSirebs. amJamad Cveni urTierTobebi nel-nela midis aRdgenisaken, magram maT gasamyareblad aucilebelia rogorc qarTulma, ise inguSma sazogadoebam ufro meti icodes erTmaneTis Sesaxeb. vovnuSqis cixe-simagre

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sporti

fenomeni,

romelsac

Wadraki hqvia Tornike SaraSeniZe Wadraki, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba ubralo garTobad mogeCvenoT, romelsac sportTan araferi aqvs saerTo. marTlacda – sad sportuli TamaSebi da sad dafasTan saaTobiT mjdomi ori adamiani?! sinamdvileSi, WadrakSi warmatebis miRwevas, gansakuTrebul gonebriv SesaZleblobebTan da fsiqologiur momzadebasTan erTad, karg fizikur formaSi yofna sWirdeba. swored amitomaa, rom moWadrakeTa umravlesoba piks daaxloebiT 30-35 wlis asakSi aRwevs.

Wadraki ar aris ubralod sportis erT-erTi saxeoba. Wadraki civi omis dros politikis nawiladac ki iqca. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobaSi undodaT ra, rom maTi qveyana yvelaferSi mowinave yofiliyo da rogorc maRali inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis dadasturebas – WadrakSi pirvelobas – msoflio Cempionobas – gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen da cdilobdnen, rom sxvas (dasavleTis romelime qveyanas) ar Cavardnoda xelSi. Sedegad, meore msoflio omis Semdeg WadrakSi (rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi) sabWoTa kavSiri batonobda. mxolod Wadrakis sayovelTaod aRiarebulma geniam – amerikelma bobi fiSerma SeZlo sabWoTa pirvelobis droebiT damxoba. am gamonakliss Tu ar CavTvliT, civi omis bolomde sabWoTa kavSirs WadrakSi badali ar hyavda.

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Wadraki

gari kasparovi

bobi (robert jeims) fiSeri

bobi (robert jeims) fiSeri (1943-2008) – islandiuri warmoSobis amerikeli Wadrakis didostati da msoflios me-11 Cempioni (1972 w.). misi brZola CempionobisaTvis daaxasiaTes, rogorc erTi amerikelis brZola civ omSi sabWoTa sistemis winaaRmdeg. gari kasparovi (daib. 1963 w.) – sabWoTa da rusi moWadrake, msoflios me-13 Cempioni WadrakSi (1985 w.). igi aseve iyo saerTaSoriso didostati (1980), ssrk-is sportis damsaxurebuli ostati (1985), ssrk-is da ruseTis Cempioni (1981,1988, 2004); saWadrako olimpiadebis rvagzis gamarjvebuli. kasparovs 11-jer mieniWa saWadrko „oskari“ (prizi wlis saukeTeso moWadrakes).1985-2006 ww.-Si kasparovi pirvel adgils ikavebda fides reitingSi. 2005 wels Sewyvita saWadrako kariera da politikaSi gadainacvla.

Wadraki, zogadad, Wkuisa da grZelvadiani gaTvlis simbolod iqca. dRes putins, misi politikis gamo, swored rom moWadrakes eZaxian. am Sefasebas kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba putinis kritikosi da Wadrakis legendaruli Cempioni gari kasparovi. misi TqmiT, putini aris ara moWadrake, aramed – pokeris moTamaSe, romelsac SeuZlia mowinaaRmdegis daSineba da ara grZelvadiani gaTvlebis keTeba. mokled, asea Tu ise, albaT Rirs, rom raRac vicodeT fenomenze, romelsac Wadraki hqvia.

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sporti dabadeba – debiuti

Tanamedrove Wadrakis winamorbedi, TamaSi Caturanga, ax.w. III saukuneSi Caisaxa aRmosavleT indoeTSi. cnobilia legenda, rom adgilobrivma xelmwifem TamaSis gamomgoneblis dajildoeba gadawyvita da mas jildos SerCeva Tavadve SesTavaza. gamomgonebelma iTxova, rom misTvis miecaT imdeni xorbali, ramdenic Seesabameboda Caturangas dafas Semdegi principiT: dafis erT ujraze – erTi xorblis marcvali, meoreze – ori, mesameze – oTxi, meoTxeze – rva da ase Semdeg, geometriuli progresiiT. mefes gamomgonebeli Seebrala da brZana dauTvaleT, ramdeni marcvali ekuTvnis da gaataneTo.… mas arc ufiqria, rom aramcTu mis samefoSi, mTel msoflioSic ki ar moipoveboda imdeni xorbali, rac Caturangas gamomgonebelma moiTxova (mxolod 64-e ujras Seesabameba 2-is 63-e xarisxi, rac warmoudgenlad didi ricxvia). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ukve maSin gamoCnda, rom Wadrakis saTanadod arSefaseba saxifaTo saqme iyo.

Caturangas mixedviT, figurebi dayofili iyo qveiT jarad, kavaleriad, sabrZolo spiloebad da sabrZolo etlebad (iseve, rogorc induri armia). TamaSi male indoeTis gareT gavrcelda – Tavidan sparseTSi, sadac mas Catrangi (Cveneburad ki Wadraki) Searqves, iqidan ki – evropaSi. TamaSi TandaTan iseTi popularuli gaxda, rom evropelebma misi wesebis daxvewa da gaumjobeseba gadawyvites. figurebi igive darCa (paikebi – qveiTi jari, mxedrebi – kavaleria, kuebi – spiloebi, etlebi – sabrZolo etlebi), magram Seicvala svlebi. XV saukunis bolos italielebma da espanelebma Caturangas Tanamedrove saxe misces, anu Wadrakad aqcies.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Wadraki axlac ki popularulia, Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, Tu ra popularuli iqneboda maSin, roca ar arsebobda aramcTu interneti, televizia da kino, aramed eleqtrobac ki da dabnelebis Semdeg wignis kiTxvac ki rTuli xdeboda. Wadraks praqtikulad Zalian bevri adamiani TamaSobda. TamaSis popularobam iseT dones miaRwia, rom eklesiam erTi periodi misi devnac daiwyo, rac didxans ar gagrZelebula, radgan Wadraks Tavad sasuliero pirebic gatacebiT TamaSobdnen. XIX saukuneSi saWadrako klubebi da saWadrako Jurnalebic gamoCnda. 1851 wels londonSi pirveli Wadrakis turniri gaimarTa, 1886 wels ki iSva pirveli oficialuri Cempioni – avstrieli vilhelm stainici. Tumca yvela miiCnevs, rom im periodSi Tu-

Caturangas figurebi

58

radha da kriSna TamaSoben Caturangas

Wadraki

ki am tituls vinme imsaxurebda, es iyo amerikeli pol morfi, romelic evropaSi yvelas amarcxebda, magram Wadraks Zalian adreul asakSi daaneba Tavi (masze eklesiis zewolamac imoqmeda). sainteresoa, rom stainics `avstriel morfis~ eZaxdnen. Tumca maT gansxvavebuli TamaSis stili hqondaT. morfi ufro Semtev, kombinaciur Wadraks TamaSobda, stainici ki e.w. poziciuri TamaSis mimdevari (rac gulisxmobs poziciuri upiratesobis TandaTanobiT mopovebas), ufro sworad ki, fuZemdebeli iyo. stainicamde moWadrakeebi mowinaaRmdegis poziciur sisusteebze yuradRebas naklebad amaxvilebdnen da Setevaze manamde gadadiodnen, sanam Tavad moipovebdnen poziciur upiratesobas. stainicma es siaxle ara mxolod praqtikaSi danerga, aramed Teoriuladac daasabuTa. ase daiwyo Wadrakis seriozuli Teoriuli ganviTarebac. TamaSi pirobiTad sam etapad daiyo: debiuti (germanuli sityvidan Debüt – dasawyisi), romlis drosac metoqeebs figurebi gamohyavT da pozicias aviTareben; mitelSpili (germanuli sityvebidan mittel – Sua, Spiel – TamaSi da, Sesabamisad, mitelSpili niSnavs Sua TamaSs), rodesac, rogorc wesi, xdeba or mxares Soris gadamwyve-

vilhelm stainici (1836-1900) – avstrielamerikeli moWadrake. pirveli msoflio Cempioni (1886-1894 ww.-Si), mwerali da Wadrakis Teoretikosi.

ti Setakeba, rac mTavrdeba yaimiT, erTi mxaris gamarjvebiT an upiratesobis mopovebiT; endSpili (germanuli sityvebidan End – daboloeba, Spiel – TamaSi, da, Sesabamisad, daboloeba, dasasruli), romlis drosac metoqeebs cota figura aqvT darCenili da upiratesobis mqone mxare cdilobs partia gamarjvebamde miiyvanos. Teoriebi ZiriTadad debiutebs daeTmo da iSva uamravi debiuti, romelTa Soris yvelaze popularulia:

pol morfi (1837-1887) – amerikeli moWadrake, miiCneva pirvel araoficialur msoflio Cempionad. mas Wadrakis `siamayesa da wuxils~ uwodebdnen, radgan brwyinvale saWadrako karieris miuxedavad, TamaSs adre daaneba Tavi. pirveli msoflio Cempionati WadrakSi 1886 wels gaimarTa, roca pol morfi ukve aRar TamaSobda. bobi fiSerma mas Wadrakis istoriaSi `yvelaze zusti moTamaSe~ uwoda. pol morfi aris Wadrakis romantikuli xanis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli – im droisa, roca dacvaze naklebad keTdeboda aqcenti da figurebis SewirviT lamaz kombinaciebs akeTebdnen.

59

sporti espanuri partia, siciliuri dacva, Zvelinduri dacva, lazieris gambiti.… cxadia, debiutebisa da Teoriis codna ver utoldeboda saWadrako niWs. gavixsenoT Tundac akaki wereTlis mogoneba mamaze, romelic TamaSs ganapira paikiT iwyebda (rac arc erT debiutSi ar weria), magram mainc ugebda iseTebs, vinc Teoria kargad icoda. stainicis Semdeg msoflios sami unikaluri Cempioni hyavda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo germaneli maTematikosi da filosofosi emanuel laskeri, romelic 27 wlis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebda tituls. laskeris stili, erTi SexedviT, didad arafriT gamoirCeoda, magram 27 weli TavisTavad bevrze metyvelebs. misi warmatebebi imiTac aixsneba, rom maTematikos-filosofosi kargi fsiqologic iyo da metoqeTa rogorc saWadrako, aseve adamianur sisusteebs kargad swavlobda. laskeris damarcxeba SeZlo mxolod aseve unikalurma moWadrakem, kubelma xose-raul kapablankam (1921 wels). laskeris bevri gulSematkivri amas imiT xsnis, rom laskerma pirveli msoflio omis dros mTeli Tavisi fuli dakarga (daabanda ra igi germaniis saxelmwifo obligaciebSi), kapablankasTan matCSi dawesebuli prizi ki arc ise maRali iyo da Tveebis ganmavlobaSi gamarjvebisaTvis brZola ar Rirda. amitomac laskerma ramdenime partiis wagebis Semdeg TamaSi ubralod Sewyvita. saerTod, moWadrakeebs, popularobis miuxedavad, maSin sakmaod uWirdaT da msoflio Cempionebs brZola ara marto saWadrako metoqeebTan, aramed sxvadasxva menejerebTan da enterpreniorebTanac uwevdaT, raTa normaluri honorari moepovebinaT.

emanuel laskeri (1868-1941) - germaneli moWadrake, maTematikosi da filosofosi, 27 wlis manZilze (1894-1921) iyo msoflio Cempioni da dRemde miCneulia yvela drois erT-erT uZlieres moWadraked. xose-raul kapablanka-i-graupera (1888-1942) – kubeli moWadrake, msoflios 3-gzis Cempioni, diplomati da Wadrakis Teoretikosi. 1910-1930-iani wlebis erT-erTi uZlieresi moWadrake. mas uwodebdnen „Wadrakis avtomats“, radgan erTnairad virtuozulad, uSecdomod uZRveboda partias rogorc mitelSpilSi, ise endSpilSi.

xose-raul kapablanka

aleqsandre alioxini (1892-1946) emanuel laskeri

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Wadraki

kapablanka unikaluri moTamaSe iyo. igi ufro poziciuri stilis moWadraked unda miviCnioT, Tumca misi partiebi Tavisi sisadaviTa da daxvewilobiT aranakleb sainteresoa, vidre lamazi kombinaciebi. kapablanka fexburTSi SeiZleba peles SevadaroT – igi arafers zedmets ar akeTebda da miznisaken umokles gzas poulobda. kapablankas damarcxeba SeZlo kidev erTma gamorCeulma geniam, ruseTidan bolSevikuri revoluciis Semdeg safrangeTSi emigrirebulma aleqsandr alioxinma. am or genias Soris 1927 wels gaimarTa dauviwyari Serkineba, romlis drosac saWiro gaxda sarekordo 34 partiis gamarTva (TamaSobdnen eqvs gamarjvebamde) da sabolood alioxinis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. amis Semdeg alioxinma mxolod droebiT daTmo tituli holandiel maqs oivesTan (kidev erT maTematikosTan, romelic mogvianebiT Wadrakis saerTaSoriso federaciis – fides prezidenti gaxda), sxva mxriv ki, karga xans ar hyavda badali. alioxini Seudarebeli iyo poziciur TamaSSi, magram SeeZlo brwyinvale SeteviTi TamaSic. fenomenaluri mexsierebis wyalobiT xSirad atarebda erTdrouli TamaSis seansebs dafaze dauxedavad (erTxel 32 dafaze iTamaSa), Turme xSirad eTamaSeboda germanel oficrebs okupirebul safrangeTSi.

mitelSpili – cotani sistemis winaaRmdeg

1946 wels alioxini gardaicvala da fidem axali Cempionis gamosavlenad or weliwadSi didi turniri moawyo, romelSic gaimarjva mixeil botvinikma. am droidan iwyeba WadrakSi sabWoTa batonoba, yvela aqedan gamomdinare SedegiT: botviniks, sanimuSo sabWoTa moqalaqes, mxars uWerda mTeli sistema. iyo eWvi, rom mis gamo zewola iyo sxva, aseve sabWoTa, magram politikurad naklebad loialur moWadrakeebze (magaliTad, estonel paul keresze), rom maT botvinikTan gangeb waegoT. aseve varaudoben, rom fidem (romelzec sabWoTa kavSirs didi gavlena hqonda) botvinikis gamo SemoiRo matCrevanSis wesi, romlis mixedviTac, Cempions titulis dakargvis Semdeg revanSis moTxovna SeeZlo (da amgvarad ar sWirdeboda saCempiono matCamde misvlisTvis brZola). botviniki Tavisi saTamaSo stiliTac sab-

maqs oive (1901-1981) fides logo

fide – Wadrakis saerTaSoriso federacia (frang. Federation Internationale Des Echecs - FIDE) – F saerTaSoriso sportuli organizacia, romelic aerTianebs erovnul saWadrako federaciebs. eweva Wadrakis popularizacias mTel msoflioSi da atarebs sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Sejibrebebs: msoflios Cempionatebs vaJebsa da qalebs Soris, msoflios Cempionatebs sxvadasxva asakobriv jgufebSi, vaJTa da qalTa saWadrako olimpiadebs, aniWebs saerTaSoriso wodebebs, aqveynebs elos koeficientTa cxrils da sxva. daarsda 1924 wlis ivnisSi parizSi VIII olimpiuri TamaSebis dros, l. vensanis (safrangeTi), l. rises (didi britaneTi) da aleqsandr riubis (niderlandebi) iniciativiT. fides damaarseblebi iyvnen: argentina, belgia, didi britaneTi, espaneTi, italia, iugoslavia, kanada, poloneTi, rumineTi, safrangeTi, ungreTi, Cexoslovakia, Sveicaria da niderlandebi. pirvel prezidentad airCies niderlandeli aleqsandr riubi. amJamad fide aerTianebs 163 qveynis saWadrako federaciebs. federacias aqvs sakuTari himni da droSa. fides devizia: `Cven erTi ojaxi varT~ (laT: e G ns una sumus). fides samuSo enebia: franguli, rusuli (1947 wlidan), inglisuri, germanuli da espanuri.

61

sporti WoTa iyo – dacvasa da mowinaaRmdegis gamofitvaze orientirebuli. matC-revanSis wyalobiT man orjer daibruna tituli: jer – vasili smislovTan, Semdeg ki – latviel mixeil talTan. es ukanaskneli aratipuri sabWoTa moTamaSe iyo, kombinaciuri, xSirad avantiuristuli TamaSis moyvaruli. misma gamoCenam Wadraki gamoacocxla, magram droebiT. botvinikis damarcxeba, saboloo jamSi, 1963 wels SeZlo TbilisSi dabadebulma somexma tigran petrosianma, aseve dacviTi da poziciuri TamaSis mimdevarma.

60-ianebSi, rogorc iqna, gamoCnda adamiani romelsac unda daemarcxebina sabWoTa Wadrakis skola da saerTod sabWoTa sistema. cxadia, es sxva aravin iyo Tu ara legendaruli bobi fiSeri, bavSvobidan sigiJemde (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT) Seyvarebuli Wadrakze, romelmac rusuli ena mxolod imitom iswavla, rom sabWoTa saWadrako Jurnalebi ekiTxa. fiSeri iyo, albaT, yvelaze didi moTamaSe, rac, SesaZloa, imanac ganapiroba, rom yovel saWadrako partias udgeboda ara rogorc ubralo TamaSs, aramed, rogorc gadamwyvet, egzistencialur brZolas. Sedegad, igi metoqeebs ubralod ki ar amarcxebda, aramed fsiqologiuradac anadgurebda. orma uniWieresma moWadrakem, taimanovma da larsenma, fiSerTan marcxis Semdeg (orivem eqvsidan eqvsive partia waago) Sokidan bolomde gamosvla veRarasodes SeZlo da mas Semdeg kargad veRarasodes iTamaSa.

bobi fiSeri (1943-2008) da mark taimanovi (1926-2016)

bedis ironiiT, fiSerma sabWoTa Cempionebidan daamarcxa yvelaze naklebad sabWoTa moTamaSe da adamiani boris spaski, romelic arasodes yofila komunisturi partiis wevri da sistemisgan Tavi yovelTvis Sors eWira. fiSers igi 1972 wels Sexvda da miuxedavad imisa, rom sanimuSo sabWoTa moqalaqe ar iyo, sistema mainc gverdiT edga, raTa Cempionis tituli amerikels ar Caegdo xelSi: spaskis hyavda saukeTeso mwvrTnelebi, saukeTeso fsiqologebi, cxovrobda saukeTeso pirobebSi. fiSeri namdvilad ver daikvexnida msgavsi mxardaWeriT, radgan ameri-

mixeil botviniki (1911-1995)

mixeil tali (1936-1992)

62

Wadraki

bent larseni (1935-2010)

vasili smislovi (1921-2010)

kaSi WadrakiT ase aravin iyo Sepyrobili (arc mTavroba). magram fiSerma gaimarjva. samwuxarod, amis Semdeg man Wadraks praqtikulad Tavi daaneba, risi mizezic fidesTan konfliqti iyo: fiSers, romelic yovelTvis ibrZoda sakuTari pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, momavali finaluri matCis pirobebi ar moewona. is, rom moWadrakeebs axla ufro Rirseuli pirobebi aqvT, vidre, magaliTad, II msoflio omamde, swored fiSeris didi damsaxurebaa. Tumca am miRwevebiT Tavad mas TiTqmis ar usargeblia. is ki ara, Caiketa da sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis oci weli ar gamoCenila. Sedegad, msoflio Cempionoba fidem anatoli karpovs gadauloca – kidev erT samagaliTo sabWoTa moTamaSes. am ukanasknelis Cempionoba fiSers arasodes ucvnia. rac Seexeba spaskis, igi 1976 wels safrangeTSi gadasaxlda (iseve, rogorc manamde alioxini). sabWoTa sistemam mas ver apatia fiSerTan marcxi, ver apatia Tamami gamonaTqvamebi (magaliTad, spaskim keresze Tqva, rom es ukanaskneli iseTive ubeduri iyo, rogorc misi eri) da pirdapiri daumorCilebloba – spaskim xeli ar moawera koleqtiur werils, romelic gmobda sabWoTa moWadrakis, viqtor korCnois dasavleTSi gaparvas. sabWoTa kavSiri namdvilad gamosworda, adre urCebs cimbirSi uSvebda, axla ki – safrangeTSio, Tqva, roca spaskis ambavi gaigo, sabWoTa mweralma da iumoristma andrei nekrasovma. aRsaniSnavia, rom spaski da fiSeri megobrebad darCnen. 1992 wels isini kidev erTxel Sexvdnen erTmaneTs – fiSeri, rogorc iqna, sajarod gamoCnda, raTa `1972 wlis Sexvedris Semdgom matC-revanSSi~ mieRo monawileoba (rogorc vTqviT, igi karpovis gaCempionebas ar aRiarebda da Tavi isev moqmed Cempionad miaCnda). Sexvedra isev fiSeris gamarjvebiT dasrulda, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, fides fiSerisaTvis Cempionoba ar daubrunebia. paul keresi (1916-1975)

tigran petrosiani (1929-1984)

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sporti axali oficialuri Cempioni karpovi, rogorc ukve vTqviT, tipuri sabWoTa moTamaSe iyo – sistemis erTguli. simbolurad mas titulis dacvisaTvis korCnoisTan mouxda brZola. sistemis erTguli Cempioni sistemisa da sabWoTa kavSiris `mters~, dasavleTSi gaqceul pretendents daupirispirda. albaT saWiro ar aris imaze saubari, rom karpovs am brZolaSi saukeTeso mwvrTnelTa Stabi exmareboda. StabSi iyo talic, romelic karpovis fani arasodes yofila, magram mas auxsnes, rom `samSoblo safrTxeSi iyo~. Sedegad, karpovi orjer Sexvda finalSi korCnois da orivejer daamarcxa. sabWoTa sistema isev uZleveli Canda.

Wadrakis endSpili?

magram, rogorc cnobilia, sabWoTa kavSiri Signidan daingra da swored ase daemarTa sabWoTa sistemas WadrakSic. 1984 wels karpovs daupirispirda 21 wlis baqoeli gari kasparovi. erTi SexedviT, sabWoTa sistemas safrTxe ar emuqreboda – sabWoTa Cempioni sabWoTa pretendents unda Sexvedroda (talma am faqtiT isargebla da karpovis StabSi aRar CaerTo. samSoblo aRar aris safrTxeSio – upasuxa Wadrakis Cinovnikebs, roca isev sTxoves Cempionis daxmareba). magram kasparovi ukve maSin gamoirCeoda emociuri xasiaTiTa da Tavisufali gamonaTqvamebiT, rac mas mSvidi da konstruqciuli karpovis fonze Cempionobis arc ise sasurvel kandidatad aqcevda. kasparovis xasiaTi mis TamaSis stilSic vlindeboda – mas Seteva uyvarda da debiutebidan yvelaze didi siamovnebiT yvelaze mwvaves – siciliur dacvas – arCevda. magram kasparovis mTeli sadebiuto momzadeba TaRliTuri gziT karpovis xelSi aRmoCnda. karpovTan TamaSi man gaTamamebulma daiwyo da Sedegad, cxra partiis Semdeg ukve 0:4-s agebda. sabWoTa sistemis kidev erT gamarjvebas TiTqosda aRaraferi aklda (TamaSi eqvs mogebamde iyo), magram kasparovma radikalurad Secvala midgoma da karpoviseulad frTxilad daiwyo TamaSi. Sedegad daiwyo yaimebis grZeli, dausrulebeli seria. kasparovs dro gahyavda da eloda rodis daiRleboda misi metoqe. sabolood misma strategiam gaWra – fizikurad ufro susti karpovi

anatoli karpovi dab. 1954

boris spaski dab. 1937

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Wadraki

gadaiRala. man 27-e partiis mogeba SeZlo da TiTqosda iq yvelaferi dasrulda, magram ara – kasparovma kidev ufro frTxilad gaagrZela TamaSi da freebis axali seria daiwyo. kasparovma am SualedSi erTis mogeba SeZlo, magram realurad igi isev bewvze ekida. da, ai, moulodnelad man zedized moigo 47-e da 48-e partiebi (im droisaTvis man da karpovma alioxinisa da kapablankas rekordi moxsnes) – 5:3!!! da aq kidev ufro moulodnelad fidem TamaSi Sewyvita da axali matCi daniSna, momavali wlisaTvis. oficialuri ganmartebiT, fide moWadrakeTa janmrTelobas gaufrTxilda, magram bevri eWvobda, rom amiT ubralod karpovi gadaarCines. aSkara iyo, rom aseTi didi upiratesobis gaflangvis Semdeg igi fsiqologiurad ganadgurebuli iyo. erTi wlis Semdeg mosaxdeni moxda: 24 partiisgan Semdgar dramatul SexvedraSi (mas Semdeg, rac moxda eqvs gamarjvebamde, TamaSze fiqric ki ukve aRaravis undoda) kasparovma brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova da msoflios yvelaze axalgazrda Cempioni gaxda. ase damarcxda sistema da simbolurad imave dros daiwyo perestroikac, romelmac sabolood daasamara mTeli sabWoTa kavSiri. kasparovi ki imdenad `antisistemuri~ moTamaSe aRmoCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg ukve fides daupirispirda da 1993 wels misi alternatiuli profesionaluri Wadrakis asociacia Seqmna. moyolebuli iqidan, paralelurad gaCnda ori Cempioni, rac, cxadia, Wadrakis popularizacias didad ar waadga. 2000 wels kasparovma rus vladimir kramnikTan waago da es ukanaskneli, profesionaluri Wadrakis asociaciis versiiT, axali Cempioni gaxda. 2006 wels man fides Cempioni daamarcxa da amgvarad gaerTianda ori tituli, Tumca Wadraki ukve iseT did interess aRar iwvevda. garda imisa, rom TamaSs ziani miayena ori titulis istoriam, gaqra politikuri da ideologiuri paeqrobis momenti da, rac albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, amasobaSi daiwyo sainformacio epoqa, romelSic adamianebs kompiuterebi cvlian (swored ase daamarcxa WadrakSi kompiuterma TviT kasparovic ki) da romelSic adamianebs Zalian cota dro rCebaT imisTvis, ris gareSec sul raRac meoTxedi saukunis win civilizacia warmoudgeneli iyo – wignebisa Tu WadrakisaTvis...

Cnoi r kor viqto 16) 0 (1931-2

65

musika

marTve

varlam qutiZe

`simRera eris sulieri sarkea, es aris xmovani qronika, romelSic aRbeWdilia eris mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis istoriuli procesi. amitom araferi inaxavs ise mamapapur tradiciebs da qarTul suls, rogorc simRera. simRera maradiulia, roca igi Taobebs mihyveba, xolo kvdeba, Tu mas axalgazrdoba iviwyebs.

Tu ginda xalxuri simRera Seinaxo, igi bavSvebs unda aswavlo. Tu bavSvi pataraobidanve Seiswavlis da Seiyvarebs xalxur simReras, mere igi sicocxlis bolomde gahyveba, amiT Zveli tradiciebic gadarCeba~. es sityvebi baton anzor erqomaiSvils ekuTvnis. swored am ideam gadaawyvetina mas Seeqmna biWunaTa folkloruli ansambli, romelic qarTul xalxur simRerebs Seasrulebda. idea man gauziara bavSvTa mxatvruli aRzrdis sasaxlis direqtors, qalbaton naTela jiRaurs, romelic sixaruliT daeTanxma batoni anzoris SemoTavazebas da 1977 wlis Semodgomaze daiwyo ansamblisTvis biWunaTa moZieba.

66

marTve

es is periodia, rodesac Zalze popularuli iyo gogonaTa vokalur-instrumentuli ansambli `mziuri~, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mravlad gvxvdeboda `mziuris~ msgavsi ansamblebi. axalgazrdoba ZiriTadad usmenda ucxoeTidan Semosul pop-musikas. xalxuri simRerebi ki mozardebSi saqiliko Tema iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, pirveli mcdelobebi biWunebis Sesagroveblad Zalze rTuli aRmoCnda. gadawyda, rom bavSvebi tradiciul momReralTa ojaxebSi moeZebnaT da marTlac, ansamblis pirveli 28 wevri am ojaxTa wyalobiT Seikriba, romelTagan erT-erTi mec viyavi.

anzor erqomaiSvili

irakli abaSiZe

1978 wlis ianvarSi bavSvTa mxatvruli aRzrdis saxlSi daviwyeT intensiuri repeticiebi. sam xmaSi simRera arc ise advili aRmoCnda. vswavlobdiT yvela kuTxis sxvadasxva Janris simRerebs, gvacnobdnen maT istorias da ama Tu im simReris saukeTeso Semsruleblebs. yovelive es did interess iwvevda CvenSi. male repertuarSi 30-mde simRera dagvigrovda. sakoncerto naTloba televiziiT 9 maiss Catarda. sazogadoebas Cveni Tavi cnobilma poetma irakli abaSiZem warudgina. man vrclad isaubra bavSvebisTvis xalxuri simReris Seswavlisa da popularizaciis mniSvnelobaze. amave gadacemaSi gamocxadda konkursi ansamblisTvis saxelis SesarCevad.

Zalian bevri werili movida ansamblis saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT. yvelaze didi mowoneba sagarejodan daviT SaqaraSvilis gamogzavnilma werilma daimsaxura: `ansambls unda daerqvas `marTve�, radgan isini didi momRerali arwivebis bartyebi – marTveebi ariano~. ase daerqva ansambls saxeli `marTve~. `mziuri~

67

musika `marTve~ dRiTi dRe popularuli xdeboda. telegadacemebi da koncertebi CvenTvis Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. xSirad gviwevda gamgzavreba sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva qalaqSi musikalur festivalebSi monawileobis misaRebad. gamoica `marTves~ Canawerebi gramfirfitebisa da audiokasetebis saxiT. cnobilma reJisorma zaal kakabaZem gadaiRo musikaluri filmi `mReris marTve~. filmis gadaRebebi ori Tve mimdinareobda afxazeTSi da am orma Tvem waruSleli STabeWdileba dagvitova saqarTvelos am ulamazes kuTxeze.

1980 wlis ivnisSi TbilisSi Camovida sabWoTa kavSiris kompozitorTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare, cnobili kompozitori dimitri kabalevski. amave wlis agvistoSi poloneTis dedaqalaq varSavaSi tardeboda iuneskos musikaluri aRzrdis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis, `ismes~, me-14 konferencia da musikaluri festivali. am festivalSi monawileobis misaRebad dimitri kabalevskis SerCeuli hyavda bavSvTa gundi qalaq minskidan. amis Sesaxeb man uambo qarTvel kolegas, sa-

dimitri kabalevski

qarTvelos kompozitorTa kavSiris Tavmjdomares, did qarTvel kompozitor oTar TaqTaqiSvils. batonma oTarma, yoveli SemTxvevisTvis, stumars SesTavaza moesmina biWunaTa ansambl `marTvesaTvis~. sagangebo mosmena gaimarTa konservatoriis mcire darbazSi, romelsac eswrebodnen dimitri kabalevski, oTar TaqTaqiSvili da sulxan cincaZe. ramdenime simReris Sesrulebis Semdeg kabalevski Tvalcremliani amovida scenaze da saTiTaod gadagvexvia bavSvebs, gvkocnida da aRfrTovanebas ver malavda

oTar TaqTaqiSvili

68

marTve

mosmeniliT. imave saRamos gadawyda, rom varSavaSi minskis gundis nacvlad `marTve~ gaemgzavreboda. es iyo Cveni pirveli gastroli sazRvargareT. varSavaSi festivalze, sadac 30 qveynidan Camosuli gundi monawileobda, `marTvem~ furori moaxdina. Cvenma Sesrulebulma unikalurma qarTulma xalxurma simRerebma gaaoca msmeneli da kompetenturi Jiuri. rodesac Jiuris iaponel Tavmjdomares hkiTxes azri `marTves” gamosvlis Sesaxeb, man upasuxa: `bavSvebma damatyveves da axla imaze vfiqrob, Tu vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo msoflioSi is gamoCenili kompozitori, romelsac SeeZlo Seeqmna `naduri~ da `xasanbegura“.

1982 wels migviwvies germaniis federaciul respublikaSi, qalaq goslaris sportisa da musikis saerTaSoriso festivalze. im wlebSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Zalian rTuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiridan kapitalistur qveyanaSi gamgzavreba. imis Sesaxeb, Tu `rogori cudebi iyvnen germaneli kapitalistebi~, jer TbilisSi Cagvitares instruqtaJi, Semdeg – moskovSi. aqedan gamomdinare, cotaTi dakompleqsebulebi CavfrindiT germaniaSi sulxan cincaZe bavSvebi sabWoeTidan. magram CasvlisTanave Cvens gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda, imdenad didi iyo pirveli STabeWdileba. or qveyanas Soris gansxvaveba imdenad TvalSi sacemi iyo, rom Tavi zRaparSi gvegona. arafers vambob, saocrad Tbil damokidebulebaze, rac germanelma xalxma gamoxata Cven mimarT. didi iyo warmateba. qarTuli polifonia imdenad gansxvavebuli da saintereso aRmoCnda germaneli msmenelisTvis, rom mayurebeli aRfrTovanebas ver malavda darbazSi da xSirad gviwevda `bisze~ simRera. goslaris garda, koncertebi gavmarTeT frankfurtSi, kaizerslauternsa da hanoverSi. `marTves~ gamosvlebs aSuqebdnen adgilobrivi televiziebi, JurnalgazeTebSi iwereboda statiebi. erT-erT sastumroSi, romelic goslaris gareubanSi, saocrad lamaz bunebaSi idga, ori dRiT SevCerdiT. diliT Tavisufali dro gamogviCnda da iqve, tyis piras, mindorSi gavaCaReT fexburTis TamaSi. Turme, amave sastumroSi imyofebodnen ingliseli xelburTelebi, odnav Cvenze didi asakisa. SegvamCnies Tu ara, movidnen da SemogvTavazes SevjibrebodiT fexburTSi. Tavidan cota SevSindiT, vinaidan Cvenze ufrosebi da Tan sportsmenebi iyvnen. meore

69

musika dRes koncerti gvqonda da Cvens maswavleblebs eSinodaT ar davmtvreuliyaviT. aucileblad aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ingliselebs ecvaT CvenTvis saocnebo `adidasis~ sportuli formebi, Cven ki Cveulebriv arasportul samosSi viyaviT gamowyobili. gulwrfeli da daJinebuli Txovnis Semdeg xelmZRvanelebma dagvrTes TamaSis neba da matCic daiwyo. pirvelive wuTebidan ingliselebma Semogvities da male golic gagvitanes. magram ra icodnen ingliselebma, rom Cven ara marto kargad vmRerodiT, fexburTsac aranakleb kargad vTamaSobdiT! nel-nela TamaSi SemovatrialeT, upiratesoba movipoveT da eqvsi upasuxo golic gavutaneT ingliselebs. TamaSis damTavrebis Semdeg `qarTvelo, xeli xmals ikar~ SemovZaxeT. unda genaxaT ingliselTa gakvirvebuli saxeebi, roca gaiges, rom Cven momRerlebi viyaviT da ara fexburTelebi. Semdeg jentlmenurad yvelas gadagvexvivnen da mogviloces gamarjveba. Cvenda gasaocrad, erT-erTma maTganma roca gaigo, rom saqarTvelodan viyaviT, daviT yifiani da Tbilisis `dinamo~ gvixsena (erTi wliT adre Tbilisis `dinamom~ evropis Tasebis mflobelTa Tasi moigo da im droisaTvis evropis erT-erTi saukeTeso gundi iyo).

maia da ramin miqaberiZeebi

Zalian STambeWdavi gastrolis Semdeg amayebi davbrundiT samSobloSi. gadioda wlebi. `marTve~ agrZelebda warmatebul moRvaweobas… Zalian cotas Tu eqneboda iseTi bavSvoba, rogoric `marTves~ pirveli Taobis biWebs da erTaderT gogonas – maia miqaberiZes – gvqonda. maia

anzor kavsaZe

70

marTve

Cveni lotbaris, ramin miqaberiZis, qaliSvilia. `marTves~ warmatebam sagrZnoblad Secvala mozardebis damokidebuleba xalxuri simRerebis mimarT. 28-e musikalur skolaSi specialurad Seiqmna simReris ganyofileba, sadac bavSvebi yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe modiodnen xalxuri simRerebis Sesaswavlad. swored es bavSvebi iyvnen `marTves~ Semdegi Taobebis warmomadgenlebi. skolis damTavrebasTan erTad damTavrda Cemi, rogorc momRerlis, moRvaweoba `marTveSi~. simRera Cemi cxovrebis nawili gaxda da gadavwyvite Camebarebina Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriaSi sagundo-sadiriJoro fakultetze. konservatoriaSi cnobili lotbaris da momRerlis, b-n anzor kavsaZis klasSi movxvdi. mogexsenebaT, igi cnobili momRerlis, sandro kavsaZis STamomavali iyo da garda programiT gaTvaliswinebuli klasikuri musikisa, maswavlida qarTul xalxur simRerebsac. konservatoriis damTavrebis Semdeg Cems cxovrebaSi warmoudgeneli ram moxda: anzor erqomaiSvilma isev mimiyvana `marTveSi~, axla ukve xelmZRvanelad. Zalian gamiWirda imis gaazre-

ba, rom anzor erqomaiSvilis, ramin miqaberiZisa da kote mSvidobaZis Semdeg me unda gamegrZelebina maTi gakvaluli gza. ase movxvdi im saocar garemoSi, sadac viyavi gazrdili da yvelaze kargad vgrZnobdi Tavs. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1995 weli iyo da repeticiebis Catareba gayinul da xSirad Cabnelebul darbazSi gviwevda, arasdros gvqonia bavSvebis nakleboba. amasTan dakavSirebiT erT ambavs gavixseneb: Zalian civi zamTari dadga im wels TbilisSi. Tanac, didi avariis gamo, mTel qalaqSi gamorTuli iyo eleqtroenergia. dilis 10 saaTze mqonda gakveTili mosamzadebel jgufTan, 7-8 wlis biWunebTan. darwmunebuli viyavi, rom gakveTilze aravin damxvdeboda, radgan sarepeticio darbazSic ise cioda, rogorc quCaSi, daaxloebiT -6, -7 gradusi yinva iqneboda. Cemda gasakvirad, 2-3 bavSvis garda, mTeli jgufi adgilze damxvda. ise iyvnen CafuTnuli qurTukebsa da Tbil qudebSi, rom Tvalebi Zlivs mouCandaT. mSoblebma SemomCivles, Cven ar gvindoda moyvana, bavSvebma gvaiZuleso. maSin davrwmundi myarad, rom qarTvelebs namdvilad mogvdgams qarTuli tradiciuli xalxuri simReris siyvaruli.

TandaTanobiT SeveCvie `marTveSi~ yofnas xelmZRvanelad... bavSvebTan urTierTobas miadvilebda Cemi arcTu ise didi xnis winandeli gamocdileba, rogorc patara momRerali biWisa.

Tanac kargad maxsovda Cemi maswavleblebis – anzor erqomaiSvilisa da ramin miqaberiZis TiToeuli sityva da qmedeba, rom yoveli Cvengani vyofiliyaviT samSoblos moyvaruli, zrdili, ganaTlebuli da mxolod amis Semdeg gamogvividoda kargad simRera. Cems Catarebul yovel repeticias es paTosi laitmotivad gasdevs.

71

musika `marTves~ cxovrebaSi didi adgili uWiravs sagastrolo cxovrebas. ansambli miwveuli iyo msoflios mraval qveyanaSi (iaponia, taivani, tailandi, ruseTi, bulgareTi, somxeTi, italia, TurqeTi, saberZneTi, germania, espaneTi, safrangeTi, holandia, avstria, Sveicaria, poloneTi, belgia, aSS da sxv.), raTa ucxoeli msmenelisTvis gaecno unikaluri qarTuli folklori, romelic 2001 wels `iuneskom~ aRiara `msoflios aramaterialuri, sulieri saganZuris Sedevrad~. ucxoeli mayurebeli aRfrTovanebas da gaocebas ver malavda mosmeniliT, Tanac es patara biWebis Sesrulebuli iyo. ar damaviwydeba xandazmuli frangi babuis cremlnarevi sityvebi, romlebic parizSi `Sanzelizes~ Zveli Teatridan koncertis Semdeg gamosulebs gviTxra: `87 wlis var, bevri minaxavs da gadamitania cxovrebaSi, meore msoflio omSic var namyofi, magram iSviaTad Tu wamomsvlia cremli, axla ki vdgavar da cremlebs ver vikaveb. vin xarT da saidan CamoxvediT, dRemde ratom ar vicodi saqarTvelosa da qarTuli simReris Sesaxebo~.

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gastrolebs bevri mxiaruli istoriac axlavs. miT umetes, roca amden biWunasTan gaqvs saqme. qarTveli bavSvebi xom celqobiTac gamoirCevian simReris msgavsad. germaniaSi erT-erTi gastrolis dros, sastumroSi dabinavebisas, administratorma gamafrTxila, rom saRamos aTi saaTis Semdeg bavSvebs ar unda exmauraT, rom sxva stumrebi ar Sewuxebuliyvnen. mec Cveulebriv gavafrTxile bavSvebi, magram sul raRac aTi wuTic ar gasula, rom administratorma oTaxSi amomakiTxa da SeniSvna momca – bavSvebi erTmaneTis oTaxebSi gadi-gamodian da xmaurobeno. Camovuare bavSvebs, yvela TavTavis oTaxSi garedan Cavkete da is-is iyo dasveneba gadavwyvite, rom administratori isev damadga Tavze. mec avdeqi da gasaRebebi vaCvene, yvela Tavis oTaxSia da iZinebenmeTqi. wamodio, xeliT maniSna da gamiyvana sastumros ezoSi, esec Seni daZinebuli bavSvebio. avixede zeviT da ras vxedav! biWebi fanjrebs Soris ganTavsebuli saxanZro kibiT gadadian da gadmodian erTmaneTis nomrebSi. ra unda meqna, movubodiSe administrators da davrCi ezoSi sayaraulod, sanam yvelam daiZina.

marTve

anzor erqomaiSvilma 1998 wels gamosca wigni `marTve 20 wlisaa~, sadac vrclad aris moTxrobili ansamblis Sesaxeb. wignSi moyvanilia cnobil qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa – irakli abaSiZis, oTar TaqTaqiSvilis, mariam lorTqifaniZis, guram fanjikiZis, jansuR Carkvianis, Tamaz gamyreliZis, biZina kvernaZis, murman lebaniZis, vaxtang beriZis da sxvaTa gamonaTqvamebi `marTves” Sesaxeb.

2018 wlis 31 maiss `marTves~ daarsebidan 40 weli Seusrulda. igi erTaderTi bavSvTa ansamblia, romelsac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premia aqvs miniWebuli. 2011 wels Tbilisis sakoncerto darbazis win sazeimod gaixsna marTves varskvlavi. axla ansamblSi momReralTa me-12 Taoba mReris. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan naTlad Cans, rom `marTvem~ pirnaTlad Seasrula, qarTuli simReris gadarCenis didi misia, romelic mas anzor erqomaiSvilma daakisra. `marTvem~ Seqmna epoqa, axalgazrda TaobaSi popularuli gaxada qarTuli xalxuri simRera. `marTves~ magaliTze mravali bavSvTa ansambli Seiqmna, romelTa umravlesobasac `marTveSi~ aRzrdili lotbarebi xelmZRvaneloben. dResac didi warmatebiT agrZelebs `marTve~ moRvaweobas da mraval biWunas ukvalavs gzas bednieri da warmatebuli momavlisaken.

,,p a biWi ,, d y s iR s da Tv s k vs. mR simR q T lTa x ls i r . ,,q T d biWi p a, ,, mR qT da uf od, t a, tyd a, m a x o. g e, biWo, di o T kvlav C C s ni mze, Cq a, m vno st q i imR e g C ilze. imR e, orb o, mR iT g v j ir , q T kvlav q T bs, ,,dRe d ga g j b a . da mT i ,, cx c vs simR a ,, Ta u l mt s dau rcx na Tqva rcxi q T lTa?! m i biTa da za Ta um v s akvn g Tl i, ca sxva fl s Z iTa, WkuiTa hfl s q T . ,,

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73

saqarTvelo

crolis mTa xevsureTSi

kaxa ximSiaSvili

xevsureTSi bevri yofila. umravlesoba piriqiTa xevsureTs midis da arcTu usafuZvlod, radgan iq egulebaT xevsureTis savizito baraTad qceuli Satili, muco, ardoti. am bolo xanebSi piraqeTa xevsureTSic bevrma daiwyo siaruli, abudelauris tbebze, aseve gasagebi mizezis gamo – Wauxebis Zirs mibjenili sami patara tba, samive sxvadasxva feris – mwvane, lurji da TeTri – bunebisa da mogzaurobis moyvarulma kacma, ra Tqma unda, sakuTari TvaliT unda naxos! xevsureTSi aris iseTi adgilebic, sadac xalxi naklebad dadis da naklebadac icnoben, arada esec saocari adgilebia – saocari Tavisi silamaziT da saocari Tavisi ambebiT, andrezebiT – rogorc xevsurebi amboben. aseTi saocari adgilia gorSeRma, xevsureTis aragvis saTave, nawili bude xevsureTisa. am xeobaSi samanqano gza gudanidan Sedis. gorSeRma ramdenime sofels aerTianebs – winxadusa da ukanxadus, atabes, Cxubas, zeisteCos, bacaligos. soflebi dacarielebulia, zafxulSi TiToorola ojaxi Tu adis. zamTarSi ki, rogorc vici, mxolod erTi kaci rCeba.

74

crolis mTa

kavkasionis qedi xevsureTs yofs or nawilad: Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mxare, anu piriqiTa xevsureTi da samxreT-dasavleTis mxare, anu piraqeTa xevsureTi, romelsac bude xevsureTsac uwodeben. piriqiTa xevsureTi moicavs miRmaxevis, Satilis da arxotis xeobebs, piraqeTi ki – aragvis xeobas.

andrezi – xevsurul zepirsityvierebaSi samagaliTod Semonaxuli ambavi laSqroba-mesisxleobis, gmirobisa da laCrobis, Temis an bWeebis (anu mosamarTleebis) gadawyvetilebisa da sxva SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb, erTgvari moralur-iuridiuli Segoneba. amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda xevsureTSi sityva `andaza~, xolo svaneTSi – `haraki~.

Satili

arxotis xeoba SemosazRvrulia maRali mTebiTa da myinvarwverebiT, romelTa simaRle 30004000 metramde aRwevs. arxotis xeobaSi Camonadeni wylebi mdinared erTdeba, romelsac aseve aragvs uwodeben. arxotiswylis saTave iwyeba circvlovanisa da WimRis wylebidan, romlebic CrdiloeTisaken miedinebian, erTvis koloTanis wyali, taniis wyali, bisnis wyali, terRis wyali da TaTelis wyali. axiel-amRidan 25 km.-is moSorebiT es mdinare Sedis qisteTSi da sofel feudan, xevsurulad „goStigauridan“, aragvis nacvlad mas „asa“ ewodeba. aqvea arxotisa da qisteTis sazRvari, romelsac saqaris maRali hqvia. arxotis xeobaSi mcxovreb piriqiTa xevsurebs „arxotionebs“ uwodeben. arxotis dasaxlebebia: axieli, amRa da WimRa (gaukacrielda).

Wauxebi gamTeniisas

arxoti

gudanidan sul ramdenime kilometrSi jer sofel Cxubas gaivliT, Semdeg miadgebiT bacaligos, swored im bacaligos, sadac Tinibeqa cxovrobda da romlis koSkis saZirkvelsac axlac naxavT. gaxsovT albaT:

mere SemogxvdebaT sofeli atabe, gzad ki dainaxavT mopirdapire ferdze gadafenil winxadus. gorSeRmis xeobidan SeiZleba gadasvla arxotis TemSi, tanies tbasTan, xolo anatoris Reles gavliT – sofel guroTSi piriqiTa xevsureTSi, giorgiwmindasTan, aseve biliki midis sofel roSkaSic.

`zen bacaligos Tovlsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa, TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxe marjvena skdebisa. zeda zis Savi yorani, liboSi gveli Zvrebisa, Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa, gverds uzis coli lamazi, sanTeliviTa dnebisa~….

gorSeRmis xeobas medidurad dahyurebs crolis mTa. es is mTaa, romelic qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelma qarTlis mmarTvelad Tavisive dayenebul azos qarTlis samefos CrdiloeTis sazRvrad daudo.

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saqarTvelo crolis mTa erT-erTi yvelaze mistikuri adgilia xevsureTSi. xevsurebs sjeraT, rom crolis mTa iyo dedamiwis Sua samani (anu niSnis qva). crolis mTaze iyo sanebis (anu samebis) mTavari salocavi, romelsac misi ymani (anu mlocvelni) ase mimarTavdnen: `mfrinao angelozo, batono sanebav croliswverisao~. miuxedavad imisa, rom andrezebis mixedviT, crolis saneba mis ymebs crolis mTis wverze egulebodaT, xevsurni mxolod garkveul adgilamde adiodnen crolis mTaze da iq swiravdnen SeTqmul saklavs. upiratesoba saklaviT asulTa Soris eniWeboda wulTmaxvewurT, anu maT, vinc vaJiSvilis SeZenas sTxovda sanebas. saklavis Sewirvis win xucesi gaikiTxavda, vin iyo wulT-maxvewuri, pirvel rigSi, maT saklavs swiravda da mxolod mere – danarCenebisa.

xevsureTSi xucesi aris xatis/jvaris mTavari msaxuri. rogorc Cans, Tavis droze, xucesi (igive xevisberi) mTaSi unda yofiliyo xevis moTave, winamZRoli, rogorc saero, ise religiur-sakulto saqmeSi, magram Semdeg misi funqciebi daviwrovda da igi jvaris mTavar mRvdelmsaxurad iqca. xucoba xatis arCevanzea damokidebuli da memkvidreobiT ar gadadis, Tumca Tu xati airCevs, xucesis Svilsac SeuZlia xucobis miReba. erTxel arCeuli xucesi xucesad berdeba. saqarTvelos mTianeTis didi mkvlevris, eTnograf vera bardaveliZis mixedviT, „xucesi (xevisberi) Temis sasuliero da saero cxovrebas xelmZRvanelobda. igi, rogorc mTavari qurumi, yvela sataZro ritualsa da msxverplSewirvis wesebs asrulebda. ganagebda saTemo jvaris qonebas, kerZod, jvaris miwebsa da saqonels“. gorSeRmis xedi crolis mTidan ukan WauxSi

mijna, romlis iqiTac xevsurebi aRar Sediodnen, daaxloebiT im adgilidan iwyeba, sadac balaxi mTavrdeba, romlis zemoTac naSalia, TiTqmis qviSad qceuli sipi. aseT tabuirebul adgils, sadac adamianis Sesvla ar SeiZleboda, xevsurebi kvrivs uwodeben. crolis mTis wveric kvrivia.

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crolis mTa

ai, ras wers da rogor aRwers kvrivis arss saqarTvelos mTianeTisa da misi miTebis ubadlo mcodne zurab kiknaZe Tavis wignSi „jvari da saymo“: xedi gorSeRmaze mze Cadis

`miwa-wyali, sadac saymo saxlobs, wmida adgilia, radganac is jvaris mier aris mopovebuli da am mopovebis ZaliT gamokveTilia danarCeni samyarosagan. is wmidaa erTianad, magram saymo masSi ganicdis da aRiarebs iseT adgilebs, romlebic gansakuTrebuli siwmidiT arian mosili. am adgilebs saymo kvrivs uwodebs. ra Tvisebis realobas aRniSnavs kvrivi, anu, samwerlo eniT – mkvrivi.….. es sityva saymos sakralur leqsikonSi niSnavs rogorc fizikur SeuRwevadobas, aseve zneobriv Seuvalobas, romlis simbolod jvarTa teritoriaze dgas mkvrivad nagebi koSkebi, sadac Sesvla ubralod SeuZlebelia imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaCniaT Sida sivrce. aseT koSkebs ewodebaT kvrivebi.….. fizikuri SeuRwevadoba zneobrivi akrZalvis metaforaa. Tumca, aseTi teritoria – nakrZali – ar aris SemozRuduli raime xiluli sazRvriT, magram mas saymos cocxal gancdaSi aqvs uxilavi sazRvari, romlis SigniT sruliad gansxvavebuli realoba ganicdeba. `kvrivi~, rogorc `futuros~ sawinaaRmdego movlena, mrTelia, mTliania. es aris WeSmariti sinamdvile. k…vrivi adgilia, sadac pirvelad xati mosula, iq mere Tass udgamen da zed xati dajdeboda. kvrivs veZaxiT adgils, sadac ar SeiZleba adamianis Sesvla, gin koSki iyos, gin sxva adgili~.

crolis mTis kvrivSi SemTxveviT moxvedrili monadire Tavs movaled Tvlida, yovel wels saklavi Seewira da patieba eTxova, rom kvrivSi avida. swored erT-erTi aseTi monadire yveboda, rom crolis mTaze raRac nagebobis naSTebi hqonda nanaxi. arada, andrezis mixedviT, mTis wverze swored kvrivSi iyo darbazi (darbasi) da saqvabe. andrezi imasac ambobs, rom am utyeo adgilas saklavi qvabSi ucecxlod ixarSeboda da zamTarSi asul xalxs ar scioda.

profesori zurab kiknaZe crolis mTaze eqspediciaSi

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saqarTvelo

andrezSi naxsenebi darbazis naSTebis sanaxavad 2013 wels mcire eqspedicia moewyo. cxadia, eqspediciis wevrebs mogviwevda crolis mTis wveramde asvla. crolis mTaze asvlis nebarTva xucesisagan aviReT da SevuyeviT aRmarTs. Tavidan sakmaod kargad gatkepnili biliki adis. sadRac mTis Suawelze niSia gamarTuli. Semdeg mivadeqiT mijnas, romlis iqiTac kvrivi iwyeba da, Sesabamisad, bilikic daikarga. mivaRwieT Txems, sadac, wesiT, unda yofiliyo andrezebSi naxsenebi nagebobaTa naSTebi, Tumca, samwuxarod, araferi aRmoCnda.…

niSi, ukan Cans crolis mTis wveri

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ai, xedebi ki gasaocari iyo. Sors vxedavdiT Jinvalis wyalsacavs, sxva mxares – Wauxebs. gansakuTrebul xibls iqaurobas imis SegrZnebac matebda, rom iseT adgilas varT, sadac adamians karga xania fexi ar daudgams. kidev erTi bunebis saocrebis mowme gavxdiT crolis mTaze: wverze rom avediT, aremare Txeli nisliT iyo dafaruli. nisli Cvens qvemoT sqeldeboda da TeTr, TiTqos mkvirv masad Canda. mze Cvens zurgs ukan iyo. aseT pirobebSi ki iSviaTi optikuri efeqtis mowmeni gavxdiT – Cvens qvemoT, sqel TeTr nislze, gamoisaxa wriuli cisartyela, rom-

crolis mTis mwvervali

crolis mTa

wriuli cisartyela

lis centrSic Cveni Crdilebi Canda. aseTi saocrebis naxvis Semdeg gadavwyviteT, rom es niSani iyo, niSani imisa, rom gvepatia kvrivSi Sesvla. bolos minda gansakuTrebuli madloba gadavuxado Cvens maspinZels gorSeRmaSi, atabel xuces petre gogoWurs. da kidev, Tu gadawyvetT crolis mTiken wasvlas, pativi eciT xevsurTa rwmena-tradiciebs da kvrivSi ar axvideT. p.s. 2017 wlis zafxulSi megobarma gamomigzavna fotoebi, crolis mTis midamoebSi gadaRebuli, romlebzec raRac Zalian dangreuli nagebobis naSTebia. albaT, isev mogviwevs crolze asvla da am naSTebis naxva, garkveva, Tu ras unda warmoadgendes isini.

statiaSi gamoyenebuli yvela foto ekuTvnis kaxa ximSiaSvils.

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sazafxulo skola

proeqt `Cemi samyaros~ 2018 wlis viqtorinis gamarjvebulebis did nawils gansakuTrebuli jildo ergoT – saqarTvelos erovnuli Tavdacvis akademiasTan TanamSromlobiT akademiis bazaze, gorSi, rondelis fondma moawyo erTkviriani sazafxulo banaki, romelSic monawileoba miiRo 30-ma ufrosklaselma werovanis, afxazeTis, xulos municipalitetis soflebisa da Coxa-

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tauris municipalitetis sof. zotidan. moswavleebs am erTi kviris manZilze sakmaod uCveulo cxovreba hqondaT: Tavdacvis akademiis studentebis msgavsad cxovrobdnen yazarmebSi, icavdnen samxedro reJims, ecnobodnen samxedro saqmes da Tan ismendnen leqciebs sxvadasxva saintereso Temaze, monawileobdnen diskusiebSi, dakavebuli iyvnen sportiTa da mravalnairi SemecnebiTi gasarTobiT.

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2. saxelmwifos mTel SeiaraRebul ZalTa erToblioba. 3. dasavleT evropis erT-erTi udidesi mdinare. 5. iuristi, romelic gamodis braldebulis damcvelad an awarmoebs visime saqmes sasamarTloSi; veqili. 6. didi musikaluri nawarmoebi orkestrisaTvis. 7. rTuli terminebis pirveli Semadgeneli nawili, romelic sawyisi erTeulis memiliarded nawils aRniSnavs. 8. omis momzadebisa da warmoebis xelovneba. 9. metoqeoba upiratesobis mosapoveblad raime asparezze. 10. mesaqonleobis ferma aSS-is dasavleTSi. 11. zoma, moculoba (codnis, moqmedebis, interesebis da sxv.). 12. brZolis, moqmedebis, moRvaweobis, Sejibris adgili. 15. xelovnebis romelime dargis (musikis, kinos, Teatris) miRwevaTa Cveneba, daTvaliereba. 17. sityva, romelic mniSvnelobiT sxva sityvas emTxveva, bgeriTi SemadgenlobiT ki misgan gansxvavdeba. 19. qalaqi niderlandebSi. 22. imperator oqtavianes zedsaxeli, sityvasityviT niSnavs RvTiurs, didebuls. 24. sasaflao an akldama, sadac gamoCenil adamianebs krZalaven.

27. mxatvruli, grafikuli an skulpturuli samkauli, romelic sxvadasxva xazebisa da figurebis kombinacias warmoadgens. 28. erTi an ramdenime saxelmwifos Zaladobrivi Careva sxva qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi. 30. liTonis cecxlgamZle karada an yuTi dokumentebis da Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxad. 34. brZaneba, daJinebuli moTxovna. 35. aSS-sa da samxreT amerikis respublikebSi: Statis mmarTveli. 37. qveynis ganapira mxare, centridan daSorebuli adgili. 39. qalaqi aRmosavleT safrangeTSi, elzasis istoriuli dedaqalaqi. 41. xeruskebis tomis meTauri, romelmac ax. w. 9 wels tevtoburgis brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa romauli legionebi. tacitusi mas `germaniis ganmaTavisuflebels~ uwodebs. 45. sxva qveyanaSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli an gaqceuli piri. 47. operis, baletis, operetis da sxv. saorkestro Sesavali. 48. raime miznisaTvis saWiro wesTa, RonisZiebaTa sistema. 52. specialisti, romelic iZleva daskvnas raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb. 53. warmosaxviTi wiri, romelsac Semowers sxeuli moZraobisas. 56. saxelmwifo baltiispireTSi. 58. saqonlis gatana sazRvargareT gasayidad. 60. miwebis xelovnuri rwyvis RonisZiebaTa sistema. 61. yovelTviuri fuladi daxmareba, romelic eZlevaT studentebs, aspirantebs, sxvadasxva tipis saswavlebelTa moswavleebs. 62. raime gamofenaze agebuli droebiTi an mudmivi Senoba, romelSic eqsponatebia gamofenili. 63. scenis ferweruli, arqiteqturuli gaformeba; scenis mowyobiloba. 66. dampyroblis mier damorCilebuli qveynisTvis dakisrebu-

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