Arctic People Level T

Arctic People

Written by Mary-Anne Creasy

Arctic People Social Studies

Informational text types: Report/Explanation Level: T (50)* C3 Social Studies Curriculum links • D2.Eco.4.3–5 Explain why individuals and businesses specialize and trade • D2.Geo.2.3–5 Use maps, satellite images, photographs and other representations to explain relationships between the locations of places and regions and their environmental characteristics • D2.Geo.4.3–5 Explain how culture influences the way people modify and adapt to their environments • D2.His.2.3–5 Compare life in specific historical time periods to life today Key concepts • People living in Arctic regions have developed ways to live in this harsh, frozen environment • The lifestyle of Arctic people changed with European contact • Arctic people continue to face challenges, and they must adapt to overcome these Text features • Maps, text boxes, captions, sidebars, glossary Reading strategy • Identifying cause and effect © 2019 EC Licensing Pty Ltd. This work is protected by US copyright law, and under international copyright conventions, applicable in the jurisdictions in which it is published. All rights reserved. The trademark “Flying Start to Literacy” and Star device is a registered trademark of EC Licensing Pty Ltd in the US. The trademark “WorldWise Content-based Learning” and Star device is owned by EC Licensing Pty Ltd. Purchasers of this book may have certain rights under applicable copyright law to copy parts of this book.

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okapi educational publishing

Arctic People Written by Mary-Anne Creasy Series Consultant: Linda Hoyt

WorldWise

WorldWise

™

Content-based Learning

Contents Introduction 4 Chapter 1: The Arctic 6

Why is it so cold in the Arctic? 7

What does the Arctic look like? 8

Life in the Arctic region 10

Chapter 2: Living in the Arctic 12

The IĂąupiat 12

Chapter 3: European contact 20

Whalers, traders, and disease 20

Alaska is sold 22

The resources boom 24

Chapter 4: The IĂąupiat today 26

Lifestyle changes 26

Continuing traditions 27

Climate change 28

Conclusion 30 Glossary 31 Index 32

Introduction In the very north of the world, it is cold all year round. It is so cold that the sea freezes. The land is permanently frozen, and in large areas, no trees or crops can grow. Yet this extreme environment has been home to Arctic people for thousands of years.

Their way of life has sustained them, and they have been able to adapt to the climate and environment, learning to use materials and resources from the natural world that have helped them survive.

Their cultures have survived many threats and faced many challenges. But their skills, which helped them adapt over thousands of years, may no longer save them.

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Chapter 1

The Arctic The Arctic region is near the North Pole. It is where the most northerly land of North America, Europe, and Russia meet – around the shores of the Arctic Ocean. It is where the sun’s full warmth never reaches, and where the temperature rarely gets above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. It is a region where, for half the year, the sea almost completely freezes over and fierce winter storms bring howling winds and snow.

Why is it so cold in the Arctic?

The sun’s rays have to travel a great distance to reach the poles.

They lose warmth and the polar regions remain cold.

a

Arctic air is very dry. Dry air, unlike moist air, holds very little warmth and quickly cools.

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Large areas of the Arctic are covered with snow and ice all year round. This snow and ice act like a reflector, so even when the sun’s rays reach the Arctic, their light and warmth is reflected back into the atmosphere, and the area stays cold.

Ru s s

ARCTIC OCEAN

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North Pole

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Not only is it freezing cold in the Arctic, in winter it is continuously dark because sunlight does not reach the region. In summer, the reverse happens, and there are a few months when it is daylight all the time; there is no darkness, there is no night. During this short summer, animals breed and plants grow.

Permafrost Ground where soil and water are permanently frozen, three to six feet below the surface, is called permafrost.

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The Arctic

What does the Arctic look like?

The area around the North Pole consists of the Arctic Ocean surrounded by different landmasses.

Arctic Ocean

The Arctic coast Temperatures around the coastlines of the Arctic Ocean range across the year from zero degrees Fahrenheit in summer to minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit in winter. For most of the year, the coastal plains are covered with dry, wind-packed snow.

Tundra

Some of the land immediately around the Arctic Ocean has mountains and glaciers.

The ground is permanently frozen and there is very little rain. This area is called a polar desert.

In other parts of the Arctic, plants grow in summer. They are mostly shrubs, mosses, grasses, and lichen. This area is called the tundra. It is a treeless plain and is the coldest biome on Earth. Huge forests of trees grow on the edge of the tundra.

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Polar desert

While most of the Arctic Ocean is permanently frozen, during summer, some of the sea ice close to the land melts, and the top layer of the permafrost also melts, making wet soggy ground. After the thaw, lakes and rivers appear. The boggy plains of the tundra are covered in brown grass and dotted with shrubs, some with berries or flowers.

After the first winter storm, a white blanket of snow covers the land. The storms bring strong winds that whip the snow around and turn the air into an icy mist. The sea freezes into a vast sheet of ice that protects the coast from the crashing waves that occur during the violent storms.

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The Arctic

People Many people live in the Arctic region. It is made up of eight different countries and is home to many groups of native people.

Life in the Arctic region Wildlife Suprisingly, a large variety of animals live in this freezing climate and bleak landscape. Hares, foxes, bears, wolves, caribou, and a variety of birds are found on the tundra.

The Arctic fox has thick fur that changes from brown to white in winter to better disguise it on the snow while it hunts, and to hide it from predators.

Many animals migrate to the Arctic during summer and winter to breed, nest, and feed. The explosion of plant growth and insect life during the short Arctic summer brings million of birds to the tundra and in winter, the underside of the sea ice hosts millions of tiny animals that are food for whales and fish. Seals and walruses feed on the fish and in turn the polar bear, which is near the top of the food chain, hunts and eats them.

Thousands of years ago, during the last ice age, there were more glaciers, sea levels were 200 feet lower, and Alaska and Russia were joined. The people living on the east coast of Russia had migrated from Asia, following the animals they hunted for food, and over thousands of years they adapted to the icy environment and became Arctic people.

But gradually these Arctic people needed more territory for hunting and fishing. They began to migrate east toward Alaska and northern Canada, where they settled in small communities along the coast. These were the ancestors of indigenous North American people.

Long ago, the landmasses of Russia and Alaska were joined, and people could walk across the Bering Strait.

Strait

Russia

Be

ring

Alaska

Some animals use the snow as insulation in their burrows and nests. Bears and squirrels spend the winter inside a den, where they hibernate.

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Caribou stay warm because their hollow hair strands trap air, which helps them insulate against the cold.

Present-day shoreline Bering land bridge

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Chapter 2

Living in the Arctic The IĂąupiat The IĂąupiat are an indigenous tribe of people who arrived on the north coast of Alaska nearly 4,000 years ago. Their skills and traditions helped them adapt to the extreme climate and harsh environment, and over centuries they sustained a lifestyle of hunting, fishing, building homes, traveling, making clothes, and crafting tools.

Find out more Reindeer have been domesticated and herded for 2,000 years by Arctic people in Europe and Russia. Caribou are wild and migrate vast distances.

Scientists believe caribou and reindeer are the same species, even though reindeer are slightly smaller. Find out more about caribou and reindeer. In what ways are they different?

The Arctic climate and seasons determined how they lived. Each season demanded different skills from them – different shelters to build, different animals to hunt, different food to gather, and different ways to travel. Each activity was dependent on the other, linking everything together to form their world.

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Living in the Arctic

Tools and weapons The IĂąupiat used whale bones, driftwood, stone, walrus tusk, caribou antler, and dried animal skins to make harpoons, hooks, arrows, axes, and spears for hunting, fishing, cooking, and sewing.

Food and hunting The primary food source for the IĂąupiat was the animals they hunted. Their hunting skills varied according to the seasons and the animals that were available to hunt at particular times of the year.

On the sea ice, they hunted seal. They would wait for a seal to poke its head out of a hole in the ice to breathe then harpoon it. Sometimes they hunted polar bear for their skins. In spring and autumn, they hunted fish, walrus, and whales. On land, in the warmer parts of the year, they hunted caribou, ducks, and geese. The most important hunt was for the whale. When a whale was caught, it was shared with the entire community.

Tools used for hunting and fishing

Apart from a few roots and berries gathered in the short summer, the IĂąupiat rarely ate fruit or plants.

They got all their vitamins and nutrients from raw, dried, or cooked fatty meat, which they ate at nearly every meal. Their bodies had evolved to accept this food, and it was what they required to stay healthy.

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Living in the Arctic

Shelter Most I単upiat lived in permanent houses, which were partly built under the ground. A hollow was dug into the earth, and a frame of whalebones or driftwood formed the walls; the frame was then covered in slabs of turf cut from the tundra. The entrance to the house was through a tunnel, which kept out the cold air.

Inside were raised sleeping benches, with nooks for cooking and places for storing tools and clothing. Ice cellars, to store and preserve food, were dug into the frozen ground; the permafrost acted like a freezer.

A shelter used in Alaska during summer.

Sometimes more than one family lived in a house, and often houses were connected by tunnels. The tunnels were useful for visiting people in winter or during a storm, which could last for days.

In summer, the I単upiat sometimes traveled inland to hunt or fish.

They sheltered in temporary tents constructed from a frame of driftwood poles draped with animal skins.

Transport The I単upiat traveled to hunt, to trade with other villages, and to attend celebrations.

On the sea ice, they walked or used sleds made from driftwood and walrus tusks.

Teams of dogs pulled the sleds.

The I単upiat traveled on water using an open canoe called an umiak. The umiak was made from sealskins stretched over a driftwood frame, and coated with seal or whale oil to make it waterproof and watertight. It was light enough to be carried.

A boat called a kayak could hold one or two people. A kayak was small enough to maneuver in small pools and between large masses of floating sea ice known as ice floes.

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Did you know?

The difference between an umiak and a kayak was that the top of a kayak was enclosed, with a hole for the kayaker.

A special skin suit was attached and overlapped the hole, so that the kayaker was safe if the kayak capsized. The kayaker could turn the kayak upright without any water getting inside the vessel.

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Living in the Arctic

Heating and light There is very little wood in the Alaskan Arctic tundra, so people burned oil (fat) instead. The fat from seals and whales was collected and burned for heating, lighting, and cooking. Lamps were carved from stone, and a wick, made from moss, was soaked in the melted fat. The lamp had to be carefully watched and tended so it did not go out, because making fire was slow and difficult.

Snowshoes

An oil lamp

Clothing

Find out more In the past, whales were killed for their oil, which was used as fuel, but also for their baleen, which is the filter in a whale’s mouth.

Find out what things in the 19th century were made from baleen.

Whales were important sources of food and fuel for the Iñupiat.

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The Iñupiat made their clothes from the animals they hunted.

They mostly used sealskin and the hides of caribou to make clothes. Two layers of garments were worn, one with the fur on the inside and a second worn with the fur on the outside. In summer, only the first layer was worn. The coat, called a parka, had a hood, often trimmed with fur to keep the face warm. Parkas are still worn today.

Stockings made from caribou skins were worn with the fur facing inside. Boots made from sealskin, which kept out the cold and wet, were worn over the top of the fur stockings.

The Iñupiat made snowshoes that helped them walk on deep snow. They also carved goggles from driftwood that they wore to help protect their eyes from the dazzling effect of the snowy landscape.

A parka made from animal skins 19

Chapter 3

European contact Whalers, traders, and disease Russian fur traders established hunting and trading posts in the Arctic region in the 18th century. During the 19th century, whaling in the Arctic Ocean became an important industry. Trade began between the whalers and the indigenous people. The European whalers exchanged guns, tobacco, and alcohol for furs and ivory.

The indigenous people began to work on the whaling ships, and the patterns of their traditional life changed. They no longer had time to hunt for their own communities.

Toward the end of the 19th century, whales had been overhunted and had almost disappeared. European whale hunters started to hunt walrus, and soon they too were almost wiped out.

The Europeans had brought diseases to communities in the Arctic region, and many people died from smallpox, influenza, or measles. Before coming into contact with Europeans, the people living in the Arctic region had not been exposed to these diseases.

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European contact

Changing culture

Alaska is sold In 1867, Alaska became part of the United States. Russia, which had previously claimed Alaska as its territory, sold the land to the United States government for $7.2 million. The indigenous people including the IĂąupiat were outraged, but they could do little to stop the land from being sold.

When the United States government bought the land, they allowed the Russians living there the same rights and privileges as United States citizens. The indigenous people, however, were denied any rights.

ALASKA SOLD

$7.2m

When Alaska became part of the United States, life changed even more for the indigenous people.

Already two of their main food sources – the whale and walrus population – had been almost decimated by the European whalers. Now, the United States government wanted to make even more changes to the traditional way of life. They forced parents to send their children to boarding schools where they were made to speak English, and where their traditions and culture were rejected.

In 1915, indigenous people were granted United States citizenship, but only if they proved they had rejected their traditional heritage. Over time, people became disconnected from their communities and from their way of life. Important traditions were no longer passed down from generation to generation.

Education did empower some people to take a stand against some government decisions and create change. A newspaper that informed the indigenous communities about issues concerning them was started, and groups that protested against government actions were formed.

Members of a town council in Kiralina, Alaska, early 20th century

Carpenters at work

Schoolchildren at a United States public school in Alaska, early 20th century Eskimo sports in Alaska, early 20th century

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European contact

The resources boom By the 1940s and ‘50s, both oil and natural gas had been discovered in Alaska, and an energy boom had begun. The oil and gas industry brought further changes to the lives of many indigenous people in northern Alaska.

People started to work in the oil and gas fields.

As these industries developed, towns grew, and people moved from smaller villages to bigger towns. In towns, people had access to cheap energy, and for the first time, they could easily heat their homes.

The oil and gas companies were required to pay tax on their profits. This money was used to build houses, schools, and roads, as well as provide water and sanitation systems for the towns.

An oil pipeline in northern Alaska

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Chapter 4

The Iñupiat today During the 1970s, Iñupiat were gradually allowed to begin practicing their ancient culture again. This had taken more than 100 years of resistance, protest, and intense campaigning from many passionate people. Today, they have new challenges and benefits, while managing to strengthen their culture and restore many traditions.

Lifestyle changes For thousands of years, Iñupiat lived by hunting animals they caught from the land and sea, and their bodies had adapted to this meat- and fat-rich diet.

Their diet now is different. The available food is mostly frozen, processed, or packaged, and much of it is filled with sugar, salt, and unhealthy fat. These types of foods might be causing some Iñupiat people to get sick.

In the past, people were constantly moving – hunting and doing things every day to survive in the harsh Arctic environment. People now have access to transportation, electricity, heating, sanitation, and running water. Healthcare, education, and new forms of communication and technology are benefiting people.

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Arctic Winter Games People from all over the Arctic region come together for the Arctic Winter Games, which take place every two years. Competitors come from Russia, Scandinavia, Canada, and the US. There is also the World Eskimo–Indian Olympics, which tests survival and hunting skills of indigenous North Americans.

Continuing traditions Iñupiat communities in northern Alaska continue to hunt animals for food. Whales can still be hunted if the traditional methods are used. People also hunt seals and caribou, using snowmobiles and aluminum speedboats instead of traditional wooden sleds pulled by a team of dogs and kayaks.

After a whale hunt, the community gets together to help cut up the meat, which is shared among the families. Whale meat in particular is healthy for Iñupiat as it contains many nutrients and healthy fats.

Traditional clothes are still made from the hides of seals and caribou, and are the most effective clothing against the cold. Nevertheless, people buy most of their clothes from the store.

Iñupiat culture is kept alive in language, music, singing, games, and festivals. Traditions are being taught and passed on to the next generation through school and community events.

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The Iñupiat today

Climate change Climate change is bringing more challenges to the Iñupiat way of life. Declining sea ice is having an impact on how people move around and hunt. Melting permafrost poses a threat to the stability of houses, roads, water storage, and fuel pipelines.

Declining sea ice Traditionally Iñupiat lived close to the coast because it was mostly where they hunted. They could travel across the sea ice to hunt and fish. But the warming temperature is changing this.

In some places the sea ice is also no longer a safe place to hunt. The Iñupiat used to know when the sea ice was thick enough to go hunting on; it was that way for thousands of years. Now the climate is warming, and the seasons are becoming unpredictable; summer is coming earlier and winter later. The sea ice is sometimes too thin, but there is no sure way to know if it will crack and break away.

The coastal areas need sea ice to provide protection from the waves that pound the shore during the winter violent storms. Lack of sea ice also means that waves have more room in the ocean to build up power and height, making them even more destructive. Scientists have evidence that in some areas the coast is being eroded by 30 to 60 feet a year.

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Melting permafrost

Did you know?

The US government has identified more than 30 villages in Alaska that will eventually have to relocate due to eroding coastline.

Iñupiat communities in the Arctic live on permamently frozen ground called permafrost. The houses are built on stilts that are rammed deep into the permafrost. This solid stable surface is like a house built on concrete foundations. Imagine if those solid foundations started to soften – what would happen to the house? It would begin to collapse. This is what is happening to some buildings in Arctic Alaska.

Think like an environmentalist In 1997, 142 Eskimo whalers were trapped on an ice floe when it broke away from the sea ice and floated away. By the time the last Eskimo was rescued by helicopter nearly eight hours later, the ice floe had drifted seven miles. What can be done to stop the melting of permafrost?

The melting ground is also causing damage to roads and disrupting transport and freight. Unstable ground also means damage to pipelines carrying water, sewage, and oil, potentially creating further problems for the environment.

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Conclusion

Glossary

There have been many changes for the indigenous people of Alaska since European contact, and for them, the challenge is finding a balance between their traditions and a modern “western” lifestyle.

baleen a tough, stretchy material hanging in a whale’s upper jaw that filters small sea animals for the whale to eat

A culture of hunting and gathering, supported by a close relationship with the natural world, helped the Iñupiat survive the extreme climate and environment for thousands of years. Some people once saw their culture as uncivilized, a culture to be looked down on. Now, people view the Iñupiat history and their amazing skills in adapting to their environment with wonder and curiosity, and hope that their way of life in the Arctic will continue.

biome a type of environment that is home to plants and animals that are suited to that specific climate (e.g. grassland biome, desert biome) boarding school a school where students stay and are given meals and a place to sleep driftwood wood that floats on water and sometimes gets washed ashore energy boom a sudden rise in the need for substances that can be used to power heating, lighting, and appliances ice age a period of time when much of the earth is covered in sheets of ice ice floe a sheet of floating ice maneuver to make a series of skilful and careful moves permafrost ground where the soil and water in it are permanently frozen polar desert areas where there is very little rain and very cold temperatures reflector something that reflects light territory a piece of land that belongs to a country, and is not always connected to that country tundra flat, treeless, very cold areas of land found in the Arctic region wick a piece of fiber or string that burns inside a candle or lamp to produce light

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Index Alaska 11, 12, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30

Inupiat 12–19, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30

Arctic fox 10

kayak 17, 27

Arctic Ocean 6, 8, 9, 20

natural gas 25

baleen 18, 31

North America 6

Bering Strait 11

North Pole 6, 8

boarding school 23, 31

oil 17, 18, 24, 25, 29

caribou 10, 13, 14, 15, 19, 27

parka 19

driftwood 15, 16, 17, 19, 31

permafrost 7, 9, 16, 28, 29

Europe 6, 13

polar bear 10, 14

Europeans 20–23, 30

polar desert 8, 31

glacier 8, 11

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WorldWise: Content-based Learning | Grade 5 Curriculum-linked titles Guided Reading Levels T–V (50)*

Next Generation Science

C3 Social Studies

Interdependence

Earth and Human Activity

Environments

How Do Plants Survive? – U (50)

Guiding Lights – T (50)

Sharing the Environment – T (50)

The Salmon Stream – U (50)

Rock Snot, Cane Toads, and Other Aliens – T (50)

The Wandering Albatross – T (50)

Yellowstone: A Unique Ecosystem – U (50)

Powerful Ideas: John Muir – U (50)

Wetlands – U (50)

Animals and Us – V(50)

Science for the People – U (50)

Climate Change – V (50)

Saving the Amazon River – V (50)

Time Detectives – U (50)

Deserts – V (50)

The Earth, the Sun, and the Moon – V (50)

From Hunter-Gatherers to Farmers – V (50)

How Water Shapes the Land – V (50)

Who Are You? – T (50)

Living Away from It All – T (50)

Arctic People – T (50)

Money: Where Does It Come From? – V (50)

News Travels Quickly – U (50)

High Up – T (50)

* Levels indicated by letters are Okapi’s unique measurements, comparable to the Guided Reading levels of Fountas and Pinnell. Numerical levels in parentheses align with DRA.

WorldWise: Content-based learning | Grade 5 Curriculum-linked titles Next Generation Science

C3 Social Studies

okapi educational publishing